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-ti-O 



GAZETTEEE 



UNITED STATES OF AMl^^llICA; 



COMPRISING 

A CONCISE GKNEBAL VILVV OF Till; UNITED STATES, AKD PAinlCCl.AU DESClillTIONS 

OF THE SEVEUAL STATES, TERIMTOKIES, ( OUNTIES, DISTRICTS, CITIES, TOWKS, 

VILLAGES, TUEII; MOL>'TAINS, VALLEYS, ISLANDS, CAl'ES, BAYS, 

HARBOKS, LAKES, ItlVEKS, CANALS, RAILROADS, &c. ; WITll 

TUE UOVEKNMEKTS AND LITERARY AND OTHER 

i'UBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF TUE COUNTRY i 

A L S O. i I S 

MINERAL SrRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, 



AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS; 

TO WHICH ARi: AUDED 

VALUABLE STATISTICAL TABLES. 

AND A 

MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 



BY JOHN IIAYWARD, 



ADTilOa OF THE NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, AND SEVERAL OTHER GEOGRAPHICtl. 
AND STATISTICAL WORKS. 




HARTFORD, CT.: 

CASE, TIFFANY, AND COMPANY. 

1853. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1831, by 

John IIavward, 

In tlic Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Dislri.-t of Mas«acliusetts. 



STKREOTYPED AT THE 
BOSTON STEREOTYPE FOl'NDRT 



2 5/ 



s 



i'i 



PREFACE. 



The labor of preparing and bringing out a new Gazetteer of the 
United States has become great and difRcnlt. A considerable number 
of years have elapsed since any work of this kind has been given to 
the public as the fruit of original rescarcli. These have embraced a 
period of extraordinary progress and development in the whole economy 
of the country; during which our new settlements have been multiplied 
and extended with unexampled rapidity, and most of the districts, towns, 
and cities of an earlier date have made advances in population, 
wealth, and internal improvements, which have given to some of the 
older states a character and an aspect almost entirely new. Numeroijs 
flourishing places at the west, now the marts of an extensive trade, 
and seats of civil jurisdiction, have sprung up within that period ; 
while great numbers of our maritime ports, and manufacturing towns 
and cities, in the Atlantic States, have seen their population, and every 
element of their prosperity, wonderfully augmented. 

Hence the necessity of going over the whole ground, as far as pos- 
sible, with new and careful investigation ; questioning and doubting the 
old authorities at every siep, and obtaining accurate information from 
the most recent and authentic sources. In the endeavor to accomplisli 
this, the author has spared no labor nor expense which it was in his 
power to command. Having devoted himself almost exclusively to tlic 
pursuit of information in this department for many years, during which 
time his Gazetteers of New England, and of the states of Massachu- 
setts, New Hampshire, and Vermont, have been given to the public, 
and having, for this purpose, travelled somewhat extensively, and made 
himself personally familiar with the physical and social characteristics 
of Ihe country, he has endeavored to pass an intelligent judgment 
upon the genuineness and accuracy of all the materials incorporated 
in the work. Yet perfect accuracy, in a work of this extent, is unat- 
tainable by any human diligence ; and the author claims, on this score, 



t PRKFACE. 

iiothing further than to have employed his best exertions, under some 
peculiar advantages, for the successful accomplishment of his object. 

The most competent and able assistance has been freely employed, 
in the preparation and revision of the materials embodied in the work. 
Many of the papers on particular subjects, such as those on the higher 
educational institutions, the banks, the currency, the population, &c., 
have been prepared by gentlemen distinguished for their acquaintance 
with the several departments of learning to 'vhieh they pertain ; and a 
large number of the most elaborate articles iii tin- descriptive portions 
of the work were written by persons familiar with the places and 
the scenes described. To these, and to other iiidividuals, Vho have 
been steadily employed upon the undertaking, for a longer or shorter 
time, the author is happy to acknowledge himself indebted for a large 
amount of what is valuable in the subject matter, and much that is 
attractive in the literary execution of the work, lie would sjjecially 
acknowledge his obligations to the public ofhcors of the several states 
and of the United States, to whom he has been indebted for many 
valuable documents; to the Rev. William Junks, D. D., for his articles on 
the New England States; to Jesse Chickering, M. D., for his assist- 
ance in the population tables ; to Caleb Stetsox, Esq., for his valu- 
able article on lianks ; and especially to the Rev. Saaiuel II. Riddel, 
late secretary of the American Education Society, for his assistance 
in the preparation of the entire work. 

The standard authorities which have been consulted are, the general 
tfnd local gazetteers of former dates, numerous county and town his- 
tories, that valuable series of volumes known as Historical Collections 
of several of the states, the American Almanac, congressional and 
state documents, reports of corporations, topical and coast sm'veys, 
journals of the most inteUigent tourists, guide books, maps, and other 
works, geographical, geological, and statistical, from which appropriate 
information could be derived. The substance of all which may be 
considered as of real value, in reference to the legitunate pm-pose of 
a gazetteer of the country, has been made to contribute to the com- 
pleteness of the present work ; to the exclusion, however, of a large 
class of unimportant details, with which the pages of works of this 
kind have frequently been encumbered. Statistics which are cuiripar- 
atively trifling and unessential in themselves, or such as must cease to 
be of any value after the changes of one or two years, have been 
usually omitted ; and the space they would have occupied has been 
redeemed for matter of more general interest, and for such material 
facts as are wanted to satisfy the intelligent inquiries of persons inter- 
ested in obtaining a knowledge of any portion of the country, for ends 
important to themselves. 

The interest and convenience of the reader have also been consulted, 



PREFACE. 5 

in regard to the facility of such casual references as a work of this 
kind is chiefly intended to supply, by breaking np the mass of its 
materials into several distinct sections, as indicated by a natural prin- 
ciple of distribution and arrangement. The general descriptions of the 
states and territories; the grand physical features of the country; the 
great body of its inhabited places, whether denominated cities, boroughs, 
towns, or villages ; its chief localities of fashionable resort, and of curious 
interest to the traveller; the smaller jiost villages, which are only of 
consequence as such ; the population, colleges, banks, and various sta- 
tistical tables, are severally ]ilaced by themselves, nudrr distinct and 
appropriate titles, instead of being all embodied, as has been more 
commonly the case, in one promiscuous and undistinguishable series. 
Thus the person consulting this Gazetteer will be saved much of the 
perplexity and hinderance of running his eye over pages of a long and 
crowded alphabet, to find the subject of his inquiry; while, at the 
same time, important jiortiuns of the work ari^ thus presented, in a 
much more interesting and instructive form, to the general reader. 

The failure of Congress, hitherto, to provide for the publication of 
the seventh national census, has necessarily occasioned a postponement 
in the issuing of this work, from the time contemplated in the original 
prospectus, and has required a laborious and expensive resort to other 
methods of obtaining the information which that public document was 
expected to supply. This delay, however, has been diligently improved 
in more can-fully elaborating and perfecting important portions of the 
work, and in liringing the whole down to a much later date than was 
at first intended. 

In all the toil of this arduous and protracted undertaking, the author 
has been much sustained and animated by the hope of offering an 
acceptable and useful service to his countrymen, and of contributing, in 
no small degree, to illustrate the prosperity and glory of a people, 
whose advancement, in all the elements of a free. Christian civilization, 
is becoming, more and more, the admiration of the world. In iho con- 
fidence that neither of these good ends will be entirely lost, the labor 
of years is now submitted to a liberal and enlightened public, to meet 
with such approval only as its merits may deserve. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Alabama, Aa. 

Arkansas, As. 

California, Ca. 

Connecticut, Cx. 

County Co. 

Court House, or Shirk Town, . C. H. 

Delaware, De. 

District of Columbia, . . . D. c. 

Florida, .... ... Fa. 

Georgia Ga. 

Illinois, Is. 

Indiana, Ia. 

Indian Tekritorv Is- Tv. 

Iowa, lo. 

Kentucky Ky. 

Louisiana La. 

Maine, Me. 

Maryland, Md. 

Massachusetts, Ms. 

Michigan, Mn. 



Minnesota Ma. 

Mississippi, Ml. 

Missouri, Mo. 

Nebraska Na. 

New Hampshire, N. II. 

New Jersey, N. J. 

New Mexico N. M. 

New Vork, N. Y. 

North Carolina, . . ■ . . N. C. 

Ohio, . . o. 

Oregon, On. 

Pennsylvania, Pa. 

Rhode Island, R. I. 

South Carolina, S. c. 

Tennessee, Te. 

Texas, Ts. 

Utah, Uh. 

Vermont Vt. 

Virginia, Va. 

Wisconsin Wn 



CONTENTS. 



I'agB 

GENEEAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, 9 

DESCKIFTIOXS OF STATES AND TERKITOEIES, 35 

DESCIUPTIONS OF MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, lilVEUS, CREEKS, LAKES, CAl'ES, BAYS, 

UAEBOKS, ISLANDS, SOUNDS, tc, ... . . . IC~ 

DESCRIPTIONS OF COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., . . . . S63 

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF S03IE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PLACES, . . 6« 
DESCRIPTIONS OF MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND 

OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. CF"' Index, .see next page.) ... 643 

LIGHT-HOUSES 660 

COLLEGES, 689 

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES, 707 

PUBLIC LIBRARIES, . . 709 

BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY 710 

POPULATION TABLES, FRO.M 1790 TO 1850 732 

CENSUS 1850, 724 

POST OFFICES, ARRANGED BY STATES AND COUNTIES, 761 

PROGRESS OF THE POST OFFICE, 832 

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS, ' . . . 831 

ARMY', .... . . 842 

NAVY, .... 845 

CANALS, . 846 

RAILROADS 847 

COMPARATIVE SPEED ON PRINCIPAL RAILROADS 850 

ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON 851 

STATISTICAL TABLES. 

AGRICULiaKAL PRODUCTIONS, . . 16;! 

3IANUFACTURE OF COTTON GOODS, 164 

MANUFACTURE OF WOOLLEN GOODS, 165 

MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT IRON 833 

MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON, . . 834 

MANUFACTURE OF IRON CASTINGS, ....... 835 

COMMERCE OF EACH .STATE AND TERRITORY, FROM JULY i, 1850, TO JUNE 

30, 1851, ICG 

NAVIGATION. — TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES, . . fi3S 

TONNAGE ENTERED, . 838 

TONNAGE CLEARED 839 

TONNAGE BY DISTRICTS, 840 

CONCISE VIEW OF THE LOCATION, E.XTENT, CAPITAL, tf., OF EACH STATE 

AND TERRITORY afi-i 

STATE PENITENTIARIES, 1851, 751 

GRAND DISTANCE TABLE 853 

APPENDI.X, 857 



INDEX 



TO 



MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND 
OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. 



ASCUTNET MOUNTAIN, VT., 
AVON SPRINGS, N. Y., . 
BALSTON Sl'A, N. Y., 
BELLOWS FALLS, V 1"., 
BLACK MOUNTAIN, N. C, . 
BLENNEKHASSETT'S LSLAND, 
BLUE HILLS, MS., . 
BLUE SULPHUE SPRINGS, VA., 
BOOTH BAY, ME., 
BRANDY WINE SPRING, DE., 
BURNING SPRINGS, N. Y., . 
CAPE ANN, MS., . 
CAPE MAY, N. J., . . . 
CARROLLTON GARDENS, LA 
CATAWBA FALLS, N. C. 
COHASSET ROCKS, MS., . 
COHOES FALLS, N. Y., . 
CONEY ISLAND, N. Y., 
CROWN POINT, N. Y., . 
DIGHTON ROCK, MS., . 
DRENNON SPRINGS, KY., . 

FLUSHING, N. Y 

FORT TIC!ONDEROGA, N. Y., 
FRANCONIA NOTCH, N. H. 
CINGEUCAKE ROCKS, N. C, 
GUILFORD POINT, CT., 
HAMPTON BEACH, N. H., . 
HARPER'S FEKRY, VA., . 
HARRODSBURG SPRINGS, KY., 
HOBOKEN, N. J., . 
HOPKINTON SPRINGS, MS. . 
HOT SPRINGS, AS., . 
HOT SPRINGS, VA., 
HOUSE OF NATURE, IS., . 
INDIAN SPRINGS, GA., . 
rSLES OF SHOALS, ME AND 
LATONIAN SPRINGS, KY., . 
LONG BRANCH, N. .1., 
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, GA., 
MADISON'S CAVE, VA., . 
MADISON SPRINGS, GA., 
MAMMOTH CAVE, KY., 
MITCHELL'S PEAK, N. C, . 
MONADNOCK MOUNTAIN, 
MONTAUK POINT, N. Y., 
MONTMORENCI FALLS, CANADA 

MONTREAL 

MOUNT EVERETl', MS., 
MOUNT HOLYOKE, MS., . 



PaBO 

(543 

, 643 
643 

. 644 
644 

. 644 
644 

. 645 
645 

. 645 
G4S 
645 
645 

. 645 
645 
645 
64C 

. 646 
616 
646 
6^46 
646 
646 
646 
647 
647 
647 
648 
648 
648 
648 
643 
649 
6411 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
6511 
652 
652 
652 
652 
652 
6.53 
654 



MOUNT HOPE, R. I., . 

MOUNT VERNON, VA., .... 

NAHANT, MS., 

NANTASKET BEACH, MS., . 
NATURAL BRIDGE, VA., . 
NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, N. Y., . 
NEWPORT, R. I., . . 

NIAGARA FALLS 

NICOJACK CAVE, GA., . 

OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN, N. H 

OLD ORCHARD BEACH, ME., 

ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS, N. Y., 

PASSAIC FALLS, N. .1., 

PHILLIPS'S POINT, MS., 

PICTURED ROCK, LAKE SUPERIOR, 

PINE ORCHARD, N. Y., . 

PLUM ISLAND, MS., . 

PLEASANT MOUNTAIN, JIE, 

PLYMOUTH ROCK, .IIS., . 

QUEBEC, 

RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., 
RICHFIELD SPRINGS, N. Y., 
ROAN MOUNTAIN, N. C, . 
ROCKAWAY BEACH, LONG ISLAND, N. 
RYE BEACH, N. IL, 
SACHEM'S HEAD, CT., 
SAGUENAY RIVER, CANADA, . 
ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS, . 
SALISBURY BEACH, MS., . 
SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., 
SARATOGA SPRINCiS, N. Y., 
SAYBROt)lv POINT, CT., . 
SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN, N. J., 
SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y., 

SIASCONSET, MS 

SQUANTUM, MS., 

STAFFORD SPRINGS, CT., . 

SWEET SPRINGS, VA., 

TINTON FALLS, N. J., . 

TRENTON FALLS, N. Y., . 

WACHUSET MOUNTAIN, M.S., . 

WARM SPRINGS, VA., 

WARM SPRINGS, N. C, . 

WEIR'S CAVE, VA., 

WELLS BEACH, ME., 

WHITE MOUNTAINS, N. IL, . 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., 

WHEELING SUSPENSION BRIDGE, VA., 

WINNIPISEOGEE LAKE, N. H., . 



. 655 
655 

. 655 
656 

. 656 
656 

. 656 
657 

. 659 
6.59 

. 659 
660 

. 660 
660 

. G60 
660 

. 660 
661 

. 661 
665 

. 666 
667 

. 667 

'., 667 
6G7 

. C67 
667 

. GC9 
669 

. 669 
669 
671 
671 

. 671 
671 
671 
C72 

, 672 
C72 
672 
673 
6TJ 
673 
073 
073 
67:t 
678 
679 
679 



INTRODUCTION; 



COMPRISING 



A GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 



=^^<^PLDRISUS ll\>r->^=^=^- ^-^ 



^ /^ 




On the subject of the United States of America it is not easy to wi-ite or to feel witli 
cahnness. Such and so great are the interests involved, that it requires no little control of 
the mind to maintain a freedom from enthusiasm in contemplating tlie rapid growtli and de- 
velopment of these states, and the field of inquiry and effort which they display. 

The following work professes to exhibit in detail the several parts, even to the most minute, 
of this now vast body, in a view at once geographical, civil or political, and moral or religious. 
It presents the natural features and the various peculiarities of the widely-extended domains, 
which, by the divine Providence, working its own wonders by various means, have been united 
into one nation, and placed under one form of government. This government is, indeed, of 
diversified application, in respect to its subjects or constituents, gathered from almost every 
people, and in the employment of its energies, as every government must be. Yet its princi- 
ples and design are simple, and open to the inspection of all. Tlie establishment of its prin- 
ciples has cost ages of human thought, labor, and suffering. Its design, both professedly and 
practically, is the public good. 

That such is the character of the government providentially established in these states is 
clear, from the fact that it has originated from the people, and is virtually managed by them- 
selves. They have modified it as the circumstances attending its operation have appeared to 
them to require ; and their own experience of its good or ill effects has decided both their 
judgment and actions concerning'it. It admits not of the doctrine of " millions made for one," 
but cherishes the grand idea of reaching, with paternal and salutary attention, the masses of 
men and their wants. Hence it has opened, expressly, an asylum for all of the human race 
who are honorably seeking the enjoyment of that prosperity and influence with which God is 
ready to endow his moral, accountable creatures on earth, and are willing to bear the labor 
and sustain the responsibility that are necessary to secure them. 

2 i 



10 TJNITED STATES. 

This very circunastance, combining with the condition in various respects of other countries 
has made tlie North American states a subject of curiosity abroad, and has attracted to them 
very many colonists from countries of an older civilization. And it deserves the attentive 
curiosity of those also who are in possession of its benefits, and who, as we trust, are becoming 
more sensible of their value ; for it would argue great ingratitude, or inability to appreciate 
Imman privileges and blessings, should those which are the favored lot of the United Slates be 
overlooked or disregarded. 

It will not, then, be amiss, in this place, to take a general and extended but rapid prospect 
of the country, in regard to its boundaries, divisions, and geography, including soil, climate, 
rivers, mountains, lakes ; and to delineate, though briefly, the features of its histor)', progress, 
and present state, in an agricultural, commercial, civil, literary, and religious point of view. 

At the period, therefore, when this volume issues, the United States of Nortli America are 
thirty-one in number, enjoying each a separate local government, of its own choice and forma- 
tion ; and to thesb are added six territories, so denominated, whose government emanates 
from the supreme authority of the nation or republic, until they also shall have acquired a 
numerical population suflicient to establish a claim to become, by due form of law, sovereign 
states. 

But before entering further on the exhibition of the political institutions of the country, it is 
proper to dwell on its natural features and boundaries. 

The British possessions of New Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, with the province of 
New Brunswick, form the north and north-east boundary, partially modified, since the peace of 
1783, by new treaties.* On the north-west, Russia has indeed a territory upon this continent ; 
and Greenland, on the opposite side of it, but separated from it, belongs to Denmark ; yet 
neither reaches the United States' boundary. British territory alone is conterminous with it, 
except in its direction through the lakes and a portion of tlie River St. LawTence, of both 
which it keeps the centre. 

On the east is the Atlantic Ocean, which, with the Gulf Stream at no great distance, washes 
the shore from the southern extremity of Florida to the extreme eastern coast of Maine. On 
the south is the Gulf of Mexico, as far as to the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte, which 
constitutes the limit between the republic of Mexico and the United States in that quarter, as 
far as to the 32d degree of north latitude, whence it takes a western course until it strikes a 
branch of die River Gila, which it follows to its entrance into the Rio Colorado, at the head 
of the Gulf of California. Thence it crosses over Southern California to the Pacific Ocean, at 
a point ten miles south of San Diego. This portion of boundary is under actual survey and 
definitive settlement, by commissioners chosen by each power mutually. 

The western boundary is tlie vast Pacific Ocean, from latitude 32° Q^ 30" to 49° north, and 
the Straits of Juan de Fuca ; opening an almost illunitable career to navigation, enterprise, 
and skill in the prospective commerce of the country — a commerce that must, in not a long 
time, extend to all those Asiatic regions which from time immemorial have excited the cupid- 
ity of Europe. 

The territory embraced within these limits embodies an area of perhaps 3,250,000 square 
miles. In this view, it ranks as the fifth of tlie great territorial powers of the earth ; Russia 
being, since the disruption of the Spanish dependencies from the mother country, first in the 
list, Great Britain next, then China, and afterwards Brazil.f 

Such an extent in latitude must stretch, of course, through very different climates : so that 
nearly every variety of temperature, and of animal, vegetable, and mineral productions, will be 
included. And these have actually been found, not, indeed, in all respects similar to those of 
Europe and Asia, but for by far the greater number. 

• The last of which was negotiated by Hon. Daniel Webster, as secretary of state, and Lord Ashbur- 
ton, as commissioner on the part of England, and ratified November 10, 1842. 

t Spain once possessed territories containing, by estimation, 9,332,000 square miles. Russia has 
7,655,000 ; England, 6,508,000 ; Chiaa, 5,200,000 ; and Brazil, 3,390,000. 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

The face of the country is also mucli diversified. Long ranges of mountains extend on each 
side of tlie great central basin or valley. That which marks the western part most prominently 
is a continuation of the Cordilleras of the Andes of South America, although receding rather 
more from the western coast. Tlieir direction is northward, turning a little to the west, as 
the coast runs, and distant from it, in some parts, nearly 600 miles. On the eastern side, the 
several ranges, called in general Alleghany, and branching into the Green Mountains on tlie 
nortli-east, take the direction of the coast, from which they are generally distant about 250 
miles. The space between these two vast ranges of mountains is watered by the majestic 
Mississippi, appropriately denominated, in a style peculiarly Oriental, the " Father of Waters," 
and its large tributaries — tributaries, the Missouri especially, equalling or surpassing in 
length of course and body of water most of the great rivers of the eastern continent 

With the British possessions in North America the United States share tlie magnificent 
provision which the God of nature has made of the vast reservoirs of fresh water in the chain 
of lakes that find their outlet at the Falls of Niagara and River of St. Lawren(;p. And it 
is a circumstance peculiarly worthy of notice, that, while the waters of Lake Superior are ele- 
vated 600 feet above the tide-waters of the Atlantic, so that a power of immense force is 
kept in reserve for all future uses, the depth is such, that, sliould the rocks at tlie great falls 
be worn entirely away, as they are known to have receded already several rniles, neither that 
lake, nor Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Erie would be drained ; and Ontario is the deepest 
of them all. , 

Considering the extent of country, its soil may be accounted generally fertile An exception 
is found to this estimate in the territory which lies north of the new State of Texas, and west 
of Arkansas and part of Missouri. This has been emphatically denoted as the American 
Desert. On the eastern side of it are located the remnants of several tribes of the original 
inhabitants, wlio have left their ancestral abodes east of the Mississippi, and are congregated 
in a rather close proximity, requiring the keen oversight of the American government, as well 
as its paternal care and providence. 

No reflecting person can examine the map of our territory without perceiving the unusual 
facilities of river communication enjoyed by all parts of it. This circumstance is wonderfully 
promotive of internal commerce, as well as of fertility in the products of the field and forest, 
the orchard and the garden. True it is that occasional droughts are felt, but the extent of 
such calamities has not been great, nor their continuance long ; and often what is denied to 
one portion is bestowed on another, " that there may be equality," and, at the same tune, the 
intercourse of friendly trade. 

Sugar is produced in the lower parts of Louisiana, to a very considerable extent, from the 
cane plant, which might, doubtless, be cultivated more than it is in Florida, Alabama, and 
Mississippi, as well as in Texas. But the cotton fields have occupied the planter, and yielded 
generally a sure reward. Occasional frosts, however, are experienced all along the southern 
borders, rendering the cultivation of tropical productions too precarious for a dependence on 
them. This has been the case witli the orange, fig, and lemon, while, of late, experiments 
have been made even farther north, on tlie introduction of the tea plant, with promising results. 
The Middle States appear to be the favorite region of the grape ; and of this rich and whole- 
some fruit no small quantity of wine is already manufactured along tiie banks of the Ohio. 
The peach is cultivated extensively in New Jersey, especially, but flourishes, with the grape, 
in the neighboring states, and generally in that parallel of latitude. But we must refer to the 
Gazetteer itself, in the several articles, for the various particulars of this nature ; remarking, 
only, that the maize, or Indian corn, — one of the indispensable articles of American food, — 
wheat, — a most important staple, — rye, barley, oats, rice, of its difierent varieties, tlie diet 
of so large a portion of mankind in Southern Asia, overspread the United States, in their 
respectively adapted parts, witli ample provision for the population, even were it many times 
increased. And these necessary productions for the continuance of human life must long 
form the reliable articles of export and trade. Tobacco, too, and ardent spirits have been, 
and still are, notwithstanding all that has been said and written to dissuade men from the 
habitual use of them, a not inconsiderable item of commerce. 



12 UNITED STATES. 

The American foresta were the wonder of the early discoverers. Such a stately growth 
had been reached by the noble oaks, chestnuts, magnolias, cotton-trees, elms, maples, and, 
above all, the tall, straight pines, as rendered calculation almost wild in its anticipations of 
profit. What in the old countries had been the result of careful cultivation appeared here in 
all the unbounded luxuriance of nature, rendering the scenerj' picturesque often, and beautiful 
in the extreme, although more generally overburdened, tangled, and obstructed, and demand- 
ing the judicious hand of skill and taste. Much remains, in some parts of the country, in its 
original state still ; although tlie rapid diminution effected by steaming excites not unfrequently 
an anxious fear, that our posterity may, if systematic attentions do not prevent, inherit a 
denuded patrimony, abandoned, like many portions of the " Old World," to sterility. 

But here a provision meets us which seems to reassure our hope. The vast coal-beds which 
are wrought now to so great an extent and profit in Pennsylvania, and in several other states, 
"cropping out" along tlie navigable rivers of the west, will yield fuel, either in the bituminous 
form, or in the hard anthracite, which, it may be hoped, will prove a preservative of much 
forest scenery and highway shade. The substitution of coals for wood is rapidly advancing. 

With respect to mineral wealth, it had been supposed until recently that little of the more 
precious metals would be found within the regions assigned to these states. But a sudden 
Durst of what is almost universally regarded as good fortune surprises us in the acquisition 
of California. Its treasures of gold have surpassed all previous calculation, although not 
every hunter of it has been gratified with success. Millions have beqp gained, and will be 
brought into circulation, notwithstanding sickness, vice, and misery have often been coparceners 
in the enterprise. A new empire is founded, also, notwithstanding an almost incalculable 
expenditure of human life has been sustained to effect it. And we may hope, that, by the 
overniling hand which "educes good from partial evil," benefits to the human family will 
eventually be realized, though many individuals be sacrificed and lost. 

Lead and copper had long been mined to much advantage before this unexpected discovery. 
And their abundance was a subject of gratulation, previous to the working of the copious 
Bupply of copper near Lake Superior, and of lead at Galena. Silver has been of ratlier rare 
occurrence, although gold has been obtained among the Alleghany ranges, and east of them ; 
and the indefatigable exertions of Dr. C. T. Jackson have even discovered tin. Iron, pro- 
verbially the most useful of all the metals, abounds almost every where. 

While dwelling on these treasures of the earth, it should not be forgotten that great 
progress has been made in turning to profit many of the rocks which in some parts of tlie 
country are abundant, but of which other parts are destitute. Thus New Hampshire and 
Massachusetts send their granite to Georgia and Louisiana. The abundance of limestone in 
the north compensates the want elsewhere ; and while in Florida, and Georgia, and Alabama, 
the live-oak has been felled, by dwellers of Maine, to furnish timber for their ship-yards, the 
mortar made of the lime from Thomaston has been cementing the buildings of the soutli — 
the abundance of one furnishing the otlier a needed supply, and that alternately and mutually. 

Beautiful marbles also have been wrought in quarries of different kinds, from the famous 
verd antique to the rival of the Parian for whiteness and uniformity of texture, giving to 
statuaries and architects the materials from which the most splendid trophies of art may be 
elicited. To this may be added the red sandstone of Connecticut, the appearance of which, 
in various buildings, has been greeted with much favor. Before the introduction of the 
" Quincy granite," this material was the most commonly wrought stone of the market. Slate 
is also obtainable, and begins to be employed, and may soon equal the productions of ancient 
Wales, which, however, are still imported largely. 

Of native animals but little is said at the present day, except in respect of the frontier 
settlements, and the employments of professed hunters who frequent the forests. Immense 
wealth has in time past been amassed from the furs, for which several species are sought 
and killed. Indians complain of the diminution of buffaloes, which heretofore had formed no 
small portion of their dependence ; and it is unquestionable that the once abundant supply 
has been wasted in very many instances, in which their hides only have been the objects of 



» INTRODUCTION. 13 

cupidity, their carcasses being left to birds of prey. The moose has almost disappeared, as 
also the wild deer, which once abounded. Bears are not common, yet the grisly bear, that 
dreaded monarch of the forest, is met in California still. The cougar, the catamount, members 
of tlie same family, wildcat, lynx, and wolf have in many parts been troublesome, but are now 
only occasionally caught, shot, or seen. 

As we do not by any means profess to give a complete catalogue of quadrupeds, so neither 
can we of birds and fishes, which yet are abundant. The wild pigeons of the west are still 
celebrated for their multitudinous flocks, and the race of wild turkeys is not extinct. Birds of 
pre}' are not wanting, from the stately and powerful bald eagle to the various species of the 
hawk ; and all the domestic fowls have accompanied tlie migrations of the European colonists, 
as well as all the domestic quadrupeds. 

No small amount of provisions drawn from the pasture enters into commerce ; and more 
especially of late years, and since the distressing famine in Ireland. Beef has long been fur- 
nished to tlie West Indies ; and with it exported hams, lard, and clieese are admitted into the 
Britisli islands. At the same time the rearing of sheep is regarded with greater favor, and 
tliat especially since the introduction of the Merino breed, and the consequent increase of 
woollen factories. Cattle, horses, asses, and rnulcs are often shipped to the West India islands 
as live stock. 

From tlie first knowledge of the Atlantic coast, the fislicries were accounted important. 
France and England at an early period were sensible of their value, and jealous in securing 
them. And even to this day, notwitlistanding the former power has lost its hold on every 
portion of tlie nortliern continent, the two islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon are retained by 
treaty, in order to accommodate her fishermen, who spread on them tlieir " flakes." With 
respect to the productiveness of this source of human support and governmental revenue, no 
part of the United States has experienced it more, and thriven more from it, than New Eng- 
land, through it:? hardy fishonnen. From the earliest periods, tlieir occupation has boon one 
of tlie first necessity and greatest profit, if we take into view its various branches, and include 
in them tlie irliale fishery. But in pursuit of that employment, not the Atlantic alone bounds 
their enterprising industry. Tlie bold and hazardous occupation is followed in every ocean, 
sea, or strait where its subjects are to be met, and the whalers of America are among the most 
daring, courageous, and expert of men. 

The land, the ocean, and the air combine, then, to furnish out a space in wliich to develop 
the genius, enterprise, and application of the rapidly increasing population of these states. 
For 'the exercise of every talent a field is not wanting; and the exertion of every faculty may 
be flattered with hope of success. 

Having made these remarks, which, of course, must be superficial and brief, as we have no 
room for enlargement here, and must refer for special and particular information to the body 
of the work itself, in its several and distinct articles, we would, witli equal brevity, dwell for 
a little time on some of tlie historical events which concern the settlement, groivth, and pros- 
perity of the states themselves. 

Inquiries respecting die primeval inhabitants, important as they may be in the investigations 
we make for ascertaining the history of man, under all the varieties of existence in which he 
appears, can be indulged in but sparingly here. Still, since the present inhabitants have 
entered on the places of their predecessors, some interest must attach to the character and 
circumstances of those who have passed away ; and it would seem illiberal and unkind to be 
wholly silent respecting them, and would argue an unbecoming disregard to the claims of 
common humanity. Hence the subject has occupied no small attention from all our historians. 

But the little progress among them of what we term civilization, or rather, perhaps, their 
distance from the civilization which prevails with us, has rendered the cases so dissimilar, that 
it were almost invidious to overlook their estimate of character, and pride ourselves on our 
own. They had their own manners, and habits, and judgments ; and although with a standard 
difierent from ours, it is evident they were not without some estimate of character. Talents 
they had, but without means of cultivation. A natural eloquence they could exercise, and 



14 UNITED STATES. 

fonn sagacious counsels. But their want of a sure method of perpetuating their acquisitions, 
by a careful transmission of them, rendered them but transitory. Simple facts alone would 
be matters of remembrance, and even these would be recollected but imperfectly. Reasonings 
would be almost as evanescent as tlie times and occasions of them. The preservation of a 
continuity of thought, plan, and eftbrt, so as to form national character, is the result of a liter- 
ature that embodies the labors of the human mind. 

It is not wonderful, then, tliat so little remains to enable us to ascertain tfie distinguishing 
traits of Indian character and life. Our histories fail to do justice to the subject, doubtless ; 
for they were written by parties unfavorably prepossessed, and in but few instances by tlie 
cultivated talent of natives. Nevertheless, here and there, in the course of mote than three 
centuries, an example is found. 

The mounds and fortifications discovered at the west, and having some relation to monu- 
ments remaining in Mexico and Peru, indicate more of industry and talent than has at least 
been exercised by our Indians since Europeans landed on these shores. And perhaps their 
very presence hastened the deterioration, from a despair of resisting with success, or even 
maintaining their own position, mucli less of surpassing those who, in too many instances, 
became oppressors rather than aids, robbers more than friends. 

These remarks, however, will, it is acknowledged, apply more to the southern than the northern 
part of the American continent — ^raore to the Spaniards than the English. But even in regard 
to the English, although possessed of a purer faith, and prompted, in most cases, by higher 
motives, yet, with comparatively few though honorable exceptions, too little attention has been 
paid to tjioir welfare, too little to their instruction and training for usefulness, and national 
establishment and prosperity. Tnie, it was much to demand tliis of liuman nature, selfish as 
it is; and therefore tlie names of Eliot, and Mayhew, and GoOKy.-, and Pe.nn, and Brain- 
ERD, and Benezet, and of a catalogue of wortliies, will be celebrated with high and growing 
regard. As no amalgamation of the races took place, the Indians have, for the greater part, 
declined. They are mostly removed from their ancient seats, and inhabit a frontier country, 
where they can enjoy, at least for a time, the privileges of the chase. Some, indeed, have 
abandoned the life of the hunter, and become agriculturists ; and, in consequence of the per- 
severing, self-denying labor of devoted missionaries, not a few have become, by the divine 
blessing, humble and devout Christians. The Cherokees, — who have now an alphabet of their 
own, — the Choctaws, Mohegans, — a mere remnant, however, — and a few Creeks, Mohawks, 
Oneidas, Ojibways, and Dakotas have thus been trained to a degree of Christian civilization ; 
and the work is still advancing, but the discouragements are great. What is to be the issue 
time alone can develop. 

As respects the European immigration, a new order of things dawned at its outset; and 
though the progress was slow at first, laborious, and often interrupted, yet it has advanced to 
a day of no little splendor. Let us trace the outlines. 

Virginia may, in some respects, be permitted to take the lead ; for, although both France 
and Spain had preceded England in efforts to colonize portions of North America, the colonies 
of each of them were beyond the boundaries which limited the thirteen states of the original 
Union ; Canada retaining her connection with England, and Florida becoming a territory of the 
United States only in the year 1819, and a state in 1845. Virginia has, therefore, been called 
" the Old Dominion," dating her first eftective European settlement from 1007. Tliat very year, 
indeed, was marked by an attempt to settle an English colony at the mouth of the Kennebec, 
the intended province then bearing the name of Sagadehoc. But it was broken up the ensuing 
spring ; and thirteen years passed away before the next settlement was made, in what had 
been called New England, as early as 1614.* This, happily, became permanent 

Still; the coast had been frequented for purposes of the fishery, and to effect also the expul- 
sion of the French from Acadia, within the bounds of which debatable country they had formed 
eeveral settlements, and recovered, and, to a later period, retained them, greatly to the 

• See Life of Captain John Siriith, the early hero of Virginia. Belknap's Biog. v. i. p. 306. 



INTRODUCTION. 15 

annoyance of the English settlers. But the colonization of Virginia, tliough attended with 
many discouragements and disappointments, on which om- space permits us not to dwell, ad- 
vanced, and became a safeguard to the next succossfid band of adventurers. 

This band, to which we have before alluded, was the expatriated church of Robinson, who 
established themselves at Plymouth, and are familiarly and honorably known as " the Pilgrims 
of Leyden," or " the Pilgrim Fathers of New England." Their errand hither was mainly for 
religious peace and prosperity, and it was religiously conducted ; nor is it too much to say, 
that, in the good providence of God, their efforts, character, and success have given a deeply- 
interesting tone to the history and features of their adopted country, and render their memory 
respected by every true philanthropist. But on their individual or special history we have no 
room here to dwell. Their immigration was in 1620. 

A few years after, a settlement was commenced at Naumkeag, in the Buy of Massachusetts, 
and called Salem. Then followed an establishment on the north side of tlic river whicli enters 
the bottom of the bay, and, in compliment to tlie king of England then on tlie throne, took the 
name of Charlestown. The settlement of Boston succeeded, in 1(330, under Winthrop, 
Johnson, and their associates ; and now the wrf^ was opened to thousands of their country- 
men, and the principles agreed upon, on whicli the colony might live, thrive, and flourish. 

Encouraged by such instances of success, there had been, in tlie mean while, several Eng- 
lish adventurers who formed settlements for trading, fishing, and exploring the country, along 
the whole coast of New England; and the colonies of New Ilampsliire, of Connecticut, and 
New Haven, separate at first, but afterwards blended, Rhode Island and tlio Plantation of 
Providence, forming a retreat for persecuted religionists, Laconia, (iorgeana, and Sagadehoc, 
included afterwards in Maine, gradually burst into being. Before the middle of the seven- 
teentli century they had become politically organized as distinct governments, and, in 1C43, 
four of them fonned a confederation, the type and emblem of a future impoitant fact, which, 
in little more than a century later, created a new nation. 

The Dutch also, as a great naval power, and rival, in that respect, of England and France, 
had not been idle, but, as early as 1609, employed an Englishman, Henry Hudson, who dis- 
covered the noble river that bears his name, and penetrated it as far as where Albany now 
stands, preparing the way for the formation of the " Empire State " of New York. The early 
result was not, indeed, a promise of harmony in regard to the growth and happiness of tlie 
little colonies to the eastward of Manhattan or New Netherlands. Jealousies arose on both 
sides, and bickerings and difilculties with the natives, which were not fully quieted until 
English authority became paramount, and New York ceased to be controlled by any other 
European power. 

Tlie settlements of New Jersey and Maryland, of Delaware, and, at lengtli, of Pennsylvania, 
extended the English influence along the coast between Virginia on the south, and Now 
England to the north and east. For the settlement of Swedes, in the neighborhood of Cape 
Henlopen, yielded, in not a long time, to the prowess of the Dutch, and, with them, became at 
last subject to the British crown. 

Nor did Virginia long remain the southern boundary of British dominion. North and South 
Carolina were settled in the reign of Charles XI., and in 17.32 the foundation was laid for 
the State of Georgia.* 

These were the thirteen original states recognized at the period of the American revolution. 
But, considering how unanimous they became in that grand scene of the trial of principle, it 
is curious to notice how diversified were the characters of the first settlers of them, and on 
what principles they were severally chartered. James I. of England, who gave the earliest 
of these charters, was bigoted, arbitrary, and jealous of his prerogative. Royal blood was, 
with him, of different composition from that which runs in the veins of ordinary mortals. And 
he was ready to visit with pains and penalties the presumption of Roi.fe, one of his subjects, 
who had dared, without his leave, to ally himself with even an Indian princess, in the person 

* See these several states, under their names, respectively, in the Gazetteer. 



16 UNITED STATES. 

of Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan. Such, too, was the known character of his son and 
grandsons who succeeded liim. And it was only under Cromwell, and at the time of the 
revolution in England, that popular rights were regarded witli any real sympathy. Hence, 
in part, at least, this observable diversity. 

Some also of tlie charters, like those, for instance, of Pennsylvania and Maryland, were 
bestowed on court favorites, as gratuities for services rendered or anticipated. In otlicrs, as 
in those of the Carolinas, granted to noblemen principally, a provision was made in tlie con- 
stitution framed for them by the profound metaphysician Locke, for ranks of hereditary 
nobles — a provision which, though happily never carried into effect in any one province or 
colony, exhibits one of the embarrassments that, but for some overruling power, must have 
obstructed the course of the subsequent revolution, and establishment of a republican form of 
government. 

But the tendency towards a prevalence of the principles of democracy or republicanism is, in 
one circumstance, more distinctly traceable than in any other. It is in the absence of the 
ulthnately controlling power. This, from the very necessity of the case, threw the exercise of 
a certain degree of authority on the people themselves, either in their primary assemblies, 
where each one must feel his own consequence, or in those of their representatives, immediate 
or remote. Accustomed thus to a degree of self-government, and unawed by the splendor of 
the present majesty of power, unused therefore to the ser\-ility of courtiers, the colonists exer- 
cised a degree of sovereignty at an early period. This varied, indeed, as we have seen, in 
the different colonies ; but, in process of time, a portion of liberty pervaded all. The removal 
to America of the charter of Massachusetts was no short step towards the exercise of the 
spirit of 1776. India is governed in London by the honorable company seated there, of whom 
the governor general is but the agent, and to whom he is accountable. But were the company 
seated in India, how long could loyalty to the crown of Great Britain be cherished.^ 

It cannot, then, appear strange that a degree of jealousy should be felt in the mother country 
in relation to the exercise of power on the part of the colonies. It was this which led to the 
mission of Randolph under Charles II., and ripened the popular fury against Andros in 
the reign of his misguided brother. Nor tliis alone ; for the exhibition of spirit and ability to 
conduct important warlike enterprises, which was made in 1745 in the successful attack on 
Louisburg, familiarly called the Dunkirk or Gibraltar of America, and deemed impregnable, 
aroused at court the anxious fear that greater efforts would soon become practicable, if the 
exercise of power were not speedily cliecked. To this idea we may trace the succession of 
measures which prepared tlie way for the American revolution. 

It would be a pleasing task to dwell here on the endeared memorv' of many a colonial 
worthy, and to embalm the virtues of patriots not a few, though filling a humble sphere ; but 
it is impracticable. Nor can we follow the traces of those stirring events which distinguished 
the vastly disjiroportionate struggle between the colonies and the powerful mother country, 
then at the height of her supremacy on the sea. Warriors were nurtured by the contests with 
the Frencli of Canada. Minds were enlarged by the project of a confederacy to resist them 
made in 1754. In this it was intended so to unite the several colonies along the Atlantic 
border, that they might be able to defeat the sagacious policy of France in extending her 
posts from Canada to Louisiana, and securing the inland, central regions to herself, that she 
might fall on the maritime and subdue them at her convenience. 

One of the most affecting though simple devices of the Puritans appears in the arms and 
motto adopted by the State of Connecticut. It exhibits the vine fastened and trained for 
bearing to its upright stake, and the assertion, " He who transplanted will sustain it." * This 
was the confidence of the pious founders of not a few colonies on this side the Atlantic. They 
trusted in God. And his providence can, without the aid of an immanly superstition, be 
distinctly traced in the history of the United States. The spirit of his truth is marked, from 
generation to generation, on the minds, and consciences, and lives of men preparing for the 

* *' Qui transtulit sustinet." 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

exercise of freedom in its widest practicable extent and fonus. If even Hume was compelled 
to give his meed of praise to the Puritans for the elements of true liberty ingrafted on the 
British stock by tlie struggles of the Commonwealth, Americans may well trace to the posses- 
sion and free use of the Bible their more perfected political developments. Nay, it has been 
said, and tliat recently, with equal trutli and eloquence, " Who shall write the history of modern 
civilization without tracking the course of the divine Word ? To the homes of our fatliers it 
brouglit the best lessons of experience and the sturdiest virtues of religion. We need not 
say much of tlie good seed of tlie Word that came with the people of the Mayflower and the 
Arbella, nor will our common sense or charity allow us to limit the blessing to any State in 
the Union. The Bible came with the Huguenots of Carolina, the Refonned Dutch of Man- 
hattan, the Friends of Pennsylvania, the Churchmen of Virginia, the Methodists of Georgia, 
as well as the Puritans of Massacliusetts. Who shall say v.'hat that book has done for the 
nation ? " 

Look, then, at the history of tlie United States. It desen-es to be contemplated with serious 
attention as a development of the august providence of God, who uses the passions and pur- 
suits of men for the accomplislnnent of his own wise and benevolent designs. The discovery 
of the new continent occurs at a period of the world when the human mind, in Europe at least, 
has been roused to uncommon activity, and has put forth its greatest vigor. The reformation 
resuscitates tlio power of the Bible, and persecution tests its worth. Sp'ain conquers and 
possesses the southern part of tlie continent, sccldng every where to assuage her insatiate 
craving for gold. She passes by the northern half, because it is not discovered tliere, and 
leaves to France and England a country she knows not how to value. France colonizes the 
least inviting part of this vast field, on which England begins to display a rival power. Com- 
mercial enterprise is roused, but commercial enterprise signally fails. Religious principle 
conducts a perilous effort, and success, after much hardship and suffering, crowns it. This 
encourages adventure, and, step by step, the work advances. Colonies, scattered along tlie 
Atlantic border, like those of ancient Greece on the shores of Asia,* multiply and prosper. 
But, unlike them, these colonies discover that tlieir interests are similar, become united, and 
are led to form one government, whicli exhibits to the world a new nation. 

Every step of this progress is interesting to the statesman, the pliilanthropist, and tlie Chris- 
tian. The first will study it as developing the genn of human greatness ; the next will 
contemplate it as opening an asylum for suffering humanity, a field for honest labor, with 
hopeful promise of reward ; but the last will view it with grateful and adoring thoughts of 
the wonder-working power of God. 

The close of the revolutionary struggle — during which had been exliibited many of the 
virtues that adorn and exalt human nature, although in multitudes of instances the contamina- 
tion of the unfixed and loose opinions and manners that prevail in camps affected our coun- 
trymen, and made an awful inroad on the simplicity of colonial habits — brought with it a view 
and keen perception of difficulties and embarrassments which had hardly been anticipated. 
While the struggle itself endured, tlie event was doubtful, and hope and fear alternately 
prevailed. But when the pressure of events from abroad had diminished, and the feelings and 
views generated by the scenes of home gained sway, room was afforded for a new play of the 
passions, and perils of a new character arose. And hence it has been remarked by a states- 
man, whose talents and power of thought and language have been amply acknowledged in 
our own country and in Europe,t that no period of American history deserves the profound 
study of our young men more than that which intervened between the peace of 1783 and 
tlie establishment of the federal government in 1789. 

The reason of this remark must appear on reflecting tliat, when the independence of the 
country had been achieved by labors, self-denial, and sacrifices of property, time, talents, and 

» A comparison suggested by Ilecren. Several of these colonies liad, indeed, a confederation, — that 
of the Ionian cities, — but it neither continued long nor extended far. 
t It seems hardly necessary here to name the Hon. Daniel Webster. 

3 



18 UNITED STATES. 

life, of which in this day we can form no adequate conception, there were required the virtues 
of self-command, candor, and devotion to the public welfare. Without these, it must be clear 
that freedom from one class of evils might have been cfTocted only to incur new troubles and 
difficulties from another. The perils of anarchy and of civil war, and of the reckless personal 
ambition of daring chieftains, were all to be dreaded. With these perils the provinces of 
Soutli America and Mexico were necessitated to contend when they burst away more recently 
from the dominion of Spain ; nor have the contest and its perils ceased with them even yet. 

But, most happily for us and the world, its Sovereign Ruler had provided for the emer- 
gency in raising up a distinguished individual, of whom, without unduly exalting man, we 
may admit, with truth, tliat he was " first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
countrymen." Washington had been called to the command of her armies by his country 
in her day of danger. He had conducted the arduous strug'gle to its close, with a discretion, 
a moral as well as natural courage, and a dignity of character which left him without a 
rival. And perhaps in none of the favors of divine Providence bestowed on the country — and 
they have been numerous and great — can we find what should be regarded as more peculiarly 
deserving commemoration than this. It is admitted by all nations who become acquainted 
with the facts, as well as by our own. An English reviewer, while displaying a series of polit- 
ical schemes, remarked, that " however they might have appeared and been successful in other 
times, they could not bear the light of the age of Washington." * 

His sterling worth, long tried and extensively approved, the disinterestedness of liis behavior 
and moral integrity in all respects, rendered it safe, in the estimation of the people at large, 
to invest him with tlie supreme power of the republic. To this elevation no claim of royal 
descent was produced ; although this might have been pleaded with equal truth as for General 
Monk, the rival, in one sense, and yet the restorer of Charles II. And it has been said that 
ear minister in France received an offer from a Norman nobleman, who stated his family to be 
as ancient and respectable as that of William the Conqueror. The offer was made on the 
supposition that of course the country would want, and must have a king, when it should be- 
come independent. George III. is stated to have remarked to our countryman West that 
he supposed the Americans would strive to make General Washington their king, instead 
of himself. 

One of the most remarkable circumstances in reference to the American population, and 
the providence of God overruling and ordering affairs for a future benefit, is seen in this, that 
hereditary titles of nobility have been, from the first, unusual among us, to say the least. 
None, of course, could have originated here ; and although noblemen dwelt with us as gov- 
ernors, occasional sojourners, and even with their own families about them, yet they we"-" 
never American noblemen, entitled as such to a seat in the House of Lords. 

It was bold language for the late M. Sismondi to employ, when he said that revolutions 
for the advancement of liberty had not been rare, but that in France the principle on which 
they arc sought, and which he supposed to be a melioration of the condition of the people, had 
been lost sight of, from tlie circumstance that they had ever placed some prince in power. 
This, of course, was written before the pretensions of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, almost 
invariably called a prince, were developed. If Lafayette, in 1830, had been placed at the 
head of a republic, or, in 1848, some individual without a claim to royal descent or regal or 
imperial relationship, might not stability have been bestowed on those institutions which now 
seem only made to be overturned ? And is it not strange, that, while in theory all titles arc 
abolished, the French delight still in giving their rulers princely and noble titles .■' No, it 
may be said, it is not strange, for the French people are not prepared for republican govern- 
ment. It is questionable if they can be so before the present generation passes away. 

Indeed, human nature must be greatly changed, if the hearts of men in America be not 
affected, as elsewhere, with the love of distinction. They are so affected ; but the democratic 
tendency which has been stamped on our institutions is ever found a counteracting force. 

• Aikin's British Review, about 1810. 



INTRODUCTION. 19 

Family cliques are cultivated, exclusiveness in the associations of intimacy is cherished, 
wealthy matches coveted and sought out, and eifected even among very near relatives, to 
secure riches and influence ; but still the general process is of a levelling character, after all. 
The equal division of estates in families, and tlie rapid growth of families tlicmselves, assist 
it ; and, in very many instances, the ambitious hope of rearing and establisiiing aristocratic 
distinctions is frustrated and destroyed. 

At such a consummation we ought not, perhaps, so far as individual improvement is 
concerned, and the formation of a character of virtuous distinction and influence, to rejoice ; 
nevertheless, the problem to be wrouglit out in America appears to be of wider concermnent 
to the human race than the aggrandizement of family relationship. In tlie old republics of 
Venice, Switzerland, and Holland, things were vastly different. In them an aristocracy was 
avowed, established, and rendered paramount and flourishing. The American problem refers 
to the possibly Utopian idea of tue brotherhood of mankind ; and probably no nation 
\7as ever placed in circumstances calculated more happily to realize this object. 

A new motive for the cultivation of the virtues which our fondest partiality ascribes to our 
best patriots, and most excellent citizens and countrymen, arises from tlie fact, that at the 
present eventful crisis of affairs in Europe, in which tlie experience and character of these 
states are studied, and our institutions alluded to, as an exemplification of the results of civic 
freedom, our example may be of tlie higliest moral tendency. It may obtain an influence for 
the good of large and suffering portions of mankind, that shall be effective of " glory to God 
in the higliest, aud»on eartli peace, good will toward men." 

Witli respect to tlie fears entertained from tlie overwhelming torrent of uneducated, and 
vicious, and pauper foreigners poured upon our shores, in a manner so unprecedented, we 
may feel less alarm if our citizens will but preserve, and, as circumstances require, augment 
the advantages of early education now enjoyed, and see that the young immigrants improve 
tlieni.* This will lay the axe to the root of all growing corruption. Adults may prove 
incorrigible, and require the animadversion of wholesome law. Our prisons can now instruct 
and compel them to labor for the profit of the public ; but the education of the yocng, 
conducted on principles of sound morals and sincere piety, will prove the sure foun- 
dation- of usefulness, respectability, and prosperity. Such has it ever been found, and ever 
will be. 

To return to our political state : a comparison of our highest executive officers with others 
of sucli grade abroad elicits hope. While, for instance, the present ruler of France is openly 
charged with a design of perpetuating his powers, and altering the very constitution of the coun- 
try for that end, we have never had a public case, whatever may have transpired privately, in 
which a president of the United States was found ambitiously plotting for the perpetuation or 
continuance of his power. Those who have filled this station have returned successively to 
private life, or, as in two illustrious instances,! consented to serve the public in a lower but 
important position. Thanks are due to God for this apparent degree of civic purity of char- 
acter. And we should rejoice in that state of public sentiment which would not only render 
the reverse of this odious to the country, but also effijctually defeat the object aimed at. 

The condition of the country at the close of the revolutionary war, and which had been but 
jiartially benefited by the subsequent confederation, assumed a new life under the government 
of the Fathf.r of his Country. That government, after it had been exercised for the 
constitutional period, that is, for four years, from 178!) to 1793, was again offered by the public 

* *' Individuals, as such, have no more claim upon the public for their education than for their board 
and clothing." But " the first principles of popular governmeut require that the means of education 
should as far as possible be equally within the reach of the whole population. This can be effected 
in no other way than by a system of education supported by the public. The same great motive of 
public policy requires that the schools should be of a very superior order, so that every child may receive 
not merely an education, but an excellent education." — Gov. Everett. 

+ Those of IVashini/ton and (more especially) John Qiiincij Adams. 



20 UNITED STATES. 

voice to its distinguished head, and again accepted ; but not for a tim-d period, although by- 
many greatly desired. 

It had been only by the exercise of qualities precisely adapted to the emergencies which 
required tliem, that Washington had been so successful. His personal courage was un- 
questionable. His firmness and moderation were even constitutional, habitual, and uniform. 
He sincerely loved his country, and devoted himself to its interests in a manner perhaps un- 
precedented. The people at large appreciated his character, and had entii-e confidence in his 
integrity ; and it was only prejudice or ignorance, or the reckless violence of party spirit, eagerly 
bent on its object, and unscrupulous as to the methods of attaining it, which opposed and thwarted 
his well-considered measures, gave trouble to his impartial government, and vilified his person. 

In fact, in the great points of view under which we are to consider this so justly celebrated 
man, so remarkably prepared in the providence of God for the stations he was called succes- 
sively to fill, it will be proper to notice, — 

Fust, the contest for freedom, or the revolution. And in this we see a people widely 
scattered, comparatively poor, living under different laws, although dependent on tlie same 
crown, having rivalries, jealousies, antipathies of their own, and yet necessitated, from tlie 
very nature of the case, to act together. He was the instrument of thus connecting them, by 
the weight of his own character, and the wisdom and energy of his conduct, and the revolution 
was achieved. 

Next came the substitution of a more effective central govermuent for that of a Congress 
which had no power to enforce its decisions, and for a long period littie ability to decide. 
And the convention of 1787, four years after the peace, was presided over by him. In thX 
was formed the constitution, under whicli, with comparatively few amendments, the United 
States have existed in honor and prosperity for more than sixty years. 

No one, probably, of its framers better knew than he the difficulties to be met, the powers 
necessary to be created and exercised, and the authority requisite to be given, in order to 
constitute an efficient yet paternal government ; although this knowledge were in him more 
the result of experience, aided by sound, practical good sense, than of sedentary study and 
learned research. For these the corporal activity of his pursuits and labors had allowed him 
little leisure. , But tliere were in association with him minds of high intelligence. Of tliis 
character were Adams, Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. To these, and such as 
they, were confided the great concerns of adjusting and balancing the respective depart- 
ments, — legislative, judicial, and executive, — and of foundmg, at length, under his super- 
intendence, an empire of laws based on the welfare of the whole community ; laws under which 
any aggregate of population, if disposed to be orderly, industrious, and frugal, or any number of 
states, if loyally affiliated to the federal government, can enjoy as great prosperity as it falls 
to the lot of human institutions to secure. 

The third view is that in which, afler tlie perils, sufferings, sacrifices of the revolution, and 
the establishment of principles of government, partaking of the nature as well of concession, 
agreement, and compromise, in certain cases, as of conservative arrangements in others, we 
behold the successful warrior and upright legislator, first in the esteem, veneration, gratitude, 
and confidence of his countrymen, becoming their first president. At the head now of a new 
nation, his habits of intercourse must form precedents for his successors. The formalities of 
his administration will characterize future courses ; and, happily, liis inclination, judgment, and 
resolution established a "just medium" between too great stateliness, resembling the courts 
of foreign princes, and the too great familiarity which would bring government into contempt. 

" If I were to exhibit the spirit of the constitution," observed recently the present able 
secretary of state, " in its living, speaking, animated form, I would refer always, always to the 
administration of the first president, George Washington. And if I were now to describe a 
patriot president, I would draw his masterstrokes and copy his design. I would present his 
picture before me as a constant study for life. I would present his policy, alike liberal, just, 
narrowed down to no sectional interests, bound to no personal objects, held to no locality, but 



INTRODUCTION. 21 

bitiad, and generous, and open, as expansive as tlie air. ... I would draw a picture 
of his foreign policy, just, steady, stately, but withal . . . lofty and glorious. No 
man could say in liis day that tlie broad escutcheon of the honor of the Union could receive 
injury or damage, or even contumely or disrespect, with impunity. His own character gave 
character to the foreign relations of the country. He upheld every interest of his country in 
even the proudest nations of Europe ; and while resolutely just, lie was resolutely determined 
that no plume in the honor of his country should ever be defaced or talcen from its proper 
position by any power on earth. Washington vvas cautious and prudent; no self-seeker; 
giving information to Congress according to the constitution, on all questions, when necessary, 
with fairness and frankness, claiming nothing for himself, exercising his own rights, and pre- 
serving the dignity of his station, but taking especial care to execute the laws as a paramount 
duty, and in such manner as to give satisfaction to every body, and to be subservient to that 
end. And it was always remarked of his administration, that lie filled the courts of justice 
with the most spotless integrity, the highest talent, and the purest virtue ; and hence it be- 
came a common saying, running tlirough all classes of society, that our great security is in 
the learning and integrity of the judicial tribunals. This high character they justly possessed, 
and continue to possess in an eminent degree, from the unpress which Washington stamped 
on these tribunals at their first organization." * 

We have dwelt thus long on tliis administration, as it exhibits the genius and spirit of the 
American government in its acknowledged model. Successive presidents — the tliirteenth 
is now in the chair — have in general so regarded it, as well as the people at large ; and all 
parties virtually conspire to render to it their praise. We liave not room to follow out the 
history of each administration. The constitution itself it is proper for a short space to 
consider. 

Its OBJECTS are, to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
provide for tlie common defence, promote tlie general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
liberty; and it is ordained and established in tiie name of tlie people. 

I. It vests all the legislative powers it g'rants in a Congress, consisting of two branches, 
a Senate and House of Representatives. The representatives are chosen once in two years, 
by all persons qualified in their several states to vote for members of the most numerous branch 
of the state legislature ; and no»one can be entitled to a seat in this house under twenty-five 
years of age. He must also have been a citizen of the United States for seven years, and an 
inhabitant of the state in which he is chosen. 

The Senate consists of two senators from eacli state, chosen by its legislature, for si.x years. 
It is divided into three classes, one of which goes out of ofiico every two years. A senator 
must have attained thirty years, been a citizen of the United States nine years, and be an in- 
habitant of the state that elects hiin. 

Wlien a vacancy occurs in the representation of a state, its executive is to issue writs for a 
new election by the people. If it happen in the Senate, the state legislature supplies it by a 
new election ; and should it occur when such legislature is not in session, the state executive 
makes a temporaiy appointment until the legislature meets. 

The representatives choose their own speaker, have the exclusive power to impeach public 
officers, and originate bills for raising a revenue. The Vice President of tlie United States 
presides over the Senate, which chooses its other officers, and a president pro tempore, in 
case of absence of its president, or in case he exercise the office of President of the United 
States. 

Each house determines the validity of the elections and qualifications of its own members, 
forms its own rules, and keeps a journal of its proceedings. Their members are privileged 
from arrest, during the session, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. 

The Congress has power to make and enforce all laws necessary for the general welfare ; 
as, to lay taxes and collect them, imposts and excises also, to borrow money, regulate commerce, 

• See Mr, Webster's Speeches at Buffalo, Syr.icuse, and .Albany, in May, lS-31, p. 53, ed. N, Y, 



22 UNITKD STATES. 

establish uniform rules of naturalization, coin money, establish post-roads and post-oiBces, 
promote the arts and sciences, institute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court, define and 
punish piracy, declare war and make reprisals, raise and support armies, provide and maintain 
a navy, and regulate the militia, and to make all laws necessary to carry tliese powers into 
effect, exercising also jurisdiction over the District of Columbia. 

II. No bill of attainder or retrospective (e,r post facto) law shall be passed ; the writ of 
habeas corpus cannot be suspended, except in cases of rebellion or invasion ; no soldier, in 
time of peace, to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in tune of 
war but in a manner to be prescribed by law ; no direct tax can be laid, except according to 
a census of the inhabitants ; no duty can be laid on exports ; no money to be drawn from 
the treasury, unless appropriated by law; no law to be made respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging tlie freedom of speech, or of 
the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government 
for a redress of grievances ; no title of nobility can be granted, nor can any public officer, 
witliout the consent of Congress, accept of any present or title from any foreign prince or 
state. The states are restricted from emitting bills of credit, making any thing but gold or 
silver a tender for debts, and passing any law impairing private contracts. No member, also, 
of Congress, continuing such, is allowed to hold any office under the government of the 
United States ; and no person holding any office under the United States can be a member of 
either house during iiis continuance in office. 

III. The EXECUTIVE POWER is vested in a president, who holds his office for four years, 
and who must have been a citizen at the adoption of the constitution, or native of the United 
States, must have attained thirty-five years of age, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the Union. The president, and the vice president, of similar qualifications, are chosen by 
electors, designated as the legislature of each state shall direct. The number of electors ill 
each state is to equal the whole number of its senators and representatives. ' 

The president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia when called into actual service. He grants reprieves and pardons, except in cases of 
impeachment; nominates, and, with advice and consent of the Senate, appoints ambassa- 
dors, judges, and other officers of the United States, forms treaties, provided two thirds of tlie 
Senate agree, and fills vacancies in offices happening during the Senate's recess. He convenes 
the Congress on extraordinary occasions, receives foreign ministers, gives information to 
Congress of the state of public affairs, and, in general, takes care that the laws be faithfully 
executed — being himself under solemn oath or affirmation to that end, and liable to impeach- 
ment as any other public officer. In case of death, resignation, or removal of tlie president, 
the vice president succeeds to his office. 

IV. The JUDICIARY of the United States consists of one Supreme Court, meeting annually 
at Washington, and such inferior courts as Congress ordains. The judges hold their offices 
during good behavior, and while holding tliem can sustain no diminution of salar}'. The 
power of these courts extends to all cases in law and equity, arising under the constitution or 
laws of the United States, and under treaties ; to cases of public ministers and consuls ; to 
all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies between the states, and 
where the United States are a party, but not in regard to suits originating with foreign states, 
or subjects of them ; between citizens of different states ; between a state and a citizen of 
another state, and between citizens of the same state, claiming under grants of different states ; 
and to causes between one of the states, or an American citizen, and a foreign state or citizen. 

V. As to general rights and immunities : In all criminal trials, except impeachment, the 
trial by jury is guarantied to the accused. Treason is restricted to the simple act of levying 
war against the United States, and adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort ; and 
no one can be convicted but by two witnesses to the same act, or by confession in open court. 
Conviction of treason is not followed by corruption of blood, to disinherit the criminal's heirs, 
nor by forfeiture of estate, except during the life of the offender. The citizens of each state 
are entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states ; and the powers 



INTRODUCTIOK 23 

not delegated to the United States Dy the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are 
reserved to tlie states respectively, or to the people. Congress may admit new states into tlie 
Union ; and tlie national compact guaranties to each state a republican form of government, 
together with protection from foreign invasion and domestic violence.* 

Such, in substance, is the celebrated charter, if it so may be called, of the rights, priv- 
ileges, and duties of American citizens, whether in tlieir private capacity, or raised for a time 
to offices of trust and power. Under it these states have grown to a maturity which ranks 
them, in their collective, concentred existence, among the leading nations of the world. To 
the three millions of their population, when they felt it their duty to appeal to arms against the 
motlier country, they have now added a score of millions, and more. They are in commerce 
second only to Great Britain, the first among the nations. Their navy is respectable, well 
built, and well furnished. Their internal commerce is immense. Its statistics appear in the 
following work. Their railroads are among tlie greatest triumphs of art over natural impedi- 
menta of distance and unequal surfaces. Steam lias astonishingly facilitated and abridged 
human toil ; and the ease with which intelligence is, like lightning, sent from one extremity 
of the Union to the other, is among the wonders of the age. 

We do not here appeal to statistics ; these occupy another department-, and will confirm me 
present statements amply. We conunend to the reader a careful perusal of them, and will 
simply remark, in closing this rajjid review^ that it is not alone in the progress of population,! 
agriculture, commerce, and the arts, that we are to contemplate the elements of greatness 
bestowed on the United States. Other things demand a grateful notice. 

Very early in tlie settlement of the country it was perceived that no temporal prosperity 
could be permanent witliout the institutions of learning and religion. Two classes of English- 
men came over : the one, at the south, maintained conformity to the church of England ; the 
other, at the north, claimed and exercised a greater liberty — the liberty of dissent. These 
dispositions had each their peculiar effect. Compelled to rely on themselves, the northern 
dissenters founded their college, and endowed it as well as their poverty would allow ; and 
for years it was tlie only seminary of such kind in the colonies. Sir William Berkeley, f 
like the late Emperor of Austria, wanted about liim "not learned men, but obedient subjects." 

Wherever the influence of New England readies in these states, the school, the college, 
and the Christian ministry are esteemed as necessaries of life, and not easily dispensed witli ; 
and all the states, without exception, perhaps, have since the revolution partaken more or less 
in this feeling. The press groans with its periodical issues; and these are not -all the pro- 
duction of contentious political partisans ; but a large share is of a religious, scientific, literary 
character, bringing into discussion tlie great questions tliat agitate tlie intellectual world, and 
assuming a stand in the crowd of learned competitors. 

Astronomy, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and natural history are cultivated with growing 
ardor and success. They will be advanced by the facilities afforded tiirough the unexpected 
liberality of an English stranger,§ whose benefaction has consecrated at the capital of the 
nation a reservoir of knowledge, diffusing its streams to the extremities of the land. 

Our missionary enterprises, in the foreign field and at home, have been surprisingly pros- 
perous. The state of Christian civilization bestowed on the Sandwich Islands is the proof of 
it as regards distant efforts ; the increasing settlement of the institutions of religion in the 

* Sec the constitution itself, and the abridgment of it in Webster's *' Elements of Knowledge," 
copied into that very useful and valuable compendium, Goodrich's *' History of the United States," 
compiled for youth ; and of which many thousands are in their hands throughout the Union. 

t For numbers only, China stands first, with her 300 or 400,000,000, as the case may be ; then Brit- 
ain, reckoning 1.30,000,000 subjects of her queen. Russia follows, with 60,000,000 ; France and Austria 
rank next. And whether the empire of Japan or the United States come next in order is not clear. 
Turkey is, probably, in advance of Prussia and Spain. No other power, perhaps, exceeds 10,000,000 
of subjects. 

+ Governor of Virginia under the crown. 

§ James Smithson, Esq. 



24 UNITED STATES. 

west is a happy comment on the domestic effort ; while the creation of a new republic on tlie 
shores of Africa is one of the most glorious of the triumphs of religion, humanity, and polit • 
ical wisdom. 

Notliing will be wanting to the greatness and prosperity of our cherished republic, if, securing 
the blessing of God by obedience to his Word, under the directions of which no small portion 
of our ancestors lived and toiled, we hold on our way with fearless integrity, and a conscien- 
tious love of our country and our race. 



DESCRIPTIONS 



STATES AND TERRITORIES 



l^" The reader will please to observe that the statistical tables and other documents near the close ot 
Ihe volume will be found to contain much additional information in regard to the several and combined 
hitercsts of the following confederated republics, denominated the United States of America. 

These states and territories are alphabetically arranged. 




ALABAMA ranks as the twenty-second state of the American Union. It was orig-inally 
settled by French and Spanish immigrants. In conjunction witii Mississippi, it was set off 
from Georgia, in 1800, as a separate territory; which again was divided in 1817, the western 
portion fomiing the State of Mississippi, and the eastern the Territory of Alabama — now the 
state of that name, having been so constituted by act of Congress in March, 1819. 

Limits and Extent. — It is bounded by Tennessee on the nortli, Georgia on the east, Florida 
and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Mississippi on the west. It extends from 30-' 10' to 
35^ north latitude, and from 85^ to 88- 30' west longitude ; comprising an area of nearly 
51,000 square miles. 

Surface and Soil. — The face of the country exhibits much variety. In tlie northern quarter, 
where the Alleghany Mountains terminate, it is elevated and somewhat broken, but gradually 
improves in appearance and fertility a.s it descends towards the opposite boundary, where it 
settles into wide-spreading prairies and gently-swelling plains, profusely covered with grass 



26 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

and beautiful herbage. For all purposes of agriculture, the chief pursuit of the inhabitants, 
the soil is, in general, finely adapted. There are many large tracts, especially on the margins 
of rivers, which are remarkably ])roductive. Tlie most prominent among the "kindly fruits 
of the earth " are cotton, corn, wheat, and rice. Tobacco and sugar are also cultivated to 
some extent. The cotton crop, for several years past, is estimated to have been equal to a 
sixth part of tlie aggregate annual harvest of that commodity within the United States. 
Minerals, particularly iron and coal, are found in various parts of the state ; the latter article 
exists in abundance on the borders of the Gahawba and Black Warrior Rivers. 

Climate. — Alabama presents considerable diversity of climate, healthful or otherwise, accord- 
ing to localit)'. The hilly region, in tlie central and nortliern parts, affords a salubrious 
atmosphere, mildly tempered in winter, and gratefully pleasant in summer ; but the ]o\v and 
marshy districts at the south, the bottom lands along the rivers, and the country lying in the 
neighborhood of the Muscle Shoals, are usually considered unhealtliy. 

Rivers. — Nearly every part of t!ie state is amply watered by large streams admitting of 
extensive steamboat navigation. The most considerable and important of these rivers are the 
Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Alabama, and Tombigbee. 

Civil Government. — The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Representa- 
tives ; the former composed of tliirly-threo members, elected for four years, — one half retiring 
every two years, — and the latter consisting of one hundred members, elected biennially. The 
sessions of the legislature are held once in two years, at the present seat of government, the 
city of Montgomery. The people elect not only the executive and legislative authorities, but 
the judges of Circuit and Probate Courts. Judges of the Supreme Court and chancellors are 
chosen for terms of six years by the General Assembly, in joint ballot. 

Jiuliciary. — The Supreme Court holds its sessions at the capital, semiannually, in June and 
January : it is composed of a chief and two associate justices. The Court of Ciianccry, com- 
prising three chancellors, holds an annual session in each of the thirty-seven districts into 
which the state is subdivided. The Circuit Courts, of which there are nine judges, hold two 
sessions per annum, in each of the nine circuits. 

Education. — See Literary Institulions. 

Internal Improvements. — The state enjoys numerous facilities for intercommunication, and 
a due measure of public interest is directed to the development of these natural advantages. 
Many miles of railroads, and several important canals, have alrcaly been constructed, and 
others are also in contemplation. 

Manufactures. — But little attention has been given to the business of converting the prin- 
cipal staple of the state into fabrics for exportation. Nearly all the cotton produced is sent as 
raw material to markets beyond the state, and but a small portion of the population is engaged 
in the manufacture of other articles of domestic growth. 

Public Debt, Sfc. — For infonnation relative to the debts, expenditures, financial resources, 
&c., of the state, see Statistical Tables. 

Indians. — There are within the limits of Alabama several formidable tribes, or parts of 
tribes, some of whom, the Cherokees particularly, have attained a respectable state of civili- 
zation. These reside in the north-east corner of the state. The Choctaws and Chickasaws 
occupy portions of the western part, and the Creeks dwell on the eastern border. During 
the war of 1812, the white settlements were much annoyed by the Indians, who were finally 
subdued by General Jackson. 

Population. — One of the chief impulses which led to the almost unexampled increase of 
population in Alabama, within the last forty years, was the annexation, in 1812, of a part of 
Florida. This measure gave access to an important coast frontier on tlie Gulf of Mexico, and 
induced an immediate flow of emigration in that direction. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — ARKANSAS. 



27 




ARKANSAS. This state was originally included within the limits of Louisiana ; from 
which, in conjunction with Missouri, it was set off, becoming a part of the latter, under the 
name of Missouri Territor}', soon after the purchase of the former by the United States. In 
1819, Missouri was divided, and the southern portion became the Territory of Arkansas. It 
remained under a distinct territorial government until 183G, when it was elevated to the rank 
of an independent state, constituting the twenty-sixth member of the American Union. As 
early as 1G85, settlements were formed in Uie country now embraced in this state by certain 
Trench adventurers, who formed alliances and intermarried with the then powerful tribe of 
Arkansas Indians, from whom the name of the state is derived. 

Boundaries and Extent. — It is bounded north by the State of Missouri ; east by tlie River 
Mississippi, separating it from the state of that name, and from Tennessee ; south by Louisiana, 
and west by tlie Indian Territory. It lies between 33^ and 30- SC north latitude, and reaches 
longitudinally from 89^' 30' to 94^^ 30' west; being 245 miles in length, with a mean breadth 
of about 212 miles, comprehending an area of somewhat over 5'2,000 square miles. 

Govtriunenl. — The governor is elected, by a plurality of tlie popular vote, for a term of 
four years, but is ineligible for more than eight in any twelve years. There is no lieutenant 
governor, the executive duties devolving, in cases of official disability, first upon the 
president of the Senate, and next upon the speaker of the House of Representatives. The 
legislature consists of a Senate, in number not less than seventeen, nor more than thirty-four 
members, elected for four years ; and of a House of Representatives, comprising from fifty-four 
to one hundred members, chosen biennially. The legislature convenes once in two years, at 
Little Rock, the capital. Laws against the introduction of slaves, either as criminals or as 
merchandise, may be passed by the General Assembly. Slaves are entitled by law to trial by 
jury ; and, in capital cases, no difference on account of color is made in the imposition of 
penalties. 

Jadkiary. — Tlie Supreme Court has three judges, who are chosen for terms of eight years 
by joint vote of the legislature. It has appellate jurisdiction only, except in cases provided 
for by the constitution. The Circuit Courts have six judges, elected by the people for four 
years. They have exclusive jurisdiction of all felonies, and of all civil cases not cognizable by 
justices of the peace, and hold in each circuit two terms annually. 

Edtication. — Although large provision for the support of public education has been made, 



28 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

tlie subject has hitherto occupied but a small share of the popular attention. There are, com- 
paratively, but few common schools, and only some eight or ten academies, or high schools, 
in the state ; yet, under an act of Congress, one thirty-sixth part of every township of land wag 
appropriated for the maintenance of these institutions. The state treasury has also been 
liberally drawn upon for the same purpose. Nor are there any colleges, notwitlistanding the 
munificent grant by Congress of seventy-two sections of land for the establishment of a 
classical seminar)'; the legislature having preferred to sell the land and divide tlie avails 
among the several counties. 

Finances. — For particulars of receipts, expenditures, state debts, &c., see Statistical Tahks. 

Surface and Soil. — On the western border of the Mississippi, and extending some one hun- 
dred miles into the interior, the country is low, marshy, and subject to periodical inundations. 
It is densely wooded, with occasional open tracts of arable land. Towards the centre, it is 
generally hilly and nigged, though interspersed with extensive prairies. The western section 
is crossed by several mountainous ridges, the most elevated of which are the Black Mountains, 
and the Ozark {cdias Arkansas) Mountains, the altitude of some of the peaks of which is 
estimated at 3000 feet above the level of the sea. As a whole, the state cannot be considered 
as a region of great fertility, some three fourths of its surface being unproductive, or unfit for 
tillage ; although in certain localities, in the neighborhood of the inland streams, the soil is 
remarkably rich. The staple products of the earth are cotton and Indian corn ; and consider- 
able quantities of wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, and tobacco are also raised. Immense plains, 
covered exuberantly with verdure, afford peculiar facilities for the growth of cattle ; and the 
forests and prairies abound with wild game, such as the buffalo, deer, elk, wild turkeys, geese, 
quails, &c. Indigenous fruits, such as grapes, plums, &c., are found in profusion. The peach 
is cultivated with great success, but tlie apple does not flourish. 

Rivers. — There is scarcely a spot in the whole state that has not some navigable water- 
course within a distance of one hundred miles, so thoroughly is it penetrated by those natural 
channels of intercommunication. Among the principal rivers by which the state is watered, 
besides the Mississippi, are the St. Francis, the Arkansas, the Ouachitta, the White, Black, 
and Red Rivers. 

Internal Improvements. — Little interest has been manifested in this subject. A grant by 
Congress of 500,000 acres of land, for the purpose of encouraging a system of internal im- 
provements, was diverted from its legitimate object by an act of tlie legishiture in 1849, 
authorizing the distribution of this fund among the forty counties into which the state was 
subdivided. 

Minerals. — No extensive explorations of the mineral resources of Arkansas have yet been 
made ; there are, however, undoubted indications of the existence of numerous beds of iron 
and lead ores, coal, and gypsum. Salt is also abundant, being found upon the surface of 
several large prairies, in some instances, it is said, to the depth of four to six inches. It is 
also contained in many remarkable springs, the waters of which are strongly impregnated with 
tills material. 

Manufactures. — ^ Hitherto the manufacturing operations within this state have amounted to 
nothing of importance beyond the fabrication of articles for household use and home con- 
sumption. 

Climate. — Upon the low river lands, the climate is decidedly unfavorable to human health , 
but in the elevated country, it is quite otlierwiso ; although, in some quarters, tlie deleterious 
properties of the water render these localities unfit for the residence of a very numerous popu- 
lation. Connected with this topic may be mentioned the hot or warm springs, numbers of 
which are situated near tlie centre of* the state. Their waters are known to be efficacious in 
the cure of chronic maladies, and are much resorted to by invalids, as well as by travellers 
drawn thither by curiosity. 

Religion. — The predominating religious denominations are Methodists and Baptists. 
There are like^vise considerable bodies of Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Roman 
Catholics. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — CALIFORNIA. 



29 



Indians. — Many tribes, or parts of tribes, of Indians have tlieir abodes still within this state, 
the most populous of which are llie Cherokees, Clioctaws, Osages, Quapas, Camanches, &,c. 

Population. — Between 1810 and 1820, the population of Arkansas increased from 1000 to 
15,000. In 1830 it had doubled this number, and in 1840 had risen to nearly 100,000, one 
fifth of whom were slaves. In 18.50 it was 909,G39. 




CALIFORNIA has recently become one of the United States. A part of the country was 
discovered as early as 1549, by a Spaniard named Cobrillo ; and its northern section was 
visited for the first time by foreigners in 1578, when Sir Francis Drake, then at the head of 
an expedition from England, gave to this region the name of New Albion. Tlie Spaniards 
planted colonies upon its sea-coast in 1768, from which period, until 183G, the territory was a 
province of Mexico. In tlie latter year a revolution occurred. The people, after having 
frequently compelled the Me.xican governors and other officials to abandon their posts, declared 
themselves independent, and undertook to organize new political institutions. Several weak 
and ineft'ectual attempts to regain absolute control were made from time to time by the Mex- 
icans, untd the year 1840. In July of that year, the port of Monterey, a central point on the 
Pacific coast of the state, was seized, in the name of the United States, by a naval force under 
Commodore Sloat, who at once unfurled the American flag, and establislicd a provisional govern- 
ment. At that epoch, the administration of the atfairs of the ten-itory was in the hands of a civil 
governor and a military commandante, both natives of California, but holding commissions from 
the President of Mexico. In 1848, the discovery of a gold "placer" at Columa, (Sutter's 
Mills,) and the ascertained reality of its extraordinary richness, followed immediately by 
further and equally surprising developments, startled the whole civilized world ; and a tide of 
emigration began to flow in from every quarter, with a rapidity and volume unparalleled in 
the history of nations. Tlio population forthwith attained the required number for the forma- 
tion of a distinct state. The inliabitants prepared and submitted to Congress the draught of a 
constitution ; and in September, 1850, California was admitted into full membership as one of 
the United States. 

Boundaries and Extent. — By the constitution, ado])ted by the people in November. 1849, 
and by the act of Congress consequent thereon, the limits of California are established as fol- 
lows : commencing at latitude 42-' north, and longitude 120 -' west ; thence running south on said 
line of longitude until it intersects the 39th degree of north latitude ; tlience in a direct course 
south-easterly to the River Colorado ; thence down the channel of said river to the boundary 



30 tTNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

between Mexico and the United States ; thence along said boundary to the Pacific Ocean, 
and into the same three English miles ; thence north-westerly, in the direction of the Pacific 
coast, to the original parallel of 42" ; and, finally, along this line to the point of beginning. It 
lies between 32" and 42° north latitude ; and its extremes of longitude, owing to its angular 
position, embrace an extent of about 10", — its eastern point being at 114" 30', and the western 
at 124- 30', — although the average distance of the eastern boundary from the sea-coast, and, 
consequently, the average breadth of the state, is but 212 miles. Its length from north to 
south is 7G4 miles ; estimated area, 188,500 square miles. It is bounded north by the Territory 
of Oregon, east by that of Utah, south by Lower California, and west by tlie Pacific Ocean. 

Government. — The chief magistrate is elected for two years; also the lieutenant gove;Tior, 
who is ex officio president of the Senate. The legislature is composed of two branches — tlie 
Senate, consisting of not less than one third, nor more than one half of the number contained 
in the other house, elected by districts biennially ; and the Assembly, chosen annually, also by 
districts, to comprise not less tlian twenty-four nor more than thirty-six members, until the 
population shall amount to 100,000, when the minimum shall be thirty, and the maximum 
eighty. The legislature convenes annually in January. No lotteries can be granted, nor 
charters for banking purposes. The circulation of paper as rrioney is prohibited. Corporations 
may be formed under general laws only. In legislative elections, the members vote viva voce. 
Loans of the state credit are interdicted ; and state debts, exceeding a sum total of $300,000, 
cannot be contracted except in certain specified contingencies. The property of married 
women acquired before or after marriage, and a portion of the homesteads, or other estates of 
heads of families, are protected by law. The elective franchise is held by all white males 
twenty-one years of age, who are citizens of the United States, or Mexicans choosing to 
become citizens, under the treaty of Queretaro, and have resided six months within the state. 
Indians and their descendants arc allowed to vote in special cases. 

Judiciai-y. — The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and two associates, elected by 
the people for six years, and so classified that one shall retire every two years. District judges 
are chosen in like manner, for the same term of time ; and county judges are elected for four 
years. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in cases involving a sum not less than 
two hundred dollars, in the settlement of certain legal questions, and in various criminal 
matters. The District Courts have power to try cases in law and equity, where the sum in 
dispute exceeds two hundred dollars. The county judges, assisted by two justices of the 
peace, hold Courts of Sessions in each county for criminal business. Clerks of courts, district 
attorneys, sherifl^s, coroners, &c., are cliosen by the people. 

Finances. — Tlie state debt in January, 1851, was $500,000, — existing in the shape of 
bonds of .$500 and .SIOOO each, — drawing interest at the rate of three per cent, a month. The 
means of meeting the public expenditure are derived chiefly from taxation. In 1850, the 
inhabitants of San Francisco and Sacramento were taxed at the rate of two to three per cent., 
principally, however, for municipal purposes. The state derives an income of §1,525,000 from 
the following sources: 1. A state tax of one half per cent, on $200,000,000, the estimated 
value of taxable property, amounting to $1,000,000 ; 2. A poll tax of $5 each on 50,000 in- 
habitants ; and, 3. A miner's tax of §20 per month on 25,000 foreign miners,* — the two latter 
items producing about half a million of dollars ; — and, 4. Duties on sales at auction, estimated 
at .f 25,000. The whole expense of the state government in 1850, including interest on the 
public debt, was $700,000, deducting which from the computed receipts, a balance of $825,000 
remained in the treasury. 

Education. — The constitution provides for tlie establishment and support of a system of 
free schools, in which instruction shall be given at least three months in eacli year. .\ fund 
is to be created from various sources, the interest of which is to be inviolably applied to the 
maintenance of these institutions. This fund must soon become one of great magnitude ; for 
it is to consist of the proceeds of public lands ceded to the state for school purposes, and of 

* This tax was repealed in the spring of lS-51. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — CALIFORNIA. 31 

the 500.000 acres of land granted to each new state by the general government, together with 
such percentage on sales of lands within the state as shall be allowed by Congress, and the 
avails of all estates left by persons dying without heirs. Certain lands are also set apart, the 
income of which is to bo appropriated to the maintenance of a university. 

Surfdce, Soil, Sy-c. — The face of the country presents, perhaps, a greater variety of topo- 
grajihical features than may be found in any one territory of like magnitude upon the wliole 
earth. Several ranges of huge and lofty mountains — many of their peaks of volcanic origin, 
a-scending into tlie region of perpetual snow — e.xtcnd through tlie central parts, and parallel 
with tlie sea-coast of the state, from its northern nearly to its southern extremity. On the 
coast side of these ridges, as well as between them, the surface is greatly diversified, pre- 
senting many varieties of soil, thin and sandy in some localities, but in others abounding in 
the richest loam. Among the hilly regions, there are numerous valleys and plateaus, of 
different elevations, covered with a soil of good quality, which, wlierever duly watered, is 
capable of being rendered highly productive. But these are frequently interspersed with 
large tracts of rough, broken, and apparently sterile territory, or intersected by deep and 
rocky ravines. Until within a very short period, tlie entire country, with the exception of a 
few widely separated spots, exhibited all tlie harsli and rugged characteristics of a yet unre- 
deemed wilderness. 

The elevated lands, at certain seasons, are usually either denuded of vegetation, or partially 
overspread with stunted trees and herbage. But in places that are sheltered, and having 
facilities for irrigation, fruits and garden vegetables grow luxuriantly. Thougli few agri- 
cultural experiments on a large scale have yet been made, enough has been ascertained to 
show that the resources of the state, in this respect, may be advantageously developed. 
Indeed, it is known that most of the cereal grains can be produced in quantities abundantly 
adequate to the wants of a numerous population. In most parts of the country, the vine, fig, 
olive, and other valuable plants, both of the temperate and torrid zones, may be cultivated 
with great success. Springs of water abound in many districts ; while in others, tlie earth, for 
leagues togetlier, exposes a naked and arid surface, which is only relieved by the periodical rains. 
Some few extensive forests, comprising, occasionally, trees of enormous magnitude, were met 
with by recent United States exploring parties ; but large portions of the territory are very scan- 
tily wooded. This absence of trees, and the consequent want of moisture, and of slielter to the 
earth from the sun's heat, is doubtless a grand obstacle in the way of agricultural improve- 
ment ; and years will probably elapse before any great measure of public attention will be 
directed to the subject. Among the forest-trees most common in California are the oak, ash, 
beech, birch, elm, plane, red cedar, and pine of almost every description. These abound 
more profusely near the Pacific sliore, and in the vicinity of rivers communicating with that 
ocean, thus affording excellent opportunities for ship-building.* 

Climtitc. — There is nearly, if not quite, as great a diversity of climate in California as of 
its geological features. The coast and its neighborhood are enveloped in cold mists, borne on 
1 he north- west winds, which prevail during most of the summer or dry season, with occasional 
intervals of more pleasant weather. At San Francisco, although the temperature frequently 
varies some 30° in a single day, it is said that the mean temperature, in both winter and sum- 
mer, is nearly equal. Other positions on the coast are more or less affected by the chilly 
winds and fogs from the point above indicated, in proportion to tlieir relative geograjihical 
situations, the line of coast at the southern part of the state being less directly influenced by 
tliose causes than that at the northern. In the winter, or rainy season, the prevailing winds 
are from the south-west, rendering the temperature much milder than in the same latitudes on 
the Atlantic side of the continent. Farther inland, beyond the first range of mountains, the 

* Timber is scattered over several counties, and is quite abundant around Bodaga, San Rafael, 
Sonoma, Santa Cruz, and a few other localities. The red wood, or soft cedar, is most frequently met 
with in those quarters. It often grows to the circumference of forty feet, and to a height of three 
hundred. Near Santa Cruz, there is one measuring seventeen feet in diameter. 



32 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

climate assumes a very different phase. The sea winds of the spring, summer, and early 
autumn, having deposited their freight of moisture upon the summits of the intercepting 
liighlands, (the " Cordilleras of California,") pass gently into tlie great valley of the Sacra- 
mento, carrying a grateful softness, with scarcely a remaining vapor to obscure the brightness 
of the skies. Proceeding still onward in an easterly direction, these prevailing winds climb 
the flanks of the lofty Sierra Nevada, and, on reaching its elevated peaks, are deprived by 
condensation of all watery particles that may yet linger among them. Thence they pass 
down into the broad basin, spreading eastward to an immense extent, with occasional moun- 
tainous interruptions. Here another change of climate is perceptible ; the air is exceedingly 
dry and hot throughout more than half the year, and the earth suffers accordingly. These 
variations occur sometimes within the distance of a few mUes, corresponding generally with 
the abrupt changes observable upon the face of the country. A most delightful clunate per- 
vades the numerous valleys on the land side of the mountains, where they are protected from 
the rude ocean blasts. Near the western border of the Sacramento valley, the extremes of 
temperature, between winter and summer, are very great, comprehending some 80° Fahren- 
heit, viz., from 30° to 110°. A degree of heat almost as excessive as the last indicated is 
oflen felt in various parts of tlie mountain region ; but this is here so peculiarly modified as 
to produce none of those injurious effects upon animal life which result from similar tempera- 
tures elsewhere. The rainy season, sometimes termed the winter, commences at the north 
in October or November, and progresses slowly to the south, reaching the centre of the state 
in December, and tlic southern boundary in January. The season has an average duration 
of about three months, but is longer and more pluvious at tlie north than at the south. The 
effect of all those atmospheric mutations upon human health must naturally be diverse, and 
not always congenial. The subject, however, has not yet been sufficiently investigated and 
analyzed to enable one to treat with accuracy upon the relations between tliosc phenomena 
and the diseases incident to the localities where they respectively exist. That great scourge 
of modern times, the cholera, has visited some of the most populous settlements in the state ; 
and other epidemics occur at different seasons, similar in character to those which visit other 
parts of tlie world exposed to like vicissitudes and agencies. 

Rivers. — The waters of California partake of those varied peculiarities which mark its 
terrene surface and its atmospheric properties. The sea and its numerous contiguous bays 
and estuaries, the inland lakes, the rivers and their countless tributaries, are all subjects of 
speculative interest. They yield abundantly almost every description of fish found in like 
latitudes, besides many kinds which are either unknown or not common in other regions. 
Some of die rivers are navigable many miles from their mouths ; others flow over precipices 
and ledges, constituting falls or rapids, which the industry of man may hereafter convert into 
valuable mill sites. The sea-shores are prolific in marine plants, which, at some future day, 
will doubtless be applied to useful purposes. Immense quantities of kelp are thrown up by 
the waves — an article that now forms the most available material for the manufacture of iodine, 
and is also excellent as a compost for arid soils, like tliose of this state. Lichens, in all their 
variety, spring profusely from the rocky strand along its entire extent, which, like the mosses 
of Iceland, and the carrageen of Ireland, will undoubtedly, in due time, be much prized for 
their nutritive and medical properties. The coasts and inland watercourses swarm with wild 
fowl, some of which resemble the aquatic birds found on the eastern shores of the continent, 
and others seem peculiar to the tracts which they inhabit. The principal rivers, communi- 
cating with the Pacific, are the Sacramento and San Joaquin. These flow through almost 
tlie whole length of the great valley between the Sierra Nevada and the coast range of moun- 
tains, the former taking its rise in the north, and the latter in the south, and both, uniting near 
the centre of the state, pass into the noble Bay of San Francisco, whence they reach tlie sea. 
They are fed in their course by great numbers of mountain streams from the western slopes 
of the Sierra Nevada. Other important rivers, though of less considerable extent, mtersect 
the state in various directions. 

Internal Iniprovements. — But little attention has hitherto been given to this subject, beyond 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — CALIFORNIA. 33 

providing for the temporary accommodation of residents in tlie principal settlements. No 
railroads or canals of any importance have yet been constructed ; althoujrli projects liave been 
suggested far several improvements of tliis description. It is not probable that many years 
will elapse before ample and convenient means of communication will be established between 
the seaports and the mining districts ; for the necessities of the people, and the nature of 
tiieir pursuits, must soon demand far greater facilities of intercourse than any now e.xisting. 

Minerals. — Besides the incredible quantities of gold, for which California has become 
renowned above all other countries on the globe, sundry mineral products of much value are 
found in different parts of tlio state. Silver, mercury, and lead have been obtained ; and 
indications of copper, tin, iron, and other ores have appeared, as is reported, in several places.' 
No satisfactory signs, however, of any extensive coal helds liave as yet been discovered, 
although reports of their existence have from time to time been made. Some few small 
veins of what was at first imagined to be pure coal have been met with ; but, on investi- 
gation, tliey have proved to be lignite, bitumen, or other material of tertiary formation. 
Researclies for other minerals than gold have not yet been prosecuted to any great extent; 
nor is it likely tliat, during the prevailing attraction towards the more precious metal, the 
coexistent mineral resources of tlie state will be fully developed, unless incidentally, and by 
degrees, or tlirough systematic explorations under authority of the government 

The wealth of the "gold region" is almost, if not entirely, incalculable. This region 
rx)n!prehends the territory occupied by the Sierra Nevada and tlio contiguous country, including 
its rivers. Indeed, it is almost solely on account of its capacity to produce gold, that the 
attention of the world has been directed to this extraordinary country. The universally 
coveted metal is found in prodigious quantities along the western slopes of the great moun- 
tain range, and especially in and around the streams that descend thence into the large valley 
of California, at the bottom of whicli flow the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The gold 
is obtained in various forms, mostly in small, thin particles ; but not unfrequently in lumps, 
some of which have weighed several pounds. The slate rocks of tlie mountains enclose 
numerous veins of granite, in which gold is imbedded ; and it is from these sources, wrouglit 
upon as they have been by volcanic action, that the metal finds its way into the ravines and 
crevices upon the mountain sides, and into the streams below, earned thither by the constant 
operation of powerful atmospheric agencies. The value of the auriferous product of Cali- 
fornia can scarcely be computed. The yield of the mines for the year 1851, it is confidently 
stated, may be estimated at some seventy millions of dollars. This is based on official state- 
ments of the amounts procured, carried away by sea and land, stamped by various houses, or 
manufactured into jewelry, &c,, during the first quarter of that year ; the aggregate of which, 
at the mint valuation, exceeded sLxteen millions of dollars. New developments of rich deposits 
are constantly occurring ; and notwithstanding the vast additions to the population, wliich are 
made daily, the average gains of miners do not seem in any degree to diminish. 

Mamifadures. — The only manufacturing branches at present carried on in California arc 
such as chiefly pertain to the casual wants of the people ; and these are confined to mechanical 
operations connected with the construction and repairing of houses, vessels, furniture, &c., 
the making up of clothing, and the fabrication of various articles needed by miners. Some 
considerable amount of gold is formed into jewelry, much of which is sent abroad ; but no 
other commodities, to any great extent, are manufactured for exportation. 

Indians. — Few of the descendants of the aboriginal inhabitants remain within the present 
limits of the state. These few consist of small and scattered tribes, who neither own, nor 
pretend to claim, any portion of the soil beyond the boundaries of their small villages. To 

* Cinnabar is found, in great quantities, within eight or ten miles of San Jose, the capital of the 
state. Sulpliur is obtained in the vicinity of Sonoma. Salt ponds exist in different parts of the state, 
and limestone is not uncommon. In various spots, during the summer season, a peculiar sort of earth 
may be gathered from the sites of certain dried-up ponds, wliich possesses strong alkaline properties, 
and answers all the uses of ashes in the manufacture of soap. 
5 



34 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

the gold region, especially, they assert no title. They are, for the most part, a roaming, 
wretched race, divided into insignificant hordes, subsisting on wild fruits, berries, roots, &c., 
and too indolent to hunt for game in a legitimate way ; but not too much so to pursue and 
steal the cattle and horses of the whites, which they use for food. There are, probably, no 
bodies of Indians in the United States who are more dishonest, perfidious, and cruel ; nor any 
that are not superior in moral and intellectual character. 

Population. — So rapidly has the population of California accumulated since the first dis- 
covery of a gold " placer," in February, 1848, and so constantly does the stream of immigration 
flow on and expand, that the ratio of increase, at definite periods, cannot be ascertained with 
any great degree of accuracy. A comparison of the number of residents in certain localities, 
at the time of the occupation of Monterey by tlie United States forces, (July, 184(),) with the 
estimated number in January, 1851, — a space of four and a half years, — may give some idea 
of the force and velocity of that great " tide in the affairs of men," which is sotting towards 
this point from all quarters of the world. At the former date, there were but eight towns, or 
pueblos, within the present confines of the state, viz., San Diego, with .500 inhabitants ; Pueblo 
de los Angelos, with 2500 ; Santa Barbara, 800 ; Monterey, 1900 ; Santa Cruz, 400 ; Pueblo 
de San Jos6, 1000 ; Verba Buena, (now San Francisco,) 400 ; Sonoma, 200 ; making a total 
of 7000. The rest of the territory contained some 7000 or 8000 besides. At the latter 
date, it was estimated that the residents in California, permanent and temporary, num- 
bered not far from 200,000, one third of whom are engaged in mining.* There are towns, 
which, at the close of their first year's existence, contained from 1200 to 1500 voters. In 
October, 1850, the monthly mail from the United States conveyed nearly 50,000 letters to 
California; and there were 22,000 advertised letters in the post-offico of Sacramento city, 
then a place of less than three years' growth. 

There are some twenty post towns in the state. In January, 1851, thirteen newspapers 
(many of them daily) were published, as follows : 6 in San Francisco, 2 in Sacramento 
city, 2 at Stockton, and 1 each at Monterey, Sonoma, and Maryville. 

Religion. — There are religious societies of almost every Christian denomination, and 
increasing attention is given to tlie support of public worship. No one sect appears to pre- 
dominate, and the utmost toleration prevails. In the present fluetuatuig, unsettled, and 
bustling state of things, there must be, of course, many changes in the aft'airs, and in the rela- 
tive numbers, of different communities and associations ; so that an attempt to furnish correct 
statistical details in the premises must, at this time, he attended with much difficulty. 

* The following estimate, made in April, 1851, is from a public journal printed at Sacramento : In 
the northern mines, or that scope of country lying north of San Francisco and Feather River, the 
population is computed at 20,000 ; the Yuba, 40,000 ; Bear Kiver, 4000 ; the American Fork, .50,000 ; 
in the southern mines, or that portion lying south of the American River, 80,000 ; Sacramento and San 
Joaquin valleys and neighborhood, 65,000 ; the coast south of San Francisco, 20,000 ; — making an 
aggregate of 314,000. It is further estimated that the 100,000 miners have each labored 300 days during 
the preceding year, and have produced an average of 3} dollars per diem; which gives a total of 
5100,000,000. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — CONNECTICUT. 



35 




CONNECTICUT is one of tlie original thirteen United States, and the most southern of 
that division of the country known as the New England States. The territory now constituting 
tliis state was granted to the Earl of Warwick, in IfiSO, by the Plymouth Company in Englaiid, 
and by him, in 1631, was assigned to a number of active Puritans, who were on the parlia- 
mentary side in the quarrel with Charles I. It was shortly afterwards settled, in part, by 
persons from various towns in Massachusetts. A few of the Dutch people of New York also 
established one or two small settlements, with tlic intention of appropriating the whole terri- 
tory to themselves. This occasioned disputes, which continued until 1637, when the Pequot 
Indians made war upon all New England — an event that united the people for their common 
defence, and soon enabled them to overcome their savage assailants. Purchases of large 
tracts were made from time to time of the Indian occupants ; and, in 1050, the Dutch aban- 
doned their pretensions, except to the lands they had actually settled upon. In 1664, Con- 
necticut was included in the charter from Charles II., granting the New Netlierlands to the 
Duke of York ; but the attempt to take possession under this authority was resisted by the 
local government of Connecticut, as were further encroachments under James II. and King 
William. The territory originally comprised two colonies, Connecticut and New Haven ; 
the former settled by Massachusetts people in 1633, at Windsor, and, in 1035-6, at Hartford 
and Wethersfield ; the latter by the English in 1038. These were combined into one colony 
by virtue of the charter from Charles II., in 1005 ; which charter formed the basis of the 
government until 1818, when the present constitution was established. The state took a very 
active and efficient part in the American revolution, furnishing nearly 40,000 soldiers out of 
a population of 230,000. 

Boundaries and Extent. — This state is bounded north by Massachusetts, east by Rhode 
Island, south by Long Island Sound, and west by New York. Situated between 40^ 58' and 
42° 1' north latitude, and 71° 43' and 72° 37' west longitude. Area, 4074 square miles. 

Government. — The executive power is vested in a governor and lieutenant governor, the 
latter being also president of the Senate. The legislature, called the General Assembly, 
consists of a Senate, of not less than eighteen nor more than twenty-four members, and a 
House of Representatives ; most of the towns choosing two members each, and the residue but 
one. All state officers are elected annually by the people ; and the General Assembly con- 
venes once in each year, alternately at Hartford and New Haven. AU white male citizens, 
twenty-one yeai-s of age, resident in the place where voting for six months next preceding, 
and having a freehold estate of the value of seven dollars ; or having performed regular military 



36 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

duty in such town for one year immediately previous to voting ; or having paid a tax within 
said year, are entitled to the rif,'ht of suffrage, on taking the oath prescribed by law. 

Judiciary. — The judicial department embraces the Supreme Court of Errors, the Superior 
Court, a County Court in each county, a City Court in each city, a Court of Probate in 
each probate district, and, as in other states in New England, an indefinite number of jus- 
tices of the peace in each county. The Court of Errors consists of five judges, appointed by 
the General Assembly, and holding their offices during their good behavior, but not beyond 
the age of seventy. It holds one term in each county annually, and has final jurisdiction of 
writs of error brought to revise judgments on decrees of the Superior Court. Two terms of 
the latter are held in each county annually, by some judge of the Supreme Court of Errors, 
designated for the purpose ; and these tribunals have cognizance of civil suits brought by 
appeal from any lower court, or brought for relief in chancery, where the sum at issue exceeds 
$335. They also have exclusive jurisdiction in capital cases of crime ; and, concurrent with 
the inferior courts, of all otlier offences not within the control of justices of the peace. They 
have cognizance, likewise, of writs of error, brought to revise decisions of lower courts: of 
petitions for divorce, and for new trials relative to matters in or issuing from these courts , 
and of writs of scire facias, &c. In trials for capital oflfences, one or more of the other judges 
of the Supreme Court must be called to assist. The County Courts consist of one chief judge, 
and two associate judges, appointed annually by the legislature. They have original jurisdic- 
tion of all civil actions at law, wherein the demand exceeds .$35; and of all criminal cases, 
where the penalty does not exceed a fine of $7, or an imprisonment of 30 days, or both. 
Actions involving smaller sums or penalties than the foregoing come within the special 
jurisdiction of justices of the peace. The City Courts, composed of the mayor and two senior 
aldermen, have cognizance of all civil actions not involving land titles. 

Finances. — The expenditures of the state for the financial year ending 1850 were 
$118,392-09, and the income $122,346-73. The banldng capital, April 1, 1850, amounted to 
about $10,000,000. 

Education. — In September, 1849, the date of the biennial exhibit, tlie school fund of the state 
amounted to $2,076,002-75; and the dividends for 1850 gave $1-50 for every enumerated child 
between four and sixteen years of age, of which tiie number is stated at about 92,000. The 
legislature, in 1849, appropriated $10,000 for the establishment of a state normal school, for 
" teaching teachers how to teach," to be placed under the control of one ti-ustee from each of 
the eight counties. There are three colleges in the state, viz., Yale, founded in 1701, at Say- 
brook, and removed in 1717 to New Haven; Washington,* at Hartford, founded in 1824 — an 
Episcopalian institution; — and the Wesleyan University, founded, in 1831, at Middletown, 
by the Methodists. These are all in a highly flourishing condition. There is an extensive 
Asylum for deaf mutes at Hartford, which has deservedly attained great celebrity ; also, in the 
same city, a Retreat for the Insane, which was opened in 1824, and is most happily managed 
There are also several academies of a high order in various parts of the state. At the taking 
of the census in 1840, it was found that the number of persons within the state, above the age 
of twenty, who were unable to read or write, was only 526, — a much smaller proportion tlian 
in any other state, — and but very few of these were native citizens. The school fund of Con- 
necticut is larger, compared with the population, than that of any other state of the Union, 
and the character of her school system is coiTPspondingly excellent. 

Surface, Soil, ifc. — The state is divided into the following counties, viz.: Hartford, New 
Haven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Middlesex, Litchfield, and Tolland. The face of 
the country is much diversified by hills and valleys, and is so exceedingly undulating as to 
present an ever-changing variety of objects. There are ranges of mountainous elevations, 
which take their rise in the north, and terminate near New Haven, but are not remarkable 
for their great height within this state. The soil varies from a gravelly loam, upon the hilly 
lands, to a rich and fertile alluvial in the valleys ; the former well adapted to grazing, and the 
latter to tillage. In possession of an industrious class of freemen, the land yields, in great 

* In IS-lo, the name was changed to Triniiy College 



STATES AND TEKRITORIES — CONNECTICUT. 37 

abundance, all the varieties of products common to the climate. Nearly every description of 
grain, flax, hemp, hay, potatoes, and garden vegetables of all kinds, are among the most pro- 
fuse of the agricultural products ; orchards are also numerous, yielding apples, peaches, 
cherries, plums, and other fruits peculiar to this region. 

Clinuik. — No portion of New England, contiguous to the sea-coast, possesses a more salu- 
brious climate than Connecticut. The raw easterly blasts, which annoy all residents upon the 
shores of Maine and Massachusetts, become greatly softened before reaching the southerly 
border of this state. It is true that near the coast the weather is variable, and sudden changes 
of temperature occur, in accordance with the direction of the sea or land breezes ; but, in the 
interior, these fluctuations are far less frequent, the temperature becomes steady, and the 
climate healthful in consequence. 

Rivers. — Connecticut is finely watered by the noble river whence its name is derived, 
by the Thames, Housatonic, Naugatuck, and numerous smallnr streams, affording extraordi- 
nary facilities for commercial and manufacturing operations. Numerous bays and creeks 
penetrate its shore, affording commodious harbors : that at New London, one of the best in 
the United States, has a depth of ',iO feet of water. Brooks and springs, of the purest water, 
abound throughout the interior. Several mineral springs exist in the state, esjiecially at Stafford 
and SufBeld, which have acquired much celebrity. 

Jnlernal Improvemenls. — There are numerous railroads completed within the state, com- 
prising an aggregate extent of somewhat over 500 miles ; otliors extend in various directions, 
into or out of the state ; and others still arc in process of construction. Indeed, all requisite 
means for the extension of intercourse, and the promotion of internal and external commerce, 
are amply and generously provided, wherever and whenever the necessity becomes apparent ; 
such is the vigilant spirit of enterprise and industry which is constantly stimulating this people 
to works of general improvement and utility. 

Mnerals. — Iron ore, of various qualities, is obtained in several parts of the state. The 
town of Salisbury, bordering on Massachusetts and New York, is celebrated for .its valuable 
iron mines. The ore procured in this region possesses a peculiarly tenacious property, 
admirably adapted to the manufacture of wire, anchors, and other articles wherein finnness 
and flexibility, without brittleness, are desirable. It has been worked for upwards of one 
hundred years, and the supply still seems inexhaustible, many thousand tons being extracted 
annually. Stafford, near tlie southern line of Massachusetts, abounds in bog-iron ore, of ex- 
cellent quality, suited to the manufacture of fine hollow-ware, and other castings. Marble of 
different kinds abounds in Milford, at the junction of the Housatonic with Long Island Sound. 
A quarry of serpentine, or " verde antique," of very beautiful texture, has been wrought for 
some time witli mucli success. Vast quantities of reddish sandstone, much used in New York 
and other cities for building purposes, are quarried in Chatham, Portland, &c., on the Con- 
necticut. Copper ore is found in Granby, in certain caverns about 50 feet in depth, called the 
Siinsbury mines — once employed, for some forty years, as a prison, but now more liberally 
used for mining purposes. Another copper deposit lias been discovered at Orange, near New 
Haven, where also a vein of silver was struck some years since, which, however, yielded too 
little to be deemed worth working. But few indications of coal are found in the state. 

Maniifacture.i. — The citizens of this state enjoy, in an eminent degree, the rare faculty of 
combining tlieir great home interests — those of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures — 
in such manner as to make them happily support and adva nee each other. The products of their 
fields and forests, their orchards and dairies, their mines and quarries, are all subjects of 
domestic or foreign trade ; or are made to contribute in some w-ay, either as raw material, or 
as means of exchange, to the improvement and growth of their numerous branches of mechan- 
ical industry. Although the traffic of Connecticut, especially the coasting trade, is extensive, 
in comparison with that of other states of like magnitude, her manufactures are of still greater 
extent. EsUblishracnts for the conversion of lier unwrought products, of all descriptions, into 
articles fit for practical use, abound, and are still multiplying, throughout the state, together 
with others, for operating in like manner upon the imported products of other states and 



3S 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



countries. These comprehend woollen, cotton, and silk factories ; furnaces, forges, and rolling 
mills ; paper mills ; book-printing houses ; hat, cap, and bonnet factories ; tanneries, and other 
leather manufactories ; glass-houses, potteries, brick and lime kilns, granite and marble yards ; 
powder mills, chandleries, machine shops, furniture, carriage, and wagon manufactories ; flour, 
grist, and saw mills ; distilleries, manufactories of liardware, cutlery, tinware, clocks, &c. ; 
ropewalks, ship yards, &c., the whole employing many thousands of operatives, and many 
millions of capital. 

Indians. — The once powerful and savage lords of this fair territory were long since swept 
away ; and if their descendants exist at all, it must be only among the dispersed and mixed 
vestiges of former tribes, of whose organization as nations or communities no traces now 
remain. 

Rdigion. — The people of Connecticut, from the earliest settlement of its territory, liave 
been distinguished for their religious character. In the primitive days of the colony, they 
were preeminently renowned for their strict adherence to, and enforcement of, the doctrine of 
church and state unity. Their statutes were based upon the Levitical code ; but the char- 
acter of that system, and of the sentiments, feelings, and practices of those who administered 
it, has become materially changed. The people of Connecticut still maintain a liigh position 
in the religious world. Religious denominations, of almost every variety, flourish in all quar- 
ters. Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, and Episcopalians, are the most numerous ; 
Universalists, Romanists, and Unitarians follow in order ; and there are a few Shakers. 

Curiosities. — Connecticut abounds less in natural curiosities than in interesting antiquities. 
Old superstitions and traditions, romantic and supernatural events in the early colonial times. 
and reports of revolutionary marvels, are illustrated, in numerous localities, by alleged relics, 
and sometimes by actual documentary and topographical demonstrations. But these are mat- 
ters belonging rather to speculation than to facts and realities. 




DELAWARE. This small state was the first of the diirteen united American colonies to 
ratify and adopt the federal constitution, in ]789. It had been successively a Swedish settle- 
ment from 1627 to 105.5, a province of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (or New York) 
for the next nine or ten years, then a dependency of New York, under the English, until 
1682, and an adjunct of Pennsylvania for nearly a century tliereafler, — during which period 
it was known as the " three lower counties of the Delaware." In 1775, the nominal jurisdic- 
tion of the then proprietor of Pennsylvania was relinquished ; and iu the i"allo« ing year, tlie 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — DELAWARE. 39 

people having framed and established a constitution, Delaware became a distinct independent 
state, taking for its name tliat of its bay and river, whicli had been derived at an early date 
from Lord De La War, one of the first settlers of Virginia. 

Boundaries and Extent. — The state is bounded north by Pennsylvania; east by the Atlantic 
Ocean and by the waters of Delaware Bay, which separate it from New Jersey ; and south 
and west by Maryland. It lies between 38' 27' and 39° 50' north latitude, and extends from 
74° 50' to 75° 40' west longitude ; being 92 miles in length by about 23 in width, and having 
an area of 2120 square miles. 

Government. — The e.xisting constitution underwent material alteration and revision in 
1831. By its provisions the governor is elected quadrennially, and can serve but one term. 
The senate is composed of nine members, (three for each county,) chosen for four years ; and 
the representatives, consisting of seven for each county, are elected every two years. The 
sessions of tlie legislature commence at Dover, tlie seat of government, on the first Tuesday 
of January in each alternate year. The executive and legislative elections are by popular 
vote ; and the qualifications of voters are similar to tlioso in the New England States. 

Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in four judges (one of whom is chief justice ; the 
others associate law judges, residents of separate counties) and a chancellor, all appointed by 
tlie governor during good behavior. The chief justice and two associates constitute tlie 
Superior Court. No associate judge can sit within his own county. Inferior courts may be 
established by the legislature when requisite. The whole bench, including the chancellor, 
form a Court of Appeals ; and the powers of a Court of Chancery are vested in the latter 
magistrate, together with the resident judge of the county. 

Education. — The state has provided, from various sources, a school fund, wliicli yields an 
annual income of .$20,000, applicable to the support of free scliools ; provision being made 
for tlio erection and maintenance of at least one of these seminaries within every three square 
miles. An equal or greater amount is furthermore raised for educational purposes, by taxes 
and contributions in the several districts. Delaware College, at Newark, founded in 1833, is 
the only institution of this grade in the state. 

t^nances. — Delaware owes nothing as a state, but possesses ample funds for all civil 
purposes, exclusive of those appropriated for schools. 

Surface and Soil. — For the most part the face of the country is quite level. The only 
important elevations are certain. ranges of table lands, in which tlie waters whicli flow from 
eitlier side into the Chesapeake and Delaware, respectively, take their rise. These extend 
from tlie northern boundary, in a southern direction, gradually declining in height as they 
approach the central part of the state. In the southern and western quarters, as well a-s 
among the high lands above mentioned, there are extensive swamps. At the north, the soil 
consists of a strong clay, not very productive ; in other parts, it is light and sandy ; but there 
are large tracts of rich clayey loam, of great fertility. The agricultural products, besides 
excellent wheat and Indian corn, are rye and otlicr grains, potatoes, and tlic usual abundance 
and variety of vegetable e.^culents peculiar to the Middle States. Fine grazing lands afibrd 
pasturage to multitudes of neat cattle, horses, and mules ; and the swampy tracts yield large 
quantities of timber, much of which is exported. 

Rivers. — The principal navigable stream is the Delaware River, flowing into the bay of 
that name. There are also several large creeks and mill streams, running east and west from 
the central t;ible lands, and emptying into the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. 

Internal Improvements. — Among these arc the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, fourteen 
miles in length, connecting Elk River, by way of Back Creek, witli the Delaware. This was 
finished in 1829, at a cost of $2,750,000. Between Newcastle and Frenchtown, a railroad of 
sixteen miles forms the line of connection between the steamboat travel on the Chesapeake 
and Delaware Bays. It was completed in 1832, and cost $400,000. The great breakwater, 
erected by the general government, within Cape Henlopen, should, perhaps, be liero alluded 
to. This is a work of vast magnitude, the expense of its construction having fallen little 
short of two and a quarter millions of dollars. 



40 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



Manvfaclures. — Wheat hcm<r the chief staple product, the most important of tlie home 
manufactures is naturally that of flour. A large amount of capital is also employed in cotton 
mills, and in the pursuit of divers other branches of domestic industry, such as the manufac- 
turing of iron, of leather, gunpowder, machinery, &c. 

Commerce. -^ Wilmington, by reason of its good and safe harbor, and having in its imme- 
diate vicinity large numbers of capacious flour mills, has long been known as the most 
important commercial place in the state. It carries on a very extensive trade, especially in 
the article of flour; and there are several sliips belonging to this i)c)rt whicli are actively 
engaged in the prosecution of the Pacific whale fishery. 

Climate. — The geographical position of this state insures a medium temperature ; but, as 
in most of the other Middle States, the climate, though generally mild, is subject to variations, 
induced by differences in locality. The elevated regions are undoubtedly far more favorable 
to health and longevity than the low, moist, and marshy tracts. 

Religion. — Presbyterians and Methodists compose the most numerous of the relio-ious 
denominations. Next in numbers are the Kpiscopalians and Baptists. There are also some 
Roman Catholics, and a few Friends or Quakers. 

Population. — The progress of population in this state, for the last thirty years, has been 
exceedingly slow. From 72,()74, in 1810, it had increased in 1850 to only 91,.532. It is still 
the least populous state in tlie Union. 




COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. This tract, originally ten miles square, was ceded to 
the United States in 1790, by llie States of Maryland and Virginia, for the purpose of being 
occupied as the seat of the federal government. The location was selected by President 
Washington, in conformity with a provision of the United States constitution. It is placed 
under the immediate jurisdiction of Congress, and, at the date of the cession, comprised the 
city of Alexandria, in Virginia, the city of Georgetown, Maryland, and the site on which now 
stands the city of Washington. The latter was established as the permanent capital of the 
Union, in the year 1800, and is consequently the principal residence of the president, heads 
of departments, and other chief officers of the government, foreign ambassadors, &c. In 
1846, the geographical dimensions of the District were reduced by an act of Congress, retro- 
ceding the city and county of Alexandria to the State of Virginia. 

Boundaries and Extent. — The District, as at present limited, containing less than two thirds 
of the original land surface, is bounded on the north-west, north-east, and south-east, by the 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 41 

counties of Montgomery and Prince George's, in Maryland ; on tlie south-west flows the 
Potomac, dividing it from Alexandria county, in Virginia — that portion of the District which 
reverted to the latter state by the act of 1840. The two cities, Wasliington and Georgetown, 
are situated respectively on tlic east and north-east banks of the river, and are connected by 
two short bridges crossing Rock Creek, a small branch of the Potomac. Washington lies in 
latitude 38° 53' 23" north, and longitude 77° 1' 24" west from Greenwich, and covers an 
area of somewhat over eight square miles. The area of the entire District is now estimated 
at sixty square miles. 

Government. — ■ By the 'ivithdrawal of tlie county of Alexandria, the District became con- 
fined to the northerly or Maryland side of the Potomac, where the laws of Maryland are in 
force, excepting when superseded by special acts of Congress ; the power of legislating in 
the premises being vested in that body e.xclusively. The District has no local representative 
on tlic floor of tlie national legislature ; but every member is deemed to be alike interested 
in its general affairs. The two cities have distinct civil organizations ; they establish their 
own municipal laws, and regulate their own internal economy, in all matters not particularly 
provided for by Congress. 

Judiciary. — The judicial tribunals consist of a Circuit Court of the District, with a chii?f 
judge and two associates ; a Criminal Court for the District, witii one judge ; and an Orplians' 
Court, witli a judge and register. The Criminal Court holds three terms a year, commencing 
respectively on the first Monday of March, the third Monday of June, and the first Monday 
of December. 

Education. — Academies and grammar schools are tolerably well sustained, through private 
sources ; but the number of common and primary schools, supported at tlio public cost, might, 
with advantage, be increased. There is a college at Georgetown, maintained by Roman 
Catholics ; and another at Washington, called Columbian College, which is under the control 
of tlic Baptists. 

Finances. — The public debt, at the close of the year 1840, amounted to one and a half 
million of dollars. The disbursements for public purposes, by the cities, often exceed tlie 
annual income, for various reasons ; and, having few or no sources of revenue besides direct 
taxation, appropriations to meet deficiencies are not unfrequently made by Congress. 

Surface, Soil, S,-c. — The land is generally hilly, but not mountainous. Tliere are numerous 
alternating eminences and depressions, the former affording fine views, and the latter some- 
times consisting of bogs and marshes. The soil is not naturally very fertile, being commonly 
sandy and clayey, but is doubtless capable of great improvement, with a due degree of 
attention to agricultural science by practical husbandmen. It produces much good timber, 
and most of tlie indigenous shrubbery and plants peculiar to the bordering states, many of 
^^'hich are very beautiful. 

Rivers. — ■ The beautiful Potomac laves the south-western margin of the District for some 
miles, and receives, at the south-eastern edge of the city of Wasliington, the waters of a 
considerable stream, called the Eastern Branch. These arc the only rivers or streams of 
note which flow within or along the District. The Potomac affords navigation for vessels of a 
large class, from the Atlantic shore to the navy yard, Washington, at the confluence of that 
river and its branch, and for craft of smaller descriptions up to Georgetown. 

Internal Improvements. — The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, one of the most important works 
of this kind in the country, commences at Georgetown. It was commenced in 1828, and 
connects the waters of the two great rivers whose names it bears. The United States con- 
tributed one million of dollars, the city of Washington a like sum, and the city of George- 
town two hundred and fifty tliousand dollars towards its construction. Railroads pass from 
the city of Washington, both north and south. 

Manufactures. — Within the present limits of the District, thera are no manufactures of 
articles exclusively or chiefly for export ; most of the operations in this department of industry 
being confined to the fabrication of articles for family use and home consumption. 

Population. ■ — The number of inhabitants in the District varies at different seasons — 
6 



42 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



especially those in the city of Washington. During the sessions of Congress, the population 
of the capital is of course far more numerous than at other periods ; that of Georgetown is 
comparatively much less fluctuating. 

Climate. — Throughout most of the year, the climate is favorable to human health. The 
air is generally salubrious, and the water pure. In some locations, at the hottest seasons, 
diseases peculiar to the neighboring regions are apt to prevail ; but extensively fatal epi- 
demics are not common. 

Rcligioii. — The numerical proportions of the respective religious denominations stand, 
relatively, in the following order: 1. Presbyterians; 2. Episcopalians; 3. Methodists; 4. Bap- 
tists ; 5. Roman Catholics ; 6. Quakers ; and, 7. Unitarians. 




FLORIDA. The credit of having discovered this peninsula, now the southernmost of the 
United States, is usually awarded to Juan Pouce de Leon, from Hispaniola, who explored it, 
to some extent, in 1513 and 1516, and gave to it the name which it still bears. The coast, 
ho\>'ever, had been visited, in 1497, by Sebastian Cabot, from England ; but its interior was 
not then examined. In 1539, an expedition from Cuba, commanded by Hernando de Soto, 
who had served with Pizarro, made a descent upon, and overran the country. In 15G9, a 
body of French settlers, under Francis Ribault, endeavored to form a civilized colony ; but 
tliey were shortly assailed by the Spaniards, and, after several conflicts, nearly exterminated. 
The conquerors were afterwards obliged to contend frequently with the English colonists of 
Georgia and South Carolina ; but they maintained possession, though often attacked by both 
French and English forces, until 1763, the date of its cession to Great Britain. Liberal ofiers 
were immediately made to settlers from abroad ; and in consequence, numerous reputable 
citizens from the Britisli settlements, and even a body of some 1500 people from the shores 
of the Mediterranean, were induced to emigrate. A portion of the territory, known as 
West Florida, was conquered by the Spanish governor of Louisiana in 1781 ; and tlio wliolo 
was surrendered to Spain by the treaty of Pans, in 1783. In 1819, the latter power trans- 
ferred the entire country, composing East and West Florida, to the United States, as 
remuneration for trespasses on American commerce. It was occupied by the authorities of 
the latter in 1820, and forthwith established as one of the territorial members of the American 
republic. It was erected into an independent state in 1845. 

Boundaries and Extent. — Florida is bounded north by Georgia and Alabama, east by the 
Atlantic Ocean, south by the Gulf of Mexico, west by the same, and by a small portion of 
Alabama. It is situated between latitudes 25° and 31° north ; and extends from 80° wesrt 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — FLORIDA. 43 

longitude to 87° 35' ; beinj^ 385 miles in lengtli, witli a breadth varying from 50 to 250 milca, 
and containing 59,268 square miles. 

Government. — The people of Florida formed a constitution in 1839, si.v years prior to tlie 
admission of the state into the Union. The governor is elected for four years ; but is not 
eligible for two terms consecutively. The acting e.xecutive officer, in case of vacancy, is, 
first, the president of the Senate, and next, the speaker of the House of Representatives. 
Senators are elected for two years, and representatives for one year ; the latter not to exceed 
sixty in number. Clergymen, bank officers, and duellists are e.xcluded from participation in 
the civil government. The right of suffrage is enjoyed by all free wliite males, of lawful 
age, after two years' residence. Laws for the emancipation of slaves, or for tlie prevention 
of their introduction into the state, are prohibited. The ses.sions of the legislature are held 
biennially. 

Judiciary. — The state is divided into four circuits, each having a judge and a solicitor. 
They are chosen by the legislature, and have original common law jurisdiction in all civil and 
criminal matters. The Supreme Court consists of the circuit judges, and has ap])ellate juris- 
diction only. The attorney general is elected by both houses of the legislature. Tiie judges, 
in sessions of the Supreme Court, preside in their respective circuits. 

Education. — No extensive system of common school education has yet been established. 
There are several academical institutions, and a number of grammar and prunary schools, but 
no college in the state. 

Finances. — The revenue of the state is about sufficient to meet its expenditures. For in- 
formation concerning the public debt, &c., see Statistical Tables. 

Surface and Soil. — Florida exliibits no very prominent elevations, the surface being gen- 
erally level, and towards the south, especially, singularly broken into alternate tracts of 
meadow lands, forest-crowned knolls, and grassy lagoons. The celebrated " everglades " 
are situated in this quarter of the country, and extend northerly nearly 200 miles from the 
southern extremity. Mucli of the territory is covered with pine timber ; although the live-oak, 
and other descriptions of hard wood, grow in abundance on the river banks. The quality of 
the soil is in many parts exceedingly rich. The " pine barrens," so called, are considered, 
however, as scarcely worth cultivating. The peculiarly open condition of the forests admits 
of the spontaneous and luxuriant growth of innumerable varieties of herbage and flowers, 
many of which are of the most beautiful description, and flourish in great profusion tln'oughout 
all seasons of the year. Tlie land, in nearly all parts of the state, is adapted to the culture of 
cotton, sugar, corn, rice, tobacco, and valuable fruits ; and there is much grazing land even 
among the pine barrens, which are also finely irrigated by numerous streams of pure water. 

Rivers. — On the eastern coast, the St. John's is the principal stream. It takes its rise at a 
distance of not more than 150 miles from the sea, in a straight line ; though, from its meander- 
ing course, it probably flows more than twice that distance, varying in width from less than 
one to about five miles. Tlie St. Mary's, wliich rises in Georgia, also empties into the Atlantic. 
The mouths of these rivers affijrd good harbors. On the western coast are numerous bays and 
inlets, furnishing safe shelter and anchorage for coasting craft. A large number of rivers 
enter the Gulf of Mexico from the western side of the peninsula, the chief of which is the 
Appalachic'ola. 

Internal Improvements. — Several railroads have been constructed, and others are still con- 
templated. The most important already completed are, one between Tallahassee and St. 
Mark's, 22 miles ; and another of 30 miles in lengtli, extending from St. Joseph to lola. A 
canal, entirely across the istlimns, has for many years been a subject of earnest consideration 
and active discussion. Such a work, it is universally conceded, would supply vast facilities to 
the commerce between Atlantic ports of the United States and the shores of the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, and be the means of avoiding immense losses, now annually incurred by vessels forced 
to encounter the hazardous navigation beyond the southern point of Florida. 

Manufactures. — Beyond the fabrication of articles for domestic use, but little capital is 
employed in manufacturing operations. The exporU from the state consist principally of 
raw mulerials. 



44 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



Indians. — The territory, for some years subsequent to its cession to the United States, was 
much disturbed by contests with various Indian tribes. Among these, tlie Seminoles gave 
much trouble to the general government, and, on the question of their removal, with other 
natives, to the lands provided for them, were found to be most impracticable. They were, 
nowever, subdued, and a large portion of the tribe have retu-ed to the far preferable coun- 
try assigned tliem beyond the Mississippi. 

Population. — There was an increase of population, during the ten years prior to the census 
of 1840, oi' nearly sixty per cent. Of the inhabitants at that date, nearly one half were slaves. 
The last census (1850) exhibits the same ratio of increase, but a somewhat smaller proportion 
of slaves. 

Climate. — Except in the immediate vicinity of some of the large swamps, the interior of 
Florida, and the sea-coast generally, may be considered extremely favorable to health. In- 
deed, many parts of the slate are much resorted to by invalids from northern localities, 
especially by persons subject to pulmonary affections, or laboring under certain chronic 
maladies. 'A mild and very uniform temperature prevails throughout the different seasons ; 
the heat of summer rarely raising the mercury above 90°, or the cold of winter depressing it 
below freezing point. Epidemics, particularly the yellow fever, occasionally visit some of the 
low and marshy districts. TIic city of St. Augustine, occupying a remarkably fine geograph- 
ical position, is widely celebrated for the salubrity of its atmosphere, the genial qualities and 
effects of which are not exceeded by those of any spot in Southern France or Italy. 

Religion. — • Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Roman Catholics constitute the 
principal religious denominations. Neither sect is very numerous. 

Curiosities. — Among the natin-al objects of curiosity may be mentioned the existence and 
frequent formation of beautiful rivuli't;^, the pellucid waters of which, after coursing through 
many devious curves for a long distance, suddenly disappear in some dark abyss, and all traces 
of their farther wanderings are lost to human eyes. On the other hand, vast volumes of 
water are often seen to emerge from the depths of the earth, at once forming navigable rivers, 
teeming with fish, turtles, alligators, &c. Both these plienomena are said to be common in 
some parts of the state, and in all probability are mutually connected by subterranean 
chaimels. 




GEORGIA, the most recently settled of the thirteen origmal American colonies, which 
united in the great national act of independence, July 4, 177G. At that epoch, only about 
one third of a century had elapsed since the entire territory was the exclusive abode of the 
savage — the first English immigrants, under General Oglethorpe, having, in the year 1734, 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — GEORGIA. 45 

commenced a settlement at the spot \rhereon the city of Savannah now stands. This company 
was composed cliiefly of necessitous artisans and tradesmen, driven from (ireat Britain by want 
of employment to seek out new modes of living, and more permanent homes, in the western 
hemisphere. They had previously received from George II. a grant of the vast tract of country 
{called Georgia, after their royal patron) out of which the present States of Alabama and 
Mississippi, as well as Georgia, have since been formed. Although the original charter of 
Carolina included this wliole territory, the Spanish occupants of Florida had laid claim to it, and, 
in 1742, undertook by force of arms to dispossess the English, but without success. In 175'3, 
the company relinquished its charter to the crown, and thenceforth the province was placed 
upon an equal footing with the other colonies. 

Boundaries and Extent. — Bounded north by parts of Tennessee and Nortli Carolina, east by 
South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean, south by Florida, and west by Alabama. It extends 
300 miles from north to south, with an average breadth of 20ff miles, and includes an area of 
58,000 square miles. Latitude, 30° 22' to 3.5° north; longitude, 80° 50' to 8.')° 40' west. 

Government. — In 1777 the people of Georgia established their first frame of state govern- 
ment. A second constitution was formed in 1785, and a third in 1798, which was revised in 
1839, and still remains in force. The chief magistrate is elected biennially by the popular 
suffrages. In apportioning tlie representatives on the basis of population, three fifths of the 
blacks are reckoned in the estimate. There are 4(5 senatorial districts, each entitled to one 
member of the Senate ; and the 03 counties into whicli the state is divided send each from 
one to three representatives to the legislature, wliich meets biennially at Milledgeville, the 
seat of government, where the governor and other executive officers are required to reside 
during their official terms. The right of suffrage is restricted to free white males, residents 
of the state for six months, and tax-payers one year prior to the election. 

Education. — The subject of common education is but partially provided for, as may be 
inferred from the fact that in 1840 there were in the state upwards of 30,000 white persons 
above the age of 20 years who could neither read nor write. There is a literary institution 
at Atliens, called the University of Georgia, which was founded in 1788, witli the design of 
establishing branches in each county. Tlie object, however, has been but imperfectly 
carried out. 

Judiciary. — The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and two judges, elected by tlie 
legislature for six years. There are eleven circuit judges, one for each of the circuits into 
which the state is divided. These courts have exclusive jurisdiction in criminal and land 
cases. Inferior courts, composed of five justices, are held in each county. These latter 
officers are elected by the people quadrennially, and act also as probate judges. 

Finances. — The annual revenues of Georgia are amply sufficient to meet the current 
expenditures, including about .$110,000 interest on the state debt, and a reserve of $70,000 
towards a sinking fund for its ultimate extinction. The public debt in 1850 was stated at 
S1,82S,472, and was incurred for the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railway. 

Surface. Soil, Sfc. — The face of the country, along the Atlantic coast, for some 30 to 40 
miles in breadth, is generally level, witli a rich soil, favorable to the cultivation of cotton and 
rice. The numerous islands on the eastern frontier are especially productive of that fine 
species of cotton known as sea island. Westward of the above tract, the land becomes more 
elevated, and the soil more sandy. Proceeding still farther into the interior, and beyond the 
mountainous region, a stronger and richer soil is found, which produces in abundance wheat, 
corn, and other grains; tobacco, cotton, and a groat variety of fruits, as the orange, fig, pome- 
granate, lemon, citron, olive, melon, peach, pear, and grape. Tlie latter fruit, of the finest 
flavor, grows spontaneously and luxuriantly among tlie pine barrens, in the vicinity of the sea- 
coast. Of the divers descriptions of fine timber composing the extensive forests of Georgia, 
the oak, hickory, cedar, and pine are the most common. The black walnut and mulberry ara 
also abundant upon the high lands. The northern part of the state is traversed by a portion 
of the Appalachian chain of mountains. 

Rivers. — Many of the rivers in Georgia are of great length ; for instance, the Savannali, 



46 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. j 

which separates this state from South Cai'olina, is 500 miles long ; the Alatamaha, 400 miles to 
its sources ; Flint River, the Chattahoochee, and others. These are generally navigahle for 
steamers and large boats through a considerable portion of their extent ; and some of them, 
especially those emptying into the Atlantic, admit the passage of largo vessels for several 
miles above their mouths. 

Internal Improvemenis. — These consist of several important canals and railroads, either 
completed or still in progress. Among thera may be enumerated the Savannah and Ogeechee, 
and the Brunswick Canals, — the former 16, and the latter 12 miles long, — the Georgia Rail- 
road, with its branches and projected continuations ; the Central Railroad, and the Munroe 
Railroad, — the whole forming a connected series, and embracing an aggregate extent of 
upwards of 500 miles. 

Minerals. — On the borders of the Chattahoochee River, at the base of the Blue Ridge, con- 
siderable quantities of gold hare been found ; and numerous smelting houses, employing some 
hundreds of persons, are established in the vicinity, although the business of mining has not 
been very regularly pursued. Copper and iron ores, the latter in great abundance, are also 
among the mineral productions of the state. 

Monufcictures. — A number of cotton mills, and some woollen factories, have been erected 
within a few years. Manufactures of cast iron and other hardware, machinery, leather, car- 
riages, furniture, soap, candles, brick, lime, &c., are carried on to some extent, principally for 
home consumption. There are numerous flouring mills, distilleries, and breweries, portions 
of the products of which are exported. 

Indians. — Some parts of the territory are still in the occupancy of the Creek Indians. The 
Cherokecs also inhabit a Uirge tract at the north-west boundary, their country extending also 
into Tennessee and Alabama. 

Population. — About one third of the inhabitants of Georgia are of African descent. 

Climate. — The interior and elevated parts of Georgia enjoy a delightful and salubrious 
climate, not excelled, perhaps, by that of any other region of like extent in North America. 
As in most of the southern states of the Union, there are extensive tracts of low and swampy 
grounds, which, at certain seasons, are subject to destructive epidemics, arising from noxious 
exlialations and impure water. The upper country, however, to which many of the inhabitants 
retreat during the unliealthy months, is remarkably exempt from these injurious influences. 
The winters, which are of but two or three months' duration, are generally so mild that vege- 
tation is but little interrupted, and cattle roam at large upon the savannas and in the forests, 
where they find ample food. Snow and severe frosts are rare, although the thermometer 
occasionally indicates a temperature as low as 20° Fahrenheit. 

Religion. — The religious denominations in Georgia are chiefly Baptists, Methodists, Epis- 
copalians, and Presbyterians. There are also some congregations of Romanists, Lutlierans. 
Friends, and Jews. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — ILLINOIS. 



•^7 




ILLINOIS. This comparatively young member of the American Union was, never- 
theless, partially settled, by civilized adventurers, as early as the year 1673. A party of 
enteri)rising Frenchmen from Canada accompanied M. De la Salle in his second exploration 
of the country, in tlie above year, when in search of the River Mississippi, and founded tlie vil- 
lages of Kaskaskias and Cahokia. These settlements continued to flourish for some years ; but 
the people, by constant intercourse with the surrounding savages, gradually reduced themselves 
to a semi-barbarous condition, and for a long period their numbers were but little augmented 
by immigration. By the treaty of peace between the French and English, in 1763, the 
Illinois country, together with Canada, was ceded by the former to the latter, who took formal 
possession two years afterwards. It remained in their hands, under several successive mili- 
tary governors, until 1778 ; in which year a body of Virginia troops, commanded by General 
Clarke, penetrated the country, and subdued all the fortified places. In the same year, a 
county called Illinois was organized by the legislature, and placed under the care of a deputy 
governor. The country had been considered, liitherto, as a part of the territory included in 
the charter of Virginia ; and the claim founded thereon was recognized by the treaty of 1783. 
Virginia, however, ceded it to the United States, four years afterwards, when it constituted a 
section of the " North-west Territory," so called. In 1800, it received a separate organiza- 
tion and a territorial government, in conjunction with, and under the name of, Indiana. 
Another division took place in 1809, when the distinct territories of Indiana and Illinois were 
fonned ; botli of which were subsequently admitted into the Union, as independent states — 
the former in 1816, and tlie latter in 1818. The name of the state is derived from that of its 
great central river — • an aboriginal appellation, signifying the River of Men. 

Boundaries and Extent. — ^The state is bounded north by Wisconsin; east by the southern 
portion of Lake Michigan, by the State of Indiana, and by the Ohio River, dividing it from 
Kentucky also on the south ; and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the States 
of Missouri and Iowa. Its extreme length is some 380 miles, extending from 37° to 42i° 
north latitude. Its breadth varies from about 145 to 220 miles, being widest in the centre, 
and narrowest at the nortliern and southern points. Its utmost reach of longitude is 4 degrees, 
viz., from 87° to 91°, west from Greenwich. Its area is computed at 55,400 square miles, of 
which near 50,000 are believed to be well adapted to agricultural purposes. 

Government. — The chief magistrate is chosen for four years, by the people, viva voce, and 
cannot serve two terms in succession. The lieutenant governor (who is, ej- ojicio, president 
of the Senate) and the senators are also elected quadrennially. The members of the House 
of Representatives are elected for two years. The popular elections and the legislativo 



4# 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



sessions are held biennially. The Senate cannot consist of less than one third, nor moro 
than one half, the number composinsr the other branch. All white males above the age of 21 
years, who have resided six months within the state, are qnalified voters. Slavery is prohibited 
by the constitution — to amend which instrument a convention must be called. Elections are 
decided by a plurality of votes. 

Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, composed of three justices, 
and such other courts as the legislature may create. One session of the Supreme Court is 
held annually, in each of the three judicial divisions of the state. The state is also divided 
into nine circuits, each having a resident judge and a state's attorney. Five of these judges 
constitute a quorum. They are elected by the General Assembly, and hold office during 
good behavior. The state's attorneys are chosen for two years. Inferior courts arc also held 
by probate judges and justices of the peace. The Supreme Court judges, together with the 
governor, compose a council of revision, with power to disapprove bills passed by the General 
Assembly, subject, however, to further legislative action, whereby a rejected bill may, never- 
theless, become a law when reenacted by a majority of members elect in both branches. 

Education. — The act of admission to the Union provides for a reservation of one thirty-sixth 
part of all the public lands, for school purposes ; and section numbered If! has been accord- 
ingly designated and set apart, in each township, for the benefit of its inhabitants. A common 
fund, for the promotion of education generally, was also established by the United States 
government, through the annual payment to the state of 3 per cent, of the net avails of the 
public lands within its limits. Of this fund, a sixth part is appropriated to the erection 
and support of a collegiate institution. Other funds, to a vei-y generous extent, have like- 
wise been provided ; from all which sources a large annual income is derived. Yet the sub- 
ject of common schools has not received that degree of regard and attention which its 
immeasurable importance demands ; although there are, in many towns, primary schools of 
fair character, and occasionally a seminary of higher grade. Several colleges exist ; but they 
are mostly exclusive or somewhat sectarian in their organization ; each of the following 
denominations having a special institution, viz.. Old School Presbyterians, New School Pres- 
byterians, Baptists, and Jlcthodists. One of these, at Alton, was liberally endowed by Dr. B. 
ShurtlefF, of Boston, Massachusetts, and bears his name. There are a number of respectable 
academies and literary associations in various parts of the state ; and it is to be hoped that 
measures will be taken to establis]i the school fund of the state on a basis corresponding 
to the liberality of Congress, and to the example set by Ohio and other neighboring 
states. 

Finances. — The total amount of the public debt on the 1st of January, 1851, was 
$16,697,507,91, nearly one half of which grew out of the construction of the Illinois and 
Michigan Canal. This latter item will be partially if not wholly liquidated by sales of canal 
lands, and by future receipts for tolls. The state is now able, from its revenues, for the first 
time in several years, to meet its current expenditures. 

Surface, Soil, ^r. — There are no lofty mountains in this state, although at its northern and 
southern extremes the land is considerably elevated, and occasionally broken. In general, 
the surface is level, or slightly undulating, about two thirds of the whole consisting of 
immense prairies, clothed luxuriantly with grass, herbage, delicious strawberries, and other 
wild berries, and resplendent with myriads of indigenous flowers, flourishing in all the 
beauty of " nature unadorned." No impenetrable forests encumber these vast tracts, 
although isolated patches of woodland, some of them covering many acres, are frequently 
found in their midst. In some quarters of the state, timber is sufficiently abundant ; 
in others, there is a deficiency. The most common descriptions are the oak, hickory, 
maple, elm, ash, locust, beech, poplar, sycamore, and various other woods. The soil is almost 
invariably fertile, often of the finest and ricliest quality, to a great depth. The products of 
the earth are of corresponding value and amount. Every variety of grain, and of edible 
vegetables, together with hemp, flax, cotton, and tobacco, are cultivated with extraordinary 
success. All the fruits common to the temperate latitudes are produced in abundance : 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — ILLINOIS. 49 

grapes, especially, natives of the soil, are remarkably plentiful in most parts of tlie state, and 
of fine quality, cipable of yielJing excellent wines. Tlio fecundity of the land, and the gen- 
erous returns with which it rewards even the moderate labors of the husbandman, may be 
inferred from the fact that in almost all parts of the state an average crop, per acre, can be 
obtained, of fifty bushels of Indian corn — one of its important staples; and instances are 
frequent where the product reaches 75 to 100 bushels. 

Rivers. — Illinois is provided most bountifully by nature with admirable facilities for com- 
munication by water, not only within, but far beyond, its own borders, by means of its 
aumerous inland streams, tending in every direction towards, and connecting with, the great 
western rivers, and by its inunediate contact, on the north-east, with Lake Michigan. The 
whole of its western boundary is washed by the mighty Mississippi, and tiie noble Uliio flows 
along a portion of its eastern frontier. The Illinois traverses a large part of die state 
from nortii-east to south-west, and its tributaries course through most of the central counties. 
Some of these branches are of great extent. Among the other unportant rivers are Rock, 
Kaskaskia, Wabash, &c. 

Internal Improvements. — The canal for uniting the navigable watei-s of the Illinois with 
those of Lake Michigan, at Cliicago, is one of the greatest enterprises of the kind in the 
Western States. Its computed extent is IJd miles, and its cost upwards of §8,000,000. 
When fully completed, the waters of the Gulfs of St. Lawrence and of Mexico may be said 
to meet each other, tlirougli a long chain of inland channels. Under the system of internal 
improvement adopted by the state, in 1837, a number of extensive and important railroads 
were projected, the work on most of which has been commenced, and some few are in 
travelling order. 

Muunils. — At the north-west angle of tlie state lie immense beds of lead ore, of which 
great quantities are annually smelted and sent to market. Copper and iron are also found in 
abundance in many parts of the state ; and in tlio southern quarter, there are several sections 
of the public lands which are reported to be rich in silver ore, and in consequence are with- 
held from sale. Lime, salt, and coal are among the most plentiful of the mineral productions. 
Limestone ledges of great extent exist for many miles along the banks of the Mississippi, 
often rising abruptly and perpendicularly, in huge bluffs, to a height of 300 feet. In the 
soutli and east parts of the state, there are numerous saline springs, so strongly impregnated 
as to render profitable the manufacture of salt on an extensive scale in their vicinity. The 
elevated and broken regions towards the north, particularly in tlie neigliborhood of Rock 
River, contain exhaustless veins of bituminous coal ; and the bluffs and ravines on the river 
banks, in Madison and St. Clair counties, at the south-west quarter of the state, are pregnant 
with treasures of tliis valuable mineral. 

Manufactures. — Hydraulic power to a considerable extent is attainable at various points 
of the state, some of wliich is already advantageously improved for manufacturing purposes. 
The contemplated improvements of the Wabash and other rivers — some of wliich are already 
in progress ^ will furnish additional water privileges of great value. Steam mills, for sawing 
lumber, manufacturing flour, &c., as w*!! as mills wrought by animal and water power, are 
common througliout the state. There are also numerous smelting houses, iron furnaces, tan- 
neries, potteries, distilleries, &c., together with a few cotton, woollen, and flax factories ; and 
almost every aiticle of domestic use is or may be fabricated within the state. Among tlie 
few commodities principally manufiictured for export are whiskey and castor oil: some 40,000 
to 50,000 gallons of tlie latter are annually expressed from tlie palma christi, or castor bean, 
at a single establishment in Edwardsville. 

Indians. — Few or none of tlie descendants of the tribes formerly occupying this region 
now linger within or around it, their titles having been extinguished, from time to time, by 
various treaties with the United States government. The white inhabitants were somewhat 
annoyed by hostile Indians during the war of 1812 ; but after its close, the country was 
exempt from molestation until 18:^2, when a band of sanguinary savages, led on by the noto- 
rious chief Black Hawk, conmiitted many bloody atrocities, and created much distress and 
7 



50 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



alarm, at the northern part of the state. They were at length entu-ely quelled, and finally 
removed to the country west of the Mississippi. 

Populalion. — During the thirty years prior to 1840, tlie population of Illinois increased 
from 12,282 to 470,183, of whom 3000 were persons of color. In 1850, the jiopulation was 
851,470, of whom 5"}(i() were persons of color. 

Climate. — ■ In general, the climate of Illinois, in its influence upon health, does not differ 
materially from that of the other states, lying within the same parallels, east of the Alle- 
ghany ridge. It furtliermore enjoys the advantage of exemption from annoying easterly winds, 
although the prairie breezes are often severely cold. The temperature, ordinarily, is much like 
that of Ohio and Michigan during the respective seasons. The length of the winter is usually 
somewhat less tlian three montlis. Snow seldom falls to a great depth, or continues upon the 
earth many days in succession ; and the ground is commonly free from frost throughout half 
the winter. The early spring months are rainy and unpleasant ; but they are soon succeeded 
by a milder season, a warm and cheering summer, with an invigorating atmosphere ; and, 
finally, "the year is crowned" by a delightful autumn of some montlis' duration, rarely dis- 
turbed by a cloudy day or a stormy hour. 

Religion. — The most numerous sect are the Methodists, including their diflcrent varieties. 
Then follow the Baptists and Presbyterians, with their several ramifications. The Episcopa- 
lians, Lutherans, and Dunkards have each from eight to twelve congregations ; and there 
are small societies of Roman Catholics, Quakers, and Mormons. The proportion of profess- 
ors of religion has been estimated at about one tenth of the whole population. 




INDIANA. The Iiistory of the settlement of Indiana is nearly identical witli that of its 
twin sister, Illinois, and of much of the vast surrounding region formerly included in the so- 
called North-west Territory. The first permanent occupancy of the country was effected in 1702, 
at a fertile spot on the eastern bank of the Wabash, about 100 miles above its confluence with 
the Ohio. To this place, which became a fortified trading post, its inhabitants afterwards gave 
the name of Vinctnnes. The original settlers were French soldiers from Canada, belonging 
to the army of Louis XIV. Their descendants remained an almost isolated community, in- 
creasing very slowly in numbers, for nearly one hundred years, and, in the mean time, from 
habits of constant intercourse with their Indian neighbors e.xclusively, witli whom they often 



STATES AtfD TERRITORIES. — INDIANA. 51 

intermarriei], had imbibed a taste for savage life, and had consequently retrogressed in the 
march of civilization. By the treaty of peace between France and England, in 1703, the 
territory became subject to tlie latter; from which power, however, it was wrested by tne 
Americons during the revolutionary war. From tlie close of that struggle, in 178.3, until 
General Wayne's treaty in 17i)5, and again just before the commencement of the second war 
with Great Britain, the people, generally residing in hamlets and villages remote from each 
other, were terribly harassed by the incursions of the Indians, who committed the most cruel 
atrocities. These merciless barbarians were at length effectually conquered and humbled by 
tlie United States militarj' forces under General Harrison ; a season of quietude and prosperity 
immediately ensued, and a vast tide of immigration has been flowing into the state since the 
peace of 1815. Indiana was originally embraced in the territory north-west of the Ohio, and 
so remained until the year 1800. It was then, including the present State of Illinois, newly 
organized under the name of Indiana Territory. In 1809, it was divided into two territories, 
Illinois having been set off, and became an independent state in 181G. 

Bomidaries and Extent. — The state is bounded north by Michigan and the southern portion 
of the lake of tliat name; east by the State of Ohio; south-east and south by Ohio River, 
which divides it from Kentucky ; and west by Illinois, the Wabash River forming ])art of tlie 
boundary. It lies between 37° 47' and 41° 50' north latitude, and its mean length is esti- 
mated at 2G0 miles ; its mean breadth is about 140 miles, extending from 84° 45' to 88° west 
longitude. Its area comprehends nearly 34,000 square miles. 

Government. — The executive power resides in a governor and lieutenant governor, the 
latter being president of the Senate, and acting as governor in cases of vacancy. The legis- 
lature consists of two branches, — Senate and House of Representatives, — apportioned to the 
counties, according to the number of qualified electors, in sucli ratio that the number of 
representatives shall not be less than 3(3 nor more tlian 100. The Senate is never to contain 
less tiian 12 nor more than 50 members. All tlie above are elected by the people triennially, 
except the representatives, who are chosen every year. The legislature convenes annually. 
The chief magistrate cannot hold office longer than six years in any term of nine years. The 
secretary of state, treasurer, and auditor are chosen by the General Assembly in joint ballot, 
tlie first for a term of four years, and the two latter for three years. 

Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, Courts of 
Common Pleas, Probate Courts, and justices of tlie peace. Tlie Supreme Court is composed 
of three judges, the senior in office being chief justice, and are appointed for seven years by 
the governor and Senate. The Circuit Courts are thirteen in number, and consist of a pres- 
ident judge for each judicial circuit, acting with two associate judges in each county: tlie 
president judges are elected for seven years by the legislature, and the associate judges for 
the same term by the people. Judges of probate, justices of the peace, sheriffs, and coroners 
are chosen by the people, for various terms. 

Education. — Attention to this important interest has been considerably awakened within a 
few years. A common school fund, to be derived from various sources, was founded by a law 
of the state in 1849, at which time the several funds set apart for the purpose were valued at 
upwards of §700,000. By the census of 1840, there were within the state over 38,000 white 
persons, above the age of 20 years, who could neither read nor write. Asylums for the blind, 
the deaf and dumb, and the insane, have been established. There are several colleges, and 
numerous academies, in various parts of the state. 

Finances. — The annual revenue of Indiana is amply sufficient for the ordinary current 
expenditures. The amount of the public debt in July, 1849, was more than §12,000,000. 
the liability for which is nearly equally divided between the state and the Wabash and Erie 
Canal Company. 

Surface, Soil, S,'c. — The face of tlie country, though not mountainous, is in some quarters 
hilly and broken. The greater portion of the state, by far, consists of immense tracts of level 
lands, studded at intcn'als with picturesque clusters of trees. Many of the upland prairies 
are skirted for long distances with noble forests, while those bordering upon the rivers are 



52 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

rarely productive of any description of timber. The whole earth is replete with vegetable 
wealth. Upon the prairirs there is, at the proper seasons, intermingled with gay and 
odorous flowers, a thick covering of grass, growing to a height of seven or eight feet. The 
soil of the prairies, as well those which are elevated as those which lie along the rivers, is 
surpassingly rich, the loam commonly reaching to a depth of two to five feet. The trees of 
native growth comprise several varieties of oak, walnut, maple, elm, sycamore, beech, ash, 
linden, locust, sassafras, buckeye, Cottonwood, cherry, and mulberry. The most important of 
the cultivated products are wheat, Indian corn, rye, and other grains, potatoes, and various otiier 
esculents. Grapes, and indeed fruits of all kinds peculiar to the climate, grow profusely. 
Among the many valuable staples of tliis state are large quantities of beef, pork, butter, cheese, 
sugar, wool, tobacco, and hemp. 

Rivers. — The entire state is admirably watered by large and beautiful streams, many of 
them navigable for hundreds of miles. Among the most considerable rivers, besides the Ohio, 
are the Wabash, a tributary of the former ; White River, a branch of the Wabash, with its 
two great forks ; Whitewater, St. Joseph's, &c. 

Inicrnal Improvements. — The Wabasli and Erie Canal, 187 miles in length, connecting the 
navigable waters of the'River Wabash with those of Lake Erie, is the most important enterprise 
of the kind in which this state has been concerned. Nearly 100 miles of its extent are in 
Indiana, and the residue in Ohio. The whole was completed in 1843. The Whitewater 
Canal, a work of much less magnitude, is partially completed, and several additions are con- 
templated. A railroad, commencing at Indianapolis, connects the capital witli three or four 
diiferent points on the Ohio, a distance of about 100 miles. From the same point of beginning, 
another road, partly macadamized, extends northwardly to Michigan city. Other railroads 
have been projected, some of which are in course of construction. 

Minerals. — The mineral resources of this state have been but partially explored or developed. 
Iron is known to exist in various quarters, and some copper has been found. Salt springs 
liave been opened, at which salt in considerable quantities has been manufactured. Epsom 
salts, and saltpetre in a pure state, have been quite plentifully obtained from caves in Cra%v- 
ford and Harrison counties. Coal in abundance has been recently excavated from the bluffs 
near the Ohio, in Perry county. At a place called Carmelton, the deposits are extremely 
productive, yielding in profusion a very superior quality of bituminous coal, resembling, in all 
its characteristics, the celebrated English Cannel coal. 

Manufactures. — The business of manufacturing has not been pursued largely, except for 
domestic uses. Cotton and woollen fabrics are extensively manufactured in families through- 
out the state ; and there are also a number of fulling mills, woollen and cotton factories, iron 
furnaces, tanneries, potteries, breweries, flouring and saw mills, &c. 

Indians. — The various tribes formerly inhabiting this region have yielded to the advances 
of their civilized successors, parted witli their native right to the soil, and sought other homes 
farther west. 

Population. — The population of Indiana, since the year 182.5, has increased with unexam- 
pled rapidity. At that date, the number of inhabitants was estimated at 185,000. It is now, 
in (18.50,) 988,416. Among the causes which have conduced to attract settlers thither, the 
extraordinary fertility of the soil, the low price of lands, the facilities for inland water com- 
munication, and the healthful climate, are doubtless among the most prominent. 

Climate, — Residents of the country characterize the climate as generally mild and salu- 
brious. In summer, the temperature is genial and uninterrupted by injurious changes. The 
winters are neither long nor severe, six weeks being considered as tlieir average duration. 
Frosts, liowever, are common in spring and autumn. Fevers and agues prevail only in marshy 
places, and in the neighborhood of stagnant waters. 

Religion. — In "modes of faith" there is much diversity. The most numerous classes 
of Christians are Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists ; there are also considerable num- 
bers of Lutherans, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and Friends. 

Curiosities. — Among the most remarkable curiosities of the state are the mineral caves 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — INDIAN TERRITORY. 53 

already alluded to, and the multitudes of singular mounds scattered over the face not only of 
Indiana, but most of the Western States, supposed by many to have been ancient Indian for- 
tifications, by others conjectured to be places of sepulture, and by some to be tumtdi produced 
solely by natural causes. 



INDIAN TERRITORY (Proper) is a large and fertile region, lying geographically in the 
centre of the North American republic, midway between tlie Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was 
allotted, and has been at different times enlarged, by tlie government of the United States, for the 
purpose of atfording places of permanent residence for tliose Indian tribes wlio might emitrrate 
from tlie states east of the Mississippi River. Tliese emigrants are protected in the enjoy- 
ment of their own institutions, and many of the tribes have establislied forms of government 
independent of the United States laws, in all matters not connected with the preservation of 
peace between the tribes and upon the frontier. It extends from Platte River, in about 41° 
north latitude, to Red River, in 34° ; is between 500 and GOO miles in length, and about 300 
miles in breadth, and its area may be estimated at some 1.50,000 square miles. Its limits, 
however, are not exactly determined on tlie north or the west ; it being generally understood 
that tlic Inillan Tarxlonj, so called, coniprclicnds that region which is permanently settled by 
Indian communities, as distinguislied from the wide waste beyond its present northern and 
western borders, which is peopled by wandering bands of untutored natives. It is definitely 
bounded on the east by the States of Missouri and Arkansas, and on the south by the State 
of Texas, wherefrom it is separated by the Red River. 

Tlie soil throiigliout this territory is very generally productive. It is watered by numerous 
streams, few, if any of which, however, afford facilities for navigation. Tlie principal rivers, 
besides those mentioned as fonning the northern and southern boundaries, are the Kanzas and 
Canadian, with tlieir multitudes of forks or tributaries. Some of these take their rise in tlie 
Rocky Mountains, and all flow eastwardly, ultimately emptying either directly or by way of 
tlie Missouri into the great "Fatlier of Rivers," the mighty Mississippi. 

The face of tlie country presents but few mountainous prominences, although the land is 
generally high and swelling, especially in tlie south-eastern quarter, where are situated several 
ranges of large hills. Corn and other grains, vegetables, fruits, and all the agricultural prod- 
ucts peculiar to the states lying eastward on the same parallel, may be cultivated with ample 
success. Timber is not abundant; but, with ordinary attention, such trees as are needed may 
be easily raised. Tlie grassy prairies afford room for forests, and experiments already made 
demonstrate their adaptation to the rajiid growth of wood. Lead and iron ores, coal, and saline 
springs are found in different parts of the territory. The country is admirably fitted for the 
raising of stock and domestic animals of all descriptions. The climate is represented as re- 
markably pleasant and salubrious, varying but little from that of the regions east of the 
Mississippi, whence the present inhabitants were removed. 

The number of resident Indians may be reckoned at about 100,000, three fourths of whom 
are emigrants from beyond the eastern shore of the Mississippi. Tiie population is constantly 
being augmented by additional removals of Indians from the east, under treaty stipulations 
with the United States. The most numerous, as well as the most advanced in civilization, of 
the tribes now settled in the territory, are the Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and 
Shawanees. These have established appropriate forms of government for themselves, some 
of them having written constitutions, and have made provision for the support of education, 
of public worship, of courts of justice, &c., similar to those of all well-organized communities. 



54 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



Their dwellings are generally comfortable, their lands well tilled, and most of their natural 
facilities and advantages properly applied and improved. Large nnrabers of horses and cattle 
are owned among tliem ; mercantile, mechanical, and manufacturing pursuits are carried on 
to considerable e.xtent, especially by the Cherokee population ; and one or more steamboats, 
tlie property of sonic of the latter, ply between their district and New Orleans. 

The United States support several military posts within the territory, wliich are all kept gar- 
risoned. Missionaries, from the various religious organizations in the states, have established 
stations at many points, who labor not only for the moral improvement, but for the literar)' 
and physical advancement, of the people. At the Shawanee station, under control of tlie 
Baptists, books in different Indian languages have been printed and issued ; journals and 
other works have also been published in the Shawanee dialect. A very respectably con- 
ducted newspaper is supported by the Cherokees, the editor of which is an educated native. 

In compensation for the lands which were vacated by the transfer of these tribes to their 
present locality, the United States paid, or stipulated to pay, between the years 1789 and 
1839, in money or in lands exchanged or' reserved, upwards of $80,000,000. The number 
of acre3«)f land thus acquired is about 420,000,000. The emigrants also receive consider- 
able annuities, from which they derive a portion of their means of subsistence. 




IOWA, recently a dependency of the United States, is now an admitted member of 
the Federal Union. Until 1832, the country was held in undisputed possession by its rude 
and roaming Indian inhabitants, of whoni it was then purchased ; and settlements were soon 
thereafter commenced by civilized enugrants. In 1838, having been set off from Wisconsin, 
it was organized under a distinct territorial government ; and in 1846, the territory was duly 
elevated to the position of a free and independent American state. 

Boundary and Extent. — Iowa is bounded north by the Territory of Minnesota; east by the 
Mississippi River, which separates it from the States of Wisconsin and Illinois ; south by the 
State of Missouri ; and west and nortli-west by portions of the Territories of Nebraska and 
Minnesota, from which it is separated by the Missouri and the Big Sioux Rivers. Tlie country 
lies between 40° SC and 43° 30' north latitude, and extends from 90° 30' to 90° 30' west lon- 
gitude ; reaching some 200 miles from nortli to south, with an average extent of over 320 
miles from east to west, and comprehending about 51,000 square miles. 



STATES AND TERRITOKIES.— IOWA. 55 

Guvernmeiil. — The executive power resides in a jjovernor and lieutenant governor, chosen 
by popular vote for two years : tlie latter is president of the Senate. The legislature com- 
prises a Senate and House of Representatives, the former chosen for four years, one half 
biennially, and in number not less than one tliird nor more than one half that of the other 
brancli. The constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall not consist of less 
than !i(3 nor more than 39 members, until the white population shall amount to 125,000 ; wlion 
t]ie nunimum shall be 3G, and the maximum 72. All free white male American citizens, after 
a residence of six months, arc voters. 

Judiciary. — The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and two associates, either 
two of whom fomi a quorum. They are elected by joint vote of the legislature for sLx years. 
District judges are elected for five years by the people, in the several districts. Probate 
judges, prosecuting attorneys, and clerks of courts are also elected in the same manner, every 
two years. 

Educalio7i. — A superintendent of public instruction is chosen by the people for three 
years. A large school fund i.s secured by the appropriation of lands granted by Congress, 
escheated estates, and the percentage allowed by Congress on sales of public lands withm 
the state. Common schools in all the school districts are also maintained, by law, from other 
sources of revenue. There is also a large fund assigned for the support of a university. 
The permanent school fund, at interest, in 1850, amounted to about $379,000. 

Finances. — -The state holds productive property valued at upwards of .$11,000,000. Its 
debt, in 1849, was $55,000, incurring an interest of .$5500. The legislature holding biennial 
sessions only, the annual public expenditure is only about $19,000. The taxable property, 
in 1849, was valued at .$18,479,751, which pays to the state a tax of three tenths of one 
per cent. 

Surface ami Soil. — With the exception of some high hills in the northern part, the surface 
is nowhere mountainous, but consists of table lands, prairies, and gently swelling eminences 
covered with timber. Ranges of bluffs, from 30 to 120 feet in height, intersected with 
ravines, generally terminate the table lands upon the borders of rivers. Tlie soil is almost 
universally good, reaching to a depth of 18 to 24 inches on the upland prairies, and from 24 
to 48 inclies on the bottom lands. Constant cultivation for a century would scarcely exhaust 
it. It produces every description of grain and vegetables suited to the climate, and is pecu- 
liarly favorable to the growth of fruit. Timber is not abundant, except in certain sections, 
comprising in all about one fourth part of the state. But the country is so well supplied with 
river navigation, that this deficiency in other quarters is not felt. Among the indigenous 
fruits are vast quantities of plums, grapes, strawberries, crab apples, &c. The crops of 
wheat ordinarily amount to 30 or 35 bushels per acre ; and the yield of corn is from 50 to 75 
bushids. Wells of excellent water are obtained at a depth of 25 to 30 feet. 

Rivers. — Besides the noble rivers which skirt the state on {he east and west, there are 
several streams of considerable magnitude, with numerous branches, pervading the entire 
territory. Many of tliem are extensively navigable, and afford fine water power ; and all 
are immediately or remotely connected with the Mississippi or the Missouri. 

Internal Improvements. — A project for constructing a railroad, commencing af Dubuque, 
on the Mississippi, and extending across the Rocky Mountains to the waters of Columbia 
River, was started in 1840. At the last session of the General Assembly, acts were passed 
granting the right of way to the Davenport, Camanche, and Lyons Railroad Companies, for 
railroads from the Mississippi to Council Bluffs on the Missouri. In these enterprises consid- 
erable northern and eastern capital will probably be employed. 

Minerals. — But little comparative progress has been made in the exploration and develop- 
ment of the mineral treasures of Iowa; although it is well known, from even imperfect 
researches, that a very large portion of the country is extremely rich in various deseriptiona 
of metals. Tliere are tracts, probably to tlie extent of hundreds of miles, that abound in lead 
ore; copper and ii-on are also abundant in various locations, as well as coal, limestone, &c 



56 



UNITlSD STATES GAZETTEER. 



In the vicinity of Dubuque, the largest town in the state, are some of the finest and most 
valuable lead mines in the United States.* 

Mamifactures. — E.xcepting tlie workmg of mineral ores into marketable shape, and the 
fabrication of articles for domestic use from the raw materials produced within the state, there 
are no extensive manufacturing operations. The whole amount of capital employed in 1840, 
m every description of manufactures, fell somewhat short of $200,000. 

Indians. — Recently large tracts were held by various tribes of Indians. The lowas held 
portions of the south, the Pottawatamies of the west, and the Sacs and Foxes of tlie central 
parts of the state. But these tracts have been ceeded to the United States. 

Population. — Since the admission of Iowa into the Union, the state has been rapidly filling 
np with white settlers. In 1840, the pop\ilation numbered 43,1 12, including that of the north 
Bection, now called the Territory of Minesota. It has increased prodigiously within the past 
ten years, and at the last census amounted to 192,214. 

Climate. — With the exception of some localities on the river sides, subject to occasional 
inundations, tlie climate of Iowa is more healthy in general than that of the neigliboring 
Western States. This is accounted for by tlie fact, that tlie current of its streams is more 
rapid. Tlie diseases prevalent in quarters considered unhealthy at times are fevers and 
agues, bilious disorders, &c. The commencement, duration, and termination of winter cor- 
respond with those of the same season in New England. But the temperature is less severe, 
being more like that of Pennsylvania. Snow, to a depth of more than seven or eight inches, 
is seldom seen. The summers are extremely pleasant, the heat rarely becoming oppressive, 
and the atmosphere being often refreshed by gentle showers. 

Religion. — Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists are the most numerous of the religious 
denominations. The Episcopalians have several societies or parishes, and there are also 
Roman Catholics, Friends, &c. 

Curiosities. — One of the most remarkable productions of nature, in this region, is a natural 
bridge, which crosses the River Maksqueta — a fine stream flowing into the Mississippi, near 
the centre of the eastern boundary of tlie state. This bridge has a span of 40 feet, and is 
composed of solid limestone. 




^^^■i 



KENTUCKY, formerly considered one of the "Western States" of the American Union, 
may now be ranked among those on the map at the riglit hand of tlie observer, since, by the 

• Very recently, at Dubuque, a company of seven persons took from its native bed in one day a 
quantity of lead ore valued at upwards of glOOO. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — KENTUCKY. 57 

immense cxtncsion of territory toward.s the setting; sun, there is vastly more space between 
Kentucky and the Pacific Ocean than between that state and the Atlantic. It was originally 
included within the limits of Virginia, from which state it was separated in I78C, when it was 
organized under a territorial government, and so remained until its erection into a state in 
1792. No extensive exploration of the country is known certainly to have taken place until 
about the year 1770, when the celebrated and eccentric adventurer Colonel Boone penetrated 
its tlien remote and inhospitable wilds. Four years afterwards, •& permanent settlement was 
made at Ilarrodsburg; but the inhabitants of the territory, wherever located, were constantly 
liarassed by the predatory incursions of various savage tribes, until the conclusion of the 
treaty with General Wayne in 1795. 

Boundary and Extent. — The Ohio River constitutes the northern boundary of this state, 
separating it from the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. On the east lies Virginia, and on 
tlie south Tennessee. The Mississippi, on the west, separates Kentucky from the State of 
Missouri. It extends from north latitude .3G° 30' to 39° 10', and lies between 82° and 89° 30' 
west longitude. Its length from east to west is about 400 miles, and its average breadtli does 
not greatly exceed 100 miles. Its area, as officially reported, is 37,G80 square miles. 

Government. — The present constitution, adopted in 1850, provides for the quadrennial 
election of governor and lieutenant governor by a plurality of the popular sutTragcs ; but the 
former magistrate cannot be reelected until after a lapse of four years. The lieutenant gov- 
ernor is, fi officio, tlie presiding officer of the Senate, and, in extraordinary cases, discharges 
the duties of the executive. The number of senators is limited to 38: one half of the number 
are elected every two years, in a manner that each member may serve four years. The 
representatives, 100 in number, apportioned to the several counties or districts every eighth 
year, are chosen biennially. The legislature holds biennial sessions at Frankfort, continuing 
only GO days, unless by a two thirds concurrent vote. All white males, 21 years of ago, after 
a residence in the state of two years, and in tlie district of one year, are qualified voters. 
The manner of voting at elections is by open vote, or vwa vor.e. 

Judiciary. — The courts consist of a Court of Appeals, having appellate jurisdiction only 
throughout the state, Circuit Courts in each county, and County Courts. The judges of tlio 
former, four in number, are elected by the people for eight years, and so classified that one 
shall retire every two years. Those of the Circuit Courts, 12 in number, are chosen for sLx 
years. Tliose of the County Courts, consisting of a presiding and two associate justices in 
each county, arc chosen by the people for four years. Two justices of the peace are elected, 
in each county, for terms of four years. Sheriffs are chosen for two years, and cannot serve 
beyond a second term. 

Education. — The state possesses a bountiful school fund, which, for the year 1849, yielded 
an income of about .^G7,000, three fourths of which, however, are applied to the ordinary ex- 
penditures of the state. In the above year, tlicre were 103,000 cliildren between the ages of 
five and sixteen years, nearly one half of whom attended the district schools connected with 
the public system. Among these latter the sum of $29,1GG was distributed from the perma- 
nent school fund, and .$21,874 from the "two cent tax." 

Finances. — In 1849, the whole amount of the funded debt was S4,497,G.52-81, a part of 
wliicli, viz., ii!83G,000, was due to the school fund. The income in the same year, from all 
sources, amounted to $4G8,G30-I9, and the expenditures to $447,C20-G4. To meet the in- 
t<^rest of the public debt, the state owns bank stocks, turnpike and railroad stocks, and other 
])roperty, from which an annual revenue of more than .$100,000 is derived. Tlio residue of 
the interest is made up from tlie yearly tax, which is about 17 cents on each .$100 worth of 
property. The amount of taxable property in 1849 was upwards of .$285,000,000. 

Surface, Soil, S;c. — Kentucky presents a great diversity of surface. In the eastern 
quarter, where it is bordered by the Cumberland Mountains, there are numerous lofty eleva- 
tions ; and on the northern boundary, adjacent to the Ohio River, and running through the 
whole extent of tlie state, there is a strip of hilly but fertile land, from 5 to 20 miles in breadth. 
Along tlie immediate margin of the Ohio is a tract, one mile wide, of bottom lands, which are 
8 



58 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

periodically overflowed. The intermediate country, between the hilly regions oti the north and 
on the south-east, is gently undulating ; and here, within an area of 100 by 50 miles, tlie soil 
is of extraordinary richness. In the neighborhood of the Cumberland River, there is another 
tract of about ]00 miles in extent, which, though denominated "barrens," has been within a 
few years transformed from an extended and unbroken prairie into forests of thrifty and valu- 
able timber. The soil throughout the state is generally of excellent quality, producing hemp, 
tobacco, wheat, corn, and numerous other fruits of the earth in great abutidanco. Among the 
native trees, the most common are black walnut, black cherry, mulberry, locust, ash, elm, 
papaw, buckeye, whitethorn, Cottonwood, and sugar maple. Grapes, of fine quality, also 
abound ; and all the fruits adapted to the climate are successfully cultivated. 

Riverf!. — The largest rivers are the Cumberland and the Tennessee, both branches of t!ie 
Ohio, which latter flows along the northern boundary for a distance of (337 miles. Tliese 
branches are navigable to a very considerable extent. They enter the Ohio at points about 
12 miles apart, and witliin 50 to 60 miles of the junction of the Oliio with the Mississippi. 
The other principal streams, besides those which bound the state, are the Kentucky, Licking, 
Salt, and Green Rivers, all of which are extensively navigable. 

Internal Improvements. — The Louisville and Portland Canal, two and a half miles in length, 
is a work of extraordinary magnitude and importance. It was completed in 1801, at great 
cost, and atYer some years of labor; its bed having been excavated out of lime rock, a portion 
of it to tlie depth of 12 feet. By this work, a fall of 22 feet on the Ohio River at Louisville 
has been overcome, and vast numbers of steamboats and other craft are constantly passing 
through it. The Lexington and Ohio Railroad, extending from Lexington, via Franlifort, to 
Louisville, 95 miles in length, is nearly, if not quite, completed. Another, from the former city 
to Covington on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, is under contract ; and some others are projected. 

Jilinerals. — The most abundant of the mineral products of Kentucky are iron, coal, lime, 
and salt. Large quantities of the latter article are annually exported. Limestone, at various 
depths, underlays the soil of a large portion. of the state. 

Manufactures. — A large amount of capital is invested in the manufacture of hemp, cotton, 
wool, iron, tobacco, leather, and other staple commodities. Tlie fabrication of almost every 
article of domestic use is also carried on throughout the state. 

Indians. — -Few or none of the descendants of the aboriginal possessors of the soU now 
remain within the limits of the state. 

Population. — Sixty years since, the population of Kentucky numbered less than 75,000. 
By the- last census, it has reached over 1,000,000, more than one fifth of wliich number 
are slaves. 

Climate. — The winters in this state rarely continue longer than two or three montlis, and 
are generally mild, but humid. The other seasons are remarkably pleasant, and the tempera- 
ture varies less between the extremes of heat and cold than in some of the neighboring states. 
The climate is consequently healthy. 

Religion. — Of the various Christian denominations, the Baptists, perhaps, arc the most 
numerous. The Methodists are next in numerical order. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and 
Roman Catholics have each a large number of churches. There are also some societies of 
Shakers and Unitarians. 

Curiosities. — Among the extraordinary objects of wonder found in tliis state is the 
celebrated "Mammoth Cave," which has not, probably, an equal in the known world. It is 
situated in the county of Edmonson, near the centre of the state, and its subterranean vaults 
have been explored to tlie extent of some eight to ten miles. Its earthy floor is impregnated 
so strongly with nitre, that considerable quantities of tliis article have been extracted there- 
from. There are several other remarkable caverns in the state, principally in the south-west 
part, between Cumberland and Green Rivers. Many of the lofty, perpendicular precipices 
of solid limestone on the banks of Kentucky River, and the frequent chasms formed in the 
subjacent calcareous rocks by the rapid action of large streams, may likewise be enumerated 
among tJie natural curiosities of Kentucky. 



STATES AJSID TERKITORIES— LOUISIANA. 



59 










LOUISIANA. This state became a territorial member of the Federal Union in the year 
1803, under peculiar circumstances. It had been successively the property of certain Frencli 
adventurers, of the crown of France, of the government of Spain, and again of the French, 
by whom it was sold to tlie United States for $15,000,000. One of the conditions of the 
transfer required tlie United States to liquidate all claims of American citizens upon 
France, on account of commercial spoliations prior to the year 1800 — an obligation ivliicli, 
after tlie lapse of neariy half a century, has not been fulfilled. Within 20 years after the 
discovery, in 1663, of the River Mississippi, the territory was explored by La Salle, who, in 
honor of Louis XIV., called it by the name it now boars. The first settlements were made at 
about the commencement of the 18th century ; and in 1731, the proprietors relinquished tlieir 
jurisdiction to the king, who ceded it to Spain, in 1762. It was reconveyed to Franco in 
1800 ; and, at the period of its sale to the United States, three years thereafter, the province 
embraced all the country west of the Mississippi, reaching to the Texan boundaries. It was 
admitted as an independent state, and its limits specially defined, in 1812. The city of New 
Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi, is celebrated in history for its defence, under 
General Jackson, against an attack of the British sea and land forces, commanded by General 
Packonham, on the 8tli of January, 1815, wherein the invaders were signally defeqied. 

Bouiulary and Extent. — It is bounded oij the extreme north by Arkansas, and near its 
centre by a part of Mississippi ; on the east by the Mississippi River, dividing it from the 
state of that name, and by Pearl River ; on tlie south by the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the west 
by Texas, from which it is partially divided by the River Sabine. It extends from 29° to 33° 
north latitude, and from 88° 40' to 94° 25' west longitude. Its length is 250 miles, and its 
breadth, at the southern extremity, 300. This width is maintained throughout about one half 
its length, wlien it becomes nearly 200 miles narrower, though gradually expanding towards 
the northern line, where it measures 180 miles in breadth. Its area is computed at 46,431 
square miles. 

Goveniinent. — By the constitution, established in 1845, the governor holds office for a term 
of four years, but cannot be elected for the next succeeding term. He is chosen by a plu- 
rality of the electors. The lieutenant governor, chosen in like manner, presides over the 
Senate. Senators, 32 m number, are chosen also for four years, at alternate biennial elec- 
tions, so that one half retire every two years. Representatives, not less than 70 nor more 
than 100 in number, apportioned to the number of electors, as computed every 10 years, are 
chosen bionnially. The legislature sits but once in two years, and their sessions cannot be 
of longer duration than 60 days. The qualifications of voters are similar to those of most 



60 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

of the free states ; the riglit of suffrage being confined to white American citizens, who have 
resided within the state tv.-o years, tlie last of which in tlie parish or county wliere they vote. 

Judiciary. — The Supreme Court is composed of a chief and tliree associate justices. It has 
appellate jurisdiction only in certain prescribed cases. District Courts, with one judge to 
each, are established in the several judicial districts, the present number of which is 17 : * 
these have jurisdiction in all criminal cases, and in civil suits involving a sum exceeding 50 
dollars. All the judges are appointed by the executive ; tliose of the Supreme Court for 
eight, and those of the inferior courts for six years. 

Education. — The state appropriates annually, for purposes of education, $2.50,000. It has 
also a permanent fund, derived from various sources, the interest of which is applied to the 
maintenance of free schools. , 

Finances. — It is provided by the constitution that tlie state debt shall never exceed 
$100,000, except in case of war or other like emergency, or for some special public work or 
object autliorized by law. Subscriptions by the state to the stock of any corporation are 
prohibited, as is also a loan of the state credit. Banking or discounting companies cannot 
be augmented in number, nor any further charters granted, except for political or municipal 
purposes, for more than 25 years. 

Surface, Soil, Sfc. — Nearly the whole surface of the state consists of level prairies, many 
of thera of immense extent. There are no elevations of consequence, excepting in one 
quarter, near the centre of the western boundary, where the land swells into protuberances, 
though of no very great height. There are occasional tracts exhibiting a hilly and rolling sur- 
face, having forests of pines, of singular appearance, upon the acclivities, and surmounted by 
broad expanses of table lands, the intervening valleys reaching to a depth of some 40 feet. 
Prairies, swamps, alluvial plains, pine, hickory, and oak lands, may be said to comprehend 
the chief varieties of the soil of Louisiana. The marshes, forming the basis of the alluvial 
soil, and which are annually overflowed, extend some 20 to 30 miles inland from the southern 
boundary, and in many places nearly the same distance on either side of the large streams. 
The alluvial grounds beyond, as tliey gradually accumulate, assume the character of prairies, 
and are remarkable for their extraordinary fertility. A part of the tract subject to inundation 
bears a heavy growth of timber. The soil of the pine uplands is somewhat sterile ; and that 
of the elevated prairies is generally of ordinary quality, though well adapted for grazing ; 
but that of the alluvial districts is exceedingly rich and productive. Sugar, cotton, and rice 
are the most important staples ; and these are cultivated extensively and profitably. Among 
the other valuable products of the soil are corn and other grains, potatoes, tobacco, hay, &.c. 
Large numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are raised in the central and northern 
parts of the state. The bottom lands bordering on Red River abound in various descriptions of 
timber, as locust, buckeye, papaw, willow, Cottonwood, &c. On the fertile uplands are found 
the hickory, elm, ash, walnut, and mulberry; also grape-vines in great profusion. The white 
and yellow pine, and several kinds of oak, thrive in many other elevated parts of the state, 
olherwise deemed sterile. 

Jlivcrs. — The magnificent " Father of Waters," the Mississippi, discharges itself into the 
Ciulf of Mexico, through various outlets at the southern and south-eastern extremities of the 
ttate. In its long journey from its northern sources, it of course traverses the entire length 
of the state, partially forming its eastern boundary, and then passing off in a south-easterly 
direction, nearly through the middle of the remaining portion of the territory. This vast 
stream receives in its course, and within the limits of the state, the liquid contributions of 
several important tributaries, which water the country in many directions. Among these are 
Red River and its branches, the Atchafalaya, &c. 

Internal Improvements. — There are sundry railroads connecting the capital with different 
places in the vicinity, none of which, however, are of any great length. Tlie railroad from St. 
Francisville, on the Mississippi, to Woodville, Mississippi, 20 miles, is tlie longest in the state. 

• The district of New Orleans comprises 5 courts ; so that the whole number of district judges is 22. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAINE. 



61 



There are also several canals of considerable magnitude connected with the navigation of the 
Mississippi. Other public worlds of tlie kind, including both railroads and canals, are in contem- 
plation, some of which are already in course of construction. 

Minerals. — But little attention has been given to the mineral resources of Louisiana. 
Probably no extensive explorations have ever been undertaken. Few or no indications of 
coal, or other mineral deposits, have as yet made their appearance, and wliatcver treasures of 
this kind may exist beneath the surface still remain undeveloped. 

.Manufactures. — These include a few cotton factories, producing articles only for home 
consumption ; several furnaces, forges, and tanneries ; a number of sugar refineries, distilleries, 
and mills of various sorts. 

Indians. — Of the numerous tribes which once peopled or roamed over this and the nciglibor- 
ing regions, scarcely a vestige remains. The race of red men has retired before the advancing 
footsteps of civilization, from this as from other quarters of the United States, where the settle- 
ments of the white man have encroached upon the hunting-grounds and the wild haunts and 
habits of the savage. 

Population. — The people of Louisiana comprehend not only several varieties of the human 
species, but are composed both of native Americans and of the descendants of emigrants from 
many foreign nations. The inhabitants of the nortliern settlements were chiefly from Canada, 
those in the centre of the state are mostly of German extraction, and those at the soutli com- 
prise large numbers of French and Spaniards, descended from the original settlers. The popu- 
lation, which in 1810 was 76,556, more than doubled itself within the following ten years, 
and in 18.50 it had increased to 517,739. Nearly one half the population are slaves. 

Climate. — There are large tracts in this state, which, at certain seasons, are decidedly un- 
favorable to human health. During the summer and autumn, the low and marshy localities 
are frequently visited by yellow fever, cholera, and other destructive maladies. Other parts 
of tJie state, however, enjoy a salubrious climate. The winters in general are said to be less 
mild than those on the Atlantic coast in the same parallel of latitude. 

Religion. — The Roman Catholics have ever been the prevailing sect, the country having 
been originally settled by them, altliough other denominations are at present increasing. 
There are numerous bodies of Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians, all of 
which are growing in numbers more rapidly than the Papists. 




MAINE. History is, in more than one point of view, an instructor of mankind. It can be 
considered morally, as it teaches the connection of the virtues witli domestic and national 
prosperity. By its statistics it enlightens the politician, animates the philanthropist, and 



62 UNITED STATES CwVZETTEER. 

warns the tyrant. It directs tlie cfibrts of art, science, and benevolence; connects distant 
times and places with our own period and abode ; makes us denizens almost of a world • and 
kindles a glowing interest in the affairs of our whole race. 

The "enlightened European" might disdain to look for lessons of wisdom to the compara- 
tively obscure settlers of American wildernesses ; but it may be successfully maintained thai 
even from them ho could be tauglit. A population laborious and sober, frugal yet free, pos- 
sessing and consulting tlie sacred records of divine revelation, and unobstructed in the reduction 
of their precepts into practical life, must afford a development to the human faculties rarely 
seen. The old world presents the many as made subservient to the few ; the new world 
has afforded the prospect of the multitude engaged in promoting their own benefit, and framing 
their institutions in such manner as to secure it. 

Let a thoughtful reader peruse the history of the republics of Italy, as -nTittcn by their 
enlightened and faithful historian Sismondi, and study the tablet it presents of lawless ambition, 
rutliless war, and keen suffering, of heartless oppression and wrong, and that for centuries ; 
then let him turn over the records of our own American states, and institute a comparison. 
Will he not conclude that humanity has gained somewhat in the lapse of ages ? 

In Maine, for instance, an example has been set for the instruction of the world, in the 
single circumstance of the creation of its territory into a sovereign state, without the 
shedding of a drop of human blood, or tlie existence of angry debate. Peaceful and deliberate 
discussion, weighing critically the advantage or the injury, and honestly bringing each to the 
light for impartial examination, formed the prelude ; and the consequent success of the measure 
has been between the sister states a subject of mutual congratulation, each of tlie parties 
having unquestionably gained. 

It cannot be denied that in the circumstances of these two masses of population, ainountinir 
in the aggregate to 700,000 souls, the withdrawing of one third part might have furnished fuel 
for an extensive and ruinous conflagration. Causes of minor consequence often inflamed the 
ancient republics of Greece, and incited them to ruinous wars ; and Italian history, before 
alluded to, is full of scenes of bloodshed where far less was at stake. But Massachdsett» 
submitted to lose much of her weight and influence in the general union of tlie states, and 
Maine was content with the division of the public property. Each State has since advanced 
in opulence, and in all that distinguishes American society, without the slightest relic of any 
ancient grudge, or the traces of political jealousy or envy. 

No enlightened lover of mankind can contemplate such a picture, it would seem, without 
emotion. How many bloody revolutions would have been prevented, how many precious lives 
been saved, had such a course been uniformly held ! The wars of Holland witli Spain, in the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries, and tliat of Great Britain with the colonies in the eighteenth, 
would have had no place in history ; and could the now remaining colonies pursue a similar 
course, it might be expected to issue in mutual benefit ; as might, perhaps, the wasting desola- 
tions of Hungary and Italy, in our own day, have been prevented by it. Force and fraud have 
done for ambition the work of selfish aggrandizement too long already: we may hope that the 
time approaches when " the greatest good of the greatest number " is to be the acknowledged 
aim of the rulers of men. 

Among the Eastern or New England States, extent of territory is the prominent distinction 
of Maine. So great is this, comparatively, tliat it early gave occasion to a significant toast 
from a tourist* of South Carolina — " The District of Maine, the main district of Massachu- 
setts I " But it rises to a higher consequence, for its area, which is now stated at 32,638 square 
miles, nearly equals the aggregate of all the other states comprised in the above-named division, 
and in population it stands among them the second only to Massachusetts. 

Nor are these distinctions the sole recommendations of this state to our regard. Its length- 
ened sea-coast, indented with harbors almost innumerable, and extending more than 200 miles, 
point it out as offering advantages of navigation and commerce superior to anyxoast of equal 
extent possessed by any of the states of our broad confederacy — advantages which have been 

• Major Pinchicy, in 1809. 



STATES AND TERRITOIIIES. — MAINE. 63 

availed of by many of its adventurous and cnorfretic citizens, who have for a long time 
frequented the West Indies, as well as our oivn ports, with lumber, cattle, and provisions of 
various kinds. This distinction occasioned a late President of the United States * to express 
the opinion, that in process of time the peculiar facilities of Maine would inevitably raise her 
to a commercial prosperity greater than that of any state of the Union. 

Her climate is, indeed, uninviting to tlie inliabitant of more southern regions. So great a 
portion of the year is occupied by the months which may be termed wintry, that a dread is felt 
of experiencing its rigor. But little reflection, however, is necessary to evince tliat such a 
climate is favorable to health, and promotive of vigorous action. An old inhabitant addressed 
a foreigner of distinction,f who had taken up his abode in it after the revolution, saying, " I 
wonder how you, who had a choice of all the country, should seat yourself here." " You 
have here," he replied, " the better end of the whole region, with a pure, gravelly soil and 
clear springs." The inhabitants of the rich, alluvial soil of the western country, enriched 
indeed by the vegetable spoils of centuries, yet hardly admitting the construction of durable 
roads, and affording in its waters but the elements of fever and ague, can apjjrcciate the 
observation. Maine is comparatively healthy. It has lost, however, a large number of its 
vigorous young men in the trade witii the West Indies, as in fact has been the sad experience 
of most of the Northern States of our confederacy. 

We may take a view of Maine, — 

I. In its condition previous to the formation witliin it of any settlement from Europe. It 
was then inhabited by a rather numerous and formidable body, or, to speak more accurately, 
by several bodies, of Indians, as they were subsequently termed. Of their character and 
manners, as they were totally destitute of letters, we can form but a very inadequate judgment, 
as our opinions must be grounded on knowledge obtained concerning them at a later period. 
Their country was mostly covered with Avood ; yet it abounded in animals used for the s\ipport 
of luiman life, and the natives were clad in their skins. Well-shaped, athletic, accustomed 
to traverse the rivers and to frequent the islands and sea-coast in their light canoes, they seem 
to have enjoyed much of all that can fall to the lot of savage life. 

Of their languages we are able at present to give btit a meagre account. Vocabularies 
have, indeed, been formed, and particularly one by RALi,E,:t a Jesuit priest, who was long with 
them, and lost his life in their defence; but it is believed no books wore ever published in any 
of them, the celebrated Bible of their more western "apostle" Eliot having appeared in the 
dialect of the tribes inhabiting Massachusetts. 

The late lamented Dr. Pickerino, who had paid no little attention to the subject, has left, 
as the result of his labors, a lucid account appended to the translation of the " Conversations- 
Lexicon,"^ and an ample exhibition of the various opinions of different writers respecting the 
names and abodes of their several tribes appears in Williamson's very elaborate History of 
Maine. But our limits will not permit us to pursue the subject far. 

Not remotely from the mouth of tlie Penobscot, and up its waters, is placed by general 
consent the country called in the earliest English authorities Norujibega. Here, or at Pern- 
aquid, it was supposed resided the most powerful chieftain of all tlie region now included in 
tlie boundaries of Maine. His title or name was Bashaba. His authority apparently reached 
wcstwardly as far as the Piscataqua ; but when it originated is uncertain ; it seems to have 
ended about 1617. 

There remain at present but three tribes. These appear descended of the Etechemins, who 
had the Micmacs to the eastward of them, inhabiting what are now the British provinces of 
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Remnants of the latter are also left, but it is believed their 
language has never been reduced to writing, at least that no books have been printed in it. 

* Mr. Tan Buren. f Count Polerecs/ci, a noble of Pol^ind. 

+ See Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. 

^ Encyclop. Amer., vol. vi., Appendix, in which (p. 58-5) he classes the native inhabitants east of the 
Hudson, except the Iroquois or Mohawks, as descended of the Lenape, and says, "When the Euro- 
peans arrived here, these Indians were in possession of all the sea-coast from Nova Scotia to Virginia." 



64 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

Two bodies of the Indians inJiubiting Maine are the Passamaqiioddy and Penobscot tribes ; 
the latter reckoned as Tarratines, the former as Openangoes. By an experiment related by the 
Hon. Mr. Wii-LiAMSON, it appeared that " not a word of their language was found in the Bible 
translated by Eliot." * 

We cannot, perhaps, venture to assert that the coast had never been visited by Europeans 
before the voyage of Cabot, or those of the Spaniards, who, with the French, seem to have been 
upon it at an early date. But on a small island very near Monliegan was discovered, in 1808, 
an inscription of a rather curious kind, made on the side of a rock. It might possibly coun- 
tenance the hypothesis, which has been of late entertained with so much approbation and 
interest by the Danish antiquaries, that America was visited by Scandinavians, or Icelanders, 
long before Columbus. Yet the inscription seems too simple to be resolved into Runic 
characters. We give it thus : — 

MK/N}^MXA\KIIXXIAXY 

On the top of the rock were found three holes, about one foot apart, rather deeply perforated, 
and calculated to accommodate a tripod. The island is called Mananas, or Menannah, and is 
described in Williamson;! although, so far as is known to the writer, the above inscription 
has never before met the public eye. It is the only one of which he has heard as existing in 
Maine ; and whether it were the result of mere idleness, or made to score a reckoning, or has 
a meaning of a different kind, we will not undertake to determine. The holes are an inch 
deep or more, and near three inches in diameter. The strokes are cut to tlie depth of nearly 
half an inch, and are about six inches in lengtli, as our informant \ stated. A spring is near, 
and the shore about thirty rods off. The ledge of rock is near the centre of the little island, 
and runs about north-north-east and south-south-west. 

The natives became known to Europe by an act of what we might term cruel treachery in 
an English captain, Weymouth. Yet it resulted in good. For an interest was excited on 
the sight of them, and new desires were aroused of colonizing tlieir country. This was in 
1605. Two or three years after, an actual attempt was made to settle at the mouth of the 
Sagadehoc or Kennebec River. 

The Indians now remaining in the State of Maine are divided into three bodies. That 
division with which we. are least acquainted is settled on the St. John's River, at two places, 
63 and 16.3 miles respectively above Fredericton, in the Province of New Brunswick. 
Schoolcraft § gives their number at 300 souls, and calls tliem Souriquois. By Williamsojj 
they are termed Marechites, by Morse Molecites. They were once numerous and powerful, 
but have greatly declined ; and, like the other two divisions, are cliiefly, as they ever have been 
from the earliest English settlement,! under the influence of Romish priests ; although attempts 
have been made, and sometimes with apparent success, to induce individuals to adopt a purer 
faith. In 1811, one branch of them was visited at Old Town, under the authority of the Massa- 
chusetts government, with a view to induce them to cultivate their lands, and learn to depend 
on the productions of their soil, and not merely on hunting, fowling, and fi.^hing. But tlie elTort 
was frustrated by the ensuing war of 1812-15, in which the tribe determined on a strict neu- 
trality between the two belligerent nations. 

At a subsequent period, as is stated by Williams o.n,1i both these tribes had become 

* Hist, of Maine, vol. i. p. 459. 

t " On the south side [of Monheijan] is the Menannah Island, of two acres, distant a cable's length, 
and the harbor is between the two islands ; the entrance into it on the south-west of Monhegan being 
safe and easy." — Hist, of Maine, vol. i. p. 61. 

% The late Major Joshua S/iaiv, of Bath, Maine. 

§ In liis great work on the Indians of North America, published by Congress in 18.30, 4to. 

II See an account of the succession of missionaries from the late Governor Lincoln's Papers, in the 
Collections of the Maine Hist. Soc. vol. i. 

H Hist, of Maine, vol. ii. pp. 669, 670 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAINE. 65 

" objects of public cliarity and protection," and one which suft'ered peculiarly was aided by a grant 
of provisions. This, however, was but a temporary relief, and at length an arrangement was 
made, by wliich the lands belonging to tlie Penobscot tribe, and which originally extended far 
up tlie river, and six miles in width on each side of it, were still farther relinquished or dis- 
posed of to tlie government by a treaty, with exception of four townsliips six miles square, and 
the islands in Penobscot River above Old Town. 

In consequence of this arrangement, effected in 1817, and ratified February 20, 1810, t^ie 
government stipulated to deliver to the tribe yearly, in October, as long as it might exist, 
" 500 bushels of corn, 15 barrels of wheat flour, and 7 of clear pork ; one hogsliead of molasses, 
.50 Indian blankets, 100 pounds of gunpowder, 400 of shot, and 150 of tobacco; 100 yards of 
broadcloth, alternately red and blue ; G boxes of chocolate, and $50 in silver." " After- 
wards, $350 were ai)propriated by tlic government, as an annual stipend to tiicir religious 
teacher." 

Such is the issue of a lingering and almost listless existence, tliat has been protracted 
during successive and obstinate wars, in whicii tlie devotion of the Indians to their Romish 
guides filled them with prejudice and hatred against the Protestant settlers of Maine, and 
apparently lias prevented, and still prevents, their rising, by industrious, economical habits, 
to the enjoyment of blessings which tliey see multiplied all around them. These but con- 
vince them of tlieir own degradation, and display, iiJ a marked contrast, the effects of 
their idleness and improvidence. There are now, according to the last account reported at 
Washington, 277 souls in tlio Penobscot, and 37'.) in tlie Passamaquoddy tribe ; and much the 
greater ])ortion of tliese are women and cliildren. Tlie Passamaquoddy tribe are at " Pleasant 
Point," with a territory of 1)0 acres; the otiicr at Old Town, on an island of the Penobscot 
River. 

11. We may contemplate Mai.nk as claimed, and in part occupied, by French and English 
proprietors. 

Compared with the otlier Eastern or New England States, it may be regarded as a peculiar 
feature of the history of 1\Iaine, that her first settlements of Europeans were made on prin- 
ciples of feudalism. Hence, in fact, the disappointments that attended them. This observa- 
tion was made, virtually, by the respected historian of New Hampshire, the accurate and 
sagacious Belknap. He could not but mark the difference resulting from the influence of 
ordei-s transmitted from a distant country, compared with the impulses of personal interest and 
independent adventure. In almost every instance, the lordly proprietor, who managed his 
estate by agencies, was forced to succumb to the lavish or indiscreet expenditures of his 
" servants ; " and they who became successful were the men wiio hazarded their all in person. 
This has been noticed in tlie remarks introducing our Gazetteer of New Hampshire.' 

Sir Ferdinando Gorges was the most conspicuou.s and laborious of these proprietors of 
tlio territory. The portion he claimed within the present limits of Maine reached along the 
shore from Piscataqua to Sagadehoc, estimated at 60 miles, and 120 miles into the interior, 
embodying about COOO square miles. For tliis he obtained a patent from " the Council for 
the Affairs of New England," which had been formed by King James I., in 1600, into a com- 
pany, divided into two parts, the one liaving South Virginia for its object, the other North 
V'irginia. London and Plymouth gave name to tliese several divisions, which were united 
under one head, termed the "General Council of Virginia," consisting of thirteen members 
appointed by the crown, and resident in England. In 1690, chiefly at the solicitation of 
Gorges, who was a leading member, the patent given originally to the Plymouth division 
was enlarged and renewed, and now embraced all New England, taking the above title. 
This measure was deemed necessary, in order to give a "definite extent of territory, witli 
necessary power and privileges," and " an exclusive right to the soil, fisliing, and trade within 
its limits.' 

* See Hayward's Gazetteer of New Hampshire, p. 10, and repeated in this work. And see tlie very 
comprehensive summary of the history of these claims in an account of "the Plymouth Claim," or 
" Kennebec Purchase," by lion. R. H. Gardiner, Pres. of Maine Hist. Soc, in vol. ii. of their Coll. 



66 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

Gorges, whose attention had been early turned to America, as a field for colonization, and 
who had already made great efforts and expenditures, with hut unsatisfactory results, being 
now strengthened by tlie zeal and intelligence of Captain John Mason, whose patent adjoined 
his own at the westward, and extended from Piscataqua to Merrimac, entered on the work with 
new vigor, althougli advanced in years and a pecuniary sufferer. Ho had, in 1623, invested 
his son Robert witli ample powers, and furnished him with stores to aid the settlers already 
upon his lands; and at length, in ]()35, gave the form and consistency of a Province to them, 
of which he bore the title,* and to which lie gave the name of Maine. 

It is peculiarly affecting to read the simple and " Brief Narration " which this ardent adven- 
turer has transmitted to posterity, and see with what perseverance he cherished the hope, for 
near forty years, that, although for liimself he were a loser, others would yet obtain great 
benefits. " I dealt not," says lie, " as merchants are wont, seeking only to make my oivn profit, 
my ends being to make thorough the discovery of the country." — "I opened the way for 
others to make their gain." — "Thus much, I presume, will clear the objection made by my 
example, and give comfort and courage to the industrious to follow the precedents of those 
more able to act their own parts than I have been." — For he had said, " I found it no mean 
matter to procure any to go there, much less to reside there ; and those I sent knew not how 
to subsist but on tlie provisions I furnished them withal." f 

But our space will not permit us to dwell longer on this detail. It has already carried our 
narrative beyond the period of tlie earliest Europenn settlements, and we must return. 

The rivah-y of the two most powerful princes on the continent of Europe, Francis I. of 
France, and Charles of Spain, afterwards emperor, and 5th of that name, evinced itself in 
maritime affairs, as well as in efforts on land. One of the popes, himself a Spaniard, J had 
" meted out" the heathen portion of mankind between the Portuguese and Spaniards, assign- 
ing to the latter, under tlie name of the West Indies, that "new world" of which Columbus 
liad been the discoverer, in 149'2 ; to the former, with Africa, the East Indies. 

Francis, not brooking that his rival should be enriched with a possession so splendid, and 
roused by the efforts at discovery made by Henry VII. of England, who had patronized the 
Cabots, and claimed the northern part of the American continent, which they had seen in 
1497, attempted to realize a share also. He therefore fitted out an expedition in 1.523, under 
Verrazzano, who discovered Florida, and sailed along the coast from latitude 28° to 50°, 
denominating it New France. He, however, perished at sea, without effecting any coloniza- 
tion whatever. § 

In fact, the wars of Europe conspired with other causes to prevent, for more than a century 
after its discovery, the colonization of any part of North America. Attempts were indeed 
made by Sir Walter Raleigh within the patent of South Virginia, and had been made pre- 
viously in Florida, by Admiral Colignt, but were both ineffectual. And it may be asserted, 
that, notwithstanding repeated voyages to different parts of the coast by botli French and 
English, and repeated exertions to colonize, frustrated by untoward circumstances, the six- 
teenth century had closed before any permanent establishments were made. 

In 1602, the shores of Maine were at least approached by Gosnold, an English navigator, 
and the following year actually visited by Martin Pring, who fell in with the coast at the 
mouth of the Penobscot River. The claim of England to Canada and Nova Scotia had been 
valid until 1600, when the French were in possession of both ; and tlie mutual contentions of 
the mother countries thenceforward affected the inhabitants down to the peace of 1763. 

But it will be useful to glance at the intermediate period, by retaining a few dates as land- 
marks and assistants of the memory. 

* Being called " Lord Proprietor of the Province of Maine ; " the name of Maine being supposed to 
be taken from the province of that name in France — as a compliment to Henrietta of France, queen 
•f Charles I. 

t See his " Brief Narration," Coil. Hist. See. of Maine, vo*. ii. 

X AUxander VI. (Borgia.) See Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 7. 

{ Annals, ut supra, p. 54. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAINE. 67 

1607. The colony of Sagadehoc was temporarily formed at the mouth of the River Ken- 
nebec. The time that had elapsed between Gosnold's voyage and this period had been 
occupied by the visits of different navigators, who had greatly increased the interest felt in 
England with respect to America ; and especially, as has been seen, in the bosom of Sir P. 
Gorges and his associates. And, as a result of tlie division of the royal patent, in 1006, 
already noticed, this attempt at Sagadehoc was made. But it was unhappily frustrated. The 
winter proved exceedingly cold, the oolonists were poorly sheltered, and a piirt of their store 
was consumed by fire. Chief Justice Popham, a special patron of the enterprise, died; his 
brother also, George Popham, who was its president and leader, followed. Sir John Gil- 
bert, elder brother of Raleigh Gilbert, admiral of the colony, had deceased, leaving this 
brother to be his heir. All these conspiring events urged the colonists to desist from their 
undertaking, and were effectual. The next year the survivors returned to England, " brand- 
ing the country," remarks Prince, '-as over cold, and not Iiabitable by our English nation."* 
This attempt embodied " a hundred emigrants, besides mariners." 

IGl.'i. This year is memorable as bringing with it the first open rupture between the sub- 
jects of England and France residing on these shores. On the northern bank of tlie St. 
Lawrence the city of Quebec had been founded five years before, and tlie country to the west 
and south-west of it explored by the French. On the shores of Acadia also a settlement had 
been made at Port Royal, now Annapolis ; and two Jesuits, disagreeing with those who 
formed this settlement, had seated themselves on the Island of Mount Desert, near the mouth 
of the Penobscot, and were engaged in labors to convert the natives to their system of religion. 
But the circumstances of tlie colonists in Virginia requiring aid, vessels had been despatched 
to the Bermuda Islands for provisions, and to the fisheries on the northern coast. The latter 
service was assigned to Sir Samuel Argal, who, on hearing the state of the French settle- 
ments, and conceiving that they had encroached on the English patents, attacked and destroyed 
them, in repeated expeditions, carrying away several of the inhabitants. Yet this act, although 
in time of peace, was not followed by war between the two nations.f 

161.5. Passing by the history of the previous voyages of Smith, the hero of Virginia, who 
visited Monhegan, the preceding year, for purposes of trade, this year is observable, as ex- 
hibiting the first attempt, since the failure of 1607, to colonize under his command ; but it 
was frustrated.} 

1620, November 3. Date of new charter to the Plymouth Company, under which Mason, 
Gorges, Sir VV. ."Vlexander and others subsequently claimed lands, lying between 40° and 
48° of north latitude. 

1622, August 10. Gorges and Mason obtain a patent for the lands between the Rivers 
Merrimac and Sagadehoc, " extending from the Atlantic unto tlie Rivers Canada and Iroquois, 
and including the savage nations towards the great lakes." Tliis was called " the Province of 
Laconia." To give effect to this was formed " the Company of Laconia," for fishing and the 
fur trade, discovery also and settlement. This year the Island of Monhegan is supposed to 
have received permanent inhabitants. 

1623. A permanent settlement commenced at Saco. The coast liad been previously recon- 
noitred by Vines and others, sent out by Gorges in 160L(. But now, settlers having been 
procured for the locality soutli of the River Piscataqua, who founded the colony of New 
Hampshire, others established themselves along the shore eastward, at Arowsic Island, on 
the main land at Sagadehoc, at Sheepscot, Damariscotta, Pemaquid, and St. George's River. 

An attempt was first made, this year, to establish a general governor over New England, 
in the person of Robert Gorges, son of Sir Ferdinando, but the project happily failed. 
Nevertheless, it became a favorite measure with the government, and in subsequent periods 
occasioned no little alarm and trouble to the colonies. Agamenticus, or York, settled. 

1627. A patent is granted to the New Plymouth colonists who had traded to Monhegan, 

* See WiUiamsoft, vol. i. pp. 107-203, and Prince's Annals. 

t Holmes's Annals, A. D. 1613. Williamson's Hist. Maine, vol. i. 

* Id. ib. p. 214. 



fiS UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

Damariscove, and the Penobscot previously, and now asked for the exclusive trade of tlie 
Kennebec ; on whose bank they established, in tlie subsequent year, (during which the im- 
portant patent of Massachusetts Bay was issued,) a trading-house.* 

1621). Thomas Commock, or ratlier CAMOCK,t obtained a patent for land between the 
River Spurwink and Black Point, in Scarboro', on which he settled subsequently, and died 
in 1643.t 

In tills year was also granted, with enlargements, the Kennebec or Plymouth patent, 
intended as an express favor to New Plymouth, for the encouragement of trade and the 
fishery, and for the propagation of religion. The area included in it is stated to have been 
1,500,000 acres ; but long disputes grew out of it, not settled before 1789. 

1630. Grants were made by the Plymouth Council to settlers at Saco ; and another, much 
more extensive, being 40 miles square, and called Lygonia, in which Gorges was greatly con- 
cerned, but still unsuccessful. It extended from Cape Porpoise to Cape EIizabeth.§ 

During this year was also granted the Muscongus patent, known at an after period as that 
of Waldo, which included a tract of about 30 miles square. It was not intended for a 
separate government, but only for purposes of trade witli the natives. 

1631. This year the Pemaquid patent was granted, and seems to have closed the series. 
Of all these it may be said, probably, as of many if not most of the early grants, tlieir boun- 
daries could not be well defined, and therefore disputes would In time naturally arise concerning 
them. Two territories soon came into notice — the Kennebec, or Maine, and the Sagadehoc, 
the eastern part of which was Acadian, and claimed by the French. The history of all these 
claims is given elaborately by Williamson, to whom our limits compel us to refer. They 
were not settled until the cliarter given by King William and Queen Mary, in 1691, united 
tliem with Massachusetts under the same government. 

That state had, however, in the year 1677, purchased the entire claim of tlie Gorges 
family to Maine, for £1250 sterling, and established a government over it. It had also 
assumed, in 1689, the government of Western Sagadehoc, and in 1690, Sir W. Phips sub- 
dued the remainder. 

From this period the history of Maine is blended with that of Massachusetts ; and although, 
as has been hinted, her sufferings from Canadian Indians had been peculiar, and so continued 
until the conquest of Canada by the British and provincial anns, and peace of 1763, yet the 
operation of the laws, customs, pursuits, and fortunes of Massachusetts was of the same 
character in " the district," as in tliat state. 

In 1820, after much previous discussion, of the most deliberate and prudent kind, however, 
a separation was eflected by mutual arrangements, and a new state formed, taking the ven- 
erated name of Maine. The Hon. William King, one of its most distinguished citizens, 
and who had greatly exerted himself to benefit the country, was, with great unanimity, 
elected their first governor. For the succeeding thirty years, the affairs of the state have 
been managed with the regularity, consideration, and fidelity which a well-informed commu- 
nity require of those whom their free suffrages raise to office. The cause of education has 

* Williamson's Hist. Maine, pp. 233, 234. 

f He was nephew of Robert, third Baron Rich, and first Earl of Warmck, whose son, of the same name, 
was president for a time of the Plymouth Company, and in 1644 admiral of England under the com- 
monwealth. Camocks, the ancient residence of the family, was in Esse,^ county, England. Captain 
Thomas Camock, a widower, father of the patentee, living in the family of the old Baron Rich, became 
attached to his daughter Frances, and, in consequence of the father's dislike of the match, carried her 
off on horseback. They were pursued, were compelled to swim a river with difficulty, reached Maldon, 
in Essex, and were there married — the old nobleman giving at length his blessing, seeing his daughter 
*' had ventured her life " for her husband. But he was observed to take it to heart until his death, in 
1581. Two sons and eleven daughters were the fruit of this marriage. MorarU's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. 
pp. 323, 408. 

i Williamson, Hist. M. vol. i. p. 23G, who mistakes the relationship. .See Burke's Extinct Peerage 
of England, and CoUins's Peerage, ed. of 17o6. 

} Williamson, ut supra, p. 238. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAE YLAND. 



69 



been cherished with a wise care ; and tliat of religious instruction has encountered no impedi- 
ment in an officious legislation, but has been left to its own native energy, and tlie operation 
of the general laws of the land. It has, therefore, by the blessing of God, been in a flourish- 
ing state, under the management of different denominations. Of these, Congregationalists, 
Baptists, and Methodists are the principal; and there are Episcopalians, and a few churches 
of Romanists. They enjoy equal liberty and equal protection. 

Under a separate head in this work will be found an account of tlio colleges, theological 
seminaries, academies, and schools ; as also the statistics of the agriculture, commerce, manu- 
factures, roads, canals, rivers, bays, harbors, cities, towns, and settlements of the state, which 
has commenced, and is pursuing, under the divine blessing, its high career of well-earned 
prosperity. 

EsTO perpetua! 




MARYLAND is one of the thirteen American states, which, after the close of the revolu- 
tionary war, became parties to the compact whereby they were united into one great national 
familv. It is usually designated as tlie southernmost of the Middle States, lying on the Atlan- 
tic coast; it extends from 38° to 39° 44' nortli latitude, and between 75° 10' and 79° 20' west 
longitude ; and its superficial area, of which about one hfth is water, is estimated as being 
9,.3.il) square miles. Tlie present boundaries of the state are as follows: north by Pennsyl- 
vania, east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, south and west by Virginia, from which it is 
divided by the River Potomac. Its form is extremely irregular. Chesapeake Bay, passing 
through the state from north to south, near its centre, separates it into two sections, which are 
known respectively as the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. 

It is generally understood that Maryland was comprised in the sweeping grant to the Vir- 
ginia Company, prior to the year 163'2; but in June (ff that year, the whole tract now consti- 
tuting the state was conveyed by patent from Charles I. to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore ; 
when, out of compliment to the then queen, Henrietta Maria, the colony was named Manjland. 
The earliest settlement was effected by some 200 Catholics of high respectability, under 
Leonard Calvert, son of the original grantee, at a spot occupied as an Indian village, on the 
north side of the Potomac. The generous offer, by the proprietor, of 50 acres of land in fee 
to every pennanent settler, and the adoption of a form of government upon liberal and humane 
j)riaciples, similar to those contained in tlie wise model furnished by Roger Williams, and 



70 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

afterwards enlarged upon by William Penn, soon attracted large numbers of valuable emigrants. 
Under this judicious policy, freely admitting associates from all countries, and assuring tlie 
enjoyment of equal privileges, including the utmost toleration of all Christian denominations, 
the colony rapidly increased in population, and continued to flourish, with some few interrup- 
tioiis, until the year 1052. Parliament tlien took forcible possession, and undertook to admin- 
ister the affairs of the province through the agency of commissioners. But witliin ten years 
thereafter, the government reverted to the successors of Lord Baltimore. The first regularly 
arranged constitution was framed in 1650, two years prior to the act of Parliament above 
mentioned ; its provisions contemplated a partition of the legislature, then composed of one 
body, into two branches, and a division of the territory into three distinct counties. At the 
outbreak, and during tlic continuance, of the war of the revolution, the men of Maryland were 
not behind their fellow-countrymen in patriotic efforts to secure the independence of the 
nation. In 1776, their first republican constitution was established, and the state formally 
joined the confederation in 1781. It adopted the constitution of the United States, at a con- 
vention held in April, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. A new state constitution was formed 
in 1851. 

Government. — By the state constitution in force at the date of this article, the governor is 
elected triennially by a plurality of the popular vote, and is ineligible for the next succeeding 
term. He is selected in turn from each of the three gubernatorial districts into which the 
state is divided. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Delegates ; the former, 
21 in number, chosen (one third every second year) by the counties and by the city of Balti- 
more, to serve six years. Members of the House of Delegates are elected for two years, from 
the counties, in proportion to population, the city of Baltimore being entitled to a number 
equal to that chosen by the largest county. This body may act as a grand jury. In case of 
vacancy in the office of governor, the executive functions are exercised, first, by the secretary 
of state; next, by the president of the Senate; and, lastly, by the speaker of the house ; or, 
if in session, the General Assembly may forthwith fill the vacancy by joint ballot ; and in like 
manner at the next session, should the vacancy occur during a recess. Any bill to abolish 
slavery must unanimously pass both houses, be published three months prior to the ensuing 
election of delegates, and, at the following session, again pass unanimously : it shall also pro- 
vide for a full compensation of the slave owners. No gift or devise of property to clergymen 
is valid without consent of the legislature, excepting land for a church or cemetery, not to 
exceed two acres. All civil officers must declare their belief in the Christian religion. The 
right of suffrage is extended to all free white males, after twelve months' residence in the state, 
and six months in the county wherein they vote. 

Judiciary. — There are six judicial districts in the state, composed respectively of two, three, 
or four counties. Each has a chief judge and two assistants. The city and county of Balti- 
more constitute one of these districts. The justices of each district preside over the several 
County Courts, which are the connnon courts of original jurisdiction in the state. There is a 
State Court of Appeals, including the chief judges of the six districts ; and a Court of Chan- 
cery, comprising chancellor, register, and auditor. 

Education. — The common school system, so deeply cherished in the Northern and Eastern 
States, has not yet attained a very great measure of public favor in Maryland. The scliools, 
throughout the state, supported at public cost, do not, in the aggregate, contain so large a 
number of pupils as are contained in th^ common schools of the single city of Boston ; and tlie 
whole state expenditure for educational purposes, including all that is applied for the sii|)port 
of colleges and academies, as well as for that of grammar and primary schools, does not ex- 
ceed one half the amount expended by the same city upon the two latter grades of seminaries 
alone. Yet there are numerous private institutions of leacning, some of great merit, and 
generally well sustained : among them are several Catholic colleges, and similar exclusive 
establishments. The number of white persons upwards of 20 years of age, in this state, at the 
census of 1850, who could neither read nor write, was upwards of ten thousand. 

Finances. — The net amount of the public debt in December, 1849, was somewhat over 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAR YLAJJD. 71 

$10,500,000, the interest on whicli is annually met by means of taxation. Provision has been 
made for the p-radual reduction of tliis debt, through the operation of a sinking fund, and other 
resources. The nominal liabilities of tlie state, at tlie above date, readied nearly §16,000,000 ; 
to meet which it had productive assets valued at about ©5,300,000, and unproductive property 
estimated at near §15,500,000. The expenditures for the year ending December 1, 1849, 
were ,S1,]4G,492'16; and the income, from all sources, including the direct ta.x, amounted to 
$I,315,43!>80. 

Surface, Soil, Sfc. — The Eastern Sliore of Maryland presents, in general, a Ion- and flat 
surface, with frequent marshy tracts and stagnant ponds. The soil in this region, though not 
remarkably fertile, produces wheat of peculiar whiteness and excellence ; also Indian corn, 
tobacco, sweet potatoes, and most of the ordinary descriptions of vegetables. The western 
section of the state is more elevated and protuberant, gradually rising towards the north-west, 
and becoming at tliat point quite mountainous, being crossed by a part of the Alleghany chain, 
reacliing from Pennsylvania to Vu-ginia. The land in the valleys between these eminences ia 
of superior quality ; and that of the entire section, indeed, is highly productive. The soil is com- 
posed mostly of a heavy red loam. The staple products are tobacco and wheat ; but cotton, hemp, 
and flax are also raised in largo quantities. Fruits of the fmest kinds are abundant, particu- 
larly apples, pears, and the choicest varieties of stone fruit. The woodlands contain much 
valuable timber, and abound with nut-trees, the fruit of which aflbrds subsistence to multitudes 
of swine. There are many tracts which furnish fine pasturage for cattle and sheep ; and in 
addition to beef, mutton, wool, and the products of the dairy, vast quantities of poultry are 
raised in all parts of the state. 

Rivers. — The Potomac, forming the boundary between this state and Virginia ; the Susque- 
hanna, flo«'ing through Pennsylvania, and emptying into the nortlicrly extremity of Chesapeake 
Bay ; tlie Patapsco, and Patuxent, both navigable, and affording good water power, are among 
the principal streams immediately connected with tlie trade and commerce of Maryland. 
There are also several smaller rivers running into the eastern margin of Chesapeake Bay. 

Internal Improvements. — Among tlie most important public works in the country are two 
which owe tlieir origin to Maryland, viz., the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and tlie Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad. They were both commenced in 1338 ; and by their aid tlie markets of 
the world may be readily supplied with the treasures of the immense coal regions in the west. 
A part of the chain of railroads, extending througli most of the Atlantic states, crosses Mary- 
land, taking Baltimore in its course. Other railroads, of considerable extent, diverge from 
Baltimore, Frenchtown, <Sic. A commodious canal, connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware 
Bays, 42 miles in length, was completed in 182!), at a cost of §2,750,000. 

Minerals. — Copperas and chrome ores, red and yellow ochres, sulpliuret of copper, alum 
earth, and porcelain clay are found in considerable quantities, chiefly in the eastern and north- 
eastern parts of the state. Iron ore abounds in various localities ; and the bog ore obtained 
in the southern quarter of the Eastern Shore is wrought to much advantage. But by far the 
most valuable mmeral product of Jlaryland is the bituminous coal, of which there are exliaust- 
less beds in the mountainous region near the western border of the state. One tract, in the 
vicinity of Cumberland, Alleghany county, is said to comprise an area of 400 square miles, 
the veins measuring from 5 to 15 feet in thickness ; another, lying west of the Alleghany ridge, 
contains beds some 20 feet in deptli. 

Manufactures. — Wool, cotton, hemp, and iron are manufactured in many parts of the state. 
There are also numerous tanneries, chandleries, breweries, distilleries, potteries, paper mUls, 
])Owder mills, &c. ; and a very large amount of capital is invested in the busmess of manu- 
facturing wheat flour. 

Indians. — There are no organized tribes of the red races now extant in Maryland. 

Population. — During the last sixty years, the average increase of population in tliis state 
does not seem to have exceeded one per cent, per annum. Nearly one fifth of the iuliabitants 
are slaves. 

Climate. — The elevated country of the Western Shore is blest witli a delightful and 



72 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



salubrious climate ; but in the low and moist lands of the opposite section, especially in summer 
and autumn, where the atmosphere is so often loaded with deleterious vapors exhaled from 
stagnant pools and unreclaimed marshes, tlie climate is decidedly unhealthy. This may be 
inferred even from tlie personal appearance of the people, who are subject, periodically, to 
severe agues, intermittent fevers, &c. 

Helif^on. — The descendants of the original settlers, like their progenitors, are Roman 
Catholics, and probably constitute the most numerous of the several Christian denominations 
within the state. The next in numerical order are the Episcopalians ; then follow Method- 
ists, Presbyterians, Baptists, German Reformers, and Lutherans; also a small number of 
Quakers and Unitarians. 




MASSACHUSETTS. The rank sustained among nations by the United States of 
America, as a consolidated, political body, is high. The second power in commerce on the 
earth, it compares well, at length, if not with the greatest, at least with the great, in popula- 
tion also. China, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and France, with, probably, Japan, wliich 
still refrains from intercommunity with the rest of mankind, exceed it in numbers. Yet the 
general character of its inhabitants for intelligence, enterprise, and vigor excites inquiry. 
The rapid growtli of the country increases curiosity, and prompts to further investigations. 
For it is found that, so far as we can be warranted by die extent of the period of proof, that 
growth is of a durable character. 

Republican principles are not new to the world. The eflbrt to maintain them has been 
made in various ages and countries, from the period of the free states of Greece, and tlie early 
years of republican Rome, to the centuries of Venetian, Swiss, and Dutch liberty. 

But the constituent elements of their liberty seem to have been of a character different from 
that of the government of the United States. Hereditary aristocracies existed in most of 
them, as they do still in the only European republic that survives. In ours, this principle is 
unacknowledged ; and the people are, by constitution and actually, the originators of execu- 
tive and legislative power. And the singular phenomenon is beheld, of a sovereign ruler, 
vested for a time with the exercise of supreme but constitutional power, and descending from 
that height to the level of private life — then called to and accepting grades of inferior influ- 
ence, without the effort to seize, in any one instance, on a superior station. Such has been 
the uniform experience of more tlian half a century. 

Here, then, a problem important to the welfare of the world is in process of solution : Can 
communities be trusted to govern themselves ? Thus far, tlie system adopted by the United 



STATES AND TEREITORIES.— MASSACHUSETTS. 73 

States succeeds admirably, even beyond the expectation of many wise and good men. And 
while tlie ever-varying phases of government, in those provinces of tliis western continent 
which shook off the yoke of Spain, exhibit an instability of condition * and character that 
still portends increase of evils, the march of our Union has been onward ; and its citizens 
have exhibited the cheering spectacle of a nation enjoying tlie widest desirable range of 
human liberty regulated and rendered stable by law. 

it is true, that, to a foreigner, it would appear impracticable to adjust the jarring interests 
of a multitude of sovereign states composing a federal whole. And great difficulty is, in 
fact, occasionally found. Yet it is not insuperable, nor of necessity fatal.- 

This truth results, in great measure, from the cliaracter, history and circumstances of tjie 
members which projected and which compose the Union itself. It becomes, therefore, a 
matter of curious research to investigate these, and it should be done with care. Especially 
is it of consequence to examine the condition, character and progress of those members of 
Uie great political community, whicli, in the providence of God, have exercised, in their 
respective individualities, any considerable or peculiar influence in forming the general 
cliaracter of tlie whole body. 

And in tliis view Massachusetts shines. She was one of the earliest formed states. 
Her histor)', compared with that of almost any other political community, has features of dis- 
tinct peculiarity, more especially in reference to the origin of her colonial existence. Nor 
has tlie influence she has since exerted, as regards the rest of the states, been inconsiderable. 
Far otherwise, indeed ; and there is reason to believe, notwitlistanding a variety of counterac- 
tions, that it increases. Tor she is vigorous and powerful — not, it is confessed, in extent of 
territory, or in the number of citizens subjected to Jier immediate control, and enjoying her 
maternal solicitude and care; but from the character of her cherished sons and daughters. 

To understand as well as to substantiate tliis, it is necessary to contemplate the causes 
which, in the course of divine Providence, contributed to produce this cliaracter. And tliesc 
causes are to be sought, not in the prompt resolution, or wise management, or prudent fore- 
sight merely, attendant on the conduct of the great enterprise itself; we must look beyond 
the period of tlie actual settlement of,tIie country, courageous and well considered as the Ijold 
])roject itself was, to a source higher and more remote. 

What, then, was it which fonned the leading actors, such as they were, and nerved them 
with uncommon vigor to undertake, and prosecute, and, with the blessing of God, to accom- 
plish, the establishment of an energetic civil community, three thousand miles from their 
native home, and on tlie 'sliorcs of a savage, inliospitablo country ? It is fearlessly replied, 
Religion, the religion of the Bible. To this their ancestors had been introduced by the 
glorious reformation from Popery, under Luther, Zui.nglius, Mela.ncthon, Cai.vin, and 
their associates. And the sincerity of attachment to tlie truth of God, which they professed, 
had, in the case of many of them, been tested by much trial and suffering. This endeared 
to them that truth, and rendered it precious. They learnt to glory in the possession of the 
Scriptures, and were earnest in their efforts to carry out into life, and fully to enjoy, improve, 
and transmit their sacred injunctions and counsels. 

.\dd to tliis tlie history of public policy in Great Britain for preceding ages ; the contests 
of tlie nobles with the crown, producing at length the concession of the Magna Cliarta, A. D. 
1215; the establishment of the popular branch of the English Parliament, commencing half a 
century after, in the ambitious shrewdness of Simon de Mo.xfort ; the rise of new interests 
by the gradual progress of trade and manufacturing industry, and the consequent opening of 
new avenues to political power, and new channels of political influence, — all these eventuat- 
ing in the examination of the first principles of government, and tending to establish the rights of 
subjects, and to limit the prerogative power of kings ; — let these be considered, as developing 
popular influence, and tending to establish a reciprocity between ruler and subject, wliich had 

* Reminding one of Milton's remark on the Saxon heptarchy, tliat " the flight of kites and crows 
might as well be traced as their history." 
10 



74 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

been indeed discernible at a very early period in the ori^nal Saxon cliaracier, and previously in 
the ancient British, and no one can be at a loss to determine, that such successive trainmg, 
in combination witli the deeper excitement of religious conviction and zeal, would produce in 
the seventeenth century men of moral hardihood, wary, bold, energetic, and effective. 

Sprung from an ancestry thus disciplined, and possessing the advantages which accrued to 
England from tlie liglit of the reformation, the diffusion of books by printing, and tlie access 
enjoyed esjjecially to the Sacred Scriptures, with the deepest reverence for them, the fatliers 
of tlie colony of New Plymouth and that of Massachusetts Bay commenced their important 
work. It was of God, unquestionably. And His providential loading they were accustomed 
10 observe and acknowledge in all their concerns. This was their liabit and deliglit. 

Equally attentive do they appear to tlie condition of their cliildren after them. Hence, 
although, by fleeing to Holland, the persecuted Puritans * were allowed to enjoy freedom from 
tiie annoyance and pursuit of officers of the Star Chamber commission, such freedom for 
themselves lost no small part of its charm, when they found the morals of their offspring en- 
dangered, and the good habits inculcated on them liable to abandonment under the example 
and influence of the Dutch.f In 1617, therefore, their excellent pastor, the truly reverend 
Jon.\ Robinson, countenanced the project of removing to America. 

Tliat such a motive should be allowed so great influence on the judgment, feelings, and 
conduct of those much-enduring men, and that they followed its leading with so much con- 
scientiousness, lays their posterity and countrymen under great obligations. We sliouhl be 
grateful to God, and to them. We sliould gu'd ourselves to the accomplishment of the object 
they had in view, and labor to fulfil what appears to be emphatically their " mission," and 
that indeed of our nation — to fix and stamp the wortli of individual man, and develop his 
power of self-government, in establishing a system of liberty guarded by law. 

Massachusetts may be viewed, — ■ 

I. In the ejjtablishmont and form of its government. Both tlicse seem to have been, very 
providentially, forced, as it were, upon the earliest undertakers. For, after the repeated dis- 
appointments they liad suffered, in applications for aid and authority from the crown, during 
their stay in Holland, and after the resolution they had *aken to remove to America, the Pu ■ 
ritans of Leyden were left to unite, as a civil community, after their own choice. Had they 
landed, as they aimed to do, within the jurisdiction of the colony planted in Virginia, tliey 
must, of coui-se, have submitted themselves to its government. But being driven back in their 
attempts to go south, after thoy iiad discovered land, they agreed, November 11, Ki^O, before 
leaving their ship, on a few simple but distinguishing articles,^ and chose Joh.v Carver, one 
of their company, and a beloved and respected member of their clmrch, to be their governor 
for tlie ensuing year. 

The state of Governor Bradford's health rendered it expedient to give him an assistant, 
and a deputy governor was elected by the people ; then a court of assistants was chosen, as 

* Neale, Hist. Puiitans. t Prince, and the other historians. 

X The agreement, on board the Mayflon-er, in Cape Cod Harbor : ^ 

" In the name of God, Amen. AV'e, whose names are here underwritten, the legal subjects of our 
dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. Kiiig, 
Defender of the Faith, having undertaken for the glory of God, and the advancement of the Christian 
faith, and to the honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern 
parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one another, 
covenant and combine ourselves together in a civil body politic, for our own better ordering and preser- 
vation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such 
just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and ofBces, from time to time, as shall be thought 
most convenient for the general good of the colony, to which we promise all due submission and obe- 
dience. In witness whereof," &c. 

Then follow the names of forty-one who thus covenanted, as may be seen in the edition of Morton's 
Memorial published by Judge Davis; the whole number of souls being 101, including all members of 
the several families. See Prince's Annals, and Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims. The names will be 
found at the end of this article. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MASSACHUSETTS. 75 

the growings population increased the business of the government. But it was not until near 
twenty years after the first settlement that deputies were chosen by the towns, to form what 
is now termed a House of Representaiives. No impoilant alterations were made in this system 
of government, while the old colony of Plymouth retained its se])arate establislimcnt ; that is, 
until the union with the government of Massaclwsetts Bay, in 1G92, except during tlic inter- 
ruptions occasioned by the assumptions of Andros. 

Governor Winthrop,* on the other hand, had been appointed to the direction of the colony 
of the Bay, and which took more appropriately the name of Massachusetts, by the Plymouth 
Company in England, instead of Governor Cradock, who never came over. Thomas Dud- 
ley was also appointed deputy governor. Yet, previously to tlicir leaving England, the 
principal members of tlie company entered into a solemn agreement, providing tliat "the 
whole government, togctlier with the patent [obtained about five months before] for the said 
plantation, be first by an order of court legally transferred and established to remain witli us 
and others wliich shall inhabit upon the same plantation." f Tliis company landed, witli tlicir 
charter or patent, at Salem,t (a settlement formed but a few years before, and then under the 
government of John Endicott,) July 12, 10.30. From Salem they went first to Cliarles- 
town, and then settled at Boston, wliich became, from nearly that period, excepting only a few 
meetings at Newtown, or Cambridge, the seat of government down to the present day. 

Tlie instrument wliich vested the executive power in a governor, deputy governor, and 
eigliteen assistants, constituted a General Court, consisting of these oHiicers and the Ireenien 
of tlie colony. But alterations v/ere soon made; fur, in 1031, the General Court enacted that 
the governor, deputy governor, and assistants should be chosen by the freemen alone ; and, 
in 1034, they erected a representative body, which, ten years after, when the court was 
divided into two houses, took the name of deputies, as the other house took that of magis- 
trates. Trial by jury was early introduced ; yet not until the Court of Assistants had often 
judged and punished in a summary way. 

Thus it was, that, wliile a respectful acknowledgment of subjection to t!ie motlier ccjuntry 
and dependence on her was frequently made, and the colonists boasted the name and privileges 
of Eiigiishmen, they still retained tlTe right of popular elections, and formed a government 
representative, yet dignified, and in all respects paternal. 

II. In its literary institutions. 

If in Holland the Puritans exhibited an anxious apprehension of injury to the youth from 
tlie irreligious infiuences surrounding tliem, the considerate, religious colonists of Massachu- 
setts manifested, with much consistency, a wakeful care to instil instruction into their minds, 
when removed to tlie wildernesses of America. As early as 1030, the General Court appro- 
priated £400 to the erection of a public school at Newtown, afterwards called Cambridge. 
"Scarcely," says the Rev. Dr. Holmes,§ "had the venerable founders of New England 
felled the trees of the forest, when they began to provide means to insure tlie stability of 
their colony. Learning and religion they wisely judged to be the firmest pillars of the church 
and commonwealth." What the Gei.eral Court had contemplated and partially provided for, 
the liberality of John Harvard, the worthy minister of Charlestown, who died in 1(338, 
aided to accomplish. To the public school at Newtown he left by will £779 17s. 2d. ; and by 
order of court, and in honor of its earliest benefactor, the school was named Harvard College, 
and the town called Cambridge, in memory of the place in England, at ■whose university sev- 
eral of the influential "planters" had received their own education. 

The establishment of this college, consecrated " to Christ and the church," has been 
generally regarded as a striking proof of the far-seeing wisdom of the fathers of Massachusetts. 

* — Cui pudnr, et jastitiffi soror, 

Incorruptii fiilea, nudaque Veritas, 
Qilando ulliim invenient pareni,'' 

+ American Annals, vol. i. p. 'Zi7. Also President QiUnfi/'s elaborate History of Harvard College. 

X Hutchinson, Coll. Papers, pp. 2-5, 26. 

J See Winthroji's History of New England, edited by Hon. /. Savatje. 



76 , UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

It shared the prayers and best wishes of ministers and churches, and proved a nursery of manv 
" plants of renown," distinguished not in the walks of sacred labor alone, but in council, at the 
bar, upon the bench, and even in the field. For more than half a century it was the only col- 
lege in North America, and is now the best endowed of all our literary institutions. Within 
the present bounds of the commonwealth, two other institutions, Williamstown and Amherst 
Colleges, have since been incorporated, and have enjoyed a very considerable share of legis- 
lative patronage, besides the results of private liberality. In addition to these is the important 
Theological Seminary at Andover, whose graduates are found, not officiating as pastors of 
our o«n churches only, but laboring in the missionary stations, from the Sandwich Islands, in 
Uie east, to the regions assigned our own Indians in the west ; also a similar institution of 
the Baptist denomination at Newton, emulating its elder sister, and the " Wesleyan Academy '• 
of the Methodists at Wilbraham.* 

Equal attention was at an early period paid to the establishment of common schools in the 
several townships ; and academies have been founded in not a few of the counties of the state, 
as at Andover in Essex county, Leicester in Worcester county, &c. Thus it has resulted 
that the inhabitants are found capable of reading, writing, and casting accounts, with very 
rare exceptions among male and female adults, to an extent as great, probably, as in any state 
of the Union, with the exception perhaps of Connecticut, and comparing with any the most 
favored population in the world. Indeed, the scliools of Massachusetts have been and are the 
just cause of gratulation and pleasure with every intelligent friend to tlie permanent prosperity 
of its citizens. 

III. In its churches. 

These were esteemed by their founders the glory of the community. For the enjoyment 
and transmission of religious liberty, mainly, the country had been settled. As is specified in 
their patent, and as they profess in the articles of their association, it was to advance the 
kingdom of Christ by the conversion of the savages of America, as well as to escape the 
pains and penalties of unrighteous orders in council against liberty of conscience in religion, 
tliat they were willing to encounter the perils of the sea, or the ecpially threatening perils of 
the land. " O that I might have heard you had convert^ some, before you had killed any," 
exclaimed the pious Robinson in Holland, when, in 1G23, he heard of the bold energy of 
the warrior Standi SH,f who had stifled a threatening insurrection of Indians against the 
feeble colony, by killing with his own hand its fomenter and leader. And this was the feeling 
which prompted the missionary labors of " the apostle" Eliot, as that early, consistent, and 
attached friend of the Indians, and wlio translated the whole Bible into their language, has 
uot unaptly been named. Nay, it was chiefly through the efforts of Governor Wuvslow, 
when visiting England on the affairs of the colony, that in 1649 was founded thg Society for 
propagating the Gospel, having principally in view America as its field of labor. Gookin, 
the Mathews, and other worthies exerted themselves nobly in this cause; and several Indian 
churches were gathered, and sustained as long as subjects for such attention continued among us. 

Harvard College was soon in a capacity to supply no small number of those worthy men, 
wIio formed an efficient ministry for the multiplied religious communities that grew up with 
the respective settlements or towns. These churches were gathered, served, and maintained, 
with direct reference to the authority of the Holy Scriptures. Their first supply came, of course, 
from abroad, for not a class received the honors of the college till more than twenty years after 
the settlement at Plymouth ; and even afterwards, especially on the disgraceful persecutions 
that so soon followed the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II., several 
excellent ministers accrued to our commonwealth, and shone as lights in the churches, aiding to 
maintain in them a primitive faith and a Iioly practice. 

IV. In the industrial pursuits of its inhabitants. 

The evidence of thrift, in an application to all those arts and employments by which human 
life is sustained, rendered comfortable, or adorned, is in few communities more rife, percep- 

» See Slate Institutions. t See Altai's Biog. Diet., &c. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MASSACHUSETTS. T7 

tible, and tangible, than in the industrious communities of the citizens of Massachusetts. For 
the special statistics whicli exhibit this evidence, reference is made in this work. But, altliough 
the present notices must be rapid and brief, it will be of benefit to classify a few of the par- 
ticulars that deserve attention in the general estimate. 

The soil of the state, when compared with portions of the Union, is not considered as the 
most inviting from its fertility, being hard and unyielding, generally, and often rocky. But 
the clmiate is wholesome, the air bracing ; and patient, skilful cultivation brings its reward. 

Yet at a very early period the whale, cod, and other fisheries attracted many. The coasts 
of New England had been visited successfully before any European settlement-s of a perma- 
nent nature were made. And, since that period, the fisheries have been pursued with highly 
important results — not merely as relates to the supply of food and increase of wealth, out the 
training also of a hardy,'and skilful, and adventurous race of mariners. These pursue the 
whale in every ocean, and return richly laden with the spoil. That perilous employment has 
fuund no men more energetic and able than the whalemen of Massachusetts. 

Manufactures of almost every kind have flourished, and still flourish, in this state. Tliose 
of cotton fabric are detailed in tlie account given of Lowell, Waltham, &c., exhibiting not 
merely a large and judicious investment of capital, and tlie application of ingenuity and skill 
to the several facilities for rendering the labor easy and profitable, but, more especially, 
delighting the philanthropist with the appearance of health, sound morals, and a cheerful 
devotion to labor, joined with self-cultivation, particularly in tlie female operatives, hardly, if 
at all, paralleled in any other portion of the civilized world. 

In regard to commerce, it has often been said of New England, that " her canvas whitens 
every sea ; " and Massachusetts is the most commercial of this family of states. Salem engaged 
among the first in the trade to the East Indies, and derived immense wealth from the skill, 
hardihood, and faithfulness of her intelligent seamen. But Boston has been a noted mart from 
its very settlement. Its conmierce has literally extended to every sea, and the first American 
vessel that circumnavigated the globe sailed in 1787 from her port. 

The manufacture of iron was commenced as early as 1643 ; but the minerals of the conunon- 
wealth are not abundant, and its furnaces and forges are supplied chiefly from other states. 
In carpentry of every kind much is annually effected, and furniture of all sorts is extensively 
exported to the West Indies, along with the produce of the dairy, the orchard, and the 
meadow. 

Passing from this view of the commonwealth, its history demands attention, and may be 
considered advantageously in several periods. 

1. From the settlement, respectively, of the Plymouth colony, in 1620, and that of tlie Bay 
in 1626, or '8, and 1G30, to the union of both in one government, 1692.* These two colonies 
alone are mentioned, as space cannot here be afforded to a labored survey of the variations in 
the jurisdiction of the state at different times. Thus, at one period, Maine and Nova .Scotia 
were attached to the Plymouth colony, and included in its government. At another. New 
Hampshire formed a part of Massachusetts, and shared the cares of its rulers. Maine, too, 
was an important portion of the state for many years, until it became itself a sovereignty 
in 1820. 

The period above stated includes, tlien, the emigrations from England, which lasted witliout 
intermission to the times of the commonwealth under Cromwell, when the friends of a repub- 
lic could enjoy at home what had been sought before in America. It includes, likewise, the 
bloody struggles with hostile, marauding savages, stung by want, by envy and criminal neglect, 
as well as corrupted by the evil examples of worthless men, such as in every period since have 
abounded on Indian borders. And it embraces particularly that critical season in which, under 
the brave and cunning Philip, son of Massasoit, and sachem or king of the Wampanoags, 

» Plymouth colony embraced the territory of the present counties of Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, 
Dukes, and Nantucket, with the exception of the town of liingham, — and that of Massachmetts Bay, 
the residue of the state. See Borden's Map of Massachusetts 



78 XINITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

a most deadly warfare had well nigh depopulated several of their rising settlements, although 
it terminated fatally for the Indians.* 

Yet this period, as we have seen, though it be one that includes such a calamitous contest 
with the natives of tlie country, extensively leagued together, and ably led on, was not barren 
of Christian effort to civilize and convert them. The history of these exertions is no small part 
of the true glory of the state. 

This period, too, embraces the trials of leading men with the arbitrary councils and exactions 
of a corrupt and licentious court, under the brother Stuarts, Charles and James, until, in 
the memorable case of Akdros, the faithful representative of the latter king, a weak, yet 
tyrannical despot, tlie abuse of power met not only a firm resistance, but personal violence, in 
actual seizure and imprisonment. 

The revolution of 1689 could in no part of the British dominions give greater joy than in 
Massachusetts. For it quelled the fear of a retribution for certain convenient assumptions of 
power, which might, for very many years, have well been anticipated. And it prepared the way 
'or a government, which, although it abridged subsequently, and for a long period, the exercise 
of a popular voice in elections, commenced with a chief magistrate named by a clergyman of 
Massachusetts,f one of the agents of tlic colony. 

2. The next period may extend to the taking of Louisburg from the French in 174.5. It 
oegins with the operation of the new charter, which was soon effected, and the government 
organized; and it develops a series of contentions between the provincial assembly, or 
magistrates and deputies, and the crown officers, beginning with the successor of Sir Wil- 
liam Phips, and lasting for near a quarter of a century. These disputes tended to discipline 
the minds of those who engaged in them, and to extend their views, rendering political sub- 
jects familiar; while, at the same time, the extent of territory subjected to the jurisdiction 
of the crown governors, embracing, not the colonies of Plymouth and the Bay alone, (as before 
observed,) but also Maine, Nova Scotia, the territory of New Bninswick, and the islands J 
along the coast, and also New Hampshire occasionally, increased the connection by sea, at 
least, with a broad country, and familiarized the colonists to enlarged calculations and ex- 
tended enterprise. 

Mucli, however, of the distinctive features of the old and rigid Puritans had now been 
softened. Other views in theology were occasionally broached. The discipline of the 
churches began, with the increase of trade and commerce, to decline ; and altliougli, in the 
main, a spirit of religion continued to distinguish the community, when compared with other 
portions of the British dominions, it cannot be denied that " the gold had become dim, and the 
most fine gold changed." 

Near the end of the period, nevertheless, a revival of religion was witnessed, of great power. 
It commenced at Northampton, under the searching ministry of the eminent Jonathan Ed- 
WARPS,§ and extended widely ; for in the midst of it Whitefield visited America, and fanned, 
though he did not produce, the flame. 

But the sagacity and energy of Governor Shirlet, in planning the expedition to Cape 
Breton, engrossed soon the cares and efforts of the colonists, and prepared the way for the suc- 
ceeding period of their history, the opening and presentation of a drama in which the world is 
concerned. The complete success of the expedition drew the attention of the mother country 
towards its colonies, which it had previously underrated ; the pay, in ready money, added 
gi-eatly to the colonial aggrandizement, and encouraged an active industry, while it erapowertd 
the hitherto straitened inhabitants to avail themselves of the resources of their country, and. 
in various ways, aided the advance of the approaching revolution. Still they were among the 
most loyal subjects of the crown, and gloried, as yet, in the privileges as well as name of 
Englishmen. 

* See Huhncs's .-Vnnals, Drake, and their authorities. 

t Increase Mather, when desired by King William III., nominated Sir W. Phips. 

* Holmes's Annals, sub 1692. and Allen. 
§ See Tracy's Great Awakening. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MASSACHUSETTS. 79 

3. From 1745 to the revolution, the history of Massachu.setts is familiar to every politician 
of tlie (lay. In the war for subduing Canada provincialists took a deep interest, and were 
extensively and warmly engaged. And it proved a school for not a few of tliose whose 
courage was soon to be tested in the scenes of Lexington, Concord, Bunker Ilill, and Boston. 
And t's the difficulties with Great Britain originated in Massachusetts, her people were at no 
time backward to discharge their full share of duty, in council and in action, when the flames 
of war spread widely, and the whole series of English colonies along the coast were roused, 
as by the community of one spirit, to draw the sword in defence of their injured rights. 

But the history of the American revolution, its causes, progress, accomplishment, and results, 
forms a theme too vast to be comprised in limits such as are assigned to this brief and rapid 
sketch. Men were in long preparation for the opening contest. The British ministry are 
encroaching' and arbitrary. A decided stand is taken and maintained ; and Massachusetts and 
her sister colonies become, at length, an independent nation. 

4. The formation of a constitution for the state, which was effected in 1780, marks an im- 
portant era in its history. A sublime spectacle indeed was presented, when tlie delegates were 
engaged in fixing the boundaries of civil rights and claims, and establishing the foundations 
of social order and prosperity. Yet not a less sublime spectacle appeared, when, in 1820, 
after a lapse of forty years, a revision of the same constitution was publicly effected, under 
the presiding auspices of that distinguished son of Massachusetts, who succeeded Washing- 
ton as President of the United States, and had been a principal framer of the civil constitu 
tion of his own state. 

That must be a people of peculiar character, among whom it is possible, without war, 
or contentious turbulence, or violence of any kind, or tendency to abandonment or licentious- 
ness, to take apart the constituent portions of a civic system, and readjust them as quietly and 
orderly as if they formed but the mechanism of a watch. Yet several of our states have suc- 
cessfully followed the example. How nearly impracticable has it been in South America ! 

In 1786, the strength of attachment to "law and order" was tested by the rebellion. Yet 
this served, probably, to convince the majority, that, in order to maintain their freedom, that 
freedom must be guarded sedulously by wise provisions, to which men must siibmil. The 
quelling of that rebellion seems to have destroyed the very seeds of anarchy and confusion. 
Still, the sympathy excited by the French revolution threatened for a time no little disturbance 
of the political quiet, until the extravagances of the miserable leaders alienated from tlicm all 
sober men. 

5. The actual adoption of the federal constitution forms another era. The state had just 
experienced the necessity of resorting to arms to preserve its own domestic government. And 
it was but right to expect that its leading men should prove warm advocates for a system of 
rule thtit should fulfil the legitimate end of such an establishment, and be "a terror to the evil, 
and a praise and encouragement to them that do well." 

Under the subsequent operation of this government, Massachusetts has partaken both of the 
weal and woe of the United States. She has furnished from the beginning her quota of able 
men in the councils of the nation, and twice has a citizen of her own been promoted to the 
presidential chair. Her orators and statesmen from Ames to Webster have distinguished 
themselves, and honored and gratified their constituents, while they have contributed to advance 
tlie welfare and f ime of their country. 

In the mean while, that is, in 1820, Maine, ripe for self-government, was disconnected, and 
became a separate and independent state. The measure, it was apprehended, would greatly 
diminish the weight and influence of Massachusetts in the national councils, by the withdraw- 
ment of so large a constituency in respect to representation. Yet has the increase of popu- 
lation since been such, that at the present time it is nearly as great within the actual bounds 
of Massachusetts proper, as it was in both territories during tlie last year of the union of 
Maine with the state. 

The deliberate adjustment of the various civil and political rights and privileges of a people, 
as asserted and maintained on this side the Atlantic, published in regular codes of law ; the 
enrolment of citizens authorized to vote, whereby tlie violences attending some elections 



80 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



elsewhere are avoided — violences, in the detail of which the enemies of republican institu- 
tions greatly delight and triumph ; the deeply-engraven spirit of their forefathers, which can 
with difficulty be erased ; the strong love of home and its enjoyments, ruling in the hearts of 
absentees,* and exerting an attractive influence in every climate ; tlie general respect for re- 
ligion and its ministers, which yet lingers in the population, and is sustained by the ordinary worth 
of those who bear the character of pastors and sacred guides ; the introduction and general ex- 
tension of instruction by schools on the Sabbath as well as the week days ; the ample provision 
made for education, and the distinction and influence gained by real science and moral worth 
in heads of colleges and eminent professors ; the improvements made in agriculture, rendering 
the farmer desirous and capable of raising much from a few acres, rather than superficially to 
run over a large extent but half cultivated ; the improved character of seamen ; the introduc- 
tion of tlic temperance reform, and establishment of literary and benevolent associations, — all 
conspire to augur well for the future prosperity of the state. 

In the catalogue of governors will be seen the names of several whom the people 
" delighted to honor," and whose memory will be dear to the intelligent, sober, religious 
patriot. The names of Carver, Winslow, Bradford, Winthrop, Hatnes, among the 
early chief magistrates, and Strong f among those of recent years, can hardly be named 
without emotion. The fame of Pownall and Hutchixson, as faithful recorders, and of 
Hancock and Adams in the list of patriots, is spread as widely as the history of the state ; 
and Franklin, Bowdoin, Adams, both the father and son, can never be forgotten. Among 
judges and counsellor!^, ministers of the gospel, authors and teachers, physicians, merchants, 
farmers, and meclianics, in short, in every department of life will be found those who have 
honored themselves by their talents, integrity, and usefulness, and proved worthy sons of a 
distinguished motlier. All such will join in the devout aspiration with which the public 
document for her annual fasts and thanksgivings closes, — 

"God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts!" 



See Pittsfield. 



t Heu pieta3, heuprisca fides ! 



NOTE REFEKRED TO ON PAGE 74. 

1. Those with this mark (*) brouglit their wives with them ; those with this (f), for the present, left 
them either in Holland or Knf;;land. 

2. Some left behind them part, and others all their children, who afterwards came over. 

3. Those ^vith this mark (^) deceased before the end of March. 



Names. No. in Famil 

1. Mr. .John Carver,* 

2. William Bradford,* 

3. Mr. Edward Winslow,* 

4. Mr. William Brewster,* 
.5. Mr. Isaac AUerton,* 

6. Captain Miles Standish,* 

7. John Alden, 

8. Mr. Samuel Fullor.t 

9. Mr. Christopher Martin,*^ 
10. Mr. William Mullins,»S 
U. Mr. William White,*} 

12. Mr. Richard Warren,t 

13. John Ilowland, c 

14. Mr. Stephen Hopkins,* 



ly. 


N 


8 


1.5. 


2 


16. 


.5 


17. 


6 


18. 


6 


19. 


2 


20. 


1 


21. 


2a 


22. 


4 


23. 





24. 


.5i 


2.5. 


1 


26. 




27. 


U 


28. 



No. in Family. 



Edward TilW,*J 
John Tilly,*\^ 
Francis Cook,f 
Thomas Rogers, ij 
Thomas Tinker,*^ 
John Ridgdale,*!^ 
Edward Fuller,*^ 
John Turner, ^^ 
Francis Eaton,* 
James Chilton,*^ 
John Crackston,^c 
John Billington,* 
Moses Fletcher,^/ 
John Goodman, 6 



Names. 



No. in Family. 



29. Degory Priest, $(7 

30. Thomas Williams,^ 

31. Gilbert Winslow, 

32. Edmund Margeson,^ 

33. Peter Bro«-n, 

34. Richard Brittenge,^ A 

35. George Soule, i 

36. Richard Clarke,§ 
3". Richard Gardner, 

38. John Allerton,5 

39. Thomas EngUsn,(J 

40. Edward Dotey,/^ / 

41. Edward Leister. S 



101 



So there were just 101 who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as many arrived in Cape Cod 
harhor. And this ia the solitary number who, for an undefiled conscience, and the love of pure Chris- 
tianity, first left their native and pleasant land, and encountered all tlie toils and hazards of the tumul- 
tuous ocean, in search of some uncultivated region in North Virginia, where they might quietly enjoy 
their religious liberties, and transmit them to posterity, in hopes that none would follow to disturb or 
vex them. Prince's Annah. 



a One of these was the servant who died before their 
arrival. 

b Besides the son born in Cape Cod harbor, named Per- 
egrine. 

e He was of Governor C:irver'5i family. 

d One of these w;is ;» sdu born at sea, and therefore 
nnnied Oceaniia. 



e Mr. Morton calls him Craxton. 

/ Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Josa 

fT Mr. Morion calls him Dicery. 

A Mr. Morton calls him Bitleridge. 

i He was nf Governor Winslow's family. 

j Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Doten. 

k They were of Mr. [lopkins's family. 



STATES AND TERRITOEIES. — MICHIGAN. 



81 




MICHIGAN. This is one of those members <)f the American Union which were for- 
merly comprised in the " North-west Territory." In the year 1640, it was partially explored 
by a few French traders from Canada; and the first settlement was fonned at JDetroit, in 1670. 
By the peace between France and England, in 1763, the latter obtained possession of the 
territory, and, at the termination of the revolutionary war, ceded it to the United States — 
retaining control of Detroit, however, until 17'J6. It was orjjanized as a territory of the 
United States in 1805; but, in the course of the war of 1812, again fell into the hands of the 
British, from whom it was recovered, in a short period, by the American forces under General 
Harrison. In 183G, it was admitted into the Union as an independent state. 

Boundaries and Extent. — Bordered on the northern and eastern fronts by two of the great 
lakes, and parted near its centre by another, the land surface e.xhibits two distinct peninsulas 
— the base of one lying adjacent to Ohio and Indiana on the south, and that of the other com- 
mencing at the boundary of Wisconsin on the south-west. Tlie main peninsula, known as 
Michigan proper, is bounded north by the waters of Lakes Huron and Michigan; cast by 
Lakes Huron and St. Clair, and by a portion of Lake Erie, with the intermediate straits or 
rivers ; soutli by the states of Ohio and Indiana ; and west by Lake Michigan. The northern 
or upper peninsula is bounded north by Lake Superior ; east and soutli-east by Lake Huron 
and the waters therewith connected; south by Lake Michigan; and south-west by the Me- 
nonomee and Montreal Rivers, which separate it from Wisconsin. The southern peninsula is 
282 miles long, witli an average breadtli of 140 ; the length of the northern is 324 miles, and 
its mean width 60. The whole area of the state, including some 36,300 square miles of 
water surface, comprises about 92,.500 square miles. Its geograiihical position is between 
41° 30' and 47° 20' north latitude, and extends from 82° 25' to 90° 30' west longitude. 

Government. — The governor, lieutenant governor, and senators are elected biennially, and 
the representatives annually — the latter numbering 54, and the Senate consisting of 18. 
These elections are by the people, who, by a late amendment of the constitution, elect also 
the judges and cabinet officers. The sessions of the legislature commence annually on the 
first Monday of January ; and the present seat of government is established at Lansing, 
Ingham county. A residence of only six months in the state, immediately preceding an elec- 
tion, confers the right of voting on all white males who have attained their majority. 

Judiciar;/. — Until the recent modification of the constitution, the judges of the Supreme 
Court were appointed by the governor and Senate for seven years. The Supreme Court 
comprises a chief justice and four associate justices, one being assigned to each of the 
11 



82 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

five judicial circuits into which the state is divided. These courts hold one or two terms an 
nually in each county ; and tliere are also County Court?, liaving g'cneral common law juris- 
diction, both civil and criminal. Persons charged with offences punishable by confinement in 
the State Prison may demand trial before the circuit judge, who in such case is to preside in the 
County Court. The county judges hold office four years. Probate Courts are held in each 
county, the judges of which, as well as those of the county courts, are elected by the people. 

Education. — The subject of education has received a just share of public attention. The 
common school system is generously supported, and many literary institutions of a higher 
order have also been established and liberally endowed. At Ann Arbor is located Michigan 
University, which has academic branches in various other parts of the state. There are 
sundry colleges, maintained by different religious denominations, and generally in a flourishing 
condition. In 1849, the number of scholars in the state, which derived benefit from the public 
funds appropriated for purposes of education, was upwards of 125,000. There is a Board 
of Education, consisting of eight members, chosen by the legislature, which has charge of a 
well-endowed state Normal School, at Ypsilanti. Munificent appropriations have also been 
made for the erection and maintenance of asylums for tlie deaf, dumb, blind, and insane. 

Fina7}ces. — At the opening of the year 1850, the state debt exceeded the immediate 
available means of payment by somewhat more than .$2,000,000. During the year ending 
November 30, 1850, the receipts into the treasury amounted to $429,268, and the expendi- 
tures to $449,355. The revenue is derived not only from direct state taxes, but from specific 
taxes, charges on sales of public lands, and other sources. It was estimated by the governor, 
in a late annual message, that tlie assessment of property for purposes of taxation, instead of 
being based, as heretofore, on a valuation of only about $30,000,000, would be more equitably 
made if based upon a cash valuation ; in which case the value of taxable property, it is sup- 
posed, must exceed $100,000,000. 

Surface, Soil, ifc. — Michigan proper presents a diversity of surface. It is mostly either 
level or slightly swelling, but is occasionally rough and hilly ; and towards ths central points, 
between the eastern and western shores, is elevated to a height of some six to seven hundred 
feet, forming rugged and irregular ridges. On the western side of this range of eminences, 
the land slopes gently and smoothly towards tlie lake, but again rises on the coast into steep 
and broken sand banks and bluffs. The northern half of this peninsula is as yet but sparsely 
peopled ; and its soil is regarded as inferior to tliat of the southern portion, although most of 
the lands in the interior are said to be, in general, well adapted to agricultural purposes. In 
the settled parts, the soil is quite productive ; and flax, hemp, all the varieties of grains, 
garden vegetables, &c., are raised in abundance. The forests yield excellent timber, of almost 
every description known in this climate ; as, the oak, walnut, hickory, elm, ash, maple, syca- 
more, whitewood, hackberry, cottonwood, poplar, butternut, clierry, &ic. Tliere are also large 
tracts of pine, spruce, and hemlock-trees in the northerly parts of tlie state. Of the upper or 
northern peninsula, no very great amount of knowledge has yet been obtained, beyond what 
is, in some degree, connected with the recent geological survey of this region. It is but 
thinly inhabited by permanent residents, its soil promising but poor remuneration to the culti- 
vator. Mountains, valleys, hills, plains, forests, and rivers variegate tlie surface. Tlie most 
lofly of the elevations ascend to a height of 2000 feet ; some of the forests embrace millions 
of acres of pines and other evergreens; and a hundred rivers, large and small, affording 
valuable mill sites, flow from the uplands into the lakes, on either side of the Porcupine 
Mountains, the grand ridge which towers as a sort of dividing barrier between Lakes Superior 
and Michigan. 

Rivers. — The high lands in the central parts of Michigan proper give rise to several large 
streams, which generally run into the lakes on either side. The principal of tliese are Raisin 
and Huron, flowing into Lake Erie ; the Rouge, Clinton, Black, Saginaw, Thunder-Bay, and 
Cheborgan, emptying into sundry straits and bays on the east ; and the still larger rivers, St. 
Joseph, Kalamazoo, Monistic, Maskegon, and Grand, whicli connect with Lake Michigan on 
the west, and are partly navigable. Small lakes, yielding plenty of fine fish, abound in tlie 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MICHIGAN. 83 

southern counties of this peninsula. Excepting the Montreal and Menonorace, which 
form a part of the boundary, tlie rivers of tlie northern peninsula, though numerous, are com- 
paratively inconsiderable, so far as they have yet been explored. The most important appears 
to be the Ontonagon River, which flows into Lake Superior. 

Inlcrnnl Improvements. — The Central Railroad, extending from Detroit to Lake Michigan, 
and the Southern Railroad, finished as far as Hillsdale, are the principal public works 
of tliis class within the state. They were both originally projected, and partially com- 
pleted, under the authority of tlie state, whose property they were until 1846, when they 
were sold to certain incorporated companies. The Central was disposed of for .f'^,000,000, 
and the Southern for .$500,000. Several branches extend in different directions from the 
above roads, embracing an aggregate length of some 70 miles. Other works have been 
projected, and will doubtless be prosecuted. 

Minerals. — The northern peninsula of Michigan is known to be peculiarly rich in mineral 
treasures. lA Ontonagon River, about the centre of the region, immense masses of native 
copper have been found ; and there are doubtless vast beds of that and other minerals that 
yet remain to be developed. Iron and lead are known to exist in abundance. 

Mamifndures. — Several millions of capital are employed in various descriptions of manu- 
factures ; but the articles produced are such, in general, as are only required for domestic 
use, or home consumption. Wheat flour is, perhaps, the only manufactured commodity which 
is exported to any considerable amount from tlie state. In 1S49, there were 2*28 flouring mills 
jn the state, which manufactured 719,478 barrels of flour. There are some hundreds of saw 
mills scattered throughout the several counties, which prepare for market large quantities of 
lumber, and some portions of this product are also sent abroad. 

Indians. — There are several tribes, or parts of tribes, of the red races, dispersed in dif- 
ferent quarters of the state, the most numerous of which are the Chippewas, which compose 
upwards of one half of the Indian population, and reside mostly in the upper peninsula. The 
Ottawas are next in numerical order ; then follow the Monomonies and Pottawatamies, with a 
few Wyandots. These, altogether, number nearly 8000. They occupy various localities, 
dwelling for the most part on tracts specially reserved for their use. 

Population. — Michigan, like the other North-western States, is peopled by the representa- 
tives of divers lands and races. The natives consist of the descendants of the aborigines, 
of the first French settlers, and mestizoes, or the offspring of white and Indian progenitors. 
.\inong tlie foreign population are immigrants from Great Britain, Germany, and other Euro- 
pean countries ; and there are multitudes of settlers from New England, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Canada. Very few of the African race are found in 
the state. 

Climate. — There is a marked dissimilarity between the climates of the upper and lower 
peninsulas of Michigan, arising from their different geograpliical positions. The former ia 
subject to great extremes of heat and cold, to sudden and severe changes, while the latter 
enjoys a comparatively mild and unifonn temperature. Long and cold winters, followed by 
short and hot summers, are the principal seasons in the upper peninsula ; for the transitions 
are so rapid as to afford but a brief interval of spring or autumn. The contrast between the 
two portions of the state, in this respect, is owing, 'doubtless, to the varied influences of the 
winds from the lakes. The general adaptation of the climate to human health may be said 
to equal that of the central portions of Indiana and Illinois. Among the diseases most common 
are fever and ague, and other maladies originating in malaria. In some seasons, aftcctions 
of the lungs, of the bowels, the limbs, &c., prevail to greater or less extent, depending upon 
atmospheric agencies. The goitre, or swelled neck, is a disease peculiar to the inhabitants 
residing on the lake shores. 

Religion. — Of the religious denominations the Methodists are the most numerous. Pres- 
byterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics constitute tlie bulk of the remainder. 
There are, however, a few congregations of Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, Unitarians, Uni- 
versalists, &c. 



84 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

CuriosUies. — Among tliese may be classed the ancient forts or mounds, the relics of former 
races, many of which are found in this and the neighboring states, varj'ing in form and dimen- 
sions, and containing remains of human bodies, arrows, medals, ornaments, strangely-shaped 
vessels, &c., but as yet yielding no clew to the development of their mysterious origin. Cer- 
tain " garden beds," so called, are found in various parts of the state, evidently of very ancient 
Indian origin. In many instances they cover hundreds of acres, exliibiting traces of the most 
careful labor in the regularity of their outlines and compartments, and the fineness of their 
soil, as compared witli the surrounding land. 



MINNESOTA (Territory.) This was formerly a part of the vast country belonging 
to the United States which was acquired by tlie Louisiana purchase in 1803. It was then, 
with the surrounding regions, a rugged and unmeasured wilderness peopled only by savages, 
and had never been systematically explored by civilized man until about the period of its 
transfer. The tract now embraced within the limits of the territory was duly organized, and 
its boundaries defined, by an act of Congress, passed March 3, 1849, " to establish tlie terri- 
torial government of Minnesota." 

Boundaries and Extent. — Bounded on the north by the boundary line between the posses- 
sions of tlie United States and Great Britain ; east and south of east by said boundary line to 
Lake Superior, and by a straight line thence to the northernmost point of Wisconsin in said 
lake ; also along the western boundary of Wisconsin to the Mississippi River, and down the 
main channel of said river to the point where the line of 43i° north latitude crosses tlie same ; 
south on said line, being the northern boundary of Iowa, to the north-west corner of that state, 
whence the boundary proceeds southerly alohg the western liinit of Iowa, until it strikes the 
Missouri River ; and west by the main channel of said river, as far as the moutli of White- 
earth River, and by the main channel of the latter until it strikes the boundary of the British 
possessions. The territory, at its northern extremity, reaches from east to west between the 
90th and 103d degrees of west longitude, and comprehends an area of 8.3,000 square miles. 

Government. — The govermiient is, of course, temporary, subject to such alterations, and to 
such further division of the territory, as may be determined by act of Congress. All free white 
inliabitants, 21 years of age, are voters, and were eligible for any territorial office at the first 
election. A Council and House of Representatives compose the legislative assembly ; the 
former consisting of 9 members, chosen for two years, tlie latter comprising 18 members, 
elected annually. The legislature may increase the Council to 15 members, and tlie rep- 
resentatives to 39. The governor is appointed for four years, by the President and Senate of 
the United States. The secretary of state, in like manner appointed, is acting governor in 
the absence of the executive magistrate. 

Judiciary. — The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and two associates, appointed 
for four years by the President of the United States. Two of these constitute a quorum. This 
tribunal holds an annual session at the seat of government. There are three judicjal districts, 
in each of which one of the justices must reside, and hold a District Court, having the juris- 
diction of the United States District and Circuit Courts. Both courts possess chancery powers. 
The laws of Wisconsin, until repealed or modified, are valid in this territory. 

Educalion. — To this subject all due regard is given. Two sections in each township are 
set apart for the support of schools. In all the settled places, school-houses are among the 
first edifices erected. In some towns public libraries are established, and courses of instruc- 
tive lectures maintained. 

Finances. — By returns from five counties in the territory, made in January, 1851, it appears 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MINNESOTA TERRITORY. 85 

that tlie assessed value of property in those counties amounts to somewhat over $800,000 ; and 
measures are in progress for completing the valuation of the residue. Tlie salaries of the 
territorial officers, as in other and like cases, are provided for by the general government. 
By the act of organization, $'20,000 were appropriated for the erection of public buildings at 
the capital, and $5000 for the purchase of a territorial library. 

Surface, Soil, ^-c. — Tiie face of tlie country, in the central parts of tlie territory, is gently 
undulating in its general character, and exhibits about equal proportions of prairie and timber 
land, intersected in every direction by clear and beautiful streams, tributary to tlie Mississippi 
and Minnesota or St. Peter's Rivers, and navigable always in the spring for flat boats. This 
region also abounds in lakes of pure water; and its soil is represented as being unrivalled in 
fertility. With some modification, tlie same remarks may apply to tlie otlier sections of the 
territory. The valley of the Red River of the north, extending south some 300 miles, from 
tlie northern boundary of tlie territory into tlie centre, is about 150 miles wide, and perfectly 
level, with the exception of a few tracts of wet prairie, and iS admirably adapted to tlie culture 
of wheat and other grains. The soil, for the most part, tliroughout the territory, consists of a 
mixture of sand and black loam, and, being loose and jiortius, is peculiarly favorable to tlie 
rapid gi'owth of bulbous and otlicr routs. Potatoes have been known to yield 450 bushels to 
the acre. Vegetable crops of all kinds, and in luxuriant profusion, are brought earlier to matu- 
rity than in many regions farther south. In the valley of Minnesota River, the strawberry 
vine commonly attains a height of twelve inches. A largo part of the territory is overspread 
with vast forests of excellent pine and other trees of great value for building. 

Rivers, ^t. — Almost the entire eastern boundary, by the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, 
is navigable water : steamboats ply upon the former, witliin the territory, for upwards of 300 
miles. At the nortli-east, the territory is bounded by tlitit immense expanse of waters. Lake 
Superior. The Minnesota winds through a delightful valley, in a south and easterly direction, 
and has been ascended more than 200 miles. The Big Sioux, and other tributaries of the 
Missouri, flow soutlierly and westwardly. The Red River of the north, taking its rise near 
the centre of the territory, flows northerly, and is navigable for some 400 miles before passing 
into 'the Bvitish possessions. The Missouri, which constitutes a great portion of the western 
boundary, affords navigation during nearly its whole course along the territory. There are 
many other fine streams, and numerous large lakes, all presenting facilities fur inland com- 
merce, such as are possessed by no one state or other territory in the Union. 

Internal Iinprovcmcnis. — A canal, to connect Lake Superior with Lake Huron, has been 
much talked of, and probably at no distant day will be constructed ; as such a work will secure 
uninterrupted water communication down the great chain of lakes to the Atlantic coast. The 
removal of obstructions in the Mississippi and other rivers — surveys for which purpose have 
been authorized by Congress — will add many hundred miles to the already immense extent 
of navigable waters lying witliin and around this territory. The aid of railroads will of course 
soon be called in, to complete that system of internal improvements wliicli Nature herself 
seems to have suggested. 

Minerals. — -In this newly-settled country no explorations on any considerable scale, for die 
purpose of developing its mineral resources, have as yet been undertaken. There can be no 
doubt that this territory possesses its full share of geological treasures, which in due time 
will excite tlie attention and repay the industry of its hardy and enterprising people. 

Manufactures. — The only manufacturing branches now carried on to any great extent arc 
those wiiich are connected with the business of house-building, especially the manufacture of 
lumber. Of this article, although the work was begun so recently, a sufliciency is produced, 
not only to supply the home demand, but to furnish annually some 20,000,000 feet of boards, 
logs, &c., for exportation to the markets below, on the Mississippi. A number of steam and 
saw mills have already been erected ; and so numerous are the mill sites, and so immense the 
water power witliin the territory, that this pursuit, together with others to which tliese advan- 
tages will apply, especially the manufacture of flour, must naturally add greatly to the public 
prosjierity. 



86 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



Indians. — Tliere are several tribes, or jiarts of tribes, still inliabitinfj certain tracts at the 
northern and western parts of tlia territory. To some of these, tlie Cliippewas and others, 
lands had formerly been ceded ; but negotiations for the removal of the former have been en- 
tered into, and treaties for the extinction of the Indian title to other tracts have been provided 
for by Congress. Many of the most civilized are solicitous to become subjects of tlie laws of 
the territory, and to participate in its free institutions. 

Climate. — Considering its high northern latitude, Minnesota enjoys a climate quite mild, in 
comparison with that of the more eastern states on the same parallel. The winters are less 
severe, except at some points in the neighborhood of the great lake ; but the weather is uni- 
form, regular, and subject to few or no sudden changes. The summers are temperate, and 
of sufficient lengtli to bring forth and perfect the numerous agricultural products for which 
the soil is so well adapted. With abundance of pure water, and a salubrious atmosphere 
througliout the year, tlie people cannot but be favored with an uncommon measure of health. 

Religion. — There arc four beautiful church edifices in St. Paul, the capital, and several 
others in the towns of St. Anthony Falls and Stillwater. The several denominations of 
Christians consist of such as are usually found in the New England States. 

Population. — The inhabitants of this territory, at the census of 1850, numbered but 
6038, exclusive of Indians. But so desirable a country must soon attract towards it large 
reenforcements from the Northern and Eastern States. The tide of emigration, in fact, is 
already turned, and is moving with so strong an impulse in that direction, that long before the 
next decennial enumeration, Minnesota will no doubt liave acquired tlie complement of inhab- 
itants necessary to her admission as an independent state. 




MISSISSIPPI, one of the most southern states of the American Union, was formerly 
included in the country claimed by France as a part of Louisiana. As early as 1716, a French 
colony settled on the spot now occupied by the city of Natchez, where they erected a fort ; 
but in 1729, the inhabitants, together with those of two other settlements in the vicinity, were 
exterminated by the neighboring Indian tribes, only three or four persons, out of 700, escaping 
the general massacre. The territory, for many years thereafter, remained exclusively in 
possession of the savages. In 1763, France ceded the whole territory east of the Mississi|)pi 
River to Great Britain, the subjects of which power soon afterwards occupied and strengtli- 
ened the various posts, and began to settle around them. After several changes of proprie- 
torship, and much negotiation, during some 15 years prior to 1798, between England, Spain, 



STATES AND TEKRITOKIES. — MISSISSIPPI. 87 

and the United States, tlie country lying east of the Mississippi, and west of tlie boundary of 
Georgia, was, in 1800, erected into a distinct territorial government. . It then comprehended 
both Alabauia and Mississippi, under the name of tlie latter. In 1817, a separation took place, 
and Mississippi, having formed a constitution, was admitted into the Union as an inde- 
pendent state. 

Boundaries and Extent. — This state is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Alabama, 
south by Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mississippi and Pearl Rivers, dividing 
it from Arkansas and Louisiana. It extends from 30° 10' to ;J5° north latitude, and from 88° 
10' to 91° 35' west longitude, and contains 47,156 square miles, its extreme length being 
about 338 miles, and its breadth averaging 135. 

. Government. — The governor is chosen every two years by the people, and is eligible only 
for four in any period of si^c years. The Senate consists of 30 members, one half elected 
every two years; the term of service of each is four years. Tlie representatives, 91 in 
number, are chosen biennially. The people also elect judges, state secretary and treasurer, 
chancellor, and sheriffs. Wliite male residents in tiie state for one year, being 21 years of 
age, enjoy the right of suffrage. The legislature meets at Jaclcson, in the month of January, 
every other year. 

Jw-liciarij. — The state is divided into three judicial districts, in one of which, every two 
years, a judge of the High Court of Errors and Appeals is cliosen for six years. Circuit 
Courts are held in seven different districts, by judges resident and chosen therein, and have 
original jurisdiction of all criminal cases, and in civil cases invelying more than 50 dollars. 
The Court of Chancery has full equity powers. 

Education. — ■ There are several colleges in the state, which are generously endowed and 
in flourishing condition. Academies and other literary institutions are numerous and well 
sustained. Common schools are also established througliout the state. In 1840, there were 
8300 white inhabitants above the age of 20 years who could neither read nor write. 

Finanees. — Tlie receipts into the state treasury for the year ending 30th April, 1850, 
amounted to $379,402'G3, and the expenditures during the same period to $284,999'58. The 
sources whence tlie revenue is derived are, a state tax, internal improvement, sinking and 
other funds. The chief items of expenditure are for judicial and legislative purposes. 
Among tlie enumerated items per last returns is one of 17 cents, as the contribution of the 
state for common schools — the support of these institutions being confided, under special 
laws, to the several counties. The state debt, incurred for banking purposes, amounted, in 
1840, to .§7,000,000. 

Surface, Soil, ^-c. — For about 100 miles inland, from the junction of the southern border 
of the state with the Gulf of Mexico, tlie surface is low and generally level, presenting a 
series of swamps and woodlands, overgrown with cypress and pines, with occasional open 
prairies, and flooded marshes. The land tlien becomes more elevated and uneven, and so con- 
tinues to the nortiiern extremity of the state, but nowhere rises to a height sufficiently lofty 
to deserve tlie name of a mountain. A vast tract of table land extends over much of the 
state, terminating in the low coasts of the Mississippi River. This produces, in its natural state, 
an immense growth of oak, maple, asli, and other timber, together with an undergrowth of 
grape-vines, spicewood, papaw, and otlier plants. The soil tliroughout is naturally very 
fertile, especially those alluvial lands on the river banks, which are not liable to inundation. 
The staple product of the state is cotton, which is raised in great abundance ; and, by slight 
cultivation, the soil yields profusely Indian corn, rice, wheat, rye, and other grains, sweet 
potatoes, indigo, tobacco, melons, grapes, figs, apples, plums, peaches, lemons, oranges, &c. 

Rivers. — Besides the Mississippi, which washes the western margin of the state by its 
windings through a space of 530 miles, tlie Yazoo is the most considerable stream whicli flows 
wholly within the state ; this is 200 miles in length, passing through a healthy region, affording 
navigation for large boats some 50 miles, and emptying into the Mississippi near Vicksburg. 
Big Black River is of the same length, is alike navigable, and enters the Mississippi near 
Grand Gulf. Pearl River rises near the centre of the state, and in part divides it from 



88 XJNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

Louisiana. There are several other rivers of considerable magnitude ; as, the Tombij;- 
bee, Homochitto, Pascagoula, &c. The state has a sea-coast of 70 miles, but no harbor 
sufficient for the admission of large vessels. Pascagoula Bay, 65 miles long by 7 wide, 
affords some inland navigation ; but its entrances admit no craft drawing more tlian 8 feet 
of water. 

iTiiernal Improvements. — Several railroads have been completed, or partially finislied, williin 
the state, and others have been projected. The most extensive work of this kind commences 
at Vicksbnrg, and proceeds in an easterly direction, partly across the state. Another extends 
from Natclicz, and eitlier intersects or is intended to intersect the former. The state presents 
numerous opportunities for advantageous public improvements, which in due time will doubt- 
less be prosecuted. 

Minerals. — Mississippi is probably not rich in minoral products ; at least no extensive 
investigations of her resources in this respect have yet been made. Clay, of good quality, 
suited to the manufacture of pottery and bricks, abounds in various localities ; and sundry 
descriptions of pigments have also been found. It is not known whether any coal formations, 
or any indications of metallic deposits, have yet been discovered. 

Manufactures. — There are in the state a number of cotton factories, on a small scale, 
several mills of considerable importance for the manufacture of flour, and numerous other 
establisiiments, producing most of tlie articles required for domestic consumption or family 
use. The amount of capital employed for manufacturing purposes, in 1840, was less than 
$2,000,000. 

Indians. — Large portions of the northern and eastern sections of the state are still held 
by the Clioctaw and Chickasaw Lidians. These tracts include some of tlie best lands in the 
state, abounding in liroad and fertile prairies, which are well cultivated by their owners, who 
possess also large numbers of cattle, horses, swine, and sliecp. These Indians are intelligent 
and industrious, many of them being good mechanics. The females, also, are expert at 
spinning and weaving. 

Population. — Between the years 1820 and 1830, the population of Mississippi increased 
more than 80 per cent. ; and between the latter year and 1840, the increase was more than 
175 per cent. Of a population of 175,000, upwards of one half were slaves. The people 
are almost exclusively engaged in agricultural employments. Population in 1850, 606,555. 

Climate. — For the most part the climate is decidedly healthy. The low country is of 
course subject to the ordinary diseases which prevail throughout all similar regions in the 
Southern States. But in the upper districts, the atmosphere is pure, and the climate, tliough 
variable, is temperate and salubrious. 

Religion. — The most numerous of the religious denominations are the Methodists and 
Baptists — the former, compared with the latter, numbering as 3 to 1. The Presbyterians 
are next in numerical order ; and tlie Episcopalians have several flourishing parishes. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES— MISSOURI. 



89 




MISSOURI is one of the Western — or, at present, more properly, one of the Central — 
states of tlie American Union. It fonnerly composed a part of tlie exteasive tract, which, 
under the name of Louisiana, was purchased of France by the United States in the year 1803. 
In the following year, tliat portion of the country which now forms the State of Louisiana was 
set off from the residue, and denominated the Territory of Orleans ; the remainder being 
.styled the District of Louisiana, until 1812, when the nnine was clianged to the Territory of 
Missouri. Another division took place about eight years afterwards, and in 18"21 the state was 
formed out of a section of tliat territory, and duly admitted into the Union. Some of the 
places witliin tlie present limits of Missouri were settled as early as the year 1764, by hunters 
and traders generally from tlie north and east. In that year the city of St. Louis was founded, 
now the largest commercial place on the Mississippi, excepting New Orleans. St. Charles, on 
the Missouri, was established in 1780, and New Madrid on tlie Mississippi, in 1787. 

Boundaries and Extent. — Missouri is bounded north by the State of Iowa; east by the 
Mississippi River, which separates it from the States of Illinois, Kentucky, and part of Ten- 
nessee ; south by the State of Arkansas ; and west by tlie Indian Territory, and by the River 
Missouri, dividhig it from the Deserts of Nebraska. It extends from 30° to 40° 3(j' north lati- 
tude, and lies between 89° and 95° 45' west longitude. Its area is estimated at 67,380 square 
miles, being about 278 mUes in length by 235 in breadth. 

Government. — The governor and lieutenant governor are chosen, by a plurality of the pop- 
ular votes, for four years, and are not eligible for two terms in succession. The lieutenant 
governor is ex officio president of the Senate. The legislature consists of a Senate, in number 
not less than 14 nor more than 33 ; and a House of Representatives, not to exceed 100 in num- 
ber. Tlie former are chosen for four years — one half every second year ; and the latter eveiy 
second year, in coimties, to serve two years. The legislature meets biennially, on the last 
Monday in December, and the members receive three dollars per diem for sixty days of the 
session, after wliich their pay is reduced to one dollar — a feature tliat might be profitably 
adopted in other states. 

Judiciary. — The Supreme Court, having appellate jurisdiction only, is composed of tliree 
judges, who Iiold office for twelve years. It holds two sessions annually. There are fniuteen 
judicial circuits, with a lilte number of judges, who hold office for eight years. Circuit Courts 
are held twice a year in each county. These have exclusive jurisdiction in criminal matters, 
with power to correct the proceedings of County Courts and justices of the peace, subject to 
appeal to the Supreme Court. The supreme and circuit judges are appointed by the governor 
12 



90 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

and Senate. County Courts are established for each county, and are composed of tliree jus- 
tices elected by tlie people for fom- years. Their jurisdiction is limited to mattei-s of probate 
and to county affairs. There are, also, at St. Louis and some other cities, local tribunals, 
with the ordinary powers of Municipal or Police Courts. 

Education. — Several colleges flourish in different quarters of the state, most of them under 
the special auspices of some religious denomination. A good number of academies and otlier 
literary institutions have also been established. The common and primary schools are tolera- 
bly numerous ; but in 1850 there were over 20,000 white persons above the age of 20 years 
who coidd neither read nor wiite. 

■ Finances. — The amount of the state debt is about §685,000 ; the interest whereon Ls some 
$73,000 annually. In 1643, the public debt was less than one half the above sum. 

Surface, Soil, Sfc. — The surface and soil are much varied throughout the state. In some 
quarters, the lands are undulating and hdly, not rising, however, to a height tliat can be de- 
scribed as mountainous. Other portions are swampy, and subject to inundations, though heavily 
timbered, and having an alluvial soil of great fertility. The soil upon the uplands is in gen- 
eral very productive, consisting both of prairies and extensive tracts of woodland ; but tliese 
are interspersed with rocky ridges and elevated barrens. The low lands, bordering on the 
rivers, are extremely rich. Indian corn and other grains, hemp, flax, tobacco, and sweet 
potatoes, are among the products of the field. Cotton is raised in the southern section of the 
state. Among the forest-trees are various species of oak, walnut, locust, ash, cedar, &c. 
Yellow and white pine abound in some localities. Grapes are found in profusion among the 
underwood of the forests ; and most of the fruits common to the latitude of the state may be 
successfully cultivated. 

Rivers. — This state is watered by numerous large streams, besides tlie great Rivers Missis- 
sippi and Missouri, the former of which flows along the eastern margin of the state, a distance, 
including indentations, of 550 miles ; while the latter strikes its south-west angle, passes, 
southward along its western boundar}', and, crossing its centre, afler having traversed tlie 
tenitory 384 miles, enters tlie Mississippi near St. Louis. The Osage, affording boat naviga- 
tion for CGO miles, tlio Grand, Salt, Gasconade, Chariton, Maramec, and St. Francis, are 
rivers of considerable magnitude. 

Internal Improvements. — The people of Missouri are favored with extraordinary facilities 
for internal intercourse, especially by water communication. These advantages are prosecuted 
to an incredible extent between St. Louis and all tlie great commercial marts of the south and 
west, and intermediate places, by means of steamboats and other craft, wliich navigate tlie 
principal rivers for hundreds and even thousands of miles. Such facilities naturally suggest 
numerous projects of improvement ; and a system of railroads and canals, in all probability, 
will ere long be superadded. At the session of the legislature in 1851, bills were passed, 
appropriating $9,000,000 for expediting the construction of the Pacific Railroad, and §1,500,000 
towards completing the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. This measure caused an immediate 
flow of emigration into the counties contiguous to the proposed routes. The city of Hannibal, 
in particular, one of the termini, received greater additions to its population within tlie spring 
of 1851 than it had acquu-cd during the whole of the three preceding years. 

Minerals. — Missouri is remarkably rich in muieral treasures, especially m the value of its 
lead mines. These are loiown to occupy an area of over 3000 square mUcs. They are sit- 
uated witliin an average distance of 70 miles from the city of St. Louis. The ore is of that 
description denominated " galena," and is found, not in veins, but in separate masses. It yields 
from 80 to 85 per cent. 5,000,000 or ti,000,000 pounds are produced annually. Iron ore, of 
excellent quality, also abounds. In Washington county, there is a hill some 400 feet in 
height, three miles in lengdi, and one mile wide at its base, known as tlie " iron mountain," 
which appears to be entirely composed of iron ore, yielding some 80 per cent, of the pure 
metal. There is also another eminence, about 300 feet high, one and a half mile wide at the 
base, consistmg wholly of the species of iron ore called " pilot knob," and wliich is equally 
valuable. Copper, zinc, calamine, antimony, cobalt, nitre, plumbago, ^alt, &c., ai-e among the 



STATES AND TERKITOUIES. — NEBRASKA. 91 

rainoral products of the same county and the contiguous region. Bituminous coal is abundant 
ill various localities near the Mississippi. 

Manujhiiures. — Iron, lead, and lumber are among the chief articles manufactured. Tliere 
are also large numbers of grist mills, distilleries, potteries, brick, stone and marble yards, salt 
works, breweries, carriage and inacliine factories, and other establishments for the production of 
commodities requisite for home use, the whole employing a capital of several nuUions of dollars. 

Indians. — There are no organized or distinct bands of Indians permanently settled withm 
the state, most of the mdigenous tribes having withdrawn to tlieir allotted country beyond tlie 
western boundary of the state. 

Population. — lu 1810, the population was less than 20,000. During the following ten 
years, it had increased to upwards of (10,000. In 1830, it numbered 140,000; and in 1840, 
383,000, mcluding 58,000 slaves. Population in 1850, 084,133. 

Climate. — Tlia central and iidand position of the state assures to its inhabitants extraordi- 
nary freedom from the sudden and tiying changes which are felt by residents nearer the sea- 
coast in the same latitudes. The diflerence of temperature between the cold of winter and 
the heat of summer is great — the extreme range of the theniiomoter b?ing from 8° below 
zero to 100° above. But the seasons, in their progress, are gi-adual and uniform, subject to 
few or no abmpt and violent transitions. The air is pure and salubrious, and the clhnite may 
be classed among those most favorable to health. 

Heliirion. — The Methodists are the most numerous of the various religious denommalious 
witliin the state. Next in numbers are the Baptists ; then the Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, 
and Episcopalians. There are, besides, several congregations of "Cumberland" and "Asso- 
ciate Reform" Presbyterians, and a few Unitarian societies. 



Q S Q [a (i\ ^ C! a 



NEBRASKA is the name by wliich an immense wilderness, lying among the north-western 
possessions of the United States, is now designated. It is bounded on the iiortli by the British 
possessions; on the east by Minnesota Territory and the State of Iowa; on the south by the 
Indian Territory, (proper,) the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico ; and on the 
west by the Territory of Utah and Oregon Territory. The Missouri flows along its entire 
eastern frontier, and tlie Platte and Arkansas Rivers water its southern borders, while its western 
limits are formed by the Rocky Mountains. With a vast sweep from the north-west towards 
tlie central part of the country, and thence curving to the north, a portion of this lofty chain 
encloses, as it were, in an amphitheatre nearly one half of the whole region. It reaches from 
the 38th to the 40th degree of north latitude ; its extreme sonth-eastern point lies in 95°, and 
its extreme north-western in 114° west longitude. It is between 000 and 700 miles in length, 
and from 400 to 500 miles in breadth, and contains an area of some .300,000 square miles. 

All this broad expanse is yet to be subdivided, and gradually furnished witli distinct forms 
of civil government, or remain as the barren heritage of the untamed races for whose behoof 
it seems naturally designed. At present, it is almost exclusively the abode of savages and 
wild beasts, and is traversed by civilized man only through the like necessity which im])cls 
him to cross the pathless ocean on his way to countries beyond. Its natural resources have 
never yet been developed, and little more is known of its topography, its waters, forests, 
plants, minerals, &c., than what has been gathered by dint of a few partial explorations, or by 
travellers in their hurried journeys towards Oregon and California. 

Prom its geographical position it must be inferred that its soil, clunate, natural products, 
and capacities for improvement do not diifer essentially from those of the states and territories 
by which it is encompassed. But there are no authentic data from which may be compiled 
any satisfactory amount of statistical infonnation in the premises. 



92 



imiTED STATES GAZETTEER. 



Maps, exhibiting the outlines of its pnncipal features, have from time to time been con- 
structed and published, wherefrom the names and localities of the most prominent and striking 
objects — such as mountains, rivers, and lakes — may in some partial degree be ascertained. 
Reliable and accurate surveys are yet to be undertaken and accomplished by authority ; until 
when tlie inquirer who would obtain exact details must be content with the meagre accounts 
of casual tourists, or the unauthenticated reports of adventurous visitors from the neighbor- 
ing regions. 

The manifold nations or independent tribes of aboriginal inhabitants sustain different 
relations to the people of the United States. Some of them, with whom treaties have been 
made, or negotiations held, are professedly friendly ; while others are treacherously hostile, 
and almost irreclaimable. They are frequently at war with each other, and in all the arts of 
civilization are generally behind the Indians who reside fartlier south. The number of 
Indians occupying the country between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains may be 
estimated at not far from 250,000, including those who have emigrated from the eastern side 
of the Mississippi, and settled in the Indian Territory proper. 

A view of the map of the country presents some striking lineaments, especially in the 
north-western quarter. The great basin, circumscribed as with a massive wall by the bold 
curvature of the Rocky Mountains, sends forth countless streams of varied extent, forming 
the sources of the Missouri River, and supplying the tract throughout .with an abundance of 
watercourses, at remarkably regular distances. These streams are mostly dignified with 
names upon tlie maps; but whether their positions, dimensions, and tendencies are correctly 
delineated, is a question to be determined by future and more exact inspection. The southerly 
and easterly portions of the country are also amply furnished with those aquatic arteries and 
veins so necessary to the existence of a nation. The rivers already mentioned, as washing 
the eastern and southern boundaries, also receive innumerable branches ; and there are some 
important streams which extend quite across from the very bases of the great mountain ridge 
on the west to the points of their junction with the Missouri, fcc. Among the principal of 
these are the Platte, tlie Ni-obrarah, the Whiteearth, &c., with tlielr numerous forks, all of 
which flow in an easterly direction. 




NEW HAMPSHIRE. It is generally conceded that the inhabitants of the New England 
States, as a body, exliibit some peculiar characteristics, when compared with those who dwell 
in other sections of our widely-extended and diversified Union. And it is known that the 
varied face of the country, and hence the local facilities for different occupations, together 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW IIAMrSHIRE. 93 

with the liistory of diflerent settlements, have all tended to produce diversities of character, 
habits, and employments. 

To these considerations must bo added the different views and pursuits of the original 
settlers, tlie object of settlement being by no means the same in all the colonies. 

Now, it is not pretended that the first Europeans who colonized within the bounds of New 
Hampshire were, like those at Plymoutli, seeking an asylum from persecution for tliek religion. 
We know that expeditions for fishing along the coast, and the trade in furs, occui)ied the 
attention of the earliest visitors, and that a considerable time elapsed, atler the discoveiy and 
partial colonizing of the shores, before a regular government could be formed ; whereas, at 
the settlement of Plymouth, the principles on which the power of rule was to be based, and 
even those who were to exercise that power, were designated and resolved on before the land- 
ing of the company. 

Very different was the condition of those who commenced tlic efforts whicli resulted in 
establishuig the State of New Hampshire. Their arrangements, therefore, consisted more in 
the regLilations of a mercantile company than in a civil legislation, with its provisions for 
insuring a permanent, dignified administration of well-adapted laws, the result of deliberate 
consideration. By the necessity of the case, however, this became their condition, in pro- 
cess of time. 

No proof is found of actual settlement before 1G93. The precise date of the settlement, it 
has been candidly acknowledged, " cannot probably be ascertained." * This acknowledgment, 
however, relates only to some overt act, connected with settling; since both the year and 
season of the year are ascertainable. 

But tlie settlements were, for many years, greatly troubled by the conflicting claims of 
patentees. These clauns were derived, originally, from the council of Plymouth, in the mother 
countr)-. And of them it is remarked by Chalmers, that, " during the fifteen years of the 
existence of that company, it adopted the policy of conferring on various men several inter- 
fering parcels of New England ; which has tlirown the greatest obscurity over its earliest 
history ; which long occasioned perplexing embarrassments to the different clahnants, to the 
different colonies, and to England." t Tliese transactions have, notwithstandmg, been placed 
in as clear a light as the subject admits, by Dr. Belknap, the accomplished liistorian of New 
Hampshire, at a cost of much research. And we learn that Sir Ferdinando Gorges and 
Captain Jolm Mason, as joint partners, obtaining a title to a territory they called Laconia, 
extending from Merrunac River to Sagadehock, (or the Kennebec,) and far inland, Mason 
having previously acquired the grant of another, reaching from the River Naundieag to that of 
Piscataqua, and back to tlieir sources, employed men to settle the country. Accordingly, 
successive establishments were made at Little Harbor and Dover, to which, from other causes, 
were added those of Exeter and Hampton, forming for themselves severally, in a few years, 
separate jurisdictions. 

Without entering into an account of these various governments, which of themselves were 
only of short duration, it is sufficient for our purpose to state in this place, that, by the year 
1G42, they were all absorbed in the general government of Massachusetts. This absorption 
w;is not, however, an arbitrary or violent act on the part of that state. In eacli instance of 
its occurrence, it was, from the necessity of the case, solicited by the settlements. Their 
feeble condition, exposed as they were to the attacks of the savages of the wilderness, who, 
especially about the year lCi:37, appear to have plotted the destraction of all European 
settlers along the coast ; the want of some superior authority, to act as an umpire in the 
disputes and difficulties which arose among themselves ; and, added to this, a desire to hold 
tlieir lands not as tenants, but in simple fee, — these were sufficient reasons for wishing to avail 
themselves of the matured authority, experience, and prosperity of Massacliusetts. 

The three governments, therefore, of Dover, Exeter, and Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, after 
struggling for years with difficulties of a civil and ecclesiastical nature, were united to the 

* Farmer and Moore's Coll. vol. ii. p. 32. t Pulit. Annals, vol. i. ch xvii. p. 472. 



94 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

settlements in their vicinity to the south ; Exeter bein^ first joined, by the authority of the 
coui-t, to Essex county ; and afterwards, with the others, forminnf, for a time, tlie county of 
Norfolk ; * their history being blended, for the next forty years, with tliat of their neiglibors. 
Hampton had, in the mean time, been settled from Massachusetts, and was, therefore, ac- 
counted as naturally belonging to tliat government, although witliin the present bounds of 
New Hampshire.f 

This latter name was assumed as early as 1029; when, after Gorges and Mason had been 
for several years united in the possession of a patent from the Plymouth council, embracing 
"all the lands between the Rivers Merrimac and Sagadehock," before cited, "and extending 
back to the great lakes and River of Canada, J and called Laconia," and under which patent 
their settlements had been made, as we have seen. Mason obtained for liimself a new patent. 
The extent is tlius described : " From the middle of Pascataqua River, and up the same to the 
furthest head thereof, and from thence north-westward, until sLxty miles from the month of the 
harbor were finished ; also, through Merrimac River, to the furthest head thereof, and so 
forward up into the land westward, until sixty miles were finished ; and from thence to cross 
overland to the end of tlie sixty miles accounted from Pascataqua River; together with all 
islands within five miles of tlie coast." Tlie territory included within these limits received 
the name which the state at present bears. 

The same council which issued the patent above cited had given to Gorges, in 1631, " a 
grant of all the land from the River of Naumkeag, now Salem, round Cape Anne to the River 
Merrimac ; and up each of those rivers to tlie furthest head thereof; then to cross over from 
the head of the one to the head of the otlicr ; iritli all the islands lying within three miles of 
the coast." § It had also, after giving several other discordant grants, sold to a company of 
gentlemen, named by Hutchinson, || " all that part of New England three miles to the south 
of Charles River, and three mites to the north of Merrimac River, from the Atlantic to tlie 
South Sea." The date of the last patent was March 19, 1627. 

It could hardly be expected that grantees of property so indefinite, or, if defined, so incon- 
sistently done, should mutually agree. We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the 
people of Massachusetts regarded Gorges's and Mason's claims with jealousy, and considered 
them in a hostile light; nor that the death of IMason, wlio had been for some time using all 
his influence to procure a royal order for a general governor to be appointed for all New Eng- 
land, and thus to supersede those of Plymouth and Massachusetts, should be recorded by 
Governor Winthrop as a " mercy." H The conflicting claims we have alluded to must, almost 
necessarily, liave originated hostile feelings, however we regret and disapprove them. 

Gorges, in his History of New England, declares, "that he could hardly get any, for 
money, to reside " in the country he claimed ; but the change of times and interests soon made 
it a place of refuge for persecuted religionists, and the settlements then advanced rapidly, 
until, attracting the attention of the royal government, " it was especially ordered, by the 
king's command, that none should be suflfered to go without license." Yet, though destitute 
of royal patronage, the settlements nevertheless " grew," as Colonel Barre, in the period of tlie 
American revolution, declared of them before the British Parliament, " by the neglect of 
them," chargeable on their mother country — a neglect which rendered their own most stren- 
uous exertions neccssarj-, and finally successful. 

* Including Salisbury, Haverhill, Hampton, Exeter, Portsmouth, and Dover. 

+ See Belknap's History of Kew Hampshire, chaps, i. ii. iii. iv. 

J Wood, in 1634, says, " The place whereon the English have built their colonies is judged, by those 
who have the best skill in discovery, either to be an Hand, surrounded on the north side with the spa- 
cious River Cmmada, and on the south with Hudson's River, or else a Peninsula, these two rivers over- 
lapping one another, having their rise from the great lakes, which are not farre off one another, as the 
Indians doe certainly informe us." Such, at that time, was their geography of the country. N. E. 
Prospect, pp. 1, 2. 

^ Belknap, ut supra. || History Massach. vol. i. p. IC. 

H Winthrop's Journal, vol. i. 187, and Dr. Savage's note there. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 95 

In fact, to this principle we must refer tlio difference between the success that attended on 
tlie settlers of tlie Bay State and that of the people employed by Gorges and Mason. This 
is sensibly and strikingly described by the judicious Belliuap. " The difl'erence between a 
man's doing business by himself, and by his substitutes," observes the doctor, " was never 
more finely exemplified than in tlie conduct of the Massachusetts planters, compared with tliat 
of Sir Perdinando Gorges ; wliat the one had been laboring for above twenty years, without 
any success, was realized by the others in two or three years ; in five they were so far advanced 
as to be able to send out a colony from tliemsclves, to begin another at Connecticut ; and, in 
less than ten, they founded a university, whicli has ever since produced an uninterrupted 
succession of serviceable men in church and state." * 

The history of New Hampshire may, with convenience, be divided into four distinct 
periods. The first will be tlie period we have just been reviewing — that from the earliest 
settlements by the English to the union with Massachusetts. The time of that union will 
form another, consisting of nearly 40 years. The third embraces the royal government of the 
province, and down to the American revolution, and the fourth what has transpired since. 

I. Not much of interest, except that which is purely local, attaches to the history of the 
inconsiderable communities which were first formed. And yet it is no trifling subject for the 
contemplation of humanity. Courage and fortitude were needed, to face and endure the dis- 
tresses of an American wilderness, 3000 miles from home. The names, therefore, of Hilton, 
Waldron, Williams, Neale, Wiggin, Chadbourne, and others, their associates, will be 
cherished not merely by their posterity, but by a grateful community of free, prosperous men, 
who inherit the result of their sacrifices and labors. Nor less in the church of Christ will 
tlie recollections of piety and faith dwell on the founders of the sacred institutions under the 
gospel, by which light was communicated to the ignorant, and consolation to the afflicted, and 
benefit to all. This will perpetuate the names of Dalton, Dudley, Leveridge, Gibson, 
Parker, and even Wheelwright, notwithstanding his occasional deviations and errors ; 
nor, in the lustre of a succeeding period, will tlieir "less light" be overlooked, or "shorn of 
its beams." 

It must not also be forgotten, that the original proprietors, especially Gorges and Mason, 
to whom others, discouraged by the multiplied and long-enduring difficulties they met, sold 
their respective shares, were themselves great losers by the enterprise. Neither of them lived 
to see the success of his expenditures, large and liberal as they were, and reckoned at £20,000 
sterling for each of them ; but they transmitted to disappointed heirs a succession of lawsuits, 
crushed hopes, and mortifications. Yet they seem to have cherished to the last an approbation 
of their unrewarded eiforts, and to have encouraged themselves in the hope that posterity 
would still reap important benefits from them. Let their names, then, be had in honor, and 
their example commend to their successors the exercise of tliat public spirit, which " seekoth 
not its own;" but, in the overruling providence of God, secures, though perhaps undesign- 
edly, in many instances, the welfare of coming thousands. 

II. A new scene opens in the next period. It presents, indeed, not a species of inde- 
pendent sovereignty, with wliich, apparently, some had flattered themselves, but — what is of 
Iiigher moment in the scale of human enjoyment and progress — safety, encouragment, and aid. 
All that Massachusetts had realized she was ready to share ; and perhaps there is hardly to 
be found in history an instance wherein political power was exercised in a more paternal 
manner ; nor, a few instances only excepted, its exercise met with more of grateful recog- 
nition and willing subjection. Often did it occur, say the faithful recorders of the time, 
that, \vhile the people had the acknowledged right to elect into office in their several towns 
such of their fellow-citizens, or, ratlier, fellow-subjects, as tlioy might prefer, they yet requested 
the court to nominate and appoint tliem — a course of conduct which very few of the sturdy 
republicans of succeeding times would be disposed to adopt. 

In proof of the exercise of tlie disposition now alluded to, and such a proof as is peculiarly 

* Life of Goiyes, in Amer. Biogr. vol. i. p. 331. 



96 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

attractive, when the important and cherislied seat of learning at Cambridge needed a substi- 
tute for its old and humble building of wood, contributions for reedifying the structure witli 
brick were liberally bestowed. " Portsmouth, which was now become tlie richest" of the 
New Hampshire towns, charged itself with " £60 per annum for seven years; Dover gave 
£32, and Exeter £10 for the same laudable purpose." * At a subsequent period, we shall find 
this example of a wise liberality to the cause of good learning followed by the government 
of the province in a higlily valuable donation to tlie library of Harvard College, notwithstand- 
ing its location in a neighboring community. 

These instances it is delightful to record ; for they tended to prepare the way for that 
wider union of interests whicli was, in process of time, to be developed in all its vast and 
important bearings. Indeed, at the commencement of the period we are now reviewing, a 
measure fraught with consequences inappreciable, perhaps, by those who engaged in it, was 
adopted in the confederacy of colonies effected in 1G43. New Hampshire shared in the 
benefits of this judicious and necessary arrangement, being included in Massachusetts. The 
other parties were Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. And it cannot escape the notice 
of any who attentively observe " the leadings of divine Providence," that, in this manner, 
while the present perils of their great enterprise prompted these governments to counsels of 
fraternal union, they were preparing gradually the way for the final independence of their 
coCNTRT-t Probably, without a similar course, they could hardly have sustained the horrors 
of the Indian war of 1G75, and triumphed over Philip and his widely-extended confederates. 

It deserves mention here, that, altliough the inhabitants of Massachusetts had formed for 
themselves what may be termed a " test act," and admitted none to " the freedom of their 
company," and thus to the bearing of office among them, but such as had been received into 
some one of the churches, — a regulation made, as Hutchinson informs us, by the freemen 
themselves, in 1631, and "continuing in force until the dissolution of the government;" that 
is, while they were under their original charter, — yet, on the admission of the New Hamp- 
shire towns, no such order was extended to them; and they elected their officers without 
the restriction. A similar course was held subsequently with regard to Maine. Thus the 
way was preparing for a wider toleration, the principles of which were in that age but little 
understood or felt. X It is not improbable, also, that the application of this measure to the 
New Hampshire towns was of influence in forming their temper to a remoteness from the 
strict Puritan features which characterized the Old Colony and the Bay State in their earliest 
times. And, indeed, it was not until 1671 that a Congregational cluirch was gathered in 
Portsmouth, their capital ; there having previously been only an Episcopal church in the town, 
which was formed in 1638. 

III. The way liad been gradually preparing for a change of government. The enemies 
of that system of rule which prevailed in Massachusetts had been, from the very first, busy 
in their complaints to the crown, and had been often on the point of succeeding, but were 
remarkably prevented. Thus, in 1635, an effort had been made to cause tlie surrender of their 
much-cherished charter. And at the restoration of tlie monarchy these were renewed, after 
a comparative quiet, on that subject at least, of near 120 years. But, in the course of a short 
period, complaints having been made by the heirs of Gorges and Mason, a commission was 
given by Charles II. to Colonel Nichols, Sir Robert Carr, and two others, to investigate tlie 
state of the colonies, particularly in regard to the grievance complained of, apply all proper 
remedies in their power, and make report. This report, although it fiiiled of effecting all that 
was intended against the government of Massachusetts, prepared the way for the mission of 



* Bellcnap, vol. i, p. 64, F. and M's ed. ; also Hutcliinson, cS:c. 

t See tliis confederacy e.-chibited in an Address of the late Ex-President J. Q. Adums. Mass. Hist. 
CoU. III. vol. ix. 

X In 1665, Dr. J. Mather, in a private letter, charges on the commissioners of the New England colo- 
nies the declaration, "that they would have liberty given to all sorts and sects of men." — See Hutck- 
imon, vol. i. p. 208. 



STATES AND TliRUITOlilES. — NKW UAIU^SHIRE. 97 

Randolph, wliich resulted in his advice to separate New Hampshire from that government, 
and to erect it into a province by itseU'. 

Tiiis arrangement was at Icngtli elTectod ; and in 1G80, at the beginning of the year, John 
Cutt, Esq., an aged and wortliy citizen of Portsmouth, was appointed, by royal autliority, 
president. A council was assigned him, a portion of the members being specially named, 
with permission to fill up the prescribed number at their pleasure ; to which was added a 
House of Representatives, to be chosen by the people — a form of government which, in itself 
considered, Belknap characterizes as being " of as simple a kind as- the nature of a subor- 
dinate government and the liberty of the subject can admit." * The new president died, 
however, before the expiration of his year of office, and was greatly lamented, as a gentleman 
of high moral worth and unblemished reputation. He was succeeded by his deputy, Major 
Waldron, wlio had long been distinguished by liis public spirit and many services, and was 
tlicreforo greatly esteemed. 

The alteration of the form of government was not, liowever, allowed to pass off without 
another trait of genuine feeling, which does the parties gTeat honor. With consent of his 
council and of the General Assembly, President Cutt commnnicated, as early as March 25, 
1G80, to the governor and council of Massachusetts, to be made known at their next session 
to the General Court of the province, a very grateful letter ; " first to acknowledge," says he, 
" your great care of us, and kindness towards U5, while we dwelt under your sliadow ; owning 
ourselves deeply obliged, that you were pleased, upon our earnest request and supplication, 
to take us under your government, and ruled us well, while we so remained ; so that we cannot 
give the least countenance to those reflections tliat liave been cast upon you, as if you had 
dealt injuriously with us." They then profess as follows: "no dissatisfiiction with your 
government, but merely our submission to divine Providence, to liis majesty's conmiands, to 
whom we owe our allegiance, without any seeking of our own, or desires of change, was the 
only cause of our complying with that present separation from you tliat ^vc are now under ; 
but should have heartily rejoiced, if it had seemed good to the Lord and his majesty to liavc 
settled us in the same capacity as formerly." They add, " We hold ourselves bound to sig- 
nify, that it is our most unfeigned desire, that such a mutual correspondence betwixt us may 
be settled, as may tend to the glory of God, the honor of his majesty, whose subjects we all 
arc, and the promoting of the common interest, and defence against the common enemy, tliat 
thereby our liands may be strengthened, being of ourselves weak, and few in number ; and 
that, if there be opportunity to be any ways serviceable unto you, we may show how ready 
we are thankfully to embrace the same." They close with sajdng, " We subscribe, wishing 
the presence of God to be with you, and craving the benefit of your prayers and endeavors 
for a blessing upon the heads and hearts of us who are separated from our brethren." f 

A document like this is well worthy of transmission to posterity. But, after tlie year's ser- 
vice of Walter Barefoote, who was one of Randolph's friends and abetters, the next ad- 
ministnition, that of Craniield, was unpleasant in the extreme. His self-seeking spirit, 
his contempt for tlie inhabitants, wliom he found to be not more than four thousand in number, 
his tyrannical exactions, and his persecution and oppression of the respected minister of 
Portsmouth, the Rev. Joshua Moody, whose name will ever be held in affectionate respect, 
alienated from him the minds of tlie people, and caused them to rejoice when, chagrined 
and disappointed, he left tliem for Barbadoes. 

We have not room, in this department of the present work, to enter into particulars of the 
history of so many changes as occurred in the administration of government, further than to 
say, that New Hampshire was again united witli Massac liusetts, under the presidency of 
Joseph Dudley, in 1G86; also under that of Andros in 1087, and of Bradstreet in IGS'J. From 
1692, however, the separate government obtained again, under Usher, Partridge, and Allen, 
for ten years ; when Dudley was once more appointed governor, having Massachusetts also 

« Hist, of X. U. p. 89, F. and W.'s edition, 
t See tlie whole paper in Ilutc/iinson, vol. i. 295, 296. 
13 



98 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

under his charge. The two governments were thus again united, and so continued from 1703 
to 1741, sharing in each other's sympathies, and in weal or woe. In the last-named year, 
Bcnning Wentworth, a graduate of Harvard College, was appointed governor, and succeeded 
in that office by his nephew, John Wentworth, in 17t>7, whose term of service closed but witli 
the revolution. 

IV. The revolution produced, of course, its own heroes, as every period of such excite- 
ment must. But tlicre had been a long training of them, unknowingly, as throughout our 
country. New Hampshire furnished her full quota of these, several of them reared in the 
hardships of Indian warfare, or in the laborious occupations of husbandry ; and not a few were 
experienced in those scenes of conHict between Britain and France which ended in the 
reduction of Canada. A few years only after that event, the discussion of stirring questions 
between the colonies and the mother country called forth the best talents. The right of Par- 
liament to tax, without the privilege of representation vested in the subject, and thence without 
his consent, was boldly denied. The stamp act excited alarm, and was resisted. Fenda] 
institutions were reviewed, in an essay by the elder Adams, in 17G5, and the canon law inves- 
tigated ; and, in short, the doctrines of civil freedom began to engage the public mind long 
before the actual rNDEPENDENCE of the country was seriously contemplated. 

The country, too, liad gained strength and wealtli. Of both these New Hampsliire partook. 
Ship-building, from the facility of obtaining every kind of lumber, flourished on her scanty 
seaboard. Vessels of war had been for many years constructed within the waters of Piscat- 
aqua, which fonn almost her only harbors from the sea ; and her merchants were known abroad, 
and their connections extensive and profitable at home. 

Besides this, the increase of population in the country towns became obser\-able. Tliey had 
been gradually settling, after the disputes with the heirs of Mason were in good degree 
adjusted, and more especially after the purcliase made of their claim by a company of New 
Hampshire gentlemen, in 1746, which had introduced an increase of agricultural products, by 
encouraging a more general acquisition of farms, the cultivation of which liad been found the 
true source of wealth and general prosperity. 

In addition, a new interest was given to the great subject of educatio.n. We have before 
alluded to the regard shown to Harvard College. At the destruction by fire of its library, in 
17G4, under the govermnent of Benning Wentworth, a generous donation was made, in order 
to replace it.* But, under the succeeding administration of his nephew, a magistrate dis- 
tinguished for learning, good judgment, and public spirit, and therefore deservedly popular, 
the foimdation was effected of a university within the state itself. The application for public 
aid by the Rev. Dr. Wheelock, and his ofi'er of locating his institution where the greatest 
encouragement might be had, elicited sucli returns abroad, and especially such grants of land 
from the General Assembly, as fixed Dartmouth College at Hanover, in the county of Crafton, 
by royal charter, l.'Hh December, 1769. The rank of this institution is high among the col- 
leges of New England and the best literary establishments of the Union. 

To recount the catalogue of worthies, whose names impart a lustre to their native state. 
and give the history of their lives, pleasing although it would be, cannot within the limits of 
this introductory sketch be admitted. Tlie memories of Stark and Sullivan, and of Pepperell 
at an earlier period, who should be reckoned, probably, to New Hampshire, though locally of 
Maine, of Dearborn, and other military men, will not be suffered to perish. Tliose of Me- 
shech Weare, the first president of the state, after the commencement of hostilities with 
Great Britain ; and the governors, Langdon, Oilman, Smith, and Plumer, not to mention 

• " The province of New Hampshire not having as yet any college of its own to divert its interest from 
Harvard College, hitlierto the Alma M.iter of iier educated men as well as those of Massachusetts, the 
General Assembly of that province, by the recommendation of Governor Benning "Wentworth, who had 
been applied to by the corporation on the subject, voted £300 sterling for the purpose of purchasing 
books for the library. A catalogue was sent to the Rev. Dr. East Apthorp, then in England ; and by 
his care books to the number of 7t3 vohmies, enough to fill three quarters of an alcove, were purchased 
with that sum." — See Peirce's Hist, of Harvard University, edited by the late Hon. J. Pickering, Esq. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 99 

others of merit who have honorably filled the chair of state ; of Mason, and of Webster, the 
former of whom has recently been lamented as one of the first, if not the first, of the lawyers 
of New England, and the latter happily living', as a glory of his birthplace, tlie able and 
successful expounder and defender of the constitution, — will pass down to posterity with still 
increasing esteem, and do honor to New Hampsliire. They will excite the virtuous emulation 
of her aspiring youth, and tend to guide their steps to eminence. 

Nor should the religious interests of the state be overlooked. These have been superin- 
tended by a ministry consisting of, apparently, as sound and faithful men as can be found 
laboring together in any state of our Union, among an equal population. A recent review of 
tlieir history has been taken ; and its well-informed author, addressing " the general associa- 
tion," a body which dates its origin in 1747, declares, " Of G8ti, who from the first have filled 
the office of pastors in our churches, but about 150 now survive. All settled previous to 1780 
are starred on the register of their names. Of those settled between 1780 and 1800, we can 
find but eight among the living, and not one of them in the active duties of the ministry. But 
though dead, they yet speak. Some of them experienced great trials and hardships for Christ's 
sake, enduring perils in the wilderness and perils among savages. But they were strong in 
faith, constant in labors, enduring unto tlie end. Never, probably, has there existed," he adds, 
" through a period of more tlian two centuries, a succession of one class of ministers more 
united in sentiment, more harmonious in practice, more consistent in example, more free from 
ambition and envy, and the strife of controversy, more self-denying, more useful as citizens, 
and more respected in their several fields of labor, than the Congregational and Presbyterian 
ministers of New Hampshire. A few, indeed, though very few, have proved themselves un- 
worthy of their calling and office. Some have renounced their first faith, but the great body 
of them have stood finn amid changes, and were found faithful unto death." * 

The writer then notices the closing scenes of tlie lives of several of the pastors, as evi- 
dences of their sincerity and faithfulness ; and especially commemorates Moody of Portsmouth, 
McGregor of Londonderry, Dr. McClintock of Greenland, Hidden of Tamworth, Dr. Harris 
of Dunbarton, and Dr. Church of PeUiam, among those who have given their dying testimonies 
to " the truth as it is in Jesus." Many other names are precious to the churches and to sur- 
viving friends ; and that such a ministry, still more and more enriched with divine grace, may 
be perpetuated through the coming generations, every Christian patriot must desire ; since it 
is only through the prevalence of the religion of the gospel that any community can truly 
jjrosper. For the Christian ministry is the institution of God for human welfare. And its 
usefulness is found not merely in reference to eternity, but the present life also. Says the 
commissioner of common schools, in his last Report to the legislature of New Hampshire, 
" The clergymen of the various towns that I have visited deserve especial notice for the lively 
interest they cherish in this movement, [to improve the schools,] for the valuable assistance 
they rendered me in my visits, and for the controlling influence which they exert on the minds 
of the people in favor of general intelligence and sound learning." f 

Although allusion has thus been made to the important subject of training the youth of the 
state, and to tlie promotion of " sound learning," it yet seems proper to insert in this place a 
general view of it, with which the compiler of this work has been very obligingly favored by 
the late Rev. Dr. Cogswell, president of the Theological Seminary at Gilmanton. It is inserted 
entire, under the liead of 

" Education in New Hampshire. The common school system of education," observes 
the doctor, "so generally prevalent in New England, was veiy early adopted by the mhabit- 
ants of New Hampshire. In this respect, the state was probably as observant of duty as 
Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

" The first law enacted for the establishment of what are termed ' town schools,' was passed 
in 1647, by the General Court of Massachusetts. The preamble and law are as follows : ' It 
being one chiefe project of that old deluder, Sathan, to keep men from the knowledge of 

* Rev. Mr. Bouton's Hist. Discourse, Aug. 22, 184.S, p. 24. t See Report for 1848, p. 4. 



100 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

Scriptures, as in former times, keeping thera in an unltnowne tongue, so in these latter times, 
by persuading them from the use of tongues, so that, at least, the true sence and meaning of 
the original might be clouded with false glosses, of saint-seeming deceivers, and that learning 
may not bee buried in the grave of our forefathers in church and commonwealth, the Lord 
assisting our endeavors: — 

" ' It is therefore ordered hy this Coxirte and authority thereof, That every townshipp within 
this jurisdiction, after that the Lord hatli increased them to the number of fifty hows-iiolders, 
shall then forthwith appoint one witliin theire towne, to teach all such children as shall resorte 
to him, to write and read ; whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of 
such children, or by the inhabitants in generall, by way of supplye, as the major parte of 
those who order the prudentials of the towne shall appointe ; provided that those who send 
theire children bee not oppressed by paying much more tlian they can have them taught for 
in other townes.' 

" This law extended to the inliabitants of New liampsliire, as the union between this state 
and Massachusetts took place in 164L The ultimate object to be obtained by our Puritan 
ancestors in these schools was, that their cliildren might be enabled to read and understand 
for themselves. They were zealous for the maintenance of the Protestant principle of private 
judgment in matters of religious faith and practice. 

" The first law passed by New Hainpsliire, after it became a province, was enacted in 1693, 
amid the terrors and distresses of the sanguinary war witli the Indians and the French, and 
shows how regardful of education the people at that time were. The law runs thus : it is 
' enacted and ordained, that for the building and repairing of meeting-houses, ministers' 
houses, school-houses, and allowing a salary to a schoolmaster in each town within this prov- 
ince, the selectmen in the respective towns shall raise money by an equal rate and assessment 
upon the inhabitants ; and every town within tliis province (Dover only excepted during the 
war) shall, from and after the publication hereof, provide a schoolmaster for the supply of the 
town, on penalty of ten pounds ; and for neglect thereof, to be paid, one half to theii- majes- 
ties, and the other half to the poor of the town.' 

" In 1719, a law was passed which ordained that every town having fifty householders, 
or upwards, shall be constantly provided with a schoolmaster to teach children and youth to 
read and write. 

" In 1783, tlie voice of New Hampshire on the subject of education was expressed in lan- 
guage worthy of a free and sovereign state, and contained in the constitution of government 
then voluntarily adopted. It is as follows: 'Knowledge and learning, generally diffused 
through a community, being essential to the preseiTation of a free government, and spreading 
the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being 
highly conducive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the legislators and magistrates, 
in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, 
and all seminaries and public schools, to encourage private and public institutions, rewards 
and immunities for the promotion of sciences and natural liistory.' 

" Since the adoption of the constitution, Hie acts of the government in favor of common 
schools have been liberal. They are now by law established throughout the state, and every 
child and youth may enjoy the benefits of education proffered by them. For their support, by 
a law of the state, about $100,000 is annually raised by a tax upon the people.* The literary 
fund, amounting to $(14,000, formed by a tax of one half per cent, on the capital of the banks, 
has been distributed to tlie different towns. The proceeds of tliis fund, and also an annual 
income of about $10,000, derived from a tax on banks, are appropriated to aid in support of 
schools, besides what is raised by the several districts themselves. 

"There are, according to the last census of the United States, 2127 common schools, 
and 83,632 scholars attending them, being 1 in every 3^Vo of th^ whole population of the 
state, and being a greater number, in proportion to the inhabitants, than is furnished from 

* Whole amount, raised in 1S48, §147,744 82. — See Report, cited above, p. 43 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 101 

any other state in the Union, with but one exception. There are only 942 individuals in the 
state, over 20 years of age, who can neither read nor write, being only 1 to 307 of the pop • 
ulation, and being a less number than in any other state, one only excepted. 

" The number of academies and high schools in tlie state is about 70, being 1 to every 
4000 inliabitants. The number of students attending them is 5799, being on an average more 
than 80 to an institution, and 1 to about every 50 of the inhabitants. This intermediate 
class of institutions between common schools and colleges is generally in a flourishing condi- 
tion. Most of them are private corporations for public purposes, and need more funds for 
their support, tliat they may accoinplisli with greater energy the work devolving upon them. 

" Dartmouth College, named after the Earl of Dartmouth, an early benefactor, is one of the 
n.ost flourisliing in the United States, and is situated in tlie south-west part of Hanover, about 
half a mile east of Connecticut River, on a beautiful and extensive plain, where tliere is a 
handsome village. It was founded by the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D. D., and chartered by 
royal grant in 1769. The funds, which are respectable, were obtained by donations from 
individuals, and by grants from tlie legislatures of New Hampshire and Vermont. The build- 
ings are good, and sLx in number — all of them of brick except one, and most of tliem bearing 
names of benefactors." 

Boundaries. — This state is bounded north by Eastern Canada, east by Maine, south-east 
by the Atlantic and the State of Massachusetts, south by Massachusetts, and west and north- 
west by Vermont. Situated between 42° 40' and 45" Kj' north latitude, and 70° 35' and 72° 
27' west longitude. Its length is 168, and its greatest breadth about 90 mUes, and it com- 
prises an area of about 7987 square miles. 

First Sctt!ers. — The first discovery of New Hampshire was in 1614, and tlie first settle- 
ments made by Europeans were at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623 ; only three years after the 
landing of the Pilgrims at Plymoutli. 

Government. — The executive power is vested in a governor and five councillors, chosen 
annually by the people. The legislature consists of the Senate, comprising 12 members, 
chosen in 12 districts, and the Honse of Representatives, chosen amiually in the month of 
March, every town having 150 ratable polls being entitled to send one, and an additional 
representative for every 300 additional polls. The legislature assembles annually at Concord, 
on the first Wednesday of June. 

All male citizens, of 21 years and upwards, except paupers and jiersons excused from taxes, 
have a right to vote for state officers — a residence of at least three months within the town 
being required to entitle the person to vote. 

Judiciari/. — The Superior Court of Judicature consists of a chief justice and two associate 
justices, who hold one term annually in eacli of the ten counties of the state, for the hearing 
and detemiining of questions of law, and petitions for divorce. This court is also vested with 
chancery powers. 

The judges of the Superior Court of Judicature are, ex njjido, judges of the Court of 
Common Pleas. This court, before whom all actions for the recovery of debts and the en- 
forcement of contracts, and all jury trials, are brought, consists of one of the justices of the 
Superior Court, or one of the justices of the Circuit Court of Common Pleas and of two county 
judges, who are generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to 
attend to the ordinary bushiess of the county, its roads, expenses, &c. Terms arc held semi- 
annually, in each of the counties. 

Most of the religious denominations, which are found in the country at large, apjiear in New 
Ilampsliire, as might be anticipated from the freedom of religious inquiry and profession. In 
numbers, the Baptist denomination ranks next to the Congregationalists and Preshytc.rians. 
But tlie Episcopal branch of the church of Christ was early founded in the colony, and 
was greatly encouraged by several of the royal governors. The Methodists are numerous, 
and there are communities of Friends, or Qiiakers. But it is believed that the many important 
interests of society, in which good citizens may unite without infringing on a good conscience, 
are tending to soften the asperities of religious controversy, and to bring the conmiunity moro 



102 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

and more into a state of mutual forbearance, if not of mutual esteem. Thus Bible societies, 
and societies for tlie promotion of temperance, the associations wliich spring out of the great 
cause of education, and those which relate to agriculture, mechanic arts, general science, and 
mutual unprovciiiunt in knowledge, especially by lectures and the founduig and use of social 
libraries, all tend to occupy healthily the powers of tlie mind, and produce or promote that 
condition of civilization wliich becomes a free, vigorous, moral, and Cluistian state.' 

That such advances are really making is evident to tlie observer. They have, indeed, been 
gradual, but actual. The early colonists were often almost disheartened at the prospect before 
them, and complained of the difficulty of procuring a subsistence. It is well remarked by Dr. 
Belknap, that they too much neglected tlie cultivation of the soil, whose productiveness they 
had not properly tested, while their chief attention was given to the fisheiy, tlie lumber trade, 
and the procuring of furs. Many temptations, too, were thrown in their way, as occurred to 
other settlers in New England, by invitations to settle elsewhere. Lord Saye and Sele urged 
the colonists to people Barbadoes, where he possessed an interest. Cromwell, at a subsequent 
period, invited the tried and faithful Puritans to settle in Ireland, where the province of Ulster 
had long been devastated, and stood in need of inhabitants ; or to enter on his new conquest 
of Jamaica, and become West India [)lanters. Few, comparatively, however, were prevailed 
on to go ; and those who staid became more and more accustomed to the country, and 
attached to it. 

And now, what is the result ? A healthy, active, intelligent, and industrious population ia 
found, even among the mountain fastnesses of " the Granite State," not unaptly characterized 
as the Switzerland of America. They subdue the soil, and it yields its treasures ; and if not 
in so great abundance of cereal grains, at least in valuable pasture — the grazmg interest 
being very considerable tlu'ougliout the state. Yet the improvements of modem agriculture 
are noticed and adopted. In islands of the beautiful Winnipiseogee — a favorable location, it 
must be confessed — 130 bushels of Indian corn have been raised on the acre ! * One would 
suppose that the fertility of the western prairie could offer little temptation to the farmer who 
might produce such a crop, and remain among his own paternal fields; especially when the 
contrast is made between the healthiness of a northern climate, in a high, hilly region, pure 
water flowing plentifully, all facilities for happily training a family ; and a country where, 
indeed, labor is comparatively light, land cheap, and winters lose mucli of their rigor and 
lengtli; but fever and ague sap the constitution, and send back the adventurer a lean, sallow 
invalid for life, or lay him prematurely in tlie grave. 

Of recent years, the legislature has, in its wisdom, encouraged the investigation of tlie 
mineral treasures of New Hampshire. The employment of Dr. C. T. Jackson for this pur- 
pose has resulted in the discovery that this state is richer in this respect than any of its sisters. 
We do not say that it has the gold of California, — as, happily for its inhabitants, it has not, — 
nor that of North Carolina or Georgia ; but tlie variety of its minerals is great, and the de- 
posits of several of the most useful, if not most costly ores, are not infrequent. Grant that it 
abounds in granite and in ice. It has also a hardy and sagacious population, which can make 
that ice and granite articles of profitable commerce. 

The increase of manufacturing establishments, in which scientific skill is tasked to mould 
the raw material into useful fabrics and fonns, renders the possession of water power a 
great desideratum. In few spaces of equal extent, it is believed, docs there exist a greater 
water power than in this state. And human ingenuity will not be backward in turning tlik 
encouraging circumstance to profit. Statistics of several establishments will be found in the 
following work, under the heads of tlieir respective localities. 

Of all the features of the state, tlie White Mountains must be regarded as not only the 
most prominent, but the most interesting. Forming the highest land in North America east 
of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes, they have become a favorite resort of the tourist, 
who is in search either of health or pleasure. Dr. Belknap supposed that the highest peak 

* See Dr. Jcwkson's Agricultural Report. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 103 

would be found to be, when accurately measured, — which in his day it had not been, — over 
10,000 feet higli. But since that period it has been satisfactorily ascertained that it falls short 
of 7000. The ascent, perilous as it has been accounted, is often effected, and generally repays 
the task. But the remembrance of those dreadful avalanches, which, in one melancholy in- 
stance at least,* produced havoc, and ruin, and loss of life, will long impress the imagination 
seriously, and give solemnity to the wild solitudes of the mountains. 

The engineer will think and calculate otherwise. And his is, in fact, the prevailing view 
now taken of heights of land and bodies of water. The latter, which abound in the region of 
the White Mountains, not only give animation to a landscape, and irrigate for the agriculturist 
or cattle-breeder the lands in their vicinage, but, directed by the hand of Science, and duly 
restrained and managed, facilitate human labor, and lay a foundation for national wealth. For 
if, as one of this profession f argued, " rivers were made to feed navigable canals," the eleva- 
tions where are found the sources of the Androscoggin, Sact^ Merrimac, Connecticut, and 
many other streams, on whose banks and by whose waterfalls villages of manufacturers must 
rise, will not be contemplated by the practical improver without deep interest. 

It is a great happiness, as well as honor, for the state, that its history has been so ably and 
respectably written, and at so early a period in the development of its resources. Dr. Belknap 
was eminently calculated to accomplish the work he undertook. It required research and 
patient labor ; but he could labor and persevere, though under great embarrassment and diffi- 
culty, unknown, probably, by his successors in the ministry, but requiring in his day all forti- 
tude and faith. His education had providentially fitted him for his task. Brought up under 
the eye of the New England historian, the Rev. Mr. Prince, whose spirit of accurate and 
industrious inquiry is celebrated, he had the advantage of consulting his collections, and im- 
bibed a taste for the employment. Prince followed Matlier, and Mather drew from Hubbard, 
and he from Winthrop and Winslow. Belknap completes tlie chain to our own times ; and his 
history is quoted with that respect and confidence which honor his name, still further honored 
by the state in being attached to a lately constituted county. 

Deficiencies in his work are, indeed, noticed, particularly in articles of natural history and 
natural philosophy. But, with the progress in science that has since been made, and the 
facilities for observation which have since been secured, the supply of these deficiencies will 
be easy. Nor can it be so difficult as it was originally to secure tlie evanescent tradition of 
events. The late and lamented Jolm Farmer, Esq., and his living associate,! as well as other 
inembers of the Historical Society, have done much to perpetuate New Hampshire history, 
whether of the state or of smaller communities, or of individual men. 

The state is restricted on the sea-coast, and has but one avenue to the ocean. The Piscat- 
aqua presents for future improvement advantages that a perspicacious and thriving people 
will not be long in ascertaining and employing. The railroad from Portsmouth to Concord, 
opening an easy access to the great north and west, will give to the beautiful harbor of Ports- 
mouth a foreign and domestic commerce hitlierto unknown. 

Though restricted on the sea-coast, and in this view not to be compared witli her sister 
states of New England, the State of New Hampshire is yet second among then: in extent of 
territory. That it may be filled with a prosperous, happy, exemplary population, who shall 
enjoy and improve the rich privileges of Christian freemen, which, in the good providence of 
God, now form their favored lot, and transmit them unimpaired to the latest posterity, ia tlie 
writer's fervent wish and prayer. 

* The destruction of Mr. WWei/'s abode and family. 

+ Iiri7tU'i/y the Duke of IJridgewater's surveyor. 

X J- B. Moore, now librarian of the N. Y. Hist. Soc. 



104 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 




NEW JERSEY is one of the central states on the Atlantic coast of the country comprising 
!he original thirteen United States. The earliest settlement was made in the county of 
Bergen, between the years ]()20 and 1G30, by some Dutch people from New York. They 
were joined by parties of Danes and Norwegians, who, in 1(138, were followed by a body of 
Swedes and Fins, which formed a colony on the Delaware River, and purchased, of the 
aborigines the lands on botli sides of that stream, as far as the river was navigable. In 1664, 
the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers was granted to the Duke of York, 
brother to Charles II. The charter included New Jersey, of which the Dutch were forthwith 
dispossessed by the English ; and it was then conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
(Carteret. These latter proprietors drew up a form of government, and sent over Philip Car- 
teret as governor, who fixed upon Elizabethtown as his seat of government, in 1665. Sundry 
political changes ensued, and in 1676 the province was divided, the western part annexed to 
New York, and the eastern remaining as a separate colony, under the direct dominion of the 
crown. Six years afterwards, the latter section was assigned to William Penn and his 
associates. Twenty years subsequently, it was surrendered to Queen Anne, and incorporated 
witli New York, under tlie government of which both provinces continued until l"."??, when 
they were again jilaccd under the immediate jurisdiction of the British sovereign, and so re- 
mained until the royal authority was abrogated by the revolution of 1776. The republican 
constitution of the state is dated July 2d of that year. During the war ivith Great Britain, 
New Jersey suifered more than her proportion of the hardships, and rendered her full measure 
of the services, incident to that eventful struggle. 

Boundaries and Ertent. — New Jersey is bounded north by New York State, east by tlie 
Atlantic Cicean, south by Delaware Bay, and west by the State of Pennsylvania. It lies be- 
tween 38° 58' and 41° 21' north latitude, and extends from 73° 58' to 75° 29' west longitude. 
Its extreme length, from nortli to south, is about 160 miles, and its average breadth not far 
from 50 miles. Its area, by official report, is 8320 miles. 

Government. — The government is vested in a governor, Council, and House of Assembly, all 
of whom are elected annually, the former by the legislative branches in joint ballot, the latter by 
the people. The Council consists of 18 members, the president of which is, er officio, lieutenant 
governor, and the Assembly comprises 58 members. No persons are eligible for eitlier of 
these offices without a previous residence of one year, and the possession of property valued 
at £1000 in the case of councillors, ot at £500 in the case of assembly men. Voters must 
also have resided within the state one year, and possess property worth £50 " proclamation 
money." 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW JERSEY. 105 

Judiciary. — The judicial tribunals consist of a Court of Errors and Appeals, a Court of" 
Chancery, a Supreme Court, and Courts of Common Pleas. The Court of Errors comjjrises 
the chancellor, the justices of the Supreme Court, and six other judges appointed for six years 
by the executive, one of the latter vacating his scat in rotation each year. This court holds 
four stated terms every year. The cliancellor and judges of the Supreme Court are appointed 
by tlie governor and council for seven years ; the Court of Chancery holds four regular tcrnis 
per annum, and the Supreme Court the same, the judges of w hich also hold Circuit Courts 
quarterly in each county. Judges of the Common Pleas Courts, five in each county, are 
chosen for five years by the legislature, and hold courts four times a year. 

Education. — The state holds an available school fund amounting to $377,413'01. Tliere 
are some 1600 school districts in the state ; but the system of free school education, judging 
from the latest returns, docs not seem to have met with that favor from the legislature, or that 
solicitude on the part of the people, which its great importance demands; for it appears that, 
out of 1111,000 cliilJron, between the ages of 5 and Ki years, only 70,000 receive instruction ; 
that the average length of time within the year, for whicli scliools are kept, is but nine months, 
and that the average cost of tuition is $'2-00 per quarter for each pupil. New Jersey, how- 
ever, has long sustained a large number of literary institutions of a respectable order. At 
Princeton, there are tlie College of New Jersey, an ancient and distinguished establishment, 
and tlie Presbyterian Theological Seminary, of like eminence. At New Brunswick is Rut- 
gers, formerly Queen's College, founded in 1770, willi wliich also is connected the Theological 
Seminary of the Reformed Dutch church. There are likewise numerous academies, &c., in 
all parts of the state. The Friends have several respectable schools under their partic- 
ular charge. 

Finances. — The absolute debt of the state, on the 1st of January, 18.50, was ,S67,5'J5'8'2, 
tlie annual interest upon which amounted to $407.5-84. The productive property of the state 
was valued at )J'262,.31»7-53, and the unproductive at .S7G4,670-()0 ; the latter consisting of the 
"surplus fund" received from the United States, which has been loaned without interest to 
the respective counties. The revenues are derived mainly from transit duties on railroads 
and canals, dividends on stocks of ditto, taxes on railroad stock, interest on railroad bonds, 
special loans, &c. The aggregate receipts from these sources, for the year ending on the 
above-mentioned date, amounted to $125,C!J0-82, and the public expenditures for the same period 
were $120,552-75. There are between 20 and 30 banks in the state, with an aggregate cap- 
ital of from three to four millions of dollars. 

Surface, Soil, S,-c. — The face of the country at t!ic nortli is ratlier mountainous and broken, 
being crossed by portions of the Blue Ridge and other elevated ranges. From this point to 
the central part of the state the land is gradually depressed, and becomes undulating. At the 
south it is still lower and more level. The soil in the hilly region furnishes many excellent 
tracts for grazing ; m the centre it is quite fertile ; while towards the Atlantic coast it is sandy 
and naturally sterile. The litter district, however, by manual toil, has been made uncommonly 
productive, the proxi-nity of two great marl;ets having stimulated the industry and the agricul- 
tural skill of the inhabitants. Wlieat and all the gTains peculiar to the Mid#e States, 
potatoes, all descriptions of garden vegetables, and fruits of the finest sorts, as peaches, apples, 
pears, plums, clierries, strawberries, &c., are raised in great profusion, wherever due regard 
has been given to the improvement of the soil. 

Rivers. — Several navigable streams intersect the state or flow along its borders, furnish- 
ing fine mill sites and abundance of water power for all needed manufacturing purposes. 
Besides the Hudson and the Delaware, which wash the eastern and western shores, the chief 
rivers are the Raritan, navigable for 15 miles, with important waterfalls beyond; the Hacken- 
sack, of about the same navigable extent, though supplying water power for about 20 miles 
farther ; tlie Passaic, Salem, Cohanzey, and othsrs, all more or less convertible to the purposes 
of commerce or manufactures. 

Internal Improvements. — Among the most important works of internal unprovement are the 
Morris Canal, the Delaware and Hudson Canal ; the Camden and Amboy, the Paterson and 
14 



106 UNITED STATES- GAZETTEEE. 

Hudson, the New Jersey, the New Brunswick and Trenton, tlie Morris and Essex, and other 
railroads, with divers branches. These pass through various quarters of the state in almost 
every direction, and afford great facilities for internal and external commerce. Most of the 
trade of the state is carried on or benefited by means of these valuable public works. They 
afford convenient egress to the vast quantities of agricultural produce, cattle, domestic animals, 
poultry, manufactured articles, &c., which are annually exported from the state. 

Minerals. — Valuable iron, zinc, and copper ores are found in the state, and have been 
extensively worked, the smelting establisliments and numerous furnaces being well supplied 
with fuel from the great sandy tracts which are covered with forests of pine timber. 

Manufactures. — The manufacturing branches principally pursued in New Jersey are those 
of iron, glass, cotton, and woollen. There are also large numbers of paper mills, tanneries and 
other manufactories of leather, potteries, hat, cap, and bonnet factories, distilleries, machine 
shops, flouring mills, ropewalks, &c. ; besides which, great quantities of home-made or family 
articles are annually produced. 

Indians. — Few, if any, of the descendants of the aboriginal tribes are found witliin the lunits 
of tlie state. 

Population. — The character of the people has undoubtedly been essentially modified 
during the lapse of the several generations that have successively followed in the train of time, 
since the date of the earliest settlements. But few of the characteristics of the original emi- 
grants from the north of Europe are now discoverable. Most of tlie inhabitants probably are 
of English extraction. The last census (1850) shows a population of near 500,000, including 
about 22,000 free colored persons. 

Climate New Jersey enjoys a mild and healthful climate. Towards the sea-coast, the 

air is pure, and the temperature varies less between the seasons than in the high regions at the 
north, the thermometer seldom indicating a greater heat in summer than 87°, or less than 13° 
in winter. In the mountainous districts, the weather in winter is quite severe. 

Religion. — The Presbyterians are the most numerous ; the Methodists, Baptists, Dutch 
Reformed, Episcopalians, and Quakers nearly equally divide the remainder of the population. 
There are, however, some Roman Catholics, Congregationalists, Universalists, &c. 



aa^ Eaa^ns^ 



NEW MEXICO (Territory.) The region now comprehended within the limits estab- 
lished by Congress as the United States Territory of New Mexico formerly constituted at 
portion or portions of a Mexican province. During the war between the United States and 
Mexico, (1846,) General Kearney took peaceable possession of Santa Fe, the capital of the prov- 
ince, and Atablished a tem])orary government therein. In the early part of the following year, a 
revolt against the American authorities took place, and six of the civil officers, including the 
governor, were barbarously murdered. Several battles were subsequently fought in different 
parts of New Mexico, in all which the combined forces of the Mexicans and Indians were 
repulsed. By the treaty of peace in 1848, the Mexican title was cancelled, and the innnense 
country, of which this territory fonns a part, became an adjunct of the United States. By the 
act of Congress, passed September 9, 1850, for defining the northern and western boundaries 
of Texas, &c., a territorial government for New Mexico was also established. 

Boundaries and Extent. — New Mexico is bounded north by the Territory of Utah, and by 
a part of the scarcely explored wilderness called Nebraska ; east by the State of Texas ; 
soutli by a portion of Texas, and principally by the boundary line between the United States 
^nd the Mexican possessions ; and west by the State of California. Its eastern quarter ex- 
tends from the 32d to the 38th degree of north latitude, and tlie residue of the territory from 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW MEXICO. 107 

the 33d to the 37th. It lies between 103° and 116° west longitude, reaching from east to 
west about (iOO miles, is from 240 to 360 miles in width, and comprises an area of some 
200,000 square miles. 

Government. — By the act establishing the territory, the governor is appointed by the 
President of the United States for four years, wlio must reside in tlie territory, and is also 
superintendent of Indian affairs. A secretary of state is appointed in lilie manner for tlie 
same term, who is acting governor in the absence of that magistrate. The legislature is com- 
posed of a Council, to consist of 13 members, chosen for two years, and a House of Represen- 
tatives, consisting of 26, who serve one year. The legislature is elected by a plurality of the 
popular votes. Its session cannot exceed 40 days. All laws must be submitted to Congress 
for approval. The right of suffrage is held by all free citizens of the United States, resident 
for a prescribed period witliin the territory. By the same act it was required that a census 
sliould be fortliwith taken, in order to a])portion the members of the legislature, according to 
the number of inhabitants. This was done in the spring of 1851, and tlie result showed a 
population of 5«j,984, exclusive of Indians. The ratio of representation has thereupon been 
fixed, for members of the Council at 4384, and for those of the House at half that number. The 
Legislative Assembly convened for the first time on the 2d day of June, 18.51. 

Ed\icat!on. — After the lands shall be surveyed under the direction of the general govern- 
ment, for the purpose of bringing them into market, two sections in eacli townsliip are to be 
set off for the support of schools. 

Judiciary. — The judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District 
Courts, Probate Courts, and justices of the peace. The former is composed of a chief justice 
and two associates, either two of whom form a quorum. An annual term of the court is held 
at the seat of government. The judges hold ofiice four years. Three judicial districts are 
established, in each of which a District Court is held by tlie justices of tlie Supreme Court. 
The above tribunals possess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction. Ajipeals are 
allowed to tlie Sujireme from the District Courts, but in such cases tlicrc is to be no trial by 
jury. Appeals are also allowed from the final decisions of the Supreme Court of the territory 
to that of the United States, in cases involving a sum in controversy of $1000 and upwards, 
and also in cases affecting the title to slaves. 

Finances. — The sources from which to meet the public expenditures, excepting those pro- 
vided by Congress, will ordinarily consist of direct taxes, and the income arising from land 
sales, as is the case generally in all the new states and territories. 

Surface, Soil, ^-c. — Tlie face of the country presents much variety. Stupendous ranges of 
mountains — portions of the great vertebrEe of tlie continent — traverse the eastern half of the 
territory from north to south, pierced occasionally by rugged and precipitous gaps, and some- 
times by tracts of prairie, affording passage to travellers. This region includes the former 
•provincial limits of New Mexico, and the oldest and most populous settlements. The country 
on the west of these elevations exhibits immense plains or plateaus, over which are scattered 
numerous isolated mountains and broken ridges of volcanic origin, the peaks of some of which 
rise to a great height. The valleys and slopes between the eminences in the eastern section 
consist generally of very productive land ; and the river bottoms, especially near the southern 
boundary, comprise broad tracts of exceedingly rich soil, adapted to the culture of sugar, 
aind of most of the products of that latitude. The portion of country lying on the Gila and 
Colorado Rivers, where these advantages are very apparent, will doubtless attract the early 
attention of settlers. The interior of the western half of the territory, so far as it has yet 
been topographically examined, is, for the most part, an arid and sterile desert, m ith the ex- 
ception of some fertile spots and stunted forests along the margin of streams, or among the 
nooks of the high lands. The soil in this region seems to be citlier sandy or to consist of a 
light, porous clay, bearing a species of coarse grass, said to be good winter fodder for cattle. 
The country does not abound in timber, but in some locations is overgrown for miles with 
almost impenetrable thickets of mezquile and other thorny shrubbery. Corn, wheat, grapes, 
peaches, and other grains and fruits, are cultivated in a small way near the villages, and by 
some tribes of Indians in different parts of the territory ; but it is only in the immediate 



108 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

vicinity of streams that the land may be considered productive, or even inhabitable by civilized 
beings. 

Rivers. — The Rio Grande takes its rise many miles above the northern boundary of New 
Mexico, flows eiitirely across the territory, and, after passing for several hundreds of miles 
between Texas and the Mexican states on the west, discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico. 
It is navigable during a great part of its course. The Gila and Colorado are also among the 
principal streams ; the latter a fine river, flowing from the north in a westerly direction, until 
it strikes tlie eastern boundarj' of California, from which point it proceeds southerly between 
that state and New Mexico, passes beyond tlieir southern limits, and finally empties into 
the Gulf of California, affording steamboat navigation for 350 miles. There are numerous 
other streams, some of them very extensive, and most of them tributaries to the rivers already 
mentioned. The country, as a whole, is poorly watered, either for purposes of internal com- 
munication, for the propulsion of machinery, or for appeasing the thirst of men and animals. 

Internal Improvements. — There are no public works of the character understood by this 
caption now existing in Uiis territory, neither is it known that any are in contemplation, beyond 
that of constructing a road through it, from east to west, to facilitate the progress of emigrants 
mto California. Surveys have been made with this view by military men under tlie authority 
of the United States, but the question of the construction of such a work remains undetermined ; 
and it is further problematical whether, if a highway be decided on, it will ever assume the 
costly and important sliape of a railroad. The enervating effect of the climate upon the inhab- 
itants will probably tend to prevent for a long time any attempt at internal improvement by 
means of works of art. 

MinerKils. — Evidences of volcanic action abound upon the surface of all parts of the territory ; 
and gold, silver, copper, and iron deposits exist in many places. Mines of the three former 
metals have been worlced in past years to some extent, but discontinued within a short period. 
All the ordinary geological features peculiar to such a region are discoverable here. The 
character and composition, and the combinations of the masses which form the mountainous 
ridges, and otlier enonnous protuberances scattered confusedly over the face of the country, 
refer to the fires below for the origin of their present appearance, at least, if not for the cause 
of the general barrenness of the earth around them. 

Manufaetures. — Nothing can yet be said of the manufacturing genius or industrj' of those 
who now constitute the people of New Mexico. Their ancestors, and those of tlio savages 
in the same region, were noted for little more in this line than the fabrication of a rude 
kind of pottery, and some few other sorts of household articles. The territory, or state, — as 
it maybe hereafter, — will probably never become either a manufacturing or agricultural 
country for any important commercial purposes. 

Indians. — The vast wilderness, of which the western half of the territory consists, is peopled 
by numerous tribes of Indians. Some of these are mUd, peaceably disposed, honest, indus- 
trious, and hospitable, living in villages and permanent settlements, and obtaining their 
subsistence mainly by hunting, fishing, and tillage. Others wander about in hordes, living by 
plunder, and constantly engaged in thievish depredations and bloody warfare. With one of 
the most formidable tribes of the latter, the Apaclies, Governor Callioun, of this territory, has 
recently concluded a treaty, whereby they are restricted to such limits as may be prescrilied 
by the United States government, and to form ponnanent settlements, the United States stipu- 
lating to furnish all necessary facilities for tilling the soil. 

Population. — The census taken by tlie civil authorities of the territory showed a population 
of 56,084 ; but that of the United States, taken at nearly tlie same period, (1850-1,) gives a 
population of 61,547, exclusive of Indians, of whom, perhaps, it is impossible to obtain a con-ect 
enumeration. 

Climate. — In those mountainous parts where water is easily accessible, the residents may 
be said to enjoy a good share of health throughout the year ; but in other localities, at certain 
seasons, the heat is extremely oppressive, and the climate decidedly insalubrious. The winters 
are not uncomfortably cold for any great length of time ; but, even at ttie extreme south 
enow ia by no means uncommon, although the streams rarely freeze. During the march of 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW YORK. 



109 



Lieutenant Colonel Cooke from Santa Fe to San Diego, in the latter part of October, 1846, 
snow fell, and his party snfTered for about two weeks with cold, though then at the southerly 
border of tlie territory. In the vicinity of Santa Fe, about latitude 'M° nortli, on tlie 31st of 
December, 1846, the snow was five inches deep. 

Religion. — The Roman Catholic, having formerly been the established religion throughout 
all Mexico, still maintains its ascendency in this territory. Other denominations, however, are 
now tolerated, under tlie laws of the United States. 

Curiosities. — Among those, the most remarkable, perhaps, are the ruins of singularly con- 
structed religious temples, and other large edifices, which are occasionally met with upon the 
sites of ancient Indian or Mexican villages, the inhabitants of which have long since passed 
beyond the reach of historical research, and left scarcely any traces even of legendary remem- 
brance. The village of Pecos, not far from Santa Fo, furnishes one illustration among many 
of these extraordinary remains. In various quarters are found vestiges of mounds and other 
monuments, of strange forms and divers dimensions, tlie uses of which baifle inquiry or con- 
jecture. Among the extraordinary natural phenomena may be enumerated the high volcanic 
peaks in tlie mountainous district near the centre of the territoiy, and the cliaracter of some of 
the sandstone roclcs composing the walls of many chasms and blutfs in the same region. From 
one of these, which had broken so as to leave a perpendicular face 180 feet in height, Lieu- 
tenant Abort, in the course of his topographical exploration in 1846, gathered a number of 
shark's teeth, shells, and bones offish. The ruins of the singular structures left by the Aztecs, 
an ancient race, of common origin with tlie New Mexicans, once inhabiting several large dis- 
tricts in this territory, are also among the striking curiosities of the country. In tlieir wander- 
ings from a point near the centre of the present northern boundary, they left at different spots 
many ponderous memorials of their laborious skill, in the sliape of immense edifices, designed 
to serve, it is supposed, as fortified Iialiitations. Near the River Gila, in November, 1846, 
Captain Johnson, U. S. A., visited one of these ruins, called the " Casa de Montezuma," pre- 
sumed to be many centuries old, an account of which is given in his journal, communicated 
to the war department by General Kearney, in 1847. 




NEW YORK is the northernmost of what vrcre considered the Middle States at the estab- 
lishment of the American republic. The first approach to a settlement witliin its present 
limits, by civilized Europeans, was made in 1610, by a party under the auspices of a company 
of Dutch merchants, who constructed a small fort on an island in the Hudson River, not far 
distant from the site now occupied by the city of Albany. Another fort was erected by the 
Dutch, in 1612, on York Island, the spot on which the city of Ne-.v York is built Tlio whole 



110 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER, 

territory was then denominated New Amsterdam. In 1014, a body of English from Virginia 
look possession of it, which they soon after relinquished ; and the Dutch continued to hold it 
tlienceforward for about 50 years. During this period, their relations with the settlers in 
neighboring territories were not uniformly amicable, especially with those in New England. In 
1629 it was erected into a regular colony, with a chief magistrate appointed by the Dutch govern- 
ment. He and his successors maintained jurisdiction until the year WCA, when the colony was 
captured by an English force, under authority of a royal patent, conveying it to the Duke of 
York, from whom its present name is derived. In 1673, tlic chief settlement was retaken by 
the Dutch, but restored in the course of the following year; from which time it remained a 
dependency of Great Britain for upwards of a century, until, through the results of the 
American revolution, it became an independent member of the federal Union. The first 
republican constitution was formed in 1777 : this continued in force until 1822, when it was 
remodelled. In 1846 it was again revised ; and, in the shape then given it, still remains the 
supreme law of the state. 

Boundaries and Extent. — The state is bounded north by the British province of Canada; 
east by the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; south-east by the Atlantic 
Ocean ; south by the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; west and south-west by Lakes 
Erie and Ontario, and by the River St. Lawrence. It extends from 40° 30' north latitude to 
45°, and lies between 71° 56' and 79° 56' west longitude. Its extreme length from east to 
west, measuring from the Atlantic shore of Long Island, is 408 miles ; exclusive of that 
island, 340 ; and its breadth from north to south is 310 miles. Its area is estimated at 
46,000 square miles. 

Government. — By the constitution adopted as amended in October, 1846, a plurality of 
the popular vote elects the governor and lieutenant governor, who are chosen for two years. 
The people also choose in like manner, and for the same term of service, a secretary of state, 
treasurer, comptroller, attorney general, state engineer, and surveyor. Three canal commis- 
sioners and three inspectors of prisons are also elected by the people, to serve for three years 
each, one to retire every year, upon the principle of rotation. The legislature comprises a 
Senate and House of Assembly. There are 32 senatorial districts, each entitled to one senator, 
who serves two years. The House of Assembly consists of 128 members, apportioned among 
the several counties according to population, and elected annually. Every white male citizen, 
21 years of age, a resident for one year next preceding an election, ten days a citizen of the 
state, four months a resident of the county, and thirty days of the district, is entitled to the right 
of suffrage, without other qualification. Colored persons, to be entitled to that right, must 
have resided three years within the state, and have owned and paid taxes on a freehold worth 
$250 for one year next preceding an election. 

Judiciary. — All judicial officers, except justices of the peace, are appointed by the exec- 
utive, and hold office during good behavior, or until 60 years of age. The judicial power is 
vested, 1. In a Court for the Trial of Impeachments, which is composed of the members of 
the Senate, or a majority of them, with their president at the head of the court, — or, in his 
absence, the chief judge of the Court of Appeals, — together with a major part of the judges 
of the latter court. This tribunal is a court of record, and its officers and clerk are those of 
the Senate. A party impeached cannot be convicted without tlic concurrence of two thirds 
of the members present; nor punished by this court farther than by sentence of removal from 
or disqualification for office, though still liable to indictment. 2. The Court of Appeals, which 
consists of eight judges, four of whom are elected by the people, (one every second year,) 
and hold office eight years ; and the other four are selected each year from those justices of 
the Supreme Court wliose terms are soonest to expire. Six judges constitute a quorum ; and 
the court holds four terms in each year. There must be one term in each judicial district 
every two years. 3. The Supreme and Circuit Courts, composed of justices elected by the 
people, ■ — four in each of the eight judicial districts into which the state is divided, — one jus- 
tice in each to retire from office every two years. One general term of the Supreme Court 
must bo held annually in every county containing 40,000 inhabitants ; and in other counties, 
one in two years. Two special terms each year are held in every county ; also two Circuit 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW YORK. Ill 

Courts : of the latter, the city and county of New York has four. The Supreme Court has 
general jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review judgments of the County Courts. 
At the general and special terms are heard all equity cases ; and the Circuit Courts are held 
exclusively for the trial of issues of fact. 4. County or Surrogates' Courts, with the ordinary 
jurisdiction of Probate Courts; and extending also to actions of debt, &c., involving not more 
than .$2000, to actions for damages not above ,$.iO0, for trespass or personal injury, and to 
replevin suits wherein not more than .$1000 are claimed. They have likewise equity jurisdic- 
tion for the foreclosure of mortgages ; for the sale of the real estate of infants ; for the 
partition of lands ; for the admeasurement of dower ; for the custody of lunatics and inebri- 
ates ; and for the satisfaction of judgments where upwards of $75 are due on an unsatisfied 
execution. 5. Criminal Courts ; viz., Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and the Court of Ses- 
sions. The former, which are held in each county, except that of New York, at the same 
time and place at which the Circuit Courts are lield, consist each of a justice of the Supreme 
Court, the county judge, and the two justices of tlie peace wlio are members of the Court of 
Sessions. In the city and county of Now York these tribunals are composed of a justice 
of the Supreme Court and any two of the following magistrates: judges of the Court of 
Common Pleas for that county, mayor, recorder, and aldermen. Courts of Sessions are held 
by the county judge, and the two justices of the peace chosen as members of said courts. 

Besides the foregoing, there are in tlie city and county of New York a Superior Court and 
a Court of Common Pleas, eacli having three judges. 

Ediitation. — This important subject commands a full sliare of public solicitude in this 
state. Colleges and other literary and scientific institutions, of a high order, are established 
and well sustained in various quarters. Some of these are supported in whole or in part by 
different religious associations. The oldest, — Columbia, formerly King's College, — founded 
nearly a century since, is chiefly under the direction of the Episcopalians, who also maintain 
another college, and an eminent tlieological institute. The Baptists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, 
and Associate Reformed church have also tlicir respective theological seminaries. A very 
large number of academies and high scliools, generally sustained by individual subscriptions, 
are to be found in every part of the state. The common school system is honorably cherished 
by the bounty of the legislature ; and consequently the blessings of free instruction are 
diffused among children of all classes, through tliousands of grammar and primary scliools, 
under positive requisitions of law. For purposes of general education, the most liberal funds 
have been provided, amounting to .$1,900,000 annually, of which $800,000 are raised by a 
state tax. The school fund produces •S-'iOOjOOO. The deaf and dumb, and the blind, likewise 
participate amply in these appropriations. There are in the state, probably, upwards of 50,000 
persons, of adult age, wiio can neither read nor write ; most of wliom, without doubt, are of 
foreign extraction. 

Finances. — The aggregate debt of the state, at the beginning of 1851, was $23,403.8.38. 
About two thirds of this liability arises from the canal debt, and the residue from debts 
contracted on account of railroads, the general fund, &c. It is estimated that, by the 
operation of the canal and other sinking funds, the public debt can be liquidated in the 
course of some 18 years from the above date. The annual revenues are derived from state 
taxes, auction and salt duties, canal fund, &c., which, in general, largely exceed tlic amount 
of expenditures for the support of government and of state institutions, for interest on the 
state debt, &c. 

Surface, Soil, &fc. — The state exhibits much variety of surface. The eastern part is 
crossed by two chains of lofty hills, rising to an elevation of 1200 to 1700 feet. One of these 
nd^es, entering from New Jersey on the south-west, strikes the Hudson River at West Point, 
is there divided by the stream, and resumes its prominence on the opposite shore, showing 
almost perpendicular walls on either side, as though cut in sunder by some sudden convulsion. 
These remarkable heights are known as the "Highlands." Their bases comprehend a breadth 
of some 15 to 20 miles. From the eastern margin of the river they take a northerly course, 
in detached masses, dividing the waters of the Hudson from those of the Connecticut, and 



112 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

finally mingling with tlie mountain ridges which bend to the nsrlh-east and spread towards 
the coast of Labrador. A second range enters the state from the north-western side of New 
Jersey, and passes northward, forming tlie Shawangunk Mountains. A third, from the northerly 
part of Pennsylvania, proceeds in the same direction through a great portion of the state, with 
varied elevations, sometimes rising to a height of 3800 feet, and arc known as tlie Catskill 
Mountains. The Adirondack Mountains, in the north-east part of the state, are still loftier, 
one of the peaks reacliing to an altitude of 6460 feet. In the eastern quarter, as well as the 
soutliern, the surface is hilly, and occasionally much broken, though abomiding in excellent 
grazing lands ; but the western section is generally level, and the soil admirably adapted to 
the growtli of grain. Indeed, the soil tliroughout is of good quality ; and in some parts ex- 
tremely rich and productive. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, &c., together witli 
potatoes, and every description of garden vegetables, are raised in profusion. Fruits of all 
kinds known to the climate, as apples, pears, peaches, plums, &c., are cultivated with great 
success. The forests yield excellent timber, in great variety and abundance. 

Rivers, Sfc. — A number of noble streams pass through the state, or along its borders, in 
different directions ; tlie cliief of which are the Hudson, 324 miles in length, and navigable to 
Troy, l.")! miles from its mouth; the Mohawk, wliich falls into the Hudson, near Troy, and is 
135 miles long ; the Genesee, which, after flowing 125 miles, occasionally over immense falls, 
affording prodigious water power, discharges itself into Lake Ontario, into which also flows 
Black River, a stream of 120 miles in length ; the Saranac, falling into Lake Champlain, after a 
course of 65 miles ; the Ausable, 75 miles in length, entering the same lake ; the Oswegatchie, 
100 miles long, em.ptying into tlie St. Lawrence ; the Oswego, reaching between Oneida Lake and 
Lake Ontario, 40 miles ; the St. Lawrence, forming a part of the north-western boundary ; the 
Delaware, after a course of 50 to GO miles, crossing the south-western border ; the Susque- 
hanna, flowing through a considerable portion of the southern margin ; the Alleghany, coming 
from Pennsylvania, and returning thither, after a sweep of 45 miles in Cattaraugus county ; 
and the Niagara, with its far-famed magnificent cataract. Niuncrous tributaries, of various 
extent, are connected with all these principal rivers. Portions of the great inland seas. Lakes 
Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, lie within the lunits of the state. Numerous others are wholly 
imbosomed therein, most of which may be considered as arms of Lake Ontario. Several of 
these minor sheets of water are of considerable magnitude, and many of them are celebrated 
for theii' romantic beauty. The facilities for commercial and manufacturing purposes, which 
are supplied by these various bodies of water, are of incalculable value to the people of New 
York. They fonn one of the bases of that grand series of internal improvements, of wliich 
the enliglitencd patriots of that state, in years not long past, were the memorable pioneers. 

Internal Improvemenls. — To New York belongs the honor of having given the earliest and 
strongest unpulse, on the American continent, to a system of public works, on a great scale, 
designed for the promotion, unitedly, of the unportint interests of agriculture, commerce, and 
manufactures. The first of these noble enterprises was the Erie Canal, Svhich, at its inception, 
was denounced, by a portion of the people, as an extravagantly bold and visionary undertaking. 
It was commenced in 1817, and finished in 1825, at a cost of upwards of $7,000,000. It 
imites the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson River, extending from Buffalo to 
Albany, a distance of 36.3 miles. Operations for enlarging it in breadth were not long since 
commenced, and, after having progressed considerably, were suspended, but will, in all proba- 
bility, be shortly resumed. Some six or seven other important works of this kind are also 
completed; several more are in course of construction; and a furtlicr number li:ive been pro- 
jected. Those already finished are the Champlain Canal, connected with the Erie at Water- 
ford, and proceeding 64 miles to Whitehall, on Lake Champlain ; the Oswego Canal, also 
united with the Erie, and extending from Syracuse, 33 miles, to Oswego, on Lake Ontario ; the 
Cayuga and Seneca, from Geneva to Montezuma, 21 miles ; the Chemung, from the head of 
Seneca Lake to Elmira, 39 miles; Crooked Lake, between Pcnn Yan and Dresden, 8 miles; 
Chenango, another branch of the Erie, extending 97 miles from its junction at Utica, to Bing- 
hampton, on the Susquehanna. The aggregate cost of the sL\ last-named canals is st-ited at 
nearly $5,000,000. 



STATES AND TElUtlTORIES. — NEW YORK. 113 

Besides the foregoing', large portions of the following have been completed : the Genesee 
Valley Canal, to extend from Rochester, 108i miles, to Olean, on the Alleghany ; and the Black 
River, from the Erie at Rome, 35 miles, to the High Falls. The Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
from Rondout, Ulster county, 84 miles, to Delaware River, whence it extends 25 miles to 
Honcsdale, Pa., where it comiects with a railroad of ]()i miles to the coal mines at Carbondale, 
is the work of a private corporation, though assisted by a state loan, and partly lying in Penn- 
sylvania. It was completed at a cost of .f 1,875,000. 

In addition to these artificial watercourses. New Vork has further provided for her own 
]>rosperity by the establishment of nmnerous extensive and costly railroads. A series of these 
commodious liighways, with a large number of branches under divers names, and owned by 
various bodies of proprietors, extends from New York to Butfalo. A railroad from the latter 
place, via Niagara Falls, extends to Lcwiston, and is there connected witli a steamboat line 
to Oswego. A branch of tliis road runs to Lockport. There are also railroads between 
Schenectady, Ballston Spa, and Troy. A railroad of 50 miles (24 of which are in Pennsylva- 
nia) extends from Steuben county to the Blossburg coal mines, Pa. The Hudson and Erie 
Railroad, from Nev.-burg and Pierraont, on the Hudson, to Dunicirk, on Lake Erie, is between 
400 and 500 miles in length, and has numerous extensive branches. There are many others, 
either partially completed or in contemplation ; so that at some not very remote day the entire 
state will be intersected by these hnportant public works. 

Mineral.':. — The mountainous region at the north-cast part of the state, south-west of Lake 
Champlain, is exceedingly rich in iron ore. This mineral is also abundant in several other 
localities, and is extensively wrought into pigs and various castings. In Clinton county, the 
ore is of extraordinarily fine quality, great quantities of which, in a manufactured state, are 
aimually exported. Vast beds of lead ore are fomid in St. Lawrence county. At Ticon- 
deroga, and at some other spots, abundance of excellent plmnbago, or black lead, is found, and 
forms a valuable article of commerce. Indications of copper have been discovered in a few 
places. Salt and gypsum are obtained plentifully in several of the central counties eastward 
of Lake Ontario ; and the former article is manufactured in such quantities as to supply a 
ver)' extensive market ; the latter is quarried largely, and sent by canals and railways to dis- 
tant markets in all directions. Quarries of excellent marble are being worked in Westchester 
county and tlie region contiguous. Few indications of coal have yet been found. Lunestone, 
sandstone, and granite are abundant in several parts of the state. 

Manufactures. — New York is a large manufacturing as well as agricultural and commer- 
cial state. Countless establishments for the transformation of all her natural products into 
articles of trade are maintained every where. Millions of capital are invested in woollen and 
cotton factories ; in the manufacture of salt, iron, and lead ; in the fabrication of articles 
of leatlicr, straw, glass, clay, marble, &c. ; in distilleries, breweries, machine shops, flouring 
mills, and other mechanical agencies for the conversion of raw material into shapes fitted for 
tlie use and comfort of man. 

Indians. — The nmnerous aboriginal tribes by which the entire state was formerly overrun 
have leit comparatively but few living representatives within the state. The causes which 
have contributed to theu- anniliUation, or dispersion, are those which have ordinarily produced 
tlie same results in all other parts of tlie United States. The hostile have been subdued by 
superior force ; the friendly have been treated with liberality ; and all who remained at the 
close of the American revolution have either been provided with, or allowed to possess them- 
selves of, appropriate and comfortable homes elsewhere. 

Population. — The population of New York, especially of the metropolis, and of the cities 
generally, exldbits more diversity of character, probably arising from their great variety of 
origin, than that of any other state of the Union, or, possibly, that of any other country on the 
earth. The ancient Dutch and English characteristics, so distinctly marked and preserved 
through many successive ages, are no longer discernible, except in sundry secluded local- 
ities, or within the circle of certain exclusive neighborhoods. The present generation is com- 
posed of new and multiform materials. People who can trace their ancestry to every nation, 
15 



•14 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

and kindred, and tongue, on the face of the globe, are now among tlie moWng masses of tins 
most populous state in the western heniispliere. New York city, tlie coimnercial capita], 
in an especial manner exhibits an example of this aggregation of " all sorts and conditions of 
men." And the interior is also receiving daily its contributions of settlers or wanderers from 
every quarter of the old world. Among these, tlie most impoverished districts of Ireland pre- 
sent, perhaps, the largest number of representatives. Every other European country has 
furnished also a sufficient quota. Asia and Africa, even, are not without their delegates; nor 
are the two Indies, nor the foreign provinces both north and south of the boundaries of the 
republic. The ease with which emigrants may attain to all tlie privileges of citizenship, 
the facilities afforded for trade of every description, and tlie rewards procurable by the 
exercise cf every species of active industry, are the chief causes and provocatives of this vast 
influx from abroad. Within the ten years ending with the census of 1850, the population of 
New York has increased from 2,4^8,921 to 3,097,394. 

aimate. — There is, in tliis state, a considerable variety of climate. In tlie southern sec- 
tion, it is mild, but mutable, both in winter and summer. In the northern, tlie winters are more 
severe, but uniform, and the summers are pleasant. Westward of the mountainous ridges, 
the climate is more equable and salubrious tlian in like latitudes on the eastern side. °At 
Albany, the temperature varies between the extremes of heat and cold generally more than 
100°; that is, from 15° below zero to 90° above. At Canandaigua, there is neai-ly the same 
difference, the mercury sinking lower in winter, and rising to a less height in summer. On 
Long Island, near the Atlantic Ocean, the thermometer indicates a difference between the 
two extremes of about 90^ ; namely, from 4° below zero to 87° above. But, with the excep- 
tion of occasional epidemics, not imputable, however, in general, to local causes, the climate 
of New Y'ork may be considered as one of the most healthy in the worid. 

Religion. — Every variety of religious doctrine prevalent in other parts of the United States 
has its disciples in this state. The different Clu^tian denominations may be classed, accord- 
ing to numbers, as follows: Presbj-terians, Baptists, Methodists, Dutch Reformed, Episcojia- 
lians, Associate Reformed, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Universalists, and Unitarians. There 
are also sundry congregations of Jews, Quakers, Shakers, (Sic. 

Cariosilies. ~ Among several remarkable phenomena, in various departments of nature, 
existing within the State of New York, the cataract of Niagara stands most prominent. A 
detailed description of this worid-renowned prodigy would requu-e an amount of space incon- 
sistent with the general object of the present work. But the subjoined extract from an 
account of the Falls of Niagara, written by Father Hennepin, who visited tliem in 1678, and 
published in London twenty years thereafter, presents a picture, the fidelity of which, notwith- 
standing its antiquity, will be recognized by all who have viewed tlie wonderful original in 
more modern times. The accuracy of the statistical facts therein presented is, of course, not 
assured ; but the delineation is expressive of the impressions of almost every one who beholds 
this awfully grand object for the first time, and would undertake to describe it without actual 
admeasurement. 

" BetwLxt tlie Lakes Ontario and Erie," says Father IL, " there is a vast and prodigious 
cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch that 
tlie universe does not afford its parallel. 'Tis true, Italy and Swedeland boast of some such 
things ; but we may well say Uiat they are but sorry patterns, when compared with this of 
which we speak. At the foot of this horrible precipice we meet with tlie River Nian-ara, 
which is not above a league broad, but is wonderfully deep in some places. It is so rapid 
above tliis descent, that it violently hurries down the wild beasts, while endeavoring to pass it 
to feed on the other side, they not being able to withstand the force of its current, which 
inevitably casts them headlong above COO feet high. 

"This wonderful downfall is composed of two great streams of water, and two falls, with an 
isle sloping along the middle of it. The waters which fall from this horrible precipice do foam 
and boil after the most hideous manner imaginable, making an outrageous noise, more terrible 
than that of thunder ; for when the wind blows out of the south, their dismal roaring may be 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. -NORTH CAROLINA. 115 

heard more than 15 leag-iies off. The River Niagara, havinjj thrown itself down this in- 
credible precipice, continues its impetuous course, for two leagues together, to tlie great rock 
above mentioned, with an inexpressible rapidity ; but, having passed that, its impetuosity 
relents, gliding along more gently, for other two leagues, till it arrives, at the Lake Ontario. 
From the Great Fall unto this rock, which is to the west of the river, the two brinks of it are 
so prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the water, rollino- 
along with a rapidity not to be imagined. Were it not for this vast cataract, which interrupts 
navigation, they might sail with barks, or greater vessels, more than 450 leagues, crossino- the 
Lake of Hurons, and roachnig even to the farther end of Lake Illinois ; which two lakes, we 
may easily say, are little seas of fresh water." 




NORTH CAROLINA ,s one of the Southern States of the American republic, and one of 
the thirteen wluch originally adopted the federal constitution. It was included in the exten 
sive region granted, in 1584, by Queen Elizabeth, to Sir Walter Raleigh, under the .General 
name of J ^rginia. Its earliest permanent settlement was commenced about the year 1(1.50 by a 
company of fugitives from religious persecution in the more northern part of Virginia, whoe'^tab- 
hshed themselves at a spot near Albemarle Sound. In 10(!I, another bodv of En<.lish emi.n-ants 
from Massachusetts, settled on the shores of Cape Fear River. The colonists suffered many 
Imrdslups and much trouble for want of a recognized independent representative at the court 
of the parent country. This they obtained in 1667; but, not flu from this date, the province 
comprehending the country now forming both North and South Carolina had been granted to 
Lord Clarendon and others, wlio undertook to introduce a grotesque fonn of government pre- 
pared for the grantees by the celebrated John L,x.ke. Among the singular features embodied 
in t.i.s constitution were provisions for establishing an hereditary nobilitv, for yestin<r the 
legislative power m a "Parliament." and for the exercise of executiye authority by a chief 
magistrate, to be styled the " Palatine." After trial of this system for a few yea:., its practical 
defects became palpable, and it was abandoned in 1C9.3. The colony, however, made but 
slow progress, haying to contend with numerous vexations, not the least of which was the 
sanguinary hostility of the neighboring savages, by whom, in 1712, a murderous and destruc- 
tive war was earned on, rendered sadly memorable by the horrible atrocities with which it was 
attended. In 1729, both the Carolinas were ceded to the king for the sum of £17,500, and 
by him formed into two distinct colonies, which have ever since remained thus separated, and 
which now constitut.. the States of North and South Carolina. 



116 TXNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

The people of this state, in the early stages of the American revolution, were distinguished 
for their patriotic devotion to the cause of national independence. They opposed the encroach- 
ments of the crown, in 1769, with success, and were among tlie foremost of the colonists to 
declare themselves free from all foreign control. In May, 1775, a military convention was 
held in the county of Mecklenburg, which passed a series of resolutions, displaying the spirit, 
and even embodying some of the language, of the great Declaration of Independence issued to 
tlie world on the 4tli of July of the next year. A state constitution was formed in 1776, which, 
with some amendments, still remains in force. Several severe battles were fought upon the 
soil of North Carolina in the course of the revolutionary war. The state adopted the federal 
constitution November 27, 1789, by a majority in convention of 118. 

Boundaries and Ertent. — North Carolina is bounded north by the State of Virginia, east 
and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by South Carolina and Georgia, and west by the 
State of Tennessee. It extends from latitude 33° 50' to 36'' 30' north, and lies between 75° 45' 
and 84° west longitude ; is 430 miles in length, and varies in breadth from 20 to 180 miles, and 
contains about 45,000 square miles. 

Government. — The executive and legislative officers are elected by the people, once in two 
years. The governor cannot serve more than four out of six years. He is assisted by a 
council of seven members, appointed by the General Assembly. The Senate is limited to 
50, and tlie House of Commons to 120 members. The required qualifications of voters for the 
latter, besides having arrived at the age of 21, are, a residence in the county one year prior to 
an election, and the payment of taxes : to be entitled to vote for senatoj, the possession of 50 
acres of land is required in addition. The right of suffrage is denied to all persons of negro 
blood. 

Judiciary. — The judges of the Supreme Courts of law and equity, judges of admiralty, and 
attorney general, are chosen by the General Assembly in joint ballot. The latter holds office 
four years, and the judges during good behavior. The Supreme Court holds three sessions 
per annum, two at Raleigh, and one at Morgantown, the latter for the western part of the 
state. The sessions continue until all the cases on the docket are either decided or deferred 
for good cause shown. It has jurisdiction in all cases of law and equity brought by appeal or 
by the parties. The superior courts of law, and the courts of equity, which have complete 
equity jurisdiction, hold one session semiannually in every county of the state. About ten 
counties compose a circuit, of which the state is divided into seven. Tliesc are visited alter- 
nately by the judges, so as not to preside in the same circuit twice in succession. 

Education. — The free school system in North Carolina has not yet attained a very near 
approximation to that of the New England, Middle, and some of the Western States. In 1840, 
there were but 632 common schools in the state, and these contained less than 15,000 scholars, 
while there were more than 56,000 adult white persons unable either to read or write. 
The census of 18.50 shows no better result. There are two colleges, and about 150 
minor literary seminaries : the oldest of the former was founded in 1791. Provision 
for the establishment and maintenance of asylums for the insane, and for the deaf and dumb, 
has recently been made by the legislature. 

Finances. — The net amount of the state debt, arising from the loan of its credit to certain 
railroad companies, is somewhat short of $1,000,000. The receipts into the treasury, for some 
few years past, have very considerably exceeded the expenditures. 

Surface, Soil, SfC. — Along the Atlantic coast of the state, through a space of from 50 to 75 
miles in breadth, tlie land is low, level, and swampy, intersected by many streams, which, 
from the nature of the surface, are neither rapid nor clear. Westwardly, beyond this tract, for 
a distance of some 40 miles, tlie land is more hilly and broken, and the soil sandy. Farther 
on, above the falls of the rivers, the country becomes elevated, and, in some places, mountainous. 
The highest mountain peak in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, is said to be 
Black Mountain, in Yancey county, which rises to a heiglit of 6476 feet. There are other 
prominences, reaching to nearly as great an elevation. The soil in the district bordering on 
the sea-coast is srenerally poor, producuig naturally no other timber than the pitch pine, from 



STATES AND TEERITORIES. — NORTH CAROLINA. 117 

which are procured large quantities of tar, pitch, and turpentine, constituting; the cliief articles 
of export from the state. The contiguous and more elevated region is somewhat more produc- 
tive, though the boU is thin and sandy. The swampy spots are well adapted to the culture of 
rice. In the uplands, and beyond the mountain ranges, the land is exceedingly fertile. Indian 
corn grows well in all parts of the state, and cotton is successfully cultivated in many places. 
The low country, especially on the river borders, produces spontaneously plums, grapes, straw- 
berries, and other fine fruits ; it is also well adopted to tlie growtli of rice, tiie sugar-cane, &c. 
The tabic lands at the west yield a fine natural growth of walnut, oa!i, lime, cherry, and other 
tnnber. The pitch pine, of which the low lands produce such large quantities, is generally of 
a prodigious size, far exceeding the dimensions of this description of timber found in the more 
northern states. The celebrated Dismal Swamp, 30 miles in length by 10 in widtli, lies in the 
northern part of this state, and reaches into Virginia. This tract is covered with a thick 
growth of pine, cypress, juniper, and oak-trees. There are within the state upwards of two 
million acres of swampy land, whicli may be reclaimed and made to produce abundant crops 
of rice, corn, cotton, and tobacco. 

Rivers. — The Chowan and Roanoke, taking their rise in Virginia, flo'.r through a portion 
of tlie state into Albemarle Sound. Cape Fear River is the longest which runs entirely within 
the state, being 280 miles in length, and is navigable, for vessels drawing 11 feet of water, to 
Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea. The Yadkin is also another considerable stream. They 
are all, however, subject to obstructions by sand bars at their mouths, owing to their sluggish 
course Uirough a long distance of low and level country. 

Internal Improvements. — There are several railroads and canals in this state, most of which 
are connected with those of Virginia. One of the railroads extends from Wilmington, 161 
miles, to Weldon, on the River Roanoke ; another reaches from Raleigh, 85 miles, to Gaston, 
on the same river. The Dismal Swamp Canal, which commences in Virginia, is extended into 
North Carolina. A canal of five miles passes round the falls of the Roanoke. 

Minerals. — The state contains gold, iron, and otlier valuable minerals ; but the public atten- 
tion is chiefly directed to the former. The region which is most prolific in gold occupies both 
sides of the Blue Ridge, in the western part of the state. The mines have been extensively 
wrought; and, for some years, thousands of persons have been engaged, with varied success, 
in the business. The ore is found occasionally in veins, sometimes in small lumps, but more 
frequently in grains or dust. The amount annually obtained has been estimated at some 
$5,000,000. Only a comparatively small part of this, however, finds its way to the United 
States mint, or is retained in tliis country, a considerable portion being transmitted to Europe. 

Manufactures. — Coarse fobrics of cotton and of wool are manufiictnred to some extent, 
principally for home use. There are numerous furnaces, forges, and smelting houses, for the 
conversion of the native mineral ores, iron, lead, and gold, into marketable shape. The 
manufacture of flour is carried on somewhat largely ; and among the remaining commodities 
manufactured in the state are hats and bonnets, hardware and cutlery, soap and candles, fur- 
niture and carriages, leather and saddler)', distilled and fermented liquors, &c. 

Initicns. — No distinct tribes, and but few scattered families, of the Indian race remain 
within the limits of North Carolina. As in most of the early settled states, the aboriginal pro- 
prietors of the'soil have gradually given place to the advancing influences of civilization, and 
either become extinct, or sought out new hunting-grounds in remote and still unsubdued 
regions. At tlie last census, the inhabitants of Indian blood numbered only 710. 

Population. — During the 40 years ending in 1830, the population of this state increased 
very steadily, though showing at each decennial census some difl"ercnces in the ratio of aug- 
mentation. Between the above date and 1840, it remained comparatively stationary ; but 
between the latter year and 1850, had increased from 753,41!) to 868,003, about one third of 
whom are slaves. 

Cliinate. — In some parts of the state, especially in tlie elevated country at the west, the 
climate is delightful, and quite healthy. In the low lands, towards the sea- coast, however, it 
is mostly otherwise, excepting in the winter season. The low and marshy surface engenders 



118 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



unwholesome vaporti in tlie suinnior and autumn, and, consequently, fevers, agues, and other 
diseases incident to such localities, frequently prevail. 

Helicon. — The most numerous religious denominations are the Methodists and Baptists 
These generally reside in the loiv country. At the west, there are many Presbyterians 
The Episcopalians and Lutherans have a number of congregations in various parts of the 
state ; and there arc also several bodies of Roman Catholics, Moravians, and Quakers. 




OHIO. This state has heretofore been classed among the North-west States of the Ameri- 
can Union ; but the vast accumulation of territory lying still farther west and north has left 
Ohio more properly among the Middle States, on the Atlantic side of the continent : indeed, 
lier relative position, considered in regard to the present nortli-western possessions of tlie 
United States, is actually that of one of the Eastern States of this republic. Marietta, tlie 
oldest town in the state, was settled, in 1788, by the " New England Ohio Company." The next 
permanent settlement was at Columbia, in the following year. In 17U1, a company of French 
emigrants founded the town of Gallipolis. Large bodies of New England people, in 1790, 
settled several towns on Lake Erie. Before the above settlements were undertaken, several 
of tlie neigliboring states, which, by charter or otherwise, were proprietors of various tracts 
of unappropriated western lands lying within this territory, had, from time to time, relinquislied 
their claims ; and numerous Indian titles were also extinguished by treaty. A territorial gov- 
ernment was formed in 1791), in wiiich year the legislature convened for the first time, at 
Cincinnati, and elected General William H. Harrison as delegate to Congress. A state con- 
stitution was formed in 1802, by virtue of which, and under authority of Congress, Ohio 
became an independent member of the federal Union. • 

Boundaries nnd Erlcnt. — Bounded north by tlie State of Michigan and Lake Erie ; east by 
the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia, being separated from the latter by the Oliio River ; 
south by said river, whicli divides it from Kentucky ; and west by the State of Indiana. The 
Ohio River waslies the border of the state, through its numerous meanderings, ibr a distance 
of over 430 miles. The state contains 40,000 square miles, and measures 200 miles from north 
to south, by 220 miles from east to west. It lies between 38° 30' and 42° north latitude, and 
between 80° •3.')' and 84° 42' west longitude. 

Government. — The constitution provides for the election of a governor biennially ; but he 
cannot be elected for more than three terms in succession. Members of the Senate, 30 in 
number, are elected for two years, one lialf chosen annually. The House of Representatives 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — OHIO. 119 

is composed of 72 members, elected for one year. All these elections are by tlic people. 
Tlie state secretary, treasurer, and auditor are chosen by the legislature, in joint ballot, for 
three years. The sessions of tlie General Assembly commence annually on the first Monday 
in December,. at Columbus, the capital of the state. White males, 21 years of age, residents 
for one year in the state, and tax-payers, are entitled to the right of suffrage. The constitu- 
tion lias been recently revised and modified ; but its new features do not seem to bo essential 
improvements in princijde upon its former provisions.* 

Judiciary. — The judges of tlie Supreme Court, of the Common Pleas Courts, and of the city 
courts, are appointed, by concurrent vote of tlie two liouscs of the legislature, for seven years. 
The oldest Supreme Court judge in commission officiates as cliief justice. There are four of 
these judges, two of whom hold a court in each county once a year. The Common Pleas 
Courts are held in some counties tliree times in each year, in others only twice, by a president 
judge and three associates. There are Superior Courts established in Cincinnati and in Cleve- 
land; also a commercial court in the former city. 

Education. — On the admission of tliis state into the Union, it was stipulated, for certain 
considerations, that one thirty-si.xtli part of all the territory sliould be set ajiart for tlie main- 
tenance of common schools. This liberal reservation makes ample provision for securing to 
coming generations the advantages of early instruction ; and, thus far, the compact, on the 
part of the state, has been faithfully carried out. Good schools are diffused all over the 
land ; and all needful attention and aid are given by the people to their support and improve- 
ment. There are many thousands of public grammar and primary schools in the state, some 
hundreds of academies or similar seminaries, and about twenty universities, colleges, and 
other institutions of a high order. The amount of the school fund owned by the state ia 
above $1,700,000 ; and nearly .f 300,000 is annually apportioned to the several counties for 
school purposes. The number of persons over 20 years of age, who can neither read 
nor write, is about 35,000. 

Fi7iances. — The state revenues are chiefly derived from taxes of various descriptions, viz., 
on real and personal property, professions, jiedlcrs, foreign insurance agencies, auctioneers, 
brokers, banks, joint stock companies, &.c, also from land sales, canal tolls, dividends on 
state property, interest on surplus revenue and other investments, &c. The expenditures 
include appropriations for state government purposes, interest on foreign debt, common schools, 
repairs on public works, &c. The total amount of the state debt, at the close of the fiscal 
year of 1849, including nearly $17,000,000 foreign debt, was somewhat over $19,000,000. 
The difference between the receipts and disbursements for the same year showed a balance 
in the treasury of $.'554,000. Upwards of .$3,000,000 worth of stock in various public works 
is owned by the state, which yields liberal dividends. The gross income of these works, in 
1849, was over $740,000. The total value of taxable property was about $430,000,000, and 
the revenue from taxes on real and personal estates amounted to $1,2(J0,000. 

Surface, Soil, S,-c. — Near the borders of Lake Erie, and for some distance in the interior 
of the northern part of the state, the surface is generally level, and occasionally somewhat 
marshy. Tlie section of country in the vicinity of the Ohio River, in the eastern and south- 
eastern quarters, is elevated and broken, although there are no lofty mountains in the state. 
But the entire region is a table land, reaching to a height of 600 to 1000 feet above the ocean 
level. The most level and fertile lands are situated in the interior, through which Hows the 
River Scioto. Vast prairies lie near the head waters of that river, of the Muskingum, and 

* Among the amendments introduced are the foUnwing : The House of Representatives to consiat 
of too members — both branches to be chosen for two years; the legislature to hold its sessions once 
in two years ; tlie lieutenant governor to be acting president of the Senate, with only a casting vote ; on 
the passage of every bill, the yeas and nays to be required, and a majority of all the members elected, 
of each house, to be necessary to the passage of any law; all judicial officers to be elected by the 
people — the judges of the Supreme and Common Pleas Courts for five years; no state debts to be 
contracted to an amount of over 57-^0,000, except in certain emergencies, nor the state credit to be 
loaned, nor the state, nor any cour.ty, city, or town to hold stock in corporations. 



120 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

the two Miami Rivers, upon which there is no growth of timber, but which yield abundance 
of coarse grass. The forests, in other parts, produce oaks, wahiut, hickory, beech, birch, 
maple, poplar, sycamore, papaw, cherry, buckeye, and whitewood, in all their varieties. Pines 
are uncommon, and the whitewood is generally substituted. The staple agricultural product 
of the state is wheat, of which enormous quantities are annually exported. Rye, oats, buck- 
wheat, Indian corn, and other grains, are raised in great profusion ; and nearly every species 
of garden vegetable is cultivated successfully. It is estimated that nine tenths of the land is 
adapted to purposes of agriculture, and that three fourths of it is extraordinarily fertile. 
Fruits of all descriptions known in the same latitude grow luxuriantly in all parts of 
the state. 

Rivers. — Besides the noble Ohio, which washes the south and south-oast borders of the 
state, there are its numerous tributaries, so.Tie of which are streams of considerable magni- 
tude, and extensively navigable. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, affords 
navigation for boats tlirough an extent of 100 miles. The Scioto, navigable for 130 miles, 
discharges itself into the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Great Miami, a rapid stream, after a 
course of 100 miles, joins the Ohio in the south-west corner of tlie state. The Little Miami, 
70 miles in length, falls into the Ohio near Cincinnati. These rivers have many branches and 
forks, extending in various directions. A number of large streams flow northwardly into 
Lake Erie ; as the Maumee, Huron, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, Vermilion, Ashtabula, Grand, and 
Black Rivers. These also have many branches. 

Intenuil Iinprovevients. — Many important public works have been undertaken and accom- 
plished in this state. The Oliio Canal, .'507 mites in lengtli, extends from Cleveland, on tlie 
Bhore of Lake Erie, to Portsmouth, on the Ohio River ; and there are connected with it sundry 
branches, one of which reaches 50 miles. This work, commenced in 1825 and completed in 
1832, cost $5,000,000. The Miami Canal, 178 miles long, extends from Cincinnati, and con- 
nects with tlie Wabash and Erie Canal at Defiance. This is also intersected by several 
branches. The Mahoning, a branch of the Ohio Canal, commences at Akron, and extends 
88 miles, to Beaver River. Two continuous lines of railroad extend across the state, 
from north to soutli — one from Cincinnati to Sandusky, the other from Cincinnati to Cleve- 
land, which is also connected by railroad with Pittsburg, Buffalo, Sandusky, and Toledo. 
There are numerous important lines in progress, extending east and west, and, indeed, in 
almost every direction. 

Minerals. — Ohio does not present so great a variety of geological formations as are found 
in most other states. It is found that there are five distinct divisions of rocks, viz., blue lime- 
stone, the lliickness of which is estimated at from 700 to 1000 feet ; black shale, 250 feet ; 
fine-grained sandstone, 350 feet ; conglomerate, 200 feet ; and coal series, 2000 feet. Indica- 
tions of all these several formations are found in some counties ; wliile in others those of only 
one or two of them are discoverable. The great coal region lies on the western bank of the 
River Ohio, and occupies not far from one fourth part of tlie whole state. The strata, as usnol 
elsewhere, are interspersed with beds of iron ore; and immense quantities of both these mate- 
rials are obtained from this quarter of the state. It is affirmed, in a Cleveland journal of 
March, 1851, that 1200 square miles in Ohio are underlaid with iron ; and that a tract ex- 
plored in 1838 was found adequate to furnish iron throughout an extent of 61 miles long by 
60 wide, one square mile of which would yield 3,000,000 tons of pig iron — so that this dis- 
trict would contain 1,000,000,000 tons. If 400.000 tons were taken from it annually, it would 
require 2500 years to remove tlie whole. 

Manufactures. — The manufactures of this state are confined principally to articles tlie 
raw materials of which are of home growth, as wool, iron, leather, tobacco, flour, sugar, wax, 
lard, silk, potash, &c. All the usual collateral branches are also carried on to any required 
extent. Though not strictly connected with this item, it may be proper here to remark that 
millions of horses, mules, neat cattle, sheep, and swine are raised witliin the state, and tliat 
great numbers of living animals, as well as vast quantities of packed beef and pork, are 
annually sent to eastern markets. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — OREGON. 



121 



Population. — The people of Ohio are remarkable for industry, enterprise, and public spirit. 
Tliey have " increased and multiplied," tlirough accessions from ihe older states, and from 
Europe, in an almost incredible ratio. The growth of the population has been without paral- 
It'l,, until, perhaps, the recent thronging towards tlie golden land in the farthest west. From 
t!ie time when the first census was taken, a period of only GO years, the number of inhabitants 
has been augmented from 3000 to nearly 2,000,000. 

CUmate. — In general, the climate throughout the state is highly favorable to human health. 
The summer season, though warm, is regular, with the occasional and somewhat rare excep- 
tion of a whirlwind or hurricane. The winters are not severely cold, nor subject to violent 
storms ; and the intermediate seasons are delightfully pleasant. It is true that in some of the 
marshy localities, giving rise to unwholesome vapors, the inhabitants are subject to those 
peculiar distempers always prevalent in such districts ; but even there, the range of disorders 
scarcely extends beyond fevers and agues. 

Curioniies. — The remains of ancient Indian villages, mounds, and fortifications, discov- 
erable in many counties of the state, constitute tlie most remarkable subjects of curious 
interest. Particular descriptions of these vestiges may be found in Howe's Historical Col- 
lections of Ohio, a work of GOO pages, octavo, full of minute detail, published at Cincinnati, 
in 1850. In the Scioto valley, within a compass of 12 to 15 mUes around tlie city of Chili- 
cothe, these extraordinary monuments are very numerous. A map, showing tlieir respective 
positions, and an ample and very able account of a series of explorations made in that region, 
and elsewhere in the valley of the Mississippi, by Messrs. Squier and Davis of Ohio, between 
1(^45 and 1847, may be found in the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, 
vol. ii. 




OREGON (Territory.) One of the recently-organized territories of tlie United States, 
embracing a vast region, extending from the Rocky Mountains on tlie east to the Pacific 
Ocean on the west. The Columbia River, its principal stream, was discovered in 1792, and 
named by Captain Gray, of ship Columbia, of Boston. Having penetrated the river for some 
distance, and established the fact of its existence, the title by discovery belonged to the 
United States. Under the authority of tlus government, Captains Lewis and Clarke, in 1804 
and 1805, explored tlie country from the moutli of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia, 
where they passed tlie following winter, thus strengthening the claim of the United States to 
16 



122 UNITED STATES GAZEITEER. 

tlio territory ; this exploration of the river being tlie first ever made by civilized adventurers. 
The first trading-house established in that region was erected on Lewis's River, a branch of 
the Columbia, in 1808, by the Missouri Fur Company ; and in 1811, the town of Astoria was 
founded by the Pacific Fur Company, under John Jacob Astor, of New York. This post was 
subsequently transferred to the British "Hudson's Bay Company," in consequence of its ex- 
posed situation during the war of 1812; but was afterwards restored, according to a stipula- 
tion in the treaty of Ghent. The British government, however, claimed certain portions of 
the northern part of the country ; and the question of boundary between the English and 
American possessions was for a long time a matter of controversy and negotiation. The sub- 
ject was at Icngtii adjusted in 1847, and the 49th parallel of north latitiido agreed upon as the 
line of demarcation. Congress, at about the same period, passed an act for tlie organization 
of a territorial government. The provisions of tliis act, so far as they relate to civil and 
judicial magistrates, to the Indians, the public lands, school reservations, &c., are similar to 
those ostablislied in the case of Minnesota Territory. (See Minnesota.) The act has since been 
amended in some particulars ; but its general features are not essentially altered. 

The Territory of Oregon is bounded north by the British possessions, from \vhich it is 
divided at the parallel of 49° north latitude ; east by the main range of the Rocky Mountains, 
separating it from the waste region of Nebraska; south by the Territory of Utah, and the 
State of California ; and west by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from latitude 4"i° north to the 
above parallel ; and, along its southern boundary, reaches from the 108th to tlio 124th degree 
of west longitude. Its area is estimated at upwards of 340,000 square miles. 

The surface presents three distinct sections or tracts of country, foniied by se])arate and 
nearly parallel mountain ranges, two of which extend through the territory from north to south. 
Tlio Cascade Mountains form the eastern limit of the fii-st section, its western bouiuhiry 
being the ocean ; between these mountains and the next eastern range, called the Blue Moun- 
tains, lies the middle or second section ; and tlie tlikd section, still farther eastward, reaches 
to the Rocky Mountains. 

These divisions differ considerably in most of tlicir physical characteristics — in soil, climate, 
and natural jiroducts. The soil of the western or coast section, for the space of 100 to 1.50 
miles east of the ocean, is not remarkably well adapted to the growth of grains, although 
many kinds of vegetable esculents may be successfully cultivated. The land is well tim- 
bered with firs, spruce, pine, oaks, ash, cedar, poplar, maple, willow, and other forest-trees. 
Fniit-trees of tlie more hardy kinds, shrubbery, vines, &-c., are found to thrive in all unexposed 
places. Towards the coast, some of the forest-trees attain a prodigious size and heiglit. 
Near Astoria, eight miles from the sea, there is, or recently was, a fij-tree 46 feet in girtli, 
and .300 feet high ; the trunk rising to a height of 153 feet before giving off a single branch. 
On tlie banks of the River Umpqua is a still more enormous specimen of the fir, being 57 feet 
in circumference, and 216 feet high below tlie branches. Pines reaching an altitude of 200 
to 300 feet, and 20 to 40 feet round, are quite common. Good grazing tracts, and lands 
suited to the culture of many kinds of grain, and to the growth of, pears, apples, and similar 
fruits, are found in tlie interior of tliis section, and at the base of the Cascade Mountiin-;. 
The climate in this quarter is mild, though affected unfavorably at tunes by the raw sea fogs. 
It is not, however, unhealthy. The winters continue only from two to three months, com- 
mencing in December, though the rainy season lasts from November to Marcli. Snow is not 
common, except upon the summits of tlie mountains. The middle section of tlie territory 
possesses a fair soil, consisting in part of a light, sandy loam, witli many tracts of rich allu- 
vion in the valleys. It is peculiarly suited to the production of wheat, and is fraitt'ul in 
almost every description of vegetation. The climate here, especially towards the south, is 
uniformly pleasant and salubrious. The third division, lying between the Blue and Rocky 
Mountains, is extremely rough, and generally barren, with a correspondingly uncongenial 
climate. It is traversed by gigantic and lofty mountain ridges in various directions, and so 
broken into rocky masses as to present few level or productive spots. It is covered, in the 
elevated parts, with snow, to a greater or less depth, during almost tlie entire year Rain 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — OREGON. 123 

seldom falls, nor are there any dews. The temperature often varies 40° between sunrise and 
noon. Much less is known of the tivo last-mentioned sections of country than of that which 
lies on the sliore of the Pacific, the cliief scat, at present, of all the commercial or tradino- 
operations of the country. 

A number of extensive and capacious rivers flow tlirough the territory, generally taking 
their rise in the mountains, and their course towards the Pacific. The chief among tliese is 
the Columbia, (sometunes called the Oregon,) which originates in tlie Rocky Mountains, and, 
after a devious track of many hundred miles, enters the Pacific Ocean from tlie east, in lati- 
tude 4G° 10' north. It is navigable for vessels of 12 feet draught for 130 miles, and for boats 
some 40 miles beyond, to the fiills of the Cascade Mountains. Some travellers describe it 
as excelling most of the celebrated rivers of North America in beauty and mag'nificence. 
At its mouth lies a large and commodious estuary, the entrance to which, from the ocean, ia 
somewhat intricate, but wliicli affords shelter and good anchorage to vessels of the largest 
tonnage. The Columbia, in its long and tortuous course, receives the waters of numerou.s 
tributaries, flowing from the north, tlie east, and the south. Some of these are of great vol- 
ume and extent, and are also supplied by countless smaller branches and forks, stretcliing 
from every point, and presenting thousands of adiuirablo mill sites. The otlier rivers v.-hich 
communicate directly witli the Pacific are the Klamath and the Umpqui, botli south of the 
Columbia, and extending irdand only to the first or coast range of mountains. Tlie princip il 
rivers which empty into tlie Columbia, at various points, are tlie Canoe, Kootaidc, Clark's, Spo- 
kan, Okaingan, Lewis, Kooskooske, Salmon, Umatilla, Quisnel's, John Day's, Chute, Catlila- 
tate's, Cowelitz, and Willamette. The last named is a very important stream, flowing throun-li 
a spacious and fertile valley, and uniting with the Columbia at a point not many miles from 
the ocean. 

A number of settlements have been made upon the shores of the Columbia ; and on the banks 
of the Willamette are situated some of tlie largest villages and towns in the territory. Aniomr 
the former are Fort Vancouver, Astoria, St. Helen's, and Milton, the first two of which are 
places of considerable trade ; and among the latter are Portland, already containing 15,000 
inhabitants, several mills, chiu'ches, school-houses, &c., Milwaukie, Oregon city, Linn city, 
Champoeg, Salem, and many others, all possessing amide water privUcges, surrounded by a 
line agricultural country, and inliabited by an industrious, intelligent, moral, and thriving 
people. Farther in the interior are Hillsborough and Lafayette, the latter having a population 
of 800. A railroad from Milton, on the Columbia, to Lafayette, and thence into the interior, 
is in contemplation, at an estunated cost of §500,000. 

The mountains of Oregon frequently shoot up into conical peaks of astonishing heiglit, pre- 
senting objects of grand and awful sublimity. The sunmiits of many of these towering 
eminences, in the coast range, reach an elevation of from 13,000 to 14,000 feet above the 
level of the sea, ascending to twice the altitude of the region of perpetual snow, and bidduT' 
defi ince to tlie approach of human footsteps. The Rocky Mountains, that immense natural 
barrier on the ea^t, rise in many places to a still greater elevation. They form a continuous 
chain, often ascending to a height of 16,000 feet, but occasionally ofTering to the hardy trav- 
eller some convenient depression or gap, whereby he may ptiss from side to side. In the 
northern part of tliis range are the sources of Frazer's River, which finds its outlet at the 
north-west corner of the territory, after a course of 350 miles through the British possessions. 
The northern branch of the Columbia rises in these mountains, in latitude 50° north, and, after 
having traversed tliis elevated region some 220 mUes, and having fallen 550 feet, is still found, 
at Fort Colville, half way across the territory, to be over 2000 feet above the ocean level. 

The lands arotmd Puget's Sound, in the north-west part of Oregon, are among the most 
valuable in the territory for agricultural purposes, as well as for commercial pursuits. They 
consist of extensive prairies, which furnish food for great numbers of horses, cattle, swine, &c. 
Several flourishing settlements are established in this vicinity, and a large amount of trade is 
carried on. A considerable portion of the inhabitants are French and English emigrants from 
Canada. Much excellent timber is found in this region ; and mills have been erected upon 



124 UNITED STATES GAZETTEEK. 

tlie adjacout streams, where there arc many valuable waterfalls. The waters of tliis sound 
abound in shell and other fish. The tide regularly flows and ebbs from fifteen to eighteen 
feet, and the navigation is unobstructed and safe. 

Oregon is extremely rich in mineral resources, especially in tlio southern quarter, contiguous 
to the State of California. Large quantities of gold are dug in the fertile and ])lcasant valleys 
of the Klamath and tlie Umpqua. It is found even among the roots of tlie prairie grass. A 
lump valued at $2;W was recently taken from a sod ; and those who are in search of the pre- 
cious metal in this section — of whom there are thousands — seldom dig to a depth of more 
than three feet. Iron ore abounds on the Columbia; and among the other minerals already 
found in difterent parts of the territory are copper, lead, platina, plumbago, sulphur, salt, and 
coal. Tlie latter is very abundant on tlie Cowelitz River, and at Puget's Sound. 

There are many populous tribes of Indians witliin the territory, whose views and feelings 
are dissimilar in regard to the encroachments of Uie white man, and the advancement of civil- 
ization around them. The most powerful tribe are the Shoshonoes, or Snake Indians, who 
are said to number 15,000. The other principal tribes are the Platheads, Platbows, Pointed 
Hearts, and Pierced Noses. There arc, besides, numerous smaller tribes. The governor of 
the territory, in his message to the legislature, in the spring of 1851, advocates the passage of 
a law by Congress for the protection of the Indian tribes. 

The population of this territory has multiplied prodigiously within a very few years. In 
1840, the number was estimated at only 700 or 800. At this time, exclusive of Indians, it is 
probably not less than 25,000. The now towns are generally peopled by emigrants from the 
old states, who appear to be sufficiently aware of the value of orderly and liberal institutions,' 
and have made due provision for tlieir establishment and maintenance. They acknowledge 
tlie necessity of the immediate construction of roads and other unprovements, at the public 
expense ; the establishment of a generous system of common education ; and the enactment 
of laws founded on those principles of justice and benevolence which distinguish the general 
codes of the several members of the federal Union. 

At a late session of the territorial legislature, the capital of the state was located at 
Salem, on the River Willamette. Acts also were passed for the establishment of a peniten- 
tiarj' at Portland, and a university at Marj'sville. 

The time cannot be very remote, when Oregon will be united, by a direct chain of inter- 
communication, with all the states and territories lying between the Rocky Mountains and 
the equally rocky strand of the Atlantic Ocean. Already, in fact, the work may be said to 
liave advanced half way towards completion. The Ch-eat J^orthern Route, so called, embraces 
a cordon of railroads, to extend from Boston and New York to Dubuque, in Iowa ; a great 
portion of the line being finished and in travelling order, and the residue in a state of forward- 
ness. This line runs diredly tvest upon, or very near, the parallel of 42° north latitude, scarcely 
varying a whole degree in its entire course, thus far, of over 1100 miles. From Boston and 
New York to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, this route has long been in active operation. Some 
few curves between Syracuse and Buffalo are to be overcome by a rectilinear section, which 
will be continued beyond the Falls, through the southern portion of Canada West, to Detroit, 
in Michigan. From the latter point, the Miphigan Central Railroad now extends across that 
state, and around the southern margin of Lake Michigan, to Chicago ; thence the line is to 
proceed to Dubuque, traversing the northern boundary of Illinois, and crossing to the western 
shore of tlie Mississippi. Here, however, it cannot be stayed. The Iowa Central Railroad 
will take up the work, and carry it to the borders of Nebraska.. At tliis last terminus, only, is 
any obstacle to be apprehended that cannot be quickly removed by the enterprise of tlie sur- 
rounding population. It becomes a national duty, then, to extend the work through that deso- 
late wilderness, until it shall touch the southern boundary of Oregon, in the same latitude of 
42°. California and Oregon will then consummate the enterprise ; thus securing a direct 
and uninterrupted connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, across die body of 
the continent ; and interjoining, by an imperishable belt of union, the inhabitants and the 
interests of tlie eastern and western extremes of this vast confederacy. 



STATES AND TERPaTOEIES.— PENNSYLVANIA. 



125 




PENNSYLVANIA. This state is one of the most important members of tlie American Union. 
Its history is peculiar, and differs, in many respects, not only in regard to the original establish- 
ment of the colony, but in respect also to its early career, from that of almost every other state 
in the republic. The benevolent and tolerant character of its great founder impressed itself 
upon his associates and follo^-ers ; and, as a consequence, the wisest and most liberal institu- 
tions that could bo devised in an ago wlien the true principles of human government were but 
obscurely understood, were fixed upon in the outset, were perseveringly adhered to, and have 
ever since been cherished, with the liappiest results. William Penn and his 2000 comrades, 
mostly of the persecuted Quaker denomination, left England for this country in a spirit of 
peaceful philanthropy, and landed at Newcastle, on the Delaware, in 168% He was fortunately 
received in a like amicable spirit by the natives, and forthwith proceeded without molestation 
in the execution of his preconceived plans. Passing up the river, he selected the spot upon 
whicli Pliiladolphia now stands, and there laid the foundation of that noble and unique city. 
Some forty years previous, a few settlements had been made, by a party of Swedes, along the 
western bank of the Delaware, within tlie present boundary of the state ; but the honor of 
planting the commonwealth itself belongs exclusively to the high-minded and distinguished 
man wliose name it perpetuates. The whole tract now comprehended within its lunits was 
granted to him, in 1G81, by King Charles II., in compensation for services rendered to the 
crown by the father of the grantee. Sir William Penn, who had been an admiral in the English 
navy. After a residence of about two years among the colonists, he repaired to England, in 
1G84, where he appointed a provisional government, consisting of a president and five commis- 
sioners, to whom was intrusted the administration of the affairs of the new settlement during his 
absence. Having obtained full confinnation of his proprietary rights, he revisited the colony 
in 1G9!\ and subsequently again returned to his native country, v.here lie died in 1718, at the 
age of 74, bequeathing his property as an inheritance to his children. His descendants con- 
tinued in possession until the war of tlie revolution, when their interest was purchased by the 
commonv.ealtli for the sum of $580,000. 

A state constitution was formed in 177G, whicli was superseded by another in 1700. This 
continued in force until 1838, when the existing constitution was established. The constitution 
of the United States was adopted in convention December 1-3, 1787. The city of Philadelphia, 
renowned as the spot whence issued the immortal Declaration of American Independence, was 
the seat of government of the United States, until it was transferred, in 1800, to tlie city of 
Washington. During the revolutionary war, Pennsylvania sustained heroically her part in 
that eventful drama. Several severe battles were fought upon her soil ; and the efforts and 



126 ITNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

sacrifices of her sons in the cause of civil liberty were not outdone by any of her patriolic 
confeik'rates. 

Boundaries and Extent. — Bounded by tlie State of New York and Lake Erie on the north ; 
by Delaware River, separating it from New Jersey, on the east ; by the States of Delaware, 
Maryland, and Virginia on the south ; and by the State of Ohio, with a part of Virginia, on 
the west. It lies between 39° 42' and *4'2° 15' north latitude, and reaches from 74° 44' to 
80° 34' west longitude. Its dimensions are about 310 miles from east to west, by 160 miles 
in widtli, comprising an area of 40,000 square miles. 

Government. — The present constitution provides for the election of governor triennially by 
the people ; not to hold office longer tlmn six years in nine : the Senate, consisting of 33 
members, one third chosen each year, are elected for three years : the House of Representa- 
tives contains 100 members, chosen annually. The judicial officers are appointed by the 
executive, subject to the approval of the Senate. The secretary of state is exclusively an 
executive appointment ; and the treasurer is chosen annually by tlie legislature in joint ballot. 
All white males 21 years of age, tax payers, residents for one year in the state, and for ten 
days in tlie district, are qualified voters. 

Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, four District Courts, and 
Courts of Common Pleas for 24 districts, into which the state is divided. The former is 
composed of a chief and four associate justices, who retain their offices for 15 years. They 
hold a court in bank once a year in four several districts. The District Courts are invested 
with the civil jurisdiction of the Common Pleas in their respective districts, in all cases ex- 
ceeding a certain amount involved: the judges of these courts are appointed for 10 years. 
Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas hold office for 5 years ; and any two of them may 
hold a Court of Quarter Sessions in any county. Sheriffs, coroners, clerks of courts, registers 
of wills, and recorders of deeds are elected by the people for 3 years, and justices of the 
peace for 5 years. 

Education. — - Pennsylvania has recently done much for the advancement of free education. 
There are in the state, independent of the city and county of Philadelphia, about 1500 school 
districts, and near 10,000 common schools, containing over 400,000 scholars. For the support 
of tlieso institutions, some $700,000 to $800,000 are annually raised, partly by taxation in the 
several districts, and partly througli state appropriations. There are also a large number of 
academies, and other literary or scientific institutions of a high grade, together with five or 
six theological seminaries maintained by various Christian denominations. The Girard Col- 
lege, near the city of Philadelpliia, endowed by Stephen Girard with a fund of $2,000,000, and 
devoted to the support of destitute orphans, is perhaps the greatest charity of the kind in the 
country. There are two flourishing universities, — the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 
1755 at Philadelphia, and the Western University at Pittsburg, — together with the following 
colleges, founded between tlie years 1783 and 1836: Dickinson, Jefferson, Washington, 
Alleghany, Pennsylvania, Lafayette, and Marshall, besides sundry medical colleges. 

Finances. — The public debt of the state is not far from $40,000,000 ; and the value of its 
productive pro])erty is somewhat over $32,000,000. The annual income of the state, from all 
sources, is about $5,000,000, and the expenditures exceed $4,000,000. The interest on the 
public debt amounts to over $2,000,000 per annum. 

Surface, Soil, fyc. The state presents a great variety of surface. Much of it is undulating 
and hilly, and, in some localities, mountainous. There are also numerous level tracts, but few 
of which, however, are of any considerable extent. South Mountain reaches across one corner 
of the state, in a south-westerly course, from the River Delaware, through an uneven country, 
to near the centre of the nortliern line of Maryland. Blue Mountain, extending in tlie same 
direction, from the northern extremity of the Delaware, is a continuous elevation of 700 to 
1200 feet above the base, and terminates in a lofty peak, called Pilot's Knob, near the southern 
boundary of the state. A broken and hilly region lies northward of this range, bordered by 
the Susquehanna and Lehigh Rivers, and celebrated for its vast deposits of anthracite coal 
Several distinct mountains rise in tliis region, the summits of some of which consist of tracts 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — PENNSYLVANIA. l'-27 

of unproductu'o table land. Other mountainous eminences lie around tlio valley of Wyoming, 
in the north-east part of the state ; and there are several ridges eastward of the Susciuehanna 
River, bearing various names. The lofty chain called tJie Great Alleghany, or Appalacliian 
Mountains, traverses the state, almost uninterruptedly, from New York to Virginia. West- 
ward of, and parallel with, tlie Alleghanies are Laurel and Chestnut Mountains, and other high 
ridges, in the direct vicinity of which the surface is rougli and broken; but in the intermediate 
valleys, and farther towards tlie western part of the state, the soil is very rich and fertile. The 
land, indeed, throughout Pennsylvania, is generally of good quality. The grazing districts 
furnisli large numbers of fine horses, neat cattle, and other domestic animals. Extensive 
tracts, lying along the margins of rivers, are peculiarly excellent, and under fine cultivation. 
Fruits of the best descriptions, and in great variety, are very abundant ; vast quantities of 
wheat and other grains are raised in all quarters ; and every species of vegetable product 
common to the Middle States is found in plenty and perfection within this flourishing agricul- 
tural commonwealth. 

Rivers. — Among the principal streams are the Delaware, on the eastern border, which is 
navigable for ships of the line to Philadelphia, 6 miles above its junction with tlie Schuylkill, 
a distance of 190 miles from the ocean ; the Schuylkill, about 130 miles in lengtli, and the 
Lehigh, about 75 miles, are both tributaries of the Delaware, the union of the two latter being 
formed at Easton, some 60 miles north of Pliiladelphia. The Susquehanna passes through 
the state, from its sources in New York to its mouth in Chesapeake Bay. Boats and rafts 
may pass down this stream, but the upward navigation is impeded by numerous rapids. The 
.luniata enters the Susquclianna near Harrisburg, after flowing 180 miles from its rise in the 
Alleghany Mountains. The Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, the former after a course 
of 400, and the latter of 300 miles, meet at Pittsburg, and, by their confluence, form the Ohio, 
which runs but a short distance within the state. 

Internal Improvements. — The position, extent, and resources of Pennsylvania have natu- 
rally stimulated her people to the establishment of all needful facilities for the promotion of 
her great agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial interests. Accordingly her revenues 
and credit, and the means of her wealthiest citizens, have been liberally devoted to the con- 
struction of various descriptions of public works, some of which are on a scale of great mag- 
nitude. Railroads and canals intersect the country in all directions, connecting the tide waters 
on the eastern boundary with those of the Ohio, and between all the principal points of trade 
throughout the state. These great enterprises are so many in number, and so variously dis- 
tributed, that, for a particular account of them, reference must be had to that portion of this 
work which treats of Railroads and Canals, 

Minerals. — The grand mineral product of this state is anthracite coal, various qualities of 
which are mined in the different districts of the vast coal region, extending in length over 
00 miles nortli-easterly from the north branch of the Susquehanna, with a breadtli of 10 to 18 
miles. This region is divided into three distinct coal fields, which again are subdivided each 
into several mining districts. These great deposits are estimated to occupy an area of nearly 
1000 square miles, and in many spots to be from 50 to GO feet in depth. As it is calculated 
that each cubic yard will yield a ton of coal, some conception may be formed of the immen- 
sity of the aggregate. In 1S20, less than 400 tons of coal were sent to market from this 
region; but in 1842, the supply had increased to upwards of 1,119,000 tons, and the product 
has since been annually increasing. West of the Alleghanies lies a still more extensive 
tract, embracing an area of about 21,000 square miles, in which are embedded exhaustless 
quantities of bituminous coal, .\bout 300,000 tons of this description of fuel are annually 
consumed in Pittsburg alone. The state also abounds in iron ore, salt, &c. 

Manufactures. — The people of Penn.sylvania are largely engaged in this department of 
home industry, the products of which are probably greater in quantity and value than those of any 
other state in the Union. The most import mt manufactures are cast and wrought iron in all 
varieties, cotton and woollen fabrics, paper, furniture, machinery, hats, articles of leather, porce- 
lain, glass, pottery, marble, flour, chandlery, distilled and fermented liquors, &c. 

Indians. — The aboriginal tribes which once peopled the territory now constituting the 



188 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



State of Pennsylvania have all disappeared, so far as regards any distinct social organization. 
Their hunting-grounds were yielded to tlie first white settlers with much less repugnance 
than has been manifested in almost every other part of the continent ; and their successors, 
by constantly pursuing towards the natives a humane and liberal policy, have enjoyed exemp- 
tion from those depredations and wars which have so sorely afflicted most of the new settle- 
ments in tliis country. 

Population. — From the date of the first enumeration of the inhabitants, 150 years ago, 
when the colony contained but 20,000 souls, the population of Pennsylvania lias continued to 
" increase and multiply," in steady and regular progression. At the present time its popuhition 
numbers over 2,300,000. It is composed of the best possible materials for tlie formation and 
preservation of a free state. Industry, frugality, order, and patriotism are among the distinguish- 
ing traits of the people. Their enterprise and foresight have been remarkably e.\emplified in 
their magnificent system of public works, in their extensive agricultural and mechanical opera- 
tions, and in their flourisliing literary institutions. The establishment and support of all these 
important interests have been marked by unsurpassed earnestness and munificence. 

Climate. — Although the climate of Pennsylvania is subject to much fluctuation at all 
seasons, and the extremes of temperature are some 120° asunder, ranging from 20° below 
zero, in winter, to 98° above, in summer, still there are few or no states in the Union which 
are blessed witli a purer atmospliere or a more healthful climate. The spring and autumn, 
in all parts of the state, arc delightfully pleasant ; and notwitlistanding the occasional violent 
changes, which, however, are not of long duration, the weather is for the most part equable and 
mild, according to the several seasons. The mean temperature, for the whole year, is between 
44° and 52°. July is usually tlie liottest montli, and January tlie coldest. In the southern 
quarters, winter commences late in December, and continues untU March ; but in the northern 
parts of the state, the cold season sets in a month earlier, and snow does not generally dis- 
appear until late in March. Frosts appear in some localities as early as September. 

Religion. — The Friends or Quakers, successors of the first settlers, are probably more 
numerous in Pennsylvania than in any other state, having some 150 to 200 congregations. 
The Presbyterians, however, outnumber all tlie other denominations ; then follow in order the 
Methodists, Baptists, Gennan Reformed, and Episcopalians, all of whom are numerous. Tliere 
is also the usual variety of minor sects. 




RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS. This, in territorial extent, 
is the smallest state in the Union. It lies between 42° and 43° north latitude, and 71° and 72° 
west longitude from London, and comprises an area of about 1306 square miles. It is bounded 
north and east by Massachusetts, soutli by the .'\tlantic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. The 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — RHODE ISLAND. 129 

natural features of the state are somewhat peculiar. Ahovit one tenth part of it is water, and 
of the residue, a very considerable portion is made up of islands. The interior, with the excep- 
tion of the inteiTales alono; the streams, is generally rough and hilly, better adapted to grazing 
than to the raising of grain. Most of the islands, together with that part adjoining salt water, 
are very fertile. The most considerable hills in the state are Mount Hope in Bristol, Pine in 
Exeter, Easchaheague and Hopkins in West Greenwich, Chopmist in Seituate, Neutaconlranot 
in Johnston, Woonsocket in Sinitlifleld, and Diamond in Cumberland. The state abounds in 
streams of water, the banks of which are lined with manufacturing establishments of various 
kinds. Narragansett Bay extends from the sea, more than 30 miles into the state, aftbrd- 
ing commodious and safe harbors along its whole length. The harbor of Newport, at its 
mouth, is not excelled by any in the United States. The harbors of Bristol and Wickford 
are easy of access at all seasons for vessels of heavy burden. That of Providence has less 
water than either of these, nor can it be safely entered by any vessel of any considerable size 
without a pilot. 

In 1839, Dr. Jackson, of Boston, under appointment of the legislature, made an agricultural 
and geological survey of the state. The mineral resources brought to light by this sur\'ey are 
not extensive or peculiarly valuable. Iron ore abounds in many localities. Anthracite coal 
is found in large quantities on the Island of Rhode Island, and also in Cumberland, and is fast 
coming into use. Limestone abounds in several towns, and is extensively and profitably 
wrought for use. 

The state is divided into 5 counties, — Newport, Providence, Washington, Kent, and Bris- 
tol, — which are subdivided into 31 townships. 

The settlement of the state by Europeans was commenced by Roger Williams and his 
associates at Providence, in the year ltJ.3C. The settlers came from Massachusetts, from 
which colony their leader had been banished for alleged political and religious heresies. In 
1638, some of the religious followers of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson removed from Massachusetts 
to the Island of Rhode Island, in consequence of the proceedings had against them for their 
religious opinions. Sanuiel Gorton and his company commenced a third settlement at War- 
wick, in 1642. Neither of these companies had any charter from the English govermnent 
They were voluntary associations. Each company purchased its location of the Narragan- 
sett Indians inhabiting there. Neither of them had any patent from the English company, 
which claimed them by grant from the crown of England. They were separate, distinct col- 
onies, independent of each other, and having no common bond of union, except what arose 
from their common origin, design, and dangers. In 1643, the Parliament of England granted 
a charter of civil government, under the name of " Providence Plantations, in New England, in 
America." This, with a slight interruption, constituted the fundamental law of the plantations 
until 1603, when Charles II., upon the petition of the inhabitants, granted them another charter, 
under the name of " the Governor and Company of the English Colony of Rhode Island and 
Providence Plantations, in New England, in America." This conferred on tlie colonists the 
right to elect all their officers, and to pass laws for their government, without the intervention, 
positive or negative, of either king or Parliament. It also guarantied to them liberty of con- 
science, in the most unlimited meaning of the term. Tins charter continued in force, witli 
the exception of the few years when Sir Edmund Andros was the general governor of New 
England, until the American revolution. The people of tliis colony entered that struggle witli 
great zeal. In May, 1776, the colony repealed the law, before that time in force, securing to 
his majesty the allegiance of his subjects. Tlicy abolished the oath of allegiance to the king, 
struck his name from all legal process, and directed all proceedings to be in the name of tlie 
colony, thus anticipating the Congress of the United Colonies on the question of independence. 

The colony united with her sister colonies in holding the old Continental Congress, and was 
among the first to direct her delegates to sign the Articles of Confederation. To tliose articles 
this state adhered with great pertinacity, until after all the others had deserted them, refusing 
to adopt the constitution of the United States until May 29, 1790. It has been said of Rhode 
Island with truth, that though " she was first at the fight, she was last to the feast." 
17 



130 rSITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

As the charter of 1663 vested the right to elect all officers in the people of the colony, the 
Declaration of Independence required no change in the form of govemmenL Elections were 
held after as well as before that event by force of laws passed pnrsuant to its provisions. It lost 
its binding force as an instrument emanating from the King of England, at the passage of the 
act of May, 1776, but it continued to be referred to as writtep evidence of the unwritten con- 
stitution of the state nnt3 very recently. With this explanation, it may be said, with truth. 
that this charter, with the usages which grew up under it, modified from time to time by the 
action of the legislature, continued to be the constitution of the state until the present written 
coiBtitution went into operation, on the 2d day of May, 1843, 

Under the charter, the right of sufiage was regulated by the General Assembly of the 
state, the charter being silent on the subject. In lt>65, the General Assembly, in reply to a 
query on the subject proposed to them by the king's commissioners, declared, " that all men 
of competent estate, civil conversation, and obedient to the civil magistrate," were admitted 
freemen of the colony, on asking to be so admitted. There was no law declaring what should 
be considered as a "competent estate" until 1723, when the General Assembly by law 
enacted that no man should be admitted a freeman of any town, unless he owned lands in 
such town of the value of £100, or of the yearly value of 40 s., or were the eldest son of such 
& freeholder. In 1729, the freehold qualification was raised to £200, or £10 yearly value: 
and in 1746. to £400, or £20 yearly value. Subsequently it was reduced to £40, or 40 s. yearly 
value, and thus it stood in 1776. Some of these changes undoubtedly arose out of changes 
in the value of the pound. In 171'8, the freehold qualification was fixed at §134, or yearly 
value of $7. Thus it continued until the constitution of 1S43. 

By that instrument, the right of sufirage is conferred on every male citizen of the United 
States of the age of 21 years, who has his home and residence in this state for one year, and 
in the town where he claims to vote six months preceding his claim ; who owns a freehold 
estate in lands or real estate of the value of 8134 above all encumbrances, or which rents 
for §7 per annum. Every native citizen of the United States, of the above age and residence, 
who is assessed and has paid a tax of #1, or who has been enrolled and done military duty 
for one day at least, has the right to vote in the election of all civil officers, and on all ques- 
tions, excepting only that tmless he has been assessed and has paid a tax on property, valued 
at least at $134, he is not allowed to vote for the election of city conned of Providence, or 
on any proposition to impose a tax, or for the expenditure of money in any town. 

The legislative power, under that constitntion, is vested in the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives. The Senate consists of the lieutenant governor and one senator fix)m each town. 
The governor presides over the deliberations of the Senate, and has the casting vote. The 
House of Representatives can never exceed 72 in number. Each town is entitled at least to 
one, and no town can have more than one sixth of the whole number. The ratio of representa- 
tion, with these exceptions, is based on population. The present ratio is one representative 
for every 1675 inliabitants. 

The Senate and House of Representatives are styled the General Assembly. They hold 
two stated sessions aimually, one at Newport on the first Tuesday in May, and the other on 
the last Monday in October at Sooth Kingston, once in two years, and in the intermediate 
years alternately at Bristol and East Greenwich. In addition to these, there are generally two 
adjourned sessions in each year, one of which is held in the summer at Newport, and the other 
at Providence in January. 

The governor, lieutenant governor, senators, representatives, secretary of state, attorney 
general, and general treasurer are elected annually on the first Wednesday in April, their official 
term commencing on the first Tuesday in May. All the other state officers, except judges 
of the Supreme Court, are elected annually by the General Assembly in joint ballot of both 
houses, the governor presiding. 

The judicial power in the state ia vested in a Supreme Court, which holds two terns annu- 
ally in each county, and in Courts of Common Pleas for each county, which also hold two 
terms in each year. The Supreme Court consists of one chief and three associate justices. 



STATES AST) TERRITORIES. — RHODE ISLAND. 131 

any twa of whon make a quorum. Courts of Common Pleas are held by one of the associate 
justices of the Supreme Court. The judges of these courts are elected, like other state offi- 
cers, by the General Assembly, but tliey hold their ofBces until tliey are declared vacant by a 
majority of all the members elected in each house at the May session. 

In all the towns except Providence and Newport, the town courts are, ex officio, courts of 
probate, and the town clerks registrars of probate and of deeds. The Municipal Court of 
Providence exercises probate jurisdiction. The city clerk is register of deeds. 

The industry and capital of the state were formerly devoted to agriculture and commerce. 
The latter wa.s tlie favorite pursuit, as it led to greater wealth, and involved less personal labor. 
The peculiar situation of the state, and the commodiousness of its harbors, naturally turned 
the atteijtion of its citizens to commercial pursuits. Rhode Island ships then visited all parts 
of the globe. They were the second, if not the first, to unfurl the stars and stripes in the 
Celestial Empire. For the last forty years, commerce has been gradually declining, until, at 
the present time, foreign trade is almost entirely confined to a few square-rigged vessels in the 
West India business. The number and tonnage of coasting vessels has increased dunng the 
same period. But capital and industrv' are pursuing new sources of wealth in manufactures 
and the mechanic arts. Calico printing was commenced here as early as 1794, on cotton 
cloth imported from tlje East Indies. Samuel Slater, the father of cotton manufactures in 
this country, set up liis first cotton mill in tlie spring of 1796, in this state. Now, more per- 
sons are engaged in the various manufactures of cotton than in any other pursuit. The cen- 
sus of 1850 shows a great increase in the manufacturing interest, requiring vast expenditures. 

Public provision was first made by law for tlie establisliment of public schools in this state 
in the year 1800. It soon became very unpopular, and was repealed in 1803. In 1828, the 
General Assembly pa.ssed a new law on the subject, which, with various amendments, is still in 
force. At the passage of this act, the legislature made an appropriation of .'JlCOOO'per year 
for the support of public schools, but for several years past the appropriation has been in- 
creased to $35,000. The number of scholars registered in the state, during tlie last year, in 
tlie public schools, was 24,73.3 ; in the instruction of which 2.39 male and 270 female teachers 
were employed. The amount expended for instruction, repairs of school-houses, &c., during 
the same period, was about .$97,000. 

Those who are ready to brand tliis state with infamy for neglecting the cause of public 
education would do well to recollect that Rhode Island never had any resources for such an 
object, or even for the support of its government, except by taxation on its citizens. The 
small tracts of land which belonged to the state were disposed of at almost nominal prices, 
because the title to and jurisdiction over tliem were claimed by the adjoining colonies and 
others. Beyond the present boundaries the state never owned any land. 

There is but one university in the state. That is located at Providence. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1764, under the name of Rhode Island College. The name was changed to Brown 
LTniversity in 1804, in honor of the late Hon. Nicholas BroitTi, who was its most munificent 
benefactor. 

The Butler Hospital for the Insane was incorporated in January, 1844, under the name of 
the Rhode Island Hospital for the Insane. It received its present name from the late Cyrus 
Butler, Esq., the generous donor of .f 40,000 to its funds in his lifetime. The institution is 
located at Providence, on the banks of the Seekonk River. On the 1st of Januarj', 1851, 
there were 113 patients within its walls, — 50 males and 63 females. 

Owing to tlie utmost liberty of conscience, which has ever prevailed in this state, there are 
congregations of almost every denomination of Christians within its limits. Roger Williams 
became a Baptist soon after the settlement of Providence, and founded a church of that de- 
nomination there. The church remained, though he left it in a few months, and became a 
Seeker. The first church established on the Island of Rliode Island was also a Baptist one. 
The Friends soon established themselves there. The leader of the settlers at Warwick, 
Samuel Gorton, was the founder of the sect of Gortonists or Gortoneans, now extinct. In some 
parts of the state, Sabbatarian principles prevail to a great extent, the consequence of which 



132 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



is a disregard of the Chiistian Sabbath. This circumstance has contributed to give tlie state 
tliat character for irreligion which some writers attribute to it. Notwithstanding this, and the 
jeers which have been indulged in by writers wlio should have known better, it is a fact, that 
tliere are as many religious societies, cliurches, and meeting-houses in tliis state, in propoi-tion 
to its population, as in any other state in the Union. 

Tlie only railroads erected in whole or in part in this state are the Boston and Providence, 
leading from Providence to Boston; the New York, Providence, and Boston, leading from 
Providence to Stonington ; tlie Providence and Worcester, leading from Providence to 
Worcester. Besides these, several others have been recently incorporated, and will probably 
soon be built. The Providence and Worcester Canal will long be remembered, having proved 
a complete fadure. 

The banking capital of the state has for many years been enormously disproportioned to the 
population. It exceeds $12,000,000. Being, however, divided among nearly 70 banking 
institutions, it has generally been managed with safety to the public, and to the advantage of 
the stockliolders. 

In January, 1838, the legislature abrogated the use of capital punisliment in all cases ex- 
cept for murder and arson. At tlie same time, they substituted imprisomncnt and line for all 
kinds of corporal punishments before that time in use in the state. During that year, the 
state prison at Providence was completed. The buildings consist of a keeper's house, and a 
range of forty cells, two stories high, adapted to the Pennsylvania system of discipline — 
separate confinement at labor, with instruction. After a few years' experience, this system was 
abandoned, and the Auburn system substituted in its place. Since its establishment, 127 
prisoners have been confined in it, of wliich number 37 remained its inmates in October, 1850. 




SOUTH CAROLINA is one of the Southern States of the American republic. It was 
originally included in tlie grant by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and others, in 1C62, which 
embraced both the Carolinas. The coast, however, had been discovered nearly two centuries 
anterior to the first attempt at a settlement thereon. In 1670, a few English emigrants laid 
the foundation of a colony at Port Royal, under William Sayle, who acted as their governor. 
In the following year, the colonists took what they deemed a more favorable position, on tlie 
western bank of Ashley River. Hence they again removed, shortly afterwards, to the con- 
fluence of that and Cooper Rivers, the site of the present city of Charleston. But little 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — SOUTH CAROLINA. 133 

progress was made by the settlers in this region, until the Carolinas were divided, in 1720. 
From this period, notwithstanding frequent hostile incursions and sanguinary cruelties on the 
part of the neighboring Indians, the affairs of the province continued steadily to advance, 
until tlie revolutionary war. During that struggle, the state performed her full share of duty, 
and encountered many and great sacrifices, arising from her exposed position. A military 
force, for the defence of the colony against the British, was organized at a very early period 
of the contest ; in 1776, an attack was made on Fort Moultrie, at the entrance of Charleston 
Harbor, in which the invaders were defeated ; but in 1780, the city itself was captured by Sir 
Henry Clinton, after a siege of six weeks, who held possession until 178"2. A number of 
battles were fought upon the soil of Soutli Carolina in tlie course of the war, one of which, 
that of Eutaw Springs, in 1781, had the effect of closing the war in that state. The consti- 
tution of the United States was adopted by tliis state, in convention, in May, 1788, by a vote 
of 149 to 73. The first state constitution, being the earliest in tlie Union, was formed in 1775 ; 
the present one was adopted in 1790. 

Boundaries and Extent. — Bounded on tlie north and north-cast by the State of North Caro- 
hna, on tlie east and south-east by tlie Atlantic Ocean, and on the south-west by the State of 
Georgia, the Savannah River forming the line of division. The state contains about 25,000 
square miles, being about 200 miles in length, witli an average breadtli of K.iO miles. Lati- 
tude from 32° 2' to 3.5° 10' north ; longitude from 78° 24' to 83i° west. 

Government. — The governor, lieutenant governor, state secretary, treasurer, and siirveyor 
general are elected by both branches of the legislature in joint ballot, each for the term of 
two years. The chief magistrate can only serve one terra in any six years. The Senate is 
composed of 45 members, who are elected by the people for four years, one half the number 
being elected every two years. The House of Representatives contains 125 members, chosen 
by popular vote biennially. The right of suffrage is enjoyed by citizens who have resided in ' 
the county six months previous to the election, and paid taxes in the state for the year 
preceding. 

Judiciary. — Judges and chancellors are chosen by the legislature, and hold office during 
good behavior. They may order special courts, and a chancsllor may hear cases, by consent, 
at chambers. There are four chancellors in equity, and six judges of the General Sessions 
and Common Pleas ; the latter courts have original jurisdiction in all civil cases where legal 
rights are involved, (excepting in small matters of contract,) and in all criminal cases aft'ecting 
free while men, &c. There are also Courts of Equity, held annually in each district; Ordi- 
nary's Courts in each district, having probate powers ; Magistrate's Courts, &c. 

Education. — The free school system prevalent in most of tlie Northern and Western States 
is not yet fully incorporated with the institutions of South Carolina. Charity schools, how- 
ever, for the elementary instruction of poor white children, are supported through both public 
and private means, in many parts of tlie state. And yet tlie state conbiins upwards of 
20,000 free white adults w-)io could neither read nor write. A number of respectable acade- 
mics or high schools, and many primary schools, are well sustained by tlie wealthy classes. 
There are three colleges of some note, tlie most important of wliicli is tlie College of South 
Carolina, founded in 1804 at Columbia, the state capital, and handsomely endowed by the 
state government. Connected with this is a Presbyterian theological seminary. Charleston 
College, founded in 1795, is an institution of less distinction, containing about 70 students. 
Another has been recently established in Abbeville district, called Erskine College, in which, 
at the commencement of the present year, were some 90 students. There is a state medical 
college, of high character, in the city of Charleston ; a Baptist theological seminary at the 
High Hills, and another, supported by the Lutherans, at Lexington. 

Finances. — The income of the state, from all sources, during the year ending September 
30, 1849, amounted to some .8481,000, and the expenditures to .$418,000, leaving an excess 
of S63,000. The state debt somewhat exceeds .$2,250,000, and the property of the state ia 
estimated at .$5,000,000. The state taxes, in 1849, reached nearly $300,000. 

Surface, Soil, S{c. — There is a broad belt of land, extending from 50 to GO miles into the 



134 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

interior, called the low country, which is flat, abounding in immense morasses and pine forests, 
and interspersed witli fertile tracts, well adapted to the culture of rice, of which large quan- 
tities are here annually raised. Along the sea-coast there is a chain of valuable islands, the 
soil of which is admirably suited to the growth of the best descriptions of cotton. Near the 
centre of the state lies an arid and sterile region, presenting, for some 50 or 60 miles in width, 
and reaching nearly through the state, a succession of sand hills, in shape like motionless ocean 
waves, though containing, at intervals, spots of great fertility. Beyond this, by an abrupt 
acclivity, commences the upper country, which consists of an elevated table land, the soil 
being highly productive, and under excellent cultivation. Beyond this quarter, tlie surface 
becomes mountainous, occasionally exhibiting protuberances of considerable height. Table 
Mountain, the most lofty of these peaks, is about 4000 feet above the sea level. The peculiar 
staple product of the low country is rice, of which vast quantities are exported, amounting in 
value to some $3,000,000 annually. Of the two sorts of cotton raised in the state, (the short 
and the long staple,) the aggregate annual crop is estimated at some 70,000,000 of pounds, 
nearly all of which is exported to the Northern States and to Europe. Among the other vegeta- 
ble products are grains of nearly every variety ; fruits of the best kinds, as figs, pomegranates, 
apricots, nectarines, cherries, pears, peaches, melons, &c. Oranges, grown in the open air, 
are less sweet than those raised farther south. The sweet potatoes of South Carolina are 
renowned for the fineness of their flavor. Tobacco and indigo are raised in large quantities. 
Tar, pitch, turpentine, and vegetable oils are among the important natural products of 
the state. 

Rivers. — The state is well supi)lied witli watercourses. Some of the streams are of great 
extent, and afford navigation for steamers and small craft for considerable distances. The 
Great Pedee, which is 450 miles in length, passes from North Carolina tiu-ough the oastom 
part of the state. The Santee, from the same quarter, is navigable 200 miles for steamei-s. 
The Saluda, Edisto, Cooper, Ashley, and Combahee, &c., are more or less navigable for sloops 
and flatboats. The Savannah, flowing between Georgia and South Carolina, affords steamboat 
navigation for a distance of 250 miles, and for smaller boats to a further extent of 150 miles. 

Internal Improvements. — There are three railroads in this state, embracmg an aggregate 
length of over 400 miles, of whicli nearly 300 are in travelling condition. One line, of 135 
miles, comiects Charleston with Hamburg, opposite Augusta, Georgia, on the Savannah River. 
Anotlier is in progi-ess from Charleston to Ciucimiati, Ohio, a distance of GOO miles. Several 
canals have been constructed, wliich, though of inconsiderable extent, are of great utility. 

Minerals. — Gold is found in many parts of the state, but raining operations are carried on 
with less spij-it than in North Carolina. Iron, lead, plumbago, and various ochres are ob- 
tained in considerable quantities ; also marble, limestone, fine clay, fuller's earth, asbestos, 
soapstone, &c. 

Manufactures. — Soutli Carolina is not a large manufacturing state, although many articles 
for home use are fabricated in her workshops and upon her plantations. Some attempts to 
introduce the spinning and weaving of cotton have been made within a few years, but with 
indifferent success. Agriculture and commerce are the chief supports of the state. The 
abundance of her products from the former pursuit necessarily creates a large trade ; and 
her exports of raw material, including cotton, rice, lumber, pitch, tar, &c., are annually of 
great magnitude. 

Indians. — No organized tribes, or large bands of native Indians, are at present residing 
within the state. 

Population. — For the last 50 years, the white population of the state has but slowly 
advanced in numbers, compared with the increase of the slave population. Of 668,507 in- 
habitants at the date of the last census, 384,948 were slaves. In the low country, the blacks 
outnumber the whites in the proportion of more than three to one ; in the central parts of 
the state, the whites are rather the most numerous ; and in the upper countiy, the numerical 
difference between the two races is nearly reversed from that which exists in the lowland 
districts. 



STATES AND TKURITOKIES. — TENNESSEE. 



135 



Clinmte. — A ver)' healthy climate cliaracterizes the elevated portions of tlie state, which 
duninishes in salubrity as the surface descends towards the coast. The swampy rice fields, 
stasjnant marshes, and sluggish atmosphere, generate fevers and all the pestilential maladies 
peculiar to low and moist locations, not watered by running streams, nor swept by pure 
breezes. The winters are short, mild, and rarely accompanied by snow or ice. Vegetation 
starts very early in spring. The heat of the long summers is intolerable to persons unaccli- 
matcd; but the autumn is generally a, very pleasant, though at its commencement an un- 
healthy season. 

Religion. — Of the religious denominations, the most numerous are Methodists, Baptists, 
and Presbyterians. There are also large numbers of Episcopalians and Lutherans, besides 
many congregations of Roman Catholics and Jews, and several societies of Universalists, 
LTnitarians, and Quakers. 




TENNESSEE, formerly considered and denominated one of the " Western States," may 
now more properly be said to belong to the easterly geographical division of the American 
republic, since there is but one state lying between Tennessee and the Atlantic Ocean, while, 
on the other hand, there are five large states and territories between its westerly boundary and 
the shores of the Pacific. The original charter of North Carolina, granted in l(j(J4 by King 
Charles 11., embraced the area now included within the limits of this state. Tliis region con- 
tinued to be occupied by various large tribes of natives for more than a century after the above 
date, during tlie latter part of which period the early attempts of the whites to form settlements 
gave rise to frequent, and sanguinary conflicts. In 1751, the Indians having offered donations 
of land as inducements for meclianics and farmers to establish their residences among them, a 
fort was erected and garrisoned near tlie centre of the tract held by the Cherokees. In the 
course of a few years, viz., in 1700, the latter commenced war upon the garrison, which Hiey 
besieged and forced to capitulate. But the conquerors, in perfidious violation of tlieir 
agreement, that the defeated party, some 300 in number, should be allowed to retire 
beyond the Blue Ridge, fell upon them when advanced about 20 miles on tlieir way, and bar- 
barously murdered every individual, excepting only 9 persons. In the following year, an 
expedition under Colonel Grant inflicted retributive chastisement upon the savages, and com- 
pelled them submissively to beg for peace. All the settlements hitherto made had been 
abandoned; but, after the cessation of hostilities, many persons from North Carolina and 
Virginia made renewed efforts to colonize tliis part of the country. In 1708-1), a body of 



136 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

settlers planted themselves in the eastern quarter of Tennessee, and, their numbers continuing 
to increase, a large tract of land was purchased, though with much difficulty, in 1775. In 
the succeeding year, however, a warfare again occurred, which tenninated in an arrangement 
with the two colonies above mentioned, whereby the boundaries of Tennessee were determined. 
The settlers continued to proceed westward, and, in 1779, having crossed the Cumberland 
Mountains, penetrated as far as the site on which Nashville now stands. The war of tlio 
revolution raged at this period throughout the land, and the inhabitants of Tennessee 
suffered greatly from the combined assaults of the British and Indians. In 1780, a memora- 
ble battle was fought at King's Mountain, in which the hardy backwoodsmen signally defeated 
the enemy, and in 1781, the Cherokee and Chickasaw tribes were glad to negotiate for peace. 
Up to the year 1790, North Carolina had exercised jurisdiction over this portion of the western 
territory ; altlinugh, in the mean time, numerous controversies liad tjiken place among the 
people, in regard to their political position, together with some contradictoiy legislation on 
tlie same subject. In that year, tlie territory was duly ceded to the United States by North 
Carolina, and Congress forthwith placed the "country south-west of the Ohio" under an 
appropriate form of government. The territoiy was repeatedly harassed by the Creeks and 
Cherokecs, whose object was to prevent the further progress of the whites, until the year 1794, 
when a final and permanent treaty was concluded between those tribes and tlie United States. 
In 1795, the territory having acquired the requisite amount of population to become an inde- 
pendent state, a constitution was framed ; and, in 170G, Tennessee was admitted as a member 
of the Union. 

Boundiirus and Evtcnt. — This state is bounded on the north by the States of Kentucky and 
Virginia, on the cast by North Carolina, on the south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, 
and on the west by the States of Arkansas and Missouri, from which it is separated by the 
River Mississippi. It lies between 35° and 3(3° 40' north latitude, and 81° 40' and 90° 15' 
west longitude; having an average length, from east to west, of some 4.30 miles, ivith a 
breadth of somewliat over 100 miles, and containing an area of ■J5,()00 square miles. 

Government. — By the constitution, as revised in 1835, the governor is elected every two 
years by a plurality vote of the people, and can serve only three terms in any four. The 
Senate is composed of 25 members, who are elected also biennially. The House of Rep- 
resentatives consists of 75 members, chosen in like manner for the same period ; and the 
legislature convenes only once in two years. All free white citizens, resident in the county 
where voting for six months previous to an election, are qualified electors. The right of 
suffrage is not denied to colored persons, who are by law competent witnesses in courts of 
justice. 

Judicicvy. — Judges of tlie Supreme Court are elected, by joint vote of the legislature, for 
terms of twelve years, and judges of the inferior courts for eight years. There are three judges 
of the Supreme Court, (one for each of the judicial divisions of the state,) four chancellors, and 
fourteen judges of the Circuit Courts. There is also a Criminal Court for Davidson county, and 
a Common Law and Chancery Court for the city of Memphis. Justices of the peace are 
elected in districts for six years ; sheriffs are chosen in counties for two years, and are ineligi- 
ble for more than three terms in succession ; registers hold oflice four years. 

Education. — .The school fund of Teimesseo amounts to nearly §1,500,000. The interest 
of this fund is annually apportioned to all the districts wherein a school-house has been pro- 
vided ; but the system of free education, which is the glory of many other members of the 
Union, seems not yet to be fully understood or appreciated by the people of this state. Still, 
the inhabitants sujjport somewhat over 1000 com.mon or primary schools, — perhaps a tithe of 
what arc needed, — 200 or 300 academies, some of which are of respectable rank ; and 
six or eight collegiate institutions, of varied character and standing. The two oldest of 
these latter are Greenville College, in East Tennessee, and Washington College, Washington 
county, both founded in 1794 ; but the most prominent is the University of Nashville, founded 
in 1806. And, after all, the number of white adults within the state who can neitlier read 
nor write may be estimated at about 60,000. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — TENNESSEE. 137 

Finances. — The receipts aiul disbursements of tlio state, for a few years past, liave nearly 
balanced each other. From tlie returns for the biennial term ending October, 184'. >, the ex- 
penditures had amounted to some $800,000 ; to meet which the revenues had fallen short less 
tlian $12,000. The state holds productive property valued at near $5,000,000, and owes a 
debt of nearly $3,500,000. Its ordinary annual e.\penditure, independently of the school 
appropriations and interest on the public debt, is somewhat less than $300,000. 

Surface, Soil, ^-c. — The state is usually considered as being divided into three nominal 
sections, severally known as West, Middle, and East Tennessee. T!ie former, situated be- 
tween the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers, presents an undulating surf ice generally, though 
.n some parts nearly level, with a light but productive soil, fmely suited to the cultivation of 
cotton, the chief staple in this quarter. The middle section is more uneven and liilly, though 
not mountainous ; and the lands are of somewhat better quality. East Tennessee, bordering 
on North Carolina, is an elevated region, containing numerous lofty and picturesque mountains, 
mostly covered to their sunmiits with noble forests. Here are the Cumberland and Laurel 
Mountains, and other conspicuous branches of the Alleghany range. The soil throughout the 
state, If ith the occasional e.xception of rough and broken tracts among the high lands, is very 
fertile, yielding generous crops of agricultural products. Timber of every variety common tn 
we adjacent states is found in great plenty. In addition to the trees ordinarily composing the 
western forests, there are upon the mountains vast groves of magniliccnt pines, furnishing 
material for the extensive manufacture of tar, rosin, spirits of turpentine, and lampblack; the 
jmiiper and red cedar also abound ; and the mulbcny is so plentiful and thrifty, that the silk 
culture might be pursued, with great profit, to an unlimited extent. Peach and other fruit- 
trees, the vine, &c., are cultivated witli ample success; and, besides cotton, excellent wheat, 
Indian corn, tobacco, potatoes of every kind, and all tlie usual varieties of vegetables, are 
raised in large quantities. A considerable portion of the cotton raised in this state is sent into 
contiguous states in the interior, for home manufacturing. 

Rii'crs. — Tennessee is watered in various directions by many important streams. The 
great Mississippi flows by, and constitutes its entire west^n boundary. The Tennessee River 
crosses the state between the divisions called Western and Middle Tennessee. The Cumber- 
land, a tributary of the Ohio, though taking its rise in, and returning to, the State of Kentucky, 
has its course principally in Tennessee. There are many other large navigable streams ; and 
East Tennessee, particularly, possesses a vast amo\mt of water power, admirably fitting it for 
a manufacturing countr}-. 

Inlcnia! Improvements. — There are five railroads, including branches, now being constructed 
withm the state, embracing an extent of GOO miles, of which only about 30 miles are yet in 
operation. The estimated cost of these works is .$600,000. The principal of these are pro- 
jected continuations of various routes from Georgia, North Carolina, Louisiana, &c. 

Minerals. — Gold, iron, coiil, and salt are the most valuable among the divers mineral prod- 
ncti? of Tennessee. The former exists in the soutli-eastern quarter of the state, but to what 
extent is not wholly developed, no systematic explorations on a large scale having yet taken 
place. In the eastern and middle sections, iron ore is found in great quantities, and of superior 
(|ual ily. In the same quarters, also, there are immense beds of excellent coal. Halt springs are 
numerous, and there is an abundance of marble, gypsum, various pigments, nitrous earths, &c. 

Manufactures. — These consist chiefly of goods for domestic consumption ; although manu- 
factured articles to some considerable amount are exported. There are cotton and woollen 
factories, iron works, machine shops, ropewalks, mechanics' establishments of all descriptions, 
potteries, distilleries, breweries, a great nmnber of flour mills, grist mills, &c. ; the whole 
employing a capital of some $0,000,000. 

Indians. — Most of the tribes which heretofore occupied the territory have passed across 
the great dividing stream, and taken up tlieir residence upon lands in the Indian Territory, in 
accordance witJi treaty stipulations. No bands of native Indians exist, as such, within the 
limits of the state. 

Populal'on. — There were, in 1800, somewliat over 100,000 inliabitants in this state. Since 



138 TINITED STATES GAZETTEKU. 

that period, tlie population has been found, at every decennial census, to have increased prodi- 
giously. It has now reached an aggregate of 1,009,625 of wliich nearly a fourtli part 
are slaves. 

Climate. — Tcmiessee is favored witJi a veiy mild and generally salubrious climate. In the 
eiistern part, it is particularly so ; and is not surpassed, in all the desirable attributes of a 
genial temperat-n-c, by any other region of North America. It is, of course, varied, in some 
measure, throughout the state. But, from its geograpliical position, it may be pronounced 
healtliy in every section, and almost entirely exempt from tliosc destructive epidemics by 
which some of the neigliboring states are frequently aiTlicted. 

Rclifcion. — Methodi&ts and Baptists constitute the larger portion of the religious denomijia- 
tions within this state. There are likewise largo bodies of Presbyterians and Episcopalians, 
together with several congregatioys of Lutherans, Romanists, Friends, &c. 



t'^Z 



TEXAS was formerly one of tJie Mexican possessions, though a distant province ; being, 
as was generally admitted, one of the many conquests of Fernando Cortes, in the sixteenth 
century. At the period of its subjugation, it was irdiabited by savages of the worst descri])- 
tion. Prior to the year 1(190, a French colony occupied a small district ; but they were sub- 
sequently driven out by the Spaniards, under iviiose jurisdiction the country remained, wilh 
few or no intei-vals of agitation, sunk in the obscurity and lethargy of despotism, until tli ■ 
abdication of Charles VI. of Spain, in 1808. At thie time, the peoido of IMcxico began !•> 
assert theii- claim to the privilege of self-government; and in 1810, an open rebellion again:>l 
the European authorities ensued. In 1813, a national Congress issued a declojation of inde- 
pendence ; but a civil war raged for several years among various parties, upon the question as 
to what foi-m of government should be established. At one time, the imiserial p^rty pro- 
vailed, and Mexico became an empire. This continued but for a brief period : a nev,- system, 
organized like tliat of the United States, was adopted, and ]Mexico became a federal republic, 
Texas constituting an integral member. A series of revolutions succeeded, dining vihicli 
Texas separated itself from the confederation, acliieved its independence by tlie battle of San 
.Tacinto, in 1830, and erected itself into a distinct republic. A constitution was formed in the 
same year, and the first elections under the same were held fortlnvith. In 1845, after a pro- 
longed controversy, Texas was annexed to the United States, and admitted into union there- 
with, by a joint resolution of botli houses of Congress, ratified by tlie Texan people. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — TEXAS. 139 

Boundaries and Extent. — This state is bounded on tlie north by portions of New Mexico, 
Nebraska, and the Indian Territor)' ; on the east by the Indian Territory, and by the State of 
XiOuisiana, from tlie latter of wliich it is partially separated by tlie River Sabine ; on the south- 
east and soutli by the Gulf of Mexico ; on the south-west by the River Bravo del Norte, 
dividing it from the SIcxican possessions ; and on the west by the same, and by New Mexico. 
It lies between 2G° and 36° 30' north latitude, and extends from 94° to 105° west longitude. 
It is of very u-regular form, and is computed to contain about 237,320 square miles ; a portion 
of tlie original area claimed by Texas, when a republic, having been set oil' by Congress, at 
the time of its admission as a state, in tlie formation of the Territory of New Mexico. 

Government. — The existing constitution of the state guaranties tlie riglit of suffrage to 
every free white male, 21 years of age, atler a residence of one year in the state, and six 
months in the district where voting. The executive officers, who can serve but four out of 
any six years, are elected for terms of two years by a plurality of the popular vote. The 
secretary of state, treasurer, and comptroller are chosen also for two years, by t}io legislature 
in joint ballot. Senators are cliosen for four years, irne half tlie number retiring from 
otKce every two years ; the whole number not to be less than 19, nor more tlian 33. Repre- 
sentatives, not to exceed 90 nor fall sliort of -15 in number, are elected biennially ; and tlie 
sessions of the legislature are held at like intervals. Persons concerned in duel.3 are disqual- 
ified from Iiolding office. Grants of money for internal improvements, &c., cannot be made 
without the sanction of two thirds of both houses. The laws are to be revised once in every 
ten years. Homesteads are exempted from forced sales for debt. The real and ])ersonal 
property of a wife is protected from seizure for the payment of the husband's debts. Corpora- 
tions are not to be created with baiildng powers. The .state cannot subscribe for stock in 
private corporations, nor borrow money, nor contract debts in time of peace to an amount ex- 
ceeding §100,000, unless by a two tliirds vote of the legislature. No law for the emancijiation 
of slaves can be passed, witliout consent of owners, and the payment of full compensation. 
The introduction of slaves as merchandise may be prohibited. Owners of slaves may be com- 
pelled by law to treat tliem vntii care and kindness ; and in cases of refus;il or neglect, the 
slaves may be taken and sold for account of liie owners. Slaves may have a trial by jury 
when charged with crimes greater than petit larceny, and are protected against abuse or 
loss of life equally with the whites, excepting when engaged in a revolt. 

Judlcian/. — Tlie Supreme Court comprises a cliief justice and two associates, appointed for 
six years, who hold sessions annually, between June and October, in not more than three places 
withiii' the state. It has appellate jurisdiction, but is under legislative control in criminal 
cases and appeals from interlocutory judgments. The District Courts are eleven in number, 
each having its local judge, appointed for six years, and holding sessions semiannually. They 
have original jurisdiction in criminal cases, and in suits involving §100 and upwards. If 
punishments in cases of crime be not specifically defined by law, they are to be determined 
by the jury. In equity causes, each party has a right to demand a jury. Judges are nonnnated 
by the executive, and confirmed by a two thirds vote of the Senate. 

Education. — The nucleus of a school fund has been formed, by a constitutional provision, 
requiring the reservation of ten per cent, of the annual state revenue derived from taxation, 
as a permanent fmid for the mamtenance of free public schools. Public lands granted for 
school purposes cannot be leased for longer terms than 20 years, nor alienated in fee. Tlie 
important subject of education has, however, as yet, occupied no gi-eat share of the public 
mind. Some schools, of tolerable repute, are supported in the most populous settlements ; and 
a late -ivritor asserts that there are, also, some colleges in the state ; but this report is scarcely 
sanctioned by any collateral authority. It is supposed, nevertheless, that the state contains 
fewer free persons over 20 years of age, who can neither read nor write, in proportion to the 
whole population, than any other of the Southern States of the Union. 

Finajices. — Texas is burdened with a heavy public debt, partly entailed upon the state by 
the late republic. The ostensible amount of its liabilities, in December, 1849, as reported by 
the auditor and comptroller, was upwards of $11,000,000, the par value of which is rated at 



140 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

about one half tJiat sum. The revenues of the state were estimated at $110,000, consisting 
of a tax of §912,000 upon real and personal propertj', valued at .846,000,000, and a poll tax 
amounting to $18,000. The average annual expenditures of the state may be set down at 
!? 100,000. 

Surface, Soil, ^-c. — The appearance of the surface of the country is described as that of a 
vast inclined jjlane, gradually sloping from the mountainous elevations in the west, towards 
the sea-coast on the south-east, and intersected by multitudes of streams, flowing in a south- 
easterly direction. It may be considered as comprehending three several divisions, each 
differing in some respects from the others. The first, commencing at the sea-coast, and 
extending inland from 50 to 100 miles, is a level and exceedingly fertile region, with a rich 
alluvial soil, exempt from those stagnant quagmires and lagoons which usually characterize the 
shores of the Southern States, beautifully wooded on the river borders, and abounding with 
extensive pasture lands, covered with an exuberant growth of native grasses and herbage. 
The nexl is a region of greater extent, presenting an undulating surface, composed chiefly of 
grassy prairies, interspersed with compactly timbered forests. The soil here rests upon a 
substratum of limestone and sandstone, and is of excellent quality. The third and loftiest 
region, situated among or near the great chain known as the Mexican Alps, consists partly of 
tracts of productive table land ; but the mountain sides are also prolific in almost every variety 
of trees and shrubbery, while the intervening valleys, enclosing rich bottom lands, arc extraor- 
dinarily fruitful, capable of repaying the toil of the husbandman a hundred fold. Indeed, the 
entire area of this immense state may be said to present, naturally, one of the most admirable 
countries on earth for agricultural purposes. The state is well wooded througliout. Among 
the trees most common are live oak of superior quality, other descriptions of oak, hickory, elm, 
walnut, sycamore, many varieties of acacia, cypress, caoutchouc, &c. The uplands also pro- 
duce ample supplies of cedar, pine, and similar forest-trees. Fruits and garden vegetables, 
of every desirable sort, are cultivated with great ease and success. Peaches, melons, grapes, 
and other fruits known in temperate climates, are raised in profusion ; and figs, oranges, 
lemons, dates, pineapples, olives, and other tropical fruits abound in the southern parts of the 
state. The products of the field consist of ceffon, (the great staple,) maize, wheat, rye, barley, 
and other grains, the sugar-cane, potatoes of each kind, &c. Rice and tobacco are grown to 
some extent in different quarters ; and among the indigenous plants are indigo, vanilla, sarsa- 
parilla, and many medicinal shrubs. As a grazing country, Texas is exceeded by few or none 
of her sister states. Vast numbers of cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and swine are raised upon 
the prairie lands, receiving or requiring but little human _care. Buffaloes and wild horses 
range the prairies in immense droves ; and the deer, the bear, and other game, are every 
where abundant. 

Rivers. — In addition to the rivers which form portions of the state boundary, the chief 
streams are the Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, San Antonio, Guadaloupe, and Nueces, 
with their countless tributaries, all flowing towards, and ultimately emptying into, tlie Gulf of 
Mexico, after passing generally through the estuaries so numerous along that coast. These 
bays, being commonly obstructed by sand bars or narrow strips of land, do not afford con- 
venient harbors, except for vessels of small draught. Steamboats drawing 12 feet of water can 
enter and ascend the Sabine; and tlie Rivers Neches, Trinidad, and Brazos are navigable, 
for similar craft, from 50 to 300 miles. The San Antonio and Nueces afford no navigation 
of importance ; and the Colorado, though a fine stream, is obstructed near its mouth by a large 
raft, which in course of time will probably be removed, when vessels may pass up to Austin, 
the state capital, 220 miles from the gulf. The Rio Grande del Norte, on the south-western 
border, is a noble stream of some 1800 miles in length, and is already becoming a great com- 
mercial channel, though occasionally impeded by shoals and rapids. 

Infernnl Improvements. — Although admitting of unbounded improvements in facilities for 
mternal intercourse, Texas can as yet boast of very few such advantages in the shape of rail- 
roads or canals. A railway, to connect Galveston Bay with the River Brazos, through Hous- 
ton and Harrisburg, is in progress, and the iron for 30 miles of the route is already provided. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — TEXAS. 141 

Anotlicr is in contemplation, to e.\tend from San Antonio to the Gulf of Mexico. A canal 
from Galveston Bay to Brazos is also in course of construction. 

Minerals. — Silver mines formerly existed in the north-west part of tlic possessions of tlm 
late republic, but no deposits of that metal have been discovered within the limits of the 
present state. Excellent coal, and iron ore, abound in most of the inland districts. There 
are great quantities of nitre in the eastern quarter ; there are multitudes of salt springs and 
lakes, from wliich large supplies of salt are procured ; and bitumen is found in various locali- 
ties. In all parts of the state except the low alluvial region, there is plenty of gramte, lune- 
stone, gypsum, &c. 

MajiiiJ'acturcs. — Nothing of great public importance lias yet been effected in tliis branch 
of industry. Thus far the labors of the inhabitants have been principally confined to pur- 
suits connected with agriculture, and to the preparation of their products for market as raw 
material. Few or no articles for exportation have as yet been fabricated in the state. 

Indians. — Tlie territory and its neighborhood is still infested by hordes or remnants of 
tribes of savages, most of whom subsist by predatory incursions, often of the most destructive 
and sanguinary character. Efforts are in constant progress to reduce these marauders, by 
various metliods, to a state of comparative peace and amity ; but until the country shall have 
become more densely peopled, this desirable result will not probably be effected. 

Population. — The civilized inhabitants of Texas comprise emigrants from all the other 
states of the Union, besides the descendants of the original Spanish settlers, and persons in 
whom IVIexican and Indian blood is blended. The former class, in all probability, compose a 
majority of the present ])opulation, wliich, by tlie census of 1850, was as follows: Whites, 
154,100 ; free colored, 9i\ ; slaves, 58,ltil ; — total, 212,592. 

Climate. — Texas is represented usually, by tiioso who have travelled or resided in it, as 
possessing a delightful climate ; and as being remarkably healthy in every part, with few excep- 
tions at particular seasons. The wet and dry seasons, as in California, constitute the winter 
and summer. The former commences in December, and continues until March ; the residue 
of the year, which is the dry season, comprehends spring, summer, and autumn. Severe cold 
weather never marks the winter season, and snow is very uncommon, except upon the moun- 
tain peaks. The iieat of summer, altliough intense, is greatly modified by the regular and 
brisk breezes wliich prevail daily from sunrise until about 3 o'clock, P. M. ; and tliroughout 
the year, tlie nights are said to be invaj-iably cool. Between April and September, the tem- 
perature varies from G3° to 100° Fahrenheit, the average range at noon bemg about 83°. In 
summer, intennittent fevers are commonly prevalent in the low lands upon tlie Gulf coast, 
thougli rarely assuming an epidemic character. 

Religion. — Among the descendants of the earliest settlers, the Roman Catholic is of course 
the prevailing religion, as in New Mexico. But since the revolution, which resulted in tlie 
severance of Texas from Mexican sway, otlier Christian denominations, of almost every class 
and name known in the older states of tlie Union, have multiplied and flourished ; and the 
cathedrals erected by the devotees of the pope are now vastly outnumbered by the churches 
and other houses of worship occupied by Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, Method- 
ists, &.C. 



142 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



UTAH is a nowly-organizeil territory among the distant western possessions of tlie United 
States, deriving its name from that of the Pah-Utahs, a numerous tribe of native Indians, 
heretofore and still, witli other tribes, occupying large portions of tlie countiy. It formerly 
composed a very considerable share of the wide-spread v.-ilderness known as Upper or New 
California, and was consequently considered a Mexican dependency. Very few settlements 
have ever been made or attempted within the present limits of this region ; m fact, it has 
scarcely been deemed habitable by civilized beings. The territory, together with that of 
New Mexico, and of the lately-formed State of California, fell to tlie United States by right 
of conquest, during the war with Mexico, and was duly transferred by the latter, under the 
treaty of 1848. For further information as to the general history of the country, see the arti- 
cles California and jYew Mcrico. 

By the act of Congress passed September 9, 1850, establishing a territorial government for 
Utah, the limits of the territory are defined as follows : Bounded on the west by the State of 
California ; on the north by the Territory of Oregon ; on the east by the summit of the Rocky 
Mountains ; and on the south by the parallel of 37° north latitude, which forms the dividing 
line between this territory and that of New Mexico. It extends from the 37th to the 42d 
degrees of nortii latitude, and lies between the 107tli and ISUth degrees of west longitude : 
having a breadtli of 300, and an average length from east to west of some 000 miles, con- 
taining an area of about 180,000 square miles. 

It is provided by the same act, that this territory, wlien admitted as a state into the Union, shall 
be received with or witliout the toleration of slavery, as may be prescribed by its own constitu- 
tion. All free white males, residents in the territory at the date of said act, were empowered 
to vote at the first elections, and made eligible to any office in the territory ; after which the 
legislative assembly shall fix the qualifications of electors. The governor holds office for 
four years, and receives his appointment from tlie executive of the United States. He must 
reside within the territor}', act as superintendent of Indian affairs, and commission all territo- 
rial officere. He may pardon crimes against the laws of the territory, and reprieve offenders 
against the United States laws, until the president's will be known. The President of the 
United States also appoints a territorial secretary for a like term, who administers the govern- 
ment in case of the governor's disability. A Council of 13 members, and House of Represen- 
tatives, 26 in number, compose the legislative assembly. The former serve two years, the 
latter one year, and are elected by plurality of the popular votes. They are to be chosen in 
appropriate districts, and a due apportionment thereof is to be made by law. Legislative 
sessions are not to continue beyond 40 days. No laws interfering with the primary disposal 
of the soil, imposing taxes on United States property, or requiring extra taxes on property of 
non-residents, can be passed by the legislature. No law is valid until approved by Congress. 

A Supreme Court, District and Probate Courts, and justices of the peace, constitute the 
judicial power of the territorj'. The former comprises a chief and two associate justices, to 
sit annually at the seat of government, and to hold office four years. A District Court is held 
by one of the supreme judges, at times provided by law, in each of the three judicial districts 
of the territory. Justices of peace cannot try cases involving land titles, or debts exceeding 
.f 100. Both the Supreme and District Courts have chancery powers, and common law juris- 
diction. Appeals from a District to the Supreme Court cannot have trials by jury. An 
attorney and marshal are appointed by the United States government for a term of four years. 

After a survey of the lands under authority of the general government, two sections in each 
township, equivalent to one eightecntli part of the whole territory, are to be set apart for the 
support of public education. It is trusted tliat the sinister disposal, in some of the new statea 
and tertitories, of similar liberal provisions for this object, will in due time be guarded against, 
in this territory, by the friends of common schools. 



STATES AJSm TERRITORIES. — UTAH. 143 

Regarding the finances of this newly-formed ten-itory, tlicrc are as yet no authentic reports. 

Tiiose wlio have explored Uie northern part of the countrj-, the number of whom \s not 
^reat, describe it as mountainous, rugged, and generally barren, without forests, and destitute 
of valuable mdigenous vegetation. Spots occasionally are presented which yield good grass 
for pasturage ; and here and there may be found valleys of small extent, which are tolerably 
fertile. Towards the western boundary, near the bases of the Sierra Nevada, tlie soil is 
generally good. Numerous lakes, emitting streams of moderate size, lie along this region, 
aflbrding convenient means for irrigation. But the central portion of the country, judging 
from the imperfect accounts which are at present accessible, is a wide sandy waste, producing, 
it is true, for a short season after the winter rains, a profusion of grasses and beautiful flowers, 
all which the succeeding summer heat reduces to an ashy desert. In other quarters, the 
country exliibits a rolling surface, with tracts of considerable fertility, often well wooded and 
watered, with frequent and extensive openings of prairie lands, and tracts of low grounds 
composed of a rich and loamy soil. Upon the whole, although a very large portion of the 
territory has never been subjected to cultivation, and still seems unfit for the permanent 
abode of civilized human beings, it is nevertheless susceptible of unlimited improvement ; and 
the efforts of industry and science may yet convert it into "a land flowing with milk 
and honey." 

The principal rivers within the territory, so far ns tliey have yet been traced or partially 
examined, are named Rio de los Animas, Grand, White. Tampa, Vermilion, St. Mary's, Vin- 
tan, and Duchesne Rivers, most of which, with their smaller branches, flow from the north- 
east, and ultimately unite with the Great Colorado of the West. The latter appears to take 
its rise in the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, near the north-east angle of the terri- 
tory, and, taking a south-western direction, passes through New Mexico, forming part of the 
b(jundary between that territory and the State of California, and finally discharges itself into 
the Gulf of California. Great Salt Lake, a vast body of water lying near the centre of tiie 
northern boundary, is the source of numerous watercourses flowing north and east. Hum- 
boldt's River flows in a north-oast direction, from a lake of that name near the mountains on 
the west. A river of some extent is connected with Nicollet's Lake, a large sheet, lying in 
the central pait of the territory. A chain of lakes extends northerly from Humboldt's Lake, 
the principal of which are Carson's and Walker's Lakes. Pyramid Lake, which is of consid- 
erable magnitude, and several smaller collections of water, lie at the foot of the great moun- 
tain range which separates Utah from California. From eacli of these, several rivers stretch 
out in various directions, and are finally lost in the sands of the desert. 

No regular mineralogical sur\'ey of this region has yet been undertaken, and its mmeral 
resources, which are doubtless great, remain of course undeveloped. Coal, alum, and salt, 
are said to have been found in some localities. Excellent clay for the manufacture of pottery 
abounds in the central and northern parts ; and satisfactory indications of iron ore have been 
discovered. 

Besides the rude utensils and habiliments fabricated by the natives, there are no manufac- 
tured articles, of any note, produced within the territory ; unless, indeed, tlie operations 
of the Mormons be considered an exception. This unique and erratic people, at their large ' 
settlement on Salt Lake, have erected various manufacturing establishments, including grain 
and lumber mills, woollen factories, potteries, &c. and are able to construct most of the farm- 
ing or domestic implements, including fine cutlery, required for their own use. This settle- 
ment, prior to the organization of the territor)', was called by the colonists " the State of Des- 
eret." The only railroad yet projected in that country is to be forthwith commenced here, to 
extend from Jlormon city eastward, to the base of a mountain, wliere are extensive stone 
quarries. The chief purpose of the road is to convey stone and other materials into the city, 
for building. 

But little is known of the present condition and numbers of the native tribes that are con- 
stantly roaming through this and the neighboring regions. The character of these wanderers, 
generally, is no better than that of the wildest Arabs or Hottentots. Attempts are in 



144 



UNITED STATES G^i^ETTEEU. 



process to treat with some of the more approachable among them ; and, wliere they can be 
reduced to a state less inconsistent with the true objects of human existence by no other 
means, large bounties in lands, or " tribute money," ^nll doubtless be resorted to by tlie gen- 
eral government. 

Excepting the colony composing tlie Mormon settlement, and tlie occupants of the few 
armed stations established by tlie United States, with perhaps an occasional ranchero occupied 
by Roman Catholic missionaries, there arc no white or civilized inliabitants among the popn- 
lation of Utali. At all events, the enumeration is not yet completed ; for Congress, by a sup- 
plement to the act for taking the seventh census, foreseeing the. difficulty of completing the 
same within the State of California, and the Territories of Oregon, New Mexico, and Utah, by 
the originally specified time, has authorized an extension of the period, at the discretion of the 
secretary of the interior. Years may therefore elapse before the completion of this work. 

The climate of Utah is in general more mild thin tliat of tlie states on the east included within 
the same latitudes. Upon the sterile deserts in the central and southern parts, the summer 
heats are intense, and tiie clunate sickly. Nearer the more fertile districts on the west, the 
temperature is equable, with less difference between the extremes of heat and cold than is 
usually the case on the Atlantic coast. The elevated lands, to a certain height, are consid- 
ered very healthy ; but travellers upon Uie mountain summits have frequently been attacked 
by fatal fevers and other alarming maladies. In the north, the winters are sufficiently mod- 
erate to admit of liydraulic operations throughout most of the season. 

The only religious organization, if it can be so called, which is now maintained in the terri- 
tory, is that of the Mormons, or " Latter Day Saints." Besides their establishment at Salt 
Lake, they have formed a colony in Iron county, about 250 miles south, among the high lands 
near the boundary of New Mexico ; a position, around which the counti-y is well wooded and 
watered, abounding in iron ore, and promising plenty of coal. See Salt Lake City, Appen- 
dix, No. 2. 



Win 




4^- 




VERMONT. The territory which is now included in the State of Vermont, and which lies 
between Lower Canada, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York, was, for a long time 
after the surrounding settlements were made, in great measure unexplored by Europeans. In 
its vicinity, Canada was the first known and peopled by them, and a settlement was tlien made 
by the Dutch at Aurania, now Albany, and at the mouth of the Hudson. Then followed the 
settlements along tlie New England shores ; but a considerable period elapsed before they 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VERMONT. 145 

penetrated the interior, and, consequently, that interior was hardly marked but by marauding 
parties of Indians, and tlie footsteps of their unfortunate captives. 

It is not found that any large body of the natives was cantoned within the present limits of 
the state. There was, indeed, a tribe bearing the name of Coossucks in the north-east part 
of it ; * but these were inconsiderable in number, and hardly known in the records of warfare, 
being surrounded, although at no little distance, by larger tribes. These tribes consisted, in 
the iirst place, of the Five or Six Confederated Nations, at tlie head of wliom figured tlie 
Mohawks. Among the French they bore the name of Iroquois, and had at an early period 
become their enemies, connecting themselves successively with the Dutch and English of 
New York, and adhering to tlieir interests with great fidelity for more than a century and a 
half. The territory occupied by them, altliough denominated Canadian by Coldcn, in 1747, 
was included witliin tlie present boundaries of New York, being south of the St. LawTence 
and the lakes, altliough tlicir conquests extended far to the nortli and north-west. They 
were tlie terror of otlier tribes, yet seem never to have settled to the eastward of the Hudson, 
and the beautil'ul lake which was once denominated from them, but now has the name of 
Champlain.j 

The Indians who were in alliance with the French of Canada were principally the Algonkins, 
otherwise called Adirondadis, a tribe between whom and the Iroquois tliero were frequent 
wars, the result of hostilities previous to the arrival of Europeans.^ Whether or not the tribe 
denominated of St. Francis, as residing on the banks of tiiat river, were of Algonl;iii or more 
eastern derivation, or whether connected with the Coossucks or not, is not clear. Charlevoix 
describes them as Abenalds, who had left their brethren of the east, and migrated to Canada 
for the benefit of an alliance witli tlie French. 

On the south-east and south, the Indians of the other New England States, New Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, inhabited mostly the sea-coast, and 
appear to have greatly dreaded the warlike character and prowess of the Mohawks. On the 
east were the Abcnakis, Etechemins, and Micmacs, attracted also to the sea-shore, doubtless 
by tlie facility of procuring thence a portion of their provisions. 

Thus it would seem tliat the interior country which now forms Vermont was, as it were, a 
thoroughfare between powerful contending Indian nations or tribes, without being conspicuous 
as the seat of any considerable body of natives. It was traversed, rather than settled by them ; 
its water conveyances north and south admitting also an easy navigation by their canoes ; and 
hence, in the remote periods of native history, has little that requires or can repay research. 
This is an obsen'able peculiarity. 

Another circumstance, which still more strikingly characterizes the country, is the history 
of the claims made on its territory by the states with which it is environed. To enter minutely 
into this history is no aim of the present work. But without adverting to it, our account 
would be exceedingly incomplete, as it tended not a little to mould the character of the inhab- 
itants. For, in the process of settling the country, the lamentable conflicting of claims, as 
will be seen, imposed severe hardships on the enterprising men who ventured to leave the 
older settlements, and form in the wilderness homes for their growing families. Many a town 
contains in its rural burying-place tlie remains of 

"Some village Hampden, who, with dauntless breast, 
The little tyrant of his fields withstood ; " 

since, as successive claimants pressed their demands, the inhabitants were compelled to 

* See a description of this tribe of Indians in Mr. Thompson's very Taluable " History of Vermont, 
Natural, Civil, and Statistical." 

t Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 141. This name was given in IGII, three years after Champlain had 
founded Quebec. See also Dunlap's Hist, of N. Y. vol. i. p. 19. 

X See Co'.den, Hist, of the Five Nations, Part I., and the excellent "Synopsis of the Indian Tribes," 
by the Hon. Mr. Gallatin, published in the Coll. of the Amer. Antiq. Soc. vol. ii., where the Adirondacks 
are characterized as of the ** family " of Algonkin-Lenape. 
19 



146 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

repurchase their farms or leave them, suffering over again the grievances which disgraced the 
government of Andros, and ended in his seizure and confinement hy the injured and enraged 
people.* His arbitrary cupidity, in which he but too faithfully imitated his worthless master, 
the bigoted and tyrannical James 11., set an unhappy example, which yet was followed, and 
produced a hardihood of opposition that nerved the men of Vermont to daring actions. 

When the country which forms the sea-coast of New England began to be settled from 
Europe, the claim of Massachusetts to territory was extended to " three miles north of the 
River JleiTimac." Casting one's eye on tlie map, it is easy to perceive, that a line drawn due 
west from this northern boundary, as it is formed by the bend of the river towards the north, 
not far from its mouUi, would cut oif a considerable portion of the southern part of what now 
constitutes Vermont. The Massachusetts government, therefore, when it extended its cares 
to the security of the northern frontiers against the Indians of Canada, without any hesitation 
or doubt, as it seems, formed, in 1793, a lodgment in what is now Brattleborough, on the 
western bank of Connecticut River. There, during the distressing war with the natives, aided 
by the French, their instigators, which spread such terror and desolation along the borders of 
the settlements of Maine and New Hampsliire, as well as Massachusetts, a fort was constructed 
by Lieutenant Governor Dunruner, of tlie latter state, which received his name, and the next 
year a settlement followed. This was the first English settlement within the limits of 
Vermont.t 

But although the frontier towards Canada was thus extended, and, under the shelter of a 
fort, the labors of clearing and cultivating the land appeared practicable, yet the country waB 
by no means in a state of security. We must never forget that American colonists were from 
different nations. Spaniards, we know, peopled the southern part of the continent, or overran 
it with their merciless troops, at an early period after its discovery by Columbus. And, jeal- 
ous as they ever were of any encroachment on their power, wealth, or influence, they would 
not have left " the bleak, inhospitable north " to France or England, each of which nations took 
a portion of it, had they discovered in it any gold, whicli, as the commodity most available for 
immediate use, and soonest adapted to the gratification of eager avarice, they chiefly sought. 
By Papal permission and decree, they claimed all America. But France resisted tliis claim, 
and labored to form there an empire of her own ; and Charlevoix, the historian of it, boasts its 
extent as " greater than all Europe," | although the proud Spaniard termed it " of nothing 
worth." § This empire she exerted herself to establish and erdarge by all practicable means. 
Among these was tlie employment of a religious influence over the minds of the natives. 
Hence, in no inconsiderable degree, the efforts of her able, sagacious, indefatigable mission- 
aries, most if not all of whom were Jesuits, bound to an implicit obedience to their head, eager 
to extend to heathen nations the papal sway, which had suffered so much from Luther and the 
reformation, and expecting to merit everlasting life by their exertions and sacrifices in spread- 
ing tlie triumphs of their faith ; at the same tune looking on tlie English as heretics, beyond 
the pale of the church, and so doomed to everlasting perdition. Religious bigotry, and hatred, 
and contempt were all combined, in their almost unmitigated hostility ; tlie full spirit of which 
seemed imparted to their native converts, in addition to their own savage propensities and 
habits. Can we wonder, tlien, at tlie dread of Indian warfare tliat pervaded the frontier settle- 
ments of New England on the nortli ? 

It must, however, be observed, tliat if treachery and cunning marked tlie Indian, as sensible 
of his disadvantages in open warfare with his foes of European origin; and breach of promise, 
and cruelty, and revenge, too often distinguished the Romanist, and led him also to connive 
at and permit in his Indian subjects and allies atrocities at which Christian civilization shud- 
ders ; there was yet no disposition in the Puritans of New England to view with favor the 
character or conduct of a Papist. The very name was odious. 

Vermont, then, as a " thoroughfare " between nations of different origin, pursuits, and 

* See Hutchinson's Hist. Mass., &c. f Holmes's Amer. Annals, I. p. 531. 

J Hist, de la Nouv. France, t. I. p. 1. § The import of the name "Canada." 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VERMONT. 147 

interests, attractive as it was from its fertility and adaptedness to the purposes of agriculture 
and grazing, could not be occupied by peaceful farmers while the surrounding populations 
were struggling for mastery. Nor did the impediments end even here. 

The French, in 1731, erected a fort on the eastern side of Lake Champlain, towards its 
southern extremity ; but they soon demolished it, and chose a position on the western side, where 
they built the celebrated fortress generally called Crown Point, although named by themselves 
Fort St. Frederic. Their object was, to facilitate their way to the Six Nations, whether for 
war or proselytism, and to their own possessions on the Mississippi beyond them, in order to 
environ ultimately the English colonists, and confine them to the Atlantic coast. The lake 
and its water communications were familiar to them, therefore, and highly valued. But on the 
land, it would seem, they had not leisure to make permanent settlements ; nor, perhaps, any 
present inducement, at such distance from their capital, and under other circumstances of the 
case. Meanwhile, as the lands of Connecticut and Massachusetts became occupied by the 
posterity of tlie first settlers, new fields of labor were sought. Applications were therefore 
made to the government of the latter state, by several of its inhabitants, who associated for the 
purpose, and a grant was made tliem to the northward of Fort Dummer, and on the eastern 
side of Coimecticut River. This was in 1735, and the settlement took the name of No. 4, 
afterwards called Charlestown. But not ten years elapsed before war was again rife between 
England and France ; and in 1746 this settlement was attacked by Canadian Indians,* and, 
for the time, ruined. Nevertheless, the spirit of the early settlers was unbroken. They re- 
turned, built again, cultivated their lands afresh, although with their weapons beside them ; 
were again and again attacked, waylaid, several of tliem made captives and sold in Canada ; 
and thus persevered, with unabated zeal and bravery, through all their severe trials, until their 
efforts were, in tlie good providence of the God of their fathers, crowned with success. 

It is almost impracticable, in these times of ease and security, to appreciate justly the hard- 
ships undergone by those who "made the wilderness to smile and blossom." Especially may 
this remark be made in reference to Vermont, althougli applicable far more extensively. 

But, added to the hardships attending the subduing of the soil, and to "the sword of the 
wilderness," in the " peril " of which they often " gat their bread," the disputes concerning 
titles to the land itself, to which we have before alluded, occasioned peculiar trouble. The 
boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was not settled until March 5, 
1740, when it was established by George II., to whom applications had been made for tliat 
purpose, in the manner in which it has since been preserved, and now exists.f On the estab- 
lishment of this line, it appeared but reasonable to all parties that New Hampshire should 
extend on the west as Massachusetts extended in that quarter ; and hence her claim to the 
lands west of the Connecticut, and north of the Massachusetts line. Grants were therefore 
made by the governor of New Hampshire without scruple, and as the courage or necessities 
of settlers might prompt their applications. In tliis manner the territory of Bennington was 
granted, in 1749, and other grants followed. 

Again, however, war intervened ; and, from 1754 until the final conquest of Canada by the 
British arms, in 1760, it raged with various success, but with great sacrifices and sufferings on 
the part of frontier settlers, exposed as they necessarily were, and furnishing no small number 
of the provincial troops. 

The return of peace brought with its blessing still anotlier trouble, in the claims that arose 
from a new quarter. The State of New York, settled, as we have seen, by the Dutch, a few 
years after } the French had planted themselves in Canada, had indeed long since passed under 
the dominion of England, being finally subdued in 1004. But the Dutcli had made a small 

• See its interesting history in the Collections made by Farmer and Moore, &c. 

t See Belknap's N. H., Hutchinson's Mass., and Williams's Hist. Vermont, 2d ed. 

t That is, in 1609, at the commencement of their twelve yeais' truce with Spain, which opened again 
the way to foreign enterprise. The year 1604 is fixed, by Charlevoix and others, as the time when the 
Sieur de Monts and Samuel Champlain completed the discovery of Canada, and took possession of the 
country for Henry IV. of France, almost a century after the first knowledge of it claimed by the French. 



148 TOTITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

settlement for trading with the nations on the Connecticut, and, for a considerable period, 
stoutly disputed the possession with the settlers from the jurisdictions of both Plymouth and 
Massachusetts.* Indeed, tliey seem to liave honestly purchased from the natives a right to 
the soil, with as much scrupulousness as the very Puritans at the east of them. Their claim, 
of a nature like that of the English, was made to extend, says Dunlap,t " from Cape Cod to 
Delaware Bay, on the Atlantic, including the islands of the sea-coast ; the River St. Law- 
rence seems to have bounded it on the north; on the south, some undefined line beyond 
Delaware Bay ; and- west, it was boundless." Afterwards, however, it was narrowed down to 
the territory west of the Fresh River, as they termed the Connecticut. Mention is made of 
their purchasing of the Indians the territory between this and the North River, and " twenty- 
one miles inland ;" and De Laet, one of their early historians, J dwells on the pleasantness 
and fertility of the country, visited after Hudson, by Adrian Block, in 1614. Until recently, 
however, we have had little knowledge concerning the voyages of the Dutch navigators. 
Honor is at length given, and justice done them, in the Collections of the New York Histori- 
cal Society. 

Without entering too minutely into details, in this place, it may be sufficient to remark 
that, notwithstanding it has been asserted by some, that as early as 1623 the Dutch built a 
fortress at the present site of Hartford, yet Trumbull § states it to have been as late as 163^3, 
only three years before Governor Haynes and Mr. Hooker led their little colony thither. 
Disputes there were, sharp and long continued, with respect to boundaries. The English 
confided in their royal charter, and the ability of their king to sustain it ; the Dutch in the 
liberty granted them by their high mightinesses the States General of Holland ; and nothing 
but the superiority of British power, which efiected tlie conquest of New York, and gave to 
the " colony of New Netherlands " a character, laws, alliances, and interests wholly English, 
prevented the establishment of a Dutch republic on these western shores. And it admits of 
question, whether true candor has, in this country, been shown to the claims of the noble- 
spirited people who authorized and forwarded the founding of New Amsterdam, " at a time," 
said a worthy descendant from them, " when that nation [Holland] had just sprung into political 
existence, after a long, bloody, and most glorious struggle against civil and religious tyranny, 
durmg which all the energies of patriotism, courage, and talents had been suddenly and 
splendidly developed." || 

To be brief in this rapid review, a long period of silence on tlie subject of the Dutch 
claims, or the claims of New York, in reference to territory north of Massachusetts and west 
of Connecticut River, seems to have been maintained. This, perhaps, was owing to two 
considerations ; the one, that already more land was claimed and possessed than the inhabit- 
ants could occupy and cultivate ; and the other, that the northern frontier beyond Massachu- 
setts, open as it was to the invasion of the French and their Indian allies or subjects, presented 
no attractions to settlers. 

When, however, the establishment of peace removed the fears of savage outrage, and 
rendered the subduing of the wilderness no longer a perilous enterprise, " the unsettled lands 
of the country acquired a new value, and were every where explored and sought after by 
speculators and adventurers. None appeared more inviting than the tract between Lake 
Champlain and Connecticut River. The soil was rich and fertile, favorable in many places to 
the ])roduction of grain, and in all to grazing and the raising of cattle. It was plentifully 
watered by streams and rivers, and abounded with necessary and useful timber. In sucli a 
soil and situation, tl>e labor and hardships of a few years could scarcely fail of producing 
rich and valuable farms, with all the ease and independence naturally annexed to industry in 
the rural economy of life." H 

Application being made, as we have seen above,' to the governor of New Hampshire, withm 

• See Trumbull's Connecticut, and Dimlap's Hist. N. Y. f Hist, of N. Y. vol. i. p. 9. 

+ See N. y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. pp. 92, 295. § Hist, of Connecticut, vol. i. p. 21. 

II See Verplamk's Anniversary Discourse before the N. Y. Hist. Soc, 1818. 

U Dr. Williams, from whose account much of what immediately follows is abridged. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VERMONT. 149 

whose territory this region was supposed to lie, he proceeded so far to issue grants, that in 1761 
not less than sixty townships, of six miles square, were granted on the west of Connecticut 
River. In one or two years more, they amounted to one hundred and thirty-eight ; keeping 
twenty miles east of the Hudson, so far as that extended northward, and then advancing to 
the eastern shore of Lake Champlain ; thus enricliing the governor, who, besides the fees and 
donations attending the business, reserved five hundred acres in each township for himself. 
This aroused New York. On the 28th of December, 1763, the lieutenant governor, Golden, 
issued a proclamation, in which he recited the grants made to the Duke of York by his brother, 
Charles 11., asserted their validity, claimed the jurisdiction as far ea.st as Connecticut River, 
and couimanded the sheriff of Albany county to return the names of all persons who, under 
color of the New Hampshire grants, had taken possession of any lands west of the river. 

This proclamation Governor Wentworth met by anotlier, dated March 13, 1764, in which 
he declared the grant to the Duke of York to be obsolete, and asserted that New Hampshire 
extended as far west as did Massachusetts and Connecticut, and that the grants made by New 
Hampshire would be confirmed, even should the jurisdiction be altered. He exiiorted the 
settlers not to be intimidated, but to cultivate their lands witli diligence ; and required the 
civil officers to exercise jurisdiction as far westward as grants had been made, and to punish 
all disturbers of the peace. 

Two authorities were now up, and a contest between them might be anticipated. The 
assurances of the New Hampshire governor tended to quiet the minds of the settlers ; but, 
on the part of New York, an express application was made to the crown. This stated — on 
what autliority is, however, disputed — that the people were desirous to be included in that gov- 
ernment, and that, as the course of business must ever lie towards New York, it wmild be 
for the convenience and advantage of the people, who, however, publicly disowned the appli- 
cation afterwards, to be united to that province. Nevertheless, it prevailed ; and the king, on 
the 20th of July, 1764, ordered and declared "the western banks of the River Connecticut, 
from where . it enters the province of the Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the forty-fifth 
degi-ee of northern latitude, to be the boundary line between the said two provinces of New 
Hampshire and New York." 

Nothing appeared in this decision to alarm the people. Concluding that their title to the 
lands they had settled would be but confirmed by it, they had no idea of disputing tlie juris- 
diction of New York, or opposing its government. They supposed the words " to be " were 
designed to express the future, and not to refer to the past. But not so did the New York 
government. " They construed it," says the historian, " as a declaration not only of what was 
to be for tlie time to come, but of what was, and always had been, the eastern limit of New 
York ; and, of consequence, that the grants which had been made by the governor of New 
Hampshire were grants of what liad always belonged to New York, and were therefore 
illegal, and of no authority." Letters had indeed passed between tlie governors of New 
Hampshire and New York, Wentworth and Clinton, concerning their respective boundaries, 
as early as 1750,* notwithstanding ivhich the grants had still been issued ; and it is surprising 
to see the confidence with which, on both sides, the claims were pressed. The late eminent 
Chancellor Kent,t writing of the dispute, as it was in 1777, says, " The inhabitants of the north- 
east part of the state, (now Vermont,) which had been represented in the convention under the 
names of the counties of Cumberland and Gloucester, renounced their allegiance, and set up 
for an independent state. On the 30th of June, in that year, they were knocking at the door 
of Congress for a recognition of their independence, and an admission into the Union." On 
the otiier hand. Dr. Williams, speaking of the New York claim under the grant to King 
James, says, " There were no principles, which apply to human affairs, by which tliis grant 
would bear a strict examination." He terms it " a blundering transaction," and says that the 
geographical " bounds of it were contradictory, indefinite, and impossible." 

♦ Belknap's Hist. New Hampshire, p. 32.3, F. and M.'s ed. 

t Address to the N. Y. Hist. Soc, 1828. See also Dimlap, Hist. New York. 



150 XraiTED STATES GAZETTEER. 

The time, however, came for enforcini^ authority ; and the government of New York 
required the settlers to surrender the charters they had received from New Hampshire, and 
take out new grants from New York, attended with great fees and expense. Some settlers 
complied, and bought tlicir lands a second time ; while others absolutely refused. Actions 
of ejectment followed, commenced in the courts of the new counties which had been formed , 
and these were decided there in favor of New York. Great profits accrued to its rulers from 
these measures, for the amount of tliem was far liigher than the original cost of the titles from 
New Hampshire. 

But opposition was made in cases where ejectment by official authority was attempted ; and 
the settlers, " instead of being depressed into submission, seemed to derive new powers from 
oppression ; and tlie people," says Dr. Williams, " soon began to associate, to defend one 
another in their opposition to the courts and officers of New York." Ten years of litigation 
and of occasional violence followed, of wliich it is remarked by Belknap, " that although [the 
dispute] was carried on with a degree of virulence unfriendly to the progress of civilization 
and humanity, within the disputed territory, yet it called into action a spirit of vigorous self- 
defence, and hardy enterprise, which prepared the nerves of that people for encountering the 
dangers of a revolution more extensive and beneficial." 

Among the hardy, resolute, and brave men whom these difficulties were now nurturing, few 
became more distinguished than Seth Warner and Ethan Allen. Scenes of the revolutionary 
struggle were fast developing the character of our countrymen. One and another aggression 
of the Britisli ministry, intent on carrying their favorite point, the civil subjection of the colo- 
nies, w^ provoking the opposition, not of the New England colonies alone, but others along 
the Atlantic border. The successful resistance to the stamp act of 17C5, and which pro- 
duced its welcome repeal, became an encouragement to the friends of liberty, who, in various 
ways, evinced their determination to make their value and consequence known and felt by the 
mother country. Of these a better appreciation was indeed made in that quarter than had 
heretofore been entertained. But still the progress of events conducted to an open rupture, 
on the special history of which it is not our object here to enlarge. Suffice it to say, that the 
territory now included in Vermont was very peculiarly exposed, and the situation of its inhabit- 
ants in many respects very singular. 

It would, in fact, be difficult to produce a parallel to the anomalous state of these settlers 
Their improvements, made on the lands they had purchased, were effected at imminent peril 
Their titles to tlie lands themselves had been honestly acquired on their part, but were dis- 
puted by contending governments, which yet exercised over them no effectual authority,* and 
the total loss of them hazarded. To neither of these governments could they appeal without 
slighting the other ; nor, consistently with their own interest, and duty to tlieir families, sub- 
mit to either. They felt, therefore, constrained to temporize ; and while, with the rest of their 
brethren, they entered, as individually called by an imperious sense of duty, into the scenes 
of the revolution, they were nevertheless not unmindful of the peculiarities of their own case. 

But it is not to be supposed, as it surely will not be by any true " Green Mountain Boy," or 
New Englander, that frontier settlers, coming out from such a state of society as had been 
constituted originally by tlie Pilgrim Fathers, and handed down from them, could consent to 
live without law, order, or those social institutions on which order and law depend. No ! The 
towns, small and exposed as tlicy might be, and struggling, as inevitably they must, with llie 
hardslii])s incident to settlements in the wilderness, cannot dirive without government ; and 
they who are, at least for a season, beyond reach of the laws tliat govern tlie larger commu- 
nities, from which they are providentially separated, become " a law unto themselves." They 
have their town meetings ; they decide on the qualifications of voters in them ; they choose 
their moderator, their town clerk, their selectmen, to manage the affairs of their little, but, to 
themselves and their families, all-important community. The school and the school committee, 

» Although four counties had been nominally organized by New York, two on each side of the 
Green Mountains. 



STATES AJUD TERRITORIES— VERMONT. 151 

the church and its pastor, the constable and the justice of the peace, must all be included.* 
The citizen of New England, place him where you will, whether in the Old Colony or Califor- 
nia, in Vermont or Iowa, cannot feci contented or happy until these are all provided for the 
civic association of which God, m his providence, has made him a member; and thanks be to 
God that a clear, sober view of the real wants and true interest of society forces tliis just appre- 
ciation on so many energetic minds ! 

Still there were many, doubtless, who entered the wilderness of Vermont, as they have 
other regions of frontier exposure and peril, without having previously imbibed a " love of 
things that are excellent" — men of rude passions, uneasy temperaments, reckless of rule or 
resolved to resist it, lawless, selfish, and overbearing. Such are found in all ages and 
countries. But the progress to social order either shakes tliera off, or humanizes them, or 
neutralizes, in time, tlieir baleful influence. 

Tlie state of society and the emergency of their times have often in our country produced 
individuals of that class which we are early led to admire in the histories of ancient Greece and 
Rome — men who become eminent, not for the possession and cultivation of a single talent 
only, but for the development of the various powers bestowed on human nature, in their several 
fair proportions, as the necessities of their condition may demand. Such, in New Hampshire, 
was Meshech Weare ; in Massachusetts, Elisha Williams, characterized so justly and beau- 
tifully by Doddridge ;f Ashmun also, of whom one of the "favored of the Muses "{ writes 
that he was 

" A leader when the blast of ruthless war swept by, 
A teacher when the storm was past, and guide to worlds on high." 

And the circumstances which called forth the vigor and courage of Warner and Allen, 
whose names only have been mentioned here, but on whose history we cannot dwell, brought 
into active and beneficial exercise the talents and virtues of Thomas Chittenden, who, tliough 
enjoying in early life but few advantages of education, shone, nevertheless, under the require- 
ments of his trying times and higli oflice, and has left a name whicli posterity cannot but honor, 
as his contemporaries revered and loved it. 

The anomalous condition of the settlers, to which allusion has been made, requires a further 
description. Tliey had represented their case to the throne as early as 1704 ; and, in 1767, 
an inhibition was issued to the governor of New York, who was required to desist from making 
any further grants until the royal will should be made known, " upon pain of his majesty's 
highest displeasure." This notwithstanding, grants were made, and resisted ; and a scries of 
altercations excited so greatly the animosity of the opposite parties, that a civil war nmst have 
been the issue, had not the events which occurred at Lexington and Concord, in 1775, arrested 
the attention of all, and fixed it on the interests of the whole country. 

The seizure of Ticonderoga by Colonel Allen and his associates, of Crown Point by Colo- 
nel Warner, and of Fort St. John by Arnold, soon gave to tlie American forces tlie command 
of Lake Champlain in its whole extent ; while the subsequent capture of Burgoyne, after the 
partial engagements of Ilubbardton and Bennington, prevented any further fears, at least for a 
season, respecting the northern frontier. 

In the mean time, great want was felt of some well-defined government over tlie population 
formed on the " Grants." A Congress had been constituted of delegates from tlie greater 
part of the colonies, and held its first session in 1774. At its second meeting, the next year, 
a committee was sent on to Philadelphia to consult with its members. On their return, this 
committee, by issuing circulars and reporting the result of their mission, prepared the way 
for a convention of delegates from the several towns, wliicli had now become accustomed for 
Bome time to act together for mutual defence. This convention met on the ICth of January, 

* These were, in fact, the principles on which the original grants from the New Hampshire govern- 
ment were constructed. See the copy of one in Thompson's Hist, of Vermont, 2d part, p. 224. 
+ Quoted by Dr. Atleii, in his Am. Biogr. and Hist. Diet. 
i Mrs. Sigourney, id. 



1S2 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

1776, and presented its petition to Congress ; but this was subsequently withdrawn, in con- 
sequence of a recommendation to submit for the present to New York ; and finally, after other 
prejjaratory steps, the territory was declared, January 15, 1777, a free and independent state, 
assuming the pictures(iuo name of Vermont. 

This important measure was taken wiOi <?reat fimmess, moderation, and unanimity. Yet it 
was followed, as under existing circumstances might have been anticipated, by opposition on 
the part of New York, petitioning the Congress not to acknowledge the act ; and on the part 
of New Hampshire, claiming several of the towns which had embodied themselves in the new 
state. Nor was it until after a variety of changes, and much negotiation, of which the details 
might fdl a volume,* that these external concerns were adjusted, and Vermont became an 
integral part of the new American Union. That happy event took place, after a satisfactory 
settlement of all disputes with the states both of New Hampshire and New York, March 4, 
1791. The general history of the state since is blended with that of the nation. 

Under all their difficulties and embarrassments, in the adjustment of land titles, the subduing 
of the wilderness, the arrangement of their political concerns, and the horrors of warfare, the 
inhabitants had not neglected the claims of religion and good learning. The settlement of 
the ministry in the small towns, as they were successively formed and grew able to sustain it, 
was followed up with a good degree of zeal and perseverance. Tlie condition of society 
seemed to require, and effectually obtained, a free toleration of religious sentiments, with no 
distinction in the claims of sect or denomination. An entire sundering of bonds between the 
churcli and the state was accomplished, and the result has seemed to show that then the 
religion of the gospel flonrished best, when loft to its own heavenly resources, and the zealous 
love and efforts of it^ sincere friends ; human laws being only then appealed to, when infrac- 
tions of special civil compacts rendered such appeal needful. Hence absolute contracts for 
the support of the ministry can be exacted by law, but the law does not compel any to form 
such contracts.! Revivals of the power of religion have not been unusual. Nearly 20,000 
communicants were found in June, 1848, connected with the 189 churches embodied in the 
"General Convention of Congregational Ministers and Churches," which then held its session 
at Brandon.^ And the statistics of other denominations, wliich are found in this state, as in 
the rest of New England, bear comparison with this result. 

For tlie cause of education Vermont has done nobly ; and she deserves the high honor 
of being ranked among the few governments that have wisely discerned and followed out with 
energy the permanent welfare of those who sustain them. The school system of the other 
Ne\v England states has been introduced into Vermont, where upwards of 2400 district 
schools are maintained by a local tax levied by the inhabitants on themselves, and attended 
by upwards of 50,000 pupils — being a sixth part of the whole number of inhabitants ; and 
besides these schools, the state has from time to time chartered a large number of 
academics ; several of which, however, have since ceased to exist, while several 
among them are sustained by different religious denominations and private bene- 
factions. 

To crown this system, Vermont has a " State University " at Burlington, now in a flourishing 
condition, and a college at Middlebury, possessing at least equal advantages. Both are high 
in public favor; the latter being attend<>d by about 100 pupils, the former by 70. There is 
also a medical college. 

Medical societies, and societies for benevolent purposes, have been greatly nmltiplied in the 
state. Its agriculture, manufactures, and, by means of Lake Champlain, its navigation also, 
have been encouraged, developed, and become greatly successful. As yet, no state survey 

• See, however, fur tlic particulars, cither Dr. Williams's History, or the clear though brief exhibition 
of all these transactions, consecutively, in T/io/npson's Vermont, Part II. 

t See Graham's Sketches. 

+ See the Minutes of that Convention, printed at Windsor, where is established its Religious Journal. 
The first newspaper in the state was published in 17S1. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VIRGINIA. 



153 



of its geolo^ has been completed ; but the progress of its railroads, so vigorously prosecuted, 
and promising such advantages in bringing the riches of the west to the sea-coast, will doubt- 
less make apparent also, at an early period, the worth of such a measure. 

In 1842 began the celebration of Porefatliers' Day ; * and that whatever was commendable 
in their character and spirit may, under the blessing of their and our God, flourish in this 
now thriving state, is our hearty wish and prayer. 




VIRGINIA is the northernmost, save one, of that division of the United States usually 
denominated the Southern Stales. It lies between lat. 30° 3-3' and 40° 43' north, and extends 
from 75° 25' to 83° 40' of west longitude. Its length, from east to west, is 370 miles ; its 
greatest breadth 200 ; and its exact area is officially stated at 61,352 square mUes. f It is 
bounded on the north by Pennsylvania ; on tlie north-east by the River Potomac, which sepa- 
rates it from Maryland ; on the east by the waters of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean ; 
on the south by Nortli Carolina and a part of Tennessee ; on the west by Kentucky ; and on 
the north-west by Ohio. 

Having been the seat of the earliest English settlement permanently established in North 
America, Virginia ranks as the eldest of the thirteen colonies originally compacted into the 
republic of the United States ; and is therefore worthy of the frequently-bostowed appellation 
of "the Old Dominion." The present name of the state was confeiTcd by Sir Walter 
Raleigh, in compUment to the maiden queen, by whom, in 1584, he had been empowered "to 
search for remote heathen lands, not inhabited by Christian people," and to have and hold, in 
fee simple, all the soil within 200 leagues of any places which should become, within six 
years, the fixed residences of his companions, the crowrt reserving to itself one fifth part of 
all the precious metals that might be obtained. Under this authority, between tlie years 1584 
and 1588, Sir Walter fitted out several vessels, the first two of which touched at an island on 
the coast of what is now North Carolina ; but of the number or fate of the adventurers there 



• Boston Recorder of January 12, 1S49. 

t Some geographers give 220 miles as its extent from north to south, and estimate the area at 
70,000 square miles. At the close of the American revolution, according to Mr. Jefferson, the bounda- 
ries of Virginia, commencing at the Atlantic Ocean, and reaching 758 miles to the River Mississippi, 
with an average breadth of about 223 miles, included an area of no less than 121,525 square miles, 
being '* one third larger than the Islands of Great Britain and Ireland." 
20 



154 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

supposed to have been left, no satisfactory account has since appeared. The second fleet, 
consisting of seven " ships," landed 107 men upon the Island of Roanoke, in 1585. 

In the two following years, furtlier supplies, amounting, respectively, to 50 and 150 men, were 
sent by Ualcigh, accompanied by a governor and 12 assistants, with a charter of incorpora- 
tion. Though instructed to settle on Chesapeake Bay, they disembarked at a more southerly 
point ; and tlicir subsequent destiny, like that of their predecessors, is involved in mystery. 

These attcnijils of Raleigli and his coadjutors to obtain a secure and solid footliold among 
the tlicn hostile natives having successively failed, and the funds of the projector having 
suffered to tlie extent of £40,000 sterling, resort was had to the assistance of other capitalists. 
Accordingly, in 1589, Sir Walter transferred a portion of his interest in the grant from Queen 
Elizabctli to an association of merchants in London. A few additional adventurers were sent 
in the course of the two or three succeeding years. But in 1(J03, the attainder of Sir Walter 
Raleigh terminated his efforts and his anxieties in behalf of his favorite plan. In 1607, Sir 
Thoniiis Gates and otliers obtained a new grant from King James I.;* which grant, in 1609, 
was superseded by letters patent of the same king, incorporating the Earl of Salisbury and 
his associates as " the Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of 
London, for the first Colony of Virginia." The most ample powers in the premises were 
hereby conferred, and were even, three years afterwards, enlarged, by an additional grant of 
all tlio islands lying between tlie 30th and 41st degrees of north latitude, and within 300 
leagues of the parts before granted. 

The fact of the merging of all fomier grants in that to the Earl of Salisbury is derived 
from statements of Mr. Jefferson. Otlier autliorities make mention of two chartered compa- 
nies, to each of which was assigned an immense tract, called, respectively, South and North 
Virginia ; the former reaching from latitude 34° to 38° north, including the present compara- 
tively contracted area of the state ; the latter f comprising the territory lying between the paral- 
lels of 41° and 45° north. Sir Francis Drake and Sir Richard Grenville appear to have been 
among tliose engaged in the unfortunate adventures under Raleigh's charter, prior to the 
commencement of the sevcnteentli century. The little band of 107 persons, who were ulti- 
mately successful in the attempt to colonize the new world, embarked from England in tliree 
small vessels, early in the year 1007. This expedition was commanded by Captain Christo- 
pher Newport, with whom were also associated the celebrated Captains John Smith and Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold. Their destination was tlie Island of Roanoke, previously visited by 
Raleigh's men, as above related ; but adverse weather drove them into Chesapeake Bay, 
whence tliey ascended James River some 50 miles to an eligible spot, where they took up 
their abode, naming it Jamestown, in honor of their reigning sovereign. This place, there- 
fore, though still of inconsiderable magnitude or importance, and greatly dilapidated, is 
entitled to tlie reputation of being the most ancient of tlie Anglo-American settlements ; and 
may be regarded, in a great degree, as the germ of that vast empu-e, which, after a lapse of 
less than two and a half centuries, has spread itself over, and brought within the pale of 
civilization, nearly a tithe of tlie habitable globe. 

It cannot be disguised that the first settlers of Virginia were actuated by motives of a 
nature somewhat more worldly than tliose which influenced their fellow-colonists of New 
England. The reported natural wonders of these new and strange regions, and the anticipated 
acquisition of immense treasures of gold and silver, were the predominant stmiuli to their 
curiosity and their zeal. It seems not to have entered into their calculations, tliat tliey might 
be doomed to encounter innumerable trials, privations, and dangers ; or that their sufferings in 
the midst of an unmeasured wilderness, sun-ounded and beset by pitiless barbarians, would 
constitute the miserable and almost sole fruits of their too sanguine hopes. The early history 
of Virginia is replete wiUi affecting and interesting events, embracing many remarkable and 
romantic incidents. The frequent collisions of the emigrants with tlie treacherous and preda- 

• It was under this gr.int that the first effectual settlement, at Jamestown, was made, 
t Subsequently named New England, by Prince Charles, (afterwards Charles I.,) 1614. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VIRGINIA. 155 

tory hordes around them, gave rise to numerous memorable deeds of heroism and magnanim- 
ity, as well as to no less a number of acts of cruel oppression and sanguinary atrocity. On 
the one liand, although pillage, assassination, and every species of outrage signalized the 
course of the lawless savage, tlie conduct of the civilized settlers tliemselves towards their 
untamed neighbors was not always the most just, humane, or politic. After a few years of 
perseverance and endurance, however, tlie latter succeeded in establishing themselves as a 
permanent community, through the aid of several fortunate circumstances which occurred in 
the lifetime of Powhatan, the celebrated and powerful Indian chief. To his singularly 
acquired fricndsliip, the colony was at one time mainly indebted for its exemption from total 
extermination. His daughter, Pocahontas, after her generous rescue of Captain Smith from 
imminent death, married a Mr. Rolfe, a respectable planter, subsequently went to I^iglaud 
with Iier husband, where she was honored with marks of the highest consideration ; and tlias a 
foundation was laid for the restoration of amity between the contending parties, which con- 
tinued, with a few sad interruptions, for a long period.* 

The curse of slavery, so lamentably entailed upon this otherwise favored region, and which, 
at the present remote date, is a source of bitter controversy, if not of incalculable danger to 
the whole American nation, originated with the landing of some twenty negroes from a Dutch 
vessel, and the selling of tlicm into perpetual bondage, at about the time of the advent of the 
Plymouth " Pilgrims." This evil, which has since grown in magnitude and enormity to an 
extent scarcely reducible by human power, is a source of regret to the best portion of the 
people of Virginia, as well as one of angry remonstrance and censure on the part of many 
other members of the Union.f 

The original limits of Virginia have, at various periods, and under divers circumstances, 
been materially circumscribed. In tlie early period of its colonial existence, its boundaries 
had never been accurately defined. It was an immense unexplored wilderness, to all appear- 
ance illimitable, especially on the north and west, and confined by no natural barrier then 
known to its new residents. As the population multiplied, and spread itself into the interior, 
and along the coast, to points remote from the seat of government, legislation upon local 
affairs became difficult, and the management of the general interests grew unwieldy. With 
this advance of civilization in every direction arose the necessity of fonning new and distinct 
communities. Thus, from time to time, large portions of territory, with their inhabitants, were 
set off from the parent commonwealth, made independent of the latter, and endowed with the 
prerogative of establishing their own constitutions and laws. Most of the circumjacent 
regions, since erected into states, were meant, in all probability, to be included in the patents 
primarily granted to the London Companies by James I. His successors, however, at different 
periods, subdivided the country, and established distinct colonies witliin its supposed origi- 
nal borders. 

The incipient principles of national freedom, the diffusion of which resulted in the American 
revolution, were as early recognized and inculcated in Virginia as in any of her sister colonies. 

* The massacre, in 1622, of 347 colonists, — men, women, and children, — through a stratagem of 
the cruel successor of Powhatan, was one of the most severe afflictions ever experienced by 
the colony. 

t Mr. Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," (1781,) laments in strong terms the existence and in- 
crease of this "blot on our country," and ardently advocates a system of gradual emancipation. 
"During the regal government," he says, " we had at one time obtained a law which imposed such a. 
duty on the importation of slaves as amounted nearly to a prohibition ; when one inconsiderate Assem- 
bly, placed under a peculiarity of circumstances, repealed the law. This repeal met a joyful sanction 
from the then sovereign, and no device, no expedient, which could ever afterwards be attempted by 
subsequent Assemblies, — and they seldom met without attempting them, — could succeed in getting 
the royal sanction to a renewal of the duty. In the very first session held under the republican govern- 
ment, the Assembly passed a law for the perpetual prohibition of the importation of slaves. This," he 
continues, " will in some measure stop the increase of this great political and moral evil, while the minds 
of our citizens may be ripening for a complete emancipation of human nature." — Notes, Boston 
ed., 1832, p. 93. 



156 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

When that momentous event took place, she furnished her full complement of patriots and 
warriors, participated largely in tlic toils, and conflicts, and sacrifices of "tJie time tliat 
tried men's souls," and in the consummation of tlie high purposes of that struggle, merited 
and received an ample share of its glorious fruits. Among tlie illustrious names tliat adorned 
her annals at tliis epoch, it may be sufficient to point to tliose of George Washington, Thomas 
Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Madison, and John Marshall. The names of tliese distin- 
guished men and tlieir compatriots not only shine prominently upon tlie records of tlieir 
renowned day and generation, but tlieir effulgence will irradiate the nations of tlie earth, as a 
constellation of political light, commanding the homage of every friend of rational liberty 
in all coming time. 

The first constitution of Virginia, in which her people took part, was formed in 1770. The 
prenous dismembeniienls of the state, under various British monarchs, whereby Maryland, 
Pemisylvania, and tlie Carolinas had been gradually detached, were never formally confirmed 
by the people of Virginia until the adoption of tliis civil compact Allliough those acts of 
tlie royal government had frequently been subjects of remonstrance, it was deemed advisable 
now to acknowledge them, tliat there should arise in future no cause of dissension among tlie 
members of the new confederacy. The constitution tlius framed, in a season of critical emer- 
gency, witliout the advantages of leisure, deliberation, and of experience, (being the first in 
the whole United States,) was naturally imperfect. It was soon found to be unequal in its 
operations; and at Uie close of tlie war, mucli discussion arose upon divers projects for its 
improvement. It was not, however, essentially amended until 1830, when it underwent im- 
portant modifications. Its principal features are as follow: the governor is elected by joint 
vote of tlie two branches of the General Assembly ; his official term is three years, and he 
cannot be reelected for the next succeeding term ; he is assisted in his executive duties by 
three counsellors of state, tlie senior of whom, in office, acts as lieutenant govenior ; tlic legis- 
lature comprises a Senate, consisting of 32 members, chosen for four years, (one fourth of 
whom are to retire each year,) and a House of Delegates, 134 in number, chosen annually by 
the people ; clergymen are excluded from participation in the civil government ; the judges 
are chosen by the legislature. The Assembly convenes at Hichmond, tlic capital, annually, 
on the first Monday of December. Every white male, 2] years of ago, and possessed of a 
freehold valued at $25, or being a housekeeper, or head of a family, and having paid taxes, 
is qualified to vote for state or other officers ; but subordinate officers, soldiers, marines, or 
seamen, in the national sen-ice, as well as paupers, and men convicted of infamous crimes, 
cannot exercise the right of suffrage. The maimer of voting at all elections is llie open or 
viva voce mode. 

Virginia is now divided into 119 counties. Its seat of government is tlio city of Richmond, 
and its greatest commercial port is Norfolk. There are many other cities and pouplous towns 
m the state, more particular descriptions of which will be found in their proper order in this 
volume. Within even its present boundaries flow some of tlie finest rivers in America, the 
most important of which are tlio Potomac, Rappahannock, James, and Kanawha Rivers. It 
is also watered by the Ohio and its tributaries on the west. (See Rivers.) Tlie surface of 
the state is greatly diversified ; insomuch tliat those familiar with its topography liave consid- 
ered its soil and climate under several distinct zones or divisions. Tlie eastern section is 
generally a low country, witli a soil partly sandy and partly alluvial, abounding in swamps 
and unproductive tracts, and for the most part, especially towards tlie sea-coast and along 
the margins of rivers, noted for Uie prevalence of fatal epidemics during the season extending 
from August to October. From the head of the tide waters, the mountainous district com- 
mences. Here the soil becomes more fertile, and tlie climate more genial. Across this 
portion of the state stretch the widest bases of the stupendous Alleghanies — " the spine of 
tlie country." Between tlie numerous ridges, into which this vast chain is riven, there lie 
extensive and beautiful valleys, presenting a soil of the richest quality, a salubrious and 
delightful climate, and the most picturesque and magnificent natural scenery. Beyond these 
lofty eminences lies a third section, extending to tlie Ohio River in one direction, and to the 



STATES AND TEERITOKIES. — VIRGINIA. 157 

Camberland Mountains in another, commonly distin^ished as West Virginia. This, too, is 
an elevated and broken region, less productive in general than the middle section, and less 
populous, but enjoying an atmosphere quite as healthy, and waters equally pure. 

The chief agricultural products of Virginia are wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Cotton 
is also cultivated considerably in the alluvial district contiguous to North Carolina ; and in 
other quarters, hemp and wool are among the chief staples. All the varieties of grain, vege- 
tables, and fruit, peculiar to the climate, are also raised ; and tliese in great abundance where 
due attention is paid to their culture. In mineral wealth, Virginia is sufHciently rich to divert 
much capital from employment upon the surface to the development of actual or supposed 
treasures lying beneath. Iron, lead, copper, gj-psum, salt, anthracite and bituminous coals 
are among the most plentiful and profitable of the rewards of these efforts and researches ; 
although, in some localities, the more precious metals have become objects of inquiry ; and 
numerous explorations, particularly in pursuit of gold, have been undertaken, (some of them 
quite recently,) with different degrees of success. The manufactures of the state are confined 
principally, with some exceptions, to the preparation of its staples for market, or for domestic 
consumption. The capital invested in all the branches of this department of home industry 
amounts to several millions. For all its purposes of trade, the commercial facilities of Vir- 
ginia are ample. Its sea-coast and principal rivers afford many excellent harbors ; and its 
means of intercommunication, both natural and artificial, extending through all parts of the 
state, are well adapted to the convenience and requirements of the people. Much attention 
lias latterly been paid to tlie improvement of river navigation, the construction of canals, 
railroads, &c. 

Among the remarkable natural phenomena existing in Virginia, besides its mountainous 
ridges, in some places singularly penetrated by noble rivers, are a number of mineral springs, 
cascades, caverns, and, above all, the celebrated structure in the county of Rockbridge, between 
the Blue Ridge and the North Mountain, called the .Na/urol Bridge, and described by Mr. 
Jefferson, as " the most sublime of nature's works." * Many of the springs are so highly 
impregnated ^vith salt, as to induce numbers of capitalists to enter into the manufacture of this 
article, and to erect salt works in various places ; at one of which, near Charleston, on the Great 
Kanawha River, about .3,000,000 bushels of salt are made annually. The medicinal springs 
of Virginia, to the waters of which many virtues have been ascribed, are much frequented 
by invalids. The extraordinary cascade in tlie county of Augusta, called the Falling Spring, 
where the water descends perpendicularly, though in a comparatively small volume, from a 
height said to be 60 or 70 feet greater than that of the cataract of Niagara, is to the curious 
traveller an object of great interest and wonder. The sheet of water, only some 15 feet 
broad at the top, is divided in two or three places, at the commencement of the fall, by the 
rock over which it passes, but is nowhere else interrupted until it reaches the valley imme- 
diately below. So directly does the stream descend, that a person may pass dry-shod between 
the base of the rock and the bottom of the fall. Another extraordinary specimen of nature's 

* *' It is on the ascent of i bill," says the author of the Notes on Virginia, " which seems to have 
been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The fissure, just at the bridge, is by some 
admeasurements 270 feet deep, by others only 20.5. It is about 4-5 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet 
at the top ; this of course determines the length of the bridge, and its height from the water ; its 
breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends ; and the thickness of the mass, at the 
summit of the arch, a"bout 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which 
gives growth to many large trees. The residue, with the hill, on both sides, is one solid rock of lime- 
stone. The arch approaches the semi-elliptical form ; but the larger axis of the ellipsis, which would 
be the chord of the arch, is many times longer than the transverse. Though the sides of this bridge are 
provided in some parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have resolution to walk to them, and 
look over into the abyss. You involuntarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to them, and peep over. 
If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delightful in an equal extreme. 
It is impossible for the emotions arising from the sublime to be felt beyond what they are here ; »o 
beautiful an arch, so elevated, so light, and springing, as it were, up to heaven I The rapture of the 
spectator is really indescribable ! " — p. 21. 



158 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

handiwork is the wild and magnificent torrent at Harper's Ferry, formed by the tumultuous 
rushing of the waters of the Potomac and Shenandoah through a gorge in the Blue Ridge, 
where they meet, and after momentarily beating with tremendous power against the rugged 
and rocky sides of the mountain, pass rapidly away together on their journey to the oceaa 
Several very curious caverns are found in the hilly regions, the most noted of wiiich are 
Madison's Cave, on the north side of the Blue Ridge ; another in Frederic county, near tlie 
North Mountain ; and the " Blowing Cave " in one of the ridges of the Cumberland Moun- 
tains. The former of these has been a subject of much speculation with all philosopliical 
visitors. A hill, 200 feet in height, rises perpendicularly from the margin of a branch of the 
Shenandoah River ; one third of the way down from the summit, the cave opens, branches off 
in diverse directions, penetrates some 300 feet into the earth, and at two different points ter- 
minates in subterranean lakes of unmeasured dimensions. The roof is of solid limestone, 
25 to 50 feet in height ; and, being in a constant state of exudation, the ceaseless dropping 
of its calculous tears forms, upon the floor and sides, a profusion of grotesque incrustations 
resembling pyramids and columns, gradually growing and changing in size and shape. 

Not the least interesting spots in Virginia are Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, and Monti- 
cello, in Albemarle county ; the former memorable as the long-loved home in life, and the 
chosen place of rest in death, of the illustrious Washington, and tlie latter as the splendid 
country seat of President Jefferson. No ostentatious memorials of those giant minds mark 
the abodes of their mortal remains. The tomb of the " father of his country " stands in a 
secluded copse at a short distance from the family mansion, in all the mournful and affecting 
dignity of unadorned simplicity. The spot of his nativity is designated in a like humble 
manner ; it is in a retired part of the county of Westmoreland, on a plantation now in ruins, 
where may be seen, inscribed upon a modest stone, this brief memento : " Here, on the 11th of 
February, 1732, George Jf'ashhxgton was born." Over the grave of Jefferson stands a simple 
granite obelisk, bearing, by his own direction, this concise epitaph : " Thomas Jefferson, author 
of the Deelaralion of Independenee, and Founder of the University of Firginia." 

The subject of internal improvements has occupied a large share of the public attention. 
The state has a fund of $3,000,000, the income of which, exceeding $280,000, is applied, 
under direction of a board of public works, to the advancement of useful projects for facili- 
tating intercourse throughout the commonwealth. Among the most important of these under- 
takings is the construction of a series of canals and dams for the improvement and extension 
of the navigation of James, Kanawha, and New Rivers. Another great work is the Dismal 
Swamp Canal, 23 miles in lengtli, whereby the waters of Chesapeake Bay are connected with 
those of Albemarle Sound. Sundry railroads, particularly in the eastern quarter of the state, 
have recently been opened, the whole comprehending an extent of over 300 miles ; and others 
have been projected, or are already in course of construction. One line connects the Potomac 
with tlie Roanoke, passing through Petersburg, Richmond, and Fredericsburg ; and another, 
commencing at Portsmouth, near Norfolk, secures an easy inland communication between the 
same rivers, at a lower point. There is also a railroad from Winchester to Harper's Ferry, 
where it meets the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Considerations of state policy alone, perhaps, have prevented the organization of a system 
of universal education in Virginia. The subject, however, at the close of the revolution, 
engaged the earnest attention of some of the most sagacious minds. At that period, a revision 
of the civil code was in contemplation ; and, among others, Mr. Jefferson projected and advo- 
cated a plan for the general diffusion of knowledge among all classes of people, not, of course, 
including slaves. The system proposed was progressive, embracing instruction of every grade, 
from the simplest elementary up to the highest stage of classical and scientific acquirement. 
The poor were to be supplied, at the public charge, with all the advantages of the grammar 
schools ; and from these a certain number were to be annually selected, according to merit, 
for advancement to the collegiate institutions, supported also by the state. It would appear 
that this project, partial and limited though it was, as compared with the course pursued in 
New England, did not meet with the requisite amount of popular favor. Education had seldom. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VIRGINIA. 159 

if ever, been made a subject of legislation or discussion under the colonial government. The 
plan of establishing free schools, common to all, was therefore novel, and in some degree 
incomprehensible, as well as repugnant to the greater portion of men of wealth. As a whole, it 
was deemed too liberal and extensive. But, in 179fi, that part of it which provided for elementary- 
schools received the legislative sanction, although no measures were taken for carrying it into 
execution. In 1809, a fund " for the encouragement of learning" was established by law, to be 
derived from all tines, escheats, and forfeitures; and tliis fund was augmented, in 1816, by the 
addition of a very large share of the claim on the general government for military services 
during the then recent war. In 1818, the income of this fund amounted to upwards of 
$50,000,* when the General Assembly set apart, as permanent annual appropriations, .$15,000 
for the maintenance of a university, and $45,000 for the education of the poor. Under this 
latter provision, the benefits of common schools were bestowed, with various degrees of suc- 
cess, upon large numbers of indigent children, who would otherwise, in all probability, have 
grown up in deplorable ignorance, vice, and misery.f 

A further extension of the system of primary schools was authorized in 1820, at the dis- 
cretion of the school commissioners, founded, however, on the cooperation of the inhabitants 
of the several school districts, who are required to defray some three fifths of the additional 
cost, on condition of receiving the residue from the state fund. There are numerous academies, 
or rather private schools, throughout the commonwealth ; some of these are of a respectable 
rank, but they are designed chiefly for the children of tliose who can afford to dispense with 
the public bounty. Little or no attention was given to the education of females prior to the 
revolution ; but there have been established since that event a large number of academies and 
high schools, devoted exclusively to the instruction of that sex. Of the still higher orders of 
educational seminaries, the most eminent are the University of Virginia, founded by Mr. Jeffer- 
son, near Charlottesville ; the College of William and Mary, chartered by tlie English sovereigns 
of that name, in 1691, and erected by order of the Assembly at Williamsburg ; Washington 
College, at Lexington, incorporated in 1782, and largely endowed by General Washington ; 
and Hampden Sidney College, in Prince Edward county, founded in 1774. There are also 
several theological institutions, of comparatively recent date, under the patronage, severally, 
of Episcopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. 

The prevailing views upon the subject of religion are those held by almost every denomination 
of Christians in all other parts of the United States. In the early days of the colony, and during 
much of the subsequent time of its subjection to the sovereigns of Great Britain, the doctrines 
and discipline of the English church were those which generally predominated. But at the 
commencement of the American revolution, it was estimated that two thirds of the people had 
become dissenters ; and the operation of the previously severe laws on the subject of religious 
faith and forms of worship was chiefly repealed or suspended by acts of the General Assembly, 
in 1776. The utmost toleration has since been recognized and affirmed by the legislative 
adoption of a bill drawn by Mr. Jefferson, in 1785, "for establishing religious freedom." At 
the present time, the most numerous sects are the Baptists and Methodists ; next follow, in 
numerical order, the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics. There 
are also a few Unitarians, Friends, and Jews. 

The actual outstanding public debt of Virginia, in February, 1850, was $7,924,994'11, ex- 
ceeding by .$545,.539'11 the amount of productive property owned by the state ; but the total 
value of funds of all descriptions, held by the state, is estimated at .$1 1,854,814. There were, in 
1848, six banks, with twenty-one branches, employing a capital of $10,283,6;3:3. Details of the 
value of exports and imports, with other statistics of the trade and commerce of the state, may 
be found in this work, under the appropriate heads. 

* It now amounts to nearly §90,000. 

t An able writer in the " London Quarterly Journal of Education," speaking of the operation of this 
law, as ascertaiued up to the year 1S34, remarks thus : "It has already imparted the knowledge of 
reading and writing, with all their moral tendencies, probably to 50,000 human beings ■, and, before many 
years, it will have conferred the same inestimable blessings on twice that number." 



160 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 



In conclusion, it may be remarked, that no state of the American Union enjoys a more libera] 
share of natural advantages than has fallen to the lot of this favored commonwealth. Her 
centra! position, productive soil, vast mineral treasures, forests of valuable timber, navigable 
rivers, secure harbors, commodious ports, and a climate averaging a medium temperature, are 
among those signal blessings of its inliabitants that demand a corresponding return of gratitude 
to tlie Sui)r(!mc Giver, and the widest diffusion of his bounties among such of his rational 
creatures as are entitled to " life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." 




WISCONSIN (or Ouisconsin) was admitted by act of Congress, February 9, 1847, as an in- 
dependent state of tlie American Union. Portions of its original territory were settled by the 
French as early as 1670. It passed from French to British jurisdiction in 1763, and so 
remained until 1794. After being connected with, and successively disconnected from, tlie 
respective States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, it was organized as a distinct ter- 
ritory of the United States in 1836. In 1838, it was further diminished in size by the separation 
from its present south-western border of what now forms the State of Iowa; and, in 1840, still 
further lessened, by setting off the remainder of the region lying west of the Mississippi, now 
known as Mincsota Territory. 

Boundaries and Extent. — The state, as now established, extends from the Illinois line, in 
latitude 42° 30' north, to latitude 45° 20', and reaches from Lake Michigan on the east to the 
Mississippi River on the west. Its extreme length, measured angularly, from north-east to 
south-west, is about 380 miles ; its breadth, from cast to west, varies froni 150 to 200 miles ; 
and its estimated area, as officially returned, is 53,i)24 square miles. 

Government. — Wisconsin is at present subdivided into 29 counties. The state government 
is vested in a governor, lieutenant governor, Senate, and House of Representatives, the latter 
ti> consist of not less tlian CO, nor more than 120 members ; the number of senators not to ex- 
ceed one third, nor be less than one fourth, of the number of representatives. The latter are 
elected by the people, animally ; the senators and executive officers biennially. The annual 
sessions of the legislature commence on the second Thursday of January. All white male 
citizens, Indians recognized as citizens by any United States law, and civilized persons of 
Indian blood, not members of any tribe, are legal voters after a residence of one year within 
the state. 

Jvdinary. — The judiciary power is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Court, County Courts, 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. — WISCONSIN. 161 

and justices of the peace. The Supreme Court is composed of at least four of the sLx judges 
of the Circuit Courts. Prior to the formation of the state government, the Supreme Court con- 
sisted of a chief justice and two associate justices. There are now five of the latter. During 
the continuance of tlie territorial organization, (some fourteen years,) Charles Dunn, of Elk 
Grove, held the office of chief justice : under the present state government, this office is held 
by Alexander H. Stow, of Taycheedah. The judges are elected by the people, each for the 
term of sLx years. 

Education. — The subject of education has received, as might be expected from the charac- 
ter and origin of tlie settlers, a due measure of attention. Ample provision has been made by 
law for the establisliment of a college ; and corresponding means have been set aside in every 
townsliip for the support of common schools, all by dint of bountiful grants of land. The value 
of the school fund thus created k estimated at $3,780,912. Annual proceeds i)(JO,U0O. 

Fiiuincts. — The state has as yet incurred no public debt. 

Surface, Soil, S,-c. — In its external features, this state exhibits considerable variety. The 
northern part having never been fully explored, excepting by traders and trappers, is conse- 
quently but little known. It is, however, represented as a rugged and mountainous wilderness, 
though frequently presenting largo tracts of extraordinary fertility, and watered by numerous 
broad and rapid streams. The surface, in the southern part, consists mostly of prairie land, 
well timbered along the river sides ; in the central part of the state, the face of the country is 
more diversified. The rough and hilly tracts at the north produce the wliito pine in great 
abundance. The entire region is bountifully supplied with navigable streams, by wliich it is 
penetrated in all directions ; and although on its eastern border it has a lake coast of some 
200 miles, very few safe or commodious harbors exist in that quarter. The soil is generally 
of an excellent quality, and varies from one to ten feet in depth. It is especially productive 
on the margins of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers, where also are found extensive forests 
of ponderous timber; and the land tliroughout the state, so far as it has been surveyed, proves 
to be admirably adapted to agricultural purposes, particularly to the growth of corn and wheat. 
Indeed, every species of vegetable suited to the clunate can be cultivated with perfect suc- 
cess ; and multitudes of cattle may find ample pasturage upon tlie rich and almost boundless 
prairies. 

Rivers. — Its principal rivers, besides the great Mississippi, which flows along the western 
limits of the state, are the Wisconsin, a branch of the fonner, 500 miles in length ; the Chip- 
peway, a noble stream, emptying into the Mississippi north of the Wisconsin : Rock River, 
taking its rise within, and ruiming partly through, tlie state ; and Fox River, the proximity of 
which to the Wisconsin often causes an inundation of the intervening lands. There are like- 
wise numerous lakes and ponds, some of great magnitude, in the northern section. Lake 
Winnebago, which connects %vith Green Bay, a branch of Lake Michigan, is 24 miles in length 
by 10 in width. 

Internal Iinproveimnis. — • Numerous internal improvements are in progress. The moat im- 
portant yet undertaken is that for improving the navigation of Wisconsin and Fox RiverM. 
This work is prosecuted by authority of Congress, half a million acres of tlie public lands 
having been appropriated for the purpose. Steamboat navigation between Lake Michigan, 
via Green Bay and the Mississippi, is secured by the improvement of Fox River, and the com- 
pletion of a canal to Lake Wiimebago. A railroad comiects Milwaukie with tlie Mississippi ; 
and convenient plardi roads run into the interior from many places on the lake. 

By reason of its contact with Lake Michigan and the waters thereto adjacent, together with 
its extensive means of iidand navigation, Wisconsin enjoys great commercial facilities. On 
the margin of the above lake lies Milwaukie, the most thriving and populous town in the state, 
which has sprung into being and importance, almost magically, within a very few years, and 
has rapidly become the centre of a vast amount of trade. Possessing the best harbor between 
Green Bay and Chicago, it is the chosen resort of most of the steamers from Bufi'alo and other 
ports on Lake Erie, thus commanding a controlling interest in the entire business of the state. 
Madison, the capital, is situated on a beautiful elevation, midway between Lake Michigan and 
21 



162. UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 

Uie Mississippi, with both of which it has direct communication by means of a series of 
streams on either side. 

Minerals. — In mineral resources Wisconsin is peculiarly opulent. The south-western por- 
tion abounds with lead and copper ores. The lead mines, in particular, are noted for being 
the most productive in the United States ; and many millions of pounds of this metal are 
annually extracted, wrought into proper form, and exported. Vast quantities of copper, also, 
are being constantly exhumed and sent to market ; and in iron ore the country is not less pro- 
lific. Much interest in the mineral products of this state has for some time been manifested, 
and is still actively exercised among enterprising capitalists in the neighboring states. 

Manufadurts. — Besides the smelting of ores, the business of manufacturing, in Wisconsin, 
is as yet inconsiderable ; the greatest amount of capital invested in any one branch of public 
industry lias been employed in tlie mining of lead, and preparing it for exportation. 

Climate. — In the upper or northern part of the state, the winters are frequently severe, 
occasioned probably by the proximity of Lake Superior, which lies on the north and north- 
west The summers, liowever, are temperate and pleasant. The winter is much more mild 
in tlie southern quarter, where the climate throughout the year is salubrious, and not unlike 
that of tlie northern portion of Missouri. 

Indians. — A large portion of the northern section of the state is stiU peopled by various 
Indian tribes, several of which are in a state of semi-civilization. Some of the tribes, espe- 
cially the Winnebagocs, have long refused to recognize the treaty ceding their lands to the 
United States, and continue to resist all attempts to remove them to their allotted country 
beyond tlie Mississippi. 

Population. — The population of Wisconsin lias multiplied prodigiously since tlie year 
1830, when it numbered but about 4000. In 1847, it had reached over 200,000 ; and the cen- 
sus of 1850 states it at 305,191, including 626 free colored persons. 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



163 






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UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. _ STATISTICAL 



TABLES. 



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DESCRIPTIONS 



MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, RIVERS, CREEKS, LAKES, CAPES, BAYS, 
HARBORS, ISLANDS, SOUNDS, &c. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

As no uniform system of abbreviations for the names of the states and territories in the United 
States has hitherto been followed by any geographical writers, for the purpose of attaining greater ease 
and brevity of notation, we have in this work adopted the following, as best suited to this object ; and 
would respectfully recommend them as intelligible and convenient for general use. We use, in all 
cases, the first and last letters of the name, excepting where two are alike in this respect, as in Indiana 
and Iowa, and in the compound names, as in New York, South Carolina, &c. 



Alabama, 


Aa. 


Louisiana, 


La. 


North Carolina, 


N.C 


Arkansas, 


As. 


Maine, 


Me. 


Ohio, 


O. 


California, 


Ca. 


Maryland, 


Md. 


Oregon, 


ON. 


CONNECTICUT, 


Ct. 


Massachusetts, 


Ms. 


Pennsylvania, 


Pa. 


Delaware, 


De. 


MlCHISAN, 


Mn. 


Rhode Island, 


R. I 


District of Columbia, 


D. C. 


Minnesota, 


Ma. 


South Carolina, 


8.C 


Florida, 


Fa. 


Mississippi, 


Mi. 


Tennessee, 


Te. 


Georgia, 


Ga. 


Missouri, 


Mo. 


Texas, 


Ts. 


Illinois, 


Is. 


Nebraska, 


Na. 


Utah, 


UH. 


Indiana, 


Ia. 


New Hampshire, 


N. H. 


Vermont, 


Vt. 


Indian Territory, 


In. Tv. 


New Jersey, 


N. J. 


Virginia, 


Va. 


Iowa, 


lo. 


New Mexico, 


N. M. 


Wisconsin, 


W« 


Kenthckt, 


Ky. 


New York, 


N. Y. 







Ahbai/e, Point, Houghton co., Mn., extends into 
Lake Superior, between Huron and Keewaiwona 
Bays. 

Ahraham, Mount, Franklin CO., Me., lies mostly 
in the town of Salem. 

Adams. Otpe, is on the Pacific, at the mouth 
of the Columbia River. A sand bar, 5 miles 
across, extends from it to within a mile of Cape 
Disappointment, which is 7 miles distant in a 
N. W. direction, AVhen the wind blows from 
the W., this sand bar is covered with dangerous 
breakers. The cape is low, and thinly wooded. 
July 18, 1S41, the U. S. sloop of war Peacock, 
belongin;4 to the exploring expedition, was 
stranded and lost within Cape Disappointment. 

Adams Creek, N. C, falls into Pamlico Sound, 
in Ion. 76° 53' W., and lat. 34° 55' N. 

Adams Point, Presqne Isle co., Jin., projects 
into Lake Huron. 

Adams Point, On. Situated at the mouth of 
Columbia River, opposite Cape Disappointment. 

Adirondack Mountaitis, N. Y., lying S. W. of 



Lake Champlain. Some of the peaks of this 
group are nearly as high as the White Mountains 
in New Hampshire. Mount Marcy, tlie highest 
summit, is 5464 feet above tidewater in the Hud- 
son. In these mountains this noble river takes 
its rise. There are five or six ranges of these 
mountains lying between Lake Champlain and 
Lake Ontario, and on the ojiposite side of 
Ontario, north of the Mohawk River. The 
chain which traverses Warren and Essex coun- 
ties seems to be the most elevated. Some of 
the ridges of this group have received local 
names, as the Kayaderosseras, on the W. of Lake 
George ; the Highlands of Black River ; the 
Hasscncleavcr Mountains, of (hieida co. ; and 
the central chain has been called Macomb's 
Mountains. From the early French inliabitants, 
they received the name of the Pentrian Mountains, 
in consequence of a belief then entertained that 
they possessed great mineral treasures. Little is 
known of the more northern portions of these 
mountains. 



168 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Adirondack River, N. Y., one of tlie head 
branches cif the Hudson, rises in the Adirondack 
Monntuiiis, in Essex co. It is al)Oiit L'O miles in 
length, and passes through Lakes Henderson and 
Sanford, two small sheets of water surrounded by 
picturesijU'' scenerv, and immense beds of iron 
ore, and elevated I'Ji'O feet above the Atlantic. 

Admirulli/ Inlit. On. An irregular body of 
water, extending S. from the Straits of Juan de 
Faca. 

Agamenticus Mountain, Me., consists of three 
elevations, situated in the town of York, about 4 
miles from the sea, and is a noted landmark for 
seamen. The highest summit is 673 feet above 
the ocean. Il is said that St. Aspinquid died on 
this mountain in lt)H2, and that the Indians sac- 
rificed 67 II wild animals at his funeral. 

Arfnti- Harbor, Houghton CO., Mn. Situated on 
the N. coast of Keewaiwona Point, W. from 
Copper Harbor. 

Agnctr River. As., rises in the E. part of Pulas- 
ki CO., and flowing S. E., enters White River in 
Arkansas eo. 

Ai/uila Creek; Ts., flows S., and empties into 
Brazos River, bctwi'en Nolands and Hig Creeks. 

Ahmie Hirer, Dodge co., VVn. A liead branch 
of the W. fork of Rock River. 

Ahneepce Hirer, Brown Co., Wn. A small 
Stream flowing S. E. into Lake Michigan. 

Aitkin Lake, Ma. A small sheet of water ly- 
ing N. from Sandy Lake, with which it is connect- 
ed by an outlet. 

Akkik or Keltte. Hirer, Ma. and Wn. It rises 
in the W. part of La Pointe co., Wn., flows S. 
S. W. into Ma., and empties into the St. Louis 
River. 

Alabama Hirer. This river is formed by the 
junction of the Coosa and the Tallapoosa, and 
flowing S. S. W., unites with the Tombigbee, 48 
miles above Mobile Bay. and after the junelion 
has the name of Mobile River. It is navigable at 
all seasons for vessels requiring 6 feet of water, 
from the junction, 60 miles, to Claiborne. From 
Claiborne, 1.50 miles, to the mouth of the Cahaw- 
ba, the river has 4 or 5 feet of water. From the 
mouth of the Cahawba to the junction of the 
Coosa and Tallapoosa, its head branches, the 
river afl'ords, in all places, 3 feet of water. The 
river is subject to great changes by rising and 
falling. 

Alachua Savanna, Alachua co.. Fa., is a marshy 
plain, which is supposed to discharge its waters 
by an underground passage into Lake Orange. 

Alalamalia Hirer and Sound, Ga. The river is 
formed by the union of the Ockmulgeo and the 
Oconee. After the junction, the Alatamaha be- 
comes a large river, "flowing with a gentle current 
upwards of 100 miles, and enters by several out- 
lets into Alatamaha Sound, 60 miles S. W. of 
Savannah, through which it passes into the At- 
lantic. This sound contains a number of beau- 
tiful isl.inds. The Alatamaha is navigable on the 
Oconee branch, 300 miles from the ocean, for 
Doats of 300 tons, and for steamboats to Milledge- 
villc, and to an equal distance on the Ockmulgee 
branch. The bar at the mouth has 19 feet at Ion- 
water. The whole length of the river to its source 
is about .'iOO miles. 

Albemarle Sound, N. C, is a large inlet from the 
Bca, in the N. E. part of the state. It extends 60 
miles from E. to W., and is from 4 to l.'i miles 
wide. It receives the Chowan, Roanoke, and sev- 
eral smaller rivers. It communicates with Pam- 



lico Sound and the ocean by several narrow 
inlets, and with Chesapeake Bay by a canal 
through the Dismal Swamp. 

Albert Lake, Ma. Situated near the Sioux 
River, and W. from Lake Poinsett. 

Albert Lake, On., lies ,S. E. from Summer Lake. 

Albert Lea Ijike, Iowa. This lake is situate<l 
on the N. border of the state, and is the source 
of Shell Rock Creek. 

Alden's Hill, Ms. Situated in the town of Mid- 
dleborough. 

AUeghanij or Appalachian Mountains reach from 
the Catskill Mountains, in the state of N. Y., their 
most elevated jiart, to Ga., forming a range of 
great length, and from 50 to 200 miles in breadth. 
The course of this great chain is nearly jjarallel 
with the Atlantic, and from .'io to 130 "miles dis- 
tant from it, and consists of a number of parallel 
ridges, denominated the Blue Ridge, North 
Mountain, Jackson's Mountain, Laurel Moun- 
tain, Cumberland Mountains, &c. These moun- 
tains, Cor the most part, are not over 2500 feet 
high, and they divide the waters which flow into 
the Atlantic on the E. from those which flow into 
the Mi'^sissippi and the lakes to the N. and W. 
These ridges are generally wooded to the top, and 
between the ridges are often valleys of fertile land, 
though the country among them is generally rocky 
and rough. They are composed of granite, gneiss, 
mica and day slate, primitive limestone, &c. 

Alleqltany Hiirr. The head branches of this 
river water Potter co.. Pa. It then enters N. Y. 
in the S. E. part of Cattaraugus co., through 
which it runs 45 miles in a circuitous course, after 
which it reenters Pa., and unites with the Monon- 
gahela to form the Ohio, at Pittsburg. The river 
is navigable, for boats of small draught of water, 
from the village of Olean, Cattaraugus co., to its 
entrance into the Ohio, a distance of 230 miles. 
Its entire length is 300 miles. 

Allemande, Lake. La., lies S. from the Missis- 
sippi River, and N. W. from Lake Washa, into 
whiih it discharges its waters. 

Allen's Creek, an important mill stream, rises 
in Wyoming co., N. Y., flows through the E. part 
of Genesee into Monroe co., in the S. part of 
which it enters Genesee River. 

Allen's Point, Vt., is the southern extremity of 
Grand Isle, in the township of South Hero, and 
takes its name from one of the early settlers. 

Alliguash Hirer, Piscataquis CO., Me., is fed by 
a gre.at number of small ponds, flows in a N. direc- 
tion, and empties into the St. John's River. 

Alliijatoi Hirer, N. C. This river rises in a lake 
of the same name, in Hyde, flows N. N. E., and 
empties into Albemarle Sound. 

Allowai/'s Creek rises in Salem co., N. J., and 
falls into the Delaware River, 6 miles S. of 
Salem. It is 20 miles long, and navigable 12 
miles for boats. 

Allucial Way, or Ridge Road, N. Y. This cu- 
rious formation of nature extends from the Gen- 
esee River, near Rochester, to the Niagara River, 
near Lewiston, — a distance of about 80 miles, — 
is of considerable height, and about 8 rods in 
width. It is composed of sand and gravel stones, 
and is supposed by many to have once been the 
shores of Lake Ontario, from which it is now dis- 
tant about 10 miles. 

Almirante Hiver. Fa., falls into Pensacola B.iy. 

Altoijac Creek, Ts., flows in a southerly direc- 
tion, and empties into Angelina River. 

Alum Creek, O., is the W. branch of the Big 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



169 



Walnnt River, which it enters in ihc S. E. part of 
Franklin co., after a course of about 35 miles. 

Alum Pond Hill, Ms. Situated in the town of 
Roughis. Height "78 feet. 

Amelia Islanfl. Nassau co., Fa., is situated in the 
N. E. p;irt of the state. It is 15 miles long and 
4 wide. Fcrnandina, a town at the N. W. end, 
was once the capital of the county, and a flourish- 
ing place. The land is fertile. 

Amite Ricer rises in Mi., and, flowing S. into 
La., unites with the Iliherville at Galveston, to 
which it is navigable, and after a course of 100 
miles, falls into Lake Jlaurepas. 

Amonoosiick Rifcis, Upper and Lower, N. II. 
The upper river rises N. of the White Mountains, 
and passing N, E. into Dummer, approaches to 
within a few miles of llie Androscoggin ; thence it 
turns to the S. W., and empties into the Connecti- 
cut, at Nortliumherland, after a course of about 50 
miles. Its valley, which is of great beauty, extends 
more than 20 miles in length, and 7 or 8 miles in 
breadth. The lower river rises on the W. side of 
tlie Wliite Mountains, and falls into the Connecti- 
cut, just abo\c Haverhill, after a course of 50 miles. 
Two miles from its mouth it receives the Wild Am- 
onoosuck, a swift, rapid stream about 40 yards in 
width. The waters of the Amonoosuek are pure, 
and its current quick. The valley of the lower river 
is about half a mile in width, and was ])robabIy 
once the bed of a lake. About 6.i miles from the 
Notch of the White Mountains, the river falls 50 
feet over a mass of stratified granite. 

Auastasia hliwd. Fa., is situated on the E. coast. 
It is 18 miles long and about l4 broad. A signal 
tower on its N. end is in 29" 50' N. lat., 4'- 29' W. 
Ion. from Washington. 

Anclote Keys, Fa. These islands lie off the 
coast of Benton co., S. from Helley's Key's. 

Anrram, or Roeloff Janaen^s Creek, N. Y. This 
small mill stream rises in Hillsdale, Columbia co., 
and after a circuitous course enters the Hudson 8 
miles below tlie city of Hudson. 

Anderson's Ricei; Ky. It falls into the Ohio, 
52 miles above Green River. 

Anderson's Creek, la., rises in the W. part of 
Crawford co., flows S. S. W., separating Spen- 
cer and Perry counties, and falls into the Ohio 
River. 

Androscof/f/in or Ameriscoggin River, Me. The 
Margallavay, its N. branch, receives Dead and 
Diamond Rivers, in N. H., and unites with the 
stream flowing from Umbagog Lake, about a mile 
from its outlet. The river then pursues a S. 
course until it approaches the White Mountains, 
and receiving several considerable triltntaries, it 
passes into Me. N. of Mount Sloriah. It tlien 
flows E. and S. E. through a fertile country, nearly 
to the sea-coast, and turning N., flows over the 
falls at Brunswick, near Bowdoin College, into 
Mcrrymeeting Bay, uniting with the Kennebec, 20 
miles from the sea. 

Angelica Creik, Alleghany Co.. N. Y., rises in 
the town of West Almond, flows W. through the 
town of Angelica, where it enters the Genesee. 

Am/elijia lUecr, Ts., flows in a S. S. E. direction, 
and empties into Neches River. 

Ann, Cape, Ms. See Gloticester. 

Anntinesic River, Somerset co., Md., rises in the 
E. part of the county, and flows a little S. of W. 
into Tangier Sound. 

Anno Ntuvo Point, Ca., extends into the Pacific 
Rt the town of Santa Cruz, and N. from Point 
Pinos. 



Antelope Creek. Ca. A small E. branch of the 
Rio Sacramento. 

Antelope Island. Uh. A large island lying in the 
S. part of the Great Salt Lake. 

Anthonifs Nose, or, as more commonly called, 
the Nose, is situateil in the W. part of Mont- 
gomery CO., N. Y., on the N. branch of Moliawk 
River, and is on the extremity of the hill or moun- 
tain called the ■' Klips." It slopes towards the 
river from an elevation of about 500 feet, bearing 
a great re'icmblanee to a nose some 300 or 400 
feet loiig. 

Anthonys or St. Anthony's Nose, N. Y., projects 
from the S. side of Breakneck Hill, in the town 
of Phillipstown, on the E. bank of the Hudson. 
It derives its name from a resemblance to a huge 
human face, as seen from the river, at the N. en- 
trance of the. Highlands. There is another pro- 
jection of the same name, but less remarkable, 
opposite the site of old Fort Montgomery, near the 
S. entrance of the Highlands. l)clow West Point. 

Antietam Creek rises in Washington CO., Md., 
and empties into the Potomac. 

xintoine Creek, As., one of the head branches 
of the Little Missouri River, and the boundary line 
between Clark and Pike counties. 

Apostles' Islands, I^a Pointe CO., Wn. Situated 
in the W. part of Lake Superior, N. from Chego- 
wawegon Bay. 

Appalachee Bay is ,a large bay on the coast of 
Fa., in the Gulf of Mexico. Through this bay is 
a passage 10 feet deep, which is gradually re- 
duced to 8, by which St. Marks is reached. It 
furnishes the best anchorage ground along the 
coast for the distance of 230 miles. 

Appalaehian Mountains. Sea Allei/hany Moun- 
tains. 

Appalachicola River, Bay, and St. George's 
Sound. The river is formed by the union of 
Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, which unite in 
the state of Ga. in lat. 30° 42' N., from which it 
proceeds S. 70 miles, to St. George's Sound, and 
thence to the Gulf of Mexico. Near the mouth 
of the river it forms a broad estuary, denomi- 
nated Appal.achicola Bay, which connects with St. 
George's Sound. The latter is partly enclosed 
by three islands, and is 50 miles in length, and 
from 4 to 9 wide. Between the islands arc three 
p.assages into the sound, which liave a depth of 
about 15 feet of water at low tidi^ The river is 
navigable for small vessels to the junction of the 
Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers. The Chatta- 
hoochee, the largest branch, is navigable for 
boats nearly 400 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. 
The whole surface drained by the Appalachicola 
and its branches is estimated' at a little less than 
20,000 square miles. 

Apple River, Is., crosses the N. W. part of the 
state, passes through Jo Daviess co., and after a 
course of 45 miles, falls into the Mississippi, 20 
miles below Galena. It is 50 yards wide .at its 
mouth. It is a rocky and rapid .stream, furnish- 
ing many good mill seats. 

Apple Creek, Mo., runs on the boundary be- 
tween Perry and Cape Girardeau co., aiul' falls 
into the Mississippi at Birmingham. 

Apple River, St. Croix CO.. Wn. It flows S. W. 
into the St. Croix River. 

Appletree River, S. C. A small branch of the 
Keowe. 

Appomattoi River, Va. It rises in Prince Ed- 
ward CO., and after flowing E. 120 miles, unites 
with Jumes River at City Point. It is navigable 



170 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



for vessels of 100 tons to the fnlls at Petersburg, 
the head of tide water. There is a canal around 
these falls, and the river is hoatablc i<0 miles above. 

Appoijuininiink Creek; New Castle Co., De., 
rises in tlic W. part of the county, and flows 
N. E. into Delaware Bay. 

Aransas River, Ts., flows in a S. of E. course, 
and empties into Espiritu Santo Bay, a little be- 
low the town of Refugio. 

Ararat Mountain, Pa., lies in Luzerne and 
WajTie counties. Length 15 miles. 

^rar(i(, or Piltit Mountain, N. C, lies 9 miles 
N. W. from Bethania, between Yadkin River on 
the S. and Ararat River on the W. It is about 
1 mile in height, of a pyramidal form, with an 
area of an acre at the top, which supports a rock 
300 feet higli. 

Argudlo Point, Ca. Situated N. W. from Point 
Conception. 

Argyle Fort, Bryan co., Ga., situated on the 
W. bank of Ogechee River, 6 miles above Oge- 
chee Bridge, was built in 1733, to protect the 
early settlers against the Spaniards. It is now 
in ruins. 

Arkansas Pass, Ts. A passage between two 
islands leading into Espiritu Santo Bay. 

Arkansas Biver, As. This river rises in the 
Rocky Mountain.*, about lat. 42° N., near the 
sources of the Del Norte, and near the boundary 
between Nebraska and New-Mexico, and for some 
distance forms a part of that boundary. It flows 
through the central part of Arkansas, and after 
a, course of 2170 mdes, enters the Mississippi 
in lat. 33° 40' N. Its general course is E. S. E. 
The navigation is not obstructed by rocks, shoals, 
or rapids, and it is navigable for boats at some 
seasons 19S0 miles. Tlie country watered by 
the Arkansas, in its upper parts, is stenle ; but 
in the lower parts it is tolerably fertile, and on 
its alluvial borders it is rich. The whole surface 
watered by this river and its tributaries is esti- 
mated at 178,000 square miles. 

Armstrong Fort. Situated on the S. extremity 
of Rock Island, Is. 

Aroostook River, Me. This river rises in the inte- 
rior of Piscataquis co., flows more than 100 miles 
in a circuitous course, receiving many important 
tributaries, and enters St. John's River in New 
Brunswick. The land on its borders is very fer- 
tile, and said to equal the celebrated Genesee 
land for the raising of wlieat. 

Ascutney Mountain, Windsor eo., Vt. This 
mountain lies in tlie towns of Windsor and 
Weathersficld, and is a huge mass of granite, pro- 
ducing but little vegetation of any kind. Its 
name is undoubtedly of Indian origin, but writers 
are not agreed as to its signification. From the 
summit of this mountain the prospect is extensive 
and very beautiful. The Connecticut, which is 
easily seen winding its way through fertile and 
highly cultivated meadows, adds much to the 
charm of the scenery. 

Ash Point, Cliippewa CO., Mn., extends into the 
Straits of St. Mary, opposite ,St. Joseph's Island. 

Ashepoo River, Colleton district, S. C. This 
river rises in the W. interior of the district, flows 
S. S. E., and empties into St. Helena Sound. 

Ashley Fork, Ca. A W. Ijranch of Green River, 
which it enters below Brush (,'reek. 

Ashley River, S. C. This river rises in the W. 
part of Charleston district, flows S. E.. through 
Colleton district, and enters Charleston Harbor 
opposite the city of Charleston. 



Ashley River, Fa., waters the W. part of the 
state, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Ashtalnila Riva; Ashtabula co., 0. It rises in 
the E. jiart of the county, flows about 30 miles 
in a N. W. direction, and empties into Lake Eric. 

Ashuelot or Ashivillit River, Cheshire co.. N. U. 
This stream rises in a pond in the town of Wash- 
ington, flows in a southerly direction, through Mar- 
lowand Gilsuin, to Iveene, where it receives a con- 
siderable branch supplied from ponds in Stoddard. 
From Keenc it proceeds to Swanzey. where it re- 
ceives another branch, and thence puisnes a south- 
erly and westerly course, through Winchester into 
Hinsdale, where it empties into the Connecticut, 
about 3 miles from the S. boundary of the state. 

AssaUt River, JIs. It rises in the vicinity of 
Westborough. flows through Marlborough, North- 
borough, and Stow, and unites with Sudbury 
River at Concord. 

Assemoqva River, Mn., rises in the S. W. comer 
of Clare co., flows E., and empties into the Titti- 
bawasee on the S. border of Gladwin co. 

Attanwa River, St. Croix co., Wn., flows S. W. 
into the St. Croi.x River. 

Attonowining Ricer, La Pointe CO., Wn. A 
small stream flowing S. into the St. Croix River. 

Attwaters Falls, in Norfolk village, St. Law- 
rence CO., N. Y., are formed by the descent of 
Racket River from a height of 50 feet. 

A u Barque, Point, Mn., extends into the N. W. 
part of Lake Huron, E. from the Big Bay de 
Noquet. 

Au Barques Point, Huron CO., Mn., situated at 
the mouth of Willow River. 

Au Bay Point, Mn., situated between Big and 
Little de Noquet Bays. 

A\i Chapeau Point, Huron co.. Mn., extends into 
Lake Huron, at the mouth of Pinebog River. 

Au Cuivre River, Mo. This river is formed by 
three principal branches, called Indian Creek, 
Middle, and Eagle Forks. After the junction of 
these large streams, the river flows in an easterly 
direction, forming the boundary between St. 
Charles and Lincoln counties, and empties into 
the Mississippi. 

Auglaize River, 0; rises in Allen co., receives 
numerous branches, and fonns a large branch of 
the Maumee River, entering it on the S. side, at 
Dcflance. It is hoatablc, at high water, 50 or 60 m. 

Au [laut Island, Me. This island lies off Han- 
cock CO., E. from the Vinalhaven Islands. 

Au Pain de Sucre Point, Huron co., Mn. Situ- 
ated E. from Point an Chapeau. 

Au Sable, Point, Schoolcraft CO., Mn. Situated 
E. from the mouth of Hurricane River. 

Au Sable Point, Brown co. Wn., extends into 
Green Bay. N. E. from the town of Green Bay, 
and opposite Grass Point. 

Au Sable Jilvir, N. Y., sometimes called the 
Great Au Sable, rises in the Mohcgan Mountains, 
Essex CO., near the sources of Hudson River, 
flows N. E., and enters Lake Champlain in the S. 
part of Clinton co. Its two main branches unite 
at the village of Au Sable Forks : the river then 
passes through the manufacturing villages of 
Clintonville, Keosvillc. and Birmingham, accord- 
ing extensive water ])ower. There is a succes- 
sion of falls, in all of about 150 feet descent, at 
Birmingham, 2 miles below Keesville. The river 
enters a deep ravine, of singular and romantic 
beauty, immediately below the falls. The rocks 
rise on cither side of this chasm, which is formed 
by the wearing of the waters, or by some convul- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



171 



sion of nature, to an almost perpendicular height 
of from 75 to 150 feet, for a distance of about 2 
miles, and an average width of about 50 feet, 
forming a great natural curiosity. There are 
other ravines of singular formation in this vi- 
cinity. 

Au Salile River. Little, rises in Clinton co., N. 
Y., and enters Liike Champlain a few miles N. of 
the Great Au Sable. 

Au Sable Ricer, Is. A small branch of the Illi- 
nois River, which it entei"s from the N. in Gundy co. 

Austin's Creek, Ga.. It falls into Savannah 
River, about 12 miles N. W. from Savannah. 

Atix Grais Ricer, Mn., rises in the S. E. part of 
Ogemaw co.. flows S. E. into Arenac co., where 
it falls into Ritle River. 

Aralaiirlie Lake, Newcomb, Essex CO., N. Y. 
This small lake is situated between Mounts Mc- 
Intyre and McJIartin. It is much the highest 
body of water in the state, large enough to be 
called a lake ; being elevated 2900 feet above the 
tide waters of the Hudson, of which it i> a tribu- 
tary. It derives its name trom an avalanche that 
must have occurred on the W. side of Mount Mc- 
Martin many years since. 

Avon Springs. See Mineral Springs, &c. 

A)/er's Hill,' Haverhill, Ms. Height 3.39 feet. 

Back Creek, Va., drains Frederick co., and 
flows N. E., through Berkley CO., into the Poto- 
mac River. 

Back River, N. H. The liead stream of this 
River, called Bellamy Bank, is formcil by two 
branches, which unite in Madbury. The stream 
then falls into the I'iscataqua, on the W. side of 
Dover Neck, and is called J5ack River. 

Back River, Va., forms the boundary between 
York and Elizabeth City counties, and empties 
into Chesapeake Bay. 

Bad River, Mn., rises in Saginaw co., and 
empties into Saginaw River. 

Bad River, La Fointe co., Wn. This stream 
has many large branches, which drain the E. part 
of the county. They unite to form the main 
stream near its entrance into Lake Superior. 

Bagaduee Point, Me. A cape extending into 
Penobscot Bay. 

Bahama Channel, or Gulf of Florida, the nar- 
row sea between the co.ast of America and the 
Bahama Islands, is 135 miles long, and 46 wide. 
The cun'cnts here, formed by an inflection of the 
Gulf Stream, are very violent, passing at the rate 
of from 2 to 5 miles an hour among islands, and 
vessels are fretpiently wrecked in passing through 
this dangerous strait. 

Baker's Island. Me., lies S. E. of Mount De- 
sert Island, off" Hancock co. 

Baker Mount, On. This is an elevated peak of 
the Cascade Mts., situated on the N. border of the 
state. 

Baker Pond, Me. Situated in the N. part 
of Somerset co. The S. branch of St. John's 
River passes through it. 

Bakers River, Grafton co., N. H. This Ls 
a considerable stream, formed by two branches. 
The N. branch rises near MoosehiUock Moun- 
tain in Benton, flows in a southerly direc- 
tion through Warren into Wentworth, where it 
unites with the S. branch. The river then flows 
in a S. E. and S. course through Rumney and 
Plymouth, where it unites with the i'emige- 
wassct, just above Plymouth Village. It was on 
this river, in the township of Ilumney that 



General Stark was captured by the Indi.ans, on 
the 28thof April, 1752. 

Bald Ear/le Mountains and Vallei). Pa., are situ- 
ated N. E. of Jtmiata River, on the confines of 
Huntington and Centre counties. Bald Eagle 
Valley lies on the E. side, and is 5 miles wide, 
having beneath it a bed of limestone. It has 
also a |>lacc where caverns in the rocks absorb 
the jirincipal streams of the valley, which run 
several miles under ground before they emerge. 

Bald Eaijle River, Pa., runs in a N. E. direction 
44 miles, through Centre and Clinton counties, 
and falls into the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 
after a course of 50 miles. 

Bald Face Mountain, Coos CO., N. H., lies in 
the town of B.artlett, between Ellis River and the 
Rocky branch of the Saco. 

Bald Hill, Douglas, Ms. Height 714 feet. 

Bald Mount, Somerset co., Me., lies W. of Pe- 
nobscot River. 

Bald Mountain Hills, Rensselaer CO., N. Y., is a 
high range extending from the town of Hoosick, 
tlirongh Petersburg into Berlin. 

Bald Mountain Ridge, Me. Situated in the N. 
W. part of Somerset co., near the source of the 
W. branch of Penobscot River. — Bald Mountain. 
Au isolated peak, situated in the same county, S. 
from the Ridge. 

Bald Peak, Mt.Washington, Ms. Height 2624 ft. 

Baldwin's Creek rises in Erin, Chemung co., 
N. Y., and flows S. into Chemung River. 

Balize, La. This is the principal entrance into 
the mouth of the Mississippi, and is 100 miles be- 
low New Orleans. It is about 20 miles long, and 
has 16 feet of water on the bar. 

Ballston Springs. See Mineral Springs, &c. 

Baloxi, Bay of. Mi. This bay lies between 
Harrison co. on the N. and Ship Island Sound 
on the S. 

Baloxi River, Harrison co.. Mi., is a small 
stream emptying into Baloxi Bay. 

Bamonegemook Lake, Me., lies in the N. part of 
Piscataquis co. 

Bank Creek, Pa. The head branches of this 
stream rise in tlie W. part of Clearfield co. It 
flows in a S. W. direction, separating Clarion and 
Armstrong counties, and empties into the Alle- 
ghany River. 

Bannister River, Va., runs through Pittsylvania 
and Halita.x counties, .and falls into Dan River, 10 
miles above its junction with the Roanoke. 

Baptism River, Ma. A small stream flowing 
S. E. into Lake Superior. 

Baralioo River, Wn. It rises in the N. 'W. part 
of Sank co., flows S. of E., and empties into Wis- 
consin River, in Columbia co., just above the town 
of Do Korra. 

Barataria Baij, La. This bay sets u]) from the 
Gulf of iMexico, and receives the waters of a chain 
of lakes lying between it and the Mississippi River. 

Barataria Island. La. A strong military post on 
the N. side of tiie Gulf of Mexico, at the "entrance 
of Barataria Bay, 55 miles N. W. from the Balize. 
It is a healthy island, and has a safe and commo- 
dious harbor. 

Barataria River, La., runs S. into a bay of the 
s.ame name. 

Bare Mountain, Orange CO.. X. Y. Tliis is one 
of the W. peaks of tlie Highlands, lying in the 
towns of Cornwall and Monroe. 

Barnharfs Island, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., lies 
in St. Lawrence River, being the most N. island 
in this river belonging to the U. S. 



172 



MOUNTAINS, KIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Bam Island, Great, New York ro., N. Y., lies 
in East Hivcr, on the N. side of Hell Gate, 7 miles 
from tlie City Hall. It is about 2 miles in cir- 
cumfcrenee. 

Barn Ishml, Little, N. Y., lies at the junclion 
of Horlcni and East Hivers, and N. E. of Great 
Bam Island, from which it is separated by a nar- 
row ohannel called " Little Hell Gate." 

Barms Sound, Fa. A large expanse of water, 
situated between Dade co. on the N. and the 
Florida Keys on the S. and E. 

Barner/at Bay, N. J. This bay is separated 
from the oecan by Island and Squam Beaches, 
extends from Barnegat Inlet, 20 miles, to Mete- 
cunk River, and is from 1 to 4 miles wide. 

Barques River, Mo., enters the Missotiri at Ion. 
93° 14' VV. and lat. 38- 43' N. 

Barren Island, King's CO., N. Y., lies at the 
mouth of Jamaica Bay, between Plumb and Rock- 
away Inlets. 

Barren Rii^ers, Ky., two small rivers, called the 
Big and Little Barren, are tributaries of Green 
River. The former falls into it in the N. W. cor- 
ner of Warren co., the latter W. of Greensburg. 

Barrcll Creek, Iowa, flows S. W., and enters Mis- 
souri River in Mills eo. 

Barrier River, On., flows in an E. direction, and 
falls into Clark's fork of Columbia River, a little 
below Fort Okonagan. 

Barrinylon Fort, Ga., 14 miles above Darien, 
on the E. bank of the Alatamaha, was erected in 
1720 by the Carolinians, to prevent the escape of 
the negroes to the Spaniards at St. Augustine. 

Ban-on's Island, Grafton co., N. H. A small 
island in the Connecticut River, attached to the 
town of Piermont. 

Bartlelt's Island. La Pointe co., Wn. Situated 
in Lake Superior, N. E. from the Apostles' Islands. 

Barton River, Vt., is formed in the township of 
Barton, by the junction of two head branches, one 
of which rises in Glover, and the other on the 
boundary between ShelHcld and Sntton. The 
main stream flows N. and N. E., receiving Wit- 
loughhy's River near its head, and passing through 
parts of Irasburg and Orleans, empties into Mem- 
phremagog Lake. It waters about 160 square 
miles. 

Basin Harbor, Addison co., Vt. See Ferrislmrq. 

Baskahegan River, Me., rises in Baskahcgan 
Lake, Washington co., near New Brunswick line; 
it then flows 13 or 20 miles in a W. direction, and 
empties into the Matawamkeag, a tributary of the 
Penobscot. 

Bass Islands, O. Situated in Lake Erie, N. W. 
from Cunningham's Island and N. from the town 
of Port Clinton. 

Bastien Bay, Plaqucmine parish. La. A long, 
narrow body of water extending from the Missis- 
sippi River S. W. itito Baratariu Bay. 

Basture Island. A small island lying in the 
Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of ili. 

Bataclie Bayou, La. A small branch of the 
Dorcheat Bayou. 

Baltahaiclue River rises in Aa., and after a 
course of "0 miles in a S. W. direction, enters the 
Tombigbee, in Monroe co.. Mi. 

Batten Kill rises in Vt., flows W. through Wash- 
ington CO., N. Y., and enters the Hudson l4 miles 
below Fort Miller bridge. It is a good mill 
stream. 

Battle Creek. Mn., is the largest branch of the 
Kalamazoo. It has a winding course of 40 miles, 
and furnishes good mill seats. 



Battle River, Aroostook eo., Me. A small 
stream flowing in a S. E. direction into the Mat- 
awamkeag River. 

Bay Creek, Is., rises in the N. part of Pike 
CO., flows W.. and empties into the Mississippi in 
Calhoun co. 

I3ny River. Craven CO., N. C, empties into Pam- 
lico Sound, N. from Neuse River. 

/?(«/ Ronde, La. This small htiy lies off Pla- 
qucmine parish, just above the Delta of the Mis- 
sissif(])i. 

Bayou des Arcs, As. This stream flows in a 
S. K. direction, forming the boundary line be- 
tween White and Pulaski counties, and empties 
into White River. 

Bayou Meter. As. This river rises in the N. W. 
part of Pulaski co., flows S. S. E., its tributaries 
draining a large extent of land, and falls into the 
Arkansas River, in Arkansas co. 

Beach Island. Ms. This island lies off the town 
of Wellfleet, enclosing Wellfleet Bay. 

Beacon Hill, or the Old Beacon. N. Y., one of 
the highest peaks of the Highlands of the Hud- 
son, is situated in the S. part of the town of Fish- 
kill, close on the borders of the Hudson, above 
which it is elevated 1471 feet. 

Beacon, New, or Grand Sachem, N. Y., situ- 
ated half a mile S. of the former, is the high- 
est peak of the Highlands, or Matteawan Moun- 
tains, being elevated 1685 feet above the tide 
waters of the Hudson. The view from the 
summit of this mountain is extremely beautiful. 
The river is visible from West Point to Tappan 
Bay on the S , and for an extent of 50 miles on 
the N. The surrounding rich ,and highly culti- 
vated country, dotted *ith villages, and wanting 
in nothing that renders so extensive a landscape 
lovely, lies as a picture before the observer. 

Bean Hill, Merrimae CO., N. H. See Northjleld. 

Bean's Creek, Franklin CO., Te. A small branch 
of Elk River. 

Beiiren Island, N. Y., lying in the Hudson, 
opposite the town of Coeymans, Albany Co.. was 
on the S. boimilary of the old Rensselaerwyck 
colony, and was fortiticd and garrisoned by one 
of the early patroons, in 1 644. All foreign traders 
were obliged to come here and learn the terms on 
which the port of the colony might be entered. 

Bear Camp River, N. H. This river is formed 
in Ossipee, by the junction of its two principal 
branches, and empties into the W. side of Ossipee 
Lake. 

Bear Creek, the outlet of Bear Lake, rises in 
Stockton, C'hatauque co., N. Y., and flowing S. 
enters Cassadaga Creek. 

Bear's or Tiffin's Creek rises in Mn., and enters 
the Maumce 14 miles above the Auglaise. It is 
54 miles long. 

Bear Creek, Is., rises in the interior of Hancock 
CO., flows S. S. E., and enters the Mississippi by 
two mouths in Adams co. 

Bear Creek. Iowa. A S. branch of the Maco- 
quctais River, which it enters in Jackson eo. 

Bear Creek. A branch of Tennessee River, 
rises in Aa., and after a course of 70 miles enters 
the Tennessee, between the states of Aa. and Mi. 

Bear Creek, Ts. A small W. branch of Trinity 
River. 

Bear Grass River, Ky., falls into the Ohio, at 
Louisville. 

Bear Ixike, Chatauque co., N. Y., is a small 
boily of water lying partly in the town of Pom 
fret and partly in Stockton. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



173 



Bear Mountain, Wendall, Ms. Height 1281 ft. 

Bear River. Me. This stream rises in the High- 
fands, near Umbagog Lake, and falls into the 
Androscoggin, opposite Bethel. 

Beaslei/'s Creek, Ky., falls into Ohio River, Ion. 
83° 55' W. and hit. 38° 35' N. 

Beaver, Bit/, Riper, Pa., is formed by the Maho- 
ning and Shenungo. It enters the Ohio River 
near the town of Beaver, Pa. The main river is 
about 20 miles long, and to its sources 80 miles. 
The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes along 
the valley of this river. 

Beaver Dam Creek, Beaufort district, S. C. A 
small brancli of tlie Savannah River. 

Beaver Dam Lake, Tunica co.. Mi., lies a little 
E. from the Mississippi River, with which it is 
connected hy an outlet. 

Beaver Brouk, Aroostook co., Me., is a tributary 
of Aroostook River, which it enters on the N. side. 

Bearer Brooks, N. H. There are several streams 
of this name in the state. The largest rises in a 
small pond in Unity, and flowing VV. empties into 
the Connecticut at Charlestown. Another rises 
in Mount Vernon, and empties into the Souhegan. 

Beaver Creek, Crawford co., Wn, A tributary 
of Black River. 

Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan. These islands 
are 5 or 6 in number. The largest. Big Beaver, 
contains 40 square miles. 

Beaver Islands, (jreat and Litdc, Mn. They lie 
in the N. part of Lake Michigan, Great Beaver 
being S. and Little Beaver S. \V. from Garden 
Island. 

Beaverkill rises in Ulster co., N. Y., flows 
through Sullivan into Delaware CO., and falls into 
the Papactou, a branch of the Delaware. It is a 
good mill stream. 

Beaver Lake, Hamilton co., N. Y., is a small 
body of water cmjiiying into Moose River. 

Beaver River. N. H. and Ms., rises in Beaver 
Pond, in Londonderry, tiow-s S. througli Pelhain, 
and falls into the Merrimac, in Dracut, Ms., nearly 
:ipposite the mouth of t'oncord River. 

Beaver River rises in Hamilton CO., N. Y., and 
dowing W. empties into Black River, in Lewis co. 

Beckct Station Mountain, Becket, Ms, Height 
2194 feet. 

Bedlow's Island is situated in New York Bay, 
near Ellis's Island, and i94() yards S. W. of the 
Battery. It belongs to the U. S. government, and 
on it is located Fort Wood, a strong fortitication, 
which, with the works on Governor's Island, forms 
the inner defence of N. Y. harbor. 

Beeeh River. Tc. This stream rises in tin; \V. 
interior of Henderson co.. flows E., receiving 
Piney, Cane, Mill, and other small creeks, and en- 
ters the Tennessee at Perryville. 

Beerkill rises in Sullivan co., N. Y., flows E., 
and empties into Rondout Creek, in Ulster eo. 

Belaniaqueen Baij, Vt. ,V small bay jutting 
into the town of Ferrisburg. from Lake Chaniplain. 

Belle River, iMn., passes through Lapeer and St. 
Clair counties, and after a course of 50 miles en- 
ters St. Clair River. It is navigable for bateaux 
a short distance from its mouth. 

Belle Pond, or Belle Water Pond, Vt., lies in the 
S. E. part of Barton, and is 3 miles long and 14 
miles wide. 

Bell Kedgwiek River, Me. A branch of the Kat- 
awan Kedgwiek, which it enters on the W. side. 

Bellinijttani Batj, On. Situated in the N. W. 
part of the state, between the Gulf of Georgia 
und the Straits of Juan de Fuca. 



Bellows Falls, Vt. See Rockingham. 

Bennett's Creek rises in the S. part of Steuben 
CO., N. Y., and flowing N. enters Canistco River. 

Benton Lakes. Ma. Situated at the head of 
Coteau Percee Creek, a tributary of Sioux River. 

Bete Gris Baif. Houghton Co., Mn. Situated ou 
the N. E. part of Keewaiwona Bay. 

Betsie River, Mn. This stream rises in a small 
lake in the S. W. part of Leelanau co., makes a 
curve into Manistee eo., then flows through the 
S. W. part of Leelamiu co. into Lake Michigan. 

Big Batj de Noipu't, j\ln. This is a large bay 
extending into the X. part of the peninsula, N. E. 
from Green Bay. It receives the waters of several 
rivers, and communicates with Lake Michigan. 

Big Bail Creek, Is. This stream flows S. E., 
draining Johnson and Pope counties, and empties 
into tile Kentucky River. 

Bill Biivi/ali Creek, Choctaw co.. Mi. One of 
the head branches of the Big Black River. 

Big Blark River. Jli., is ItiO miles long, and 
emjjties into the Mississijipi. 

Big Bine River, la., falls into the Ohio, 2 miles 
W. from Leavenw^orth. 

Bi'f Blue River rises in the IC. part of In. ter. 
and lalls into the Missouri in -laekson co. 

Big Bone Cre.k, Woodford co., Ky., flows W. 
into the Ohio River. 

Big Brnneli Creek, Ripley co.. Mo. A tributary 
of Current River, which it enters near the centre 
of the county. 

Big Flat Creek, Bedford CO., Te., enters Duck 
River from the S., opposite ShelbyviUe. 

Big llatclii] River, Te.. falls into the Mississippi 
in Tipton co., after a course of 100 miles. 

Bighorn River. This river rises in the Rocky 
Mountains, and flowing in a N. E. direction, about 
800 miles, joins the Yellowstone at Manuel's 
Fort. It waters a flne, fertile country, and is 
navigable for canoes to a great distance. 

Big Horse Creek, Edgefield district, S. C. A 
small branch of the Savannah, which it enters a 
little below Hamburg. 

Big Indian Creek, la., rises in the S. part of 
Johnson co.. flows \V., and empties into the W. 
fork of White River, in Morgan county. 

Big Lake River, On. It rises in a lake on the 
N. border of On., flows S. W., and empties into 
Clark's Fork of Columbia River, a little W. from 
Petid Oreille's Lake. 

Big Laurel River, N. C, rises among the Blue 
Ridge Mountains in Yancey co., and flows S. W. 
into tlie French Broad River. 

Big and Little Sandi/ Forks, On. and Ca. These 
streams rise in the Wind River Mts., unite, and 
flowing S. W. into Ca., empty into Green River. 

Big Loutre River. Jlo. This river waters the 
S. E. part of Audrain co., flows S. S. E., and en- 
ters the Missouri, opposite Loutre Island. 

Big Mill Creek, Jackson co.. Va., flows in a 
I N. W. direction, and empties into the Ohio River. 

Big Muddi/ River, Is. This river rises in the 
*N. jiart of Jeiferson co.. flows S. W., receiving 
numerous tributaries, and enters the Mississippi 
in the N. W. corner of Union co. 

Big Pigeon Creek, la. It rises near the centre 
of Gibson co., flows in a winding southerly direc- 
tion, and enters the Ohio River in Vanderburg co. 

Big Pigeon River. This stream rises in the 
S. E. part of Haywood co., N. C, flows N. W. 
into Te., and enters the French Broad River in 
the N. part of Cocke co. 

Big ijandij River, rises in Va., and enters the 



174 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Ohio at Catletsbur^'. Ky. It is formed by the 
junction of E. and W. forks, and its E. fork con- 
stitutes the l)ouiidary between Va. and Ky. for 
nearly 200 miles. 

Big Stone Lake, Ma. This is a lonjr, narrow 
sheet of water, lying S. E. from Lake Travers. 
The waters of Minesota or St. Peter's River pass 
thronfih it. 

Big Suximp Creek; Lowndes CO., Aa., flows 
N. W., and enters the Alabama River at Benton. 

Big Thibean Rioer, Mo., rises in the N. E. part 
of Henry co., flows S. E., and enters the South 
Grand, near its junction with Osage River. 

£117 Whippoorwill Creek, Logan co., Ky., flows 
S. E., and empties into Red, a branch of Cumber- 
land River. 

Big Wills Creek, Aa. This stream has its 
source among the Alleghanies, flows mostly in a 
S. VV. course, and falls into the Coosa River. 

Big Wood River, On. It rises among the 
Salmon River Mountains, flows S. of W., and 
falls into Lewis's fork of Columbia River, just 
below Fort Poisee. 

Big Creek, Posey Co., la., flows S. W. into the 
Wabash River. 

Big Creek, As. A small branch of White River. 

Big Creek, Ts. An E. tributary of Brazos River. 

Bigeluw Mouyitains, Me., lie S. of Dead River, 
in Franklin and Somerset counties. 

Billingsgate Island, Ms. This is the most 
southern of four islands enclosing Wellfleet Bay. 

Birch Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. One of a chain 
of small lakes supplying the head waters of Red 
Cedar River. 

Birch Stream, Penobscot co., Me., enters the 
Penobscot River just above Oldtown Island. 

Bird Island, N. Y. Situated in the E. part of 
Lake Erie, opposite the city of Buifalo, is a small, 
rocky island. The great Black Rock Pier com- 
mences here, and extends to Squaw Island, oppo- 
site Black Rock, a distance of 2 miles, affording 
an immense hydraulic power, also an inexhaust- 
ible feeder for the Eric Canal. 

Bird Song Creek, Benton co., Te. A small 
branch of the Tennessee River. 

Bishop's Brook. N. H., waters Stewartstown, and 
empties into tlie Connecticut. 

Bistincau Lake, Claiborne parish, La., receives 
Dachect River, and connects with Red River, the 
waters of which it receives in the wet season, and 
discharges in the dry season. It is 35 miles long 
and 2 miles wide. 

BisweU's Creek, Livingston Co., Ky. A small 
branch of the Cumberland River. 

Black Bag, Va. A small bay in the Ches- 
apeake, at Ion. 76° 21' W. and hit. 37° 9' N. 

Black Baij. Situated in the N. part of Lake 
Superior, Ion. 88° 10' W. and lat. 48° 36' N. 

Black Bay, La., lies otl" St. Bernard and Pla- 
quemine parishes, between Chandeleur Bay on the 
E., and the Bay de la Riviere an Chenes on the S. 

Black Creek, Vt. See Fairfield. 

Black Creek rises in New Hudson, Alleghany 
CO., N. Y., and flows N. E. into Genesee River. 

Black Creek, N. Y. This stream, which aifords 
good water power, rises in Genesee co., and flows 
into Genesee River, in Monroe co. 

Black Creek, Brown co., Wn. An E. branch 
of Wolf River. 

Black Creek, Fa. A tributary of St. John's 
River, which it enters in Duval eo. 

Black Beard Island, Ga., belongs to the U. S. 
government, and contains 1 600 acres. 



Black Lake, St. Lawrence co.. N. Y. This lake, 
which lies nearly parallel with St. Lawrence 
River, is about 20 miles long, and from 1 to 2.1 
miles in width, and seems a mere expansion of 
Black River, which enters it from the S. Its out- 
let, after flowing 2 or 3 miles, enters Oswegatchie 
River. 

Black River, Me. This river rises in several 
ponds near the Canada line, and flows S. E. into 
St. John's River. 

Black River, Little, Me., rises N. E. of the for- 
mer, and flows S. E. into the St. John's. 

Black River, Windsor co., Vt. It rises in 
Plymouth, flows through Ludlow, Cavendish, and 
Weatherslield, aft'ording many mill sites, and 
falls into the Connecticut at Spriuglield. Its 
length is 35 miles. 

Black Riccr, Orleans co.. Vt.. rises in some 
ponds in Craftsbury, flows through Albany, Iras- 
burg, and Coventry, and falls into Jleraphrema- 
gog Lake at Salem. Its length is about 30 
miles. 

Black Rirer, the third river in size that has 
its course entirely in N. Y., derives its name 
from the color of its waters. It rises in Herki- 
mer and Hamilton counties, flows N. W. about 
120 miles, and empties into Black River Bay, in 
the E. part of Lake Ontario. It is navigable from 
the High Falls, in Leyden, where it has a descent 
of 63 feet, to the Long Falls at Carthage, a dis- 
tance of 40 miles. The remainder of its course 
is circuitous, being a succession of rapids and 
falls. It is mostly a deep, sluggish stream, its 
falls, however, aftording fine water power. Its 
lower part is bordered by a fertile and thickly 
settled country. 

Black River Bag, N. Y., an expansion of Black 
River at its mouth, is situated E. of Lake Ontario, 
with which it communicates. It is 5 miles long, 
and 1 mile wide. 

Black River, S. C. This river rises in the E. 
part of Kershaw district, flows S. E. across Sump- 
ter and Williamsburg districts, and empties into 
Winvaw Bay at Georgetown. 

Black Rirer, Mn. This river is formed by 3 
principal branches, which unite on the boundary 
between Allegan and Van Buren counties, and 
cmytties into Lake Michigan. 

Black River, Mn., drains the W. part of the 
upper peninsula, flowing N. into Lake Superior. 

Black River and Lake, Ottowa and Allegan 
counties, Mn. The river flows mostly in Ottowa 
CO., and widens into a lake near its entrance into 
Lake Michigan. 

Black River, Wn. It rises in the W. part of 
Portage co., and flows S. S. W. into the Missis- 
sippi River. This river has many tributaries, and 
drains a lar";e extent of country. 

Black iMke Creek, La., rises in Claibonie parish, 
flows S., receiving numerous tributaries, and unit- 
ing near its mouth with the Grand Bayou, enters 
Black L.ake. 

Black Fish River, Crittenden CO., As. A small 
tributary of the St. Francis. 

Black Oak Island, Sumpter district, S. C. 
Bounded E. and S. by the Santce River, and W. 
and N. Iiy some of its branches. 

Blackstone River, Ms. The most inland branch 
of this river rises between Paxton and Holden. 
It passes Worcester, receives the waters of the 
ponds in Shrewsbury, passes Auburn, Grafton, 
Milibury, Sutton, Northbridgc, Uxbridge, and 
Mendon, and entering R. I. changes its name to 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



175 



Pawtncket, and meets the tide waters in Provi- 
dence River. 

Blackicater Rirer, N. H.. derives its name from 
the color of its water. It is formed in tlie W. 
pai-t of Andover, by the junction of two small 
streams, and tiowing through Salisbury and Bos- 
cawon, enters Contoocook River in Hopkinton. 

Bhirk Water River, Mo. This stream, with its 
tributaries, drains Johnson co., flows N. E., and 
enters La Mine River, in Saline co. 

BlarkiodTs Island, N. Y., belonging to the city 
of New York, lies in East River, about 4 miles 
from the City Hall. It is Ij miles long, and 
quite narrow. On it are situated the City Peni- 
tentiary and the Lunatic Asylum, two massive 
stone buildings. 

Bltuuv or Orford Cape, On. A point of land 
extending into the Pacific Ocean, N. from the 
mouth of Tlamath River. 

Block Isla?id, R. I. See ^eio SJioreham. 

Blood Riccr, Tc. and Ky., rises in Henry co., 
Te., flows N. E., and empties into the Tennessee 
River in Calloway co., Ky. 

Blue Hill and Bay, Me. See Towns. 

Blue Bayou, La. This stream is an outlet of 
the Bayou La Fourehe, which it leaves at Tliibo- 
deauville. It then flows in a S. E. direction, sepa- 
rating La Fourehe Interior and Terre Bonne 
parishes, and enters the E. part of Timbalier Bay. 

Blue Buck Point, La. This is the S. W. ex- 
tremity of Calcasieu parish, and extends into Sa- 
bine Lake. 

Blue Uills, N. H. This is the name generally 
given to the range commencing in Nottingham, 
and extending through Straflbrd. Farmiugton, 
and Milton. Tenerifle, Saddleback, and Tuck- 
away are among its principal peaks. 

B'lue Hill, Milton, Ms. Height 635 feet. 

Blue Mountains, On. A range extending 
through the interior of the territory, nearly par- 
allel with the Cascade Mountains. 

Blue Ridi/e, or South iJomitains, branch oft" from 
the E. part of the Alleghany Mountains, in N. C, 
cross the state of Va., and extend to the " High- 
lands,"' N. Y. The highest summits, called " tlie 
Peaks of Otter," are in Bedford co., Va. The 
E. peak measures about 4000 feet in height. 

Blue Rirer, Grant co., Mn., di'ains the N. E. 
part of the county, and empties into Wisconsin 
River. 

Blue Stone Rirer, Va. It rises in the E. part of 
Tazewell CO.. among the Great Flat Top Moun- 
tains, flows N. E. tbrough Mercer co., and falls 
iulo New River, near its junction with the Green- 
brier. 

Blueu-ater Rirer, La., falls into the Missouri, 9 
miles E. of the Kansas. 

Bluff Island, in the St. Lawrence, is attached 
to the town of Hammond, St. Lawrence co., N. Y. 

Bluff Point, N. Y. See Crooked Lake. 

Bluff Point, Va. The S. extremity of North- 
nmberland CO., extending into Chesapeake Bay. 

Bozakill rises in Schenectady co.. N. Y., flows 
E., and enters Norman's Kill, in Albany co. 

Bodeaii Bayou rises in the S. W. part of As., 
flows S. into La., and enters Lake Bodeau. 

Bodeau Lake, Bossier parish. La. This long 
and narrow sheet of water receives Bodeau Bayou 
on the N., and is connected by outlets on the S. 
with Red River and Lake Bistineau. 

Bodkin's Point, Md., extends into Chesapeake 
Bay, Ion. 76° 35' W. and lat. 38° 10' N. 

Baatf Bayou, or Creek, La., rises in Rapide 



parish, and flows through a fertile country, divid- 
ing into two channels, one of which connects with 
Red River, and the other with Crocodile River, to 
form the Courtableau. 

Borr Stream, Piscataquis co., Me., rises near 
Moosehead Lake, flows S. S. E., and empties into 
Piscataquis River. 

Bor/ue Cliito, River, rises in Mi., flows 90 miles, 
mostly in La., and enters Pearl River from the W. 

Bofjue Home Creek, Mi. This river rises in Jas- 
per CO., flows S., and enters Leaf River a little E. 
from Augusta. 

Borjue Inlet, N. C. Situated between Carteret 
and Onslow counties, and communicating with 
Goose Sound. 

Bohe River. Md., falls into the Chesapeake at 
Ion. 76° 8' W. and lat. 39° 30' N. 

Bohemia Creek, Md.. enters Elk River 4 or 5 
miles above its mouth. 

Bois Blanc Island. Mn. Situated in Detroit 
River, near its entrance into Lake Erie. 

Bois Blanc Island. Mn. A large island situated 
in Lake Huron, at the entrance of the Straits of 
Mackinaw. 

Bolivar Point, Ts. A point of land enclosing 
Galveston Bay on the S. E. 

Bombazine Lake, Vt. See Castleton. 

Bone Hill River, Ma. It enters the Tehan 
Sansan, or River a Jaqncs from the N. W. 

Bon Homme Island. Ma. Situated in the Mis- 
souri, a little E. from the mouth of Wananri River. 

Bonpas Creek, Is. The licad branches of this 
stream rise in Richland and Lawrence counties, 
and it flows S., forming the boundary between 
Edwards and Wabash counties, until its entrance 
into the Wabash. 

Bon Secour Bay, Aa. Situated in the E. part 
of Mobile, and sejiarated from the Gulf of Mexico 
on the S. by Mobile Point. 

Boon Island, Me. This is a ledge of rocks on 
which is a light-house. It lies about 9 miles E. 
from Kittery. 

Boone Lake, Iowa. A small sheet of water 
lying in the N. part of the state, being the source 
of Boone River. 

Boone River, Iowa. This stream rises in Lake 
Boone, in the N. pan of the state, flows S. S. W., 
and empties into the Des Moines, a little N. from 
Boone county. 

Botjuet River, N. Y. This fine mill stream 
rises in Keene, Essex co., and flows E. 45 miles 
into Lake Champlain. 

Boreas River, N. Y. This river rises in Essex 
CO., and flows S. into the Hudson, of which it is 
a head branch. 

Boro Isle, Me., lies in Penobscot Bay. It is a 
long island, very narrow in the middle, but wider 
at each end. 

Boston Harbor, Ms. This harbor extends across 
Light-house Channel and Broad Sound, from 
Point Alderton, on Nantasket, to Point Shirley, in 
Chel.sea, a distance between the islands of about 
4 miles. It is said to cover an area of 75 
square miles, more than half of which is good 
anchorage ground for ships of the largest class. 
The whole British navy might moor in this har- 
bor with ease, and ride in safety. This harbor is 
formed by the sea, and is entirely free from sand 
bars and running ice. which often obstruct the 
passage of vessels to harbors at the mouths of 
large rivers. The most important part of this 
harbor is entered by a narrow pass, between two 
and three miles below the city and navy yard, 



176 



MOUNTAIN'S, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



and is well protected by two powerful forts — In- 
dependence and Warren. The outer luirbor, be- 
low these forts, will shortly be protected by a very 
powerful fortress, now nearly coni|)lcted, on 
Gcorfce's Island, at a great expense, by the ;;()V- 
ernmem of the United States. This harbor is 
easy of access, and never obstructeil by ice, except 
that part of it near tlie city ; nor is that part en- 
tirely frozen over oftener than twice or three 
times in the common afic of man. Boston Har- 
bor contains many i.slands of great beauty, and is 
the reservoir of the Mystic, (,'liarlcs, Ke|)onset, 
Manatiquot. and other small rivers. Its bor- 
ders are environed by the towns of Hull, Iling- 
ham, Weymouth. Braintree, (Juincy, Dorchester, 
IJoxbury, Brookline. Cambridge, Charlestown, 
and Chelsea; and the numerous snudi bays, coves, 
and inlets indenting their shores, give great varie- 
ty, and add much to the scenery of tliis delight- 
ful harbor. 

Bottom Crti'k. Lapeer eo., Mn. A head branch 
of the N. fork of Flint River. 

Bourbaise ('reek, Mo. Its head branches drain 
the N. W. part of Crawford co. It then flows !S'. 
E., and enters the Maramec River in Franklin co. 

Bourne's Hill, Sandwich. Ms. Height 297 feet. 

Bowbach Mouiilain, N. H. See Stratford. 

Bowman's Creek, N. Y., rises in Schoharie co., 
and flowing N. enters the Mohawk near the vil- 
lage of Canajoharic. 

Boi/er's Rirer, Iowa. It rises in a small lake, 
which is also the source of one of the head 
branches of Raccoon River, flows S. W. and 
falls into the Missouri. 

Bracki-n Creek. Ky.. falls into the Ohio, Ion. 84° 
8' W. and lat. 38° ;i6' N. 

Bradelock's Bay. Monroe CO., N, Y., is a small 
body of water communicating with Lake Ontario. 

Brady Fort. Sauit St. Marie, Chippewa Co.. Mn. 

Branr/{ Brook rises in Smithtowu, Suffolk co., 
N. Y., flows \V. 4 or 5 miles, then turns to the 
N., and falls into the Nesaquake River, or Smith- 
town Harbor. The tide flows up the latter stream 
several miles. 

Brandywine Creek, Pa. and De.. rises in Pa., 
flows into De., and uniting with Christina Creek, 
enters the Dclawaie at Wilmington, It furnishes 
excellent water power, and is navigable to Bran- 
dywine village. 

Brant hlund, N, C. Situated in Pamlico 
Sound, between Neuse and Pamlico Rivers. 

Brant Leike, Horicon, Warren co.. N. Y., is a 
small body of water emptying into the Schroon, 
a branch of the Hudson. The scenery on its 
shores is wild and romantic. It is surrounded by 
a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, and s|jruce, in 
which deer and other wild game are found. Its 
waters abound in fine trout. 

Brasswi Pond, Somerset CO., Me., lies W. of 
Moosehead Lake, and receives several rivers. 

Brazos Hirer, Ts. It rises between Red and 
Colorado Rivers, flows S. E., and empties into the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Breach Inlet, Charleston district, S. C. The 
Dassage between Long and Sullivan's Island. 

Breakfast Hill, N. H. See Rye. 

Breakneck Hill, N. Y.. is situated on the E. side 
of the Hudson, on its N. entrance into the High- 
lands. It is a precipitous eminence, 1187 feet 
high, and remarkable for containing the rock 
called the upper Anthony's Nose. 

Brier Cruk, Ga., a branch of the Savannali, is 
100 miles long. 



I Broad Brook, Vt. This small mill stream 
rises in Barnard, crosses the S. E. corner of 
Royalton, and falls into White River in Sharon, 

Broad Creek, Prince George's co,, Md, A small 
.stream emptying into the Potomac River, just 
above Piscataway Creek, 

Broad River, S, C, This river rises in N, C, 
receives Pacolet and Tiger Rivers from the W,, 
and uniting with the Salada above Columbus, 
forms tlie Congarce, 

Broad River, S, C, is an arm of the sea be- 
tween the main land and Port Royal Island, 

Broad River, Ga., enters the Savannah, of 
which it is a W. branch, at Petersburg. 

Bronx River rises in Westchester co., N. Y., 
flows 25 miles, and enters East River, opposite 
Flushing Bav. 

Brother's tslands. North and South, attached to 
the town of Newtown, Queen's co.. N. Y., are 
situatc<l in East River, at the lower end of Long 
Island Sound. 

Brown's Inlet, Onslow CO., N. C. Situated N. 
E. from New River Inlet. 

Brown Point, On., encloses Grav's Harbor on 
the N. 

Brown's River, Yt., rises among the Mansfield 
Mountains, flows westerly through Underbill and 
Jericho into Essex, and thence northerly through 
Westford into Fairfax, where it enters the La- 
moille. Length about 29 miles. 

Brule Lake, Mn. A small shi'ct of water in 
the S. W. part of Marquette co., and at the head 
of Brule River. 

Brush Creek, S. C. A small br-uirb of the Sa- 
luda River, which it enters in Aud.rsou district. 

Brush Creek, Ca. A small W. branch of Greeu 
River, which it enters below Yampah or Bear 
River. 

Buck Creek, Harrison co., la. A small branch 
of the Ohio River. 

Buffalo Creek is formed in Erie co., N. Y., by 
the junction of Cayuga and Seneca Creeks; it 
tlicn flows in a N. W. direction, until it enters 
Lake Erie at Buffalo, receiving Ca/.enove Creek, 
6 miles above. It is navigalde for steamboats 
and the largest vessels for some distance, and 
forms the harbor of Eutlalo. which is rendered 
secure by means of a ])ier and light-hou.se, and is 
easily approached from the lake at all seasons, 
except in the winter, when closed by ice. 

Buffalo Creek, Ga. A branch of the Oconee 
River, which it enters in Washington co. 

Buffalo Fork, of the White Rivc'r, As, This 
large stream rises in the W, part of Newton co,, 
flows E., and enters White River in Yard co, 

Buffalo L(d:e, Marquette <.'o., Wn. This is an 
enlargement of one of the head branches of 
Neenah or F'ox River. It lies W. from Pucka- 
wav Lake. 

liuffalo River, Te. Tlu^ head brandies of this 
river rise in the N. jjart of Lawrence co. It flows 
W. through a part of Lewis and Wayne counties, 
then turns to the N., and unites with Dutch 
River in Humphreys co, 

Buffalo River, Wn, It forms i)art of the 
boundary between Chippewa ancl C'rawford 
counties, and falls into the Mississippi, 

Buffalo River, Ma, It is sup])lied by numer- 
ous chains of lakes, and flows N. W. into North 
Red River. 

Bull's Bay, Charleston district, S. C. This 
bay is enclosed by the Raccoon Keys on the N. 
E., and Bull's Island on the S. W. 



IN Tin; UNITED STATES. 



177 



Bull mil. Pliillipstown, Putnam co., N. Y., a 
high peak of the lliyhhinds, is situated on the E. 
side of tlie Hudson. 

Bull's Islund, Charleston distriet, S. C. Situ- 
ated S. W. from Bull's Bay. 

Biilloi-k's Creel; York district. S. C. A branch 
of tile Broad liiver, which it enters at Pinckney- 
ville. 

Buhvaffga Bay, Essex CO., N. Y., lies on tlie W. 
side of Lake Champlain, between Cedar Point 
and Crown Point. 

Bumsket Uill, Paxton, Ms. Height 1407 feet. 

Bunkara Jliivr, Ca. One of the head Ijranches 
of Grand River. 

Burled Eaijle Lake, Ma. Situated N. from 
Green Lake, and connected on the E. with St. 
Croix River. 

BiirloHjIon Bay, Vt. A fine open bay, lying 
W. from Burlington village, between Appletree 
Point on the N. and Pottier's Point on the S. 

Bunihaiii's Hirer, N. H. Sec Lyiiiau. 

Burnt Bicer, On. It tlows in a winding, east- 
erly direction, and enters the Lewis Pork of Co- 
lumbia River, above Malheur River. 

Burnt Coat Island, Hancock CO., Me. This 
large island, which is surrounded Ijy other smaller 
ones, lies off Blue IliU Bay, about 13 miles E. by 
S. from Deer Island, and about G miles S. by W. 
from the town of Mount Desert. It has a light- 
house and good harbors. 

Burnt Wood Islands, Ma. Situated at the 
mouth of Big Bay de Noquei. 

Buih Ricer, Newberry district, S. C. A branch 
of the Saluda. 

Busseron Creek, la. This stream and its 
branches drain Sullivan co., and flowing S. W., 
enter tiie Wabash in Knox county. 

Butle Rivtr, Ca. It rises among the Sierra 
Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio Sacramento. 

Butler Hill, N. Y., a high, steep eminence, is sit- 
uated on the W. side of the Hudson, opposite 
Breakneck Uill. These are the N. hills of this 
range on the river, and in ascending the Hudson 
the villages of Cornwall, New Windsor, New- 
burg, and Pishkill, together with the beautiful 
and highly improved farms in view, present a 
charming contrast to the rude and romantic 
mountain scenery just passed. 

Buttermilk Channel, N. Y., is situated opposite 
the city of Brooklyn, between Governor's Island 
and Long Island. 

Butternut Creek, N. Y. This is a good mill 
stream, rising inBurlington, Otsego co., and flow- 
ing into Unadilla River. 

Buttermilk Falls, N. Y. A beautiful and ro- 
mantic cascade, 2 miles below West Point, on the 
W. bank of the Hudson. 

Butternut Rirer, Aroostook co.. Me., has its 
source in a small pond, and flows E.into St. John's 
River. 

Buzzard's Bay, Ms. This bay is formed on its 
S. E. side by the Elizabeth Islands, and contains 
the important harl)or3 of New Bedford, Fair- 
haven, Rochester, Wareham, &c. It juts up 
from the sea some 2.5 miles ; its mean width is 
about 6 miles, and the width at its mouth about 
7 miles. 

Bgram Rioer rises in Westchester co., N. Y., 
flows S. 18 miles into Long Island Sound. It 
forms the boundary line Ix'tween N. Y. and Ct. 
for a short distance. 

Caballo Pass, Ts., is situated N. E. from Es- 
23 



piritu Santo Pass, at the mouth of San Antouia 
River. 

Cahliaf/e Island, Fa., lies off the roast of Uills- 
boro' CO., a little above Tampa Bay. 

Cacapon liinr, Great. Va. This river lias its 
sources in the E. part of Hardy co., flows N. E., 
and enters the Potomac in Morgan co., W. from 
the Cacapon Mts. 

Carajion Hirer, Little, Hampshire co., Va., flows 
N. E., parallel with the Great Cacapon, and emp- 
ties into the Potomac. 

Caelie River, As. This is a Large river, rising in 
the N. part of Greene co. It flows S. S. W.. sep- 
arating Greene and Poinsett from Randolph, 
Lawrence, and Jackson coimtics, ero.sses St. Fran- 
cis and Monroe counties, and enters the White 
River at the town of C'larendon. 

Cadose Creek rises in Tompkins, Delaware co., 
N. Y,, and flows S. into the Papacton, a branch 
of the Delaware. 

Caltaba Rieer, Aa., rises in St. Clair CO., and 
flows S. into the Alabama, 19.') miles above its 
junction with the Tombigbce. It is 120 m. long. 

Cahokia Creek, Is. This river rises in Macou- 
pin, and falls into the Mississippi 2 miles below 
the ferry at St. Louis. Its course is sluggish near 
the mouth, and a mill dam backs the water for 
1.') miles. It formerly passed the village of Ca- 
hokia, but a mischievous Frenchman, owing to 
some pique, cut a channel which has since becomu 
its outlet from the creek to the Mississippi. Along 
its borders are 60 or 70 mounds. 



Calaheras Rii 



rises among the Sierra 



Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San 
Joaquin. 

.Calcasieu Rirer, La. This river rises S. W. of 
Red River, in the parish of Natchitoches ; towards 
its mouth it expands into a lake .10 miles in 
length, and from 1 to 10 in width, but it con- 
tracts again to a river before it enters the Gulf of 
Mexico. The tide flows above the head of the 
lake, but both the river and lake are too shallow 
to be of much service for navigation. 

Caleebee Creek, Macon CO., Aa. This stream 
flows N. W. into the Tallapoosa River. 

Calf-Killer Creek, White CO., Te.. flows S. W. 
into the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. 

Caliboge Sound, S. C., is on the shore 7 mile* 
N. E. of the mouth of Savannah River. 

Callicoon Creek rises in Liberty, Sullivan co.. 
N. Y., passes through Coshocton, and empties into 
the Delaware. 

Ccdliou Lake, La., lies in the S. part of Terre 
Bonne parish. 

Cambaliee River. S. C, is formed by two branches, 
called the N. and S. Haltkeiclier, and falls into St. 
Helena. Sound. 

Camel's Hump, Chittenden co., Vt. This moun- 
tain lies in the E. part of Huntington, and is the 
most elevated summit of the Green iNlts., with the 
exception of the Chin. It is situ.ated 17 miles W. 
from Montpelier, 25 N. E. from MidiUcbury, and 
20 S. E. from Burlington. The summit is con- 
spicuous from the whole valley of Lake Cham- 
plain, but is hardly accessible except from the N. 
When it is reached, however, the proE]iect which it 
commands is hardly surpassed in extent and 
beauty. It is usually ascended by way of Dux- 
bury, where carriages can ajiproach to within 
about three miles from the summit. The rocks 
which compose the mountain are wholly of mica 
slate, and the Hump is nearly destitute of soil or 
vegetation. 



178 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Cfimpcn's Crerk rises in Wirt, Allogliany co., 
N. Y., :iik1 flows N. E. into Genesee liiver. 

OtmjiiihcHu, an Englisli isliuul, otf I'assatna- 
qiioddy Bay, ami near the town of Ltibee, Me. 

Camvidaigun Lake, N. Y. This lieantiful sheet 
of water lies in Onfario and Yates counties, mostly 
in the former. It is 14 miles ion;;, and from 1 to 
1 4 wide. It is elevated 670 feet aliove the At- 
lantic, and is surrounded hy fertile anil highly cul- 
tivated lands, and the most beautifnl scenery. Its 
waters arc deep and clear, and abound with fish. 
Canandaifrna Outlet flows N. K. into Flint Creek, 
and thence into Clyde and Seneca River. All 
these streams afford excellent water jiower. 

Canadaii-a Crerk, N. Y. This fine mill stream 
rises in Arkwri^'ht, Chataucjue CO., and flows 
N. E. into Lake Erie. On its banks are located 
several thriving villages and manufacturing estab- 
lishments. 

Canadian River, As., flows N. E. into Arkansas 
River. It is navigable 100 miles. 

Canadire Lake, Canadice. Otsego CO., N. Y., is 
3 miles long, and half a mile in width. 

Canadtraija or Srhiijier^s Lake, N. Y., is situ- 
ated in the Is', part of Otsego co., and surrounded 
by hills. lis waters abound h\ all the fish com- 
mon in this part of the state. The length of the 
lake is 5 miles, its average width 1^ miles. 

Canaderaija Sprim/s, Richfield, Otsego CO., 
N. Y., are situated about 1 mile N. of Canaderaga 
Lake, on the Cherry Valley turnpike. They arc 
impregnated with sulphur, and are much visited 
by invalids. 

Caimseivaeta Creek, N. Y., a pretty good mill 
stream, rises in Otselic, Chenango eo., and enters 
the Chenango River at the village of Norwich. 
This stream is noted for its fine trout, which are 
abundant. 

Canareral Cape, Orange CO., Ea. This is a 
point of land on the S. E. part of the county, jut- 
ting into the Atlantic. 

Cane Creek, N. C, rises in the Blue Ridge, flows 
S. W. by W.. forming the boundary between Bun- 
combe and Henderson counties, and empties into 
the French Broad River. 

Cane Creek, Pickens district, S. C, uijitcs with 
the Keowec to form Seneca Kiver 

Canettdea Creek rises in Chatauque CO., N. Y., 
flows E., receiving several tributaries, most of 
which afford good water power, and empties into 
Genesee River. 

Canei/ Fork, Ca. A small W. tributary of 
Grand River. 

Cariisleo River rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., 
flows E., and enters Tioga Kiver, 5 miles above 
the village of Painted Post, in Steuben co. It is 
a good mill stream, and is boatabic about 40 miles. 
Its length is 50 miles. 

Cannon River, Ma. The principal head branches 
of this river rise in Wita Sbcda and Titanka 
Tinninan Lakes. It flows N. E., and empties 
into the Mississippi, at the enlargement called 
Lake Pepin. 

Cannouchee River, Ga. This is the W. and 
largest confluent of the Ogechee, being 140 miles 
long, and navigable M miles, to Cedar Creek. 

Canoe Creek. Henderson co., Ky., flows N. W., and 
empties into the (Jhio at the town of Henderson. 

Canoe River. On. It rises in the N. part of On. 
Ter., flows S. W., and falls into Pcnd Oreilles, or 
Kulluspclni Lake. 

Canfii'raija Creek rises in Alleghany Co., N. Y., 
flows N., and enters the Genesee River in Living- 



ston CO. Several thriving villages and manufac- 
turing establishments are situated on this stream. 

Canij Crefk, Johnson CO., As. A small branch 
of the Arkansas River. 

Ca/je Fear. N. C is on the S. extremity of 
Smith's Island, near tlie mouth of Cape Fear 
River, in lat 38° 48' N. and Ion. 78° 9' W. 

Cajie Fear River, N. C. Deep and Haw Rivers 
unite to form its N. W. branch ; it then, after flow- 
ing 100 miles, receives the N. E. branch of CUar- 
cndon River, above Wilmington, and 34 miles 
below it enters the Atlantic by two channels, one 
on each side of Smith's Island. By means of em- 
bankments the channel has been deepened, and 
steamboats now ]n-oceed 90 miles, to Fayetteville, 
at the lowest water. It affords the best naviga- 
tion of any river in the state. 

Cape Born Mountain, N. H. See Northumberland. 

Cape May, N. J., is situated 1 8 miles N. of Cape 
Ilenlopen. on the N. side of Delaware Bay. On 
it is a light-house. It is 38° 57' N. lat., 74° 52' 
W. Ion. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Cape Vincent, N. Y., formerly called Graielly 
Point, lies in the town of Lyme, Jefi'erson co., 
between St. Lawrence River and Chaumont Bay. 
It terminates in a broad, rounded point, on theE. 
side of Lake Ontario, opposite Fo.\ and Grena- 
dier Islands. 

Capers Inlet, Charleston district, S. C. A nar- 
row passage between Capers and some other 
small islands. 

Captina Creek, 0. and Va., falls into the Ohio 
River, 23 miles below Wheeling, Va. 

Cardigan Mountain, N. H. See Oranqe. 

Carleion Island, Jefi'erson eo., N. Y., lying in 
the St. Lawrence River, is equidistant betweeu 
Grand Island atid the American shore, and is at- 
tached to the town ttf Lyme. It contains about 
1200 acres of good land, and was the scene of 
some military preparations during the war of 
1812. 

Caribou ImI-c, Piscataquis co., Me., lies S. W. 
from Cliesuncook Lake, with which it is connected 
by an outlet. 

Carlos Bai), Fa. Situated in the Gulf of Mex- 
ico. Lon. 82° 20' W. and hit. 26° 40' N. 

Carp River, Mu.. rises in Chippewa and Mich- 
ilimai'kinac counties, flows S. E., and empties 
into Lake Huron. 

Carp River, Mn., waters the N. E. ])art of 
Schoolcraft co., and empties into Lake Superior. 

Carres Mountain, N. H. See Ellsworth. 

Carson iMke, Uh., lies N. from Walker's Lake, 
and receives Carson River from the W. 

Carson River, Ca. and Uh. It rises in the 
Sierra Nevada, Ca.. and flowing N. E., empties , 
into Carson Lake, Uh. 

Carter's Mountain, Albemarle co., Va. It lies 
2 miles S. from Charlottesville, and is elevated 
about 800 feet above the Rivanna. 

Carter's Mountain, N. 11., lies between the 
towns of Adams and Chatham. 

Cascade Creek, Ma. A small stream emptying 
into the Mississippi at the Falls of St. Anthony. 

Cascade Mountains, On. This ran^^e extends 
through the territory, nearly parallel with the 
Pacific coast. It contains many high peaks, and 
is crossed near the middle of its course by the 
Columbia Iliver. ' 

Cascadilta Creek rises in Dryden, Tompkins co, 
N. Y., flows W. through Itliaca, into the S. part 
of Cayuga Lake. 

Cascasaiica Creek, Ga., rises in the S. W. part 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



179 



of Pulaski CO., and flows S. E. into the Ocmulgee 
River. 

Casco Bay, Me., situated between Capes Eliz- 
' abeth and Small Point, is one of the finest bays 
on the American coast. It is 20 miles lonp:, and 
extends inland about 15 miles. Within it are 
Bome of the best harbors in the world. It con- 
tains numerous islands, some of which are very 
larjj:c. fertile, and well cultivated. The view of 
the hay and its isl.ands from the high grounds in 
the vicinity is one of great beauty. 

Cash Hirer, Is. This stream drains the W. part 
of Johnson co., flows S. W., .separating Pulaski 
from Alexander co., and empties into the Ken- 
tucky River. 

Caiihaque Creek rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., 
flows N., and enters Genesee River in Livingston 
CO.. near Mount Morris. 

Cadmng Creek rises in Benton, Yates co., N. Y., 
and flows E. into Lake Seneca. 

Caspian Lake, Vt. See Greenshoronqh. 

Cass Bail, Mn. Situated between Grand Island 
and the main land of Schoolcraft co. 

Cass lAtke, Ma. A large, irregularly-shaped 
body of water, through which the head waters of 
the Mississippi River pass. It contains one or two 
large islands, and has Pike's and Allen's Bays on 
the S. and S. W. 

C'ns,s Ricer, Mn., is a branch of the Saginaw, 
which it enters 20 miles from its mouth. It is an 
excellent mill stream, and in high water is hoata- 
ble 15 or 20 miles from its mouth. 

Cussadaija Creek, N. Y. This tine mill stream 
rises in Cassadaga Lake, Chatauque co., flows 
S., receiving several tributaries, most of whicli 
afford water power, and enters Conewango Creek. 

Cassa(/a(ja Lake, N. Y., is a small sheet of 
water, lying in the towns of Pomfret and Stoc- 
ton, Chatauque co. 

Caslete Creek, Franklin CO., As. A branch of 
the Arkansas. 

Casl/e Hill. Saugus, Ms. Height 288 feet. 

Caslleton River, Vt., rises in Pittsfbrd, and flows 
S. and W. through Rutland, Ira, Castleton, and 
Fair Haven, into Poultney River. In Castleton, 
it receives the waters of Bombazine Lake, and a 
considerable mill stream from the N. Length 
about 20 miles. 

Castor Creek, Mo. The head branches of this 
stream water the VV. part of Madison co. ; it then 
flows in a S. direction, and em]jties into the St. 
Francis. 

Cat Island, St. Bernard parish. La., lies in Ship 
Island Sound, W. from Ship Island. 

Cat Point, Franklin co., Fa. A point of land 
extending into Ajipalachieola Bay. 

Catahonla Lake, La., lies in Catahoola and 
Avoyelles parishes, receives several large streams, 
and flows into Red and Black Rivers. 

Catalioula Ri''er, La., rises in Claiborne parish, 
enters a lake on the S. part of Catahoola parish, 
and after passing through it enters Waehita River, i 
The lake, which is of considerable dimensions, is 
filled at high water, and nearly or quite dry when 
the river is low. 

Catamount Mountains, N. U. See Pittsfield and 
AUfnstown. 

Catawba Hirer. See Santee River. 

Catherine's Creek rises in Chemung CO., N. Y., 
flows N., and enters Seneca Lake, of which it is 
the inlet, at the village of JcflTerson. This stream 
has a descent of 400 feet, in a distance of 15 miles, 
affording extensive water power. 



Cathlatates River, On. It rises among the Cas- 
cade Mts., and flows S. into Columbia River. 

Catisloboie River, Fa., drains the W. part of the 
state, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Catskill Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, rises 
in Schoharie co., flows through the S. VV. corner 
of Albany co., and enters the Hudson in Greene 
CO. at the village of Catskill. It has a descent of 
more than 1000 feet in 35 miles. 

Catskill Mountains, N. Y. A spurfrom the Sha- 
wangunk ridge, which is a detached portion of 
the great Appalachian chain. They extend VV. of 
the Hudson River, in the counties of Ulster, 
Greene, Albany, and Schoharie, and constitute 
the largest and most extensive range of moun- 
tains in the state. Their course is first northerly, 
near the Hudson, afterwards bending to the VV. 
Their general elevation is about .')0oo feet above 
tide water. Round Top and High Peak, two of 
the highest summits, as measured by the barom- 
eter, are, the former, .3804 feet, and the latter 3718 
feet above the level of the sea. The Catskill 
Mountain House, upon a terrace of rock at the 
eastern extremity of the ridge, 2212 feet above 
the Hudson, and about 12 miles from the place 
of landing on the river, is a place of much resort 
in the summer season, for the clear and bracing 
atmosphere, and the extensive and beautiful pros- 
pects there to be enjoyed. See Pine Ore/iard. 

Caltaraui/us Creek rises in Cattaraugus and 
Genesee counties, N. Y., flows VV., forming the 
boundary between Cattaraugus and Erie counties, 
and empties into Lake Erie. It is a tine large 
stream, and has a fall of 800 feet in about 50 miles, 
affording extensive water power. 

Cattotong Creek rises in Tompkins co., N. Y., 
flows S., and enters the Owego,iu Tioga eo., a little 
above the entrance of the latter stream into the 
Susquehanna. 

Caueona/oniac Lake, Me. Situated in the W. 
part of Piscataquis co., and connected by outlets 
with many small ponds. 

Cauqnaija Creek. Erie eo., N. Y., flows W. into 
Lake Erie, 15 miles S. of Bufl'alo. 

Cairenisque River, Pa. A branch of the Tioga, 
which it enters on the borders of New York. 

Cai/udulla Creek rises in Fulton co., N. Y., flows 
S., and enters the Mohawk near the village of 
Fonda, Montgomery co. 

Caijuga Cretk, N. Y., rises in Genesee and Wy- 
oming counties, flows in a VV. direction, and unites 
with Seneca Creek to form Buti'alo Creek, in 
Erie co. 

Cai/nr/a Island, N. Y., lies in Niagara River, op- 
posite Grand Island. It is 1 mile long and a quar- 
ter of a mile wide. 

Cai/nr/a Lake. N. Y., lies between Cayuga and 
Seneca counties, and extends .several miles S. into 
Tompkins co. It is a beautiful sheet of water, 
about 40 miles long from N. to ,S., and fVom 1 to 
3i miles in width. The outlet flows N. into Seneca 
River, and thence through the Oswego into Lake 
Ontario, about 35 miles distant. Its shores, in 
some places, are precipitous, but generally rise 
gradually from 100 to 150 feet, covered' with 
highly-cultivated farms and thriving villages. 
Tlie celebrated " Cayuga bridge.'' a mile and 
eight rods in length, crosses this lake at Cayuga 
village, near its northern extremity ; likewise, the 
bridge of the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 
which is a mile and a half in length. Steamboats 
run daily between this point and Ithaca, which is 
beautifully situated at the southern extremity of 



180 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAlvES, &c.. 



the lake, touching; at the several villages and land- 
ing-places on the eastern and western shores, 
forming a connection between important routes 
of travel, and affording one of the most agree- 
able pleasure excursions. The lake is very deep, 
in some places, it is said, exceeding .500 feet ; its 
water is very transparent, and, owing to its depth, 
rarely closeil hy ice, even in the severest winters. 
It abounds with the choicest fish, such as the 
salmon trout, pickerel, perch, and pike. 

Camta Creek, a rapid mill stream, rises in Ca- 
yuta Lake, Chemung en,, flows in a S. direction, 
forming part of the botnidary line between Che- 
mung and Tioga counties, and falls into the Sus- 
quehanna a short distance below the st,ite line. 

Cayula Lake, N. Y. This small body of water 
lies in the N. part of Chemung, on the confines 
of Tompkins co. Trout, and other fish of a fine 
flavor, are abundant in its waters. 

Cazenove Creek, N. Y. A large, fine mill 
stream, rises in Erie eo., and enters Bufialo Creek 
a few miles above its mouth. 

Cazenovia Lake, Madison co., N. Y. This 
beautiful lake is situated in the town of the same 
name. It is 4 miles in length, 1 iu width, and 
abounds with different kinds of fish. 

Cedar Creek, Monmouth CO., N. J. A small 
stream emptying into the Atlantic opposite Island 
Beach. 

Cedar Creek, la., rises in the N. W. part of De 
Kalb CO., flows in a southerly direction, and falls 
into St. Josephs River of the Mauraee. 

Cedar Creek, Mo. This stream forms the 
boundary between Callaway and Boone coun- 
ties, and empties into the Missouri, opposite Jef- 
ferson City. 

lo. It rises in Monroe and 
and flows N. E. into the Des 



Ts. The principal branch of 



Cedar Creek. 
Lucas counties, 
Moines River. 

Cedar Creek, 
Navisoto River. 

Cedar Island, Accomac co., Va., lies off the 
Atlantic coast, opposite the town of Richmond. 

Cedar Island, Carteret CO., N. C. Situated in 
the S. part of Pamlico Sound, and washed on the 
N. \V. by Long Bay. 

Cedar Kci/s, Fa. A small group of islands 
lying off the mouth of Suwannee River. 

Cedar Point, St. Mary's eo., Md., extends into 
Chesapeake Bay, just below the mouth of Pa- 
tuxcnt River. 

Cedar River, Mn. It drains the W. part of 
Livingston co., flows N. of W., and empties into 
Grand l{iver at the city of Lansing. 

Cedar River, Mn., flows S. S. E., and empties 
into Green Bay. 

Cedar River, lo. This river rises in the neutral 
ground, its head branches draining a large ex- 
tent of country. It flows S. E. through Black- 
hawk, Benton,Linn, Johnson, and Cedar counties, 
into Muscatine co., where it turns to the S. W., 
and falls into Iowa River in Louisa co. 

Centcr^s River. Wn. It rises in the S. part of 
Brown co., and flows S. E. into Manitowoc co., 
where it empties into Manitowoc River. 

Charjritie River. O. It rises in the S. W. part 
of Geauga co., flows in a northerly direction 
through Cuyahoga and Lake counties into Lake 
Erie. 

Champlain, Lake, N. Y. and Vt. This delight- 
ful expanse of water is the boundary line between 
New York and Vermont. Vermont embraces 
about two thirds of its surface. New York is on 



the W. side, and the counties of Franklin, Chit- 
tenden, Addison, and a part of Rutland, in the 
state of Vermont, lie on the E. At the N. it 
extends a few miles into Canada, and receives the 
waters of Pike River. It discharges into the St. 
Lawrence by the Richelieu, Sorel, or Chambly 
River. Among its tributaries from Vermont are 
the Missisque, Lamoille, Winooski, Otter, and 
Pawlet Rivers. From New York it receives the 
waters of the Chazy, Saranac, Sable, Boquct, 
and Wood Rivers, and of Lake George. Its 
length is about 130 miles: its breadth varies 
from 1 to 12 miles: average breadth about 3 
miles. It abounds with salmon, trout, pickerel, 
and other fish. It is navigable for vessels of 90 
tons' burden, and splendid steamboats are con- 
tinually plying, in the season of navigation, from 
Whitehall, along its beautiful shores, to St. John's, 
in Canada. This lake contains about 60 islands, 
is remarkable for its splendid scenery, and re- 
nowned in ancient and modern stories for its 
scenes of warlike achievements. Lake Cham- 
plain is a great resort, both for business and 
pleasure. It is supposed that Lake Champlain 
once covered a much greater extent than at pres- 
ent, and that its waters were capable of being 
navigated by large vessels to the Atlantic Ocean, 
"both by the' Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Hud- 
son River. See Charlotte, Vt. 

Chandeleur Bail, La, This large bay lies S. 
from the Chandeleur Islands, E. from Black Bay, 
and N. from the mouth of the Mississippi River. 

Chandler's Hill. Worcester, Ms. Height 778 ft. 

Changa Creek, Pickens district, S, C. A branch 
of the Tugaloo. 

Chanjushka River, Ma. A large W. tributary 
of the Mankato. 

Chanpepenan River, Ma., rises in a lake, flows 
S. W., and empties into the Missouri River, just 
above Prospect Island. 

Chaplain's Fork, Kv., joins the Rolling Fork at 
Ion. 86° 1' W. and hit. 37° 34' N. 

Chariton River, Mo., rises in Iowa, and after 
a S. course of 130 miles, it empties into the 
Missouri at the S. extremity of Chariton co. It 
is boatable for 50 miles. 

Charity Isles, Mn. Situated at the mouth of 
Saginaw Bay. 

Charles liiver, Ms. The Indian name of this 
river is Quinohequin. It rises on the borders of 
Hopkinton and Milford, and flowing through Bel- 
lingham, Franklin. Medway, Mcdfield, Sherburne, 
Dover, Dedham, Needham, Natick, Newton, Wal- 
tb.am, and Watertown, it meets the tide waters, 
and forms a part of ISoston harbor. . It is navi- 
gable to Watertown, 7 miles W. from Boston. 

Charles River, Wasliington co., R. I., rises in a 
pond, and flows in a westerly direction into Paw- 
catuck River. 

Charlotte Harbor, Fa. See Gasparilla Sound. 

(Jliarlotte Lake, N. Y., is a small sheet of water 
lying in the town of Gallatin, Columbia co. 

Charlotte River, N. Y., drains the W. part of 
Schoharie co., flows W. 30 miles through a part 
of Dehiware into Otsego co., where it enters the 
Susquehanna. 

Charlotte River, Fa., waters the E. part of the 
state, and falls into a bay of the same name. 

Charlton River, Mo., falls into the Missouri, 
about 220 miles from the Mississippi. 

Chaiiiers Creek, Pa., rises in Washington co., 
and, after a course of 30 miles, falls into the 
Ohio, 4 miles below Pittsburg. It flows through 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



181 



a fertile country, abounding with bituminous 
coal. 

Chatmiqve Creek, Cliatauque co., N. Y., flows 
N. through a deep ravine into Lal<c Erie. It af- 
fords fjood water power, and a number of manu- 
facturini; establishmenis are located on its banks. 

Cliatauque Lake, Chatauque CO., N. Y., is a 
beautiful sheet of water, 18 miles in length, and 
from I to 3 miles in width, except near the middle, 
where it contracts to a few roils. Steamboats as- 
cend by its outlet from Conewango Creek, and 
thence to Mayville, on the W. extremity ol' the 
lake. It is the highest body of water in tiie U. S. 
on which a steamboat floats, being 726 feet above 
Lake Erie, and 1291 feet above the Atlantic. 

Chattawtay Lake, N. Y., is situated in Beekman- 
town, Chnton co., on tlie borders of Franklin co. 
It is elevated 1400 feet above the Hudson, is 4 
miles long and 2 miles wide. Its waters abound 
in fish. 

Chateaitgay ilonntains, N. Y. Tiiis range com- 
mences in Canada, and extends S. through the 
N. W. part of Clinton into Franklin co. Some 
of the highest peaks are in the vicinity of Cha- 
tcaugay Lake, Franklin co. 

Chaleaufjay liiver, N. Y., rises in Clinton and 
Franklin counties, flows N., and enters the St. 
Lawrence in Canada. 

Cliatta/mochee River rises in the Appalachian 
Mts., and forms, for a considerable distance, the 
boundary between Ga. and Aa., and is the largest 
branch of Appalachicola River. It is navigable 
for steamboats to Columbus, Ga. 

Chaumont Bay, N. Y., is situated in the town 
of Lyme, Jefl!cr.son co., E. of Lake Ontario ; it is 
about 7 miles long, 2 miles wide, of an irregular 
sliope, and abounding in fish. Chaumont River 
flows into it from the N. 

Chaumont River, Jeflerson co., N. Y., flows 15 
miles in a S. direction, and enters Lake Ontario 
through Chaumont Bay. 

Chazy Lake, Beekniantown, Clinton CO., N. Y., 
is 4 miles long, and averages 1 mile in width. 

Chazy River, N. Y., waters the W. part of Clin- 
ton CO., and flows E., in a circuitous course of 
about 40 miles, into Lake Chaniplain, in the town 
of Champlain. It affords good water power. 

Chazy River, lAttle, rises in Clinton CO., N. Y., 
flows in an E. direction about 20 miles, througli 
the town of Chazy, into Lake Champlain. 

Cheat River, Va., an E. branch of the Monon- 
gahcla, is navigable for boats, except in dry sea- 
sons. 

Chedi Hanska Lake, Ma. Situated S. from 
Tewapa Tankyan Lake. 

Oiegou'awegon Point, La Pointe co., Wn., en- 
closes Chegowawegon Bay on the E. 

Chemquaassahamtook Stream, Piscataquis CO., 
Me., is the outlet of a series of ponds, and emp- 
ties into Alliguash River. 

Chemung Rivrr, N. Y., the main feeder of Che- 
mung Canal, is formed in Steuben co. by the 
junction of Conbocton and Tioga Rivers, and 
flows in a S. E. direction through the county of 
Chemung into Pa., where it enters the Susciue- 
hanna at the village of Athens. It is a good 
mill stream. 

Chenango River, N. Y., rises in Madison and 
Oneida counties, flows through Chenango co., and 
enters the Susquehanna at the village of Bing- 
hamton. in Broome co. It runs 7.5 miles in a S. 
direction through Chenango valley, and on its 
hanks are several pleasant and thriving villages. 



It is used to a considerable extent to feed the 
Chenango Canal, anil boats and rafts ascend it 
50 miles from the mouth. 

Chepiitnelerook Ixtkes, Me. See .S^ Croix Rii'er. 

CJteia River, Cherokee co., N. C, enters the 
Tennessee on the N. W. border of the county. 

Cherau: Hills, S. C, lie on the W. side of the 
Great Pcdee, 10 miles N. W. from Greenville. 

Cherry CVc^A-, Samlac CO., Mn. A small stream 
emptying into Lake Huron. 

Cherry Valley Creek. N. Y., rises in the town of 
Cherry Valley, and enters the Susquehanna in 
Otsego CO. 

Chesapeake Bay, Jld.. the largest bay in the 
U. S., is about 20l) miles long, from 7 to 20 broad, 
and generally 9 fathoms deep. Its entrance is in 
the state of Va., between Cape Charles on the N. 
and Cape Henry on the S. But the bay lies 
mostly in Md., dividing the slate into two parts, 
called the eastern and western shores. This great 
bay furnishes many fine harliors, and a safe and 
convenient navigation. The principal rivers 
which flow into it are the Susquehanna on the 
N., the Potomac on the W., and the James on 
the W., near its mouth. Besides, there arc the 
Rappahannock, the Patnxent, the Patapsco, Ches- 
ter, Elk, Choptank, Nanticoke, and many others. 
The surface drained by the rivers which flow into 
the Chesapeake has been estimated at 70,000 
square miles. 

Chester River rises in Kent CO., De., and flowing 
through Md., empties into a large estuary of 
Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable 30 miles to 
Chestertown. 

Chestnut Riilge, I'a. A branch of the Alleghany 
Mountains, extending through Fayette and West- 
moreland counties. 

Chesuncook Lake, Piscataquis CO., Me. This 
lake, through which Penobscot River passes, also 
receives Kakkoguamook and Umbazookskus 
Rivers. It is about 25 miles long and 3 miles 
wide. The surrounding country is very fertile, 
and well adapted to tlie growing of wool and 
wheat. Its centre is about 130 miles W. N. W. 
from Augusta. 

Chetimac/tes Lake, La., is situated between At- 
chafalaya and Teche Rivers. The former sup- 
jtlies its waters in time of high water, ami receives 
them again .at all seasons, 15 miles above its en- 
trance into the ,sca. The lake is shallow, and sur- 
rounded by a low, marshy country, which it annu- 
ally ov'crflows. It is 40 miles long and from 1 to 
6 broad. 

CVieu' Island, Md. Situated in Eastern Bay, 
opposite the mouth of Wye River. 

Cheu's Jiiver, Md. A small tributary of the 
Chesjipeake. 

Chicago River. Is., which forms the harbor of 
Chicago, on the S. W. border of Lake Michigan, is 
composed of two branches. The N.. which is about 
40 miles long, rises iti the N, part of the state, and 
unites with the S. about ihree fourths of a mile 
from its entrance into the lake. The S, branch, 
which is about 6 miles long, is sutKciently deep 
to art'ord a secure harbor for any vessels which 
navigate the lake. The natural jjortage from 
Chicago River to the Des Plaincs, a branch of 
the Illinois, is only C miles, and is so low that at 
high water it is often overflowed, so that boats 
can pass from one river to the other. 

Chicagua, or Skunk River, lo. This large 
river rises mostly in Boone and Story counties, 
flows S. E., receiving numerous large tributaries, 



182 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



and falls into the Missouri on the boundary be- 
tween Dcs Moines and Lee counties. 

Chiikaliominy Rirn\ Va. This river rises 
about 25 miles N. W. of Richmond, and after a 
course of 60 miles, forminfr the boundary between 
several counties, fills into James River, 37 miles 
above Point Comfort. 

Chickamumja River rises in the N. W. part of 
Ga., and enters the Tennessee, in the state of Te., 
a few miles above Lookout Mt. 

Cfii'ckanairha liioer. Mi. See Piisciigoula. 

Clikkeeles Point, On., encloses Gray's Harbor 
on the S. 

Chickeeles River, On. It rises S. from Puget 
Sound, and flowing N. of W. empties into Gray's 
Harbor. 

Chiclcopee River, Ms. This river has its 
sources in Spencer, Leicester, and Paxton, and 
receives the waters of Quaboap Pond, in Brook- 
field. It crosses Warren. At Palmer it receives 
Ware and Swift River.';, and falls into the Con- 
necticut in tlio N. part of SpriucjHcKl. 

C/iico Cni'k, Ca.. rises anionfj; the Sierra Ne- 
vada, and flows S. W. into the Sacramento River. 

Chimneif Poiid, Addison co., Vt., lies in the 
town of Addison, opposite Crown Point, and is 
tlie most western land in Vt. It was upon this 
]ioint that the first settlement was made by the 
French in 1731, and here they erected a stone 
windmill, wliich was garrisoned during the colo- 
nial wars, and hence it has sometimes been called 
Windmill Point. 

Chiiiijoiew^ul Island, Va. A small island lying 
in the Atlantic, in Ion. 73° 26' E. and" lat. 
37° h(,' N. 

Cliini/uledi/ue Island, Va. A small island lying 
in the Atlantic. 

Chijiola River. This river rises in the S. E. 
part of Aa., takes a soutlicrly course through 
Jackson and Calhoun counties. Fa., and empties 
into the Ajipalacliicola River. 

<'liil>uok Creek, Va. A tributary of James River. 

C/iipjtewa Baif. N. Y.. in which are situated a 
j)ortion of the " Thousand Islands,'' is on the E. 
side of St. Lawrence River, opposite the town of 
Hammond, St. Lawrence co. 

Cltippvu'a River, Wn., rises on the boundary 
line Ijeiwcen Mn. and Wn., and pursuing a S. 
course receives several streams, outlets of lakes, 
and Red Cedar River, when, after a course of l.'JO 
miles, it falls into the Mississippi immediately 
below Lake Pejnn. 

Chippeivfii/an Mounfains, or Rorkj/ ^loimtains. 
The great spine of North America, extending 
from the Isthmus of Darien to the Arctic Ocean. 
That portion which lies within the U. S. is gen- 
erally called the Rocky Mountains. The great 
western tributaries of the Mississippi flow from 
these mountains. 

Chiltenantp Creek, N. Y., has its source in the 
town of Nelson, Madison co., and flows N. into 
Oneida Lake. 

Clm-kolitrlie Creek, Aa. A branch of the Coosa 
River, which it enters in Talladega co. 

C/involuti' Creek, Ts. A small stream emptying 
into the (Julf of Mexico opjioslte Galveston I. 

C/ioclaivatchce River rises In Aa., and fiills into 
a bav of the same name in Fa., after a course of 
1.30 iniles. 

Clioptank River, Md., E. shore, empties into a 
large estuary in Chesapeake Hay. It is navigable 
for sloops 40 miles from its nioutl). 

Chowan River, N. C. This river is formed by 



the Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater Rivers, 
which rise in Va. It flows into Albemarle Sound, 
a little N. of the Roanoke. It is navigable, on 
the Meherrin Branch, for large vessels to Mur- 
freesboro', near the line of Va. 

Cliri/sopijlie, or Golden Gate, Ca. A narrow strait 
connecting San Francisco Buy with the ocean. 

Christiana River, or ('reek, De., has its head 
branches in Pa. and Md., and flows info the 
Brandywine at Wilmington. It is navigable for 
vessels drawing 9 feet of water to Newport, and 
those requiring 6 to Christiana bridge, 'J miles 
above Wilmington. 

Chri/sller's Island, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., lies 
in the .St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the 
town of LonisvlUe. 

Chinv.tannnda Creek rises in Fulton and Sara- 
toga counties, N. Y., flows S., and enters Mo- 
hawk River at the village of Amsterdam, Mont- 
gomery CO. 

Church Island, N. C, lies In Currituck Sound. 

(,'//// Island. N. Y.. lies In East River, and is 
attaclied to the town of Pelham, Westchester co. 
It is 2 miles long, and 1 mile wide. 

Clam River, Wn., drains the N. part of St. 
Croix CO., flowing W. into St. Croix River. 

Clarion River, or Great 7obf/'s Creek, Pa., rises 
in McKean co., and after a S. W. course of 70 
miles, falls into Alleghany River. It is navigable 
55 miles for boats, and for canoes 10 miles 
fiirther. Vast quantities of lumber are sent down 
this river to Pittsburg, and towns on the Ohio. 

Clark's River, Ky.. rises on the N. border of To., 
flows N. N. W.. and empties into the Ohio at its 
junction witii the Tennessee. 

Clarke, or Flathead River, On. Ter., a tributary 
of the Columliia, rises in the Rocky Mountains. 

Clarksburg Mountain, Clarksburg, Ms. Height 
2272 feet. 

Claverack Creek. Columbia CO., N. Y., flows 
into Kinderbook Creek. Several factories and 
mills are located on this stream and its tributaries. 

Clatj Lick Creek, Crittenden co., Ky., a small 
branch of the Cumberland River. 

Clear Creek rises in Chatauque CO., N. Y., and 
flows Into Concwango Creek, In Cattaraugus co. 

Clear Lake, N. Y., is one of a small cluster, 
situated in the town of Alexandria, Jetferson co. 

Clear Luke, Barry co., Mn. A small body of 
water lying in the S. interior of the county. 

Clearfield (.'reek. Pa., a large branch of the TV. 
fork of the Susquehanna, rises In Cambria CO. 

Char Stream Hirer. N. H.. rises in the moun- 
tains In the town of DIxvllle, and passes through 
the centre of ErroU into the Androscoggin, about 
3 miles W. from Ilinbagog Lake. 

Cliffi/ Rivir, Va., falls into Kanawha in Ion. 
81° 8' W. and lat. 37° .52' N. 

Clifton Springs. Manchester, Ontario co.. N. Y. 
These sulphur springs are sitinited on the line of 
the Auburn ami Rochester Rallroail, and are 
considerably resorted to for medicinal ])urposes. 

Cliflg Creek. White co., Tc. A small tributary 
of the Caney Fork of Cumberlaml River. 

Clinch River. Va. and Te., rises In Va.. and, 
after a course of 200 miles, unites with Holston 
River at Kingston, and forms the Tennessee. It 
is boatable tlirongh most of its course. 

Clinton, Port, N. Y. See Montqomery, Fort. 

Clinton Mountains, N. Y. The N. range of 
mountains in this state is sometimes so called 
See Adirondack Mountains. 

Clinton River, Mn. This stream drains Oak 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



183 



land and Macomb counties, and falls into Lake 
St. Clair. 

Clofjiiet River, Ma. This river is supplied by a 
series of small lakes, and flows S. AV. into St. 
Louis River. 

Closter Mountains, or Palisade Tianije, com- 
mences in N. J., enters N. Y. in Rockland co., 
near the margin of the Hudson, and extends N. 
to Verdrictje's Hook, in Clarkstown. The ridge 
known as Nyack Hills affords excellent red and 
brown sandstone, which is extensively quarried. 
The highest peak of this range rises about 1000 
feet aliove the Hudson, and the Palisades are re- 
markable for their picturesque appearance, being 
in some places almost perpendicular. 

Cloce Kill rises in Union Vale, Dutchess CO., 
N. Y., flows S. W., and enters the FishkiU, of 
which it is a head branch, at Beekman. 

Clyde River, Vt., rises in Pitkin's and Knowl- 
ton's Ponds, in the town of Brighton, flows N. \V. 
through Charleston, Salem, and Derby, and emp- 
ties into Lake Memphremagog. This is a slug- 
gish stream, with the exception of a few short 
rapids, until it comes within 3 miles of Lake 
Memphremagog. It runs through Round Pond, 
in Charleston, and through Salem Lake, a fine 
sheet of water nearly 2 miles in length and 1 mile 
in width, lying in the towns of Salcm and Derby. 

Ctifde River, N. Y., is formed in Wayne co. by 
the junction of Flint and Mud Creeks, and enters 
Seneca River after an E. course of 20 miles. 

C'xd River, Va. A fine mill stream rising in 
the S. \V. part of Fayette co., and flowing N. W., 
partly on the boundary bctW'Cen Kanawha and 
Boone counties, into the Great Kanawha Kivcr. 

Colli lure Creek. Pickens co., Aa. A small 
branch of the Tombigbee River. 

Cuan River, Northumberland co., Va. A small 
stream emptying into Chesapeake Bay. 

Cobbessecontee Waters. Me. This pond is a fine 
sheet of water, lying W. of Hallowell. and con- 
nected with smaller ponds, situated in the towns 
of Monmouth, Winthrop, Readficld, and Mount 
Vernon. The outlet of the pond, a river of tlie 
same name, after passing through another beau- 
tiful pond, enters the Kennebec River at Gardiner. 
These waters afford charming scenery, great water 
power, and ahnndancc of fish. 

Cuhscook Bay. Jle. This large bay, situated W. 
of Passamaquoddy Bay, receives as its tributaries 
a number of large ponds. See Eastport. 

Cncheeo River. N. H. See Dover. 

Cod, Cape. See Barnstable County. 

Codden's Hill, Marblehead, Ms. 

Cudorus Creek, Pa., after a course of 30 miles, 
falls into the Susquehanna, near New Holland 
village. 

Coeymans Creek rises in New Scotland, Albany 
CO., N. Y., and flows into the Hudson at the town 
of ('oeymans. 

Coliera Rivers, Little and Great, N. C. They 
drain the interior of Sampson co., unite in the S. 
part, and their waters, flowing S., fall into South 
River, in New Hanover co. 

Cohoes Falls, N. Y., on the Mohawk River, near 
Cohoes village, is an object of great attraction for 
visitors from all parts of the Union, during the 
summer. Besides a rapid descent above and be- 
low, the river has a jierpendicular fall of 70 feet 
at this |ilace. Its banks present a grand and pic- 
turesque appearance, rising to the almost perpen- 
dicular height of from 50 to 120 feet for the dis- 
tance of half a mile below the falls, whore is 



erected a substantial bridge across the stream, 800 
ft. long, presenting a beautiful view of the cataract 

Cuhnttah S/irintj, Murray co., Ga., one of th.e 
most valuable mineral springs in this part of the 
country, is situated at the base of Cohuttah Moun 
tain, and on the S. side of a beautiful little stream 
which issues from the mountain and enters Con 
nesauga Creek 6 miles below. 

Cold Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, rises in 
Centreville, Alleghany co., and flows E. into Gen- 
esee River. 

Cold River, N. H. See Acworth. 

Cold Camp Creek. Benton co.. Mo. A branch 
of Osage River, which it enters from the N. 

Cold Water River, Mi. This river rises in 
Marshall co., flows W. through De Soto co. into 
Tunica co., where it connects with the Mississippi 
by means of an outlet ; it then pursues a winding 
southerly coiu'se until its entrance into the Talla- 
hatchee. 

Colleberq Mountains, or Hills. N. Y.. lie S. of 
the '■ Highlands," in the town of Cortland, West- 
chester CO. 

Collins River, Grundy co. Te. A head branch 
of the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. 

Colonel's Moiaitttin, Palmer, JIs. Ht. 1172 feet. 

Colorado Hills, Ts. A range extending along 
the Colorado River, N. from the city of Austin, 

Colorado River, Ts. The head branches of this 
large river rise in the mountains in the W. part 
of the state ; ittbcn flows S. E , draining a larga 
extent of country, and empties into Matagorda 
Bay. 

Columbia River, the great river of Oregon, the 
territory west of the Rocky Mts. Its sources are 
among the most elevated valleys in those moun- 
tain ranges, interlocking with those of the Missou- 
ri, the Rio Grande delNorte of the Gulf of Mexico, 
the Colorado of the Gulf of California, and the 
Buenaventura of the Pacific Ocean. It is composed 
of two great constituent branches, the Lewis River 
and the Clarke River, which take their names from 
their discoverers. Captains Lewis and Clarke, who, 
in 1804-5. under the direction of the United States 
government, explored the country from tho 
mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Colum- 
bia. Clarke River, which is the great tributary 
of the Columbia from the north, is likewise con- 
stituted by two main branches. The northern 
branch takes its rise in about 50° N. lat. and 116° 
W. Ion., and pursues a norihcrn route at first, to 
near McGillivray's Pass in the Rocky IMountains, 
where it receives Canoe River, at an elevation of 
3600 feet above the level of the sea. It then 
turns S., and receives many tributaries in its 
course, among which are the Cootanie. or Flat 
Bow, and the Flat Head, or Clarke River proper. 
It pursues this general course among high 
mountains, often expanding into lakes, until it 
reaches Fort Colville, a distance in this direction 
of 220 miles, where it is still at an elevation of 
S049 feet above the level of the sea. Passing this 
point, it tends towards the W. ; and after receiv- 
ing Spokan River from tho E., it pursues a still 
more westerly course for 60 miles ; when, bund- 
ing again to the S., it receives Okanagan Biver, 
which is the outlet of a line of lakes extensively 
navigable for canoes. Thence it passes on south- 
ward until it reaches Wallawalla. and here, in 45" 
N. hit., it ibrms a junction with Lewis River, 
the other great tributary, coming from the S. E. 
The entire valley of Clarke River embraces an 
area of 75,000 square miles ; and the entire com- 



184 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



parative course of the river to this poftit is about 
800 miles. Lewis River takes its rise in tlie ele- 
vated re<;ions of the Cliippewayan system, about 
10 dei;rees of latitude S. of the' sources of 
Clarke River, and is, perhaps, of the two rivers, 
the main constituent of the Columbia. It pur- 
sues a northwesterly course, receiving lart,'e tribu- 
taries from both sides, particidarly from the E., 
until, aficr a cour.se of about 520 miles, it unites 
with Clarke River, the t;reat northern tributary 
at Wallawalla. The valley uf Lewis River ex- 
ceeds an area of 100.000 siiuare miles. Com- 
hininj^ the two valleys of Lewis and Clarke 
Rivers, and measuring from the most norihern 
source of the latter to the most southern source 
of the former, gives an entire breadth, for the 
nGurces of the Columbia, along the sides and 
Bummils of the Chippcwayan range, of about 
1000 miles from N. to S. 'After the confluence 
of these two large streams, the Columbia, which 
now carries a volume of water 3500 feet wide, 
and has yet to traverse a distance of about .300 
miles, and make a descent of nearly 1300 feet, 
before reaching the Pacific, takes its'tinal direc- 
tion to the westward, pursuing a rapid course for 
SO miles, to its passage through the range of 
CasixiJe Mountains, so called from the scries of 
falls and rajiids over which the waters of the 
river are carried, at this point, opposing an insur- 
mountable obstruction to boat navigation. From 
Wallawalla to this pass, the Umatilla, Quisnel's, 
John ]>ay's and Clmte Rivers are received from 
the S., and Cathlatate's River from the N. From 
these falls there is still water navigation for 40 
miles, when it is again interru]itcd by rapids. 
Thence to the ocean, a distance of 120 miles, the 
river is navigable, even at the lowest stages,' for 
vessels requiring 12 feet of water, though ob- 
structed more or less by many saiul bars. In this 
part of its course.it receives the Willamette from 
the S., and the Cowclitz from the N. The width 
of the Columbia is greatlv enlarged within 
the last 20 miles, and where it enters the ocean, 
between Point Adams .and Cape Disappointment, 
it IS about 7 miles across. There are flats and 
sand bars which extend ncarlv across the mouth 
between these points, and render the entrance of 
ships somewhat dangerous ; though it would ap- 
pear, from surveys and soundings, that there are 
about 20 feet of water over these flats at low tide • 
and that, in the channel, wliich lies near to Cape 
Disappointment, the depth of water is not Ic^^s 
than 24 feet. The tide from the ocean flows back 
into tlie river nearly the whole distance to the 
grand ra|)ids ; and the reflux at Cape Disap- 
pointment, where the rise is about 9 feet, is gen- 
erally, in the spring, 5 or 6 knots an hour. On 
the 7th of Jlay, 1792, Captain Robert Gray, in 
the ship Columbia, of Boston, discovered "and 
entered the mouth of this majestic stream, ami, 
giving it the name of the vessel in which he 
Bailed, called it the Columbia River. lie was the 
first person who estalilishcd the fact of its exist- 
ence, and gave the title, from discovery, to the 
United States. In 1804-5, Lewis and Clarke made 
the first ex|iloration of the river ever m.ade by 
civilized men, and jj.isscrl the winter of 1S05-6 at 
its mouth. The Missouri Fur Company, in 180S, 
established n trading-house on Lewis River, the 
first ever formed on the waters of the Columbia ; 
and, in 1811, Astoria was founded, at the inouih 
of the river, by the Pacilic Fur Comjianv, uuder 
John Jacob Astor, of New York. 



Columbus, Fort, N. Y. See Governor's Island. 
Comite lihvr, Ml. and La., rises in Mi., and 
running into La., unites with the Amite 12 miles 
E. from Baton Rouge. 

Comparlre River, C.a. It rises in two widely- 
spread forks, whicii unite and flow N. W. into 
Eagle River. 

Conception Point, or Punta Conception, Ca. Sit- 
uated on the Pacilic coast W. from the town of 
Santa Barbara. 

Concord River, Ms., is formed at Concord by 
the junction of Assabct and Sudbury Rivers: 
after passing through the towns of Bedford. Bil- 
Icrica. and Chelmsford, it falls into the Merriraac. 
between Lowell and Tewksbury. 

Concordia Lake, La., was evidently, in former 
times, the bed of the Mississippi, and in seasons 
of very high flood, the water from the Mississippi 
flows into it, through a small h.ayou, and passes 
into Bayou Tensas. 

Conecuh River rises in Pike CO., Aa., and flows 
through Fa. into Pensacola Bay. Two miles below 
the Fa. line, it unites with the Escambia, a river 
of inferior size, the name of which, however, it 
afterwards assumes. It is navigable for more than 
UIO miles, but the country is sterile. 

Conedor/winit Creek; Pa., runs E., and discharges 
its waters into the Susquehanna, a little above 
Harribburg. 

Conemnugh River, Pa. It rises in the Alle- 
ghany Mts., and flows W. N. W. into the Alle- 
ghany, 29 miles N. N. V.. of Pittsburg. In the 
fowcr part of its course it takes the name of 
Kiskeminetas. Fifteen miles N. E. of Greens- 
burg it has salt works on both its banks. Its 
length is about 150 miles. 

Conequenessing Creek, Pa., falls into the Mahon- 
ing, 12 miles from its mouth. 

Cojiesclieague Creek is formed by two branches, 
which rise in Pa., and unite 3 miles N. of Md. 
line; it then passes through Md., and empties into 
the Potomac, at Williamsport. 

Ooneseus Lake, Livingston CO., N. Y. This 
lake is 9 miles long, 1 mile wide, .md is said to 
exceed 300 feet in depth. It is well stocked with 
tish, and its waters arc pure and cold. 

Concstoga River, Lancaster CO., Pa., enters the 
Sasquehanna 10 miles below Columbia. 

Conewago Creek, or River, Pa., rises in Adams 
CO., and after a course of 40 miles, falls into the 
Susquehanna, opposite Bainbridge. 

Conewago Creek, Pa. This river enters the 
Susquehanna 5 miles below Middletown, after a 
W. S. W. course of 1 5 miles. 

Conct/ Island, King's co., N. Y., forms a part of 
the town of Gravescnd. It is much resorted to by 
visitors for sea air and bathing, as it directly 
faces the Atlantic, being diiided from ttfe main 
land by a narrow channel, over which is a toll 
bridge. There is no more convenient and de- 
smilde watering-place in the vicinity of New 
York than this island. It is 44 miles long, and 
averages lualf a mile in width. 

Congaree Creek, Lexington district, S. C. A 
branch of the Congaree River, which it enters a 
little below Columbia. 

Congaree River, S. C, which is formed by the 
union of the Broad and Saluda at Columbia 
after a course of 30 miles, unites with the Wa- 
teree to form Santec River. 

Conhmlon River rises in Steuben CO., N. Y., and 
unites with the Tioga to form Chemung River, 
near the village of Painted Post. There are a 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



185 



number of fine mill sites on this river and its 
tributaries, and it is navigable for arks and rafts 
to the village of Bath, during high water. Its 
length is .5') miles. 

Conmmicul Island, Newport CO., R. I. Situated 
in Narraganset Bay, S. S. W. from Prudence 
Island. 

Coniieaut Creeh, 0. and Pa., has its sources in 
Erie and Crawford counties. Pa., and Ashtabula 
CO., O., and enters Lake Erie in the latter county. 

Connecticut Creek, Long Island, N. Y., rises in 
Brookhaven, Suffolk co., and runs S., into Fire- 
place Bay. 

Connecticut, Lake, N. H. This lake, which is 
the source of one of the principal branches of 
the Connecticut, lies in lat. 45° 2', and is .'j.J 
miles in length, and 2^ in width. It is supplied 
by several small streams i-ising in the highlands 
N. from the lake. Its waters are remarkably 
clear, containing abundance of fish, and the 
scenery on its banks is very beautiful. 

Connecticut River. This beautiful river, the 
Q:io):ek-lacut of the Indians, and the pride of the 
Yankees, has its sources in N. II., and the moun- 
tainous tracts in Canada. Its name in the In- 
dian language is said to signify Lony River, or, as 
some render it, Rieer of Pines. Its general course 
is N. and S. After forming the boundary line 
between N. H. and Vt., it crosses the western part 
of Ms., passes the state of Ct. nearly in its cen- 
tre; and, after a fall of 1600 feet, from its bead, 
N. of lat. 45°, it falls into Long Island Sound, in 
lat. 41° 16'. The breadth of this river, at its en- 
trance into Vt., is about 150 feet, and in its course 
of 60 miles, it increases to about 390 feet. In 
Ms. and Ct., its breadth may be estimated from 
450 to 1050 feet. It is navigable to Hartford, 45 
miles, for vessels of considerable burden, and to 
Mitldletown, 30 miles from the sea, for vessels 
drawing 1 2 feet of water. By means of canals 
and other improvements, it has been made navi- 
gable for boats to Fifteen Mile Falls, nearly 250 
miles above Hartford. Tiie most considerable 
rapids in this river are Bellows Falls; the Falls 
of Quecchy, just below the mouth of Water- 
queecby River; the White River Falls, below 
Hanover; and the Fifteen Mile Falls, in N. II. 
and Vt.; the Falls at Montague and Holyoke, in 
Ms., and the F'alls at Enfield, in Ct., where it 
meets the tide water. The perpendicular height 
of the falls, which h.ive been overcome by dams 
and locks between Springfield, in JIs., and Han- 
over, in N. II., a distance of 130 miles, is 240 feet. 
Bars of sand and gravel extend across this river 
in various places, over which boats with difficulty 
pass in low water. The most imjjortant tributa- 
ries to the Connecticut, in N. II., are Upper and 
Lower Amoni>osuck, Israel's, John's, Ma.scomy, 
Sugar, and Ashuelot Rivers ; in Vt., Nulhegan, 
Passumpsic, Wells, Wait's, Ompomponoosuck, 
White, Waterrpieechy, Black, Williams, Saxton's, 
and West Rivers; in Ms., Miller's, Deerfield, 
Agawam, Chickopee, and Westfield Rivers ; and 
the Fannington, in Ct. The intervales are gen- 
erally spread upon one or both sides of the river, 
nearly on a level with its banks, and extending 
from half a mile to five miles in breadth ; but its 
borders are in some places high, rocky, and pre- 
cipitous. In the spring it overflows its banks, 
and, through its winding course of nearly 400 
miles, forms and fertilizes a vast tract of rit'h 
meadow. In point of length, utility, and beauty, 
this river forms a distinguished feature of New 
24 



England. Large quantities of shad are taken in 
this river, but the salmon, which formerly were 
very plenty, have entirely disappeared. Con- 
necticut River passes through a basin or valley of 
about 12,000 square miles; it is decorated, on 
each side, with towns and villages of sujjerior 
beauty, and ])rcsents to the eye a wonderful 
variety of enchanting scenery. 

Connesauffa Rivei; Ga. This river has its source 
in Glimmer co., Ga., flows N. W., making a curve 
into Te., and then takes a winding southerly 
course, until its junction with the Coosawattee, to 
form the Oostenaula. 

Conneu-am/o Creek rises in Chatauque and Cat- 
taraugus counties, N. Y., and flows W. into she 
Alleghany. This stream is boatable during high 
water, and numerous rafts also descend it during 
certain seasons of the year. Chatanqne Lake, 
and a number of other tributaries, flow into it. 

Conolowfty Creek, Pa., falls into the Potomac, 
near Hancock's Town, Md. 

Constitution Island, N. Y., on which, during the 
revolution, some fortifications were erected, lies 
in tlie Hudson River, opposite West Point. 

Contoocook River, N. H. This is a stream of 
considerable length and importance, originating 
in several ponds in Jat!'rcy and Rindge. and flow- 
ing N. it receives tributaries from Dublin, Peter- 
borough, Sliaron, Nelson, Stoddard, Washington, 
Antrim, Dcering, and Hillsborough. In Hillsbor- 
ough it takes a N.E. and E. direction, and proceeds 
through Ilcnniker to Ilopkinton, where it receives 
Warner and Blackwater Rivers. From Hopkin- 
ton it pursues a winding course through Concord, 
and falls into the Merrimack between Concord 
and Boscawen. Near the mouth of this river is 
Duston's Island, celebrated as the spot where Mrs. 
Duston destroyed several Indians, in 1698. 

Conwai/ Peak, or Chocorua Mountain, N. H. 
Sec Albany. 

Cooper River, S. C, together with Ashley River, 
forms Charleston harbor, entering the Ashley on 
the E. side of the city. A canal 21 miles long 
unites this river with the Santee. 

Coosa River, Aa., rises in the N. part of Ga., 
runs S. W. into Aa., and unites with the Talla- 
poosa to form Alabama River, 8 miles below We- 
tutnpka. Tlie Coosa is navigable for steamboats 
8 miles above the junction. Its whole length is 
about 240 miles. 

Coosaw Rivtr, Beaufort district, S. C. A kind 
of a strait connecting Broad River with St. Helena 
Sound. 

Coosawhatchie River. S. C, runs S. S. E., and 
empties into Bi'oad River. An eastern outlet, 
called Whale Branch, and also Coosaw River, 
forms the Island of I'ort Royal. 

Coosawattee River, Ga. Ellijay and Carticary 
Creeks unite to form this river, which receives 
several large branches, the principal of which are 
Talkey, Rock, and Calico Creeks, and flows in a 
winding S. W. course until it unites with the Con- 
nesauga to form the Oostenaula. 

Copake Creek, N. Y., a branch of Claverack 
stream, rises in Columbia co. Several factories 
and mills are located on this stream. 

Copake Lake, Copake, Columbia CO., N. Y., 
covers about 600 acres. Its shores are gently 
undulating and highly cultivated, and its waters 
pure and clear. 

Copecut Mountain, Fall River, Ms. Height 355 
feet. 

Copper Creek, Va., rises in the S. part of Kus- 



186 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



sell CO., flows S. W., and falls into Clinch River, 
in Scott CO. 

Coj)jm- Harbor, Houghton cc, Mn. Situated 
on the N. cou.st of Keewaiwona Point. 

Corhvau Crrtic rises in Chazy, Clinton co , N. Y., 
flows N. E., and enters the Chazy River at the 
village of Corbeau, in the town of Champlain. 

Core Soutid, N. C. opens on the N. E. into I'am- 
lieo Sonnd. It is 40 miles long. The island 
which encloses it contains Cape Lookout on its S. 
extremity. 

Corkin's Creek, Pa., falls into the Delaware 
River in Ion. 75° 10' W. and lat. 41" 18' N. 

Corptcs C/tristi Pass. Ts. The passjige between 
two islands which lie at the mouth of Nueces 
River, and opposite the town of Corpus Cliristi. 

Cortableau Jiifcr, La., flows into the Atcha- 
falaya. It is 35 miles long. 

Coteau Percen Cretk, Ma. It rises in the Benton 
Lakes, flows S. W., and falls into the Sioux River. 

Cofe UUitiche Bat], La. This bay sets up from 
the Gulf of Mexico, and connects on the N. W. 
with Vermilion Bay. 

Cotenlnen Hirer, N. C. A branch of the Neuse 
River, which it enters on the boundary between 
Pitt and Lenoir counties. 

Cottonwuuii Creek, Ca. It rises among the Coast 
Mis., flows E., and empties into the Rio Sacra- 
mento, of which it is a head branch. 

Cottonwood Fork, C'<k. A small W. branch of 
Grand River. 

Coupe A'/ccr, On. An E. branch of tlie Willa- 
mette River, which it enters below the Sandehan. 

Cove Point, Calvert co., Md. A small jjoint of 
land ]3rojccting into Chesapeake Bay. 

Cow Bai/. North Hempstead, Queen's co., N. Y., 
an arm of Long Island Sound, extends inland 
about 5 miles. It is navigable for steamboats, 
and is ])artly surrounded by highly cultivated 
farms and country seats. 

CowXeek, North Hempstead. Queen's co.. N. Y., 
a point of land about 6 miles long and 2i miles 
wide, lies between Hempstead harbor on the E. 
and Cow Bay on the \V. Sands' Point is on the 
N. part. 

Cowikee Creek, Aa. This stream is formed by 
the junction of three principal forks, and enters 
the Chattahoochee in ISarbour co. 

Coxsackic Creek rises in Greene co.. N. Y., flows 
N. E., and enters the Hudson in the town of New 
Baltimore. 

Crab, or Hospital Island, N. Y., a part of the 
town of Plattsburg, Clinton co., lies in Lake 
Champlain, near Cumberland Head. 

Crab-Tree Creek, Wake CO., N. C, rises in the 
S. W. part of Wake co.. takes a circuitous easterly 
course, and falls into the Neuse River. 

Crabh Rieer, Alleghany co., Md. A small trib- 
utary of the N. fork of the Potomac River. 

Craiq's Creek, Bottetourt CO., Va., is formed in 
the S. W. part of the county by the junction of 
two branches, flows N. E., and empties into Cow 
Pasture River. 

Cranberry Islands, Hancock co.. Me. These 
islands lie a few miles E. by S. from Mount Desert, 
and embrace Great and Little Cranberry, Sutton's 
and Baker's Islands, anil were attached to the 
town of Mount Desert until 18;i0, wlicn they 
were incorporated. They aflbrd good harbors, 
and are well located for the shore fishery. 

Cranberri/ Luke, N. Y. This small sheet of 
water is situated iu the S. part of Parishville, St. 
Lawrence co. 



Crane Island, N. C, lies in Hunting Sound, and 
is about 6 miles in length. 

Crane Island lies in the Potomac, 30 miles S. W 
from Annapolis. 

Crane Lake. lo. A small sheet of water sit- 
uated near the head of Iowa River. 

Crane Na-k, in the town of Brookhavcn, Suf- 
folk CO., N. Y., is a broad j)eniusula, extending 
into Long Island Sound. 

Crane)/ Island, Va.. lies in Hampton Road, at 
the mouth of Elizabeth River, 5 miles S. W. 
from Fort George. A strong fort on this island 
defends the entrance of James and Elizabeth 
Rivers. 

Crendrick Lake, N. C. Situated in Ion. 7G° 55' 
W., lat. 35° 46' N. 

Cripple Creek. Va., rises in the E. part of Smyth 
CO., flows N. of E.. and empties into New River. 

Croatan Sound, N. C. Situated between Roan- 
oke Islam! and the main land of Tyrel co. It 
contains several small islands. 

Crocker)/ Creek. Mn., rises in Kent and Neeway- 
go counties, and flows S. W. across a part of 
Ottowa CO. into Grand River. 

Crooked Creek. Is. It rises in the N. W. part 
of McDonough co., flows S. E., and empties into 
the Illinois River, between Selmyler and Brown 
counties. . 

Crooked Creek, As. This stream rises in the 
S. part of Carroll co., pursues a very winding 
course, and falls into White River, having formed 
a part of the boundary between Marion and 
Searcy counties. 

Crooked Lake, N. Y., lies chiefly in Steuben co., 
but extends N. into Yates co. ; is 18 miles long, 
and 1} miles wide. Near the centre it separates 
into two forks, running northward, one ! :i miles 
and the other 8, and rceciling fi'oin eacli other, 
until, at their extremities, they are 5 miles dis- 
tant. At the point of their separation, a hig!i 
promontory, called Blufl" Point, rises from thu 
water 800 feet. The outlet is at the north einl of 
tlie eastern branch, running 7 miles E. by N., 
until it falls into Seneca Lake, at Dresden. This 
stream, in its course, has a fall of 2ti9 feet, aflbrd- 
ing an excellent water power. Upon it, about 
one mile below the outlet of the lake, stands tlie 
village of Penn Yan. From tliis place to Si'neca 
Lake, a canal, called " Crooked Lake Canal," has 
been constructed, with 27 locks, at a cost of 
$137,000. Through Seneca Lake, this navigable 
communication is continued to the Erie Canak 
In the opposite direction, a steamboat plies daily 
between Penn Yan and Hammond's Port, at the 
S. end of Crooked Lake. 

Crooked Lake, Mn. Situated in the N. AY. part 
of Wyandot co. It receives the waters of several 
streams, and connects by its outlet with Cheboy- 
gan River. 

Crooked River, Oxford CO., IMe. This river 
joins the outlet of Long Pond, and falls into 
Sebago Lake. 

Crooked Hirer, Ky. A small branch of the E. 
fork of Salt River, forming the boundary between 
Anderson and Spencer counties. 

Cross Island, Me. An island 3 miles long and 
2 wide, lying olf Machias Bay, and attached to 
the town of Cutler. 

Cross Creek, or River, rises in Westchester CO., 
N. Y., and flows E. into Croton River, in the towa 
of Lewisborongh. 

Cross Lake, N. Y., through which flows Seneca 
River, lies between the counties of Cayuga and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



is: 



Onondaga ; it is 4 miles long and half a mile in 
width. 

Crotched Lake, N. Y., lying between Racket 
and Long Lakes, in the N. part of Hamilton co., 
is an irrcgulaf body of water, as the name im- 
plies. I'ahmechinbaguck — water right across 
us — is said to be the Indian name. 

Croton Riivr, N. Y., rises in several beantiful 
lakes in Dutcliess and Putnam counties, flows in 
a S. W. direction, and enters the Hudson in 
Westchester co., about two miles above the vil- 
lage of Sing Sing. This river is the source of 
the Croton Aqueduct. 

Cruw Creek, Is., rises in the W. part of Liv- 
ingston CO.. and flows W. into the Illinois Kivor. 

Crow Islatids, N. Y. This cluster of small 
islands is situated in Huntington Bay. 

Crow's Nest, N. Y., a high peak of the " High- 
lands," is situated in the town of Cornwall, 
Orange co., on tlie W. side of the Hudson. 

Crow Kiver, Ma. This river rises in two large 
forks, flows in an easterly direction, and empties 
into the Mississippi N. W. from Rum River. 

Crow Wing River, Ma. Tliis river rises au)ong 
tlie labyrinth of lakes in tlie N. part of the terri- 
tory, flows S. E., and empties into tlie Mississijjpi 
just below Gayasltk Lake. 

Crum or Crom Elbow, N. Y., 4 miles above 
Pougbkecpsie, is formed by a sudden turn of Hud- 
son River. 

Crum Elbow Creek, Dutchess co., N. Y., rises in 
the towns of Clinton and Rhinebeck, and flows 
S. W. through Hydepark into the Hudson. It is 
a pretty good mill stream. 

Criiinhorn Mountain, N. Y., situated in the town 
of Maryland, Otsego co., is a wild and barren 
eminence. 

Cryder's Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of Inde- 
pendence. Alleghany co., and flowing S. W. enters 
Genesee River in the state of Pa. 

Vn/stal Lake, N. Y., is one of a small cluster 
lying in the town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. 

Cub Creek, Te., rises in tlie N. part of Hender- 
son CO., flows S. E., and falls into the Tennessee 
River. 

Cubb Creek, Va., rises in the S. part of Appo- 
mattox CO., and flows S. into the Roanoke River. 

Cumberland Bay, N. Y., situated in Lake Cliam- 
plain, opposite the village of Plattsburg, is en- 
closed by Cumberland Ilejjd, a point of land on 
the W. shore, stretching 4 miles into the lake. 
Macdonougli gained his famous naval victory 
over tlie British, under Com. Downie, in this bay, 
on the llth September, 1814. 

Cumbnlaud Head, N. Y., jirojects into Lake 
Chamjilain, N. from Plattsburg, and opposite 
South Hero. 

Cumberland Island, Camden CO., Ga. This is 
quite a large island, lying between St. Andrew's 
Sound on the N. and St. JIary's Sound on the S. 
The N. part is cut oft' liy a small river, and called 
Little Cumberland Island. On the S. part is the 
Dungeness light-house. 

Cumberland Mountains, Te. This range com- 
mences in the S. W. part of Pa., takes the name 
of Laurel Mts. in Va., passes through the S. E. 
part of Ky. and Te., and terminates in the N. 
part of Aa. 

Ctimbirland River, a large river of Ky. and Te., 
rises in Ky., on the W. slope of the Cumberland 
Mts., near the boundary of Va., and pursues a 
very circuitous course to the Ohio, whicli it enters 
about l:i miles above the entrance of the Ten- 



nessee. The elevation of its sources above its 
mouth is supposed to exceed 1000 feet. Its course 
is first W. and S. W. until it enters Te., and, 
bearing still S., passes round with an extensive 
sweep to Nashville. Its course is then north- 
westerly until it reenters Ky., and flows in this 
direction about 50 miles across the state to its 
junction with the Ohio. Its cominirative length 
is about 450 miles ; although from the great toriu- 
ousness of its channel, its entire length, following 
the course of the stream, cannot be less than COO 
miles. Without reference to the inflections of 
the river itself the valley which it drains is 350 
miles long, with an average breadth of 50 miles, 
comprehending an area of 17,500 square miles, 
which, in superficies, is the third in rank of those 
of the tributaries of the Ohio. The greatest part 
of this valley lies between lat. 36" and S?'', and 
Ion. t;° and 12° W. from Washington. In an or- 
dinary stage of water, the river is navigable for 
vessels and large steamboats to Nashville, 200 
miles, and for boats of 15 tons 300 miles farther. 
For half its length it is navigable for small craft 
at all seasons. The CumberbiTid is the second 
river in size that enters the Ohio, being inferior 
only to the Tennessee. 

Cunnine/ham's Island, 0. Situated in Lake 
Erie, N. from the mouth of Sandusky Bay. 

Current River, Mo. and As., rises in the Ozark 
Ridge, Mo., and, taking a course of about 150 
miles, fills into Black Kiver. 

Currituck Island, ,'iound, and Inlet, Currituck co., 
N. C. The island which encloses the sound is 30 
miles long and 2 broad. The sound is 50 miles 
long, from 1 to 10 broad, and rather shallow. The 
inlet is a narrow entrance into the souud between 
two islands. 

Cutjbot Creek, N. C. A small branch of Neuse 
River. 

Cui/uhoga River, 0. This river rises in Geauga 
CO., runs southerly through Portage co., then pro- 
ceeds in a N. N. W. direction through Sunimit 
and Cuyahoga counties to its entrance into Lake 
Erie, at Cleveland. It is one of the most impor- 
tant rivers in Northern O., its length being over 60 
miles. Its falls, which are numerous, afford fine 
mill seats, and it is but little affected by drought. 

Ci/press Creek, As. It rises in the E. ]iait of 
Van Buren co., flows S. W., and empties into the 
Arkansas at Cadi'on. 

Ci/press Creek, La. A head branch of the Mid- 
dle Pork of Bayou d'Arbone. 

Dacheet River, rises in As., and flowing S. into 
La., falls into Lake Bistiueau. 

Daddy's Creek, Te., rises in Bledsoe co., flows N. 
E., and unites with Obed's River near its en- 
trance into Emery's River. 

Uamariscotta liiver, Lincoln co., Me. This 
broad arm of the sea has its source in several 
jionds in Jefferson and Nobleborough. It flows 
in a southerly direction, between Newcastle, 
Edgccomb, and Boothbay on the W., and Bristol 
on the E. It is navigable for vessels of any bur- 
den to the bridge, which crosses it between New- 
castle and Nobleborough, a distance of 16 miles. 
Large quantities of lumber descend this stream, 
and many merchant ships are built on its borders. 

Damiscove Island, Me., lies off the town of 
Boothbay, Lincoln co. 

Dan River, N. C. and Va., unites with Stanton 
River in Va., and forms the Roanoke. It has 
falls of 23 feet at Danville, but by a canal con- 



188 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



strnptcJ around them, is navigable 100 miles from 
its inoiuli. 

iJ'Arbone, Daijou, La. This stream rises in 
Clailionn' parish, (lows in a S. E. direction, and 
enters tlie W'aehila River in Wacliita parish. 

Vitrhij ('nek-, O., rises in Union Co., and after 
a S. E. course of CO miles, enters the Sciota, 
nearly opposite Civeleville. 

Darliija Luke, Nachitoches and Rapides par- 
ishes. La. Tliis lake receives a river of tlie same 
name from tlie N. W., and connects on the S. 
ivith Kcil Uivcr. 

Jhiiijiltiii Islands, Great and Little., Aa., lie at 
the mouth of Mobile Bay, and are attached to 
Mobile CO. 

Dawfasheij Island. S. C, is 7 miles lonij, and 24 
miles broad, and lies 3 miles N. E. from the mouth 
of the Savannah. 

Dead River, Me. This important trilnitai-y of 
the Kennebec rises on tlie bonier of Ijower Can- 
ada, in Franklin co. It ilows 40 or 50 miles 
in a S. E. direction, then N. about 10 miles ; it 
then turns to the Iv, and Hows aliout l.i miles 
to its entrance into the Kennebec, about 20 miles 
below Moosehead Lake. The land on its borders 
is fertile and heavily wooded. 

Dead Iliver, X. H., rises in the N. W. comer of 
the state, in Coos co., and after receiving several 
tributaries, empties into the Margallaway. 

Dead Stream, Me., is a W. tributary of the Pe- 
nobscot, which it enters at Orono, opposite Indian 
Village. 

Dead Fish Lake, Ma. Situated N. W. from 
Seven Beaver Lake, and at the head of Second 
Embarras River. 

Deadman's Bay, Fa. A ciirvature of the coast 
in Madison co. 

Dc Chute River rises in the E. part of Aroos- 
took CO., Me., and Hows E. into Canada, where it 
enters the St. John's River. 

Decker's Creek, Is. A small branch of Bear 
Creek, which it enters in Hancock co. 

Deep Creek, lo. A S. branch of the Maeo- 
quetais River, which it enters in Jackson co. 

Deep River, N. C, unites with the Haw to form 
the N. W. branch of Cape Fear River. 

Deer Creek, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., and flows 
N. E. into Black River. 

Deer River, N. Y., rises in Franklin co., flows 
N. W., and enters the St. Regis in St. Lawrence 

CO. 

Deer Creek, Hartford co., Md., empties into the 
Susquehanna. 

Deer Creek, Perry CO., la. A small branch of 
Ohio River. 

Deer Creek, Ca., rises among the Sierra Nevada, 
and flows S. W. into tlie Rio Sacramento. 

Deer Islands. A group of islands, five in num- 
ber, lying in the Connecticut liiver, between the 
towns of Lyman and Barnet, Vt. The largest of 
these islands contains 38 acres of land. 

Derr Island, Hancock co.. Me., lies in Penob- 
scot Bay, off the town of Sedgwick. See the 
town of Deer Isle. 

Deerjidd River, Vt. and Ms. This beautiful 
rapid stream rises in the high grounds of Wind- 
ham CO., near Stratton, Dover, and Somerset, Vt., 
and, proceeding in a S. E. course, it passes through 
Monroe, Florida, Rowe, Charlemont, Hawley, 
Buckland, Shelliume, ami Conway, and fills into 
the Connecticut between Grecniierd and Doerficld. 
The most imiiortant trilmlarics to this river are 
Cold River; a river from Heath and Coleraine; 



one from Lcydcn, and /ine from Conway. It is 
very rapid in some places, and its passage through 
the mountains is very romantic. Length about 
50 miles. 

Delaware Baij, at the mouth of Delaware Riv- 
er, is an arm of the sea. stretching up in a N. W. 
direction, for a distance of 75 miles. The en- 
trance to the bay is between Cape May on thcN., 
and Cape Henlopen on the S., distant about 20 
miles fiom each other. The width of the bay in 
the middle is 30 miles. There are many shoals, 
whii'h render the navigation difficult and danger- 
ous : and there is no good natural harbor within 
70 miles of the ocean. The want of any secure 
anchorage on this coast, for several hundred miles 
from New York, has induced the government, at 
a heavy expense, to erect a breakwater, forming 
an artificial harbor, within Cape Henlopen. The 
anchorage ground thus provided is in a cove 
directly W. of the cape, having a depth of water 
of from 4 to 6 fathoms, and a superficial extent 
of over half a square mile. An internal commu- 
nication has been formed between this bay and 
the Chesapeake by a canal 14 miles long, run- 
ning between Delaware City, at a point 42 miles 
below Philadelphia, and Back Creek, which com- 
municates through Elk Creek with the Chesa- 
peake. This canal has a depth of 8 feet, a width 
of 60 feet at the surface, and 36 feet at the bottom, 
and admits of the passage of vessels of consid- 
erable size. 

Delaware River rises among the western 
spurs of the Catskill Mts., in N. Y. The two 
streams which constitute its principal sources are 
the Mohawks and the Popacton. The first of 
these, which is the most remote, and the real 
source of the Delaware, rises from a small lake 
near the border of Schoharie co., N. Y., in 42° 45' 
N. lat., at an elevation of 1886 feet above tide 
water, and flows S. W. about 50 miles, to within 
10 miles of the Susquehanna River, where, turn- 
ing suddenly to tlie S.E., it flows about 12 miles 
to its junction with the Popacton. This branch 
rises in Delaware co., N. Y., and pursues a course 
nearly parallel to that of the main branch, for 
about 50 miles, to the point of meeting. After 
the junction of these two branches, the Delaware 
flows on in a S. E. course, forming the boundary 
between Pa. and N. Y'., for about 60 miles, to the ' 
N. W. corner of N.J. Jt then bends to the S. W. 
35 miles, along the 'base of the Kittaning chain 
of mountains, until it finds a pass through this 
mountain by the celebrated " Water Gap," which 
is considered a great natural curiosity. The vicv.' 
in passing through this chasm is highly pictur- 
esque and impressive. The distance is about two 
miles, between rugged and lofty walls, rising 
almost from the water's edge to the height of 
1600 feet, and often overhanging with immense 
masses of the rock. Towards the N. \V. the 
passage widens somewhat, and there are some 
beautiful islands in the river, which here has great 
depth. Continuing S. about 21 miles, it reaches 
Easton, Pa., where it receives an important tribu- 
tary from the right in the Lehigh. About two 
miles below Easton, it pierces the Blue Kidge; 
and, five miles still lower, the South Mountain; 
having obliquely traversed, in its course thus far, 
a great part of the Appalachian system. From 
South Mountain its course is S. E., about 35 
miles, to the falls at Trenton, at the foot of which 
it meets the tide water. The distance between 
Easton and Trenton is CO miles, iu which the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



189 



river passes over twenty-five rapiils, with an aggro- 
gate fall of 165 feet. These rapids are navif^able at 
high water. Below Trenton the Delaware turns 
to the S. VV., and, passing Philadelphia, continues 
this "course until near its entrance into the bay. 
A few miles below Phihiilelpbia it receives the 
Schuylkill, which is one of its largest tributaries, 
from the N. \V. The whole course of the river, 
from its remotest source to its entrance into the 
bay, is about 300 miles ; and to its entrance into 
the Atlantic, .375 miles. There are five bridges 
ci-ossing the Delaware, the lowest of which is at 
Trenton. It is navigable for ships of the line to 
Philadelphia, 12.j miles from the ocean by the 
course of the river and bay, and 4.5 miles from 
the head of the bay. For sloops it is navigable 
35 miles farther, to Trenton. The Delaware is 
connected with the Hudson by two canals, the 
" Delaware and Hudson Canal," and the " Morris 
Canal." A vast amount of coal is transported 
on these canals ; and, aside from this immense 
business, the Delaware is one of the principal 
channels of internal traffic in the Eastern States. 
The basin of the Delaware is about 250 miles in 
length, with a mean breadth of •tS miles; com- 
prehending an area of 11,250 square miles. The 
aurfitce is greatly diversified, with much ditfercnce 
of relative height. 

De Loma Point, Ca. A point of land on which 
the town of San Diego is situated. It extends 
into the Pacific just above the Boundary between 
Upper and Lower California. 

Denni/'s liivcr, Me. A small branch of the 
Schoodic. 

Dernier Island, Terre Bonne parish. La. This 
is the largest of a chain of long, narrow islands. 

Des Moines River, lo., rises in the Coteau des 
Prairies, and flowing in a S. E. direction, enters 
the Mississippi just below Des Moines Kapids, 
on the boundary between lo. and Mo. In high 
water it is navigable for steamboats 100 miles, 
and for keel boats at all seasons. 

Des Plaines River rises in the S. E. part of 
Wisconsin, and after flowing through a fertile 
country, mostly over a bed of limestone rock, en- 
ters the Illinois River. 

Destruction Island, On. Situated in the Pacific 
Ocean, N. W. from Greenville Point. 

Detroit River is the river or strait through 
which the waters of the upper lakes, Superior, 
Huron. Michigan, and St. Clair, are discharged 
into Lake Erie. The length of the river, from 
Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, is about 28 miles. 
At its outlet from Lake St. Clair, it is over a mile 
wide. Opposite to Detroit, about 8 miles below, 
it is three fourths of a mile wide. Its course to 
Detroit is a little S. of W. ; but here it makes a 
curve, and pursues a more southerly direction. 
About 5 miles below Detroit, the river is divided 
into two channels, by Grand Turkey Island, and 
soon widens to .3 or 4 miles, and continues 
of this wiilth for 16 or 17 miles, until it opens 
into the N. W. angle of Lake Erie. There are 
many islantls in the river, rendering the naviga- 
tion somewhat intricate; nevertheless, vessels of 
fonsiderable liurdcn can be carried through into 
Lake St. Clair. The jjrincipal channel is on the 
eastern side, between Boisblane Island and the 
Canada shore. The banks of the river, in all 
its narrower parts especially, being settled and 
cultivated on both sides, present a beautiful view, 
in summer, to those who traverse its waters. The 
principal towns on its banks are Detroit and 



Brownstown on the American shore, and on the 
Canada shore .Sandwich and Amherstburg. It 
receives from Michigan the Kivcr Rouge, about a 
mile above Grand Turkey Island, and the Huron, 
at the ])oint of connection with Lake Erie. Frora 
Canada, the only stream worthy of notice is the 
Canard, which enters the Detroit about 34 miles 
above Amhcrsttntrg. 

Devil's Hole, N. Y., is a gulf in Niagara River, 
about I^ miles below the falls. 

DialAIountain, Nipple Top, or Noon Marh. N. Y., 
a peak of the Adirondack range, is situated in the 
town of Keenc, Essex eo. It is elevated 4900 
feet above the Hudson. 

Diamond Island, N. Y. See Lake George. 

Diamond River, N. IL, rises principally in Dia- 
mond Pond, in Stewartstown ; thence it passes 
through Dixville, and after receiving several 
tributaries, falls into Dead River, near its junc- 
tion with the Margallaway. 

Dick's River, Ky. This stream waters the W. 
part of Rock Castle co., flows N. W. through 
Lincoln eo.. separates Garrard from Boyle and 
Mercer counties, and empties into the Kentucky 
River. 

Dickson Creek, Ts. A small stream emptying 
into the S. W. part of Galveston Bay. 

Dike Creek, N. Y., rises in Steuben CO., flows 
W., and enters Genesee River in Alleghany co. 
The N. Y. and Erie Railroad extends through 
the valley of this stream for a considerable dis- 
tance. 

Disappointment, Cape, On. Situated at the 
month of Columbia River. 

Dismal Swamp. An extensive tract of marshy, 
wooded land, lying partly in Virginia, and partly 
in North Carolina. It commences a little S. of 
Norfolk, Va., and extends S. 30 miles, with an ave- 
rage breadth of 10 miles, covering 150,000 acres. 
Some of the trees upon this tract grow to an 
enormous size, and the brushwood among them 
is so thick, as in some parts to be almost imper- 
vious. In the midst of this swamp is the lake, 
called Drummond Lake, 1 5 miles in circumfer- 
ence, which supplies the main trunk of the Dis- 
mal Swamp Canal, by a navigable feeder 5 miles 
in length. This canal is 23 miles long, uniting 
the waters of Chesapeake Bay with those of Pas- 
quotank River, flowing into Albemarle Sound. 
In the Dismal Swamp the following rivers take 
their rise : the Nansemond and Elizabeth Rivers, 
flowing N. into the estuary of James River; Pas- 
quotank and I'erquiuiau's Rivers, flowing into 
Albemarle Sound; and some small creeks, run- 
ning S. E. into Currituck Sound. 

Dividing Creek, Va., separates Lancaster and 
Northumberland counties, and falls into the 
Chesa])eake. 

Doctor's Bay, Duval co.. Fa. An enlargement 
of St. John's River just above Black Creek. 

Dog River, Vt. It is formed in Northfield by the 
union of several streams, and taking a northerly 
course through Berlin, falls into Winooski River, 
nearly a mile below the village of Montpelier. Its 
length is about 16 miles, and it waters about 80 
square miles. 

Dorclieat Bnyon. This stream rises in Hemp- 
stead CO., As., and flows S. into La., where it 
enters Lake Bistineau. 

Dolores River, Ca. A small stream flowing N. 
W. into the River St. Michael. 

Drakes Creek. The head branches of this 
stream rise in Sumner eo., Te. It flows in a 



northerly direction, and empties into the Big 
Barron, in Warren eo., Ky. 

DrijUn(/ hlund IaiKc, Ma. This lake is the 
source of one of the head branches of Waton- 
wan River. 

Dmened iMnds. N. Y. A name piven to a large 
marsh, ihrough wliich the Wallkill flows. It is 
mostly situated in tiie town of Warwick, Oran<;e 
CO., and contains about 50,000 acres of land. 
TIic stream flows .«!u;j^j^ishly tiu'ouiih this swamp, 
•which i,s used for the pa.sturase of cattle, on the 
subsidin*;; of the spring freshets which submerge 
it, but is a desolate waste during the rest of the 
year. Although tiu-re are some fertile islands or 
elevated spots, all cflbrts to wholly drain it have 
been unsuccessful. 

Dii Cliesne Fori; Ca. A head branch of Unita 
River. 

Duch Creei, Tic. A small stream separating 
New Castle and Kent counties, and emptying 
into Delaware Bay. 

Duck Creek, Scott CO., lo., drains the S. part 
of the county, flowing W. into Mississippi River. 

Viick Islands. Me., lie S. of Mount Desert Island. 

Diicf: Lake, N. Y. Thi.s small sheet of water 
lies in the town of Conquest, Cayuga co. 

Duck Rii-er, Brown co., Wn., rises in the S. part 
of the county, and flowing N. E., falls into Green 
Bay. N. W. from the mouth of Fox River. 

Diidlei/ Island, Me., lies in I'assamaquoddy 
Bay, and belongs to Eastport. 

Dii Fil Rhvr, Mn., rises in the N. interior of 
Tuscola CO., flows N., through Huron eo., into 
Saginaw Bav. 

Dm/ /////, Blandford, Ms. Height 1622 feet. 

Dmjdcuiona Hirer, La. This large stream rises 
in Bienville and Jackson parishes, flows S. E., 
receiving numerous tributaries, and empties into 
Calatroola Lake. 

Duncan^s Creek, S. C, rises in the interior of 
Laurens district, flows E. by S., and empties into 
Ennoree River. 

Duncan's Rocks, On. Situated at the mouth of 
the Straits of Juan de Fuca, ofl' Cape Flattery. 

Ditnd^rhcrg Mountains, or Hills. Haverstraw, 
Rockland co., N. Y., constitute the S. part of the 
Highlands. 

Dunmore Lake, Vt., sometimes called Trout 
Pond, is about 4 miles long, and three fourths of 
a mile wide. It lies in Leicester and Salisbury, 
and communicates through Leicester River with 
Otter Creek. Trout weighing 25 pounds have 
been taken out of this lake. 

Dunn's Lake, St. John's CO., Fa. A long, nar- 
row sheet of water, N. E. from Lake George, and 
connected on ihe N. W. with St. John's River. 

Duston's Island, N. H. This small island in the 
Merrimack, at the mouth of Conloocook River, 
between Concord and Boseawen, is celebrated for 
the lieroic defence of a lady, wbose name it bears, 
against a party of Indians, on the night of the 
l.'ith of March, 1698. See liayward's Gazetteer of 
Ni'W Ilauipsliire.. 

Dutclier's Creek, As. A small stream which 
enters I'ctit Jean Creek near Danville. 

Diner's Bay, Me. See Steuben. 

Earjle Creek, Ky. This stream drains the N. 
interior of Scott co., flows N. N. W. to (Jallaiin 
CO., where it turns to the S. W., separating Owen 
from Gallatin and Carroll counties, and empties 
into the Kentucky River 

Eaijlc Cre/k, Wn. A small branch of the 



Mississippi, draining the N. W. part of Craw- 
ford CO. 

Eagle Harbor, Houghton co., Mn. Situated on 
the N. W. coast of Kcewaiwona Point, W. from 
Great Marais Harbor. 

Eagle lAtkes, Aroostook CO., Me., lie between 
the Aroostook and St. John's Rivers, and are 
connected with several smaller lakes. The gen 
eral outlet is Chipquedopshook River, which flows 
about 14 miles into St. John's River. 

Eagle Lake, Kosciusco co., la. Situated S. E. 
from the town of Warsaw. 

Eagle Hirer, Houghton CO., Mn., drains the 
N. W. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falls into 
Lake Superior. 

Eagle Hirer, Ca. It rises on the E. border of 
the state, flows W., and empties into Grand River. 

East Bay, N. Y., is the E. part of the Great 
Bay. S. of Long Island. 

East Bag, La. The body of water lying be- 
tween the S. and S. W. passes of the Mississippi 
River. 

East Canada Creek, N. Y., rises in Hamilton co., 
flows S., dividing Fulton and Montgomery coun- 
ties on the E. from Herkimer co. on the W., and 
falls into the Mohawk. It is a rapid stream, af- 
fording. good water power. 

Eastern Bag. Md. An arm of Chesapeake 
Bay, extending between Queen Ann and Talbot 
counties. 

East Kog Creek, N. Y., a fine mill stream, rises 
in Genesee co., flows S., and unites with the W. 
Koy in Alleghany co. ; it then flows in an E. di- 
rection until its entrance into the Genesee. 

East Hirer, N. Y., is an arm of Long Island 
Sound, dividing Long Island on the E. from the 
Island of New York and a part of Westchester 
eo. on the W. It communicates with the Atlan- 
tic Ocean through the " Narrows," with the har- 
bor of N. Y., and with Hudson River. It is about 
l.'j miles long, contains several important islands, 
and is navigable for large vessels. The celebrated 
pass called - Hell Gate" is opposite Great Bam 
Island, 7 miles N. E. of N. Y. city. 

East Sarannah River, Ma., flows N. E. into Em- 
barras River. 

East Swan River, Ma. It rises near Swan 
River, in a series of small lakes, flows S. S. E, 
and empties into St. Louis River. 

Eaton's Neck, N. Y., a bold promontory, on 
which there is a light-house, lies in the town of 
Huntington, on the N. side of Long Island. 

Eheeme Mount, Piscataquis co.. Me., lies S. E. 
of Mt. Baker. 

Ebeeme Hirer, Piscatacjuis co., Mc, consists of 
two branches, which rise near Mount Ebeeme, 
and unite in Brownville to form Pleasant River. 

Ebenezer Creek, Ga., rises in the S. E. part of 
Scriven co., flows S. E., and falls into the Savan- 
nah River in Eftinghain co. 

Echeconno River, Ua. This stream rises in the 
W. part of Pike co., flows S. E., separating Bibb 
from Crawford and Houston counties, and falls 
into the Ockmulgee River. 

Eckford Chain of Lakes, N. Y., comprises three 
beautiful lakes, of which Eckford and Genet are 
the principal, lying E. of Racket Lake, Hamil- 
ton CO. 

Kdisto River and Island, S. C. This river, the 
two main branches of which, called the North and 
South Edisto, rise in Edgefield co., pursues a 
S. E. course into Colleton co., where it turns to 
the S., and enters the Atlantic by two mouths. 



IN THE UOTTED STATES. 



191 



which form Edisto Island. It is navigable 100 
miles tor large boats. The island is 12 miles 
long and from 1 to 5 broad. 

KJintrd, Fort, Fort Edward village, Washing- 
ton CO., N. Y. 

Edivarils River, Is. This stream drains tlie S. 
interior of Henry eo., flows a little S. of W. across 
Mercer co., and empties into the Mississijjpi. 

Eel liit-er, la., rises in Hendricks co., and, after 
a winding course, falls into the W. fork of White 
River, at Point Commerce, Greene co. 

Etf^/ Harbor, Great, Hiver and Baij, N. J. The 
river rises in Gloucester co., and Hows 45 miles 
into tile bay. It is navigable for sloops over 25 
miles above May's landing, below wliich it flows 
through a marsh. The harbor is 5 miles long, 
and from one half to 4 miles broad. 

Eijg Harbor, Little, River and Ba]j, N. J. Tins 
river rises in Burlington and .Gloucester counties, 
and flows S. E. into the bay. It is navigable 25 
miles, and is approached through New Inlet, wliieh 
is from 15 to 18 feet deep. 

E'jmont Island, Hillsboro' co.. Fa. Situated at 
the mouth of Tampico Bay, S. from Mullet Island. 

Eighteen Mile Creek, N. Y., rises in Niagara CO., 
and Hows N. into Lake Ontario. 

Eirjiiteen Mile Creek, Putnam CO., Va. An E. 
branch of the Great Kanawha. 

Eighteen Mile Creeic, S. C. A hr.inch of Seneca 
River, which it enters in Anderson district. 

Elbow Lake, Ma. This lake, which receives its 
name from its sh.ape, is the principal source of 
the head branch of North Red River. 

Eleven Mile Branch, Barnwell district, S. C. A 
small tributary of the Savannab River. 

Eleven Point River, Mo. and As. This river 
has its source in Oregon co.. Mo., flows S. E. into 
As., and, uniting with Spring River, empties into 
the Big Black. 

Elizabeth Hay, Mn. A large curvature of Lake 
Michigan, extending into Michilimackinac co. 

Elizabeth, Cape, Me., lies in tiio town of Cape 
Elizabeth, and forms the W. houndaiy of Casco 
Bay. Near the extremity of the cape is a light- 
house, 50 feet in height, in N. lat. 43° 33',' W. 
Ion. 70° II'. 

Elizabeth Islands, Ms. See Chilmark. 

Elizabeth River, Va. This river rises in Princess 
Ann and Norfolk counties, and, flowing N. W. 
25 miles into a large estuary at the mouth of 
James River, forms the fine harbor of Norfolk. 
It forms, in conjunction with the Dismal Swamp 
Canal and Pasquatank River, a communication 
from Cliesapcake Bay to Albemarle Sound. 

Elk Creek, Sanilac co., Mn., flows into Lake 
Huron. 

Elk River, Md., rises in Pa., and flows into a 
broad estuary on the N. part of Chesapeake Bay. 
It is navigable to Elkton, 15 miles. 

Elk River, Aa., rises in Te., and, flowing S. W. 
into Aa., enters the Tennessee a little above 
Muscle Shoals. 

Elkhart River, la., rises in Noble and Lagrange 
counties, and flows N. W. into St. Joseph's River, 
in KIkliart co. 

/:.'//.■ Head River, Ca., rises in the Rocky Mts., 
and flows S. \V. into Yampah, or Bear River. 

Elkhorn Iliver, Ky., enters the Kentucky on the 
E. siiie, in Franklin co.. after a course of 30 miles. 
EllJiorn River, Is., rises in Washington co., and 
fiows N. W. into the Kaskaskia. 

EUejai] River. Ga. A branch of the Coosa. 
Ellicott's Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee CO., flows 



W., and enters Niagara River near the mouth of 
Tonawanda Creek, in Erie co. This stream 
affords a number of good mill sites. 

Elligo PonrI, (Jrleans co., Vt. This pond lies 
in the towns of Greensborough and Craftsbury, 
and is sometimes called Elligo Scotland, a cor- 
ruption of the Indian name of Elligo Scootlan. 
It is about 2 miles long and half a mile wide, and 
has two outlets, one to the N. and the other to 
the S. The N. outlet constitutes one of the head 
branches of Black River; the S., after passing 
through Little Elligo Pond, communicates with 
the River Lamoille in Hardwick. The scenery on 
the borders of this pond is very fine, and near its 
centre are two small islands. The waters abound 
with trout of excellent quality. This was for- 
merly a favorite hunting-ground of the St. Francis 
Indians, to whom the N. part of the state once 
belonged. 

Ellis Island, N. Y., sometimes called Gibbet 
Island, from the executions which take place here, 
lies at the month of Hudson River, opposite the 
city of New York. It belongs to the U. S. gov- 
ernment, and Fort Gibson is situated on it. 

Ellis River, Me., rises in the N. part of Oxford 
CO., flows S. through the town of Rumford into 
the Androscoggin. 

Ellis River, N. H., rises on the E. side of the 
White Mountains, near the sources of Peabody 
River. Its two main branches unite in the town 
of Jackson, and fall into the Saco River at Bart- 
lett. 

Elm Creek, Is. It rises in the S. part of Clay 
CO., flows S. E., and empties into the Little Wa- 
bash River. 

Elm River, Houghton CO., Mn. A small stream 
rising in Juliet Lake, and flowing N. W. into Lake 
Superior. 

Elm liiver. Ma. A W. branch of North Red 
River. 

Embarras River, Ma. A small stream flowing 
S. E. into St. Louis River. 

Emenija River, Ma. This river flows S. W. 
into the Sioux, which it enters at the N. W. cor- 
ner of Iowa. 

Emery River, Te., is a branch of Clinch River. 

English Lake, Stark Co., la. A sheet of water 
lying near the centre of the county, and through 
which the Kankakee River flows. 

English River, N. Y., rises in Clinton co., flows 
N. 30 miles, and enters Chateaugay River in 
Canada. 

Englishman's Bay, Washington co.. Me., is sit- 
uated a few miles VV. of Macbias Bay. Chan- 
dler's River, a considerable stream, fiows into it, 
and it contains many islands and fine harbors. 
Head Harbor Island is its W. boundary. 

Eninandiyo liiver. La Pointe CO., W[i.. rises in 
the N. W. part of the county, and flows S. into 
the St. Croix River. 

Ennoree River, S. C. A branch of Broad River. 

Eno River, Orange co., N. C. This stream rises 
in the interior of Orange co., flows E., and empties 
into the Ncuse, of which it is a head brancli. 

Enty Cateeome River, On. It flows S. E., and 
empties into Clark's Fork of Columbia River, a 
little below Barrier River. 

Erie, Lake, one of the chain of great lakes lying 
between tlie United States and the British pos- 
sessions in North America. Its waters wash 
the shores of four of the states, N. Y., Pa., 0., 
and Mn., and of a large section of Canada. 
The greatest length of tlie lake, from the mouth 



192 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



of the Miinmee on tlip W. to the outlet of Nlng- 
iira River on the E., is within a fraction of 270 
miles. Tlie width varies from 15 to 50 miles, 
the wiliest part heinj; opposite to Ashtahuhi CO., 
O. The depth is much less than that of cither 
of the other great hikes, not cxcecdinf; 120 feet, 
or 20 fathoms, on an avcrajre. and becoming; jien- 
erally very shallow towards the shores. Its surfoce, 
as ascertained by the enfrinccrs of the Erie Canal, 
is 555 feet above the Hudson River at Albany, 
and 334 feet above Lake Ontario. It receives, at 
its extreme N. W. angle, through the Detroit 
River or Strait, the influx of the waters from the 
great upper lakes, and discharges them at the 
N.E. extremity, through the Niagara River, into 
Lake Ontario. This lake is the only one of the 
series in which a current is supposed to be percep- 
tible. From the W., the rivers which come in are 
the Maumee, the Raisin and the Huron ; from 
the N., the Ouse, or Grand River ; and from the 
S., Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Cuyahoga, Grand 
Conneaut, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo. The waters 
of Lake Erie are united with the Hudson River 
by the Erie Canal, with the Ohio River by the 
Ohio Canal, and with the Wabash, at Terre Haute, 
la., by the Wabash and Erie Canal. The Wel- 
land Canal opens from Lake Erie a navigable 
channel into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. 
Lines of railro.ad communication, also, connect it 
with Boston, with New York, with Cincinnati, 
and, by the way of Detroit, with a point on Lake 
Michigan, near to Chicago. This central position 
of Lake Erie gives it a greater importance, as a 
medium of transportation and travel, than can 
ever belong to either of the other great lakes, 
notwithstanding much greater impediments to its 
navigation, from the shaljowncss of its harbors, 
and the great number of rocks projecting from 
its northern shore. The navigation of the lake 
becomes dangerous as the stormy season ap- 
proaches, and during a part of 'the winter is 
wholly prevented by iee. In the season of com- 
merce upon its waters, between 300 and 400 ves- 
sels are employed, besides a great number of 
steamboats. The principal ports are those of 
Buffalo and Dunkirk, N. Y., Erie, Pa., Cleveland, 
Sandusky, and Toledo, 0. 

Error Mount, Me., is situated in the N.E. part 
of Somerset co. 

Escambia Rii'cr, Fa. and Aa., receives the Co- 
necuh, a larger river than itself, and flows into 
Pensacola Bay. 

Escatawm Creek, Aa. and Mi. This stream 
rises in Washington co., Aa., flows in a S. S. W. 
direction, and enters the Pascagoula Kivor near 
its mouth, in Jackson co.. Mi. 

Escoiiawlia River, Mn. This largo river drains 
the N. E. interior of Marquette co., flows S. E., 
and empties into the Little I5ay de Noquet. 

Esopus Creek, N. Y., a fine mill stream, rises in 
Ulster CO., flows S. E. to the town of Marbletown, 
whence it flows N. E. until its entrance into the 
Hudson, at the village of Ulster. 

Expir.ilH Santo Bail, Ts. This bay, which is 
enclosed by narrow islands, extends from Nueces 
River on the S. W. to Matagorda Bay on tlie N. E. 

Espiritu Santo J'dss, Ts. A narrow passage 
between two islands, and leading into Espiritu 
Santo Bay. 

Estdhlishment Creek, St. Genevieve Co., Mo., 
flows N. E. into the Mississippi River. 

Etoti'ah liii-er, Ga., one of the tu'o branches 
which anite in Floyd co. to form the Coosa. 



Eiistis, Lake, Marion co.. Fa. A small body of 
water lying in the E. part of the county, S. from 
Lake (Jriffin. 

Eutiiw Springs, S. C-, a small S. branch of San- 
tee River, is famous for the battle fought on its 
borders, Sept. 8, 1781, between Greene, American 
general, with a loss of 555, and Stewart, British 
general, with a loss of 1000. 

Fabius River, Mo., rises in lo. and Mo., and 
after a course of about 100 miles, enters the Mis- 
sissippi in Marion co., Mo. 

Fairlee Lake, Vt. See Fairlee. 

Falcon Islands. Two or three small islands lying 
in Long Island Sound, off the coast of Ct. 

Fall Creek, N. Y., rises in Cayuga co., and 
enters Cayuga Lake, near the village of Ithaca, 
in Tompkins co. This stream has several beau- 
tiful falls, which afford excellent water power. 
Those near Ithaca are particularly interesting. 
An artificial tunnel, through which there is a 
passage for visitors, has been constructed here, 
affording the most charming views imaginable. 

Fall Creek, la., rises in the N. W. part of Henry 
CO., flows S. W., and empties into the W. fork of 
White River at Indianapolis, Marion co. 

Fall Creek, On., flows N. N. W. into Lewis 
Fork, of Columbia River. 

Fall River, On. This river rises, by two widely- 
spread forks, in the Blue and Cascade Mts.. flows 
in a northerly direction, and empties into Colum- 
bia River. 

Fall River Hill, Fall River, Ms. Height 259 ft. 

Falling Spring Rivulet, Va. This tributary of 
Jackson's River rises 20 miles S. W. from Warm 
Spring. It has a perpendicular fall of 200 feet, 
and a person may walk between the water and 
the rock without being wet. 

Falls of Niagara. See Fashionable Resorts, &.c. 

Farm River, Ct. It rises in a pond on the 
border of Middlesex and New Haven counties, 
flows S. W., and empties into Long Island Sound. 

Farmington River, Ms. and Ct. This river rises 
in Hampden and Berkshire counties, Ms., flows S. 
E.and N. E., across Litchfield and Hartford coun- 
ties, Ct., and empties into the Connecticut River. 

Fausse Riviere, Lake, Mo., was the bed of the 
Mississippi until about 1714, when the river took 
a shorter course, and, filling up tlie old channel 
near its junction with the new, left the remainder 
a large lake. It is bordered with fine farms of a 
very fertile soil. 

Fay's Mountain, Westborough, Ms. Height 
707 feet. 

Federal Point, N. C. The S. extremity of New 
Hanover co., jutting into Cape Fear River. 

Fenahollowa River, Madison co.. Fa. This is a 
small stream flowing in a south-westerly direc- 
tion into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Ferrand River, Vt. This river rises in Avery's 
and Warner's Gores, waters the towns of Morgan 
and Wenlock, and unites with Clyde River in 
Brighton. 

Fifteen ifde Falls, Vt. See Lunenburg. 

Finlii/'s Jjike, N. Y., lies in the town of Mina, 
Chatauque co. 

Fire Hands, N. Y'. These small islands lie 
opposite the town of Islip, in the (ireat S. Bay 
of Long Island. 

Fireplace Bay, Brookhaven, Suffolk Co., N. \'., 
is a curvature of the Great S. Bay of Long Island. 

Fire Steel River. Mn., rises in the W. part of 
Houghton CO., and flows N. W. into Lake Superior. 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



193 



First Luke, Dane co., Wn. It lies S. E. from 
Second Lake, and supplies the head waters of the 
W. brani-h of Rock River. 

Fish Creek. N. Y., an im])ortant mill stream, 
rises in Lewis co., and enters Wood Creek, in 
Oneida co. It is boatable a few miles above its 
mouth. 

FisA Creek. Saratoga co., N. Y., the outlet of 
Saratoga Lake, enters the Hudson at the village 
of Schuylcrville. 

Fish Creek. JIa. This stream waters the S. W. 
part of the territory flowing S. into the Missouri 
River. 

Fish Lake, Fulton CO., N. Y. This lake, which 
is surrounded by high hills, is 2 miles long, and I 
mile wide. Its waters are clear and deep, abound- 
ing in salmon and brook trout of a superior 
quality. 

Fi.'ih Lake, Oswego co., N. Y. This beautiful 
little sheet of water lies in the town of Granby, 
W. of Oswego River. It is 2 miles long, and 1 
mile wide. 

Fish Bieer, Me., a tributary of the St. John's, 
flows in the N. part of Penobscot co. 

Fish Birer. Baldwin co., Aa., pursues a S. 
course, and falls into Bon Secour Bay. 

Fish River, Schoolcraft CO., Mn. A small 
stream flowing into Lake Superior. 

Fish liictr. La Pointe co., Wn., flows N. E. 
into the S. extremity of Chegowawcgon Bay. 

Fisher's Island, Ct. Situated in Long Island 
Sound, off the mouth of Mystic River. The 
lieautiful steamer Atlantic, with many v.aluable 
lives, was lost at this island, in November, 1846. 

Fisher's Island, Suffolk Co., N. Y., lies near the 
E. end of Long Island Sound, off the Ct. shore. 
It is distant 14 miles from the nearest point of 
Long Island, and 137 miles from the city of N. Y. 
It is 8 miles long, 1 wide, owned by one proprie- 
tor, and sustains a very fine dairy. 

Fisherman's Island, Me., lie.s off the town of 
Boothbay, Lincoln co. 

Fisherman's Island, Northampton co., Va., lies 
off Cape Chai-los, at the mouth of Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Fishi7ig Creek, Va. It rises in the S. part of 
Wetzel CO., flows N. W., and empties into the 
Ohio River at the town of New Martinsville. 

Fishinq Creek, S. C., rises in York district, flows 
S. E., and falls into the Wateree in Chester co. 

Fishkill or ilatteuivan Creek, N. Y.. an impor- 
tant mill stream, rises in Dutchess co., flows S. W., 
through the town of Fishkill, and enters the Hud- 
son opposite the village of Newburg. The impor- 
tant manufacturing villages of Glcnheim and Mat- 
teawan are located on this stream. 

Fishkill or Malteawnti Mountains, N. Y., in the 
S. part of Dutchess co., are a continuation of 
the Highlands, through which the Hudson River 
passes. They extend N., under different names, 
to the Green "Mts, of Vt. 

Five Mile Run Creek, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., 
rises in Hinsdale, and flows S. into the Allegha- 
ny River. 

Flambeau Lake, Portage co., Wn. Situated in 
the N. part of the county, and connected by an 
outlet with one of the head branches of Chippewa 
River. 

Flat Bead Luke, On. A large body of water 
in the N. E. part of the territory, and supplying 
one of the head branches of Clark's Fork of Co- 
ir mbia River. 

Flat River, N. C, rises in the W. part of Person 
25 



CO., flows S. E., and enters Neuse River just be- 
low the junction of the Eno and Little. 

Flat Boek Creek. la. This stream waters the 
W. jjart of Henry co., flows S. W., and empties 
into the E. fork of White River, at the town of 
Columbus, in Bartholomew co. 

Flat Shoal Creek, Ga., rises in Mcrriwether Co., 
flows S. W., and falls into the Chattahoochee 
River. 

Flatter//, Cape, On. This cape is the N. W. ex- 
tremity of the territory, being situ.ated at the 
mouth of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. 

Flattery Roeks, On. Situated in the Pacific, S. 
from Cape Flattery. 

Flint Creek, N. Y., rises in Yates co., flows S^ 
and enters C'anandaigua Outlet in Ontario co. 

Flint Rirer, Ga. The two head branches rise 
in CamjibcU and De Kalb counties. Its length 
is ."00 miles, its depth G feet, and its width, where 
it enters the Chattahoochee, 150 3'ard3. It is nav- 
igable for steamboats to Baiubridge, 50 miles 
above its confluence. 

Flint Rirer. Mn., one of the largest branches of 
the Saginaw, rises in Lapeer and S.anilac coun- 
ties, and enters the Saginaw 30 miles from it8 
mouth, in Saginaw co. It is 100 miles in length, 
and, togetlier with its branches, affords extensive 
water power. It is boatable 20 miles from ita 
mouth. 

Flint Steel River, Mn. A small stream empty- 
ing into Lake Superior, W. from Fire Steel River. 

Flintstone Fork, Ca. One of the head branches 
of Eagle River. 

Florida, Cape. A promontory situated on an 
island called Key Biscayune, off the S. E. coast 
of Fa. A light-house, which was burnt by the 
Serainoles, was erected here to mark the entrance 
of Hawk's Channel. It was shuated in 28° 15' 
N. lat. and 3° 22' W. Ion. from Washington. 

Florida Kei/s. Fa. This is a long chain of 
islands extending in a south-westerly direction 
from Dade co. It embraces many groups. Key 
Largos being at the N. E. and the Tortugas at 
the S. W. extremity. 

Floi/d's River, lo., drains the N. W. part of 
the state, and falls into the Missouri River, near 
the entrance of the Sioux. 

Flushing Bay, N. Y., lies S. of East River, with 
which it communicates. It is 3 miles long, 1 mile 
wide, and navigable for steamboats to the village 
of Flushing. 

Folly Island, Colleton district, S. C. A long, 
narrow island, lying S. E. from James Island. 

Fontaine Creek, Greenville co., Va. A W. 
branch of the Mehenin River. 

Ford River, Mn. It rises in the )5. interior of 
Marquette co., flows S. E.. and empties into Green 
Bay, just at the mouth of Little Bay de Noqnet 

Forest Creek, S. C. This is the E. fork of Tyger 
River, whiclr it enters in Union district. 

Forked Deer River, Te., rises in Carroll and 
Henderson counties, and, after a course of about 
100 miles, enters the Mississippi in Tipton co. 

Fort Point, Mn. The N. extremity of She- 
boygan CO., extending into the Straits of Mack- 
inaw. 

Foulweather Cape, On. Situated at the mouth 
of a small river, S. from Cape Lookout. 

Fountain Creek, Monroe co.. Is. A small stream 
flowing in a semicircular form, and emptying 
into the Mississippi River. 

Fourche Caddo, As. A considerable stream of 
this name crosses Montgomery and Clark coun- 



194 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



ties, and enters the Waehita a little above Archi- 
delphia. . 

Fmirehp. Diimns, Mo. and As. This stream 
rises in Ripley co., Mo., flows S., and enters the 
Big Black in Randolph co., Mi. 

Fmrlh Lake. Dune co., Wn. Situated near the 
centre of the county, forming the N. boundary 
of the city of Madison. 

Fox Creek. N. Y., rises in Albany co., flows W., 
and enters Schoharie Creek in Sdioliarie co. 

Fox Creek, Smyth CO., Va. A head branch of 
the S. fork of Ho"lston River. 

Fox Islands, Me. See Vinnlhaven. 
Fox hhinil, .Jefterson co., N. Y., lies in the E. 
part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to the town 
of Lyme. , . , 

Fox Lake, Dodge eo., Wn. Situated m the 
N. W. part of the county, at the head of Ahmie 
River. 

Fox River, Is., rises in Wn., passes throuKli a 
ntimbcr of small lakes near the boundary of the 
state, and enters the Illinois, of which it is a prin- 
cipal branch, at Ottawa. 

Fox River, Wn., is composed of two main 
streams coming from the S. and from the N., and 
forming a connection a few miles \V. of Winne- 
bago Lake. The southern stream of these two, 
known as Fox River proper, is composed of two 
branches, which take their rise in the level table 
land lying E. of the Wisconsin River, and unite 
at Fort Winnebago, leaving a portage of only 
about two miles from the navigable channel of 
the Wisconsin. The general course of the river 
from this point is N. E. It passes through, or 
rather itself dilates into, several small lakes in 
the upper part of its course, after which it more 
distinctly preserves its character as a river for 
about 60 miles, to its junction with its great 
northern confluent, as before mentioned. This 
confluent, formerly known as Wolf River, but 
now as Fox River, northern branch, has its 
sources a hundred miles or more to the N.. among 
those of the rivers flowing into Lake Superior, 
and into the N. W. side of Green Bay. After 
the confluence of these two great branches, the 
Fox River takes a S. E. direction, and falls into 
the W. side of Lake Winnebago. It emerges 
again at the N. W. angle of this lako, and pursues 
a N. E. course for about 4.5 miles to the head ot 
Green Bay. The Fox River is navigable, through 
Fox River proper, and the lakes into which it 
spreads itself out, for a distance of 200 miles, 
and forms, with Green Bay, or is destined to form, 
an important link of the navigable route liom 
Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River, through 
the River Wisconsin. 

Fox River, lo. and Mo. This stream^ rises in 
the E. part of Appanoose co.. lo., flows S. E. into 
Mo., and empties into the Mississippi River a little 
below the Des Moines. 

Fox Spr/nr/s, Ky., which consist of white sul- 
phur and chalybeate, arc situated 10 miles E. from 
Flemingsburg, between two mountains. It is a 
pleasant resort, the surrounding country abound- 
ing in game. 

French Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of Sher- 
man, Chatauque CO., flows 100 miles in a S. di- 
rection, and enters the Alleghany River in the 
state of Pa. It is boatable more than 50 miles 
It was on this creek that the French built one of 
their forts designed to keep up a communication 
between Lake Erie and the Ohio at Puisbnrg, 
ajid thence its name. 



French Broad River, a head branch of the Ten- 
nessee, rises on the N. side of Blue Ridge, Bun- 
combe CO., N. C, and entering Tennessee through 
a gap in the mountains, unites with Holston Riv- 
er 5 miles above Knoxville. It is navigable to 
Dandridge for boats of 1 5 tons. The Nolachueky 
River on the N., and Great and Little Pigeon 
Rivers on the S., are its principal branches. 
French's Hill, Peru, Ms. Height 22.S7 feet. 
French River rises in Leicester. Ms., flows 
through Auburn, Oxford, and Dudley; it then 
enters Ct., and unites with the Quinebaug at 
Thompson. Some French Protestants settled on 
this river in 168S. 

Frenchman's Bay, Hancock CO., Me. This im- 
portant bay extends from the Atlantic about 20 
miles inland, and contains many line harl>ors and 
beautiful islands. It is bounded W. by Baker's 
Island, one of the Cranberry group, and on the 
E. by a peninsula in the town of Goldsborough. 
The width of this bay, from Baker's Island to 
Goldsborough point, is 10 miles. It is surround- 
ed by the towns of Eden, Trenton, Hancock, 
Franidin, Sullivan, and Goldsborough, and re- 
ceives many valuable streams. It is one of the 
best retreats in a storm on the American coast, 
beincr easy of access, and never obstructed by ice. 
Fmhwater Island, S. C, lies in the Atlantic, in 
Ion. 79° 15' W., lat. 33°5'N. 

Friend's Lake lies in Chester, Warren eo.,N. Y. 
Frog Bai/ou, As., falls into the Arkansas River 
in Crawford co. ,„,.,.<• 

Fiillon Chain of Lakes, N. Y. This chain of 
eight small lakes lies in Herkimer and Hamilton 
counties ■, they are connected by navigable outlets, 
forming the head branches of Moose, a tributary 
of Black River. 

Fundi/, Bay of. This bay washes a part of the 
E. shore of Me'., and is an important channel of 
commerce between the U. S. and the British prov- 
inces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. This 
large and important b.ay sets up N. E. round Cape 
Sable, the most southern point of Nova Scotia, in 
N. lat. 43° 24', W. Ion. 65° 39', and crosses to the 
shore of Me. a little W. of Frenchman's Bay. 
From the mouth ot Frenchman's Bay to Cape 
Sable is about 150 miles; from Eastport to St. 
John's, N.B., is 60 miles; from St. John's to An- 
napolis, in a bay of that name, on the Nova Sco- 
tia side, is 40 niUes ; from thence to Halifax, by 
land, is 80 miles. From Eastport direct to An- 
napolis, across the bay, is about 70 miles. The 
Bay of Fundy is divided near its head by Cape 
Ch'in-necto. The N. W. part is called Chignecto 
Baf ; the S. E. part the Basin of Mines. From 
Eastport to Cumberland, at the head of Chignecto 
Bay, is about 170 miles ; to Windsor, at the head 
of "the Basin of Mines, is about 150. From 
Windsor to Halifax is 45 miles. The commerce 
on this bay with our friends and neighbors, the 
English, is very considerable. While tbey re- 
ceive bread stuffs and other productions of our 
soil, we are indebted to them for vast quantities 
of grindstones and gypsum. The gypsum is 
principally from the Basin of Mines : it lies em- 
bedded in elevated masses along the shores of the 
bay ; it is easily quarried and taken on board of 
vessels by the sides of the cliffs. The grindstones 
from Cumberland, or Chignecto bay, are every 
where celebrated. The source is inexhaustible, 
and the manufacture immense. The tides in the 
Bay of Fundy are supposed to rise to a greater 
height than in any other part of the world. 



IN THE tTOTTED STATES. 



195 



Their elevation increases as yon ascend the bay. 
At Eastport they rise 25 feet ; at St. John's, 30 ; 
at Cape Split, 55; at Windsor, 60; and at Cum- 
berland, at the head of Chignecto Bay, they rise 
to the enormous iieightof 71 feet. These tides 
announce themselves, some time before their ap- 
proach, by a sound resembling that of a rushing 
wind in a forest; they diish against the shore 
with a reddish hue, the color of the day bottom 
over which they p.ass, with frightful violence, at 
first to the height of from 8 to 10 feet, overwhelm- 
ing all within their reach. There are but few 
islands within this bay. Grand Menan. and a 
cluster of small islands round it, off West Quoddy 
Head, and Campo Bello, near East|)ort, are the 
principal. They belong to the British. The ra- 
pidity of the tides within this bay, the fogs which 
frequently prevail, and the absence of good har- 
bors above St. John's, render the navigation 
dithcult and often dangerous. The harbor of St. 
John's is easy of access, safe, and of sufficient 
expanse for a hirge fleet of any draught of water. 

Gale's Creek; N. C, falls into the Atlantic in 
Ion. 77° 12' W. and hit. 34° 44' N. 

Galien Hirer, Berrien Co., Mn. A small stream 
watering the S. part of the county, and emptying 
into Lake iWichigan. 

Galkitius River, Mo., is one of the S. W. sources 
of the Missouri River. Flowing N. it unites with 
Madison and Jefferson Rivers to form the Mis- 
souri. 

Gallivants Bay, Monroe CO., Fa. The Gulf of 
Mexico stretches inland at this place, and receives 
the waters of Long Creek. 

Gallop Islatul, Jefferson CO., N. Y., lies in the E. 
part of Lake Ontario, anil is attached to the town 
of Henderson. 

Galveston Bar, Ts. The passage leading into 
G.alveston Bay, (jetween Galveston Island and 
Point Bolivar. 

Galveston Island, Ts. Situated in the Gulf of 
Mexico, S. W. from Galveston Bay. 

Garden Island, Mn., lies in the N. part of Lake 
Michigan, N. N. E. from Great Beaver Island. 

Gardai Island Batj lies E. from East Bay, be- 
tween the S. E. and S. passes of the Mississippi. 

Gardiner's Bay, N. Y.. is a somewhat circular 
expanse of water. 8 miles in diameter, lying be- 
ktwccn Gardiner's Island and the E. extremity of 
Long Island. 

Gardiner's Island, N. Y., Is distant 3 or 4 miles 
from the E. end of Long Island. It is 4 miles 
long and 2 miles wide, forming the E. boundary 
of Gardiner's Bay. The island was settled in 
1639 by Lyon Gardiner, a Scotchm.an, formerly a 
lieutenant in the British army. His descendants 
still occupy the island, which is under a high 
gtate of cultivation ; it also sustains an extensive 
dairy and large flocks of fine sheep. Gardiner's 
Point is a long neck of land extending N. 

Garoga Creek, N. Y.. rises in Bleecker, Fulton 
CO.. flows S., and falls into Mohawk River at the 
village of Palatine, Montgomery co. 

Garur/a Lake, N. Y.. lies in the town of Bleecker, 
Fulton CO., and is surrounded by picturesque 
hills, thickly wooded with large forest-trees. It is 
3 miles long and half a mile wide, abounding in 
salmon and brook trout. 

Gasconade River, Mo., rises in Pulaski CO., and 
after a course of 140 miles, enters the S. side of 
the Missouri, 100 miles from its mouth, in Gas- 
conade CO. It aflFords extensive water power. 



Gasparilln Island, Hillsboro' CO., Fa. This is 
a small island lying at the mouth of Charlotte 
Harbor. 

Gasparilla Sound, Fa. It extends 6 miles on 
the W. coast of Fa., from Clini Inlet to Char- 
lotte Bay, and is about 2 miles wide. Clini Inlet 
has 4 feet of water, and Gasparilla Inlet 6 feet on 
the bar. 

Gaulei] River, Va., rises on the W. side of the 
Alleghany Mts., in Pocahontas co., and enters the 
Great Kanawha River on the N. side, just above 
the great falls. 

Gauthier Creek, Chippewa co., Wn. A small 
branch of the Chippewa, which it enters near the 
mouth of Yellow River 

Gaijared River, Clayton co., Mn., enters the 
Mississippi a little above the Wisconsin. 

Gayashk Lake, Ma. A large sheet of water 
lying near the mouth of Crow Wing River, with 
which it is connected on the S. by an outlet. 

Geducy's Channel. See jV. Y. Lower Bai/. 

Geese Islands, N. H., lying in the Connecticut 
River, are five in number, and belong to the to\vn 
of Haverhill. The largest contains about 49 
acres, and the others contain, in all, about 15 
acres. 

Geneqanslette Creek, Chenango Co., N. Y., rises 
in the town of Pharsalia, and enters Chenango 
River near the village of Greene. This stream 
affords many good mill sites, and abounds with 
fine trout. 

Genesee Falls, N. Y. See Genesee River. 

Genesee Port, N. Y. See Charlotte. 

Genesee River. N. Y., takes its rise in the 
western part of the state of Pennsylvania, and 
running at first N. W., enters the state of 
New York near the S. E. comer of Alleghany 
CO. After pursuing this course diagonally nearly 
across the county, it bends to the N. W., and con- 
tinues in this direction, through Livingston and 
Monroe counties, to Lake Ontario. There are 
falls in this river, near its mouth, at Car- 
thage, of 75 feet; at Rochester, 7 miles from its 
mouth, of 268 feet in all ; and in the town of 
Nunda, at the northern border of Alleghany co.. 
two falls of 60 .and of 90 feet. By the falls and 
rapids at Rochester, a vast water power is created 
on which are many extensive flouring mills 
and other hydraulic works, not surpassed by any 
in the world. The river is navigable for vessels 
and steamboats from the lake to Carthage, about 
2 miles N. of Rochester, to which point there is a 
railroad from the city. S. of Rochester, steam- 
boats of light burden run to Avon, about 20 
miles, and the river is navigable for boats to the 
head of the rapids, a distance of 53 miles. .Some 
of the best land in all the state is found in the 
valley of this river, in an alluvial tract of about 
40 miles in breadth. 

Genet Lake, N. Y., one of the Eckford chain of 
lakes, lies W. of Mount Emmons, in Hamilton co^ 
and is suiTounded by wild and romantic scenery. 
It contains several beautiful little islands. 

George, Fort, N. Y. See Caldwell. 

George, Lake, or Lake Iloricon, N. Y., a beautiful 
body of water, lying principally in W.ashington 
and Warren counties, about 36 miles long, from 
N. to S., and from 2 to 3 miles wide. It dis- 
charges its waters S., through an outlet about 3 
miles long, into Lake Champlam. This outlet has 
a descent of about 160 feet. The lake is elevated 
243 feet above tide water in the Hudson. It is 
Eurronnded by hills, rising sometimes to moun- 



196 



MOUNTAINS, KIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



tains, and presenting a most picturesque variety 
of bold and beautiful forms, and dotted with 
islands of every sliape and size, said to equal in 
number the days of the year. The water is of 
Buch extraordinary clearness and transparency 
that the bottom, of yellow sand, may be seen at 
depths of 30 and 40 feet. The reflected images 
from the shining bosom of the lake, of the sur- 
roundins: hills and mountains, and of the hun- 
dreds of islands all bearinf; upon their margins. 
or their summits, clusters of graceful trees and 
shrubbery, added to other features of a bolder and 
more striking character, render this one of the 
most delightful resorts for those who have an eye 
for beautiful scenery. 

The village of Caldwell is pleasantly situated 
at the S. W. end of the lake, and contains 
between 7 and 800 inhabitants. The Lake 
House, in this village, is a spacious and con- 
venient hotel, situated within a few rods of the 
steamboat landing, and designed es]>ecially for 
the convenience of travellers and parties of 
pleasure, who find this a most grateful I'esort, at 
all times, during the summer season. From this 
point a steamboat runs daily, during the season 
of travelling, to the southern extremity of the 
lake, where the passengers find stages to convey 
them, about 4 miles, to Ticonderoga, on the 
western shore of Lake Ohamplain. Tliere are 
several localities on the shores of this lake, which 
are interesting from their historical associations. 
The position of the lake, as forming a part of the 
most feasible route, in former times, between the 
navigable waters of tlie St. Lawrence and the 
North River, gave it much importance as a 
channel of communication to be commanded 
and defended by either power, which, in the 
changing fortunes of war, might come into 
possession of it. Fort William Henry, near the 
S. shore, the remains of which are still visible, 
was garrisoned by the English, in 1757, with a 
force of 3000 men. It was assaulted by the 
French army, of 10,000 men, under the Marquis 
de Montcalm, and compelled to capitulate. It 
was then razed to the ground by Montcalm, and 
never afterwards rebuilt. From this point Gen- 
eral Abercrombie, with 1 5,000 men, embarked, in 
1768, to attack Fort Ticonderoga. Sabbath-day 
Point is a projection from the western shore of 
the lake, about 24 miles from Caldwell, where a 
party of the p:nglish landed, during the French 
war, and were all killed by the Indians. Fort 
Ticonderoga, at the outlet of the lake, commanded- 
tlie approach to it from the N., and was, for a long 
time, considered as almost impregnable, until it 
was taken from the French, by General Amherst, 
in 1759. It was again taken by surprise from the 
English, in 1775, by a small party of Americans 
from Vermont, commanded by Ethan Allen, but 
was retaken two years afterwards by General 
Burgoyne, who bore upon it with his cannon 
from the top of Mount Defiance, a position 
hitherto supposed to be inaccessible for any 
such effective battery. Since the close of the 
revolutionary war this fortress ha.s [)een suftered 
to go to decay. Lake George abounds with the 
finest fish, such as the delicious salmon trout, 
weighing from 5 to 20 pounds, the silver trout, 
brook trout, ))ickerel, pike, and perch. In conse- 
quence of the extraordinary purity of the waters 
of this lake, the French formerly procured it for 
sacramental uses, on which account it was by 
them called Lac Sacrcmcnt. 



Giant of the Valley. Essex co., N. Y., one of the 
high peaks of the Adirondack range. 

Gibbet Island, N. Y. See Ellis Island. 

Gibson, Fort, N. Y. See Ellis Island. 

Gilbolo nicer, Ts. An E. branch of the San 
Antonio. 

Goat or Iris Island, N. Y., lies in the Niagara 
River, at the Great Falls, dividing the waters into 
two unequal parts. See Niai/ara Falls. 

Goi/ebic Lake, Mn. This sheet of water lies in 
the W. part of the upper peninsula, and is the 
source of the W. branch of Ontonagon River. 

Goodwin Creek, S. C, a branch of the Great 
Pedee, which it enters about half a mile below 
Westfield Creek. 

Goose Creek, Chatauque co., N. Y., rises in the 
town of Harmony, and flows N. E. into Cha- 
tauque Lake. 

Goose Creek, Va., rises in the Blue Ridge, 5 
miles S. W. of the Peaks of Otter, and after a 
course of 30 miles, enters Staunton River, in 
Campbell co. 

Goose Creek, On., flows N. N. W., and empties 
into Lewis Fork, of Columbia River, a little 
above Malade River. 

Gooseberry River, Ma. It flows S. E., and 
empties into Lake Superior. 

' Goose Neck Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in 
St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town 
of Louisville. 

Goose River, Ma. A W. branch of North Red 
River. 

Goose Sound, Carteret co., N. C. Situated be- 
tween Old Topsail and Bogue Inlets, separating 
a long, narrow island from the main. 

Gopher Creek, lo. A small stream entering the 
Missouri, just below the mouth of Boyers River. 

Governor's Island lies in N. Y. harbor, at the 
junction of East and Hudson Rivers, and belongs 
to the U. S. government. ItLis finely situated 
for the defence of the city of N. Y., should an 
enemy pass the fortifications at the Narrows. On 
it are erected Fort Columbus, Castle Williams, 
and the South Battery, commanding altogether 
more than 200 pieces of armament. Fort Colum- 
bus, in the centre of the island, is the most im- 
portant. These fortifications, when fully garri- 
soned, require 800 men. 

Graham Lake, Ma. It lies N. W. from Oka- 
bina Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet* 

Grand Bayou, La. This stream rises in Bien- 
ville parish, flows S. E., and uniting with Black 
Lake Creek, enters Black Lake. 

Grand Calliou, Bayou, Terre Bonne parish. La., 
flows in a S. W. direction, and enters the Gulf 
of Mexico, S. from Lake Calliou. 

Grand Island, Erie co., N. Y., lies in the Niag- 
ara River, and is comjirised in the town of Tona- 
wanda. It commences 6 miles below Bufi'alo, and 
extends to within 3 miles of the falls, being 9 
miles in length, and in one place 6 miles in width 
The soil is very fertile, and well wooded with 
white and black oak. beech, maple, ash, &c. The 
navigation along its shores is good, and the sce- 
nery exceedingly beautiful. 

Grand Island, Schoolcraft CO., Mn. A pretty 
large island, lying in Lake Superior. 

Grand Island, La. A large island lying in the 
Gulf of Mexico, between Vermilion and Cote 
Blanche Bays. 

Grand Lake. This large body of water lies 
partly in Washington co.. Me., and partly in New 
Brunswick, and is 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



197 



It oontains many islands, receives the waters of 
numerous small lakes and rivers, and is the prin- 
cipal source of the River St. Cvoix. There are 
several other hikes in this state of considerable 
maf^nitudc and beauty bearing the same name. 

Grand Hirer, Me., rises in New Brunswick, and 
flows S. S. W. into St. John's River. 

Grand River. 0. It rises in Portapje and 
Trumbull counties, flows N. through the W. part 
of Ashtabula co., then it turns to tlio W., and 
crossing Lake co., falls into Lake Erie. 

Grand River, As., flows S. E. into the 'Arkan- 
sas. Navigable about 200 miles. 

Grand River, Mo., rises in Iowa and, flowing 
S.E., enters the Missouri 240 miles from its mouth. 
It is boatable 100 miles. 

Grand River, Mn., is the largest river running 
wholly in the state. Its two principal branches 
unite in Jackson co., and, pursuing a winding 
N. W. course, it enters L.ake Michigan at Grand 
Haven, Ottawa co. It is 270 miles long, and 
about 60 rods wide at its mouth, admitting ves- 
sels drawing 12 feet of water. It is navigable 
for steamboats 40 miles, to the Grand liaiiids, 
and 240 miles for bateaux. 

Grand River, Ca. It rises in the W. part of 
Na., fiows S. \V. into Ca., and unites with Green 
River to form the Rio Colorado. 

Grand Rnnd River, On. It rises among the 
Blue Mts., fiows N. E. and em[)tics into the Lewis 
Fork of Columbia River, just above Snlmun River. 

Grand Sachem of the Hii/hlands, N. Y. See 
Beacon, New. 

Grand Traverse Bay, Mn. This is a consid- 
erable inlet from Lake Michigan, towards the N. 
part of the state. 

Grand Traverse River, Mn.. drains Kaleasca 
and Omena counties, and empties into Grand 
Traverse Bay. 

Grant's Island, N. H., lies in Connecticut River, 
opposite the town of Lyme, and contains 24 acres. 

Grant River, Grant CO., Wn. It flows in a gen- 
eral southerly direction, and empties into the Mis- 
sissippi River. 

Grass Lake lies in the town of Hammond, St. 
Lawrence co., N. Y. 

Gi'ass Point, Brown CO., Wn., extends into the 
S. part of Green B.ay, ojiposite Point an Sable. 

Grass River, N. Y!, rises at the S. E. ])art of 
St. Lawrence co., flows N., and enters St. Law- 
rence River at the N. boundary of the state, op- 
posite Cornwall Island, Canada. 

Grassij Brook, Vt. See Brookline. 

Gratiot. Fort. St. Clair co., Mn., consists of 
a stockade, including a magazine, barracks, &c., 
for a garrison of one battalion, and was erected 
in 1814. 

Grave Creek, Marshall co., Va., rises in the E. 
part of the county, flows N. W., and empties into 
the Ohio River at Elizabeth. 

Gracelli/ Point, Arenac co., Mn., extends into 
Saginaw Bay, S. from Whitestone Point. 

Gravesetid Bay. N. Y., is formed by a curve on 
the W. end of Long Island, and enclosed by 
Coney Island. On this bay is situated the well- 
known Bath House, a favorite resort during the 
sorpmer months. 

Gray's Harbor, On. A small bay situated be- 
tween Points Brown and Chickeeles, and receiv- 
ing the waters of Chickeeles River. 

Great Bay, Belknap co., N. H., lies between the 
towns of Sanbornton and Meredith, and is con- 
nected with Winnipisiogee Lake. 



Great Barn Island, N. Y. See Barn Island, 
Great. 

Great Egq Harbor, N. Y. See Egg Harbor, 
Great. 

Great Hot] Neck, N. Y. Tliis peninsula lies in 
the town of Southampton, Suffolk CO., between 
Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays. It is con- 
nected to Long Island by a narrow isthmus. 

Great h/ami, N. H. Sec New Castle. 

Great Island, Ms., encloses Wellfleet Bay on 
the N. W. 

Great Island. N. Y. See Hempstead. 

Great Kills, N. Y., on the S. E. side of Staten 
Island, extend some distance inland, receiving 
several small streams. 

Great Marais Harbor _ Houghton ca, Mn. Sit- 
uated on the N. W. coast of Kecwaiwona Point. 

Great Meadow Hill, Rehoboth, Ms. Height 
266 feet. 

Great Neck, North Hempstead, Queen's CO., 
N. Y.. lies between Cow and Little Neck Bays. 
It is aliout 4 miles long and 2 wide. Hewlett's 
Point is situated on the N. end. 

Great Ohoopee River, Ga. This river rises in 
the S. E. part of Washington co., flows S., re- 
ceiving many large branches, and empties into 
the Alatamaha in Tatnall (O. 

Great Peconic Bay, N. Y. See Peconic Bay. 

Great Pine River, As., has its rise in the S. part 
of Newton co.. and flows S. into the Arkansas. 

Grmt Rock Hill, Rehoboth, Ms. Height 248 ft 

Great Salt Lake, Uh. This is the largest 
sheet of water in the state, lying in the N. E. part, 
W. from the Bear River Mts. It contains several 
islands, and its waters are Salter than those of 
the ocean. Bear River flows into it from the 
N. E., and Utah River, the outlet of Utah Lake, 
on the S. E. 

Great South Bay, N. Y., commences at the New 
Inlet, 2.') miles E. of the city of N. Y., and ex- 
tends 30 miles along the S. coast of Long Island. 
It is from 1 to 5 miles wide, and aft'ords good 
navigation. Its w.aters .abound in fine shell and 
scale fish, and different kinds of wild water fowl 
are found here in great numbers, affording pleas- 
ant and profitable employment for the sportsmen, 
and an article of trafiic for hundreds of people. 

Great South Beach. N. Y., encloses Great S. 
Bay. It is 40 miles long and half a mile wide. 
On the W. end, near the Fire Islands, is a light- 
house called the Fire Isl.and light. 

Great Vidley Creek, N. Y., a tributary of the 
Alleghany River, rises in Cattaraugus co. 

Great Works Stream, Me., an important tribu- 
tary of the Penobscot, which it enters on the E. 
side, opposite the Indian settlement at Oldtown. 

Great IVorfo Stream, York co., Me., rises in 
North Berwick, and enters Salmon Fall River at 
South Berwick. 

Green Bay, Wn., runs parallel with the N. W. 
part of Lake Michigan, and is connected with 
it by a broad opening. It is 100 miles long, and 
from 1,5 to .30 broad. It receives Fox and Meno- 
monee Rivers, and is navigable to its head for ves- 
sels of 200 tons. At its entrance is a succession 
of islands, extending 30 miles. 

Green Brier River, *Va., rises in the N. E. part 
of Pocahontas co., and flowing S. W. through 
Greenbrier and Monroe counties, enters the Ka- 
nawha at the ])assage through Laurel Rid^e. 

Green or TihbetCs Island. Albany CO., N. Y., lies 
in the Hudson, opposite the city of Troy, to 
which it is connected by bridges, and is attached 



198 



MOUNTAINS, KIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



to the town of Watervliet. It is about 2 miles 
long, half a mile wide, anil is crossed bv the Rens- 
selaer and Sarato;:a Railroads. 

Green Lake, N. Y., an extremely beautiful sheet 
of water, lies in the town of Manlius, Onondaga 
CO., and within a few rods of the Eric Canal. It 
is about three fourths of a mile long, and quarter 
of a mile in width. It affords several kinds of 
excellent fish, and the water is so clear and trans- 
parent they can be plainly seen at the depth of 
50 feet with the naked eye. Its depth is 176 feet, 
and in several places the water is CO feet deep 
within five feet of the shore. A small circular 
lake, whose depth has never been ascertained, 
lies about 20 rods N. of this. 

Green Luke. Marquette CO., Wn, It lies in the 
E. part of the county, and communicates on the 
N. with Neenah or Fox River, 

Green Lake, Ma, Situated near St, Croix Riv- 
er, S, from Buried Eagle L.Tke. 

Green Mountains, Vt. This range of moun- 
tains rises in Lower Canada. They pass nearly 
through the centre of the state of Vt., from N. to 
S., and the westerly parts of the states of Ms. 
and Ct., and terminate near New Haven, on Long 
Island Sound, From their green appearance 
they give the name to Vt., and decrease in height 
as they approach the S. The north peak, in 
Mansfield, is the greatest elevation, being 4279 
feet above the surface of Lake Champlain, 

Green Mountains, Ts, A branch of the Rocky 
Mountain range, lying in tlie N, W, part of the 
etato, between Arkansas River and Rio Grande, 

Green or Quodotchquoik River, Penobscot co.. 
Me., is an important branch of the St, John's, 
which it enters about 2-t miles W, from the New 
Bininswick boundary. 

Green Ricer, Vt., rises in the town of Eden, 
and falls into the Lamoille in Wolcott. 

Green River. N. Y., rises in Austerlifz, Colum- 
bia CO., flows S. E., and enters the Ilousatonic 
River in Ms, 

Green River, Wayne Co., Te., flows N, N, W, 
into Buffalo River, 

Green River, Ky., rises in Lincoln co,, and pur- 
suing a W, N, \V, course, enters the Ohio 200 
miles below Louisville, and 50 above the mouth 
of Cumberland River, It is 200 yards wide at 
its mouth, and is navigable for boats nearly 200 m. 

Green River, Is., rises in Winnebago Swamp, 
in the N. part of Bureau co., flows W, across 
Henry co„ and empties into Rock River. 

Green River, Ca. This large river rises among 
the Wind River Mts., flows in a winding S. course, 
and unites with Grand River to form the Rio 
Colorado. 

Greenville Point, On. Situated N. N. W. from 
Gray's Harbor. 

Greenwood Cemetert/, N. Y, See Brooklyn. 

Gregory Cape, On,, extends into the Pacific just 
below the mouth of Umpqua River, 

Grenadier Island, Jefl^erson co,, N. Y,, lies in 
the E, part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to 
the town of Lyme, 

Grindstone Island, Jefferson co., N, Y,, lies in 
the St, Lawrence River, and is attached to the 
town of Clayton ; it is one of the largest of the 
" Thousand Islands,'' being 5 miles long and 2 
miles wide. 

Grive Geur Lake, St, Louis co,, Mo. A small 
sheet of w.ater lying near the Missouri River. 

Grosse Point, Cook Co., Is., juts into Lake 
Michigan a little W, of N, from Chicago. 



Graver's Island, on the coast of Ga., belongs to 
the U. S. government, and contains between 300 
and .'JdO acres. 

Gnadaloupe sMountains, Ts. A range running 
N, W, and S, E, between Colorado and Grand 
Rivers, 

Guadaloupe River, Ts, A large stream flowing 
S, E, into San Antonio River, which it enters 
near its mouth. 

Guests River, Va,, rises in the Cumberland 
Ridge, flows S. E., forming the boundary between 
Russell and Scott counties, and empties into 
Clinch River. 

Gull Island, Great and Little, Suflfblk CO., N, Y,, 
are attached to the town of Southold ; they are 
situated in what is called the Race, from the 
swiftness of the current, and, had they not been 
composed of solid rock, must have long since 
disappeared. 

Gull Islands, Mn. Situated in Lake Michigan, 
at the entr;«nce of Green Buy. 

Gull Island, Mn. A small island lymg in the 
N. part of Lake Jlichigau, W. from the Beaver 
Islands. 

Gun Lake, Mn, A small sheet of water lying 
in the W, part of Barry^co, 

Gunpowder lulls River, Baltimore CO., Md,, 
rises in the N. part of the county, flows S. E., and 
uniting with the Little Gunpowder Falls, empties 
into Chesapeake Bay, 

Guyandot Big River, Va,. flows N, W„ entering 
the Ohio 327 miles below Pittsburg, It is nav- 
igable for canoes 60 miles. 

Guyandot Little River. Va., falls into the Ohio 
in Ion, 81° 12' W,, and lat. 38° 14' N, 

Gwinn's Island, Va, Situated in Chesapeake 
Bay, oft' the N, E, coast of Matthews co, 

Gwinn's River. Baltimore CO., M<1. A small 
branch of the Patapsco River, which it enters at 
Baltimore. 

Hackensack River, N. J., rises in Rockland Lake, 
Rockland co., N, Y„ and after a S. course of about 
40 miles, enters Newark B.ay. The upper part 
of its course aflords fine mill seats. The tide 
meets it at the town of Hackensack, after which 
its course to the bay is through a marsh. 

Hadley's Palls, N. Y., are in the Hudson, just 
above the mouth of ,Sacandaga River, between 
the towns of Hadley and Luzerne. 

Haivnakraus Kill, N. Y., rises in Albany co^ 
flows E., and enters the Hudson near the village 
of Coeymans, 

Hakah, or Root River, Ma. It rises a little 
above the sources of the Upper Iowa River, flows 
in an E. direction, and empties into the Mississippi, 

Halifax River, Orange co.. Fa. This river runs 
parallel with the Atlantic coast, receives several 
branches, the principal of wliich is Tomoco 
Creek, and enters the Atlantic at Musqnito Bar. 

HalletVs Cove, N. Y, See Astoria. 

Hall's Stream forms the N. VV, boundary be- 
tween Canada and N, H., from its source to its 
junction with the Connecticut at Stewartstown, 
N. H. 

Ham Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of Green 
River. 

Hamnionasset River, Ct, Tins stream flows 
S, E., forming part of the boundary between New 
Haven and Middlesex counties, and empties into 
Lon^ Island Sound, 

Ilammond's Bay, Mn. A curvature of Lake 
Huron on the N, border of Presque Isle co. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



199 



Hampton Roads, Va. The local name given 
to a portion of the bay at the mouth of James 
River, opposite the entrance of Nansemond and 
Elizabeth Rivers. A line drawn across, from 
Old Point Comfort on the N. to Point Willoughby 
on the S., may define the limit between these 
Roads and Chesapeake Bay. Within the mouth 
of James River the limit is not so definite. The 
water is sufficiently deep for the largest ships of 
war, where, by the erection of adequate defences, 
which have been reported to be entirely feasible, 
they might ride in safety from the attack of an 
enemy's fleet. 

Uannahulchee Creek, Stewart CO., Ga., unites 
with Hicheto Creek at its entrance into the Chat- 
tahoochee. 

Harbor Hill lies in the town of North Hemp- 
stead, Queen's co., N. Y. It is elevated 319 feet 
above the Atlantic, and is visible for 25 miles at 
sea, being tlie highest point of land on Long 
Island. 

Hurhor of New York. See Neiv York Bai/. 

Hardin's Creek, Te., is formed in tliC W. part 
of Wayne co., by the junction of two forks, flows 
N. W., and falls into the Tennessee in Hardin co. 

Hurfjer's Creek, O. A small stream that falls 
into Sciota River at Circleville. 

Harlem River, N. Y., a creek or strait, running 
from East River, as it is called, to North River, 
and forming the northern boundary of the Island 
of Manhattan, on which the city of Now York is 
built. Tlie island is connected with the main 
land by three bridges, Harlem l>ridge, Macomb's 
bridge, and King's bridge. There is also the 
massive and beautiful structure of stone masonry, 
upon which tlie Cioton aqueduct is carried over 
the Harlem Valley and River, a little more than 
a quarter of a mile in length. The width of the 
river itself, at this place, is 620 feet. The west- 
ern part of this river, from King's bridge to the 
Hudson, was named by the Dutch Spuyten 
Duyvel Creek. The whole length of Harlem 
River is 6 miles, and its width from one eighth to 
one fourth of a mile. 

Harney Lake. Urange CO., Fa., lies E. from 
Lake Jcssup, with which it is connected by an 
outlet. On its S. W. border is Fort Lane. 

Uarpelh River. Te., rises in Williamson co., 
and pursues a N. W. course of 60 miles, to its 
entrance into Cumberland River, 19 miles N. W. 
of Nashville. It is ho.uabic to Franklin. 

//iirso.'i's island, Mn. Situated in the N. part 
of Lake St. Clair. 

Hart's Island, N. H.. lies in Connecticut River, 
in the town of Plainfield, and contains 19 acres. 

Hart's Island, Westchester co., N. Y., lies in 
Long Island Sound, and is attached to the town 
of Pelliam. 

Hassencleaver Mountains, N. Y. This range of 
hills lies N. of the Mohawk Valley, extending 
through part of Herkimer and Oneida counties. 
They are from 1000 to 1200 feet in height. 

Halclae River, Te., rises in McNairy co., and 
pursuing a N. W., W., and S. W. direction for 
100 miles, enters the Mississippi at Randolph. 

Hatchet Creek, Aa. A branch of the Coosa 
River, which it enters in Coosa co. 

Hatchet Hill, Southbridgc, Ms. Height 1016 ft. 

Hatteras. Cape, N. C. A dangerous cape, in 
35° 15' N. iat., and 75° 30' W. Ion. It is on the 
S. W. end of a low, sandy, and rocky island, which 
encloses Pamlico Sound. The sea, in this place, 
is generally very rough, and this part of the 



American coast is probably more dreaded bj 

sailors than any other. 

Haver's Island, Albany CO., N T., lies at the 
mouth of the Moliawk River, and is attached to 
the town of Watervliet. 

Haverstratv Bay. N. Y., lying opposite the town 
of Haverstraw, Rockland co., is formcil by an 
expansion of Hudson River. It is 6 miles long, 
and from 2 to 3 miles wide, extending from Tel- 
ler's to Verplank's Point. 

Haw River, N. C, rises in Rockingham co, 
and flowing S. E., unites with Deep River, in 
Chatham Co., to form the N. W. branch of Cape 
Fear River. 

Hawpee Creek, Macon co., Aa. This stream 
flows in a general westerly direction, and falls 
into the Tallapoosa River. 

Hawse's Hill, Barrc, Ms. Height 1285 feet 

Half River, Wn. This river drains the E. 
interior of St. Croi.-c co., flows S. E., and enters 
Red Cedar River, in Chippewa co. 

Hazen's Notch, Vt. A remarkable passage 
through the mountain, between the towns of 
Lowell and Montuomory. 

Head Harbor Island, Me., lies off Jones Port, 
Washington co. 

Heldcrbertj Hills, or Mountains, N. Y., stretch 
through the W. part of Albany CO., into Scho- 
harie CO., w'here they unite with the Catskill 
range. They consist of a series of limestones of 
varied mineralogical character, upon a foundation 
of graywacke, and abound in fossil remains, 
and extensive caverns ornamented with stalac- 
tites and stalagmites. These mountains are very 
precipitous, and arc from 400 to 500 feet in 
height. 

ilell Gate, or Hurl Gate, a strait in the East 
River, 8 miles from New York city, between the 
Islands of Manliattan and PaTsell, on the N. W., 
and Long Island, on the S. E. It is said that the 
proper name of this strait is Horll Gait, a Dutch 
term, signifying a whirlpool. Through this nar- 
row pass the tides flow in and out, between the 
harbor of New York and Long Island Sound. 
At certain st.ages of tlie tide, the w-aters rush 
through hero with a powerful current, and pass- 
ing over sunken rocks, are made to whirl and 
roar with fearful violence. There is no great 
difficulty, however, in navigating the strait with 
safety, under the guidance of a skilful pilot. 

Hell Gate, On. An E. branch of Bitter Boot 
River, rising among the Rocky Mts. 

Hellei/'s Keys, Fa. These islands separate Taga- 
bona Bay from the Gulf of Mexico. 

Hemlock Island, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., lies in 
the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the 
town of Clayton. 

Hemlock Lake, N. Y., lies partly in Livingston, 
and partly in Ontario co. It is 6 miles long, and 
1 mile wide, discharging its waters into the outlet 
of Honeoye Lake. 

Hempstead Bay. N. Y., lies in the town of 
Hempstead, Queen's co., is 6 miles long, from 
1 to 2 miles wide, and abounds with shell and 
scale fish, and wild water fowl. It is separated 
from the Atlantic by Long Beach. 

Hempstead Plains, N. Y., an immense heath or 
barren, of more than 15,000 acres, is used merely 
as a common pasturage of the town of Hemp- 
stead, on whicli several thousands of cattle and 
sheep are annually fed, and is the site of the old 
Newmarket race course, where, in years paat, 
immense sums of money have been lost and won. 



200 



MOUNTAINS, EIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



The soil of thc=c plains is good, and might be 
made fertile by cultivation. 

Henderson Lake, N. Y., one of the head sources 
of the Hudson, lies in the town of Neweomb, 
Essex CO., near tlie Adiromhu'k Iron Works. It 
is elevated 1936 feet above the tide waters of the 
Hudson. 

Nenderson^s River, Is. This river rises in the 
N. W. part of Knox co., flows S. W., and empties 
into the Mississij)pi in Henderson eo. 

Henlopen, Cape, De., is the S. W, extremity, at 
the entrance of Delaware Bay. It is 18 miles S. 
W. of Caije Mav, the opposite point in N. lat. 
36° 47', and W.' Ion. 75° 6'. There is a light- 
house on it. 

Henry, Cape, Va., is on the S. side of the 
entrance into Chesapeake Bav, 12 miles S. Cape 
Charles, in .36° 58' N. lat., and 76° 21' W. Ion. 

Henri/^s Fork, On. It rises anionir tlie Roeky 
Mts., flows S. S. W., and empties into Lewis Fork 
of Columbia River. 

ITenri/s Hirer, N. C, rises in Burke CO., flows 
E., and unites with Jacob's River to form the 
Little Catawba. 

Herrinij Bay, Md., sets up from Chesapeake 
Bay, between Ann Arundel and Calvert counties. 

Hickman Creek, Ky., rises in Fayette eo., and 
flows S. W. through Jessamine eo., into the Ken- 
tucky River. 

Hickory Creek, Will CO., Is., flows W., and emp- 
ties into Des Plaincs River a little below Juliet. 

Hidden Wood River. Ma. An E. branch of the 
Inyan Reakah, or River of the Rock. 

Higrjins's Lake, Roscommon CO., Mn., lies N. 
from Houghton's Lake, with which it is connected 
by an outlet. 

High Falls. Lewis co., N. Y., occur in the Black 
River just before it is entered by Black River 
Canal. Tlicy are so called in distinction from 
Long Falls, which occur in the same river, 40 
miles below, in Jefferson co. The river has a 
descent of 60 or 70 feet, and is well worthy a 
visit from the lovers of the picturesque. 

Highlands, Matteawan or Fishkill Mts., N. Y. 
These mountains lie in the counties of Rockland, 
Orange, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess, 
and are probably connected with the AUeghanies, 
as indicated by their geological formation. They 
are 16 or 18 miles in In-cadth, and extend in a 
N. E. and S. W. direction about 2.5 miles. They 
present some of the most romantic features of 
the scenery upon the North River, which is here 
contracted to a narrow s|iace, by its passage 
through the mountain pass. Anthony's Nose, 
one of tlicir lofty elevations on the eastern shore, 
is a pile of rock rising to the heisbt of 1128 feet 
above the level of the river which washes its base. 
Two miles above is the Sugar Loaf Mountain, 
w'.iich rears its summit to the height of 800 feet. 
Crow'.s Nest and Butter Hill are on the W. side 
of the river. They rise abrujitly from the water's 
edge, the latter 1520 feet, and the former nearly 
as high. Beacon Hill, on the E. side, sometimes 
called the " Grand Sachem," is the highest peak 
of the Highlands, being elevated 1685 feet above 
the Hudson. Several of the eminences in view 
from the river are celebrated in history for being 
the scenes of stirring events during the struggle 
for American inde])cn(ience. The sites of Forts 
Clinton and Montgomery are on the W. side of 
the river, from whence chevaux-dc-frise, boom, 
and chains, were stretched across to the base of 
Anthony's Nose, in 1777. These forts, which 



were garrisoned by six hundred men, were at- 
tacked Oct. 6, 1777, by a British force three thou- 
sand strong, under Sir Henry Clinton, and cap- 
tured during the night. At the ba-ie of Sugar 
Loaf Mountain, on the E. side of the river, is 
seen the site of the house where the traitor Arnold 
lived. About a mile farther up, the garden and 
monument of Kosciusko are distinctly seen. 
The historical interest associated with West Point 
is familiar to every reader. 

Highland Creek, Ky. This stream forms the 
boundary between Union and Henderson coun- 
ties, and empties into the Ohio River. 

Higli Ridge, Willianisburg, Ms. Height 1480 ft. 

Hilliard's Knob, Rochester, Ms. Height 1 1 20 ft. 

HHIslioro'' Lidel, Fa. A long, narrow inlet, ex- 
tending from the mouth of Hillsboro' River some 
distance into St. Lucie co. 

Hillsboro' Hirer, Fa., rises in the E. part of Or- 
ange CO., flows S. W., and enters Tampa Bay at 
the town of Tampa. 

Hitchcock's Hill, Wales, Ms. Height 1 190 feet 

Ilockhocking River, O., rises in Fairfield eo., 
winds through a hilly eonntry 80 miles, in aS.E. 
direction, and enters the Ohio at Troy, 25 miles 
below Marietta. It is boatable 70 miles, except 
the lower falls and some mill dams. It has a fall 
near its source of 40 feet. 

Hog Island, N. Y., is situated in Hempstead 
Bav. Long Island. 

floi/ Island, or Neck, in Oyster Bay, Queen's 
CO., N. Y., is connected to Long Island by Oak 
Neck. 

Hog Island. Northampton co., Va., lies in the 
Atlantic, N. E. from Prout's Island. 

Hog Island. Surry co., Va. A small island ly- 
ing in James River. 

Hog Isltuid. Mn. Situated in the N. part of 
Lake Michigan, E. from Garden Island. 

Hog Neck, N. Y. See Great Hog Neck. 

Holeb Pond. Me., is a considerable body of wa- 
ter lying in Franklin and Somerset counties. 

Hollow Creek, Barnwell district, S. C, enters 
the Savannah River at the S. E. corner of Edge- 
field district. 

Holland Islanck, Md., lie in Chesapeake Bay, 
N. from Smith Island and W. from Fishing Bay. 

Hollinger's Creek, Baldwin CO., Aa. A tributary 
of PerJido River. 

Holston River, Te. This river unites witli the 
Clinch, in Roane eo., to form the Tennessee. 
With the excei)tion of a fall of 7 feet, it is navi- 
gable 70 miles. There are valuable salt works 
near its source ; also a fall of water of 40 feet. 

Holt's Hill, Andover, Ms. Height 423 feet. 

Homochitto Rii'er, Mi. It runs S. W., and falls 
into the Mississippi above Fort Adams, between 
Adams and Wilkinson counties. 

Honeoye Creek, N. Y.. an important mill stream, 
is formed by the outlets of Honeoye, Canadice, 
and Hemlock Lakes. It flows S. W., and enters 
Genesee River in Monroe co. 

Honeoye Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of 
water lies mostly in the town of Richmond, 
Ontario co. It is 5 miles long and I mile wide, 
and abounds in fine fish. 

Honey Creek, Sauk eo., Wn. A small tribu- 
tary of Wisconsin River. 

tloney Island. Holmes co., Mi. This is a large 
island formed by an outlet of the Yazoo River. 

Hoosiek River, N. Y., a large and important 
mill stream, rises in Ms. and Vt., flows E., and 
enters the Hudson in Rensselaer co. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



201 



Hood's Canal, On. A long, naiTow channel 
extending S. W. from Admiralty Inlet. 

Mood Mount, On. A high ])cak of the Cascade 
range, situated S. from Columbia River. 

Hoopn's Island, 5Id. Situated in Chesapeake 
Bay, off the S. W. coast of Dorchester co. 

lloricon Lal'e, N. Y. Sec Gcorije, Lake. 

JIurii Island, Mi., lies in Pascagoula Bay, oft' 
the coast of Jackson co. 

Horn Lal-e Creek, De Soto co., Mi. A small 
stream which flows through a lake of the same 
name, and enters the Mississippi. 

Horse Head Creek, Johnson CO., As., flows S., 
and empties into the Arkansas River. 

Horse Island, Barnstable CO., Ms. This island 
is situated in Wellfleet Bay, at the moutli of 
Blackish Creek. 

Horse Race, N. Y. A name given to the Hud- 
son, just before it leaves the Highlands, at its 
lower entrance. The river here takes a sudden 
turn of a mile to the E., and resumes its S. 
course at Caldwell's Landing. 

Hosmei-'s Ponds, Yt. Sec Crufisbury. 

Hot Springs, Hot Spring co., As. There are 
about fifty of these springs, which break out from 
the VV. side of a mountain, and flow into a small 
creek, which, taking a S. course of 6 miles, emp- 
ties into the Wachita River. The temperature 
of the springs is from 110° to 150° Fahren- 
heit. The cold Chalybeate Springs, situated 3 
miles N. E. of the Ilot Springs, are much fre- 
quented by invalids. There are Sulphur Springs 
in the same county, 30 miles N. \V. from the 
Hot Springs. 

Houghton's Lake, Roscommon co., Mn., lies in 
tlie W. interior of the county, and is one of the 
head sources of Maskegon River. 

Houghton Lake, Houghton co., Mn. Situated 
on Keewaiwona I'oint, N. E. from Portage Lake, 
with which it communicates. 

Housatonic Hirer, Ms. and Ct. The sources 
of this river are in the towns of Lanesboro' 
and Windsor, Ms. The main stream is formed 
at Pittsfield, and thence passes S. into Ct. After 
watering the county of Litchfield in that state, 
it separates the counties of New Haven and 
Fairfield, and meets the tide water at Derby, 14 
miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. 
The source of this stream is more than 1000 feet 
above the ocean, and in its course of nearly 1.50 
miles, it affbi'ds numerous mill sites. The vol- 
ume of water is not very large, except in seasons 
of freshet ; but the scenery on the borders of the 
river is exceedingly beautiful ; and the cataract 
at Canaan, Ct., where the water falls perpendicu- 
larly 60 feet, is well worthy the notice of travel- 
lers. The Indian name of this river signifies 
over the uionnlains. 

Hou'land's or Superior Island, Cayuga CO., N. Y., 
attached to the town of Conquest, is formed by 
the dividing branches of Seneca River. 

Hubbardton River, Vt. This is a good mill 
stream, rising from several small ponds in Sud- 
bury. It runs in a S. W. direction through Greg- 
ory's Pond, in Hubbardton, through Benson, and 
falls into East Bay in West Haven, after a course 
of about ^0 miles. 

Hudson River, N. Y., has its sources in numerous 
small streams which rise among the Adirondack 
Mountains, west of Lake Champlain. It pursues 
a straight course, almost directly south, for about 
300 miles, until it enters the Atlantic through the 
harbor of New York. This river is one of the 
26 



best for navigation, in proportion to its length, of 
any in the United States. Notwithstanding it 
flows through a mountainous region, it is navigable 
for small sloops, and for steamboats of large size, 
to Troy, 166 miles from its mouth. The action 
of the tides at the mouth of the Hudson, coming 
in as they do from the ocean through the Narrows, 
and from the Sound through the East River, is 
such as to carry the swell of the river upwards, it 
is said, at the rate of 15 to 25 miles an hour; so 
that swift-salling vessels, leaving New York at 
new tide, with all things favorable, sometimes run 
through to Albany with the same flood tide. The 
river has three large expansions, or bays, as they 
are called — Tappan Bay, Haverstraw Bay, and a 
third between Fishkill and New Windsor. Tap- 
pan Bay, or Ta|Ji)an Sea, as it was formerly called, 
commences at Plermont. about 20 miles from New 
York, and extends northward to Teller's Point, a 
distance of 10 miles, with an average width of 3 
miles. In some places tlie width is full 5 miles. 
Haverstraw Bay is also from 2 to 3 miles wide, 
and 6 miles long, terminating on the north at 
Verplank's and Stony Points. The passage of the 
Hudson through the Highlands is among the most 
romantic anil sublime to be found any where upon 
our navigable rivers. The Mohawk River, which 
comes in from the west, at Waterford. about 10 
rniles north of Albany, is almost the only tributary 
of the Hudson of any importance. Through ar- 
tificial channels, however, its navigable waters are 
connected with the great lakes at the west, and 
with the St. Lawrence at the north. The great 
Erie Canal unites the Hudson, at Albany, with 
Lake Erie, at Buffalo. 364 miles distant, by the 
route of the canal. The Champlain Canal unites 
tlie river at Albany with the southern extremity 
of Lake Chamidaln. The length of this canal is 
72 miles. From Albany to West Tioy, 8 miles, 
the Champlain and Erie Canals are in conjunction 
with each other. By the Delaware and Hudson 
Canal, the Hudson is also united, at a point aliout 
90 miles from New York, with the Delaware, 
at the N. W. corner of New Jersey. Through 
this communication Immense quantities of coal 
from the Lackawana district In Pennsylvania are 
transported to New York. During the season of 
navigation on the Hudson, numerous steamboats 
leave New York every morning and evening for 
the dift'erent places upon the shores of the river. 
From about the 20tl! of March to the 1st of 
December the bosom of this river presents the 
appearance of a great thoroughfitre of travel. 
Steamboats of the largest class, nowhere excelled 
for comfort, elegance, and speed, run back and 
forth continually between New York and Albany 
or Troy; making the trip of 150 or 160 miles in 
from 10 to 12 hours nmning time, and touching 
at all the principal places on the route, to land 
and receive passengers. One of the most striking 
and peculiar features of the scenery on the Hud- 
son is that of the Palisades, a designation given 
to a majestic range of columnar rock, varying in 
height from 50 feet to 300 and even 400 feet, and 
walling in the stream for aliout 20 miles from 
Weehawken to Plermont. For a great part 
of the distance, on the western shore, they rise 
almost perpendicularly from the water's edge. 
The shores of the Hudson between New York 
and Albany are studded with bustling towns, 
and beautiful villas, and country seats ; wliich, 
mingling with the bold and picturesque features 
of the natural scenery, render the passage up and 



802 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



down upon its waters one of the most inviting any 
where tn lie enjoyed. 

IluiidmUk Lake, Uh., lies E. from Pyramid 
Lake, and receives the waters of Humboldt River. 

Humhuklt Lake, Ma. Situated E. from North 
Red River. 

Humboldt River. It rises in two lar^e forks 
among the Humboldt Mts, flows in a circuitous 
S. \V. direction, and empties into Humboldt Lake. 

Iltimljoldt River Mountains, Uh., lie in the N. 
interior of the state, and nm nearly N. and S. 

Humphrey's Creek, Ballard Co.. Ky., flows N. W., 
and empties into the Ohio. 

Humquolques River and Pond, Me., are situat- 
ed in Aroostook and Penobscot counties. The 
river is a branch of Aroostook River. 

Hurujer's Creet, Northampton CO., Va. A small 
inlet from Chesapeake Bay. 

Hunrjry Bay, Jett'erson co., N. Y., is a large ex- 
panse of water in the E. part of Lake Ontario. 
Black and Chaumont Rivers empty into it 
through bays of the same name. 

Hunter's Island, Westchester CO., N. Y., lies in 
Long Island Sound, and is attached to the town 
of Pelham. 

Huntinrj Islands. Beaufort district, S. C. This 
group lies between St. Helena Sound and Broad 
River, and S. E. from St. Helena Island. 

Huntington Bay is situated in the town of Hunt- 
ington, Suttblk CO., N.. Y., on the N. side of Long 
Island, between Eaton's and Lloyd's Necks. It 
is a safe harbor, and abounds with shell and scale 
fish and wild fowl. 

Huntini/lon Rifer, Vt., waters the towns of 
Lincoln, Starksborougli, and Huntington, and 
joins Winooski River in Richmond. Its course 
is very rapid. Leiigtii about 20 miles. 

Huron Buy. Houghton co.. Mn., lies E. from 
Kecwaiwona Bay, and communicates on the N. 
with Lake Superior. 

Huron Islands, Mn. A small group lying in 
Lake Superior, at the mouth of Huron Bay. 

Huron, Lake. One of the five great lakes of 
North America, and the third of the chain, pro- 
ceeding W., lying between Canada West and the 
United States. This extensive sheet of water 
is nearly divided, by the peninsula of Canada 
West and by the chain of Manitou Islands in 
the N. part, forming, with this peninsula, almost 
a continuous land harrier, into three sections, the 
largest of which, lying S. of the islands, may be 
called Lake Huron Proper, while that directly N. 
of this range of islands has been denominated, 
by Tanner, Manitou Bay, and that which is 
nearly cut oft" by the peninsula and the N. pro- 
jection of Great Manitou Island, lying to the 
N. E., has, by the same authority, been named 
Lake Iroipiois, and, by others, tlic Georgian Bay. 
A considerable arm of the lake, also, on the 
S. W., stretching into the state of Michigan, has 
received the name of Saginaw Bay. Irrespec- 
tive of these ditt'crcnt sections, Huron Proper 
lies nearly in the form of a crescent, stretching 
from the Straits of Michilimackinac to the he.id 
of the River St. Clair, a distance, upon the middle 
curve, of 260 miles. The greatest breadth, inde- 
pendent of the bays, is about 70 miles, and the 
superficial extent about 20,000 square miles. 
The depth of this portion of the lake is very 
great, being at least 1000 feet deep tow.ards the 
W. shore, which is its deepest part. Like all the 
other lakes, however, it is generally shallow near 
the shores, though it has several fine harbors. 



It receives the waters of Lake Superior through 
St. Mary's Strait, and those of Lake Michigan 
through the Straits of Michilimackinac, and 
discharges its own waters, through the River 
St. Clair, into Lake Erie. The waters also of 
several small lakes are received from the N. W., 
the principal of which arc Lake Xipissing and 
Lake Simcoe, which empty themselve?', by rivers 
of a few miles' extent, into the Georgian Bay. 
This bay, or lake, as it might be separately 
regarded, lies nearly in the form of an ellipse, 
connected with tlie body of Lake Huron, and 
with Manitou Bay, at its N. W. extremity. It 
is 140 miles long by 70 miles wide, having an 
area of about 7000 square miles. Manitou Bay, 
which is that section of the lake lying directly 
N. of the great chain of islands, is in length, from 
E. to W., 80 miles, with an average breadth of 
20 miles. Its area is about 1600 square miles. 
Taken in its whole extent, as including the sec- 
tions here described, with the islands between 
them. Lake Huron covers an area of nearly 
29,000 square miles. The number of islands in 
Lake Huron is very great. Among them, the 
chain which has been already mentioned, retain- 
ing their Indian name of Manitou (Great Spirit) 
Islands, includes all which are worthy of s|)eci:\l 
notice. These are divided into the Great M.aui- 
tou and Little Manitou Islands, besides which, 
at the W. extremity of the chain, is one which is 
called Drummond's Island. Great Manitou is 
much the largest of tlie scries, being in length 
about 90 miles, E. and W., and in breadth, in 
the widest part, about .'SO miles. The boundary 
between the United States and Canada passes 
along the middle of Huron Proper from the 
outlet of St. Clair River 225 miles, and thence, 
between Drummond and Little Manitou Islands, 
and over the W. end of Manitou Bay, to the in- 
flu.x of the N. branch of St. iSIary's River. This 
lake holds a very important position as a com- 
mercial link in the chain of internal navigation. 
The main lake opens a spacious communication 
from Lake Erie, both into Lake Superior and 
Lake Michigan ; and being connected with a 
series of smaller lakes and rivers, extending from 
the S. E. angle of the Georgian Bay almost to 
the N. W. angle of Lake Ontario, it afl"ords great 
facilities for completing a separate and much 
shorter channel of transportation between the 
ports of Lake Ontario and those of Michigan 
and Superior. An expenditure, comparatively 
moderate in improvements of this kind, might 
reduce the distance full one half between the 
head of the River St. Lawrence and the head of 
Lake Huron. This is a matter which has long 
.ago attracted attention, and which, in this age 
of commercial enterprise, may not improbably 
ere long be acted njion. 

Huron River, 0. 'i'his river rises in Richland 
CO., flows through Huron and Erie counties, and 
falls into Lake Erie at Huron. It is navigable 
6 or 7 miles. 

Huron River, Mn., rises in Oakland and Liv- 
ingston counties, and flows 90 miles, to its 
entrance into Lake Eric, below the month of De- 
troit River. This river and its branches aft'ord 
extensive water privileges. 

Huron River, Houghton CO., Mn. This small 
stream flows N., and empties into Lake Superior 
E. from Huron Bay. 

Hurricane Creek', Stewart CO., Te., empties into 
the Tennessee River. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



203 



Hurricane River, Schoolcraft CO., Mn. A 
slflall stream in the N. E. part of the county, and 
emptying into Luke Superior. 

Uutchinson's Islmid, St. Lucie co.. Fa. A large 
island lying between St. Lucra Sound and the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

Ibberoille River, La. This river leaves the Mis- 
sissippi, of which it is an outlet, 14 miles lielow 
Baton Rouge, and flows 20 miles into Amite 
River. The Mississippi flows into it at high 
flood only. 

Illinois Creek, As. This stream rises in Van 
Buren and Pope counties, flows S. S. W., and 
empties into the Arkansas. 

Illinois River. The Illinois River has its entire 
course within the state to which its name has been 
given. Its upper tributaries take their rise in In- 
diana and Wisconsin. Those coming from Indi- 
ana are the Kankakee and the Iroquois ; those 
from Wisconsin are the Des I'laincs and the Fox 
Rivers. The two former unite, after flowing W. 
in a curve corresponding with the S. shore of 
Lake Michigan, in the N. part of Iroipiois coun- 
ty, Illinois ; and thence their waters flow still W. 
until they unite with those of the Des Plaines 
coming from the N. After the confluence of the 
Kankakee with the Des Plaines, the river takes 
the name of Illinois. From this point it flows 
nearly W. to Hennepin, in Putnam co , or almost 
to this place, receiving Fox River from the N., 
at Ottawa, and Vermilion River from the S. E., 
near the foot of the rapids. Its course then turns 
to the S. and S. W., in which direction mainly 
it flows as far as Naples, in Morgan co., receiving 
the Spoon River from the W., and the Sangamon 
from the E. From Naples it flows S. until it 
approaches within a few miles of the Mississippi, 
when it curves to the S.E.. and afterwards to the 
E., and empties itself into the Mississippi, a few 
miles above the mouth of the Missouri. Its length, 
exclusive of its windings, is about 260 miles. It is 
navigable 210 miles, to the foot of the rapids, and, 
in high water, 9 miles farther, to Ottawa. Below 
the rapids the character of the river approaches 
to that of a tortuous canal, occasionally widening 
into swells which appear similar to lakes. Upon 
the W. shore of one of these beautiful expansions 
of the river the flourishing town of Peoria is sit- 
uated. The navigable jjart of the river has a 
gentle current, unbroken by rapids, and peculiarly 
favorable to a safe and easy commerce by steam- 
boats. From its relative position the Illinois is a 
river of great importance as a connecting link in 
the chain of internal navigable waters. The Il- 
linois Canal, of 100 miles in length, connects its 
navigable waters with those of Lake Michigan at 
Chicago ; thus opening a communication for com- 
merce between the St. Lawrence and the Missis- 
sippi, and between the whole country bordering 
on the great lakes and the ports of New Orleans 
and the Atlantic. The valley of the Illinois in 
its widest part, from the sources of the S^vnga- 
mon River on the E., to the sources of the Spoon 
River on the W., is 120 miles in breadth. In the 
N. part, however, branching into two long, nar- 
row arms, the mean breadth does not exceed GO 
miles. In this portion it encircles the S. part of 
Lake Michigan for a distance of about '200 miles. 
The area included in this basin is about 24,000 
square miles. 

Illinois River, In. Ter., rising in Benton and 
Washington counties, As., passes into the In. 



Ter., and flows south into Arkansas River, 4 miles 
aliove the mouth of Canadian River. There are 
salt springs a few miles from its mouth. 

Independence River, N. Y., rises in Hamilton Co., 
flows W., and enters Black River in Lewis co. 

Indian Creek, S. C. A branch of the Sunoree 
River, which it enters in Newberry district. 

Indian Creek, Tc, formed in Wayne Co., by the 
junction of Indian River and Rutherford's Creek, 
Hows N. W., and enters the Tennessee in Har- 
din CO. 

Indian Creek. Is. This stream rises in the S. 
W. part of Clark co., and flows S. W., across 
Floyd and Harrison counties, into the Ohio 
River. 

Indian Fields, N. Y., are a part of the peninsula 
of Montauk, on the E. extremity of Long Island. 
The surface is very rough, yet the soil is gen- 
erally good, aflfording flne pasturage. A rem- 
nant of the Montauk tribe of Indians still resides 
here. 

Indian Hut liland, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., lies 
in tile St. Lawrence River, near the Thousand 
Islands, and is attached to the town of Hammond. 

Indian River, Me., is a small stream, watering 
the town of Addison, Washington co. 

Indian River, N. Y. and Vt. This small stream 
rises in Rupert, Vt.. waters the corner of Pawlet, 
and joins Pawlet River, in Granville, N. Y. — 
Another small stream of this name waters the 
towns of Essex and Colchester, Vt., and empties 
into Colchester Bay. 

Indian Lake, Hamilton CO., N. Y., is sur- 
rounded by a mountainous region of country, 
covered with deep forests of pine, spruce, birch, 
and poplar, which, contrasted with the smooth 
waters of the lake, present a scene of remarkable 
beauty. The mountain peaks attain an eleva- 
tion of from 1500 to 2000 feet above the surround- 
ing country. The lake is 4 miles long, 1 mile 
wide, and abounds in various kinds of fish. 

Indian River, N. Y., the outlet of Indian Lake, 
flows N. E., and enters the Hudson, in Essex co. 

Indian River, N. Y. This stream rises in Lewis 
CO., flows N. W., through Jetterson, and enters 
Black Lake, in St. Lawrence co. The outlet of 
the lake flows into Oswegatchie River, which 
enters the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg village. 

Indian River, Sussex co., De., drains the E. part 
of the CO., and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Indian Riveij, Fa. The length of this river, 
from its head branches to Juniper Narrows, is 
about 100 miles. Its width and depth are ex- 
tremely variable. In some places it is 4 miles 
wide ; in others, not 50 yards. The depth of 
water is greatest when the S. inlets are closed. 
It runs nearly parallel with the E. coast of the 
state, its course being a little E. of S. 

Indian Stream, Coos co., N. H., is the princi- 
pal and most N. source of Connecticut River. It 
rises in the Highlands, near the N. border of the 
state, and pursuing a S. W. course, unites with 
the E. branch flowing from Connecticut Lake. 

Inlet of Cayuga Lake, N. Y., has been rendered 
navigable for 1 mile S. of the lake, by the canal 
commissioners. There is now a toll taken for all 
boats passing and repassing to Ithaca village. 

Inonque River, Ts. A head branch of Brazos 
River. 

Inquest Creek, lo., rises in Appanoose and 
Monroe counties, flows E. across Davis and a 
corner of Van Buren co., and falls into the Dea 
Moines River in Wapello co. 



204 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Intpah River, Ma. A W. branch of the Mine- 
BOta, or St. Peter's River. 

Inyan Reakah, or River of the Rock. It rises in 
Ma., flows S. W. across the N. W. angle of Iowa, 
and fiills into the Tchankasndata, or Sioux River. 

Ini/aa Yankey. or Little Sioux River, lo. This 
larffc river rises in a number of hikes, on the N. 
border of the state, flows in a S. direction, re- 
ceiving numerous large tributaries, and empties 
into the Missouri. 

Iowa River, lo., rises in the N. part of the state, 
and passes between 200 and 300 miles S. E. 
to the River Mississippi, in Louisa co. It is 
navigable from the Mississippi to Iowa City at 
all seasons. This is a beautiful stream, and its 
waters are exceedingly clear. 

Ipswich River, Essex co., Ms. See Ipswich. 

Iron River, Mn. A small stream draining the 
W. part of the upper peninsula, and foiling into 
Lake Superior. 

Iroridequoit Bay, Monroe CO., N. Y.. is 6 miles 
long. 1 mile wide, and communicates on the N. 
"with Lake Ontario. It abounds with the differ- 
ent kinds of fish peculiar to the lake. 

Irondequoit Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, 
rises in Ontario and Monroe counties, and flows 
N. into Irondequoit Bay. 

Iroquois Point, Chippewa CO., Mn., extends into 
the S. part of Tahquamenaw Bay. 

Irving Lake, Ma. Situated N. E. from Cass 
Lake, and connected on the S. with the Missis- 
sippi River. 

Isrhua Creek, N. Y., rises in Cattaraugus CO., 
flows S. into Oil Creek, which enters the Alle- 
ghany River at Olean village. 

Isinglass River, N. H., rises in ponds in Bar- 
rington and Strafford, and joins the Cocheco 
in Rochester. 

Islands in Boston Harbor. See Boston. 

Isle au Chats. N. Y., are two islands lying in the 
St. Lawrence, between which the boundary line 
dividing the U. S. from Canada passes. The E. 
one belongs to the town of Louisville, St. Law- 
rence CO. 

Isle au Gallop, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., lies in 
St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town 
of Lisbon. 

Isle au Rapid, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., lies in 
the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the 
town of Madrid. 

Isles of Shoals. These islands, 8 miles from 
the mouth of Portsmouth harbor, N. H., are seven 
in number, viz. : Hog, Smutty Nose, Star, Duck, 
White, Malaga, and Londoner Islands. Hog 
contains .S.'iO acres of rock, and its greatest ele- 
vation is 57 feet above high water mark. Smutty 
Nose contains about 250 acres of rock and soil — 
greatest elevation 45 feet. Star Island contain? 
about 180 acres of rock and soil, and its height 
is 55 feet. These islands, as a town, are called 
Gosport. Star and Smutty Nose are inhabited 
by tishermen, who can-y on considerable business 
in their way, supplying Portsmouth and the 
neighboring towns with fresh fish, and sending 
large quantities of cured fish to Boston and other 
places. The celebrated dun fish are found here, 
which have heretofore been considered a distinct 
species of the cod. They differ, however, from 
the common cod only in the circumstance of 
their being caught and cured in winter. Star 
Island and Smutty Nose are connected by a sea 
wall, built at the expense of government, for the 
purpose of breaking a strong S. E. current pass- 



ing between them, and forming a safe anchorage 
on the N. \V. side of it. These objects have been 
attained, and the miniature fleet of the slioalers, 
riding at anchor in this artificial harbor.is no un- 
pleasant sight. Smutty Nose and Malaga are 
connected by a sea wall, built at the expense of 
Mr. Haley, ''-the King of the Shoals." This 
wall, 14 rods in length, 13 feet in height, and from 
20 to 30 feet in width, eftectually secures Haley's 
Inlet and Wharf from the easterly storms, allhough 
the waves not unfrequently break over it in a 
severe storm. There are a few spots of dry soil 
upon them under cultivation. The Shoals are a 
pleasant resort for water i)arties, and their de- 
lightful, bracing air cannot he otherwise than 
advantageous to those who arc in want of pure 
sea breezes. See Hayward's New England Gaz- 
etteer. 

Isle Presque River. Me., has its source in a pond 
ne.ar the centre of Aroostook co.. and flows in a 
N. direction into Aroostook River. 

Israel's River, Coos Co., N. H., is formed by 
cataracts which descend from the summits of 
Mounts Adams and Jefferson, and running N. W. 
it passes through Randolph and Jefferson, falling 
into the Connecticut in Lancaster. This beauti- 
ful stream received its name from Israel Glines, 
a hunter, who frequented these regions, long before 
the settlement of the country. 

Istopoga, Lake, St. Lucie Co., Fa., lies N. W. 
from Lake Macaco, and connects by an outlet 
with Kissimee River. 

Itasca Lake, Ma. This small lake is the prin- 
cipal source of the head branch of the Mississippi 
River. It connects with other smaller lakes, and 
contains Sohoolcr.aft Island. 

lyanke Lake, lo. A small sheet of water situ- 
ated near the N. border of the state. 

lyedan Lake, or Lac qui Parle, Ma. An en- 
largement of the Minesota or St. Peter's River, 
just above Intpah River. 

Izuzah River, Ma. A W. tributary of Minesota 
or St. Peter's River, which it enters just below 
Big Stone Lake. 

Jade's Fork, Mo. A tributary of Current Riv- 
er, which it enters from the W. near Chilton. 

Jackson's Hill, Blandford, Ms. Height 1717 ft 

Jackson's Lake, On. It lies S. E. from the 
Three Tetons, peaks of the Rocky Mts., and is 
the source of the Lewis Fork of Columbia River. 

Jackson's Rive!', Va. This river rises in Warm 
Spring Mts., and unites with Cow]iasture River 
to form James River. Falling Springs, one of 
its bead branches, has a perpendicular fall of 200 
feet. 

Jacob's River, N. C, rises in the S. part of Burke 
CO., flows N. E., and unites with Henry's River to 
form the Little Catawba. 

Jamaica Bay, N. Y., lies on the S. side of Long 
Island, and opens into tlie Atlantic by several 
inlets. It is navigable for vessels drawing but 
little water, and contains several low, marshy 
islands. Fish and wild fowl are abundant. 

Janmni/, Lake, Leon CO., Fa., lies a little E. of 
N. from 'rallahassee. 

James Island, Colleton district, S. C. This 
island extends from Charleston harbor on the 
N. E. to Stone Inlet on the S. W. 

James Island, Fa. This island lies between 
Ocklockony River on the N., the Gulf of Mexico 
on the E., St. George's Sound on the S., and 
Crooked River on the W. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



205 



Jame^ River, Va., is formed by the conflu- 
ence of Jackson and Cowpasturc Rivers, which 
rise in the Allegliany Mts., and run in S. W. 
courses, nearly parallel to each otlicr, for about 
50 miles, until they form a junction near the 
N. \V. angle of Bottetourt co. The river here 
assumes a S. course for a few miles, and receives 
Craig's Creek from the S. It then takes a more 
easterly direction, bearing first S. E., then N. E., 
about 35 miles, to the W. base of the Blue 
Ridge, where it receives the North River from 
Augusta CO. Here the river begins to break 
through the Blue Ridge, and, being now a fine 
navigable stream, it traverses a gap in this moun- 
tain range about 15 miles N. E. of the Peaks of 
Otter. Its general course through the mountains 
is S. E., in which course it continues for .30 miles 
farther, forming the dividing line between Am- 
herst CO. on the N. and Bedford and Campbell 
counties on the S. Here, traversing another lat- 
eral chain of mountains, the river is inflected to 
the N. E., and pursues this course 40 miles, be- 
tween Amherst and Nelson counties on the N., 
and Appomattox and Buckingham on the S. It 
then assumes a course a little S. of E., which it 
pursues in gener.al about 70 miles, to the head 
of tide water, separating Albemarle, Fluvanna, 
Goochland, and Henrico counties on the left, 
from Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhattan, and 
Chesterfield on the right. It receives the Appo- 
mattox Riverfront the S. at City Point, 34 miles 
below Richmond. This is the "largest tributary 
of James River, being about 150 miles long, and 
navigable for large merchant vessels 20 miles, to 
Petersburg, and for boats through nearly its 
whole course. After meeting tlie tide, James 
River increases considerably in width, and con- 
tinues by comparative courses about 100 miles 
in a S. E. course, until it passes through Hamp- 
ton Roads, and merges in Chesapeake Bay, 
between Old Point Comfort and Point Willough- 
by. The whole distance from the farthest source 
of James River in the Alleghany iVIts., to its 
mouth, following all the windings of the stream, 
is about 500 miles. Its comparative length 
through the centre of its valley is about 370 
miles. A line drawn in a S. S. \V. direction from 
Old Point Comfort to the Alleghany Mts. 225 
miles, will pass very nearly through the centre 
of that portion of the valley of James River 
which lies E. of the mountains. Its broadest 
part, including those of its confluents, is W. of 
the mountains, where it has a width of 90 miles ; 
but the mean width of the entire valley is about 
45 miles, and its area something over 10,100 
square miles. Lynchburg on the S. side, and 
Richmond on the N., are the i)rincipal places 
on James River. The riveris navigable for ships 
of large size as far as Jamestown. Vessels of 
200 tons may go up to Warwick, and of 120 tons 
to Rockets, the port of Richmond. 110 miles 
from its mouth. Here are falls which entirely 
obstruct ship navigation. A canal, however, 
connects the tide waters below with the boatable 
waters above the falls, at Richmond, which are 
thence navigable fur bateaux 220 miles. Tlie 
first English settlement in the United States w.as 
made on this river in 1608. It was on a point 
of land projecting into the river from the north 
side, 32 miles from its month. A few ruins are 
all that now remain of this ancient and once 
important place. 

James River, Mo., pursues a S. S. W. course 



through Greene and Taney counties, and falls 
into White River. 

Jefferson Mount, On. This is an elevated peak 
of the Cascade range, situated S. from Mount 
Hood. 

Jeffreifs Creek; S. C, falls into the Great Pedee 
River iii Ion. 79° 29' W. and lat. 34° 8' N. 

Jessuj), Dike, Orange CO., Fa., lies S. from Lake 
Monroe, with which it is connected by an outlet. 

Jessuji's or Indian River, N. Y., rises in Hamil- 
ton CO., and flows N. E. into Indian Lake. 

JeiveU's Islitnd, Me., lies in Casco Bay, otF the 
town of Cumberland, Cumberland co., and about 
10 miles E. of Portland. 

Jiliro Crrrh. A small stream rising in the N. 
part of Campbell co., Te., and flowing N. into the 
Cumberland River, which it enters in Whitely co., 
Ky. 

Joi'oe Fork, On., rises among the Rocky Mts., 
flows W.. and empties into Clark's Fork of the 
Columbia River. 

Joe's Punil, Vt. See Danville. 

Joe's Roek Hill, Wrentliam, Ms. Height 486 
feet. 

John's River, N. H., a branch of the Connecticut, 
has its principal source in Pondicherry Pond, in 
the town of .Icfferson. Its other branches rise in 
Carroll, Whitcfield, Dalton, and Lancaster. 

John's Riier, N. C, rises in the Blue Ridge, 
Burke co., and empties into the Catawba. 

John Day's River. On. A large stream rising 
among thij Blue Mts., and flowing N. W. into 
Columbia River. 

Johnson's Creek; N. Y., rises in Niagara CO., flows 
N. E.. and empties into Lake Ontario in Or- 
leans CO. 

Jonathan's Creel; Ky. A small branch of the 
Tennessee River, which it enters in Marshall co. 

Jones Creek; Kent CO., Dc. This stream rises 
in tlie N. W. part of the county, and flows S. E. 
into Delaware Bay. 

Jones Creel; Ware CO., Ga. This stream, which 
is one of the head brandies of the Suwanec, flows 
through the W. part of Okefinokee Swamp, and 
imites with the Suwanuchee near Fort Gilmer. 

Jones Creek, Mcintosh CO., Ga. A branch of 
the Alatamaha. 

Jones Falls Creek, Baltimore co.. Md. A small 
branch of the Patapsco River, which it enters at 
Baltimore. 

Johnson's Creek, Ky. A branch of Licking 
River, which it enters from the E. in Nicholas co. 

.Judith, Point, R. I., is situateil in the town of 
South Kingston, 1 1 miles 8. S. W. from Newport, 
in N. lat. 41° 24', W. Ion. 71° 35'. A light-house, 
the tower of wliich is 35 feet high, was erected 
herein 1810. The Point is about midway be- 
tween Vineyard and Long Island Sounds, Mon- 
tauk, on Long Island, being about 30 miles S. W., 
and Gay Head, on Manila's Vineyard, E. by S. 
about 35 miles. 

Juliet Lake, Houghton CO.. Mn. A small sheet 
of water lying in the N, W. part of the county. 

.Juniata River. Pa. This river is formed by the 
Raystown and Franktown branches, whicli rise 
at the foot of the Alleghany Mts. It unites with 
the Susi|uclianna 15 miles above Harrisburg. 
Its length is aliout 200 miles. The Pa. Canal runs 
parallel with the Juniata and Franktown Rivers 
to Hollidaysburg. 

Jukill Island and Sound, Ga. They are situated 
at the mouth of Turtle and Scilla Rivers, on the 
S. E. shore of Gljiin co. 



206 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Kaatersh'll, N. Y. This river rises in Hunter, 
Greene co., among the Cntskill Mts., flows N. W., 
and enters Catskil! Creek in the town of Catskill. 
It is formed by the outlets of two little lakes 
about a mile and a half in cirrumference. At 
Pine Orchard, near the Jloiintain House, are a 
series of beautiful falls, which are much visited 
by travellers. The water falls perpendicularly 
175 feet, and. after restin;; a moment on a ledjje 
of rock, falls 85 feet more, making a total descent 
of 260 feet. It then rushes through a dark ravine 
into the vallev of the Catskill. 

Kaataberq Mountains. See CatshiH Mountains. 

Kaliilawi River, Ma. This river rises in two 

forks S. W. from the source of Kiim River, flows 

S. W. for some distance, and then turning to the 

S. E., empties into the Mississippi. 

Kadikomeq Lake, Ma. Situated N. E. from 
Gayashk Lake, and connected through Pine River 
with the Mississippi. 

Kagino Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated 
near the centre of the county, at the head of one 
of the main branches of Bad River. 

Kalamazoo River, Mn. This river rises in 
Hillsdale CO., and after a winding W. N. W. course 
of 200 miles, through Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and 
Allegan counties, enters Lake Michigan 41 miles 
N. of St. Joseph River, and 29 S. of Grand River. 
Its average depth for 8 miles from its mouth is 
12 feet. At low water the bar at its mouth has 
but 6 or 7 feet. It is navigable 38 miles, to Alle- 
gan, for boats of 50 tons. The water power of 
the river and its branches is extensive. 

Kandiotta Lake, Ma. One of the principal 
sources of the Psihu or Wild Rice River. 

Knnhaioa River, N. C. and Va. The Great 
Kanhawa River has its most remote sources in 
Ashe CO., N. C, between the Blue Ridge and the 
main Appalachian chain, there denomin.atcd the 
Iron Mountain, though the river is not known a,s 
the Kanhawa until after it leaves this state and 
traverses several counties in Virginia, having in 
its course broken through the Iron Mountain, and 
also the Western chain of the AUeghanies, and 
received from the N. E. the two important tribu- 
taries, the Green Brier and Gaulcy Rivers. Above 
the Gauley, which enters in Nicholas eo., the river 
is known as New River, and below as the Great 
Kanhawa. Its course in N. C, and, so long as it 
continues to traverse the region of the mountains, 
in Va., is, in the main, N. and N. E. In Mont- 
gomery CO. it turns to the N. W., and, breaking 
through the western chain of the Alleghany 
Mts., continues this general course to its conflu- 
ence with the Ohio. Besides the tributaries that 
have been mentioned above, it receives the Elk 
River from the N. and Coal River from the S., 
both entering it in Kanhawa co. It falls into the 
Ohio at Point Pleasant, in Mason co., hit. 3,^° 52' 
N. The entire length of the valley of the Great 
Kanhawa, from the point in the Alleghany Mts. 
where the river turns towards the Ohio, to its 
mouth, is about 200 miles. The greatest breadth 
from the sources of New River to those of Green 
Brier is about 180 miles, and the mean breadth 
about 60, giving an area drained by this river of 
about 10,800 square miles. The whole length of 
the river from its sources in Ashe co., N. C, by 
comparative courses, is about 300 miles, and its 
width, at its mouth. 500 yards. p"ollowing all the 
windings of the stream, its length, of course, is 
considerably greater than that here given. The 
comparative elevation of the valley of the Great 



Kanhawa, as a physical section of the country, 
is its most remarkable feature, having an altitude, 
at the mouth of the river, of 525 feet above the 
tide waters of the Atlantic, at the foot of the 
mountains of 1585 feet, and at the sources of 
New River of about 2500 feet. The valley of 
the Great Kanhawa, proper, below the confluence 
of the Gauley, lies between that of the Little 
Kanhawa on the N. E. and that of Guyandot on 
the S. The most important enterprise of inter- 
nal improvement in V'a. is that undertaken by 
the James River Navigation Company, first char- 
tered in 1784, on the line of the James and Kan- 
hawa Rivers, and the intervening space, with a 
view to connect the commerce of the Ohio with 
the Atlantic. A portion of their outlay has been 
expended upon the Kanhawa, but the principal 
part upon the more eastern sections of the route, 
while much more remains to be done to complete 
all the improvements projected. 

Kankakee River, Is. This stream rises in the 
N. part of I.a.. and. entering Is. in Will co., it re- 
ceives Iroquois Creek from the S., and unites 
with the Des Plaines to form Illinois River at 
Dresden. 

Kiinranzi River rises in Ma., flows S. of W., 
and empties into the Inyan Rekah, or River of 
the Rock. 

Kansas River, In. Ter., has its source between 
the Platte and Arkansas Rivers, near the Rocky 
Mts., and, receiving several large branches on the 
N. side, it enters the Missouri at the W. boundary 
of the state of Mo. It is 340 yards wide at it's 
mouth. Its whole length is about 1200 miles, and 
it is n.avigable 900. 

Kaskaskia River, Is. This large branch rises in 
Champaign co., and enters the Mississippi 7 miles 
below Kaskaskia village, after a S. S. W. course 
of 300 miles. It is navigable to Vandalia, 150 
miles from its mouth, at high water. 

Kutahdin Mountain, Me., is situated in the E. 
part of Piscataquis co. 

Kauwemin River, Fond du Lac CO., Wu. A 
head branch of Milwaukie co. 

Kawakoiiiik, or Clear Water River, Ma. A W. 
tributary of the Mississippi, which it enters above 
Crow River. 

Kai/aderosseras Creek, N. T., an important 
mill stream, rises among the Kayaderosseras 
Mts., in Saratoga co., and flows S. E. into Sara- 
toga Lake. 

Kai/aderosseras Mountains, N. Y., extend 60 
miles in a S. W. direction, through Warren, 
Saratoga, and Fulton counties. The height of 
this range between the Schroon branch of the 
Hudson and Lake George is from 800 to 1200 feet, 
in Saratoga co. from 500 to 800 feet, and as it 
approaches the Mohawk, it gradually diminishei;. 
Kenrsarge Mountain, Merrimack co., N. II., lies 
between the towns of Sutton and Salisburj'. 
extending into both towns. It is elevated 2461 
feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest 
mountain in the county. Its summits are a bare 
m.ass of granite, but the sides are thickly wooded. 
The prospect from this mountain is, in a clear 
sky, verj' extensive and beautiful. 

Keeivaiwo7ia Bat/, Mn. This is a long, pointed 
bay, extending nearly to the S. border of Hough- 
ton CO., between Point Abbaye on the E. and 
Keewaiwona Point on the W. 

Kecivaiirona Point, Houghton co , Mn. A bold 
promontory extending into Lake Superior W. 
from Keewaiwona Bay. It is drained by many 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



207 



small streams, and has numerous bays, harbors, 
and inlets on its coasts. 

Keiiduskeaff Stream, Penobscot co., Me., rises 
in Dexter and Garland, winds in a S. E. direc- 
tion through Corinth, Levant, and Dutton, and 
enters the Penobscot in the city of Bangor. It 
is a beautiful and valuable mill stream, and has 
many tributaries. 

Kennebec Rii-er, Me. The first source of this 
important river is Mooschead Lake, of which it 
is the outlet. From thence it passes in a S. W. 
course nearly 20 miles, where it receives the 
waters of Dead River. It then proceeds S. to 
Starks, about 40 miles, where it receives the 
waters of the Sandy. Here it changes its course, 
E., about 12 miles, passing Norridgewock and 
Skowhegan. It then again changes its course to 
the S. till it receives tlie waters of the Sebasti- 
cook, about 15 miles. It continues to descend 
in nearly a S. course to Hallowell, about 20 
miles. Here it inclines to the E. a few miles, 
and then, resuming a S. course, and passing 
through Merrymeeting Bay, where it receives 
the Androscoggin River, it passes Bath, and 
meets the ocean. The whole length of this 
river, from Moosehead Lake to the sea, is about 
150 miles. The tributaries already named are 
the most considerable ; but there are many otb- 
ers that would be considered irajjortant rivers in 
other sections of the country. The whole fall 
of this river is more than 1000 feet, and its 
hydraulic power, with that of its tributaries, is 
incalculable. We are enabled to state that the 
average or mean time of the closing of this river 
by ice at Hallowell, for forty-five successive 
years, was December 12, and of its opening, 
April 3. The most remarkable years were 1792, 
when the river closed November 4, and opened 
April 1 the following year, and 1831, when it 
closed January 10, and opened April 13. Since 
the year 1780, the Kennebec has not been ob- 
structed by ice in any Sjjring after the 20th of 
April. 

Kent's Ulll, Jle., is situated in the W. part of 
Kennebec co. 

AV;i( Island, Queen Anne co., Md., lies in 
Chesapeake Bay, op])Osite Annapolis. Length 
12 miles. 

Kentucky River, Ky., rises by three principal 
branches in tlie Cumberland ^Its., denominated 
tlie North, Middle, and South Forks. These 
unite in Estill CO., and the river thence pursues a 
circuitous course, but, in its lower part, generally 
N. N. W., until it falls into the Ohio at Carrol- 
ton, 534 miles below Pittsburg. The general 
course is very nearly S. E. to N. W. The length 
of the valley drained by this river is about 175 
miles, with a mean width of about 40 miles, 
giving an area of 7000 square miles. This val- 
ley embraces part or the whole of nineteen coun- 
ties, or a fraction over one sixth part of the 
whole state of Kentucky. The distance from 
the mouth of the river to its forks, by the course 
of the stream, is about 260 miles; in a direct 
line, about 112 miles. The channel of the river, 
in its natural state, is navigable, in high w.ater. 
for steamboats of 300 tons, as far as Frankfort ; 
and, in the same state of the water, steamboats 
might descend the river from 200 miles above. 
But the navigation has been improved by the con- 
struction of seventeen dams between the month 
of the river and the forks, with the corresponding 
number of locks, overcoming a difference of 



elevation of 216 feet in the whole. These dams 
are from 350 to 500 feet long ; and the locks are 
178 feet in length by 38 feet in breadth. By 
means of the facilities thus furnished, boats not 
requiring more than 6 feet of water navigate the 
river at all seasons. The Kentucky River is 
without direct falls, though the natural current 
is rapid, and the bed rocky. 

Keouve Rii-er. This stream rises in Macon 
CO., N. C, flows S., and enters the Seneca River, 
of which it is the principal head branch, in Pick- 
ens district, S. C. 

Kern Lake, Ca. A small sheet of water lying 
S. E. from Tulares Lake, with which it is con- 
nected by an outlet. 

Kern River, Ca. This stream rises in the S. 
part of the Sierra Nevada range, and flows S. W. 
into Kern Lake. 

Kettle Creek, Pa. It rises near the W. part of 
Tioga CO., flows S. S. \V., and empties iuto the 
Susquehanna in Clinton co. 

Ketvannee River, Brown co., Wn. It rises near 
the S. part of Green Bay, and flows S. E. into 
Lake Michigan. 

Key Biscayune Bay, Fa. Situated off Dade 
CO., and N. E. from B.ames Sound. It contains 
numerous islands, of which Key Biscayune and 
Elliot's Key are the princip.al. 

AV^ West, or Thompson's Island, Monroe co., 
Fa. This island is 4 miles long, and 1 mile 
wide. About a foot below the surface is a bed of 
limestone, which extends under the whole island. 
On the N. W. part is an excellent harbor. 

Kiamishi River, In, Ter,, rises in As,, and falls 
into Red River 6 miles below Fort Towson. 

Kickapoo Creek, Is, It rises in the inteiior of 
McLean co,, flows S. W,, and empties into Salt 
Creek in Logan co, 

Kickapoo Riifer, Wn, This river rises in 
Adams and Crawford counties, flows S, S, W,, 
separating Crawford from Sank co,, and crossing 
the N, W. corner of Richland co., it reenters 
Crawford CO., where it falls into the Wisconsin. 

Killhuck River, O. A northern branch of the 
Muskingum. 

KiUimjIon Peak, Vt., is a summit of the Green 
Mountains, in the S. part of Sherburne, and N. 
from Shrewsbury Peak. 

Kill ]'un KutI, N. Y., a channel, lying between 
Staten Island and N. J. shore, is a continuation 
of Staten Island Sound. It extends from New 
York B.ay to Newark Bay, a dist.ance of 4 or 5 
miles. 

Kinderhook Creek, N, Y. This large and im- 
portant mill stream rises in the E, part of Rens- 
selaer CO,, flows S, W,, and enters the Hudson, 
near the village of Columbiaville, Columbia co. 

Kinebik, or Snake River, Ma. This stream 
rises in several lakes, flows S. E., and empties 
into the St. Croix River. 

Kinfjdom Cnir,e Creek, Letcher co,, Ky, A 
small head branch of the N. fork of Kentucky 
River. 

Kiny's Creek. This small stream rises in the 
S. part of N. C, flows S. W., and enters Broad 
River in York district, S. C. 

Kimfs Mountain, N. C, situated in the W. part 
of the state, 25 miles W. from Charlottenburg. 

King's River. This stream rises in the W. part 
of Newton co., As,, flows N, N, W,, and empties 
into White River in Ban-y co,, Mo, 

Kiny.'iton Landing, N, Y,, formerly called Co- 
lumbus Point, is situated in Kingston, Ulster co. 



208 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



on the W. side of lliulson River, 90 miles N. of 
the city of New York. 

Kiimicouiiick Creek; Lewis CO., Ky. A branch 
of the Ohio River. 

Kim Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. Situated in the 
N. W. part of the county, S. E. from Makwa 
Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. 

Kip's Bay, N. Y., lies in East River, on the E. 
side of the Island of N. Y., and opposite the 
mouth of Newtown Creek. 

Kislikaupa River. Wn. This stream drains the 
S. W. part of Sheboygan co., and falls into Mil- 
waukee River in Washington co. 

Kissimee River, St. Lucie co., Fa., rises in a lake 
of the same name, flows in a S. S. E. direction, 
and fulls into Lake Macaco. 

Kittatimii/ AJountains, or Blue Ridge. These 
mountains extend through the N. part of N. J., 
cross the Delaware Ifiver at the Water Gap, pass 
through the S. E. part of Pa., and the W. part of 
Md., through Va., the Carolinas, into Ga. 

Kittoctan Creek, Loudon co., Va., rises in the 
Blue Ridge of mountains, and flows N. E. into 
the Potomac River. 

Klip's Hill, N. Y., is a branch of tlie Mayfield 
Mountains. It is sometimes called Anthony's 
Nose, in Montgomery co., where it crosses the 
Mohawk Valley. In it there is a remarkable 
cavern, called Mitchell's Cave, the walls of which 
are ornamented with incrustations and stalac- 
tites. 

Knapp's Creek, Wn., drains the W. part of 
Richland co., and falls into Wisconsin River. 

lOiife River, Ma. It flows in a winding, S. 
direction, and empties into the W. part of 
Lake Superior. 

Knox Creek, Tazewell co., Va. A small trib- 
utary of the Tug Fork of Sandy River. 

Kooskoosky River, On. This large river rises 
among the mountains in the E. interior of the 
CO., flows W., and empties into Lewis Fork of 
Columbia River. 

Koweba Lake, Bro,wn CO., Wn. Situated in the 
N. E. part of the state, near the Menoraonee 
River. 

Kuslihuiing River, Wn. It rises in the N. E. in- 
terior of Dane co., flows S. S. E., and empties into 
Long Lake, in the S. W. corner of Jefl'erson co. 

La Bacca Bay, Ts. Situated W. from Mata- 
gorda Bay, at the mouth of La Baeca River. 

La Bacca River, Ts. A small river flowing 
S. E. into La Bacca Bay. 

Lac Court Oreilles, Chippewa co., Wn. This 
lake is situated in the N. part of the county, and 
is the source of one of the head branches of 
Chippewa River. 

Luc Vieux Desert. This lake lies partly in Mn., 
and ])artly in Brown and Portage counties, Wn., 
and is tlie liead source of Wisconsin River. 

iMckawanna River, Pa. This line mill stream 
rises in Wayne and Susquehanna counties, and 
[lursuing a S. and S. W. course 30 miles, enters 
the Susquehanna at Pittston. 

Lackawannock Mountains, Luzerne and Wayne 
counties. Pa., extend between the sources of the 
Lackawaxen and Lackawannock Rivers. One of 
the N. peaks is called Moosuck Mountain. 

Jxickawaxen River, Pa. This river rises mostly 
in Wayne co., and flowing through a deep valley, 
enters the Delaware in Pike co. Its principal 
tributaries are the Dyberry, Middle, and WauUen- 
paupack Creeks. The Delaware and Hudson 



Canals follow the Lackawaxen 25 miles to Df 
berry Creek. 

La Crosse River, Crawford co., Wn. It flows 
S. W., and empties into the Mississippi below 
Black River. 

Ladies' Island, Beaufort district, S. C. This 
island lies between Coosaw River on the N., St. 
Helena and other islands on the E., and Port 
Royal Island on the W. 

La Fave River, As. A large stream rising 
among the Washita Hills, Scott co.. flowing E. 
through Yell and Perry counties, and emptying 
into the Arkansas River. 

Lafayette, Fort, N. Y. See Fort Uamilton. 

Lafourche River, La. This outlet of the Mis- 
sissippi leaves the river on the S. side, above 
Donaldsrille, and flows in a S. E. course into the 
Gulf of Mexico. Its length is 90 miles. 

La Mine, River, Mo., has its source in Lafay- 
ette and Johnson counties, and flowing E. enters 
the Missouri in Cooper co., 5 or 6 miles above 
Booneville. It is navigable for a considerable 
distance for keel boats. 

Lamoille River, Vt. This river is formed in 
Greensborough. Its general course is N. W. It 
passes through several towns, and falls into Lake 
Champlain at Milton, 12 miles N. from Burling- 
ton. This river has numerous tributaries : it has 
several falls, wliich produce a valuable water 
power. Its banks in many parts are very fertile. 
It was discovered by Champlain in ICOD. 

Lamprey River, N. H., rises in the town of 
Northwood, on the W. of Saddleback Mountain. 
It receives the waters of .Jones's Pond, Pautuck- 
away. North, Little, and Piscassick Rivers, and 
meets the tide two miles above the Great Bay. 

Laplot Rivei; Vt. This stream rises in the 
S. E. part of Hinesburg, and running in a N. W. 
direction through a corner of Charlotte, and 
through Shclburne, falls into the head of Shel- 
burne Bay. It is about 15 miles in length, and 
affords several mill sites. 

Larguille River, As., has its source in the N. 
interior of Poinsett CO., flows S. S. E., and enters 
the St. Francis on the boundary between St 
Francis and Phillips counties. 

Lauf/hei'y's Creek, la. This stream rises in two 
forks in Franklin and Decatur counties, flows 
S. S. E. across Ripley into Dearborn co., where 
it turns to the N. E., and falls into the Oliio River. 

Laurel Mountains. These mountains, which 
are a W. branch of the Alleghauies, extend 
through Pa. and Va. to Ky., and then, taking 
the name of Cumberland jSlts., divide Va. and 
Ky., cross Te., and terminate in Aa. 

Laurence Hill, Pa. This mountain lies be- 
tween the Alleghany and Chestnut ridges, and 
separates Somerset and Fayette counties. ■ 

L'Eau Claire River, Chippewa co., Wn. This 
river, with its numerous branches, drains the 
S. E. part of the county, and flows in a W. di- 
rection into tlie Cliippewa River. 

Leech Lake, Ma. This large, irregularly shaped 
body of water lies S. from Cass Lake, and is 
connected on the E. with the Mississippi River, 
by Leech Lake River. It receives the waters of 
small lakes and rivers on every side. 

Leech's Stream, Vt., proceeds from a small pond 
in the N. part of Avcrill, and runs N. E. across 
the W. part of Canaan, and passes into Leech's 
Pond, which is about two miles wide and three 
long, and lies partly in Canada and partly in Vt. 
From this pond the stream runs nearly E. about 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



ao9 



three miles, then S. E. into Connecticut River. 
Its mouth is nearly two rods wide. 

Le£s Island, Fairfax Co., Va., lies in the I'oto- 
mac. 

Lehif/h Ricer, Pa. This river rises in the E. 
part of Luzerne co., and, pursuing a winding 
course of 100 miles, empties into the Delaware 
at Easton. The upper part of the river is a rapid 
stream, with many falls. A navigation is opened 
hy means of this river from Easton to Newhaven, 
a distance of S4i miles, of which 30i consist of 
pools, 39.i of canals, 2.i of locks, and the re- 
mainder of sluices. 

Lemon/air River, Vt., rises in Whiting and Or- 
well, runs through the E. part of Shorcham, 
across the S. E. corner of Bridport, and joins 
Otter Creek in Weybridge. There arc soi^e mill 
sites near its head, but it is, in general, a very 
sluggish, muddy stream. 

Lemonwier River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. 
part of Adams eo., flows S. E.. and falls into the 
Wisconsin on the N. border of Sauk co. 

Lewis Creole, Vt., a valuable mill stream, rises 
near the N. line of Bristol, runs through the W. 
part of Starksboro' and E. part of Jlonkton, 
through Hinesburg, and the S. E. corner of Char- 
lotte, and falls into Lake Champlain in Ferris- 
burg, a short distance N. from the month of 
Little Otter Creek. 

Lewis Luke, N. Y. This small sheet of water 
lies in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. 
Licking River, Ky., rises in Floyd co., and falls 
into the Ohio at Neiqjort, opposite Cincinnati. 
It is navigable 70 miles. Its whole length is 180. 
Licking River, C, is formed by three principal 
branches, which water Licking co. It affords 
extensive water power, particularly by a dam at 
its entrance into the Muskingum. 

Liepers Creek, Maury Co., Te. A small branch 
of Duck River. 

Lime Lake. N. Y., is a small lake situated in 
the town of Machias, Cattaraugus co. 

Lime River, Brown co., Wn. The principal 
branch of Oconto River, which it enters from 
the N. W. 

Limestone Creek, Orangeburg district, S. C. A 
small tributary of the North Edisto River. 

Link Creek, Sangamon co., Is. A branch of 
Su";ar Creek. 

Little Harbor and Piscataqua Harbor, N. H. See 
Portsmouth. 

Little River, N. C. It rises in the W. part of 
Franklin co., flows S. E., and enters the Neuse 
near Waynesboro', Wayne co. 

Little Rivei; S. C. This river fonns part of 
the boundary between N. C. and S. C, and emp- 
ties into the Pedee. 

Little River, Ga., empties into the Savannah, 
30 miles N. W. of Augusta. 

Littk Rirer, Blount CO., Te. This river rises 
among the mountains in the S. E. angle of the 
county, and flows N. W. into Tennessee River. 

Little River. Ky.. empties into Cumberland 
River, on the E. side. 

Littk River. la., a tributary of the Wabash, en- 
ters it above Vincennes. 
Little River, Ts. A W. branch of the Brazos. 
Little Androscoggin River, Me., has its sources in 
ponds in the towns of Woodstock, Greenwood, 
and Norway, Oxford eo., flows in a S. E. direc- 
tion across an angle of Cumberland co., and en- 
ters the Androscoggin opposite Lewiston. 
Little Au Sable. See Au Sable. 
27 



I Little Day de Noquet. Mn. Situatcil N. from 
Green Bay and W. from Big Bay de Noquet. It 
receives the waters of Escouawba, Rapid, and 
several other rivers. 

Little Beaver Creek, S. C, forms part of the 
boundary between Lexington and Orangeburg 
districts, and empties into the Congarcc River. 

Little Blue River, Mo., rises in the S. W. part 
of Jackson co., flows N. E., and enters the Mis- 
souri E. from the Big Blue. 

Little Brazos River, Ts. It rises near the mouth 
of Big Creek, and flows S. E., nearly parallel 
with Brazos River, which it finally enters. 

Little Calf Pasture Creek, Va., rises in the N. 
part of Augusta co., flows S. S. W., and empties 
into North River. 

Little (.'alliou Bayou. Terre Bonne parish, La.. 
rises near the source of the Grand Calliou, and 
flows S. into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Little Catawba River, N. C. Tliis river rises in 
Catawba and Burke counties, flows S. E., and 
unites with the Catawba at the S. E. angle of 
Lincoln co. 
Little Clutzy River. See Chazy River. 
Little Cedar Creek, Mn. A branch of the Me- 
nomonce River. 

Little Delaware River, N. Y., has its source in 
the town of Bovina. Delaware co., and flows W. 
into the W. branch of the Delaware. 

Little Eninandifjo River, La Porte co., Wn. A 
small stream flowing S. i)ito the St. Croix River. 
IJttlc Falls, Herkimer CO., N. Y. A rapid de- 
scent in the Mohawk River of about 42 feet in 
the course of a mile, so named in distinction from 
the larger falls, at Cohoes, in the same river, 
about 2 miles from its mouth. A continuation 
of the chain of the Catsberg Mt. crosses the Mo- 
hawk here, through a gap of which the river has 
apparently worn a passage, having now, on either 
side, a rocky wall of 500 feet in heiglit. The bed 
of the river is composed of hard primitive gra- 
nitic rock, above which are extensive strata of 
sandstone and lilue limestone. The opposing 
cliffs here seem once to have been united, and to 
have constituted the barrier of a lake extending 
far to the west. The fall in the river consists of 
two long rapids, separated by an interval of deep 
water, occupying each about a fourth of a mile. 
The upper rapids are the largest. Above them a 
dam across the stream rentiers it placid, over 
which the waters, separated by a small island, fall 
in beautiful cascades into a deep pool beneath, 
whence the current rushes tumbling and foaming 
over ridges and masses of rock in its first descent, 
then flowing with comparative gentleness for a 
short distance until it is impelled with new impetu- 
osity over the stony bed below. The Erie Canal 
descends through this pass on the S. side of the 
river, by five locks, in a deep cut throifgh the 
solid rock, overcoming obstacles inferior to none 
excepting the deep e-xcavation at Lockport. 
The village of Little Falls stands on the canal at 
this point, atid enjoys advantages, from the ex- 
tensive water pow'cr here created, for carrying on 
manufacturing operations to a very large extent. 
The Utica and Schenectady Railroad also passes 
through the chasm, on the N. side of the river. 
Boats were formerly transported round the falls 
bj' a canal on the N. side, which is now super- 
seded by the Erie Canal, and is made to serve as 
a feeder to it by being brought across the entire 
valley in an arjueduct of massive stone masonry, 
supported upon three lofty arches, two of 50, and 



210 



MOUNTAINS, EIVERS, LAKES, &c^ 



one — tlio centre arch — of 70 feet span. Few 
spots can offer more to excite admiration, in 
romantic features ami stiipenilous achievements, 
hoth of iiatui'e ami of art. See liockton. 

Little Genesee CWelc. N. Y.. ri.ses in Allej^hany 
CO., flows S. W., and enters AUegliany Kiver in 
Cattaraujfus co. ' 

Little Hoosick Creel; N. Y., rises in Berlin, 
Rensselaer co., and flow.'^ N. into Hoosick River. 

Lillle Keiilntf:!/ River, Ky. It rises in the N. 
part of Shelly co.. flows in a northerly direction, 
and empties into the Ohio near the mouth of the 
Kentucky River. 

Little ifachias and Utile I^ivers. See Cutler, Me. 

Little ^faq^tetats Creek, Duhuquc eo., lo. 

Little ^[is.':ouri Rive?; As. A small stream 
flowing E. hy S., and emptying into the Waehita 
River. 

Little JVech lies in Huntington, Suffolk co.,N. Y., 
between Great and Little Cow Ilarbors. 

Little Neck Bny, N. Y'., lies mostly in the town 
of Flushing, Queen's co., on the N. side of Long 
Island. It is 3 miles long, 1 mile Mide, and partly 
surrounded by fine country residences and farms. 

Little Ossipee River, Me., has its source in a 
pond in the W. part of Fork co.. flows N. E., and 
enters the Saco in the town of Limington. 

Little Otter Creek, Vt., rises in Monkton and 
New Haven, and falls into Lake Champlain in 
Fcrrisburg, 3 miles N. from the mouth of Otter 
Creek. This stream, towards its mouth, is wide 
and sluggish, and runs through a tract of low, 
marshy ground. 

Little Pigeon Creek, la., flows S. W., separating 
Spencer and Warwick counties, and falls into the 
Ohio. 

Little Prairie River, Ma. It rises in a small 
lake, and flows in a W. direction into West Sa- 
rannnli River. 

Little Rock River, Ma. A small stream falling 
. into the Minesota or St. Peter's River, near the 
outlet of Minesota Lake. 

Little Rock River. Ma. A small stream flowing 
S. E. into the St. Croi.x River. 

Little Saline, Mo. A branch of the Missouri 
River, which it enters in the N. part of Moni- 
teau CO. 

Little Saluda River, Edgefield district, S. C. 
This stream receives numerous branches, flows in 
an E. direction, and falls into the Saluda. 

Little Snake Lake, On. A small sheet of water 
on the S. border of the territory, and connecting 
by an outlet with Bear River. 

Little Serjuatcly Creek, Marion eo.. To. A 
branch of Sequatehy River, which it enters 
near Jasper. 

Little Sodus Bay, N. Y.. is a deep body of water 
lying in the town of Sterling, Cayuga co., and 
connected on the N. with Lake Ontario. Sodus 
Creek flows into it from the S. E. It is 2 miles 
long, 1 mile wide, and has a bar at the mouth. 

Little Siiijar Creek, Wn., rises in the S. W. part 
of Dade CO., and flows S. E. across Green co., 
into Sugar (^reck. 

Little Tliilirau River, Benton CO., Mo. A trib- 
utary of Os.agc River, which it enters at Warsaw. 

Little Tlamath Lake, On. Situated among the 
Cascade Mts., N. E. from Tlamath Lake. 

Litde Waraju River, Ma. It flows N. E., and 
empties into the Minesota, or St. Francis River, 
a little below the Waraju. 

Little Waehita River, Ts. A small W. tribu- 
tary of Red River. 



Little Wisconsin River, Portage co., Wn. This 
river has its sources in several cliains of small 
hakes, Hows S. S. E., and falls into the Wisconsin 
River. 

Little Yadkin River. See Yadkin River. 

Livimjslon Creek, Ky. A small stream, forming 
part of the boundary between Caldwell and Crit- 
tenden counties, and emptying into the Cumber- 
land River. 

Lizard River, lo. This river rises in the N. part 
of the state, flows S. E., and empties into the 
Des Moines, a little above Boone River. 

IJoi/d's Neck, N. Y., lies in the town of Oyster 
Bay, Queen's co., on the N. side of Long Island. 
It has Long Island Sound on the N., Huntington 
Bay on the E.. Oyster Bay on the W., and a deep 
inlet, called Lloyd's Harbor, on the 8. 

Locliahatcliee River, St. Lucie CO., Fa. This 
small stream flows in an E. direction, and reaches 
the ocean through Juniper Inlet. At its mouth 
is Fort Juniper. 

Lorku-ood's Folly, River, and Inlet, Brunswick 
CO.. N. C. This is a small stream rising near the 
centre of the county, and passing through the 
inlet into the ocean. 

Locust Creek, Vt., rises in Barnard, and falls 
into White River, at Bethel. It is mostly a rapid 
little stream, and affords several good mill sites. 

iMcust Creek, Mo. A stream rising in the N. 
part of Putnam co., and flowing S. into Charitoti 
CO., where it enters Grand River. 

Long Bay, N. H., at the head of Winnipisiogec 
River, lies between Guilford and Meredith. The 
waters of the Lake Winnipisiogec pass through 
this bay into the river of that name. 

Long Creek, As., takes its rise in tlie N. part of 
Newton eo., flows N. E., and enters White River 
on the S. border of Taney eo., Mo. 

Long Cane Creek, Troup co., Ga., pursues a S. 
W. course, and falls into the Chattahoochee. 

Long Falls, Black River, N. Y. The first fall 
is at the village of Carthage, Jefferson eo., where 
there is a descent of 60 feet in half a mile, below 
which the river is navigable 4 miles; it then 
descends about 100 feet in 2 miles, thence i!^ 
navigable to the Great Bend, between Champion 
and Le Ray, a distance of 4 miles ; then flows in 
a succession of rapids to the villages of Water- 
town and Brownville, from whence the rapids 
are made navigable, by locks and dams, to Black 
River Bay, which connects with Lake Ontario, 
See LRgh Falls. 

Long Island. Me., lies in Blue Hill Bay, oppo- 
site Scaville. 

Long Ishind. Va. A small island, lying at the 
mouth of York River. 

Long Island. N. Y., is the largest of the islands 
on the coast of the Atlantic belonging to the 1'. 
S. From Fort Hamilton, at the W. end, to Mon- 
tauk Point, at the E, extremity, the length is 
about 140 miles. The average width is only 10 
miles ; although the most important portion of 
the island lying W, of Peconic Bay is from 12 
to 20 miles wide. It contains about 1 500 square 
miles. It is separated from the continent, on the 
N., by Long Island Sound, lying between the 
island, through its whole length, and the coast of 
Connecticut, and varying from 2 to 20 miles in 
width. It is bounded on the E. and S. by the 
Atlantic, and on the W, by the Narrows and har- 
bor of New York, and by the strait whicn con- 
nects the harbor with the Sound, called East 
River, from half a mile to 2 miles wide. The 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



211 



island belongs to the state of New York. It is 
divided into tliree counties — King's co. in the W., 
wliieh is tlie smallest in territory, but the largest 
in population; Queen's co. in the middle; and 
Suffolk CO. in the E., which comprises two thirds 
of the territory of the island. A rocky ridge, or 
chain of hills, extends from the W. end to near 
Oyster Point, in the E. part, the highest eleva- 
tion of which is in N. Hempstead, .319 feet above 
the level of the tide. On the N. side of this 
ridge, the land is rough and hilly ; on the S. side, 
level and sandy. Much of the central por- 
tion of the island is covered with wood, con- 
sisting of an e-xtensivc pine forest, in which the 
deer still roams at large. The whole island 
is underlaid with granitic rock, which rises high 
in the ridge, or Spine, as it is denominated, and 
breaks out at Hurl Gate, and other places on the 
East Kiver. The shores are mucli indented with 
hays and inlets. Tow;«-ds the E. side, the island 
divides into two parts ; the S. of which is a prom- 
ontory, over 30 miles in length, and not gener- 
ally more than a mile wide, terminating in Jlon- 
tauk I'oint. This constitutes the township of 
East Hampton. The N. part, which is much 
shorter, terminates at Oyster Point, and consti- 
tutes the township of Southold. The bay, ex- 
tending up between these two portions of the 
main island, is the Great Pcconic Bay. In its 
bosom are included several islands, the most con- 
siderable of which are Gardner's and Shelter 
Islands. On the S. side of Long Island is Great 
South Bay, which is itself another sonnd in 
miniature, extending from Hempstead Bay, E., 
50 miles, with a width of from 1 to 5 miles, and 
separated from the ocean by a narrow island, or 
beach of stoues and sand, with several inlets, in 
no part more than 3 miles broad. West of 
this, upon the S. W. shore of the island, is Rock- 
away Beach, which extends for about 22 miles, 
and is much resorted to by the citizens of New 
York and Brooklyn for sea bathing, and the sea 
breezes, ?o refreshing there in the hot season. 
Erom its vicinity to New York, there are many 
pleasant places of resort upon Long Island, 
which are much frequented, and many which are 
occupied for rural residence. Williamsburg 
and New Rochelle are pleasant places, where 
many citizens doing business in New York per- 
manently reside. Flatbush, 5 miles from the city ; 
Flushing. 9 miles ; Jamaica, 12 miles ; and Hemp- 
stead, 24 miles, are all delightfully situated. 
Fort Hamilton, at the Narrows, Gravesend Bay, 
and Coney Island are favorite bathing-places. 
Greenwood Cemetery is situated in the S. part of 
Brooklyn, about 3 niiles from the Fulton Ferry, 
containing about 242 atTCs, with a great variety 
of surface, tastefully laid out, to attract the 
living to the resting-places of the dead. See 
Brooklyn and ]Vi//iainsbiir;j. 

Loni/ Island, Charleston district, S. C. This 
island is one of a small .group, lying N. E. from 
Charleston harbor. 

Lonr/ Island, Hillsboro' CO., Fa. Situated S. 
from the mouth of Tam])a Bay. 

Long Island Sound. This inland sea washes 
the whole S. boundary of Ct., and is formed by 
Long Island and the state of N. Y. It is navi- 
gable as far as Hurl Gate for vessels of any bur- 
den, and the passage to and from the sea around 
Montauk is remarkably easy at any time of tide, 
and in all weather. Hee Judith, Point. Some of 
the distances from Providence, and along the 



northern coast of this sound, to the city of New 
York, are here given. From Providence to New- 
port, 30 miles ; to Point Judith, 11 =41 ; to the 
mouth of Stonington harbor, 27 ^ 68 ; to the 
mouth of New London harbor, 8 = 76; to the 
mouth of Connecticut River, 13=: 89; to the 
mouth of New Haven harbor, 27^116; to 
Stratford Point, 10 = 126; to the mouth of 
Falrheld harbor, 6 = 132; to Norwalk, 8 = 140; 
to Greenwich, or Sawpit.s, 15=: 155; to Throg's 
Point, 14 = 169; to Hurl Gate, 6 = 175; to 
New York, 8 miles ; making the distance from 
Providence to New York, by water, 1S3 miles. 

Lonp Lake, Me., lies in tlie N. part of Piscata- 
quis CO., 210 miles N. by E. from Augusta. It 
is about 15 miles long and 2 wide, and sujjplies 
Namjainskillecook River, which flows into 'Tem- 
iseonata Lake, the source of Madawaska River. 

Loiu/ Lake, N. Y., called Weechobadchonee-puas 
(lake abounding in basswood") in the Indian 
tongue, lies in the N. part of Hamilton co. It is 
situated in a wild, uncultivated part of the sttite, 
and is 18 miles long and from 1 to 2 miles wide, 
being one of the largest of the cluster of lakes 
in this vicinity. It flows N., and empties into 
Racket River, although there is so little differ- 
ence of level at its extremities that it might be 
made to flow S. into the Hudson. 

Long Lake^ Mn. Situated E. from Crooked 
Lake, mostly in Wyandot eo. It receives the 
waters of the Sheboygan and several other rivers. 
Long Lake, Wn. Situated mostly in the S. W. 
part of Jefferson co. It receives the waters of 
Rock River in the N. E., and discharges them at 
the S. W. extremity, on the N. border of Rock co. 
Long Lake, Ma. A small sheet of water at the 
head of Chapah River. 

Long Pond, Me. See Bridgcton. 
Long or Runaway Pond, Vt. See Glover. 
Ijong Pond, Litchfield co., Ct. Situated in the 
town of Winchester, and connected on the N. E. 
with Mad, a brancli of Farmington River. 

Long Prairie Rietr, Ma. A large river sup- 
plied by a chain of lakes, aud flowing N. E. into 
Crow Wing River. 

Long Sauk Island, Lower, St. Lawrence CO., 
N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is 
attached to the town of Massena. It is 5 miles 
long and 1 mile wide. Here are situated the 
Long Sault Rapids, 12 miles long, with a descent 
of 80 feet, around which is a canal on the Canada 
side of the river. 

Long Sault Island, Upper, St. Lawrence co., 
N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is 
attached to the town of Louisville. It is 3 miles 
in length and from I to 1 4 miles in width. 

Long Shoal River, N. C., flows through the E. 
p,art of Hyde co., and empties into Pamlico Sound. 
Looking Glass Rirer, Mn. This river drains 
the S. part of Shiawassee co., flows W. across 
Clinton into Ionia eo., where it empties into 
Grand River. 

Lookout, Cape, On., extends into the Pacific 
about midway between Capes Foulweather and 
Disappointment. 

Loon Lake. N. Y. This small body of water 
lies in Chester, Warren co. 

Loosahatchy River, Te., rises in the W. part of 
Hardeman Co., flows in a W. direction, and, unit-, 
ing with Wolf Creek, empties into the Missis- 
sippi a little above Memphis. 

Loosaschoonah Creek, Mi., rises in Pontotoc co^ 
flows S. W., and enters the Yallabusha. 



212 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Lost Lake, Antrim co., Mn. A long, naiTow 
slicet of water lying W. from Great Traverse Bay. 

Loiilre Is/and, Montgomery and Warren coun- 
ties, Mi. Situated in the Missouri, N. E. from 
the mouth of Gasconade River. 

lj>veweirs Pond, N. H. See WakeJiM. 

Low Point Landing, N. Y. Sec Carthage, 
Dutchess CO. 

Lower Montreal River, Houghton co., Mn. A 
(mall stream draining the N. part of Keewaiwona 
Point, and falling into Bete Gris Bay. 

Lower Sarauac Lake. See Saranac Lake. 

Lower Three Runs, Barnwell district, S. C, 
pursues a winding S. course, and falls into the 
(Savannah. 

Lumber River rises in N. C, and flows S. E. 
and S. S. W., forming the boundary between 
Marion and Harry counties, S. C, until its junc- 
tion with the Little Pedee. 

Li/a Hende, or River of the Lakes. This chain 
of lakes commences in the N. part of lo., and, 
flowing in a N. direction into Ma., empties into 
Chanjushka River. 

Lynhaven Bay or Harbor, Va., is situated in 
Chesapeake Bay between the mouth of James 
Eiver and Cape Henry, and receives the waters 
of Lynhaven River. 

Maccason Creek, Va., rises in the S. E. part of 
Bussell CO., and flows S. W. into Scott co., where 
it falls into the N. fork of Holston River. 

McCrady River, On. and Uh., rises in a lake in 
the S. part of On., flows in a winding S. course, 
and empties into Rliett Lake in Uh. 

Mc Gee's Creek, Pike CO., Mi. A small branch 
of the Bogne Chitto. 

Machias River and Bay, Washington CO., Me. 
The two head branches of the river are supplied 
by several ponds near the centre of tlie county, 
and unite at Machias Port, afibrding extensive 
water power in their course. The bay lies at the 
mouth of the river, between the towns of Cutler 
and Machias Port. It is 10 miles long, 4 or 5 
wide at its mouth, and contains several coves, 
harbors, and islands. 

Machias and Little Machias Rivers, Penobscot 
CO., Me., are important tributaries to the Aroos- 
took, which they enter near each other in Aroos- 
. took CO., about 30 miles W. N. W. from Mars Hill. 

Mclndoes Falls, Vt., a considerable fall in Con- 
necticut River, at the head of boat navigation, 
and opposite the S. E. corner of Barnet. 

Mackinaw Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part 
of Lake Huron, a little above the Straits of 
Mackinaw. 

Mackinaw River, Is., has its source in a prairie 
near the centre of McLean co., and passing 
through Tazewell co., falls into the Illinois 3 
miles below Pekin. It affords water power, and 
its borders are mostly fertile. 

McKee's Creek, Is., waters the E. part of Mar- 
quette CO., and flows S. E. into the Illinois River. 

McKenny's Creek, As. This stream joins Red 
Kivcr at the N. W. extremity of Fayette Co., takes 
a eemicircular bend, and unites with the Sulphur 
Fork of the same river. 

Mackenzie's Fork, On. A head branch of the 
Willamette River. 

Mocon's Islands, La. A group of small islands 
lying in Chandeleur Bay, off St. Bernard parish. 

Sfacoquetais River, lo. It rises in the S. E. 
part of Fayette co., flows S. E., and empties into 
the Mississippi River in Jackson co. 



Macoupin Creek, Is. This stream rises in the 
N. part of Macon co., and passing through a fer- 
tile country, enters the Illinois 26 miles above its 
junction with the Mississippi. 

McQuam Bay, Vt. A large open bay in the 
W. part of Swanton. 

McTiger Creek, Orangeburg district, S. C. A 
head branch of the South Edisto River. 

Mad River, N. H., rises among the mountains 
in the N. E. part of Grafton co., and crossing the 
S. E. part of Thornton, falls into the Pemigewas- 
set at Campton. 

M(ul River, Vt. A rapid stream, which rises 
in the highlands S. from Warren, and passing 
through Waitsfield, falls into Winooski River at 
Moretown. 

Mad River, 0., rises in Logan co., and, after a 
course of 50 miles, enters the Miami on the E. 
side, at Dayton. It affords extensive water power, 
its current being rai>id and broken. 

Marlamisconlis River, Me., has its source in a 
large pond, flows S. E., and enters the Penobscot 
about 45 miles above Bangor. 

Madawaska River, Penobscot CO., Me., is sup- 
plied by Temisconata and other large lakes in 
the N. part of the state, flows more than 100 
miles in a S. E. direction, and enters the St. John's 
River about 240 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 
This river and these lakes water a country of 
great extent, and hardly surpassed in fertility by 
any land on the globe. 

Madeline Island, La Pointe CO., Wn. Situated 
in Lake Superior, at the mouth of Chegowa 
wegon Bay. 

Madison Barracks. See SacketCs Harbor. 
Madison Fort, situated in the town of the same 
name, Lee co., lo., was erected in 1808 as a de- 
fence against the Indians, who obliged the garri- 
son to burn the fort in 1813. A few ruins are 
now to be seen. 

Madunceunk River, Penobscot co., Me. This 
river enters the Penobscot on the W. side, about 
6 miles above the Madamiscontis. 

Magothy River, Ann Arundel co., Md. This 
little stream flows S. E. into Chesapeake Bay. 

Mahanoy River, Va. This river rises in Schuyl- 
kill CO., and flowing through Northumberland 
CO., enters the Susquehanna 11 miles below Sun- 
bury. Its length is 50 miles. 

Mahantango River, Pa., is an E. branch of the 
Susquehanna, which it enters 18 miles below 
Sunbury, in Northampton co. 

Mahoning River, Pa. and O. This river rises 
in Portage co., passes through Trumbull co., 0., 
and enters Beaver River in Beaver co., Pa. The 
Pa. and 0. Canal follows the lower part of this 
river. 

Mahopack Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of 
water lies in the town of Carmel, Putnam co. 
It is about one mile in diameter, contains two or 
three small islands, and is much resorted to for 
the fine fish with which it abounds. 

Maiden Creek, Pa., flows S. W., and falls into 
the Schuylkill, 7 miles N. from Reading. 

Makwa Lake, Chijjpewa CO., Wn. One of a 
chain of lakes situated at the head of Red Cedar 
River. 

Malade River, On. This river rises S. E. from 

the source of Big Wood River, flows S. S. W, 

and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. 

Malhcureux Islands, St. Bernard parish. La. A 

small group lying at the raouth of Lake Borgne. 

Malheur River, On. This river has its source 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



213 



in a chain of lakes, flows N. E., and empties into 
Lewis Fork of Columbia River, nearly opposite 
Payette River. 

Mainnroneck Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of 
Wliite Plains, Westchester co., flows S., and en- 
ters Long Island Sound at Mamaroneck village. 

Mitmitaquot liiirr, lis., rises in Randolph, and 
after meandering througli this town and receiving 
the waters of Great and Little Ponds, meets the 
tide waters of Boston harI)or at Braintree Land- 
ing, on Weymouth Fore River, 10 miles from 
Boston. 

Manafoi/lin Ishinds. A chain of islands lying 
in Lake Huron. They extend about 90 miles in 
length and 6 in breadth. 

Maiiflowish Lakes, Portage CO., Wn, A chain 
of small lakes situated in the N. part of the 
county, at the head of Chippewa River. 

Jfait/iattan Isldml. See Neiv York City. 

Manhegin Is/and, Me., lies oflf Muscongus B.ay, 
Lincoln co., about 12 miles S. from the mouth 
of St. George's River. There is a light-house on 
the island, the tower of wliieh is 30 feet high. 

Manistee River, Mn. This is a large river, 
rising in Aritim and Otsego counties. It flows S. 
through a part of Crawford, then S. W. through 
Kalcasca, Wexford, and Manistee counties, into 
Lake Michigan. 

Manitcau Creek, Mo. A small stream rising in 
the S. part of Cooper co., and flowing E. into the 
Missouri River. 

Manitosawin Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situ- 
ated at the head of one of the W. branches of 
Chippewa River. 

' Man it on Island, Houghton co., Mn. Situated 
in Lake Superior, off the extremity of Keewai- 
wona Point, 

Manitowoc Hirer, Wn. This river drains Cal- 
umet and Manitowoc counties, and emjjties into 
Lake Michigan at the town of Manitowoc. 

Mankato River, Iowa and Ma. It rises in many 
branches in the N. part of Iowa, flows N., and 
falls into the Minesota or St. Francis River at 
the great bend opposite Marrah Tankah Lake. 

Manomet Hill, Plymouth, Ms. Height 304 ft. 

Manoniin Lake, Ma., lies at the head of Mano- 
min River. 

Manomin River, Ma. It rises in Manomin Lake, 
flows W., and empties into the Mississippi a little 
above Muddy River. 

Manomin or Wild Rice River, Ma. It rises in 
the N. part of tlie territory, flows in a westerly 
direction, and falls into North Red River. 

Manoimnikan Ljake, Cliippewa co., Wn. A 
small sheet of water through which Red River 
passes. 

Mansjield Monntains, Vt., extend through the 
town of Mansfield, from N. to S. They belong to 
the Green Mountain r.ange, and the Nose and 
Chin, so called from their resemblance to the 
face of a man lying on his back, exhibit some of 
the loftiest summits in the state. 

Manya Wakan River, Ma. It rises near the 
head of Long Prairie River, flows S., and empties 
into the Minesota or St. Peter's River a little be- 
low lyedan or Qui Parle Lake. 

Maple River, Mn It rises in the interior of 
Shiawassee co., flows in a winding W. course, and 
empties into Grand River in Ionia co. 

Maple River, Ma. It flows E., and empties into 
the Shuyenn Oju River. 

Maramec River, Mo., rises in Crawford and 
Washington counties, unites with the Bon Homme 



in Franklin co., and enters the Mississippi 20 
miles below St. Louis. Length 200 miles. 

Margidlaivay River, Me. and N. H., has its 
source among tbe highlands which separate Me. 
from Canada, in the N. E. extrendty of N. H., 
about 30 miles N. from ErroU. After a southerly 
course of nearly 20 miles on the W. border of 
Me., it enters N. H., where it forms a junction 
with the united streams of Dead and Diamond 
Rivers. Tlience, after a S. course of about 6 
miles to Erroll, it receives the waters of Umba- 
gog Lake, and forms the Androscoggin River. 

Maria. I^ike, N. Y. This small body of water 
lies in tile town of Duanesburg, Schenectady co. 

Martputte Bay, Mn. A curvature in Lake 
Michigan extending between Little and Great 
Au Sable Points. 

Marrah Tankah iMke, Ma. A large sheet of 
water lying at the bend of the Minnesota or St. 
Peter's River, S. E. from Minnesota Lake. 

Mars Hill, Aroostook co., Me., is situated about 
1 mile W. of the Canada line, 200 miles N. N. E. 
from Augusta, .and 80 miles N. W. from Frederick- 
ton, New Brunswick. The sides of this mountain 
are rugged, and the approach to it dilHcult. It has 
two spurs, one of wliich is elevated 150G feet and 
the other 1363 feet above the waters of the Goose- 
quill River. 

Marsh Creek. A small stream rising in the N. 
part of Oiimiibell co., Te.. and flowing N. through 
a part of Whittey co., Ky., into the Cumberland 
River. 

Marsh Island, Terre Bonne parish. La., lies in 
the Gulf of Mexico, S. from Atchafalaya and 
Four League Bays. On its N. W. extremity is 
Point Au Fer. 

Marsh River, Waldo co.. Me., rises in .the N. 
part of the county, flows E., and enters the Pe- 
nobscot above Orphan Island. 

^/artha^s Vineyard. Ms. See Dukes Co. 

Martinis Creek, Harlan co., Ky. A small stream 
rising among the Cumberland IVIts., and emptying 
into Cumberland River at the town of Mount 
Pleasant. 

Maiiin Creek, Brown Co., Vfn. A bead branch 
of East Twin River. 

Maryland Point, Md. A projection formed by 
a bend of the Potomac, 12 miles S. W. from 
Port Tobacco. 

Mary's Lake, N. Y., is a small body of water 
situated in the town of Parish, Oswego co. 

Mary River, Ca. It flows S. W., and empties 
into Green River above Vei-milion C'reek. 

Marrowbone Creek. Henry co., Ya. A small W. 
branch of Smith's River. 

Maseomy Pond, N. H. A brief description of 
this lovely sheet of water is given under En- 
Jield. 

Maseomy River, N. H., has its source S. of 
Smart's Mt., wliich lies in the towns of Lyme 
and Dorchester, and, running through Canaan, 
falls into Maseomy Pond, in the town of Enfield. 
See Enjield. 

Maskeijon River. Mn. This river has its source 
in several small lakes in Jlikenank co.. and en- 
ters Lake Michigan U miles N. of Grand River. 
Length 17.5 miles. 

Masonhoro' Inlet. N. C. A passage among the 
islands on the S. E. coast of New llaiiover co. 

iWason'.s Islands, Ct. A group of small islands 
lying at the mouth of Mystic River. 

Massabesick Pond, N. H. See Chester. 

Massaclnisctts Bay, Ms. The whole of this bay 



214 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



is within the limits oi Massachusetts. The exte- 
rior hounds of tliis celelirateii hay are Capes Cod 
and Ann. The former is in N. lat. 42*' G'. and W. 
Ion. 70° 7 ; the latter in N. lat. 42° 45', and W. 
Ion. 70° 17'. Cape Ann he^irs from Cape Cod 
N. N. W. about 40 miles. The Ienf,'lli of this hay is 
ahout 60 niilc3, from N. W. to S. K.; its hreadth i.s 
about 2.5 miles. Numerous hay.^ and rivers of va- 
rious sizes set in from this hay, and its whole coast 
i.s lined with commodious harbors and pleasant 
commercial towns. This hay is noted for its 
dclit;htful scenery, and as containini; the tirst 
settlements of the Pilgrim Fathers of New Eng- 
land. 

Massena Springs, N. Y., are situated ahout 1 
mile S. of Massena village, on Racket River. 
They are a good deal resorted to for the cure of 
cutaneous disorders. 

Masscrne or Ozark Mountains. This range 
commences in Mo., near the junction of Mis.souri 
and Mississippi Rivers, and runs in a S. W. direc- 
tion, through Mo.. As., and In. Ter., into Texas. It 
is crossed by Arkansas and Red Rivers. Mount 
Ccrne, the highest peak, gives name to the range. 

Afassie's Creek; O. This line mill stream rises 
in Madison CO.. and, after a highly picturesque 
course through a chasm 20 or 30 feet wide, and 
60 deep, falls into Little Miami River 4 miles 
above Xenia. ^ 

Alal'ii/ordn Baij, Ts. Situated at the mouth of 
the Colorado River, and N. K. from Espiritu 
Santo I5ay. 

Alatakeunh River, Penobscot CO., Me., has its 
source in small ponds, and flows in a N. direction 
into the Matawamkcag, near its junction with the 
Pcnoiiscot. 

jWutawamkenfi River, Me., is one of the most 
important tributaries of the Penol)scot. It rises 
in Aroostook CO., flows through Matawamkcag 
liakc, and enters the Penobscot about 60 miles 
N. by E. from Bangor. 

Matehapnnijo Inlet, Northampton Co., Va., emp- 
ties into Broad Water Gulf, between Prout's and 
Hog Islands. 

Mate Creek, Logan co.. "Va. A small branch 
of the Tug Fork of Big Sandy River. 

Matinac Island, Me., lies off St. George, Lin- 
coln CO. 

Matinicus Islands, Me. This group of islands 
lies at the entrance of Penobscot Bay. Mar- 
shalfs Island, the largest of the cluster, is a 
plantation attached to Hancock co. The light 
on Matinicus is about 15 miles S. by E. from 
Thomaston. 

Matomkin Island, Aceomac co., Va. It lies oft" 
the Atlantic coast, between Wallops Island on 
the N. and Cedar Island on tlie S. 

Mattapony River, Va. This river rises in 
Spottsylvania eo., and is formed by the union of 
Mat, Ta, Po, and Ny Rivers. It unites with the 
Pamunky to form York River, at the S. E. ex- 
tremity of King William co. 

Mattiiwomon Run, Mil., rises on the boundary 
between Prince George's and Charles counties, 
and flo\Ts S. of W. into the Potomac River. 

Matteawan or Fislikill Mounlaitts, N. Y. See 
nifjhlands. 

Malthius Point. King George CO., Va. This is 
the N. E. extremity of tlic county, extending into 
the I'otonuic River. 

Matlimuskcet Lake, Ilyde CO., N. C. A large 
sheet of water lying in the S. interior of the co. 

Maumee Bai), O. and Mn. This bay, which 



lies at the S. W. extremity of Lake Erie, is ahout 
5 miles long and 2 wide. It receives the waters 
of Maumee and several smaller rivers. 

Maumee River, O., is formed by the junction 
of Little St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, and Great and 
Little Anglaize Rivers. It rises in the N, E. 
part of la., and, pursuing a N. E. course of ahout 
100 miles through fertile borders, enters Lake 
Eric through Maumee Bay. For 50 miles from 
its mouth it is 70 rods wide, and is navigable for 
steamboats and schooners 18 miles to Perrys- 
burg. In the sjiring and fall it is boatablc 18 
miles farther, to Fort Wayne. The Wabash and 
Eric Canal follows its hanks. 

Maurice River, (ilouccstcr co.. N. J. This 
river rises in Deptford and Franklin towns, and 
in its upper part aiibrds water power. It is 
navigable 20 miles for vessels of 80 or 100 tons. 
Excellent oysters are taken at its entrance into 
Delaware Bay. 

May. Cape, N. J., received its name from Cor- 
nelius May, a Dutch navigator, who visited the 
bny in 1623. It is situated on the N. E. side of 
Delaware Bay, in hit. .'SS" 56' N., and Ion. 74° 56 
W. There is a light-house on the S. extremity. 

Mil/ River, S. C, falls into the Atlantic in Ion. 
80° 55' W., lat. 32° 15' N. 

Mayjield Mountains, N. Y., the S. termination 
of the Clinton or Adirondack range, lie in 
Fulton and Montgomery counties. Klip's Hill, 
or, as sometimes called, Anthony's Nose, is the 
S. peak. 

Mayjields River, Ky. This river rises in the S. 
W. part of Graves co., flows in a N. direction to 
McCraken co., where it takes a turn to the W., 
crosses Ballard co., and empties into the Mis- 
sissippi. 

Mayo Rivers, North and South, Va. and N. C. 
These streams rise in the N. part of Patrick co., 
flow S. E., uniting in the S. W. nngle of Henry 
CO., and empty into Dan River, in Rockingham 
CO., N. C. 

Meadow River, Me. A small stream flowing 
into Casco Bay. 

Mecock Bay' Suffolk CO., N. Y., lies on the S. 
side of Long Island. It is 4 miles long, and 
from 1 to 2 miles wide. 

Medicine Creek. Mo. Its head branches rise 
in Sullivan and Mercer counties, and flowing S., 
it enters Grand River in Livingston co. 

Medina River, Ts. The head stream of the 
River San Antonio. 

Megunlicook River and Fund, Waldo CO., Me. 
The river rises in the pond of the same name, 
and enters the Penobscot at Camden, aftbrding 
excellent water power. The pond lies in the town 
of Lincolnville, is about 9 miles long, of an 
irregular shape, and a very beautiful sheet of 
water. 

Meherin River, Va., rises in Charlotte co., and 
flowing S. of E., unites with the Nottaway, to 
form Chowan River, in N. C. 

Meicis Creek, 0., falls into the Muskingum, 20 
miles above Marietta. 

Meminis lAike, La Pointe eo., Wn. This lake 
supplies one of the head branches of Naraekagon 
River. 

Memokage River, Ma., flows S. E. into the St. 
Croix River. 

Memnosic River, Mn., rises in the E. part of 
Lake co., flows N. W., and empties info Manistee 
River, near its mouth. 

Memphremagog Lake,Yt. and Canada, is 30 milea 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



215 



in length, and 2 or 3 miles wide. It lies mostly 
in Canada, only 7 or 8 miles of the S. end ex- 
tending into Vt. It is situated about half way 
between Conneeticut River and Lake Champlain, 
and the part within Vt. lies between the towns of 
Derljy and Newport. A bay extends S. into Or- 
leans. Tliese waters cover about 1 5 square miles 
in Vt., and receive from this state Clyiie, Barton, 
and Black Rivers. The waters of the lake are 
discharged to the N. by Magog Outlet into the 
River St. Francis, and through that into St. Pe- 
ter's Lake, about 15 miles below the mouth of 
the River Richelieu. 

Menaji Islands. Grand Menan, belonging to the 
British, lies off the mouth of the St. Croix River, 
and Passamaquoddy Buv. On its S. side are a 
number of small islands and harbors. The 
inhabitants are principally fishermen. Little or 
Petit Menan, Washington CO., Me., lies about 3 
miles S. S. E. from Gold.sboro' hari)or. On it is 
a light-house, with a tower 2.t feet in height. 

Mence Creek, Wn., rises in the S. part of Mani- 
towoc CO., flows S. E. into vSlicboygan co., and 
empties into Lake Michigan, a little above She- 
boygan River. 

Menovionee River, Mn., has its source in a small 
lake, and running E. by S. about 100 miles, enters 
Green Bay. It forms part of the boundary be- 
tween Mn. and Wn. Tcr. 

Mequanimecum River, Mn., drains the W. inte- 
rior of Marquette co., flowing S. into the Wesa- 
cota, or Brule River. 

Mequon River, Washington co.. Wn. A small 
stream rising in Musquenoc Lake, and flowing 
S. E. into Milwaukee River. 

Mermentau River, La. This river drains the ex- 
tensive prairies of the S. W. part of the state for 
a distance of 200 miles. After passing through 
a lake of the same name, it fulls into the Gulf of 
Mexico. 200 miles W. of Mississippi River. It has 
but 3 feet of water on the bar at its mouth. The 
country through which it flows is covered with 
grass, with the exception of a narrow strip of 
woodland, partly live oak, which skirts its borders. 

McrritVs Island, Orange CO., Fa. This island 
lies in Indian River, and occupies nearly the 
entire length of it. 

Merrimac River. See Franklin, N. U. 

Merrymeeting Bay, Me., is about 5 miles above 
Bath, at the junction of the Androscoggin and 
Kennebec Rivers. It is 10 or 12 miles in length, 
and contains Swan and other islands. 

Merrymeeting Bay, N. H. See Alton. 

J^Jei-rymeetinQ Pond, N. H. See New Durham. 

Meshoppen Creek, Pa., flows S. W.. and enters 
the Susquehanna, about 17 miles above Tunk- 
hannock Creek. 

Metargamook Lake, Me., lies in the W. part of 
Penobscot CO. The E. branch of Penobscot 
River passes through it. 

Mexico Bay, Oswego co., N. Y., lies in the E. 
part of Lake Ontario, opposite the mouth of 
Salmon River. 

Mexico, Gidf of. This great gulf, situated S. 
of the U. S., is 1000 miles long and 600 broad, 
containing 660,000 square miles. It washes the 
W. coast of Fa. and the S. coast of Aa., Mi., La., 
and Ts. 

Miami River, C, rises in Hardin co., and, after 
a S. W. course of 100 miles, affording extensive 
water power, falls into the Ohio in the S. W. 
comer of the state. It receives many large 
branches, and is 200 yards wide at the mouth. 



It is connected with the Anglaize, a S. branch 
of the Maumee, by a portage of 5 miles, and, al- 
though its course is rapid, it is navigable t*> a 
limited extent for 75 miles. 

MicheWs Cave, N. Y. See Klip's Uill. 

Micliemaneliie Lake, Lenawee co., Mn. A small 
sheet of water supplying the head branch of 
Tiffins River. 

Mirhiconi Lake, Portage CO., Wn. Situated 
S. E. from Flaml)eau Lake, with which its outlet 
connects. 

Michigamme Lake, 5In., lies in the N. interior 
of Marquette co., and is the source of Peshakemo 
Hfvcr. 

Michigan. Lake. One of the five great lakes, 
lying wholly in the United States, and the larg- 
est body of water within its boundaries. It lies 
chiefly between the states of Mn. proper and 
Wn., touching also la. and Is. in its S. part. 
Its length is great in proportion to its breadth, 
being 330 miles long, and, on an average, 60 
miles broad. It covers an area of 16,981 square 
miles, or 10,868,000 acres, being inferior in size 
only to Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It 
is between 41° 38' 58" and 46° N. lat., and be- 
tween 84° 40' and 87° 8' W. Ion. Its surface is 
elevated about 600 feet above tide water ; but its 
bottom is estimated to be, on an average, 900 
feet deep, so that, if there were a free channel 
sufficient to drain this lake into the ocean, there 
would still remain a sea, in this position, nearly 
as large as the lake now is. Its waters are dis- 
charged N. into Lake Huron through the Straits 
of Michilimackinac, or Mackinac, from 4 to 8 
miles wide, and 40 miles long. It has Green Bay 
on the N. W., which by itself is a large sheet of 
water, 120 miles in length by 25 in width, con- 
nected with the lake by a strait at its N. part 
Into this bay are received also, througli Fox 
River, the waters of the small lake Winnebago. 
The principal rivers which flow into Lake Mich- 
igan, beginning at the S. or upper end, are the 
two Calamicks and Riviere du Chemin, from la.. 
and, from the peninsula of Mn. proper, the St 
Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand River. Maskegou, 
Wlrite River. Pent Water, Pere JIarqnette, Sandy, 
Monistic,Platt, Carp, Grand Traverse or Ottawa, 
and some others of less note. Grand Traverse 
is the name applied to that part of the Ottawa 
River which widens to a bay for a distance of 30 
miles before it enters the lake. On the W. shore 
the confluents of Lake Michigan are mere creeks, 
among which Manawakee, about 70 miles long, 
is the most important. Several rivers of consid- 
erable importance, however, come in from the 
W. through Green Bay, among which are Fox 
River and the Menomonec. The waters of Lake 
Michigan are pure and clear, and abound in 
excellent fish. There are many good harbors 
upon its shores, upon which commercial towns 
are rapidly growing up. On the W. are Chica- 
go, Kenosha, Racine, Milwaukee, Wa.shington, 
Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, and (irand Haven, 
Richmond, St. Joseph, and Micliigan city on the 
E. The relative position of this lake is most 
advantageous for becoming the medium of an 
extensive commerce. Its longest diameter lies 
in the direct line of communication between the 
valley of the Mississippi and that of the other 
great lakes and of the St. Lawrence. It is navi- 
gable for the largest vessels and steamboats, 
which ply between Buffalo and Chicago, touch- 
ing at the several ports on the way. A grand 



216 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



canal, constructed through part of its extent for 
a ship canal, and capable of being comjiletcd on 
that scale, connects the waters of Lake Michigan 
at Chicago with those of the Biver Illinois, the 
Mississijipi, and the Gulf of Mexico. 

Mic/tilimiickinac Strait. See ^fackinaw. 

Middldmrtj River, Vt., rises in Hancock, passes 
through Ripton. and, flowing W., falls into Otter 
Geek in the S. part of MidJlcbury. The length 
of this stream is about 14 miles, and it aiibrds 
several mill sites. 

Middle Island Creek, Va. This stream rises in 
the E. part of Doddridge, flows N. W. and W., 
and empties into the Ohio Kiver opposite Middie 
Island. 

Middle Three Rirer, lo., rises in two forks in 
Madison co., flows N. E. across Warren co. into 
the Des Moines Kiver. 

Miles's River, Vt., rises in Lunenburg, and, 
pursuing a S. course into Concord, where it re- 
ceives the outlet of Miles's Pond, bends its course 
E., and falls into Connecticut Kiver bj' a mouth 
7 or 8 yards wide. 

Mill Brook, Vt. See Windsor. 

Mill Creek, la., lias its source in the S. W. part 
of Hendricks co., flows in a winding S. W. direc- 
tion, and empties into White River. 

Mill Creek, Mn. It rises in the E. part of La- 
peer CO., flows S. of E., and empties into Black 
River in St. Clair co. 

Mill Cretk, Ca., rises among the Sierra Nevada, 
and flows S. W., into the Rio Sacramento. 

Mills River, Is., rises in the N. part of Jackson 
CO., takes a semicircular bend, and empties into 
the Mississippi in Randolph co. 

Mille LacS, Chii:)pewa co., Wn. This lake is 
the source of anE. branch of Red Cedar River. 

Miller's River, Vt, rises in Sheffield, waters a 
part of Wheelock. and falls into tlie Passnmpsic, 
in Lyndon. It is generally a rapid stream, and 
afifords some good mill privileges, particularly in 
Wheelock, wliere tliere is a considerable fall. 

^filler's River. Ms. This is a fine mill stream, 
rising in ponds in Ashbumham and Winclicndon ; 
it has many tributaries, and passes through 
Athol, Orange, and Wendell, and falls into the 
Connecticut at Irving. 

Milliiiokct Lake, Penobscot Co., Me. This large 
sheet of water receives many rivers, and is an 
important source of the W. branch of the Penob- 
scot. Its outlet, a river of the same name, con- 
nects it with Pem.adumcook Lake near the great 
falls at Pemadumcook Outlet. 

Millstone Creek, N. J. This rapid stream rises 
in Monmouth co., and flowing N. N. E., enters the 
Raritan in Somerset co. The Delaware and 
liaritan Canal follows this stream a considera- 
ble distance. 

Mill Tail Creek, Tyrrell eo., N. C, flows N. W. 
into Alligator River. 

Milwaukee Baji, Wn. A curvature of Lake 
Michigan in the E. part of Milwaukee co. 

Milivnukee River, Wn. This large stream rises 
in Sheboygan and Fond du Lac counties, flows 
S. S. E. through Washington into Jlilwaukee 
CO., where it empties into Milwaukee Bay, at the 
town of Milwaukee. 

Mini Skui/ah or S<dt Lake, Ma. A long, nar- 
row sheet of water, connecting by an outlet on 
tlve S. with Tchan Sansan or Kiver i Jaques. 

Minesota iMke, Ma. A small sheet of water, 
the outlet of which communicates with Minesota 
or St. Peter's River. 



Minsi Sagaigoning or Milte Lacs, Ma. This is 
a large, circular sheet of water, lying between 
Mississippi and St. Croi.x Rivers, and connecting 
on the S. with Rum River. 

Misery River. Houghton CO., Mn. A small 
stream in the N. W. part of tlie county, flowing 
into Lake Superior. 

Mispillon Creek, Md. A small stream sepa- 
rating Kent and Sussex counties, and emptying 
into Delaware Bay. 

Missisco Bay, Vt. and Canada, is a large arm 
of Lake Champlain, which extends into Canada 
between Swanton and Highg.ate on the E. and 
Alburg on the W. Its width from E. to W., on 
Canada line, is about 5 miles, and it extends 4 or 
5 miles into Canada. This bay covers an area 
of about 35 square miles. 

Missisco River, Vt., rises in Lowell, and. flow- 
ing N. E. through a part of Westfield and Troy, 
crosses the N. line of the state into Potton, in 
Canada, where it receives a large stream from 
the N. E. After running several miles, it re- 
turns into Vt. about 1 mile W. from the N. E. 
corner of Richford. Thence it runs S. W. 
through the corner of Berkshire, where it re- 
ceives Trout River, iiito Enosburg. It then 
passes through Sheldon and Highgatc into Swan- 
ton, and, after performing a circuit of several 
miles in that town, returns into Highgatc, and, 
running N. W., falls into Missisco Bay, near 
Canada line. This stream affords a considerable 
number of valuable mill sites, and besides its 
tributaries above mentioned, Black Creek and 
Taylor's Branch are the most important. The 
length of this river, including its windings, is 
about 75 miles, and it is navigable for vessels of 
50 tons' burden 6 miles to Swanton Falls, where 
is hydraulic power of great value. 

Mississippi River. The largest and most im- 
portant river of the United States, or of North 
America. The import, in the Algonquin lan- 
guage, of the name Missi Sepe, is Great River. 
Whether we consider its great length, its mighty 
and numerous tributaries, the extent of country 
whicli it drains, or the distance to which it is 
navigable, it well deserves the title which the 
Indians have given to it, " The i"atlier of 
Waters." If estimated by the criterion which is 
now considered as determining the comparative 
importance of the great rivers, — the extent of 
the area drained by its waters, — it is the flfth, or 
perhaps the fourth, in rank among the rivers of 
the earth, and tbe third among the rivers of the 
American continent. The basin, or valley, of 
the Mississippi extends from the Appalachian 
chain of mountains on the E. to the Rocky Mts. 
on the W., and from the Gulf of Mexico on tbe S. 
to tlio great lakes and the boundary between the 
United States and the British possessions on the 
N. and N. W. This great basin is composed of 
two very unequal slopes, or inclined planes. One, 
the W.. and most extensive, fulling E. from the 
Rocky Mts., has a mean width of about 800 miles ; 
the other, which declines from the Appalachian 
Mts. VV., has a mean width of about 400 miles. 
The base line, or line of common depression, 
follows the valley of the Illinois, and of the Mis- 
sissippi below the point where the former unites 
with the latter. A line drawn from the Appa- 
lachian chain, at the source of the Tennessee, to 
the source of the most N. W. tributary of the 
Mississippi, measures a distance of aljout 2000 
I miles; and a line drawn nearly at right angles 



rs THE UNITED STATES. 



217 



to this, from the sources of the Red River, to tliose 
of the Wisconsin, measures about 1100 miles. 
The averase wiilih of tlie Mississippi basin is 
about 550 miles. The extent of surface included 
in this vast area is about 1,100,000 square miles. 
This exceeds the aggregate of all the valleys 
drained by the rivers of tlie Atlantic slope, in- 
cluding that of the River St. Lawrence. Tlie 
principal tributaries of the Mississippi arc the 
Red River, the Arkansas, tlie White, the Missou- 
ri, and the Yellowstone, from the W., and the 
Ohio and Illinois from the E. These great riv- 
ers, with many others of inferior magnitude, 
draining tlic d'itferent jjarts of the great basin 
from whieli they come, unite with the Mississippi 
proper, and pour their waters through its channel 
into the Gulf of Mexico. Above the confluence 
of the Missouri with the Mississippi, the former, 
although denoted as a secondary to the latter, is 
much the larger of the two. But the Mississippi, 
having been first explored, retains, through its 
course, the name which it tlien received. Above 
the entrance of the Missouri, it is known in com- 
mon parlance as the Upper Mississippi. The 
river is called the Mississipjji proper, in distinc- 
tion from this great tributary, so much its supe- 
rior; inasmuch as, from the natural features of 
the entire basin denominated the valley of the 
Mississippi, it would seem that the Missouri 
should bear the same name, or that it is better 
entitled to be considered as the true Mississippi. 
The extreme source of the Mississippi was dis- 
covered by Schoolcraft, Julv 13, 1832, to be the 
Itasca Lake, in 47° 10' N."lat., and 94° 54' W. 
Ion., at an elevation of 1500 feet above the ocean, 
and 3160 miles from its entrance into the Gulf of 
Mexico. This is a beautiful sheet of water, of 
irregular shape, about 8 miles long, situated 
among hills covered with pine forests, and fed 
by springs. It has its outlet to the N., which is 
about lOor 12 feet wide, and from 12 to 18 inches 
deep, which, flowing N., passes through Lakes 
Irving and Traverse. It then turns E., and 
passes through several small lakes to Lake Cass, 
which is about IG miles long, and contains several 
islands. Thence it flows E. to Lake Winnipec, 
and S. E. to Little Lake Winnipec, below which 
it receives Leech Lake through an outlet, which 
was formerly supposed to be the source of the 
Mississippi. From this point the river expands 
to a hundred feet in widtli, and flows througli a 
low prairie country till it reaches the Falls of 
Peckagama, where it descends about 20 feet over 
a ra))id of 300 yards. These falls are about 685 
miles above the Falls of St. Anthony. All the 
sources of the Mississippi take their rise in lat. 
42° to 48° X., and the general course of the river 
is S., bearing E. in the upper part through about 
20 degrees of lat., to its entrance into the Gulf 
of Mexico. By this rule of conijjutation, the 
length of the valley of the Jlississippi proper is 
about 400 miles ; but the extent of travel by the 
course of the river is probably twice this number 
of miles. It has indeed been estimated higher 
than this; but the length of rivers extending far 
into these remote and sparsely-settled regions of 
the country has been generally overrated. The 
gradual declivity of the Mississippi valley, how- 
ever, is so very slight, giving a fall to the waters 
of not more than Ave or six inches to the mile 
upon an average, and the soil through which its 
channel is made is so tender and easily worn 
away, that the smallest obstacles in the stream, 
28 



or the most inconsiderable variations in the sur- 
face of the country, have been sufficient to divert 
the current from an onward direction, and to give 
it oftentimes a very serpentine and circuitous 
course. The Mississippi meets with very few 
falls or rapids in its course. The Falls of St. 
Anthony, about 2000 miles from its source, ter- 
minate the route of steamboat navigation. Uowti 
these falls, the river, which is here about half a 
mile wide, precipitates its waters in a perpendic- 
ular desceut of about 16 or 17 feet, making, with 
the descent of the rapids above and below, a fall 
of about 40 feet. For a long distance below it is 
a clear, placid, and beautiful stream, skirted with 
wide and fertile bottoms, or alluvial margins, 
which are under water at the season of floods. 
A few miles below the mouth of the River Des 
Moines, and about 100 miles above the entrance 
of the Missouri, there are rapids of about 10 
miles in extent, which at low water in the sum- 
mer occasion considerable impediment to the 
navigation. Where the Missouri enters, the river 
has a width of a mile and a half; but below this, 
to the mouth of the Ohio, although the volume 
of its waters is greatly increased by those of this 
mighty tributary, the width of the stream is con- 
siderably less. Its channel, however, has greater 
depth, and its current a more accelerated and 
turbulent movement. At the lowest stages, 4 
feet of water may be found from the rapids of 
Des Moines to the mouth of the Missouri. Be- 
low that ]ioint, to the mouth of the Ohio, there 
are 6 feet in the channel of the lowest places, at 
low water. Between the mouth of the Ohio and 
the St. Francis there are various shoals, where 
pilots are often perplexed to find a sufficient 
depth for their boats during low water. Below 
that point there is no ditliculty at any season, 
except in finding the right channel. The river 
washes the entire western border of the state of 
Mississippi, which it separates from Arkansas 
and Louisiana, for a distance, by the windings 
of the stream, of 530 miles. A large portion of 
its banks, in this section of its course, consists of 
inundated swamp covered with cypress, excepting 
occasional elevated bluft's, which rise immediately 
upon the borders of the river. Natchez, the 
largest and most commercial place in this state, 
is situated on one of these blutts, elevated 250 
feet above the surface of the river. About 500 
miles from its mouth, the Red River enters the 
Mississippi from the W. This is the last of the 
tributaries of any consequence which it receives. 
Next to the Missouri and the Arkansas, it is the 
largest which comes in from the W., and dis- 
charges about as much water as the latter. Here 
the Mississippi carries its greatest volume of wa- 
ter, as immediately below this it sends off, at 
intervals, several large outlets, which make their 
way in separate channels to the ocean. Three 
miles below the mouth of Red River, the Atch- 
afalaya, or Cliiartalio Bayou, as it is called, passes 
off on the W. side, which is supposed to carry 
ort" as much water as the Rctl River brings in. 
The Atchafalaya has been su]iposed to be the 
ancient bed of "the Red River itself, by which it 
continued its course to the ocean without forming 
a connection, as now, with the Mississippi. The 
latter has here eflected a change in its course by 
cutting through the isthmus of a large bend, in 
consequence of which its main channel does not 
now pass by the mouth of the Red River. By 
these changes, it is probable there has been some 



218 



MOUNTAINS, RIVEKS, LAKES, &c., 



ilismi'baiue of the natural course of that river. 
The Atchiifalaya, inclining to the E. of S., enters 
the bay of the same name in tlie Gulf of Mexico. 
The outlet Plaquemine leaves the Mississippi 
128 miles below the outlet Atchafalaya. Thirty- 
one miles below the Plaquemine, and 81 above 
New Orleans, is the outlet of La Fourche, which 
also communicates with the ocean. Below this 
there are numerous small streams leaving the 
Mississippi at ditferent points. On the E. side 
the principal outlet is the Iberville, which passes 
off a little below Baton Kouge, going through 
Lakes Maurepas, Ponchartrain. and Borgne, into 
the Gulf of Mexico. In times of flood this out- 
let ean-ies off considerable water. Between this 
outlet on the E. and Alchafalaya on the W. is 
included what is called the Delta of the Missis- 
sippi. At the distance of 105 miles below New 
Orleans, by the course of the river, and of 90 
miles in a direct line, this majestic river enters 
the Gulf of Mexico by its several mouths, the 
principal of which is the N. E. pass, called the 
Balize, 29° 7' 25" N. lat., and 89° 10' W. Ion., 
and the S. W. pass, 29° 8' N. lat., and 89° 25' 
W. Ion. Most of the vessels enter and leave the 
river by the Balize. The depth of water on the 
bar, at each of these passes, is from 12 to 17 feet, 
but much greater immediately within and with- 
out. The river is navigable for vessels of any 
size, which are now for the most part taken up to 
New Orleans by steam tow-boats, as the most 
expeditious and economical method of reaching 
the city. Sailing vessels seldom go farther up 
than Natchez, 322 miles above New Orleans, as 
the navigation of the river by steamboats is much 
more convenient. The Delta of the Mississippi, 
if we regard the efflux of the Atchafalaya as its 
apex, and the Gulf of Mexico as its base, stretches 
over two degrees of latitude and three degrees 
of longitude. The distance from the outlet of 
Atchafalaya to the mouths of the Jlississippi is 
220 miles. Its breadth vaiies from 10 miles to 
100, and its area amounts to at least 12,000 square 
miles, or one fourth part of the state of Louis- 
iana. The very trifling elevation of the Delta, 
by its acclivity from the ocean, is demonstrated 
by the fact, that in autumn, when the rivers are 
reduced to their lowest mark, the tides of the 
gulf, of only about 2 feet mean elevation, are 
sensibly felt in the Atchafalaya and Iberville, at 
their efflux from the Mississippi, sometimes even 
causing the current to flow back from the former 
into the latter. From the physical characteristics 
of the Delta, it has been supposed by some ge- 
ographers that the main channel of the Missis- 
sippi is changeable. But this must be a mistaken 
opinion. When the annual inundations occur, 
the surface of the river is indeed above that of 
the surrounding country ; and the effect of the 
action of its powerful current in leaving a greater 
deposit of alluvion upon its immediate banks 
than farther back, has been to give them a per- 
manent elevation above the general surface. 
Nevertheless these superficial bunks, which of 
course are liable to accretion or abrasion in the 
lapse of time, are as nothing to the deep bed of 
the stream, which, as in the case of all other riv- 
ers, is the deepest valley of the region through 
which it flows. That this is the character of the 
main channel of the Mississippi is apparent from 
the soundings which have been made, showing a 
depth at the head of the Delta, at the lowest 
water, of 75 to 80 feet ; of 130 feet near the out- 



let of La Fourche, at Donaldsonville ; of 100 
feet and upwards opposite New Orleans ; and of 
75 to 80 feet 3 miles above the main bars, at 
its mouth. Comparing these elements with 
those of the deepest lake of La., Lake Ponchar- 
train, the bottom of which is not more than 18 
to 25 feet below the general level of the Delta, 
the bed of the river is seen to be from 75 to 80 
feet below the bottom of the lowest adjacent de- 
pression. With the exception of some changes 
which have been effected, both in and above the 
Delta, by (he cutting off of the necks of isthmuses, 
formed originally by almost circular bendings 
in the river, the current of the ]\Iississip])i is as 
effectually and permanently confined to its chan- 
nel as that of any other river. In tliis phenom- 
enon, such lakes as that of Faus.se Riviere, (False 
Uiver,) of which there are some six or seven, 
either formed or forming, have had their origin. 
This fine lake, in the parish of Point Coupee. 
172 miles above New Orleans, was once a bend 
of the Mississippi. In or about the year 1714, 
the change above described was effected, from 
which both the names Fausse Riviere and Point 
Coupee (Point Cut Off) are derived. By cutting 
through this narrow neck of land, the Mississippi 
shortened its course ujiwards of 30 miles. Near 
the new channel the old bed was rapidly filled 
with alluvion, but in all other parts it retained 
its original form, and is now a lake, with a m;ir- 
gin possessing the usual fertility of the river 
banks, and occupied with farms and farm-houses. 
From the extent of country drained by the Mis- 
sissippi, it necessarily follows that its spring floods 
are very great, and of very long continuance. 
In a mean of ten years, it appears that the swell 
commences on the" Delta about the end of Feb- 
ruary, and continues rising to the middle of June, 
when the waters begin to abate. This long and 
gradual discharge is occasioned by three causes, 
depending on the vast extent of the region from 
which the floods descend : first, varieties of tem- 
perature from a difference of latitude and an 
increase of elevation ; second, contrariety of di- 
rection in some of the streams which constitute 
the sources of the river; third, tlie time required 
for the waters of the U|)per Mississippi, of the 
Missouri, and of other distant regions, to traverse 
the long distance from the sources to the mouths 
of this mighty river. The difference of latitude 
from the mouths to the remotest sources of the 
Mississippi is about 20 degrees, and the relative 
elevation not less than .5000 feet. These elements 
combined would give a winter climate to the 
sources of the Missouri or Mississippi, equal to 
that of Labrador, in lat. Gl°, on the Atlantic 
coast. Permanent snows cover the earth in win- 
ter, over the Atlantic slojie and Mississippi basin, 
as low as lat. 31°, the waters from which, it is ob- 
vious, cannot be simultaneously dischai'ged. The 
general course of the flood being S., the spring 
advances in a reverse direction, and releases in 
succession the w.iters of the lower valley, then 
those of the Ohio, and last those of the Missis- 
sippi proper and the Missouri. Rising in lat. 42° 
to 50" N., and at an elevation of from 1200 to 
5000 feet, the higher sources of the Mississippi 
are locked in ice and snow long after summer 
reigns on the Delta. Then the course of the 
Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers is to the N. E. 
at first, for 500 or 600 miles, from which circum- 
stances, together with the slow movement of the 
waters, it results that the waters of the upper 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



219 



sources of the Mississippi do not reacli the Delta 
before the beginning of August, about 100 days 
after the breaking up of winter, and more tlian 
a month after the inundation has been abating. 
The average height of the flood.?, below the 
mouth of the Missouri, is 15 feet. From the 
Missouri to the Ohio it rises 25 feet, and for a 
great distance below the mouth of tlic Ohio it 
rises 50 feet. Before reaching Nati'hez, the beiglit 
of the floods begins to decline. At Baton Kougc 
it seldom exceeds 30 feet, and at New Orleans 
12. Tliis gradual diminution in the flood, in the 
lower part, has been supposed by some to result 
from the draining through the numerous effluxes 
of the river, conveying away such considerable 
portions of its waters by separate channels to the 
sea. So greatly does the quantity of snow and 
rain difler in ditferent years, that it is quite im- 
possible, even for those who have had the longest 
experience, to anticipate, with an a|)|iroach to 
certainty, the elevation wliich the flood will attain 
in any given year. Some years tlic waters do 
not rise above their channels, and no inundation 
takes place. As the banks of the river in the 
Delta, from the cause above noticed, are higher 
than the general level of the country, constituting 
an alluvial margin of from half a mile to a mile 
and a half wide, it becomes inipoitant to protect 
some of the more valuable tracts in the rear from 
the annual overflow of the river, from wlucb they 
could not easily be drained. For this purpose 
an artiflcial embaidiment has been raised at great 
expense upon the margin of the river, called the 
Levee. On the E. side this embankment com- 
mences 60 miles above New Orleans, and extends 
down the river more than 1.30 miles. On the W. 
side it commences 172 miles above New Orleans. 
The vast tr.ade of the valley of the Mississippi 
centres at New Orleans. Vessels are often from 
5 to 30 days ascending the river to this ])ort, un- 
less they employ the steam tow-boats, though 
they will often descend with a favorable wind in 
12 hours. Before the introduction of steam- 
boats it required 8 or 10 weeks to go to the mouth 
of the Illinois. The use of steamboats has nearly 
superseded all other vessels for ascending the 
river. Boats of 40 tons ascend more than 2000 
miles, to the Falls of St. Anthony. The passage 
from Cincinnati to New Orleans and back has 
been made in 19 days. The first steamboat on 
the western waters was built at Pittsburg in 1811, 
and there are now over 300 on the Mississippi 
and its tributaries, many of them of great bur- 
den. By the opening of the Illinois Canal from 
Chicago to the head of navigation in the Illinois 
River, a connection has lieen formed between the 
waters of the Iliver St. Lawrence and the Mis- 
sissippi, of sulHeientdi-aught to admit the passage 
of small vessels, laden with their cargoes of mer- 
chandise. Sometime in the autumn of 1849, the 
first vessel was reported at New Orleans as hav- 
ing arrived from the St. Lawrence, via the Wel- 
land Canal, the great lakes, the Illinois Canal 
and River, and the Mississippi. Returning by 
the Atlantic coast, she might then have circum- 
navigated the United States. 

Mississlni-wa River, la. and 0. This river rises 
in the N. W. part of Dark eo., O., flows N. W. 
into la., and emjnies into the Wabash River in 
Miami co. 

Missouri River. The sources of this great 
river take their rise in the Rocky Mts., and some 
of their springs ai-e within a mile of other springs 



which discharge themselves W., through the Co- 
lumbia River, into the Pacific Ocean. Tlie three 
principal streams which constitute the head 
waters of the Missouri are the Jefferson, the 
Madison, and the Gallatin, which unite at the 
same point in lat. 45° 10' N., and Ion. 110° W. 
From their confluence at this i)oint, the river 
takes the name Missouri, and flows onward, 
receiving ■ numerous tributaries in its course, 
through a distance of more than .3000 miles, to 
its junction with the Mississippi, in lat. 38° 51' 
N., and Ion. 90° W. Its course is at first N. 
and N. E.. to the mouth of White Earth River, 
lat. 47° 25'; thence S. E., about 220 miles, to the 
Mandan villages, or Indian settlements. From 
this point, the i-iver takes a S. course, through a 
distance of several hundred miles ; and then, 
being inflected more to the E., it pursues this 
general direction to the Mississippi. Although it 
loses its name at its confluence with the Missis- 
sippi, it is, before it reaches this jioint, much the 
longest and largest river of the two, and, phys- 
ically considered, is entitled to be denominated 
the principal, rather than the secondary. The 
Missouri is already a very large river, when it 
approaclies and passes the sources of its very 
inferior rival. If it be ranked according to 
physical preeminence, as incIudiTig the Missis- 
sippi from its confluence with that river to its 
mouth, it has an entire length of about 4350 
miles, and is probably the longest river of the 
earth. Ranking it as a secondary to the Missis- 
sippi, and having reference to the area drained by 
its channel, it is the Largest river of that class in 
the world. A direct line drawn along its valley, 
from its junction with the Mississippi River to 
the head of Maria's River, one of its most N. W. 
sources, is nearly 1400 miles in extent, and the 
width of- the upper valley of the Missouri, as that 
part is called which is above the confluence of 
the Yellowstone, is not less than 600 miles across 
the sources, and has a mean of 300 miles in the 
general direction of the streams. The entire 
valley, drained by the Mis.souri proper, includes 
an area of 523,000 square miles, or a surface more 
than double that of the whole Atlantic slope of 
the United States. The upper valley of the Mis- 
souri presents a surface, on the W. side, broken 
by mountains, and gradually spreading into 
plains, as the rivers descend in their courses. 
The whole face of the country, with partial ex- 
ceptions along the rivers, is open prairie, exhibit- 
ing a strong resemblance to the steppes of Asia, 
in nearly the same latitude. The surface of the 
lower valley is also extensively occupied with 
prairie, tlie alluvial and fertile soil on the rivers 
not having a very great breadth. The first 
large tril>utary of the Missouri is the Yellow- 
stone. This river, 800 yards wide at its mouth, 
and probably the largest tributary of the Mis- 
souri, enters it on the S. W. side, about 1800 
miles from its junction with the Mississippi. 
The Yellowstone, at its junction, is as large as 
the Missouri. Steamboats ascend to this point, 
and can ascend farther by either branch. After 
their junction, the united waters of the Yellow- 
stone and Missouri form a river as large in 
volume, and as wide and deep, probably, as at 
its entrance into the Mississippi. Chienne River, 
400 yards wide at its mouth, enters the Missouri 
on the S. W. side, 1310 miles from its mouth: 
White River, 300 yards wide, enters it on the 
S. W. side, 1130 miles from iis mouth; Big 



220 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Sioux River, llOynnls wide, enters it 853 miles 
from its mouth, on tlic N. U. side ; I'lult Riv- 
er, GOO jiirds wide, enters it on tliC S. W. 
side, GOO milts from its mouth; Kansas River, 
233 yards wide, enters it on tlie S. W. side, .'MO 
miles from its njouth; Grand River, ItlO yards 
wide, enters it on tlio N. E. side, 240 miles from 
its moutli ; La Mine River, 70 yards wide, enters 
it 200 miles from its mouth ; Osugc River, .'iOT 
yarils wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 13;) miles 
from its mouth ; and (Jaseonadc River enters it on 
the S. W. siile, 100 milits from its month. The 
larfest of these trihutaries are iiavltiahle from 
100 to HOO miles. Through thi^ whole eourse of 
the Missouri there is no serious olistruetion to 
the navigation, except, yjerliaj)*, from the shallow- 
ness of the water, during the season of the 
greatest drought, heCore arriving at (Ireat Falls, 
ahout 200 miles from tlie Mississi|j|pi. Thc' Mis- 
souri is over half a mile wide at its miuith, and 
through thc greater part of its eourse it is wider 
than this. It is a rapid and tnrliid stream, and 
generally carries along a powerful volume of 
water; hut owing to its passing through a dry 
and open country, and heing sulijeet to extensive 
evaporation, it heeotnes low at certain seasons, 
liardly atlbrding suflieient water for steanihoat 
navigation. From much greater relative eleva- 
tion, from higher latitudes, and from thc pecu- 
linr courses of some of its trihutaries, thc flood 
in the Missouri is thc latest in order, and <loes not 
reach thc Mississippi proper until after the flood 
in that river, the Ohio, Arkansas, and Red Rivers 
have in great part suhsidcd. At the Gr(!at Falls, 
distant ahout 2000 miles from thc Mississippi, 
tlu! river descends, hy a succession of rapids and 
falls, ;)7,'j feet, in ahout lOh miles. The lower 
and greatest of these falls has a perpenilieular 
pitch of 87 feet, thc second of 19 feet, thc 
third of 47 feet, and tlio fourth of 26 feot. 
These fulls, next to those of Niagara, arc the 
grandest on thc continent. At the distance of 
110 miles ahove these falls is a remarkahle pas- 
sage of thc river through the mountains, denomi- 
nated the Gates of the Jiocky Mts, Thc scenery 
at this ])lacc is exceedingly grand. For a dis- 
tance of ahout miles, the rocks rise perpendicu- 
larly from the margin of the river to an eleva- 
ticni of 1200 feet. 'I'he river (s compressed to 
thc width of l.'iO yards, and for the lirst .'1 miles, 
there is only one si)0l, and that only of a few 
yards, on which ft man eovild stand hetwccn thc 
water and these perpendicular walls of the 
mountain. Nothing can he imagined more 
gloomy and impressive than tlic passage through 
this deep chasm. 

Miihih: liiiij, Aft. This bfty is connected with 
the (iulf of Mexico by two straits, one on each 
side of Dauphin Island. The strait on thc \V. 
side will not admit vcssids drawing more than ."j 
feet of water: that on the 10. side, hctween the 
island and Mobile I'oiut. has 1,H feet of water, 
aiul the ehaimcl passes within ft few yards of the 
point. Tliero is a bar across the up[)cr end of 
the bfty, which has only 11 feet of water. Thc 
length of thc bay is 30 miles, its average width 12 
miles. 

Mobile Riftr, Aft. The Alabftma ftnd Tom- 
higbce unite, 40 miles above Mobile, to form this 
river. A few miles below the junction it divides 
into several cluinncls. Tin; nniin W. channel is 
Cftlled the Mobile ; thc main E., which is widest 
and deepest, tlio Tensaw. It is navigable to St. 



Stephen's for vessels drawing 5 or feet of water, 
liy the Tombigbee branch, and to Claiborne by 
the Alabama branch. The two branches unite in 
;il° G'N, lat,and 11° 5' W, Ion. from Washington. 
Thc river sometimes rises 50 or 60 feet in time of 
flood. 

j\fob .Turk Bni), Va. An arm of Chesapeake 
Bay, lying between Matthews and Gloucester 
counties, 

Moffefs River, Augusta co,, Va. A small 
stream flowing into Middle River, a branch of 
thc Shenandoah. 

Muhuwk River, N. II., rises among the moun- 
tains of Dixvillc, and in its course through Cole- 
brook, receives some consideiabic branches from 
Stcwartstown, and falls into the Connecticut. 

Mohawk River, N. Y., thc jprincipal branch 
of thc Hudson River, rises in Oneida CO., near 
thc source of Black River, and runs S. about 20 
miles, to Rome, and thcnec nearly E. to thc 
Hudson River, which it enters at Waterford, be- 
tween Albany an<l Saratoga. Its whole length is 
about l.'JS miles. Thc river has many rapids, and 
two large falls in its course. At Little Falls, it de- 
scends over a stony bed, and through a remarka- 
ble gorge in the mountain, 42 feet in the course 
of ft mile. At Cohocs Falls, about 2 miles from 
its mouth, it pom-s its waters down a perpendicu- 
lar descent of al>out 70 feet. Three fourths of a 
mile below this jioint is a bridge over the river, 
from which a line view of the cataract is obtained. 
Thc Erie Camil now i)asscs along, chiefly on the 
S. bank of the Mohawk, nearly through its whole 
coiirse ; consequently the channel of the river 
is but little used for navigation. The banks of 
the river are very level, and in some parts very 
fertile, particularly in Herkimer co., though in 
other parts they are poor and rocky. 

Molec/mnkamunk Lake, Me., lies about 80 miles 
N. by W. from Portland, and is one of the chain 
of large lakes extending N. VV, from Umbngog 
Eake, through Oxford and n part of Franklin 
CO., and emptying into the Androscoggin River. 
Thc borders of these lakes are thiidy settled, 
but thc soil is extremely fertile, and thc scenery 
equal in beauty to that of the eelcbrftted Winni- 
pisiogee, 

Mol/fs Pond, Vt, Sec Cabot. 

Mohtmkiis River, Me, This large stream rises 
mostly in Aroostook co., flows in a S, direction, 
atid falls into thc Matftwanikeag about 8 miles 
from its mouth, 

Moinsco liaij, Chippewa co., Mn. A branch of 
the Straits of St. Mary, opposite St. .Tosc^ph Island. 

Momsco River, Michilimackinae and Chippewa 
counties, Mn., ■ flow.s N. E., and empties into 
Momsco Bay. 

Monqaup Creek, or River, N. Y., rises in the N. 
part of Sullivan co., and flows S. into Delaware 
River. 

Monislique Lake, Mn. Situated on the S. bor- 
der of Schoolcraft co. 

Monisliiiue River, Mn. This river and its im- 
merous branches drain the E. pftrt of School- 
craft CO., and empty their waters into Lake 
Michigan. 

Monk's mil, Kingston, Ms. Height 313 feet. 

Monocttcy River, Pa. and Md. This river rises 
in Adams co.. Pa., flows S. S. W., and empties 
into the Potomac at the S. angle of Frederick 
CO., Md. 

Monody Greek, Pa., falls into the Swatara 12 
miles W. from Lebanon. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



221 



Monomoy Island, Barnstable CO., Ms. A loiif;, 
narrow i.sland, lying ofV tiic town of Cliatliain. 

Mononfjahda Hirer, Pa. Tliis river iia.s its 
sourcu in llamloiph to., Va., at tlie foot of tho 
Laurel Mts., and after Howing 300 miles in a N. 
direction, unites with Alleghiiny Kivcr at Pitts- 
burg, to fomi tbe Ohio. It i,s crossed by a bridge 
at its moutli, where it is nearly 400 yards wide. 
It is navigabia for large boats 60 miles to IJrowns- 
villc, and for small boats 200 miles from its 
mouth. It is entered on its E. side by Cheat and 
Youghiogeny Rivers, its principal tributaries. 

Monroe, Lalce, Orange co.. Fa. A small lake 
which is supplied by the waters of St. John's 
River. On its S. border is Eort Mellon. 

Monlauk Point, N. Y., lies 140 miles E. from 
the city of New York, and about CO miles W. S. W. 
from Gay Head liglit-bousj on Martha's Vine- 
yard, Ms. Near this place are high and rugged 
clilFs, against whose base the waves of the At- 
lantic dash with almost continued violence, any 
thing like a perfect calm being of rare oeeur- 
rencc. There is a sublimity and wildness, as well 
as solitariness, here, which leave a powerful im- 
pression on the heart. In a storm, the scene 
which the ocean presents is awfully grand and 
terrific. At this jilacc are fine sea air and bath- 
ing, and many resort here, during the summer 
months, for health and pleasure. At the extrem- 
ity of this point is a light-house, one of the most 
imjiortant beacons to mariners on the American 
coast. We copy the following beautiful lines, 
descriptive of the place, written by Mrs. Sigour- 
ucy, the celebrated American poetess ; — 

" Ultima Tliiilo ! of ttiis ancient iftle, 
Aj<aiiiHt wlmse breast tlie everla.'itinu surge, 
Long travelling on, and r)minou8 of wralh, 
Forever beatfl. Tliou lift'rit an eye of ligbt 
Unto tlie ve.xed and storm-tossed mariner, 
Guiding biin safely to bis boine again. 
9o teacli us, 'mid our own Horo ills, to wear 
Ttie crown of mercy, and, with changeloa.s 
Eye, look up lo Jlcaven." 

Montezuma or Cw/iiga Marshes, N. Y., extend 
14 miles along the outlet of Cayuga Lake and 
Seneca River. They are from 2 to .3 miles wide, 
and in summer are covered with rank grass from 
3 to 4 feet high. 

Monti/omeri/, Fort, N. Y. This old fortress, 
and that of Fort Clinton, both on the W. side of 
the Hudson River, 6 miles below West Point, 
were memorable spots during the revolutionary 
war. 

Montretil Paver. This small river rises in small 
lakes in La Pointe and Portage counties, flows 
N. W. on the boundary between Wn. and Mn., 
and falls into Lake Superior. 

Moore's Creek, N. J., falls into the Delaware 
about 6 miles above Pliilailelphia. 

Moose Mountain, N. II., is the name of a peak 
situated between Middleton and Brookfield, and 
also of a mountain in Hanover. Sec Brookjield 
and I/unover. 

Mouse Lake lies in the town of Wilmurt, Her- 
kimer CO., N. Y., in an uncultivated and almost 
uninhabited region of the state. 

Moose River, Me. This large tributary to 
Moosehead Lake rises in the W. part of Somer- 
set CO., and in its course flows through Atieh, 
Woods, Brassua, and several other ponds. 

Moose River, N. II. This stream rises on the 
N. side of the White Mts., near the town of Ran- 
dolph, through which it passes, and unites with 
the Androscoggin in Shelburae. 



Moose River, Vt., is an E. branch of the Pas- 
suiiipsic, and rises in Graiiby and East Haven. 
Taking a S. W. course ihr-ough Victory, IJrad- 
Icyvillc, and a part of St. Jobnsbiiry, it falls into 
the Passumpsic, opposite St. Johnsbury Plain. 
Length 24 miles. 

Maisr River, N. Y., rises in Hamilton co., flows 
W.. and enters Black River, a short distance 
above High Falls, in Lewis co. 

Moose lltad Lake, Me. This lake, the outlet of 
which is the source of Kennebei! River, lies in ihc 
county of Piscataquis. Its form is very irregular. 
Its length is between 40 and .'iO miles, and its 
breadth, in the widest part, about 12 miles. The 
tributarit.'S are nttmerous, and flow from almost 
every dii'ection. It contains a number of islands, 
the largest of which is Sugar Island, containing 
.')440 acres, and Deer Island, containing 2000 
acres. These islands are fertile, as is the whole 
country surrounding the lake, except in some 
places where the banks are high and precipitous. 
The waters are deep, and abound in trout of an 
extraordinary size. It is remarkable that the 
t<'rritory surrounding this iidand sea, possessing 
in rirh abundance all the necessary reijiiirements 
for the uses and comforts of man, and within 
three hundred miles of the capital of New Eng- 
land, should be left a wilderness garden, unin- 
habited and almost unexplored, while thousands 
of New England men are pressing to distant 
regions, less healthful, and less productive, when 
markets for surplus produce arc considered. A 
steamboat plies up and down the lake, for the 
purpose of transporting passengers, more par- 
ticularly those who are engaged in felling timber, 
and for the jiurpo-sc of towing the timber down 
to the Kennebec outlet. The lumber business 
on this lake is very extensive, and doubtless 
lucrative ; but the time is not very distant when 
this and other sections of Maine will be as much 
valued for the fruits of the soil, and, under the 
wise system of geological exploration, adopted 
by the legislature, for the quarries of slate, lime, 
granite, marble, and even coal, as they are now 
for their forests of timber. This lake may be 
divided into two bays. A little above the centre 
of it is a narrow pass, of rather less than a mile 
across. At this place, on the western side, is 
Mount Keneo, an elevation of 500 or 600 feet, 
projecting over the water. From this height a 
picturesque view of the lake, its islands, and a 
boundless wilderness, is presented. 

MrxisehiUoek Mountain, N. II., is a noble emi- 
nence, in the S. E. part of Benton, and ranks 
among the highest mountains in New England. 
Baker's River rises on its E. side. 

MooseliKknuujnntie hike. Me., lies about 2 miles 
S. of Molechunkamunk Lake, into which it 
empties. 

Moreaxi Creek, Mo., is formed in Cole co., by 
the junction of its two forks, flows E., and 
enters the Missouri River, a little above the 
Osage. 

Morehouse Ijake, N. Y,, the head source of East 
Cana/hi Creek, lies in the town of Morehouse, 
Il.amilton co. 

More's Hill, Goshen, Ms. Height 171.3 feet. 

Moriah, Mount, N. H., an elevat(;d peak of tho 
White Mountains, situated in the S. part of Shcl- 
bume. 

Mormon Creek, Crawford co., Wn. A small 
branch of the Mississippi. 

Morrison's Island, Colleton district, S. C., lies 



222 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



at the month of Charleston harbor, N. E. from 
James Island. 

Mother Kill, Kent CO., De. A small .stream emp- 
tying into Delaware Bay, .just below .Joiics Creek. 
Mountain Ridge, N. Y., lies S. oi Lake Ontario, 
and once, without doubt, formed its S. shore, of 
which the Ridtre Road, or Alluvial Way, run- 
ning parallel with the S. border of the lake, 
and from 6 to 8 miles from it, is an important 
proof. Niagara River flows through the ridge. 
Mount Daniel, Webster, Ms. Height 785 feet. 
Mount Defiance, N. Y., a high eminence, is sit- 
uated in the S. part of the town of Ticonderoga, 
Essex CO., on the W. side of Lake Champlain, and 
overlooks the site of old Fort Ticonderoga. Gen- 
eral Burgoync ascended this mountain with some 
pieces of artillery in 1777, and obliged the Amer- 
icans to evacuate Fort Ticonderoga, which had 
been considered almost impregnable. Since then 
it has been thought useless as a military station, 
and suft'ered to go to decay. On the summit of 
this mountain are still to be seen the remains 
of Burgoyne's Block House, which commands a 
beautiful and extensive view of Lake Champlain 
and the surrounding country. 

Mount Desert Sound, Me., lies S. of the Island 
of Mt. Desert, from which Mt. Desert Rock lies 
about 20 miles S. 

Mount Emmons, N. Y. This isolated peak lies 
mostly in the town of Oilman, Hamilton co., and 
is elevated about 4f>00 feet above the tide waters 
of the Hudson. 

Mount Esther, Whately, Ms. Height 99.5 feet. 
Mount Grace, Warwick, Ms. Height 1628 feet. 
Mount Hope and Mount Hope Bail. Sec Bris- 
tol, R. I. 

Mount Ida, N. Y. This fine eminence lies 
about half a mile E. of Hudson River, within 
the city of Troy. 

Mount Independence, Vt., lies in the N. W. 
corner of the township of Orwell, and .about 2 
miles S. E. from Ticonderoga Fort. It is inter- 
esting on account of its connection with the 
early history of our country. 

Jilount Lincoln, Fclham, Ms. Height 1248 feet. 
Mount Mclnli/re, N. Y., a peak of the Adiron- 
dack range, lies in Essex co., and is elevated 
5183 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. 

Mount Marci/, N. Y., the highest eminence of 
the Adirondack range, lies in the town of Keene, 
Essex CO. It is elevated 5467 feet, or upwards 
of a mile, above the tide waters of the Hudson, 
and overlooks several other peaks of nearly the 
same height. The view of these mountains, cov- 
ered with a dense, luxuriant forest, as seen from 
Lake Colden, i.s grand and i)icturesque in the 
cxtjeme. 

Mount Misery, N. Y., lies in the town of Brook- 
haven, Suffolk CO., on the N. side of Long Island, 
and commands a view of Long Island Sound 
and the surrounding country. 

Mount Ndio, situated in the town of Middle- 
bury, Vt., is sometimes called Chipman's Hill. 
It rests on a base of about 2 miles by 1, and 
rises gradually 4.')9 feet above the level of Otter 
Creek. A part of the village rests upon its 
S. declivity, and it affords some of the best ara- 
ble land in the township. The scenery from its 
summit is also very fine, commanding an exten- 
sive view of Lake Champlain and the surround- 
ing country. 

Mount Seward, N. Y. A lofty group of the 
Adirondack range bears this name. It lies in the 



.S. E. part of Franklin co., and is elevated 4800 
feet above the Atlalitic. 

Mount Tom, Woodstock, Vt., is an eminence 
of some height. 

Mount Tom, Northampton, Ms. Height 1214 ft. 
Mount Vernoii, Fairfax CO., Va. This town, 
which contains the mansion and ton»b of Gen- 
eral Wasliington, is situated on the W. side of 
the Potomac, 6 miles below Alexandria. Many 
a pilgrimage has been made to the'spot hallowed 
by the memory of the father of his country. 

Mud Cieek, N. Y., rises W. of Canandaigua 
Lake, in Ontario co., flows N. E., and unites with 
the Canandaigua outlet in Wayne co. The 
united streams then take the name of Clyde 
River, which flows 20 miles in an E. direction, 
and empties into Seneca River. 

Mud Creek, N. Y^., rises in Yates co., flows S., 
and enters Conhoctou River in Steuben co. 

Mud Lake, N. Y. This small body of water 
lies mostly in the town of Tyrone, Steuben co. 

Mud Lakes. Uh. A chain of lakes lying N. 
from Pyramid Lake, with which they are con- 
nected liy outlets. 

Muddy Brook, Vt. This stream divides Wil- 
liston from Burlington, and falls into Winooski 
Kiver. 

Muddy Creek, York co.. Pa. This stream 
drains the S. E. part of the county, and empties 
into the Susquehanna River. 

Muddy Creek, Is. A branch of the Little Wa- 
bash River, which it enters in Clay co. 

Muddy River, Ky., a S. tributary of Green 
River, rises in Todd and Logan counties, and, 
flowing north, forms the boundary between But- 
ler and Muhlenburg counties. 

Muddy Lake and Ricer. Ma. The lake lies N. 
W. from tlie Miiisi Sagaigoning or Mille Lacs, 
and the river connects it with the Mississippi. 
Mwjijet Hill, Charlton, Ms. Height 1012 feet. 
Mulberry Creek. Ga. A tributary of the Chatta- 
hoochee, which it enters in Harris co. 

Mulberry Creek, Aa. This is a branch of the 
Alabama River, which it enters on the N. side, 
after forming the boundary between Autauga and 
Dallas counties. 

Mulberry Creek, As. A pretty large stream, 
which rises in the S. part of Newton co., and flows 
S. W. into the Arkansas. 

Mullet Island. Hillsboro' CO., Fa. Situated at 
the mouth of Tampa Bay. 

j\Iullet Ricer. Wn., rises in a small lake in the 
E. part of Fond du Lac CO., and flows W, across 
Sheboygan co. into Sheboygan River. 

Mullicas River, N. J., forms the boundary be- 
tween Burlington and Atlantic counties, and en- 
ters the Atlantic 9 miles E. of Leeds, through 
New Inlet. It is navigable 20 miles for vessels 
of 60 tons. 

Murderer's Creek, Orange CO., N. Y., flows E., 
and enters the Hudson at the town of New 
Windsor. 

Murphy Islands, Charleston district, S. C, lie S. 
from the mouth of the Santee River. 

Muscatauck Ricer, la. The head branches of this 
river rise principally in Decatur and Ripley coun- 
ties. Its two largest, called Vernon and Graham's 
Fork, unite on the W. border of Scott co. It then 
flows W., separating Jackson and Washington 
counties, and empties into the E. fork of VVhito 
River. 

Muscle Fork. Mo. A branch of the Chariton 
River, which it enters just below lieytesville. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



223 



ilmcoot Creek, N. Y., rises in Putnam co., flows 
S., and enters Croton River, in Westchester co. 

Muskeg Rirrr, La Pointe CO., Wn. Tlie most 
W. branch of Bail River. 

Mitshget Island, Nantuclvet CO., Ms. Situated 
oft' the N. W. extremity of Smith's Point. 
' Miuikini/uin River, 0. This large river is 
formed by two main branches, Tuscarawas and 
White Woman's Rivers, which unite at Coshoc- 
ton. The Tuscarawas rises in Medina CO., and a 
porlaye between tiiem gave name to Portage town 
and county. The Muskingum is navigable for 
large bateaux to Coshocton, 100 miles. A canal, 
with a dam and locks, affording great water 
power, is constructed around the falls at Zanes- 
ville. There is a slack water navigation from 
Zanesville to Dresden, where a channel, 2.J miles 
long, connects Muskingum River with the Ohio 
Canal. The river is 225 yards wide at its en- 
trance into the Ohio, at Marietta. 

]Hiis<]iiewoc Lake, Washington CO., Wn., lies in 
the N. W. interior of the county, at the head of 
Mequon River. 

Mustjtiito Creek, lo. A small branch of the 
Missouri, which it enters below Boyer's River. 

Musrfiiito ILirhor, Me., lies in the S. part of 
Gouldsboro', Hancock co. 

Mtist/iiito South Laqoon, Fa. Situated in the E. 
part of Orange Co., between Indian River and the 
Atlantic. 

Mi/stie Rh-er, Ms. The head of this river is at 
the beautiful town of Medford, 5 miles N. from 
Boston. At tlie junction of this river with the 
Charles, near the city of Charlestown, the British 
ships of war lay at the battle of Bunker Hill. 

Nahant, Ms. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Nuhmipo Bay, Brown co., Wn. Situated on 
the E. part of Green, W. from Sturgeon Bay. 

Naiiuhiii Lake, La Pointe Co., Wn., is the source 
of one of the main branches of Bad River. 

Namejoy Bay, Charles CO., Md. This is a small 
opening above Port Tobacco, on the E. side of 
the Potomac. 

Namekegon River, Wn. This river drains the 
S. part of La Pointe, and, crossing the N. E. an- 
gle of St. Croix CO., falls into the St. Croix River, 
of which it is a head branch. 

Namemond River, Va., has its source in Dismal 
Swamp, and enters Hampton Roads by a broad 
estuary. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons 
to Suffolk, more than 20 miles. 

Nantick River, New Ivondon CO., Ct., flows in a 
S. direction, and empties into Long Island Sound. 

Nantieoke Falls, Pa., are occasioned by the 
Susquehanna River's piercing a mountain in the 
N. part of Newport, 8 miles below Wilkesbarre. 
A dam is erected here for feeding the North 
Branch Canal, which affords great water power, 
and supplies a great quantity of surplus water. 

N'liitinike River, De. and Md. This river rises 
in Suffolk CO., De.. flows S. W., and after entering 
Md., receives Marsiiy Hope River, which rises in 
Kent CO., Md. The stream then enters, by a 
broad estuary, Fishing Bay, a branch of Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

Nantucket Inland, Ms. See Nantucket, county 
and town. 

Nannaramt/awack River, N. II., rises in the town 
of Success, and unites with the Androscoggin in 
Milan. 

Narraganset Bay, R. I. This delightful bay is 
28 miles in length, and from 3 to 12 in breadth, 



lying wholly within the state of R. I. It extends 
from Point Judith on the W. to Seaconnct Rocks 
on the E., and terminates about 6 miles below 
Providence, at Bullock's Point. Taunton. Prov- 
idence, Pawtuxet, and other rivers flow into it, 
and on its borders are Newport, Bristol, Warren, 
and other flourishing towns. It contains nmny 
beautiful islands, the principal of which are Con- 
nanicut, Prudence, Patience, Block, and Hope. 
This bay is accessible at all seasons, is well [u-o- 
tected liy forts, and affords some of the best 
harbors in the world. 

Nuiraguagus River and Bay, Washington co., 
Me. The river has its source in several ponds in 
Beddington, and flowing in a S. S. E. direction, 
enters Narraguagus Bay between Harrington and 
Steuben. The bay contains a number of islands, 
and communicates on the E. with Pleasant Bay. 

A'un-oii's, N. Y. This great channel, through 
which most of the vessels going or returning 
from distant voyages enter the harbor of New 
York, lies between Long Island on the E. and 
Staten Island on the W. It is 8 miles S. of the 
city of N. Y., and communicates with the Lower 
Bay, which hero contracts to one mile in width 
Its shores are bold iind commanding, and on them 
are situated the principal forts and batteries for 
the defence of the harbor and city. 

Narrows, or Chimney Narrows, N. Y., situated 
on the Chemung River, near the village of Corn- 
ing, Steuben co., are formed by rocky cliffs on 
the N. side of the river. They derive their name 
from the rocks which, left bare by the action of 
the water, resemble rude chimneys. A road, 
which is not without danger to the traveller, has 
been constructed along the narrow pass. 

Nashua River, N. H. and Ms. This beautiful 
stream rises in Worcester co., Ms., and Is formed 
of two branches, called the N. and S. branches. 
The N. branch is formed of two streams, one 
fiom Ashburnham, the other from Wacliuset 
Ponds. The S. branch is composed of Still River, 
issuing from the E. side of Wachuset Mountain, 
and a stream from Quinepoxet Pond, in Holden. 
These branches unite in Lancaster, whence the 
main river proceeds in a N. E. course to Harvard, 
Shirley, Groton, and Pepperell, in Ms., and from 
thence into N. II., through Hollis, and nearly 
through the centre of Nashua, and falls into the 
Merrimack on the border of Nashville. 

Nash^s Stream, N. H., originates in the vicinity 
of Stratford, and falls into the Upper Anionoo- 
suck, in the N. W. part of the town of Stark. 

Nassau River, Fa., after an E. course on the S. 
border of Nassau co., enters the Atlantic by 
Nassau Inlet. 

Natchang River, Ct., is the largest branch of 
the Shetucket. It rises In Union and Woodstock, 
and enters the Shetucket near the boundary of 
Chaplin and Mansfield. 

Natural Bridge, Va. See Fashionahle Resorts. 

A\Uural Canal, in the town of Canton, St. 
Lawrence co., N. Y., connects the waters of Os- 
wegatchie and Grass Rivers. It is very straight, 
is 6 miles long, from 10 to 20 rods wide, and 
navigable at high water for boats of 10 tons. 

Naugnturk River, Ct. This important mill 
stream is about 50 miles in length. It rises in 
the N. part of Litchfield co., and after traversing 
a S. course nearly the whole length of that conn 
ty, it crosses the W. part of New Haven co., and 
falls Into the beautiful Uousatonic, at Derby. 

Nauneesha River, Wn. This stream flows S. E. 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



across the N. E. corner of Dane co., then turns 
to the N. E.. crossing the N. W. 'corner of Jeffer- 
son CO., and empties into the W. bnineli of Koelc 
Kiver, in Dodge eo. 

Navldad liiva; Ts. Tlie E. fork of La Bacca 
River, wliich it enters at the town of Texana. 

Navisoto River, Ts. A small stream flowing S. 
into Brazos River. 

Naivizi River, Ma. This river runs W. of the 
Wananri. and nearly parallel to it, and empties 
into the Missouri. 

Neat's Brook; Vt. It rises in several branches 
in Lunenburg, and, flowing S., falls into a pond 
of the same name, which lies near the centre of 
Lunenburg, and is about one mile long and half a 
mile wide. Tlie stream then continues its course 
S., meets a W. branch, and after running about 
half a mile farther, falls into Connecticut River 
by a mouth nearly two rods wide. 

Nebish Island, Mil. Situated in St. Mary's 
Straits, S. from Sugar Island. 

Neehes River, Ts. This river flows in a S. S. E. 
direction, and empties into Sabine Lake near the 
mouth of Sabine River. 

Neddock, Cape, Me., is a rocky bluff, situated 
about 3 miles N. of York harbor, and inhabited 
by a few fishermen. 

Neepeeskunk Lake, Wn., lies in "Winnebago and 
Fond du Lac counties, and communicates on the 
N. with Neenah or Fox River. 

Neil's Creek, Steuben co., N. Y., flows E. into 
Conhoeton River. 

Nekomenon River, Marquette co., Mn., flows E. 
into Lake Superior. 

Ncmasket River, Ms. A fine mill stream. See 
Middlehoro'. 

Nenelau River, Mn. It rises in Oscoda and 
Alcona counties, flows N. E. across Alpena co., 
in Thunder Bay River. 

Neosho River, In. Ter. This river rises in the 
dividing ridge between Arkansas and Kansas 
Rivers, runs S. E. and E. through the Osage and 
Cherokee lands, and enters the Arkansas 3 or 4 
miles S. of Fort Gibson. Its length is 240 miles. 

Neponset River, Ms. This is a noble mill stream, 
rising in Canton, Stoughton, and Sharon. It 
receives Mother Brook, a tributary of Charles 
River, and meets tlie tide water at Milton Mills ; 
and after meandering 4 or 5 miles through beau- 
tiful meadow land, it meets Dorchester Bay at 
the delightl'ul villages of Neponset and Commer- 
cial Point, about 5 miles S. from Boston. This 
river is navigable for large vessels to the Lower 
Falls in Dorchester and Milton. 

Nescopeck Creek, Luzerne Co., Pa., rises in tlie 
town of Hanover, and empties into the Susque- 
hanna at Nescopeck Village, after a W. and 
N. W. course of 30 miles. 

Nescopeck Mountain, Luzerne Co., Pa. This 
mountain is about S50 feet in height and 20 miles 
in length, running parallel to Wyoming Mt., on 
the N. side of Nescopeck Creek. 

Neshaminy River, Pa., has its source in Hill- 
town, Bucks CO., and after a winding course of 
35 miles, crossed by several fine bridges, enters 
the Delaware 3 miles below Bristol. 

Nrsarptake River, N. Y., rises in Smithtown, 
Sufl'olk CO.. and runs N. into Long Island Sound. 
The tide ascends it 5 miles, and it is navigable 
that distance. 

Neuse River, N. C. This river rises in Person 
and Orange counties, and after a course of about 
300 miles, falls into a large estnar}', connected 



with Pamlico Sound. It is beatable 200 miles, 
and navigable for vessels 1 2 miles above Newbern 

Neversiiik Ilit/litiiiids, Monmouth CO., N. rl 
These highlands lie near the ocean, and are about 
300 or 400 feet high. They are mostly covered 
with wood, and, lying in a low country, although 
their height is not great, they have become a 
noted landmark for sailors. 

Neversink River, N. Y. This fine mill stream 
rises in Ulster co., flows tiirough Sullivan eo., 
and empties into the Delaware at the village of 
Port Jervis, Orange co. 

Neiv Inlet, N. C. The passage between Federal 
Point and Smith's Island. 

Neiv River, Va., rises in the N. part of N. C, 
and flowing into Va., is called the Great Kana- 
wha, after passing through Peter's Mountain. 

New River, N. C, falls into New River Inlet, on 
the coast of the Atlantic, 45 miles W. S. W. of 
Cape Lookout. 

Neiv River, Beaufort district, S. C. This river 
runs nearly parallel with the Savannah, and enters 
Tybee Sound by several mouths. 

Neiv River, Ga. A small branch of the Chat- 
tahoochee, which it enters in Heard co. 

New River, La., rises in Ascension eo., between 
Mississippi and Amite counties, and empties into 
Lake Maurepas. 

Newac/gen, Cape, Me. This cape extends from 
the town of Boothbay about 5 miles into the 
sea, and forms the E. boundary of Sheepscot Bay. 

Netvfound Pond, N. H. See Bristol. 

Newfound River, N. H. See Bristol. 

Newichawannock River, N. H. See Piscataqua. 

New Point Comfort, Va. The S. E. extremity 
of Matthews eo., between Chesapeake and Mob 
Jack Bays. 

Newport Rivers, Ga. The N. River is naviga- 
ble to Rieeboro', 20 miles. Its length is 25 miles. 
The S. River, a smaller stream, empties into St. 
Catharine's Sound. 

Newtown Creek, N. Y. rises in Newtown, 
Queen's co., flows W., and enters East River, 
opposite the city of N. Y. 

Neivtown Creek, N. Y., a fine, rapid mill 
stream, rises in Erin, Chenango eo., and enters 
Chemung River, at the village of Elmira. 

New Topsail Inlet, New Hanover co., N. C. 
Situated N. E. from Sandy Inlet. 

Nickojack Creek, Ga., issues from a remarkable 
cave, situated in the N. W. extremity of the 
state. The cave is in Lookout Mt., is about 80 
feet wide, 50 feet high, and Ij miles in length. 
The creek is a powerful stream, being GO feet 
wide at the mouth of the eave. 

Niagara River discharges the waters of tlie 
great upper lakes, Sujierior, Michigan, Huron, 
and Erie, into Lake Ontario. It forms part of 
the boundary of the United States and of the 
state of New York, and is about 35 miles in 
length. It partakes more of the character of a 
strait, perhaps, than of a river. As it flows from 
Lake Erie, it is about three fourths of a mile 
wide, and from 20 to 40 feet deep. Its current 
for 3 miles is rapid, after which it becomes 
smooth and placid, resembling a prolongation of 
the lake, interspersed with low, wooded islands 
until it reaches the rajiids, about 20 miles be- 
low Lake Erie, and three fourths of a mile 
above the falls. Five miles below Lake Erie, 
the river begins to expand, or, perhaps, more 
properly, to divide, flowing, in about equal vol- 
ume, upon each side of Grand Island, which 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



225 



is 9 miles long, and nearly the same in width 
in its widest part. At the "foot of Grand Island 
is Navy Island, containing abont 300 acres, 
which belongs to Canada, and was occupied Ijy 
the Patriots,' so called, in 18.37-8, There are 
many other small islands in this section of the 
river, among which are Bird Island, between 
BuiTalo and Fort Erie ; Squaw Island, opposite 
to Black Kock. containing 131 acres; Strawberry 
Island, 100 acres ; Beaver Island, 30 acres ; Kat- 
tlesnake Island, 48 acres ; Tonawanta Island, C9 
acres; Cayuga Island, 100 acres, about 4 miles 
above the falls; Buekhorn Island, 146 acres; 
and Goat or Iris Island, upon the very brink of 
tlic cataract, containing 75 acres. The shores 
of the river are low, and nearly level, from Lake 
Erie to the falls, and are but little inhabited. 
Black Creek and Chippewa Creek empty into it 
from the Canada side, and Sliojockety, Tona- 
wanta, Cayuga, and Gill Creeks from the Ameri- 
can side. All these are above the falls. Below 
the terniination of Grand and Navy Islands, the 
two channels arc again united, and the river, be- 
ing cominessed to a width of about two miles 
and a half, begins to flow on with an accelerated 
motion, in a gradually contraeting channel, im- 
til it reaches the rapids, over which it is hurried, 
foaming and roaring, with irresistible velocity, 
for about three fourths of a mile farther, to the 
great Cataract of Niagara. Here its whole vol- 
ume is precipitated over a perpendicular wall of 
rock, into a chasm from l.'jO to 160 feet in depth, 
to the surface of the stream below. Immediate- 
ly under the cataract the depth to which the 
channel has been excavated cannot, of course, be 
fathomed; but a short distance below, where the 
river is compressed to less than one fourth of a 
mile in width, the current has been ascertained by 
soundings to be about 250 feet deep. For a 
more particular description of this great natural 
phenomenon, the reader is referred to a seijarate 
article, embracing many details which do not so 
properly belong to an account of the river. The 
general course of the river from Lake Erie to 
the falls is about N. W. by N. Below this point 
its general direction to Lake Ontario, 14 miles, 
is about due N. For about half this distance, to 
Lewiston, the river flows with concentrated vol- 
ume, and with great velocity, in a descent of 104 
feet, between banks gradually increasing in 
height from 150 to nearly 400 feet. These high 
banks terminate abruptly just above Lewiston ; 
and the river thence flows on over an extensive 
plain, with scarcely more than two feet declivity, 
through the whole remaining distance of seven 
miles, to L.ake Ontario. The river here becomes 
wider, and of course more tranquil, and its clear 
waters, flowing between even and regular banks, 
assume an appearance as lovely as it was before 
majestic. Nearly opposite Lewiston is Queens- 
town, on the Canada side. To these places the 
river is navigable for steamboats, and vessels 
coming into it from Lake Ontario. The whole 
descent of the river, from Lake Erie to Lake On- 
tario, is 334 feet. See Faslilonahk Resorts. 

Xicollet Lake, Ca. Uh. A large sheet of water 
lying S. S. W. from the Great Salt Lake. Its 
principal outlet is Nicollet River. 

Nidjiku-e Lah, La Pointo co., Wn. Situated 
E. from Mcminis Lake, at the head of Nameke- 
gon River. 

Nme Mile Creek; Onondaga CO., N. Y., flows N. 
mto Onondaga Lake. 

29 



Nipple Top. See Dial Mountain. 

Nishiiahatona River. lo. and Mo. It rises in 
the S. W. interior of lo., flows S. W., crossing 
Mills CO., lo., and Atchison co., Mo., and empties 
into the Missouri in Holt co. 

Noihlaway River, Mo., rises in the S. W. part 
of In. Ter-.-'and enters the Missouri in the N. W. 
part of the state, after a course of 200 miles. 

Nm/ilini/'s Point, Camden CO., Ga., juts into 
Jykill Sound just above Dover Island. 

JVokdif Jiictr, Ma. It rises in a chain of lakes, 
flows S. W., and empties into the Mississippi, a 
little l)clow Crow Wing River. 

Nolachuclcjj River, N. C. and Te., has its source 
in Buncombe co., on the W. side of the Blue 
Ridge, and enters the French Broad River in Te. 

Aulanel's Creek, Ts. It rises in the Cross Tim- 
bers, and flows S. into Brazos River. 

Nolin Creek, Ky., rises in Hardin and Lauro 
counties, flows S. W., forming the boundary be- 
tween Grayson and Hart counties, and falls into 
Green River, opposite Brownsville, Edmonson co. 

jVonian^s Land Island, Dukes CO.. Ms. Situated 
oft' the town of Chilmark, and directly S. from 
Gay Head. 

Nonesticli Rice7\ Me. A small stream which 
waters Searboro', and falls into the sea. 

Norletj River, one of the head branches of the 
Hiawassee, rises in Ga.. flows N. N. W., and en- 
ters the Hiawassee in Cherokee co., N. C. 

Nurmanskill, N. Y.. rises in Schenectady co.. 
flows S. E., and falls into Hudson River in the 
town of Bethlehem, Albairy co. 

Nortit Fork, White River, drains Ozark CO., 
Mo., flows S. into As., and enters White River 
in the N. W. part of Izard co. 

Nortli Island, Georgetown district, S. C Sit- 
uated at the entrance of Winyaw Bay. 

North River, Ms. The head of this river is at 
Pembroke ; it is very deep and narrow, and so 
exceedingly crooked that it meanders 18 miles in 
its course from Pembroke to Scituate harbor, 
when the distance by land is less than 6 miles. 

North River, N. Y. See Hudson River. 

North River, N. C, forms the boundary between 
Currituck and Camden counties, and empties into 
Albemarle Sound. 

North River, St. John's co., Fa. A small stream 
running parallel with the sea-coast, and falling 
into St. Augustine harbor. 

Northern Fork, or Fall River, lo. It rises in the 
N. W. paitof Dubuque co., flows S. E., and emp- 
ties into Macoquetais River in Jackson eo. 

North Newport River, Ga. This stream rises in 
some smaH lakes in the centre of the county, flows 
S. E., and falls into St. Catherine's Sound. 

North West Bay lies in the town of Wcstport, 
Essex CO., N. Y., on the W. side of Lake Cham- 
plain. 

Norwalk River, Fairfield eo., Ct., flows in a 
S. direction into Long Island Souud. 

Notipeca(]o River, Mn. This is quite a large 
stream, having its sources in Oceana, Neewayga, 
and Lake counties, and flowing W. across Mason 
CO. into Marquette Bay. 

Nottoway River, "Va. and N. C, rises in Prince 
Edward co., "V'a., and after a course of 1 10 miles, 
joins the Meherun in Gates co., N. C, to form 
Chowan River. 

Nowadaija Creek, Herkimer co., N. Y., rises 
in the town of Warren, flows N. across Danube, 
where it enters the Mohawk. 

Nowaynin Bay, Bro^\Ti Co., Wn. An inlet from . 



226 



MOITOTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



Lake Slichigan. situatcJ in the N. E. part of 
the county. 

Nueces River, Ts. This large river rises in a 
lake, flows S. E., and empties into the Gulf of 
Mexico through Corpus Christi Pass. 

NnUirqini River, Vt., rises in the towns of Aver- 
ill ami Wenlock. The N. branch takes a S. 
course through Averill, Lewis, and a part of 
Bloonifield, and the W. branch flows in an 
E. direction through Wenlock and a part of 
Brunswick. They unite in Bloomficld, and flow- 
ing S. E., fall into the Connecticut just above the 
N. E. corner of Brunswick. The course of tliis 
stream is generally rapid, except that part which 
runs through Wenlock and Brunswick. Through 
this and Clyde Hivcr the Indians formerly had 
their navigation from Lake Memphremagog to 
Connecticut River. They had a carrying-place of 
about 2 miles from the head of one river to that of 
the other. TheNulhegan waters about 120 square 
miles, and is about 3 rods wide at the mouth. 

Oah Creel; Otsego co., N. Y., the outlet of 
Canaderga or Schuyler's Lake, flows S. through 
the town of Otsego, and falls into the Susque- 
hanna River. 

Ouk Creek, Milwaukee co., Wn., drains the S. 
part of the county, and empties into Lake Michi- 
gan. 

Oah Island, N. Y., lies S. of Long Island, in the 
Great South Bay. 

Oak Neck; N. Y., is situated in the town of 
Oyster Bay, Queen's eo., on the N. side of Long 
Island. 

Oakhill Laneiinrj, Livingston, Columbia CO., N. 
Y., is situated 5 miles S. of the city of Hudson, 
on the E. side of Hudson River. 

Oak Orchard Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee co., 
flows N., and enters Lake Ontario in Orleans co. 

Obed's River, Morgan co., Te. A W. branch 
of Emery's River. 

Obed's River, Te., rises in two principal forks, 
■which unite in Overton co. It tlien flows in a N. 
W. direction, and enters Cumberland River at 
Celina. 

Obion River, Te. A large extent of country is 
drained by this river and its tributaries. The prin- 
cipal head branches rise in Henry and Carroll 
counties, and tlie river pursues a S. W. course 
until its entrance into the Mississippi. 

Oblong Creek, N. Y., rises in Dutchess CO., and 
falls into Ten Mile River, which enters the Hou- 
satonic in the state of Connecticut. 

Occoftannock Creek, Va., forms part of the boun- 
dary between Northampton and Accomac coun- 
ties, and falls into Chesapeake Bay. 

Occoquan River, Va. This stream rises in Fau- 
quier and Prince William counties, flows S. E., 
separating Fairfax and Prince William counties, 
and empties into the Potomac. 

Ochee River, Wn. It rises in the S. E. part of 
Columbia co., flows S. S. E., and empties into 
Nauneesha River in Dodge co. 

Ocliei/edau Lake, lo. Situated near the N. border 
of the state, at the head of Ocheycdan River. 

Ocheyedan Rirer, lo. It rises in Ocheyedan and 
another small lake, flows S. E., and falls into the 
Inyan Tankey or Little Sioux River. 

Ochapah Lake, Ma. Situated E. from Marxah 
Tankah Lake, and connected witli the Mincsota 
or St. Peter's River by Tchankaska River. 

Ocilla River. This river rises in the S. part of 
Georgia, flows in a S. S. W. direction througli 



Florida, separating Madison and JctTcrson conn- 
ties, and empties into Appalachee Bay. 

Ocklawaha River, Fa. This river has its source 
in Lake Griflin, flows N. and E., and enters St. 
John's River just above Lake George. 

Ochuul'jee River, Ga. This river, the main 
branch of the Alatamaha, rises in Gwinnett and Do 
Kalb counties, and flowing 200 miles in a.S. S.E. 
direction, is joined by the Oconee on the S. border 
of Montgomery co., where they form the Alata- 
maha. It is navigable to Macon for steamboats. 

Oconee River, Ga. The head branches of this 
river water Jackson co., and flowing in a S. S. E. 
direction, it unites with the Ockmulgee 280 miles 
below Milledgcvillt, to which place it is navigable 
for steamboats. 

Oconto River, Brown CO., Wn. It rises near 
the centre of the county, flows S. and E. into 
Green Bay. 

Ocracoke Inlet, N. C. This is a narrow pass 
from the Atlantic Ocean to Pamlico Sound. 
There are 14 feet of water on the bar at low 
tide, and at the side of the passage are dangerous 
shoals. 

Octaro Creek, Pa. and Md., separates Lancaster 
and Chester counties. Pa., and falls into the Sus- 
quehanna in Md., about 5 miles below tlie state 
line. 

Oqeechee River, Ga., rises in Green co., 7 miles 
N. W. of Greensboro', and flows into Ossabaw 
Sound, 17 miles S. of Savannah, after a course 
of more than 200 miles. It is navigable for 
sloops 30 or 40 miles from its month, and for 
boats of 30 tons to Louisville, Jefferson co. 

Ogunquit River, York CO., Me., rises in two 
branches, and enters the Atlantic just above Cape 
Neddock. 

Ohio River. The Ohio River, from the extent 
of the area drained by its waters, the large facil- 
ities which it aftbrds to internal commerce, and 
its relative position in the heart of the country, 
connecting the largest maritime states with the 
west, is second in importance only to the Mis- 
sissippi. It is the great N. E. tributary of the 
" Father of Waters." Its general course is from 
the N. E. to the S. W., making about 10° of Ion. 
and 3^° of lat. ; and, flowing from the border of 
N. Y. tlirougli Western Pa., it separates the states- 
of Va. and Ky., on the S., from O., la., and Is. 
on the N. Physically considered, the River Al- 
leghany, which rises in Potter co., Pa., on the W. 
slope of the Alleghany Mts., and which is navi- 
gable for boats of 100 tons for 270 miles above 
Pittsbnrg, is one river with the Ohio, although it 
does not receive this name until it forms a junc- 
tion with the Monongahela, another large tribu- 
tary of the Ohio, coming down from the Alle- 
ghanics in the opposite direction. This river, 
tliough a less important stream than the Allegha- 
ny, is about equal to it in width at their confluence, 
and is navigable, at a good stage of water, for 
boats of a large size for about 100 miles from 
its mouth. The Ohio proper is formed by tlie 
confluence of these two rivers at Pittsburg, where 
the elevation is 6S0 feet above tide water, and 
380 feet above tlie point of junction with the 
Mississippi. Its average descent is not quite Ave 
inches to the mile. Immediately below the junc- 
tion the Ohio is GOO yards wide, and is a placid 
and beautiful stream. The French called it La 
Belle Riviere, the beautiful river. Its name, how- 
ever, according to Hcckeweldcr, is an abbreviation 
of the Indian word Ohiopekhanne, meaning a 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



227 



very white stream, and alluding prolialily to the 
white caps with whicli its gentle surface is cov- 
ered in a high wind. The physical section of the 
great Mississippi valley which is drained hv the 
Ohio River, lies between lat. U° 12' and 42° 27', 
and Ion. 78° 2' and 89° 2' W. from the meridian 
of Greenwich. According to Darby and Dwiglit, 
who have minutely recorded the elements of 
these calculations, the distance in a direct line 
from the sources of the Alleghany to tlie mouth 
of the Ohio is 680 statute miles. Yet this is not 
tlie longest, nor, in regard to the proportions of 
the area included, the most central line which 
can be drawn through the valley of the Ohio. 
Such a line, extended from the sonrees of Cat- 
taraugus Creek in N. Y. to those of Bear Creek 
in Aa., the extreme distances reached by the 
N. E. and the S. W. tribntaries of the Ohio, gives 
a length of 750 statute miles. If this be con- 
sidered as the transverse diameter, and another 
line extending from the Blue Ridge, where the 
sources of the Great Kenhawa and those of the 
Wetauga branch of the River Tennessee arise, to 
the N. \V. sources of the Wabash, a distance of 
450 statute miles, be taken as the conjugate di- 
ameter of an ellipse, to the regular form of 
which the Ohio valley so nearly approaches, the 
whole area amounts by calculation to over 200,000 
square miles. The two opposing inclined planes 
of this valley are of unequal extent, about in the 
ratio of 2 to 3, the larger being that which fiills 
to the S. W. from the Appalachian Mts., contain- 
ing an area of 120,000 square miles. This also, 
declining' from a monntainous outline, has a 
much more rapid declivity than its opposite. The 
most elevated table lands from which the E. trib- 
utaries of the Ohio flow have an altitude of 2200 
feet above the bed of the river ; and there is no 
part, from the sources of the Alleghany to those 
of the Tennessee, which has a less elevation than 
700 or 800 feet. Of course the declivity in this 
great inclined plane is much the most rapid as it 
approaches its apex upon its mountainous border. 
In this respect the oijposite plain, or that on the 
N. W. side of the river, is directly the reverse. 
The more remote parts of this more gentle de- 
clivity, lying near the borders of Lake Erie and 
of Lake Michigan, are, to a great extent, level 
and marshy, and it is not until the waters run- 
ning towards the Ohio have travelled far on their 
courses, that they gradually begin to descend 
more rapidly towards their rccijiient, as the face 
of the country changes slowly from a level into 
hill and dale. The princi])al tributaries of the 
Ohio on the E. side arc the Monong.ahela, the 
Great Kenhawa, the Big Sandy, the Kentucky, 
the Cumberland, and the Tennessee. Tliose on 
the W. side are the Muskingum, the Scioto, the 
Miami, and the Wabash. From the dirt'erence 
of feature above mentioned, in the two opposite 
inclined planes, down which these tributaries de- 
scend from the E. and from the W., it results 
that the scenery upon those on the E. side, as 
they are ascended towanls their sources in the 
Appalachian chain, becomes more and more bold 
and picturesque, while that upon the W. tributa- 
ries, as you ascend their streams, becomes more 
and more tame and monotonous. The scenery 
upon the Ohio itself partakes of the peculiarity 
in this respect which belongs to its E. tributaries. 
Descending the river from Pittsburg, the scenery 
along its banks and hills is highly picturesque 
and varied ; but these fine features gradually 



disappear, and are entirely lost long before reach- 
ing the mouth of the river. Many villages and 
farm-houses are passed through the whole course 
of the river; but as the bottom lands on its im- 
mediate margin are liable to be overflowed, the 
inhabitants usually settle a little back, so that the 
buildings in view give no adequate impression 
of the population or improvements of the coun- 
try. The ordinary current in the Ohio is very 
gentle, not exceeding, at the medium height of 
water, 2 or .3 miles an hour. In the lowest stages 
of the water, a floating substance would probably 
not advance amile an hour. Like all the western 
rivers, the Ohio is subject to great elevations and 
depressions. The average range between high 
and low water is 50 feet. Its highest stage is in 
March, and its lowest in September. It is liable, 
however, to great and sudden elevations at other 
times through the year. It has been known to 
rise 12 feet in a single night. In 1832 an extraor- 
dinary flood was experienced, and on the 18th 
of February the waters flowed at 63 feet above 
low water mark at Cincinnati. This of course 
inundated the lower parts of the city. From 
Pittsburg to the mouth of the Ohio there are as 
many as 100 considerable islands, besides nu- 
merous sand-bars and tow-heads, as those low 
sandy islands are called which are covered with 
willows, and are incapable of cultivation. Some 
of the islands are very beautiful, and seem in- 
viting as places of residence. Heavy forests 
cover a great portion of the banks, and limit the 
prospect from the river ; but they exhibit a 
beautiful verdure, which is often exuberant with 
blossoms. As a channel for navigation, few, if 
any, of the rivers of the globe equal the Ohio. 
The only direct cataract in the river is that at 
Louisville, which is now, for all the purposes of 
navigation, obviated by a canal, which admits 
of the passage of the largest steamboats. The 
river descends here, in its natural bed, 224 feet 
in the course of 2 miles. Even over this the 
boats are able to pass in high water. The average 
time of the suspension of navigation on the Ohio 
by the ice, in winter, is five weeks. One half of 
the rest of the year, on an average, it is navigable 
by large steamboats in its whole course. The 
other half it can be navigated easily only by 
boats of a smaller draught. Flat and keel boats 
descend the river at all seasons, but are liable in 
periods of lovv water to frequent groundings upon 
the sand-bars, and the necessity sometimes of 
lightening to get off the boat. Steamboats are 
sometimes grounded on the bars, where they are 
compelled to wait in peril for the periodical rise 
of the river. It is reckoned that the Ohio and 
its tributaries have not less than 5000 miles of 
navigable waters. The length of the principal 
river from Pittsburg to its mouth, according to 
the Western Pilot, is 959 miles, although the 
distance in a direct course is only about 614 
miles. The following distances upon the river 
are derived from the same authority ; from Pitts- 
burg to Steuljenvillc, O., 70 miles; to Wheeling, 
Va., 92; to Marietta, O., 174 ; to Gallipolis, O., 
2645 ; to Portsmouth, O., 349 ; to Maysville, 
Ky., 397 ; to Cincinnati, 0., 4554; to Lawrence- 
burg, la., 4794 ; to Louisville, Ky., 587 ; to New 
Albany, la., 591 ; to tlie mouth of the Cumber- 
land River, Ky.. 900 ; mouth of Tennessee, Ky., 
9114; and to" the confluence of the Ohio with 
the Mississippi, 959 miles. The commerce of 
the Ohio is connected with the Atlantic by a canal 



228 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



and railroad, uniting Pittsbui-g and Philadelphia. 
A railroad is also in operation from Baltimore 
as far as Cumberland, which is to crojs the Al- 
leghanies to Wheeling. 

Oliiojii/le Falls, Pa. This cataract is at the 
head of boat navigation in Yoiighiogcny River, 
where it passes Laurel Hill, 6U miles above its 
junction with the Monongahela. The river falls 
perpendicularly about 20 feet, and tliere is a total 
descent of CO feet in the space of a mile. 

Oil Creek, Pa., derives its name from a spring 
on its bank, near tlie boundary between Venango 
and Crawford counties, on the surface of which 
floats an oil valuable for medicinal purposes. 
The creek enters Alleghany Iliver 8 miles E. of 
Franklin. 

Oil Creek, Perry cc, la. A small stream flow- 
ing into Ohio River. 

Oil Spring Creel; N. Y., rises in Alleghany and 
Cattaraugus counties, and flows S. W. into the 
Alleghany River. 

Oil Spring Reservation, N. Y. This is an In- 
dian reservation of about 1 mile square, contain- 
ing a pool of water, the surface of which is cov- 
ered with an oily substance much used for the 
cure of sores and chronic diseases in man and 
beast. It lies in the towns of Cuba and Hins- 
dale. See Oil Creek, Pa. 

Okabena Lake, Ma. Situated in the S. part of 
the territory W. from the Moingonan River. 

Okaman Lake, Ma. It lies at the head of 
Leseur River, and S. E. from Ochopah Lake. 

Okamenpiden Lake. Situated on the boundary 
of lo. and Ma. 

Okanoxubce River, Mi. and Aa. This river is 
formed in Mi. by the junction of the Noxubee 
River, Dancing Rabbit, Horse Hunter, and other 
creeks. It flows S. E. into Aa., and enters the 
Tombigbee at Gainesville. 

Okeechobee or Macaco Lake, Fa. This large 
lake lies mostly in St. Lucie co., to the N. of the 
Everglades. It receives the waters of Kissimee 
River on the N., and Fish Eating Creek on the 
W., and contains several islands. 

Okonayan River. This river rises principally in 
the British possessions, flows in a S. direction, 
and empties into Clark's Fork of Columbia River, 
in On. 

Old Caney Creek. Ts., empties into the Gulf of 
Mexico a little E. from Mattagorda Bay. 

Old Field Point, N. Y., is situated in"the town 
of Brookhaven, Suflblk co., on the N. side of 
Long Island. On it is located a light-house. 

Old Man's Kill, N. Y., rises in Plattekill, 
Ulster CO., flows E. through Marlboro' into the 
Hudson. 

Old Plantation Creek, Northampton co., Va. 
A small inlet communicating with Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Old Point Comfort, Elizabeth City co., Va. 
Situated between Chesapeake Bay on the E. and 
Hampton Roads on the \V. 

Old Topsail Inlet, Carteret CO., N. C. A pas- 
sage between the islands in the N. E. part of 
Onslow Bay. 

Olioerian River, N. H., is formed of two branch- 
es, both having their sources in the town of Ben- 
ton ; the E. branch from the W. side of Moose- 
hillock Mountain, and the N. branch from Owl's 
Head Mountain. These branches unite near the 
E. line of the town of Haverhill, and the main 
stream passes through the S. part of the town, 
and falls into the Connecticut. 



Olijmpus, Mount, On. Situated in the N. W. 
part of the state, S. from the Straits of Juun de 
Fuca. 

Omjmmpanoosuck River, Vt., rises in the N. W. 
part of Versliire, and runs E. into West Fairlee. 
It then takes a S. E. course into Thetford, where 
it receives a stream from Fairlcc Lake, which is 
a large body of water lying partly in Fairlee and 
partly in Thetford. Iii the S. part of Thetfoi-d 
it receives a considerable stream from the W., 
which originates in Tunbridge and Strafl"ord, and 
it finally mingles with the Connecticut in the 
N. E. part of Norwicli. The whole length of 
the Ompompanoosuck is about '20 miles, and it 
affords a number of valuable mill sites. The 
name, which is Indian, is said to signify a stream 
where many onions are found. 

One Hundred and Two River, Mo. This stream 
waters the S. interior of Nodowry co., flows S., 
and empties in the Little Platte River in Bu- 
chanan CO. 

Oneida Creek, N. Y., rises in Madison co., flows 
N. W., dividing Madison and Oneida counties, 
and empties into Oneida Lake. This river aud 
its tributaries aflbrd a number of good mill sites. 
It is also a feeder to the Erie Canal. Vessebs 
ascend it to the village of Oneida Castle, a dis- 
tance of 3 miles. 

Oneida Lake, N. Y., is bounded by Oneida, 
Madison, Onondaga, and Oswego counties. It 
is 22 miles long, and from 4 to 6 wide. Wood, 
Oneida, and Chittenango Creeks, besides several 
smaller streams, flow into it. There is a fine 
shelving beach on the E. end, which is much 
resorted to for fishing with seines. White fish, 
pickerel, pike, perch, and catfish are taken in 
great quantities. 

Oneida River, N. Y., formed by the outlet of 
Oneida Lake, flows 20 miles in a circuitous W. 
direction, and unites with the Seneca River. The 
united streams then take the name of Oswego 
River, which flows N. into Lake Ontario. 

Onion River, Vt. See Winooski River. 

Onion River, Sheboygan co., Wn. It rises in 
the W. interior of the county, flows S. E. nearly 
to its S. border, and then flows N. N. E. until its 
entrance into Sheboygan River. 

Onondaga Creek, Onondaga CO., N. Y., flows 
N. into the lake of the same name. 

Onondaga Lake lies in the N. part of Onondaga 
CO., N. Y. It is 8 miles long, and from 2 to 4 
miles wide, and abounds in pickerel, pike, bass, 
and catfish. The number of salt springs on its 
borders have led to the supposition that the wa- 
ter at the bottom of this lake was salt, but exper- 
iments to the contrary have since been made. 

Onslow Bail, N. C, is a portion of the Atlantic 
contained within the curve between Cape Fear 
and Cape Lookout. A chain of long, narrow 
islands, witli inlets between them, stretches along 
the shore, at a distance of 1 or 2 miles from it. 

Ontario, Lake. One of the chain of the great 
American lakes, lying between tlie state of New- 
York and Canada. This is the easternmost and 
smallest in e.\tent of the series. It is 190 miles 
long, with an average width of 40 miles. Its great- 
est width is 55 miles. Its circumference is 480 
miles. It is very deep in every part, varying from 
500 to fiOO feet, so that its bottom is considerably 
below the surface of the Atlantic. Its surface is 
334 feet below that of Lake Erie, from which, 
through the Niagara River, or Strait, it receives the 
waters of all the great upper lakes, at its western 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



229 



end. Its outlet, at its N. E. extremity, is the River 
St. Lawrence. A lar^e number of freeks antl rivers 
enter llic lake on tlie S. side, tlie principal of which 
are the Genesee, Oswego, and Black Kivers. The 
principal bays are those of Qaintc and Burling- 
ton, in Canada ; and Chaumont, Gerondiijuot, and 
Braddock's, on the American shore. The Bay of 
Quinte is a considerable body of water, into which 
a river descends, forming the outlet of several 
small lakes. The shores of this lake are gen- 
erally rather low, and in some places marshy ; 
in other parts, however, they are elevated, and the 
land is generally good. The " alluvial way," so 
called, is a remarkable ridge of land from 7 to 10 
miles distant from the S. shore of the lake, and 
extending in a course nearly parallel to it for a 
long distance, having the appearance of being in 
some way formed l>y the action of the lake, at a 
period when it may have been higher and spread 
over more surface than at present. There is an 
excellent road upon the summit of this ridge. 
There are a number of good harbors, and several 
places of increasing commerce and business, upon 
the shores of Lake Ontario, nie most important 
of which, on the Canada shore, arc Toronto, 
Kingston, and Coburg ; and on the New York 
shore, Oswego, Saekett's Harbor, and Port Gene- 
see. This lake is subject to violent storms and 
heavy swells ; but it is safely navigated by steam- 
boats, which are large and stanchly built, and by 
other vessels. By the Welland Canal, which 
connects this lake with Lake Erie on tlie W., 
vessels are can-led around the Falls of Niagara, 
and also around the ra])ids in the upper part of 
the St. L.awrcnce. It is connected with the Erie 
Canal and the Hudson River by a canal from 
Oswego ; and much valuable trade to ami from 
New York passes by this channel through the 
lake. Ontario has such a depth of water that 
even its harbors are seldom closed or much ob- 
structed by ice. Daily lines of steamboats run 
through the lake from Ogdensburg, on the River 
St. Lawrence, to Le^^'i^ton, touching at all the in- 
termediate ports. Saekett's Harbor, at the mouth 
of Black River Bay. about I .tO miles N. from Os- 
wego, is one of the best and most secure harbors 
on Lake Ontario. It was an important naval and 
military station during the last war with Great 
Britain. 

Ontonagon River, Mn. This largo river drains 
the W. part of the upper pen insula. Its E. branch 
rises in Marquette eo., its middle and S. in small 
lakes near the border of Wn., and its W. in 
Gogebic Lake. The main stream tiows in a N. 
N. \V. direction, and empties into Lake Superior. 

Oostenanla River. Te. and Ga., rises in Te.. and 
unites with the Etowah in Floyd co., to form 
Coosa River. 

Opequan River, Va. This river rises in the S. 
E. part of Frederick co., flows N. E., separating 
Clark and a part of Jefferson from Frederick and 
Berkeley counties, and empties into the Potomac 
River. 

Oquoasnk Lake, Oxford co.. Me. This large 
sheet of water lies a fewmilesN. E. of theMoose- 
luckmaguntic. It is irregular in its form, and con- 
tains many islands. 

Oraiu/e Lake, Fa. This is an irregular sheet 
of water lying in Alahua and Marion counties. 
Its outlet connects with the Ocklawaha, a branch 
of St. John's River. 

Oriskany Creek, N. Y., a very important mill 
stream, on which are situated extensive cotton and 



woollen factories, rises in Madison eo., and falls 
into the Mohawk at the village of Oriskany, Onei- 
da CO. 

Orphan's Island, Penobscot CO., Me. This beau- 
tiful island, containing about .5000 acres of land. 
lies at the mouth of Penobscot River, and is 4 
miles in lengtli. Its N. part lies opposite the 
town of Bucksport, to which it is attached. It 
divides the Penobscot into two br.mehcs, the \V or 
main branch of which is called the " Narrows," 
on which side is a fort constructed by the U. S. 
government. The other branch is called E. River. 
The island derived its name from having been the 
property of an orphan who inherited it as her part 
of the Waldo estate. 

Osage Riva; Mo., has its source in In. Ter., 
flows into Mo., and after a winding course through 
fertile borders, falls into the Missouri i;!.3 miles 
al>ove the Mississippi. It is 397 yards wide at its 
mouth, and navigable for steamboats 200 miles. 

Osakis River, Ma., is supplied by numerous 
lakes, and flows W. into the Mississippi. 

Ossabaw Island and ijonnd, Bryan CO., Ga.. are 
situated at the mouth of Ogcechee River. The 
island is flat and sandy, and 10 miles long ; and 
the sound is an inlet between this island and 
Warren Island. 

Ossipee Lake, N. H. See Ossipee. 

Ossipee Mountain, N. H. See Ossipee. 

Oswegatckie River, N. Y., rises in Herkimer CO., 
and pursues a winding N. W. course until it enters 
the St. Lawrence at the village of Ogdensburg, 
St. Lawrence co. 

Oswego River, N. Y., furnishes the final outlet of 
the small lakes in the interior of the state of N. Y. 
into Lake Ontario, into which it flows at the town 
of Oswego, on the S. shore. The Oswego River 
flows directly from the outlet of the Oneida 
Lake, and receives the waters of the other small 
lakes bv the Seneca Kivcr, into which their sev- 
eral outlets are discharged, and which unites with 
it about 24 miles from its mouth. Its course is 
about N. W. The lakes with which it is con- 
nected are. besides the Oneida, Fish, Cross, 
Otsego, Onondaga, Owasco, Skcneateles, Canan- 
daigua. Crooked, Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes. 
This river, for the greater part of its course,' 
serves the pui-pose of the Oswego Canal, con- 
necting the Erie Canal at Syracu.se with Lake 
Ontario, the falls of about 100 feet. 12 miles from 
its mouth, being overcome by lockage. From 
the foot of these falls the canal is carried along 
upon the E. bank of the river to its mouth, where 
it descends by locks to the level of the lake. An 
immense water power is furnislied by this canal 
for mills and manufacturing purposes at Oswego. 
Tills river served in early times as the great 
channel of intercourse between the French, and 
subsequently the English, in Canada, and the 
Six Nation's of Indians in Western N. Y. It 
was not, however, navigable from the lake, on 
account of the falls at its mouth. 

Olego Creek, N. Y.. rises in Burlington, Otsego 
CO., and flows into the E. branch of the Susque- 
hanna. It affords good water jjower. 

Otiseo Lake. N. Y. This beautiful sheet of 
water lies in the W. part of Onondaga eo., sur- 
rounded by romantic scenery, and is 5 miles long 
and 2 miles wide. 

Otsdaiva Creek. N. Y., rises in Laurens, Otsego 
CO.. and flows S. into the Susquehanna River. 

Otsego Lake, N. Y. This beautiful body of 
water lies in the N. part of Otsego co. It is 9 



230 



MOUNTAINS, III VERS, LAKES, &c.. 



miles long, from 1 to 2 miles wide, and abounds 
with a variety of lish of fine flavor. At its outlet, 
which is the source of Susquclianiia Kiver, lies 
the flourishing village of Cooperstown. This 
lake and vicinity is a favorite resort of the sports- 
man and angler, and noted for pleasant scenery. 

Olselic River, N. Y., rises in Madison CO., flows 
through Chenango and Cortland counties, and 
enters Toughnioga Kiver in Broome co. This 
stream affords good water power, and abounds 
in fine trout. 

Otsqiiarja Creek, N. Y., rises in Herkimer co., 
flows N. E., and enters the Mohawk in Mont- 
gomery CO. 

OUil Quechee River, Vt., (called also Water 
Quecliee and Quechee River,) rises in Sherburne, 
runs E. througli the S. part of Bridgewatcr, thence 
E.N. E. through Woodstock, into the S. part of 
Hartford, and thence S. E. through the N. E. cor- 
ner of Hartland, into Connecticut River, about 
2 miles above Quechee Falls. In Bridgewater it 
receives two considerable mill streams, namely. 
North Branch, which rises in tlie N. part of this 
township, and South Branch, which rises in 
Plymouth. In Woodstock it receives two other 
fine mill streams : one, rising in tlie N. K. corner 
of Bridgewater and S.E. corner of Barnard, falls 
into Quechee River just lielow the N. village in 
Woodstock. Quechee River, in its course, re- 
ceives numerous other tributaries. It is about 35 
miles in length, and waters about 212 square 
miles. The name is of Indian origin, and is said 
to signify quick whirling motion, probably given 
on account of appearances at tlie falls. 

OUer Creek, Vt., is the longest stream in the 
state. It rises in Mount Tabor, Peru, and Dor- 
set, within a few rods of the head of the Batten- 
kill. In Dorset it turns suddenly towards the 
N., and returns into Mount Tabor, running 
through the W. part of this township and Wal- 
lingford, and through the central part of Claren- 
don into Rutland; it then takes a N. W. course 
through Pittsford and Brandon, between Leicester 
and Salisliury on the E., and Whiting and Corn- 
wall on the W., through Middlebury, between 
New Haven and Weymouth, through the N. E. 
corner of Addison, between Waltham and Pan- 
ton, and through Vergcnnes and Fcrrisburg, into 
Lake Champlain. Prom the S. W. it receives iu 
Ferrisburg a large creek, which rises in Bridport ; 
in Weybridge, Lemonfair River; in Rutland, 
Little West River, or Furnace Brook ; and in 
Mount Tabor, Mill River. From the E. it re- 
ceives New Haven, Middlebury, Leicester, and 
Furnace Rivers, East Creek, Cold and Mill Riv- 
ers, all of which arc considerable mill streams. 
Otter Creek affords many excellent mill sites, 
and is navigable 8 miles for the largest vessels on 
the lake. Its wliole length is about 90 miles, 
and it waters about 900 square miles. The allu- 
vial flats along this stream are very extensive 
and fertile. It was named by the French Riviere 
aux Loutrcs, the River of Otters, long before any 
settlements were made by the English in this 
state. 

Otter Creek, N. Y'., rises in Herkimer co., flows 
W., and falls into Black River in Lewis co. 

Otter Creek, la. A small branch of the Wa- 
bash River, which it enters in the N. part of 
Vigo CO. 

Otter Creek, Is., flows S. W. through Macoupin 
CO., and empties into Macoupin River. 

Otter, Peaks uf, Va., are situated between Bed- 



ford and Bottetourt counties, 30 miles W. by N. 
of Lynchburg. They are a part of the Blue 
Ridge, and the highest land in the state. The 
E. peak is 3104, or, ac;'ording to some statements, 
4260 feet high, and the W. 2946 feet. 

Otter Tail Lake. Ma. The largest and most 
N. of the chain of lakes supplying the head wa- 
ters of North Red River. 

Ottonwey River, Ma. It rises in several small 
lakes, flows S. S. W., and empties into the Mis- 
sissippi a little below Petcrah River. 

Ottotvas Bat/, Mn. A part of Saginaw Bay, 
bordering on Iosco and Arenac counties. 

Overslaugh, N. Y., is situated in the Hudson 
River, 3 miles below the city of Albany, and 
formerly consisted of a succession of bars or 
flats, through which there were narrow channels, 
affording but a small depth of water at low tide. 
This obstruction, however, has been mostly re- 
moved by the U. S. government, and the in- 
c.'-eased depth of water has much improved nav- 
igation. 

Okosco Lake, Caviiga co., N. Y'., is 12 miles 
long and about 1 imle wide. Its waters are veiy 
transparent, abounding with trout and other fish. 
The banks are rugged and picturesque. 

Owasco Outlet, N. Y.. commences iu the town 
of Auburn, 2 miles S. of the village, and falls 
into Seneca River in the town of Metz. This 
stream affords extensive water power, and many 
of the fine mill sites are already occupied. 

Owawichah River. Ma. It flows S. W., and 
empties into the Missouri a little above Third 
Cedar Island. 

Owerjo Creek, N. Y., rises in Cortland and 
Tompkins counties, and empties into the Sus- 
quehanna at the village of Owcgo, Tioga co. 
This creek passes several pleasant villages, and, 
together with its tributaries, aflbrds extensive 
water privileges. 

Owen's Lake and River, Ca. The lake is a 
small sheet of water situated at the S. part of 
the Sierra Nevada, and the river a stream empty- 
ing into it from the N. 

Owl's Head, Me. See East Thomaston. 

Owijhee River, On. This river rises in the S. 
part of the territory, takes a semicircular course, 
bending into Ca. for a short distance, and finally 
enters the Lewis Fork of Columbia River a little 
below Big Wood River. 

Oxbow Lake, N. Y''., is a beautiful little sheet of 
water lying in the town of Lake Pleasant. Ham 
ilton CO. Its waters abound with trout of a fine 
fl.avor. The outlet of this lake is a valuable mill 
stream, emptying into Piseco Lake. 

Oi/ster Baij, N. Y., a largo and important body 
of water, lies in the town of Oyster Bay, on the 
N. side of Long Island, and is connected with 
Oyster Bay and Cold Spring harbors, all of which 
abound with shell and scale fish, and wild fowl. 

Oyster Creek, Ts.. falls into the Gulf of Mexico 
N. E. from the mouth of Brazos River. 

Oyster River, "S-ll. Sen Vurham. 

Packard's Mountain. New Salem, Ms. Height 
1278 feet. 

Pacokt River, N. and S. C, has its source in 
the Blue Ridge, N. C, and falls into Broad River 
at Pinckneyville, Union co., S. C. 

Paint Creek, O., rises in Madison co., and after 
a course of 60 miles enters the W. side of the 
Sciota, 5 miles below Chillicothe. 

Palala Creek, Ga., rises near tlie centre of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



231 



Stewart Co.. flows S. W., and falls into the Chat- 
tahoocliee. 

Palisades, N. Y. This range of precipitous 
rocks extenils about 20 miles alonj; the W. bank 
of tlie Hudson. They lirst approach tlie imme- 
diate borders of tlie river at i'ort Lee, iu N. J., 
where they are from 300 to 500 fi'et in almost 
perpendicular height, and extend N. to Picrmont 
at the commencement of Tappan Bay. They 
are appropriately named Palisades, meaning 
"palings set out for an enclosure," as they will 
probably restrain the waters of this noble river 
so long as the earth keeps its foundation. 

Piilm Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated he- 
tween Long Island on the N. W. and Clam Island 
on tlu^S. W. 

Palimrtoivn Mountnins, N. Y. This range, 
which runs parallel with the Kayaderosseras Mts., 
commences in the N. W. part of Wasliington co., 
extends in a S. direction between Lakes George 
and Champlain, through a part of Warren, into 
Saratoga co. They rise to a height of from 1000 
to 1200 feet in Washington and Warren counties. 

Palindto Creek, Laurens CO., Ga., flows S. E. 
into the Oconee River. 

Pamlico Hirer, N. C, is a broad estuary leading 
from Tar River into Pamlico Sound. It is from 
1 to 8 miles broad, deep enough to admit any ves- 
sels whicli navigate the sound, and 40 miles long. 

Pamlico /Sound, N. C. This shallow body of 
water is 80 miles long, and from 8 to 30 miles 
wide. The principal entrance to it is Ocraeoke 
Inlet. The N. i)art is connected with Albemarle 
Sound. It is separated from the Atlantic by long, 
sandy islands, hardly a mile wide, covered with 
bushes, the outer point of one of which is Cape 
Hatteras. Tar and Neusc Rivers flow into the 
sound. The land around it is low, and in some 
places marshy. 

Pamunky Uiver, Va. This river is formed by 
the junction of N. and S. Anna Rivers, between 
Hanover and Caroline counties, and unites with 
the Mattapony to form York River, between New 
Kent and King William counties. 

Panther Gap Creek, Bath CO., Va. A small 
Bti-eam, flowing in a S. W. direction into Cow 
Pasture River. 

Panther liivcr, Mo. A stream rising in the S. 
part of Jackson co., and flowing S. E. into the 
South Grand, a branch of Osage River. 

Pftpacton River, N. Y., the E. brunch of the 
Delaware, rises in the N. part of Delaware CO., 
flows H. W. into the town of Hancock, where it 
unites with the Mohawk, or W. In aneh. 

Paradox Lake, lying in the town of Schroon, 
Essex CO., N. Y., is 4 miles long, and from 
half a mile to a mile wide. Tl*ere are many 
small lakes in the vicinity, which abound with 
trout and other fish. 

Paris Island, Beaufort district, S. C, lies in 
Broad River, between Port Royal and St. Helena 
Islands. 

Parker's Islands, N. H. See Uanover. 

Parka's Island, Md., lies in tlie Chesapeake, 
about 15 miles S. from Annapolis. 

Parrutl's Creek, Jackson co.. Fa. A small trib- 
utary of the Choctawhatchie River. 

Parlridtje Lake, Brown co., Wn. Situated on 
the S. border of the county, and connected on the 
E. with Wolf River. 

Pascae^oula River, Mi. Chickasawhayand Leaf 
Rivers unite to form this river, which falls into 
Pascagoula Sound, in the Gulf of Me.Yieo, after 



a course of 200 miles. It is boatable 150 miles, 
and navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water 
CO miles. 

Pascagoula Sound, Jli. and Aa., into wliich Pas- 
cagoula River empties, is separated from the Gulf 
of Mexico by several low, narrow islamls. Its 
average breadth is S miles, and its length about 
55 miles. 

Pasquotank River, N. C, rises in Lake Drum- 
mond, in Dismal Swamp, and runs S. E. into Al- 
bemarle Sound. It is connected with Elizabeth 
River by a canal, which forms a communication 
between Albemarle Sound and Hampton Roads. 

Passaduritkeag River, Me. This fine mill stream 
rises in the N. E. ])art of Penobscot co., flows 
through the N ])art of Hancock co., then reenters 
Penobscot co., and receives Cold Stream 2 miles 
above its junction with the Penobscot. 

Passai/e Island, Hillsboro' co.. Fa., lies at the 
mouth of Tampa Bay, S. E. from Egmont Island. 

Passaic River, N. J. This stream rises in 
Meiidham, Morris co., and though flowing through 
a mountainous country, pursues a winding and 
somewhat sluggish course of about 70 miles to its 
entrance into Newark Bay. It lias some falls 
which afi'ord good water ])Owcr, particularly the 
great fulls at Paterson, wliere there is a perpen- 
dicular fall of 50 feet, and a total descent of 70 
feet, with a width of about 60. affording immense 
water power. It is navigable for sloo|)s to Ac- 
quachunonck, 12 miles, and is bordered by marsh- 
es near its mouth. 

Passumpsir River, Vt., rises in a pond on the E. 
border of Westmorc, and, running S. through 
Newark, jiasscs into the W. corner of East Haven ; 
thence it jnirsues^ nearly a S. course through 
Burke, Lyndon, St. Johnsbury, Watcrford, and 
Barnet, and falls into the Connecticut 1 mile be- 
low the foot of Fifteen Mile Falls. This river 
flows through much rich interval, is generally deep, 
and measures from 4 to 6 rods in width below 
St. Johnsbury Plain. It receives several large 
liranches iu Lyndon, two in St. Johnsbury, and 
one in Barnet. The name of this stream is said 
to be derived from the Indian phrase, IJas-soom- 
sur, signifying a stream where there is much med- 
icine. Length about 34 miles. 

Patatpunyomis River, Me., in the N. part of Pis- 
cataquis CO., is an enlargement of the Alliguash 
River. 

Palapsco liivcr, Md. This fine mill stream rises 
in Baltimore co., and enters Chesapeake Bay, by 
a broad estuary between North and Bodkin's 
Points. It is navigable for vessels drawing 18 
feet of water 14 miles, to Fell's Point. 

Patkasha River, Ma., flows E., and enters the 
Tehan Hansan or River a Jaques, a little below 
Wamdushka River. 

Patoka River, la., rises in Orange co., and pur- 
sues a W. course until it enters the Waliash, op- 
posite Mount Carinel, Is., and 1 or 2 miles below 
the mouth of White River. 

Patsaliija River, Aa. This is one of the prin- 
cipal branches of the Conecuh River, which it 
enters from the N. W. in Covington co. 

' Patten's Creek, Ky., enters the Ohio iu Ion. 85° 
50' W. and lat. 38° 22' N. 

Patterson s Creek, Va. It rises in the N. part 
of Hardy eo., among the Alleghanics, flows N. E. 
across Hampshire CO., and enters the N. branch 
of the Potomac. 

Patterson Point, Michillimackinac co., Mn., en- 
closes Elizabeth Bay on the W. 



232 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Palurent River, Md., forms the bounJary be- 
tween Montfiomery and Anne Arundel counties, 
and flowing S. E. 40 miles, it tunis to the S., and 
flows 50 miles, nearly parallel with Chesapeake 
Bay, whicli it enters on the \V. side by a large es- 
tuarj'. It is navigable 50 miles, to Nottingham, 
for vessels of 250 tons, 

Pauwainin Lake, Winnebago CO.. Wn. A large 
sheet of water, which receives the waters of 
Wolf River in the N., and communicates with 
Neenah or Fox River on the S. E. 

Pauratnck liivvr. This river rises in the W. 
part of R. I., where it receives Wood and Charles 
Kivers, two good mill streams, and empties into 
Long Island Sound, between the towns of West- 
erly, R. I., and Stonington, Ct. It is navigable 6 
miles. 

Puickl River rises in Vt., flows W. and N. W. 
through Washington co., N. Y., and falls into 
Wood Creek just before its entrance into Lake 
Champlain. This stream aflx)rds good water 
power, and on its banks are situated several 
pleasant villages. 

Pawiiis Deserted Rirer, Ma. A small stream 
flowing S. W. into the Missouri River. 

Pawtuxct River, R. I„ rises in tlie W. part of 
Providence co,, and, with its branches, waters a 
large part of the state. It enters Narraganset 
Bay 5 miles below Providence, and is celebrated 
for its line mill sites. 

Pai/ctle River, On. It rises among the Salmon 
River Mts., flows S. of W,, and empties into 
Lewis Fork of Columbia River. 

Pea River, Aa., is the largest branch of Choc- 
tawhatchie River, which it enters near the S. bor- 
der of the state, in Dale co. * 

Pea Patch Island. Situated in Delaware River, 
and contains the ruins of Fort Delaware, which 
was erected during the American war. 

Peabodi/ River, N. H,, rises in the E. pass of the 
White Mts., near the head of Ellis's River, a 
branch of the Saeo, and passes N. into the An- 
droscoggin. 

Peaked Mountain, iMonson, JIs. Height 1 S.'JS ft. 

P«ir/ Island. A small island lying in the Gulf 
of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi. 

Pearl Lalce, Avoyelles parish. La., discbarges its 
waters through the Bayou dc Glaze into the 
Atchafalaya River, 

Pearl River, Mi. and La. Its head branches 
rise near the centre of Mississippi, and running 
S. it joins by several mouths the Rigolets, which 
forms a communication between Lakes Pon- 
chartrain and Borgnc. It forms the boundary 
line between Mi. and La, from lat. 31° N. It is 
navigable for small craft to Jackson, the capital 
of Mi. Some eftbrts have been made' to improve 
the navigation, which is obstructed by sand bars, 
shallows, and rafts of timber. 

Pecan Creek, Ts. An E. branch of Colorado 
River, which it enters just above the San Saba, 

Peck's Peach, Cape May co,, N. J. A long, 
narrow island, lying S. from Great Egg Harbor. 

Peconic Baij, Great, lies on the E. end of Long 
Island, opposite Shelter Island, by which it is 
separated from Gardiner's Bay. it is 14 miles 
long, from 4 to 5 miles wide, and is separated 
from Southold Harbor by Great Hog Neck. Its 
borders arc somewhat irregular, and Rohhin^'s 
Island is situated near its centre. Little Peconic 
Bay extends inland 4 or 5 miles. Sloops navi- 
gate it to the village of Riverhead, which is the 
9hire town of Sufl'olk co. 



Peconic River, N. Y., rises in the town of 
Brookhaven, Suffolk co., flows E. through Little 
Peconic into Great Peconic Bay. 

Pedee, Great, River, N. and S. C, rises at the 
foot of the Blue Ridge, Wilkes co., N. C, and 
bears the name of Yadkin River until it enters 
S. C. It then flows in a S. direction until it 
unites with the Wacamaw, a little below George- 
town, and forms Winyaw Bay, which enters the 
Atlantic 12 miles below Georgetown. It is nav- 
igable 200 miles for boats of 60 or 70 tons. 

Pedee, Litde. River, rises in N. C, and, flowing 
S. S, W,, enters the Great Pedee, 32 miles above 
its mouth, 

Pekatonica River, Wn. and Is., rises in^owa 
CO., Wn,, and, flowing S. and E., receives Sugar 
Creek from the N,, and falls into Rock River, Is,. 
6 miles below the N. boundary of the state. It 
is navigable to Mineral Point, Wn,, for flat boats. 

Pekcndc River, Ma,, rises in a small lake, and, 
flowing W., empties into the Missouri River 
opposite Prospect Island. 

Peknshino River. Ma, It rises in a small lake 
near the source of Rum River, flows S. W,, and 
empties into the Mississippi nearly opposite Sag- 
atagon or Spunk River. 

Pelou.se or Flag River, On. A N. branch of 
Lewis Fork of Columbia River. 

Pemodumcook Lake, or the Bamedumpkok, Pis- 
cataquis CO., Me, This lake lies a few miles N. 
of Baker's Mt., is of an irregular sliajie, and 
contains many islands. The soil on the borders 
of the Pemadumcook and the numerous lakes 
connected with it is remarkably good. The 
Jo-Mary Lakes, lying near, are beautiful sheets 
of water, and are surrounded by some of the best 
timber land in the state. The facilities for raft- 
ing timber down the Penobscot through these 
lakes render this part of the state very valuable. 

Pentiqeivasset River, N. H. This stream .and 
the Winnipiscogee constitute the Merrimack. 
The Pcmigewasset is formed of three principal 
branches, having their sources in Woodstock, 
Franconia, and the Ungrantcd Lands S. W, from 
the White ilts. These branches unite in Wood- 
stock, from whence the main stream passes in a 
S. direction, through Thornton, Campton, be- 
tween Plymouth and Holderness ; Bridgewater, 
Bristol, and New Hampton ; Hill and Franklin ; 
at which latter town it unites with the Winnipis- 
eogee. 

Pemmaquid Point, Lincoln CO., Me. This im- 
portant point of land is situated between Mus- 
congus Bay on the E. and Pemmaquid River on 
the W. It contains a light-house, which bears 
about 9 miles N. E. from Bantam Ledge, and 10 
W. from St. George's Island. 

Pendleton River, Ga., rises in Laurens CO., Ga., 
flows S. W., separating Emanuel and Montgomery 
counties, and receiving Alligator, Tiger, Swift, 
and Wolf Creeks, and empties into the Great 
Ohoopce in Tatnall co. 

Pend Oreilles or Kullnspclm Lake, On. A largo 
sheet of water through which flows the Clarke 
Fork of Columbia River. 

Penn's Creek, Pa. This stream rises in the N. 
part of Huntingdon co.. flows N. E. and E,. ami 
empties into the Susquehanna Hiver in Union co. 

Prnoltsrot Baij. Me, This bay extends t'rom 
Owl's Head on the W. to Burnt Coat Island on 
the E., a distance of 30 miles. At its mouth are 
Fox Islands, Deer Isle, Isle of Haut, and several 
smaller ones. It extends inland to Belfast Bav 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



233 



at the mouth of Penobscot River, a distance of 
20 miles N. from Owl's Hcail. This bay aftbrds 
many varieties of lish, contains many good har- 
bors, and on its borders are many large and 
flourisliiny; towns. 

Penobscot. River, Me. This large and impor- 
tant river, with its numerous and cxten.sive 
branches, waters a great portion of tlie state. It 
pierces the county which hears its name, and 
receives tributaries from Washin;^ton. Hancock, 
Waldo, Piscataquis, ami Somenset counties. Be- 
low the union of the E. and W. brandies, the 
Piscataquis and Matawamlicag are its largest 
tributaries. From tiie junction of the two branch- 
es, or ■' the Foriis," to tide water at Bangor, is 
about 76 miles. The E. branch rises at the N. 
in the Schools Lakes, near Aroostook River, and 
on its passage to the junction, a distance of 
about 50 miles, it is properly called Seboois 
River. The W. branch of the Penobscot rises 
in llie liigh lands on the border of Lower Canada 
and the W. frontier of Me. It passes through 
the counties of Somerset and Piscataquis in an 
E. direction, to its junction with the E. branch, 
receiving in its course the waters of Lakes Che- 
suncook. Pemadumcook. MiUinoket, and other 
large collections of water. This branch passes 
within 3 miles of the N. border of Moose Head 
Lake, the source of Kennebec River. Tlie Icngtii 
of this braucli of the Penobscot, from its source 
to its union witli the E. branch or Seboois River, 
may be stated at about 14U miles, and tlie great- 
est length of the river to Bangor, 215, and to the 
ocean, 275 miles. Some of the most important 
tributaries of this majestic river are noted under 
their distinctive names. A description of them 
all, with their iiydraulic powers and boatable 
capabilities, their rapid courses and beautiful 
cataracts, their fertilizing (lualities, and other 
peculiarities, would fill a volume. Indeed, these 
streams, and the immense basin which they drain, 
are so little known, that some years must elapse 
before any thing like a fair delineation of the 
value ami beauty of this interesting section of 
New England can be given. 

Pensaukiti River, Brown CO., Wn. A small 
stream flowing in a N. of E. direction into Green 
Bay, which it enters S. from Oconto River. 

Pensaco/a Bay. Fa., sets up from tlie Gulf of 
Mexico, between Barancas Point and tlic \V. end 
of St. Rosa Island. The entrance to the bay, 
between these points, is only about tliree fourths 
of a mile wide, and is well defended by a fort on 
Point Barancas. The bar has 22 feet of water at 
low tide. Extending in a N. E. direction, the 
bay has a length in some parts of 28 miles, and 
an average width of about 3 miles. About 11 
miles from its mouth, it divides into three parts, 
called Escambia Bay, Yellow Water Bay. and 
East Bay. Escambia Bay is on the W.. and is so 
called from the n.ame of the river, which it re- 
ceives from Florida. Yellow Water Bay also 
receives the river of that name. East Bay, 
which is 7 miles long, admits frigates of the 
largest cla^s to ride at anchor, and is en- 
tirely protected from all winds. The city of 
Pensacola is situated on the W. shore of the 
principal bay, about 10 miles from the entrance 
from the gulf. The harbor of Pen.sacola is good, 
being the deepest haven on the N. coast of the 
Gulf of Mexico. The country around this bay 
is generally low and barren. 

Peoria, Lake, Is. This lake, which is an ex- 
30 



pansion of Illinois River, extends 20 miles in a 
S. W. direction to Peoria vill.Tge. It is much 
wider than the river, has a gravelly bottom, and 
very little current. It is divided by the Narrows 
into two parts, and abounds with various kinds 
of fish. 

Pepacton River. See Delaware River. 

Pepin Lake. An expansion of the Mississippi 
River, 1 mile below the junction of the St. 
Croix, and 100 miles below St. Anthony's Falls. 
It is 24 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. 

Ptipiaiinock Creek, N. J., rises in the Walkill 
and Wawayanda Mts., Sussex CO., and flowing 
S. E. and S. 27 miles, its rapid ciirrent affording 
good water power, tails into the Passaic. It is 
called Ponipton River ticlow Pompton village. 

Ptijuaa-kett River, N. H. This stream bears an 
Indian name formerly applied to a tract of coun- 
try now including Conway, N. H., Fryeburg, Me., 
and some of the adjacent towns. The river rises 
in two ponds in Eaton, and I'alls into the Saco, 

Pequett Creek, N. J., is a large and rapid stream. 
Its two head branches unite in Independence, 
Warren co., and after a course of 30 miles it en- 
ters the Delaware at Belvidcre village. 

Peqiionoc Creek, New London co.. Ct. A small 
stream emptying into Long Island Sound, be- 
tween Mystic and Thames Rivers. 

Perch Lake, N. Y., rises in Orleans, Jefferson 
CO., flows S. W. into the village of Dexter, where 
it enters Black River. 

Perdido River, Aa. and Fa., rises in Baldwin 
CO., Aa., and flowing S. 40 miles, enters the Gulf 
of Mexico through a narrow and shallow bay. 

Perkwnien River, Pa., rises in Upper Milford, 
at the foot of South Mt., flows S. about 30 miles, 
receiving a number of tributaries, which with the 
main river att'ord good water power, and enters 
the Schuylkill C miles above Norristown. 

Perpctua, Cape, On. A small point of land 
situated on the Pacific coast, N. N. E. from Cape 
Gregory. 

Perrijs Peak, Richmond. Ms. Height 2089 ft. 

Peshteyo River, Brown CO., Wn. This large 
river rises in the N. W. interior of the county, 
flows S. E., receiving numerous branches, and 
falls into Green Bay a little below the mouth of 
Menomonee River. 

Pes/iakeme River, Mn. It rises in Michigamme 
Lake, in the N. part of Marquette co., and flows 
S. into the Wesacota or Brule River. 

Peterali River, Ma. A small stream emptying 
into the Mississipjii E. from Rum River. 

Peiershurij Mountains, N. Y., are a range of not 
very high hills extending S. from Washington, 
through Rensselaer and a part of Columbia co. 

Petite Jean Creek. As. A large stream rising 
in the W. part of Scott Co., and flowing a little 
N. of E. into the Arkansas River, which it enters 
on the boundary between Peny and Yell counties. 

Peij or Elm River, Ma. A large Stream flow- 
ing S. E., and emptying into the Tchan Sansan, 
or River a Jaques, just below Tchanchicanah 
Lake. 

Pharaoh Lake lies in the town of Schroon, 
Essex CO., N. Y. 

Phelps Lake, N. C. A sheet of water lying in 
the S. E. part of Washington co., and connected 
by a creek with Albemarle Sound. 

Philadelphia River, Vt. A small stream origi- 
nating in the S. part of Goshen, and running 
S. W. through Chittenden into Pittsford, where 
it unites with East Creek. 



234 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Phillips River, N, H., a branch of the Upper 
Amonoosuck, rises in the towns of Dixville and 
Columbia, and, after passing through Millsfield 
and Dummer, unites witli the main stream in the 
town of Stark. 

Pirkirel Baij, Ma. Situated in the N. E. part 
of Lcecli Lake, N. W. from Leech Lake River. 

Fierce Hole River, Ou. A head branch of 
Bitter Root River. 

Piij River, Va.. rises in tlie Blue Ridge, and 
after a course of 35 miles, falls into Roanoke 
River. 

Pigeon River, Te., falls into the French Broad, 
in loii. 82° 56' W., and lat. 35° 46' N. 

Pike River, Vt. See Berkshire. 

Pilot Mountain, N. H. See Kilkenny. 

Pilot Peak, Uh. A high mountain situated 
between the Great Salt Lake on the E. and Hum- 
boldt River Mts. on the \V. 

Pine Creek, Ra., rises in Potter CO., and ilows 
in a S. direction into the W. branch of Susque- 
hanna River. It is navigable 60 miles to the line 
of Potter CO. 

Pine Creek, Marshall co., la., flows N. W. across 
an angle of St. Joseph's co. into the Kankakee 
River. 

Pine Creek, As., rises in Fulton co., flows S. W., 
and enters White River at the town of Athens, 
Izard CO. 

Pine Barren Creek, Aa., flows mostly in Wil- 
cox CO., and falls into the Alabama River. 

Pinebog River, Huron co., Mn., flows N. into 
Lake Huron. 

Pine Lag Creek, Washington CO., Fa. A small 
stream emptying into Choctawhatcliee Bay. 

Pine Mountain Creek, Harris Co., Ga. A small 
stream rising in the Pine Mts., and emptying into 
the Cluittalioochce River. 

Pine Island, Hillshoro' CO., Fa. A long, nar- 
row island, lying in Charlotte harbor. 

Pine Lake, Barry CO., Mu. Situated S. from 
Gun Lake. 

Pine Lake, Chippewa co., Wn., lies between 
Birch and Red Cedar Lakes. 

Pine River, N. H. A small stream issuing from 
a pond in the town of Wakefield, and passing 
N. W. into Ossipee Lake. 

Pine River, Mn., rises by numerous head 
branches in the S. part of Chippewa co., flows 
S., and empties into Lake Huron E. from the 
mouth of Carp River. 

Pine River, Mn. It rises in the E. part of 
Mecosta co., flows S. E. across an angle of Mont- 
calm into Gratiot co., then N. E. into Midland 
CO., where it enters Chippewa River. 

Pine River, Arenac co., Mn., flows S. E. into 
Saginaw Bay. 

Pine River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. part of 
Sauk CO., and flows S. into the Wisconsin River. 

Piney Creek, Ca. A small head branch of 
Grand River" 

Pinnacle Creek, Logan co., Va. A head branch 
of Guyandotte River. 

Pinos, Point, Ca., extends into tlie Pacific at 
the city of Monterey. 

Pinilala River, Aa., waters the E. part of 
Montgomery CO., and enters the S. side of Ala- 
bama River. 

Pil>e Creek, Iowa CO., Wn., flows in a N. direc- 
tion into Wisconsin River. 

Piscassick River, N. H., rises in the N. E. part 
of Hrentford, and passing through New Market, 
falls into Lamprey River at Durham. 



Piscataqua River, N. H., the only large river 
whose course is entirely in this state, is formed by 
the junction of several small streams in a wide and 
deep channel, hollowed out partly by tliem, and 
partly by the tide. Tlie names of these streams, 
beginning at the N. E., are Salmon Falls. Cocheco, 
Bellamy Bank, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscot, and 
Winnieut Rivers. The last t\va unite their 
waters in a large and irregular bay, between 
Durham and Greenland. The waters of this bay 
meet those of Salmon Falls and Cocheco Rivers, 
at Hilton's Point, a few miles below Dover. Af- 
ter this junction, they proceed in a direct line to 
the S. E., and join the ocean 2 or 3 miles below 
Portsmouth, embosoming several islands, and 
forming one of the best harbors on the continent. 
Few rivers make a more magnificent appearance 
than this ; yet the streams by which it is supplied 
are small. Salmon Falls furnislies more than all 
the rest. This stream is called Newichawannock, 
from the falls in Berwick till it receives the wa- 
ters of the Cocheco, but the name of Piscataqua 
ought to be applied to the whole of Salmon Falls 
River. 

Piscataijuis River, Me. This river rises in the 
S. W. part of Piscataquis co., flows 65 miles in 
an E. direction, and fulls into the Penobscot in 
Penobscot CO. It receives many tributaries, of 
which Sebec and Pleasant Rivers, and Schools 
stream, are the principal. This river aftbrds good 
water power, and together with its branches waters 
large tracts of country. 

Piscataquog River, N. H., is formed from two 
principal branches, one from Francestown, the 
other from Henniker and Dccring, which unite 
near the W. line of Goifstown. The main stream 
pursues a southerly course through Goft'slown and 
the N. E. corner of Bedford, where it iitUs into 
the Merrimack. 

Piscataway Creek, Prince George CO.. Md., rises 
near the centre of the county, and flows S. W. 
into the Potomac River. 

Pisclion.^ River, On. A W. branch of Clarke 
Fork of Columbia River. 

Piseco Lake, lying in Arietta, Hamilton CO., 
N. Y., is 6 miles long, about 2 miles wide, and 
abounds with salmon and brook trout of a supe- 
rior size and quality. The surrounding country 
also aftbrds great quantities of wild game, mak- 
ing the region a favorite resort of the angler and 
sportsman. The outlet of the lake constitutes 
the W. branch of the Sacondaga, a tributary of 
the Hudson River. 

Piskasau River, Boone co.. Is. This stream 
is a head branch of Rock River. 

Pistakee Lake, Is., lies in the N. W. part of 
Lake co. Fox River passes through it. 

Pitt Mount, On. A high jjeak of tlie Cascade 
range, situated W. from Flamath Lake. 

Placid Lake, N. Y., lying mostly in the town 
of Kccne. in the N. part of Essex co., and sur- 
rounded by a wild and picturesque region of 
country, is 4 miles long, and from 1 to 1 4 miles 
wide. 

Plaisance Day, Jin. Situated in the W. part 
of Lake Erie, opposite the town of Monroe, Mon- 
roe CO. 

Plait or Plott River, Vt. See Laplot. 

Platte River, In. Ter., rises by two branches in 
the Rocky Mts., which unite in the N. part of the 
territory, 400 miles from their source, and joins 
the Missouri 700 miles from the Mississi))pi, after 
an E. course of about 1600 miles. Its principal 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



235 



branches are the Elkhorn, entering it near its 
mouth, and the Loupfork, 90 miles above. It is 
from 1 to 3 miles broad, and so shallow that, 
excepting in floods, it is fordable in almost any 
place. The number of islands, the shifting 
sands in its bed, and the rapidity of the current, 
are effectual barriers to all navigation. 

Pialte River, Little, a N. branch of the Mis- 
souri, which it enters 349 m. from the Mississipi.)i. 

Pleasant Lake, N. Y., is a beautiful sheet of 
water, lying mostly in the town of Lake Pleas- 
ant, Hamilton co. It is 3 miles long, from 1 to 14 
miles wide, and abounds in fine fish of different 
kinds. The surrounding country is a favorite 
resort of wild game, and is interspersed with 
small lakes, the waters of which are well stocked 
with fish. 

Pleasant Biver. Washington co.. Me. This 
river has its source in a pond in Beddington. and 
flows in a N. E. direction into Pleasant River 
Bay, which lies on the E. side of Naraguagus Bay. 

Pleasant River, Piscataquis co., Me. This 
important mill stream is a tributary of the Pis- 
cataquis. It receives the two Ebecme branches in 
the town of Miio, about 15 miles from its mouth. 

Phnn Creek; Is. A small branch of the Mis- 
sissippi lliver, which it enters in Carroll co. 

Plum Creek, Delaware CO., lo. A small branch 
of the Macoquetais River. 

Plum Island, Essex CO., Ms. See Newhuri/port. 

Plum River, Ma. An E. tributary of North 
Red River. 

Plamhijut, N. Y., is tlie channel between Plumb 
Island and Oyster Pond Point on the E. end of 
Long Island. 

Plaquemine Bai/oii, La., an outlet of the Missis- 
sippi, is 117 miles above New Orleans, 8 miles 
below the mouth of the Iberville, and 96 below 
the etflu.K of Atchatalaya outlet, which it finally 
enters. The waters of the Mississippi only flow 
into it when that river is nearly at its greatest 
hciglit. It is navigable at such times for vessels 
and steamboats. 

Pocomoke River and Bay. The river has its 
source in Dismal Swamp, on the boundary be- 
tween De. and I\Id., and proceeds about 70 miles 
in a S. W. direction to Pocomoke Bay, a branch 
of Chesapeake Bay. The river is navigable to 
Snowhill for vessels. 

Pocotatico River, Kanawha CO., Va., flows into 
the Great Kanawha about 40 miles from its 
mouth, after a S. W. course of about GO miles. 
Bituminous coal and iron ore are found on its 
borders. It is boatable 20 or 30 miles in high 
water. 

Pocotaligo River, Sumpter district, S. C, rises 
in the W. part of the district, and flows S. E. 
into Black River. 

Poeitenkitl, N. Y. This valuable mill stream 
rises in the towns of Grafton and Sand Lake, 
Rensselaer co.. flows W. into the city of Troy, 
where it enters the Hudson. 

Poinsett Lal-e, Ma. Situated W. from the 
Sioux River, with which it is connected by an 
outlet. 

Poinsett Lal:e, Orange co., Fa. A small lake, 
through which flow the waters of St. John's 
River. 

Poinsett River, Ca. A small head branch of 
the Rio Sacramento. 

Pointe Seuil Choir, Mn.. extends into Lake 
Michigan, opposite the S. W. corner of School- 
craft CO 



Point au Betsie, Mn. The W. extremity of 
Leelanau CO., projecting into Lake Michigan. 

Point aux Grais, Arenac co., Mn. Situated 
near the mouth of Rifle River, and extending 
into Saginaw Bay. 

Point Barro de Arena, Ca. Situated N. W. 
from Point de los Reyes. 

Point de los Jiei/es, Ca. Situated on the Pacific 
coast, N. W. from Sun Francisco Bay. 

Point de Tone, Mn. Situated at the E. entrance 
of Big Bay de Noquet. 

Point de Tour, Mn. The S. E. extremity of 
Chippewa co.. extending into Lake Huron. 

Point no Point, Matthews co., Va., extends into 
Chesapeake Bay. 

Point St. Iijnace, Michilimackinac CO., Mn. 
This is the S. extremity of the county, extend- 
ing into the Straits of Mackinaw opposite Fort 
Point. 

Point St. Vital, Chippewa co., Jin., extends 
into Lake Huron W. from I'uiiit de Tour. 

Pollojiel's Island, N. Y. Tiiis mass of rock lies 
in the Hudson River, near its E. shore, 6 miles 
above West Point, and opposite Breakneck Hill. 

Ponime de Terre River, Mo., rises in Greene co., 
and flows N. into Osage River. 

Pompton River, N. J., which is formed by the 
junction of Pcquannock. Ringwood, and Ramapo 
Rivers, divides Passaic from Morris co., and falls 
into the Passaic. Its length is 8 miles. Tlic 
Morris Canal crosses it in a wooden aqueduct 
286 feet long, 2 miles above its mouth. 

Ponehartrain Lake, La., communicates with 
L.akc Maurepas on the W., with Lake Borgne 
through the Rigolcts on the E., and with New 
Orleans through St. John's Bayou and a canal 
on the S. The largest of its tributaries are Tan- 
gipaha and Tchefuncte Rivers, which enter it on 
the N. side. It is 40 miles long, 25 miles broad, 
and IG or 18 feet in the deepest parts, but not 
more than 9 feet near tlie shore. 

Prmd River, Ky. A tributary of Green River, 
separating Muhlenburg and Hopkins counties. 

Pondicherrij Mountain, N. H. See Jefferson. 

Ponijuanujamook Lahe, Piscataquis CO., Me., lies 
S. of Barnoncnungemook Lake. 

Poplar Island lies in Chesapeake Bay, in Ion. 
76° 28' W., and lat. 38° 45' N. It is about 10 
miles in circumference. 

Porenpine's Islands, Hancock CO., Me., lie in 
Frenchman's Bay, oft' the town of Gouldsboro'. 

Porpoise, Cape, York co.. Me., is situated in N. 
lat. 43° 22', W. Ion. 70° 23', and forms the N. E. 
boundary of Kennebunk harbor. 

Portage Dike, Houghton CO., Mn. This lake is 
very irregular in its shape, having several arms, 
one of which communicates with Kecwaiwona 
Bay, one with Houghton's Bake, and one extends 
N. W. almost to the opposite side of Kecwai- 
wona Point, on the head of which the lake is 
situated. 

Portage Lake, Livingston and Washtenaw coun- 
ties, Mn. One of a number of small lakes sup- 
plying the head waters of Huron River. 

Portage River, O., drains Hancock Co., and flow- 
ing N. E., enters Lake Erie at Port Clinton. It 
affords good water power, and flows through Black 
Swamp, an unhealthy region, hut whidi would 
make a very fertile country if suitably drained. 

Portage River, Mn. One of the head branches 
of Grand River, draining the N. E. part of Jack- 
son CO. 

Port Douglass, N. Y., is a convenient landing in 



236 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Chesterfield, Essex CO., on the W. side of Lake 
Champlain, and 8 miles E. of Keesville village. 

Port Genesee, N. Y. See Charlotte. 

Port Neiif River, On. A small stream flowing 
Vf. and eraptving into the Lewis Fork of Colum- 
bia River, a little below Fort Hall. 

Potato /JiVer. Midland CO., Mn. A small stream 
flowing E. into Saginaw Bay. 

Poteau River, As., rises in Scott Co., flows W. 
and then N., mostly in the In. Ter., and falls into 
the Arkansa.s at Fort Smith. 

Potomac River forms tlie S. boundary of Mary- 
land through its whole course, dividing it from 
Virginia. It rises liy two main branches in the 
Alleghany Mts., called the N. branch and the S. 
branch ; and also receives numerous other streams 
from the same elevated regions, whicli are among 
its more distant sources. The course of tlie two 
main branches is N. E. at first, until tlie N. brancli 
passes Cumberland, where it is inflected to the S. 
E.. and breaks through several ridges of elevated 
lands into the valley of the S. branch, and forms 
a junction with it. The latter, if estimated by its 
length, and the extent of the area drained into its 
channel, must be regarded as the main branch, al- 
though it is to the N. brancli that the name of the 
Potomac has been distinctively applied. The 
river now pursues a N. E. course, breaking through 
another mountain chain, until it reaches its most 
N. latitude at Hancock's Town, where it is again 
inflected to the S. E., which direction it generally 
pursues to its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. 
About 40 miles below Hancock's Town, the Po- 
tomac, after receiving the Shenandoah from the 
S., wliicli brings in a volume of water nearly 
equal to that of the principal river, breaks through 
the Blue Ridge at Harper's Feny. The Shenan- 
doah is the longest branch of the Potomac. Its 
remotest sources are in Augusta eo., Va., and its 
general course is N., and nearly parallel to the 
W. base of the Blue Ridge, for a distance of about 
130 miles, till it unites with the Potomac, having 
found this remarkable passage through the moun- 
tains. The bold scenery at this pass lias been 
justly admired .is among the finest natural curi- 
osities of the country. The level, at low water, 
at the junction of tlie two rivers, is 288 feet above 
tide water. The upper valley of the Potomac, 
between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mts., 
including that of the Shenandoah, is in length 
about 1 60 miles, with a mean breadth of 50 miles, 
embracing an area of 8000 square miles. Having 
passed the Blue Ridge, the Potomac continues S. 
E. abont 50 miles to the lower falls, and the head 
of tide water, at Georgetown. It soon attains the 
dimensions of a large navigable river. It is a 
mile and a quarter wide, and 18 feet deep at Al- 
exandria, wliich is nearly 300 miles from the 
ocean, and is navigable for ships of the line to 
the navy yard at Washington. The circuitous 
course of its tide water channel renders the navi- 
gation of the Potomac Bay somewhat tedious, 
though it is in all parts easy and safe. Its gen- 
eral course, for many miles, is nearl}' the same 
with that of the Chesapeake Bay, with which it 
finally unites, by a mouth 10 miles wide and 42 
feet deep. Combining the two sections of the 
Potomac valley, above and below the Blue Uidge, 
the whole basin embraces an area of about 13,000 
square miles, which is a region of great interest, 
botli in physical and political geography. Its en- 
tire length is about 600 miles. Above tide water 
there are three points where are considerable 



falls. The principal towns .and cities on this river 
are Port Tobacco, Alexandria, Washington, 
Georgetown, Harper's FciTy, and Cumberland. 

Pollier's Point, Vt. This point is situated on 
the W. side of Shelburnc, 2 miles 182 rods from 
the S. wharf in Burlington. It took its name 
from John Pottier, the first settler upon it, but is 
often called Shelburnc Point. 

Poultney River risesin Vt., flows in a W. direc- 
tion, forming the boundary between New York and 
Vermont for some distance, and falls into the head 
of Lake Champlain. 

Powder River, On., rises among the Blue Mts., 
and flows N. E. into the Lewis Fork of Columbia 
River. 

Powell's Point, Currituck CO., N. C. A point 
of land projecting into Albemarle Sound, between 
Currituck Sound on the E. and North River on 
the W. 

Powers River, Va., has its source in Powel's 
Mt., and, passing into Tc., unites with Clinch 
River, 38 miles N. E. of Knoxville. It is boata- 
ble nearly 100 miles. 

Powow Hill, Salisbury, Ms. Height 328 feet. 

Powoio River, N. H. and Ms., has its principal 
source in Great and Country Ponds, in Kingston, 
N. H., and passes over the S. W. part of E. Kings- 
ton into South Hampton ; thence into Amesbury, 
Ms., where it turns E. into South Hampton again, 
and returns into Amesbury, fiiUing into the Mer- 
rimack between Salisbury and Amesbury. There 
are several falls in this river, those in Amesbury 
being the most remarkable, the water falling 100 
feet in the distance of 50 rods. 

Prairie Creek, lo. A small head stream of the 
Macoquetais River, which it enters in Delaware co. 

Prairie Creek, lo. A S. branch of the Maco- 
quetais River, which it enters in .lackson co. 

Prairie River, Mn. This stream rises in a small 
lake in the N. E. part of la., flows N. W. across 
Branch and St. Joseph's counties, Mn., and emp- 
ties into St. Joseph River. 

Presque Isle River, Mn. This river rises in 
many small lakes on the boundary between Mn. 
and Wn., flows N. N. \V., and empties into Lake 
Superior. 

Preston Lake. Ma. Situated near the Sioux 
River, and S. W. from Lake Poinsett. 

Presumpsnit River. Cumberland co.. Me., the 
outlet of Sebago Lake, falls into Casco Bay at 
Falmouth, 6 miles N. of Portland. 

Prince's Baij, N. Y., lying on the S. E. side of 
Staten Island, is famous for its oysters, which 
are very abund.ant and of a fine quality. 

Profile Mountain, N. H. Dr. Jackson, in his 
celebrated work on the Geology of New Hamp- 
shire, thus describes this curious specimen of the 
works of nature; "The profile is produced by 
the irregular jutting out of five blocks of granite, 
giving the eflfect of the stern visage of an old 
man looking over the deep valley below, and 
having so strong a likeness to a human face as 
to be regarded as an object of wonder and ad- 
miration, worthy of a visit from travellers. It 
has been declared to be one of the greatest nat- 
ural curiosities of tlie state. It is said that the 
view of the profile is lost when the mountain 
is approached, as it is also by a considerable 
change in the point of view on the road, the 
best spot to see it to advantage being where the 
guide-board directs the traveller's attention to it." 

Prospect Hill, Waltham, Ms. Height 482 feet. 

Prospect Hill, Hingham, Ms. Height 243 feet. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



237 



Prospect mil, Rowley, Ms. Height 26'1 feet. 

Prout's Islanil. Nortlmmpton co., Va. A pretty 
large island lying- oft' the Athintic coast. 

Proven's Mountain, West Springfield, Ms. 
Height 665 feet. 

Providence Lake, Carroll parisli, La. A small 
sheet of water connecting by outlets with the 
Mississippi River and Swan Lake. 

Providence Biver, R. I. This river, or the head 
waters of Narraganset, extends beiow the city 
of Providence to Field's Point, about 3 miles, or 
to Bullock's Point, 5 miles. On the N., just 
below Providence, it receives the Seekonk or 
Pawtuckct, and another stream or expanse of 
water, into which the two small rivers, the Wan- 
asquiatucket and Moshasick, flow, just above the 
town. 

Provost Crefk, N. Y. This stream rises in 
Albany co., flows S., and enters Catskill Creek 
iu Greene co. 

Prudence Island, R. I., is situated in Narragan- 
set Bay, and belongs to Newport co. 

Psitiu or ll'7W Bice Jiiver, Ma. This largo 
river rises in several lakes, and flows N. E. into 
the North Red River. 

Plan Ska Lake, lo. A small body of water 
lying W. from Spirit Lake. 

Puckawai/ Lake, Marquette CO., Wn. Situated 
in the S. part of the county, at the head of Nee- 
uah or Fox River. 

Puerco River, New Mexico. This river rises 
among the mountains in the N. \V. p;if t of the 
state, flows S. S. E. nearly parallel with the Rio 
Grande, which it enters at a great bend which 
occurs above the Presidio de Rio Grande. 

Puget Sound, On., is situated at the S. part of 
Admiralty Inlet, receives the waters of several 
rivers, and contains many islands. 

Punu/ockamock Lake, Piscataquis CO., Me., lies 
S. E. of Bamonenungemook Lake, with which it 
is connected by an outlet. 

Pumpkin \'ine Creek, Ga. A tributary of the 
Etowah, which it enters in Cass co. 

Punepun Luke, Mn. Situated in the S. part 
of Charlevoi.x co. 

Pungo River, N. C, separates Hyde and Beau- 
fort counties, and empties into Pamlico Sound. 

Pustiaw Lake, Penobscot Co., Me., lies W. of 
Oldtown Island, and is connected on the N. with 
Dead Stream. It is about 8 miles long and 1 
wide. 

Putnam Fort, N. Y. See West Point. 

Pyrandd Lake, Ca., Uh. A large body of water 
lying E. from the Sierra Nevada Mts. It re- 
ceives the waters of the Mud Lakes on the N., 
and of Salmon Trout River on the S. E. 

Pgraniid Point. Mn. The N. \V. extremity of 
Leelanau co. prcjjecting into Lake Michigan. 

Quantuck Bay lies in the town of Southamp- 
ton, Sutt'olk CO., N. v., at the E. extremity of the 
Great South Bay. Quogue Neck separates it on 
the E. from Shinnecock Bay. 

Qiiechee River, Vt. See Otta Quechee. 

Qiiinebaug River, Ct. and Ms. This beautiful 
mill stream rises in Mashapaug Pond, Union. 
Ct., flows N. to Brimfield, Ms., then S. E. to 
Thompson, Ct., where it receives French River; 
thence it flows about 30 miles in a S. direction 
through a very fertile country, joins the She- 
tucket near the city of Norwich, and takes the 
name of that river to the Yantic. These three 
streams unite to form the Thames. 



Quinejmick River, Ct. This stream rises in 
Bristol and Farmington, flows 30 miles in a S. 
direction, and enters Long Island Sound at New 
Haven. 

Quissihis River, Me., rises in the N. E. part of 
the state, flows S., and enters the St. Johu's Riv- 
er E. of Green River. 

Quoddg Head, or West Quoddg Head, Me., is 
the W. entrance into Passamaquoddy Bay. It is 
in N. lat. 44° 55', W. Ion. 66° 49', and has a light- 
house 45 feet high. See Luhec and Eastport. 

Rabbit Creek, Ma., empties into the Mississippi 
between Nokay and Muddy Rivers. 

Rabbit River, Allegan co., Mn., flows in a W. 
direction, and falls into the Kalamazoo. 

Raccoon Creek, Crawford co., Wn., falls into the 
Mississippi a little above Bad Axe River. 

Raccoon River, lo. This long river rises in the 
N. W. interior of the state, one of its head branch- 
es communicating through a lake with Boyer'a 
River, a branch of the Missouri. It flows in a 
S. E. direction, crossing Dallas co., and falling 
into the Desmoines in Polk co. 

Racket Lake is situated on the table land of 
Northern N. Y., in Hamilton co., and is elevated 
1731 feet above the level of the ocean. It is 14 
miles long, from 2 to 5 wide, of an irregular 
shape, and abounding with Hsh of uncommon 
size. It is surrounded by an uncultivated but 
interesting region, interspersed with numerous 
small lakes, the sources of rivers which flow in 
every direction. 

Racket River, N. Y., rises in a number of lakes 
in Hamilton co., flows in a N. direction through 
St. Lawrence co., and enters the St. Lawrence 
River opposite the Island of Cornwall, in Canada. 
Two other important rivers enter the St. Law- 
rence, one on each side of this stream, within the 
distance of 6 miles. The length of the Racket is 
145 miles. 

Raft River, On., flows N. and empties into 
Lewis Fork of Columbia River, between Fall and 
Swamp Creeks. 

Ragged Mountains, N. H., so called from their 
rough appearance, lie between Andovcr and Hill, 
extending in a chain about 10 miles from the 
Pemigcwasset to the vicinity of Kearsarge. It is 
a bleak and precipitous range, and is nearly 2000 
feet high in its N. points. 

Ruilcul Hill, Gloucester, Ms. Height 205 feet. 

Rainy River, Is., rises near the W. border of la., 
flows W. N. W., and joins the Illinois River in 
Ion. 88° 5' W., and lat. 41° 20' N. 

Raisin River, Mn., derives its name from the 
numerous grape vines which formerly covered its 
banks. It rises in the town of Wheatland, Hills- 
dale CO., and after a circuitous course of 130 miles, 
it enters Lake Erie, 2^ miles below Monroe. Its 
entire length in a direct line is about 60 miles. 
Its current is rapid, and it is enclosed by high 
and beautiful banks. 

Ramapo River, N. Y. The head branches of 
this stream rise in Orange co. ; thence it flows in 
a S. direction through a part of Rockland co., 
and falls into the Passaic River, in N. J. It 
abounds in fish, and aflbrds many excellent mill 
sites. 

Rancocus Creek, N. J., rises in Monmouth CO., 
and flows N. W. into the Delaware River. 

Raincr Mount, On. A high peak of the Cas 
cade Mountains, situated N. E. from Mount St 
Helen's. 



238 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



I}np!<l Ann Hirer, Va , rises in Mndjson co , in 
the Blue Rid<;c, nnd falls into the Kappaliunnock, 
10 miles ahove Fredci'iekshurg, 

Rapid Rivrr, Mn., drains the S. W. part of 
Sehooleraft co., and falls into the Little Bay de 
Noqnet. 

JlapiJs. or Wi<iobimis River, St. Croix co., Wn. 
It rises in a pretty large lake, and flows W. into 
the St. Croix River. 

Rappahannock River, Va. This riTer rises in 
the Blue Ridge, and (lowing S. E. 1.30 miles, en- 
ters a large estuary from Chesapeake Bay, 2^ 
miles S. of the mouth of the Potomac. It has 4 
fathoms of water to Hohhs's Hole, and is naviga- 
ble to Fredericksburg. 110 miles, for vessels re- 
quiring 10 feet of water. 

Rarilan River, N. J., is formed by two principal 
branches which unite in Somerset co., and empties 
into Raritan Bay at Amboy. Sloops of 80 tons 
ascend the river to Branswick, 1 7 miles, with 8 
feet of water. 

Ra.ijiherri/ River, La Pointe co., Wn. A small 
stream flowing N. E. into Chegowawegon Bay. 

Rattlesnake Island, N. Y. This island, consist- 
ing of 50 acres of grass land, lies in the Niagara 
River, 4 miles below Black Hock. 

Raw Creek, Ea. A small stream connecting 
Dunn's Lake with the ocean, and forming a part 
of the boundary between St. John's and Orange 
counties. 

Rawleifs Springs, Rockingham co., Va. This 
watering-place is situated on Dry River, 12 miles 
N. W. of Harrisonburg. 

Reabum River, S. C, rises in the S. E. part of 
Greenville district, flows S., and, uniting with 
Keedy River, enters the Saluda. 

Red Creek, Mi. This stream rises in Marion 
00., flows S. W., and empties into the Pascagoula 
River. 

Red Cedar Creek, Ma., flows S. E., and empties 
into the St. Croix River between Mcmokage 
River and Reed Creek. 

Reddi/s River, Wilkes co., N. C, is a branch 
of the Yadkin. 

Red Cedar Lake, Chippewa CO., Wn. This is 
the most S. of a chain of lakes supplying the head 
waters of Red Cedar River. 

Red Cedar Lake, Ma. Situated S. E. from 
Muddy Lake, and connected by an outlet with 
the Mississippi River. 

Red Cedar River, Chippewa CO., Wn. This 
river rises in a series of small lakes in the N. W. 
part of the county, flows S. S. W., and empties 
into Chippewa River. 

Red Ei/e River, Ma. It rises in a lake, and 
flowing S. E. empties into Crow Wing, a little 
above Long Prairie River. 

Rid Hill, N. H. See Mouhonboro' and Centre 
Harbor. 

Red Unish Hill, Wrentham, Ms. Height456 ft. 

Red River, La. and As. The first large river 
which enters tlic Mississippi above its mouth, 
coming down from the far S. W. It rises near 
the base of the Rockv Mts.. in hit. 3h° to 40° N., 
and Ion. 25° to 32"" W. from Washington. Its 
Bources are between those of the N. fork of the 
Arkansas River and those of the Rio Brazos of 
the Gulf of Mexico. Its course is very nearly E. 
for more than half of its entire length, until it 
enters the S. W. corner of Arkansas, when it is 
inflected to the S. ; and after tluwing iti this di- 
rection about 100 miles, and crossing into Louis- 
iana, it bends to the S. E.. and continues in this 



general course until it falls into the Mississippi in 
lat. .31° 1' N., and in Ion. 91° 42' W. from Green- 
wich. Its entire length is more than 1000 miles. 
From 100° 2' of Ion. W. from Greenwich, to 
about Ion. 94° .32 , it forms the N. boundary of 
Texas ; it then traverses a small angle of Arkan- 
sas, and enters Louisiana, and traverses the whole 
N. half of the state diagonally to its junction 
with the Mississippi, through a comparative 
course within that state of .300 miles. The 
greater part of its channel is through fertile prai- 
ries of a reddish soil, which imparts its color to 
the waters of the river. These prairies, especially 
in the remoter regions, are the favorite range of 
the buffalo, and other wild animals of that coun- 
try. The shores of the river abound with grape 
vines, which produce an abundance of delicious 
fruit. Some distance below, where the river 
bends to the S. E., having entered Louisiana, it 
divides into numerous channels, almost losing its 
character as a river, and spreading a maze of in- 
terlocking watercourses, without any direct con- 
tinuous channel, over an elliptical region of low 
lands between the receding hills, varying in width 
from 8 to 10 miles, and about 70 miles in length. 
This is what is called the " Raft,'' from its sup- 
posed correspondence with an obstruction in the 
Atchafalaya, occasioned by an accumulation of 
timber becoming stationary in its channel. But 
it is affirmed by the best authorities, upon per- 
sonal observation, that there is nothing in com- 
mon between the two rivers, as it respects this 
peculiarity, except the obstruction to the continu- 
ity of their streams. That of Red River is not 
a "raft" in the literal sense, composed of tim- 
ber, as in the case of the Atchafalaya, but is 
rather supposed to he the remains of a lake which 
formerly occupied this low ground, and has been 
gradually filling up with the debris from the riv- 
er's banks, until it is now a mere thicket of islands, 
through which the waters, coming down from 
above, slowly make their way to the former out- 
let of the lake. At Grand Ecor, 4 miles above 
Natchitoches, the whole voliime of the river is 
united ; but it is soon again divided into several 
channels, which afterwards unite in one, 30 or 40 
miles farther down, again to separate at the out- 
let of the Bayou Rapide. The lower section of 
the main channel is narrower than above the 
" Raft," as it is called, but it is increased in 
depth. After passing Alexandria, there are other 
outlets, which convey away their waters into the 
Atchafalaya, thus diminishing somewhat the 
volume of the river. This river, but for the ob- 
structions above described, would bo a tine navi- 
gable water for 400 miles from its mouth. Could 
this impediment be overcome, much greater fa- 
cilities would be offered for the settlement and 
profitable improvement of the extensive and fer- 
tile regions upon its banks. 

Red River, Ca,, rises among the Sierra Madre, 
and flows N. W. into the Rio Colorado. 

Red Hill River, N, H,, has its source in the 
town of Sandwich, and falls into the Winnipise- 
ogee in Marlboro'. 

Redfoot River, Te., rises in the N. E. jiart of 
Obion CO., flows S. W., and empties into Obion 
River near its junction with the Mississippi. 

Red Pipestone Creek, Ma. An E. branch of the 
Sioux River, which it enters jast below Coteau 
I'ercee Creek, 

Reed Creek, Ma. It flows S.E. into tho St. 
Croix River. 



IN THE UNITED STATES, 



239 



Reedy Creel; Va., rises in the E. part of .Tack- 
son CO., flows N., and empties into the Little 
Kanawlia in Wirt co. 

Ila/li/ Isluml lies in the Delaware Elver, 50 
miles below Phihidelphia, and 20 miles from Bom- 
bay Hook. Length 3 miles, width one fourth of 
a mile. 

lieedi; River, S. C. This stream rises in Green- 
ville district, flows S. S. E.. and uniting with the 
Rcaburn, empties into the Saluda River. 

Eefiyio Rioer, Ts. A small stream entering 
Espiritu Santo Bay, just above the town of Re- 
fugio. 

Rehoboih Bay, Sussex co., De. Situated at the 
mouth of Indian Elver, through which it com- 
munic^ites with the Atlantic. 

Rerel's Islund, Va. A small island near the 
coast, in Ion. 75° 43' E., and lat, 37" 35' N. 

Rlielt JUike, Ca. Situated on tho-N. border of 
the territory at the head of Tlamath River. 

Riaivaw River and Ishnd, Colleton district, 
S. C. This little river is properly an inlet, reach- 
ing from Stono Inlet to the mouth of the North 
Edisto River. The island lies directly S. from 
the river. 

Richland Creek; Te., rises in the W. part of 
Dickson co., and flows W. into Tennessee Elver. 

Richland Creel:, Knox CO.. Ky. A small stream 
emptying into the Cumberland River at Bar- 
boursville. 

Richland Creel; As., rises in the interior of 
Madison co., flows W., and enters White River 
in Washington co. 

Richmond Fort, N. Y. See Stolen Island. 

Richwond^s Island, Cumberland CO., Me., is a 
part of the town of Cape Elizabeth. 

Rifle River, Mn. It rises in the S. part of Os- 
coda CO., flows S. S. E. through Ogemaw and 
Arenac counties, and falls into .Saginaw Bay. 

Riiplets River or Channel, La., connects L.akes 
Ponchartrain and Borgne, and is 8 or 10 miles 
in length. 

Rio Bosque, Ts. A W. tributary of Brazos 
River. 

Rio Colorado. This large river rises principally 
in On. and Na., flows S. W. across the entire 
^ length of Upper Ca., and empties into the N. part 
of the Gulf of California. 

Rio de Chama, New Mex., flows S. W. into the 
Rio Grande. 

Rio de .Teme^, New Mex. It rises in the W. 
part of the state, and flows S. W. into the Rio 
Grande. 

Rio de la Cosiimnes, Ca., rises among the Sierra 
Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Joaquin. 

Rio de la Phimas. Ca. This large river rises 
in the N. part of the Sierra Nevada, flows S. W., 
and empties into the Rio Sacramento. 

Ridije Road, N. Y. .See Alluvial Way. 

Rio' Frio, Ts. It flows S. E. into the San Mig- 
uel, a tributary of Nueces River. 

Rio Gila. ' This large river runs on the S. bor- 
der of Ca.. separating It from Mex., and empties 
into the Gulf of California at the mouth of Eio 
Colorado. 

Rio Grande. This river, which is also called 
the Rio del Norte, and Rio Bravo, rises in the 
Green Mts. and the SieiTa de Anahuac, flows 
S. E., separating Ts. from New Mex. and Mexi- 
co, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Rio San Bueneventura, Ca. It rises among the 
Co.ast Mts., flows N. W., and empties into the 
I'acilic just above Monterey. 



Rivanna River, Va., flows S. E., and unites with 
James River at Columbia. It is boatablc more 
than 20 miles. 

Roanoke River, Va. and N. C. Staunton and 
Dan Rivers, two large tributaries, unite near the 
S. border of Va. to form this river, which flows 
into the W. extremity of Albemarle Sound. It 
is navigable for vessels of 45 tons, 75 miles, to 
the Great Falls at Halifax. A canal around the 
falls opens a boat navigation to t!ie junction of 
Staunton .and Dan Rivers, which are both navi- 
gable some distance for boats. 

Rohhins's Island, N. Y., belonging to the town 
of Sonthold, Suffolk eo,, lies in Great Peconic Bay. 

Roche Port River, Mo., rises in the S. E. part 
of Randolph co., and flows S. into the Missouri. 

Rock City, situated in the town of Great Val- 
ley, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., about 7 miles S. of 
Ellicottville, is a groat natural curiosity. It is 
approached bv a ridge of gradual ascent, extend- 
ing from the base to the summit of the hill, and 
terminating at an elevation of 600 feet. More 
than 100 acres are covered with vast fragments 
of rock at this single spot, the imposing grandeur 
of which declares them not unaptly named. The 
masses of rock, although detached from each 
other, appro.ach nearer and nearer towards the 
centre, and vary from 15 to 35 feet in height. 
Most of them are rectangular ; some of them are 
separated but a few inches, while others have an 
interval of several yards between them. The 
removal of large masses from the midst of some 
groups has left spaces resembling fine court- 
yards. 

Rockaway Beach, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Rock Creek, D. C, flows between Georgetown 
and Washington city, and falls into the Potomac. 

Rock Creek, On. A small S. tributary of Lewis 
Fork of Columbia River. 

Rock Islaml. Situated In the Mississippi, near 
Rock River Rapids. It is 3h miles long, and 
three fourths of a mile wide. The sides are of 
perpendicular rock, 20 feet above the greatest 
height of water. Fort Armstrong is situated on 
the S. border of the isl.ind. 

Rock Island Rapids commence at Rock Island, 
just above the mouth of Rock River, and extend 
15 miles up the Mississippi, with a descent of 21 
feet 10 inches. Ledges of rock extend across 
the river in various places, greatly obstructing 
navigation at low water. The U. S. government 
has done something for the improvement of these 
rapids. 

Rockland Lake lies in Clarkstown, Rockland 
CO., N. Y. It is 5 miles in circumference, is ele- 
vated nearly 200 feet above the level of the Hud- 
son, and surrounded by high hills. Its waters, 
which are very pure, abound in fish of various 
kinds, and great quantities of ice, procured here 
during the winter season, are annually taken to 
the New York market. 

Hock Mountain, De Kalb CO,, Ga, This isolated 
peak rises 2226 feet above the stream at its base. 
It is about 7 tniles in circumference. 

Rock River, Vt, This river rises in Franklin, 
and runs through HIghgate into Misslsco Bay, 

Rock River, Ca, A small W, branch of Green 
River, 

Rock River, Wn, and Is, This river has its 
source in a region of lakes and swamps. One 
of its principal heads, the Catfish, rises in a swamp 
a few miles S, of Fort Winnebago, and connects 
the '■ Four Lakes," Rock Elver receives several 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



tributaries after it enters Is., and falls into the 
Mississippi 3 miles below Rock Island. Much 
of the country throu<;h which it passes in Is. 
consists of fertile prairie, with some timher land. 
Its channel is mostly lime and sandstone rock, 
and it has several rapids, which obstruct naviga- 
tion at low water. 

Rocky Creek, Ca. An E. branch of Grand River. 

liocky Comfort Creek, Ga., rises in Warren Co., 
flows S. E., and enters the Ogechee in JeflTer- 
son CO. 

Rocky River, N. C, has numerous head branch- 
es, which, drain the whole of Cabarras co. The 
main stream flows S. and then W., scparatiTi;; 
Stanley from Union and Anson counties, and 
empties into the Yadkin River. 

Kocky River, S. C, rises in the N. part of An- 
derson CO., flows S., and enters the Savannah in 
Abbeville district. 

Rodman River, Fond dn Lac Co., Wn. A head 
branch of Mihvaukie River. 

Rondout Creek, or River, N. Y., rises in Sullivan, 
flows W. through Ulster eo., and enters the Hud- 
son near Rondout village. The Wallkill and 
several smaller streams, all affording considerable 
water power, are its tributaries. 

Ronkojikoma Lake, or Great Pond, N. Y., lies 
in the towns of Brookhaven, Smithtown, and 
Islip, Suffolk CO., and near the centre of Long 
Island. It is about a mile in diameter, of great 
depth, and its transparent waters are filled with 
perch and other small fish. Its situation, sur- 
rounded as it is by immense forests of pine and 
other trees, is lieautiful in the extreme. It is 
within a mile or two of the Long Island Railroad, 
and distant about 50 miles from N. Y. city. 

Rouge River, Mn. It rises principally in some 
small lakes in the S. part of Oakland co., flows S. 
E. across Wayne co., and falls into Detroit River. 

Rough Creek, Ky. This stream waters the W. 
part of Hardin co., flows S. W., and forming part 
of the boundary between Daviess and Ohio coun- 
ties, empties into Green River. 

Round Is/and, Mn. Situated in the N. part of 
Lake Huron, between Bois Blanc Island on the 
S. E., and Mackinaw Island on the N. W. 

Round Lake, N. Y., is a small body of water, 
situated in the town of Malta, Saratoga co., and 
abounding in pereh, pickerel, and other kinds of 
fish. 

Round Lake, N. Y., is a handsome sheet of wa- 
ter, lying in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton 
CO., and connected, by an outlet of half a mile in 
length, to Lake Plcixsant. It is situated in a 
pleasant country, and its waters abound with fish. 

Rouse^x Point, N. Y., on the N. side of Sorel 
River, which runs into Lake Champlain, a little 
above lat. 45° N. Until the late treaty with Great 
Britain this point belonged to Canada. At this 
place tlie railroad between Boston and Ogdens- 
burg crosses Lake Champlain. 

Royse Mountain, N. H., liesN. from Chatham. 

Ruhiion Crerk, Wn. It rises in the W. part of 
Washington co., and flows W. into Dodge co., 
where it empties into the E. branch of Rock River. 

Rum River, Ma. This river is supplied by 
Minsi Sagaigoning or Mille Lacs and several 
smaller lakes, and flow's in a southerly direction 
into the Mississippi. 

Rush Creek, 0., enters the Ilockhocking about 
7 miles below Lancaster. 

Russell's Creek, Ky. Formed in Adair co. by 
the junction of Sulphur and Reynolds Creeks, 



flows N. W., and empties into Green Kivcr in 
Greene co. 

Russell Mountain, Me. There are two peaks of 
this name in I'iscatnriuis CO., one N. and the other 
S. of Moose Head Lake. 

Russell's Riva-, Mn. A small stream draining 
the S. E. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling 
into Lake Superior. 

Sabbath Day Point, Warren co., N. Y., lies in 
the town of Hague, on the W. side of Lake 
George, 24 miles N. of Caldwell village. It de- 
rives its name from the circumstance of some 
English troops landing here on the Sabbath, dur- 
ing the old French war, and falling in a conflict 
with a party of Indians. 

Saline River, La. and Texas. This river rises 
in Texas, in lat. 32° 30' N., flows S. E. and S., and 
enters La. in Caddo parish, thence forming the 
boundary be'wcen La. and Texas. It is 300 miles 
long, watering the most hilly parts of La. in the 
upper part of its course, and in its lower part a 
broad and sterile prairie. lu low water it has but 
4 feet on the bar at its mouth. It passes through 
Sabine Lake, which is 30 miles long and from 1 
to 7 or 8 miles wide, before entering the Gulf of 
Mexico, but is little broader after leaving the lake 
than when it entered it. 

Sahle, Cape, Monroe co.. Fa. This is the S. W. 
extremity of the peninsula. On it is situated 
Fort Poinsett. 

Salle River, Mason eo., Mn., empties into Mar- 
quette Bay. 

Sac River, Mo. This river rises in Lawrence 
and Green counties, flows N., and enters Osage 
River in St. Clair eo. 

Sac River, Wn. A small stream draining tlie 
N. E. part of Washington co., and emptying into 
Lake iVIichigan at the town of Ozaukee. 

Sacandaga River, N. Y., rises in several small 
lakes in Hamilton co., of which the largest are 
Piseco, Round, and Pleasant Lakes. The river 
then flows in a winding E. direction through the 
N. E. corner of Fulton co., and enters the Hudson 
in the town of Uadley, ojiposite the village of Lu- 
zerne, Saratoga co. 

Saco River, N. II. and Me., is one of the largest 
in New England, yet, being much broken in its * 
course by falls, is not navigable to any considera- 
ble extent. It springs from three sources in the 
White Mts. ; the branch issuing from the S. W. 
side of the mountains, near the Notch, is consid- 
ered the main stream ; next to this is the middle 
branch, which is the smallest ; and beyond is the 
branch called Ellis's River, which rises on the N. 
E. side of the mountains, anil after a course of 
about 18 miles, unites with the main branch in the 
town of Bartlctt. Cutler's and New Rivers are 
mountain torrents that discharge into the Ellis. 
The Ammonoosuck,a branch of the Connecticut, 
rises within about 2 rods of the Saco, flowing iti an 
opposite direction. The whole length of Saco 
River is estimated to be 160 miles; running in its 
general course S. S. E.. and discharging into the 
sea at Saco. The principal falls are, the Great 
Falls, at Hiram, where the water descends 72 feet ; 
Steep Falls, at Limington,20foct ; Salmon Falls, 
at IloUis and Buxton, 30 feet; and Saco Falls 
42 feet. The latter are about 4 miles from the 
mouth of the river. The ordinary rise of the 
water, in the spring, is from 10 to 15 feet, but in 
great freshets it has been known greatly to exceed 
that number. A long storm which occurred ia 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



241 



October, 1785. raised the river to an immense 
heifflit, sweeping away mills and bridges, and in- 
undatnig houses that stood in its vicinity. In 
1814, tliere was the greatest fresliet known" since 
Iliat of 178.5. At such seasons the appearance of 
aaco Fjills is truly snblimc. 

Sacramento Rh'er, Ca. This river rises among 
the Sierra Nevaila, flows in a S. direction, and 
empties into San Francisco Bay at the mouth of 
the Rio S.-in Joaqnin. or San Joaquin River. 

Saclaquada, or Saquoit Cnek, (Jneida CO., N. Y. 
This river rises in the town of Paris, and flows inio 
the Mohawk about 1 mile Ijclow Whitcsboro' vil- 
lage. It is one of ihe most important mill streams 
of its size in the state. On its banks are located 
several large vdlages and manufacturing estab- 
lishments. 

Saddle Mountain, Adams, Ms. Height .350.5 ft. 
Saddle Siuer, N. J., rises in the S. part of N. Y., 
and enters the Passaic about 1 mile above Ac- 
quackanock. It is a rapid stream, aff"ording ex- 
tensive water power. Its length is 18 miles. 

Saddleback Mwmtain. Franklin co.. Me This 
mountain is a few miles S. of Mount Abraham 
and IS elevated about 4000 feet above the level 
of the sea. 

Saddleback Mountain, N. II. This a Bcak of 
the Blue Hill range. ^ 

Sayinaic Bai/, Mn., on the W. side of Lake Hu- 
ron, IS 60 miles long and 30 wide, containing a 
number of islands, the largest of which is Show- 
angunk Island. It is navigable for vessels of any 
burden, its numerous coves, protected by islands 
aSordmg some of the Ijcst harbors on tlie lake. 

Saginaw River, Mn., one of the largest rivers in 
the state, is formed by the junction of Cass River 
from the E., Flint and Shiawassee from the S 
and Tittibawassee from the N. W. Its len<'th 
from the month of Flint River, in a direct linetis 
-'5 miles, but some of its branches arc 4 times that 
length. Its course is N. N. E. to its entrance into 
f5aginaw Bay. It is from 25 to .30 feet deep, but 
the bar at its mouth has not generallv more than 
5 or 6 feet of water upon it, although an E. wind 
oiten raises it 3 feet higher. 

St Andrew's Bay and Sound are situated on 
the S. coast of Fa. The main part of the bay ex- 
tends N. 1 2 miles, but some of its branches extend 
30 miles. Its average width is from 2 to 5 miles. 
It IS easy of access, has 18 feet of water on the 
bar, and good anchorage within, sheltered from the 
winds. An arm extends 20 miles parallel with 
the coa-t and a mile from it. 10 miles from the 
sea another branch, from I to 10 miles wide, ex- 
tends E. 30 miles. 

St. Andrew's Sound, Ga. This sound receives 
the waters of Santilla River and some small 
streams. It also contains Dover and other islands. 
Sl_. hernard Rn-er, Ts., flows S. E., and emp- 
ties into the Gulf of Mexico just below the mouth 
ot Urazos River. 

St- Bias. Cape, Fa. This is a narrow point of 
land 8. from St. Joseph's Bay. 

St. Calliarine's Island, LibeVtv Co., Ga., lies off 
the month of Newport River, "between St Cath- 
arine s on the N., and Sapel's Sound on the S 
and IS 10 miles long and 5 broad. ' 

St. Clair Lak-c, Mn., is connected to Lake 
Huron by St. Clair River, and to Lake Erie bv 
Detroit River. It is 24 miles long. 30 wide, 9"o 
in circumterence, and 20 feet deep. Its banks are 
alluvial, have a slightlv uneven surface and are 
elevated 20 feet above the water. Clinton River 
31 



from Mil., and the Thames and others, from 
Canada, flow into it. 

St. Clair Ricer or Strait. Mn.. discharges the 
waters of Lakes Su|icrior, Michigan, ami Huron, 
and connects the latter with Lake St. Clair. It 
flows S., anil enters the N. E. part of Lake St. 
Clair by six channels, the N. one of which, on 
the Mn. side, is the one navigated in ascending 
and descending the river. It has few i>laiid3 
excepting those formed by its outlets. Its waters 
are clear and transparent, the navigation easy, 
and the scenery varied and beautiful." No rivers 
How into it on the E. side. Its priiici|ial tributa- 
ries from Mn. are Black, Pine, and Belle Rivers. 
It IS 40 miles long, half a mile wide, and on an 
average 50 feet deep, with a current of 3 miles 
an hour, and a descent of about 13 feet. 

S. Cruix River. This river, which is also 
sometimes called by the names of Passama- 
quoddy, Sehoodic, and Cheputnetccook, forms 
the boundary line between the U. S. and New 
Brunswick, from the ocean to Grand Lake. The 
length of the river from Eastport to Grand Lake 
is 82 miles, and it is navigable 28. There are 
many elevations in tliis river, and consequently 
many falls and rapids, alibrding great water 
power. Tlie mouth of the Sehoodic, its W. 
branch, is 166 feet above tide water at Calais, 
and the whole fall of the St. Croix is 444 feet 
to sea level. 

St. Croix Lake and River, \Vn. The river rises 
in two principal branches, in the dividing ridge 
between Lake Superior and Mississippi' River, 
and, flowing S., receives manv tributaries, and 
passing through St. Croix Lake, a long, narrow 
body of water, it becomes contracted again to 
the size of a river, just before its entraiice into 
the Mississippi, some distance below the Falls of 
St. Anthony. 

St. Francis River, Mo. and As. This river 
rises in St. Francis co., Mo., and. flowing S^ 
enters As., where it receives White Water River^ 
a long branch which rises in Mo., and enters the 
Mississijipi in Phillips co. It passes through 
many lakes and swamps, yet its waters arc re- 
markably clear, abounding in fine fish. It it 
navigable nearly 200 miles at high water. 

St. Francois River, or the Peclwenegamook, rises 
in Piscataquis co.. on the border of Canada, 
flows about 50 miles in a S. S. E. direction, re- 
ceiving several branches and the waters of a 
number of lakes, and enters the St. John's near 
the line of Penobscot co. 

St. George River, Lincoln co.. Me. This river 
rises in jionds in the towns of xMontville, Sears- 
mont, and Belmont, Waldo Co., and flows 40 
miles in a S. direction into Museongiis Bay. It 
meets the tide at Warren, 15 miles from the sea, 
to which place it is navigable. 

.SV. Helena Island. Beaufort district. S. C, lies 
between St. Helena Sound on the N. E. and 
liroad River on the S. W. 

St. Helena Isle, Michilimackinac co., Mn. Sit- 
uated at the W. entrance of the Straits of Mack- 
inaw. 

St. Helena Sound, S. C. This sound lies be- 
tween Colleton and Beaufort districts, receives 
Coosaw, Combahee. Asliepoo, and other rivers, 
and contains .several islands. 

St. Helen's Mount, On. An elevated peak of the 

Cascade Mts.. situated N. from Fort Vancouver. 

■S(. John's River rises in Canada and the N. 

part of Me. It receives the Madawaska, St. 



242 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Francis, Aroostook, and many other important 
tributaries, from Me. It waters a lar<:e portion 
of its N. territory, anj bears many valiiiible pro- 
ductions of tliat state to its mouth. " This river 
is 350 miles long. The tide Hows up about 80 
miles. It is navip;ablc for Ijoats 200 miles, and 
for sloops of .50 tons 80 miU?s. 'I'his river and 
its branches water a larj^e tract of excellent 
country. About .30 miles from its mouth com- 
mences a fine level country of rich meadow 
lands, well clothed witli timlier. Tlie river fur- 
nishes a great quantity of salmon, bass, and 
sturgeon. Al>out a mile above tlie city of St. 
John's is the only entrance into this river. It is 
about 80 or 100 yards wide, 400 yards long, 
called the falls of the river. It being narrow, 
and a ridge of rocks running across the bottom 
of the channel, on wiiicii there are not above 17 
feet of water, it is not sufficiently spacious to 
discharge the fresh waters of the river above. 
The common tides here rising above 20 feet, the 
waters of the river at low water are about 20 feet 
higher than the waters of the sea ; at high water 
the waters of tiie sea arc about 5 feet higher than, 
those of the river ; so that at every tide there 
are two falls, one outwards and one inwards. 
The only time of passing with safety is when the 
waters of tlie river and of the ssa are level, which 
is twice in a tide, and continues only about 20 
minutes each time." By the late treaty between 
the U. S. and Great Britain, tlie navigation of 
this river is free to both nations. 

St. John's River, Fa. This river rises in an 
immense marsh, slightly elevated above the level 
of the ocean, and Hows N., nearly parallel with 
the coast, until it turns to the E., and Hows into 
the Atlantic. It passes through Lake George in 
the upper part of its course, and afterwards re- 
ceives the Ocklawaha, a large tributary. Its 
entire length is about 250 miles. It often spreads 
from 3 to 5 miles in width, though in other 
places it is not more than a quarter of a mile 
wide. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water enter 
Lake George and IJunn's Lake, lijO miles from 
its mouth. It is only 1 mile wide at its entrance, 
and it has 12 feet of water on the bar. There is a 
light-house on the S. side of the river at its month. 

Si. Johns River, Ca. It rises on the E. boriler 
of the state, and flows W. into the Rio Colorado. 

St. Joseph's Bay, Fa., is enclosed by Cape St. 
Bias, a long, crooked peninsula. The bay is 20 
miles long, and fiom 7 to 8 wide, with a broad 
entrance on the N. W., near Cape False, alibrd- 
ing 17 feet of water on the bar. There is a 
channel close to the peninsula, on the S. E. side 
of the entrance, nearly as deep as the N. \V. 
passage. The N. E. shore of the bay is inter- 
sected by ponds and lagoons. There is a beauti- 
ful island, 2 miles from the S. E. coast, covered 
with live oak, cedar, and palm-trees. 

St. Joseph's Island. Mn. Situated N. of Lake 
Huron, in the Straits of St. Mary, between 
George's Island on the N. \V. and Drummond's 
Island on the S. E. The S. W. passage, through 
which the U. S. boundary passes, is called 
Muddy Lake. The length of the island is 20 
mites, and its greatest breadth 8 miles. On its 
S. extremity are the remains of an old British 
fort 

St. Joseph, Lake, Tensas jiarish. La. A narrow, 
semicircular sheet of water, emptying into the 
Mississippi. 

Sl Joseph's River, Mn., waters the central part 



of Hillsdale co., flows S. W. across a oomer of 
into la., where it joins the St. Mary's at Fort 
Wajme, forming Maumee River. It affords ex- 
tensive water power. 

Sl. Joseph's River, Mn. This river rises in the 
N. E. part of Hillsdale co., flows E., and. after a 
S. curve into la., proceeds N. VV. to its entrance 
into Lake Michigan. It is S.iO miles long, fol- 
lowing its course, but not more than lliO in a 
direct line, being the second river in size in the 
state. Its tributaries are numerous, and its wa- 
ter power extensive. It is navigable for keel 
boats to Lockport, 130 miles. At its mouth is a 
good harbor, and, by a pier, is sufficient for any 
number of vessels required by the lake naviga- 
tion. The bar at its mouth has 6 feet of water. 
There is a good deal of wood land on its borders, 
and the soil is generally fertile. 

St. Laivrence River. This great river forms 
the outlet of the chain of lakes, or inland seas, 
lying between the United States and Canada. 
It may be considered as descending from Lake 
Superior, and passing througli Lakes Huron, 
Eric, and Ontario, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a 
distance of 2000 miles ; draining an area of over 
500,000 square miles in extent. Its course 
through the centre of these lakes and below, 
until it crosses 45° N. lat , forms the boundary 
between the United States and Canada. After 
crossing 45° lat., the course of this majestic river 
is wholly within the territory of Canada. In the 
upper part of its course it loses its character as a 
river, when passing through the lakes ; and even 
when it passes from lake to lake, connecting and 
bearing along their waters, it is known by different 
names in different sections ; as the iSt. Mary 
between Superior and Huron ; the St Clair and 
the Detroit between Huron and Eric, having the 
small lake St. Clair in the intermediate course ; 
and the Niagara between Erie and Ontario. 
From Lake Ontario to Montreal it is sometimes 
called the Iroquois, though it is more commonly 
known as the St. Lawrence proper, from the 
outlet of Lake Ontario to its mouth. Below 
Montreal the river varies in breadth from half a 
mile to three miles, and it passes through the 
Lake St, Peter, 50 miles below Montreal, which 
is from 12 to 15 miles wide. Below Quebec the 
river increases rapidly in width, until it enters 
the gulf by a mouth nearly 100 miles across. Its 
average fall is about si.x inches to the mile, al- 
though this is very unequally distriliuted, on 
account of the numerous rapids, and one stupen- 
dous cataract in its course. It receives many 
tributaries, the most important of which, on the 
south side, is the Richelieu, which is the outlet of 
Lake Champlain, entering at the head of Lake St. 
Fetcr ; and, on the north, the Saguenay. 140 miles 
below Quebec ; and the Ottawa, or Grand River, 
which enters it a little above Montreal, The St. 
Lawrence, with the chain of lakes which empty 
their waters through its channel into the N. At- 
lantic, constitutes one of the great commercial 
thoroughfares of the North American continent. 
It is navigable for ships of file line 400 miles, to 
Quebec, and for ships of GOO tons to Montreal, 
and onward through a series of ship canals for 
passing the falls and rapids into the lakes. In 
addition to the more customary forms of steam- 
boats, of ships, and other sea-going vessels, and 
of the craft usually employed in the navigation 
of large rivers, the waters of the St. Lawrence, 
more than any other river, even of this fore«t 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



243 



covered continent, arc frequented by enormous 
timber rafts, commonly bonie along by tlie force 
of the current alone, though sometimes acceler- 
ated by spreading a sail, or by liugc oars called 
sweeps. Tbese tloating islands of timber, with 
huts here and there rising upon their low surface 
for the accommodation of the raftmcn, and also 
another sort of craft with long, low hulls, no- 
where else known, and designed for the transpor- 
tation of timber of great length, contribute the 
more rcmarkalile and picturesque features to the 
animating spectacle presented by the navigation 
upon this noble river. The navigation is, of 
course, obstructed by the ice in winter, which in 
this high latitude contirmes, either bound or 
lioating, for several months. From Montreal to 
Lake Ontario the navigation of the river is fre- 
quently interrupted by falls and rapids, which 
has occasioned the construction, at a heavy e.\- 
pense, of a series of canals, with locks of suffi- 
cient dimensions to admit the passage of the 
largest steamboats, and of the vessels navigating 
the St. Lawrence from Quebec to Montreal. The 
line commences with the Lachine Canal, extend- 
ing from Montreal to the village of Lachine, 
round the rapids of the same name, a distance of 
8 miles. I'rom Lachine, the river, or a broad 
expansion of it, called Lake St. Louis, is naviga- 
ble to the cascades, at the mouth of the Ottawa 
River. Here commences the Beauharnois Canal, 
which extends 16 miles, to a point opposite to 
Coteau du Lac, surmounting the obstacles caused 
by the several rapids known as the Cascades, the 
Cedars, and the Coteau du Lac, which make, in 
all, a dirt'crence of elevation of about 60 feet. At 
this point another expausion of the river is 
entered, called Lake St. Franijois, which reaches 
to Cornwall, a distance of 40 miles, in 45° lat. 
The St. Lawrence Canal commences at this 
point, and extends to Dickinson's Landing, 12 
miles, passing the Long Sault Kapids, which 
have a total descent of about M feet. This 
canal, which is a fair sample of all the other 
works, has 6 locks, of solid masonry, con- 
structed in the most durable manner, each 200 
feet long in the chamber, by 50 feet wide, with a 
depth of 10 feet. From Dickinson's Landing to 
Lake Ontario, steamers of a largo class navigate 
the river, though there ai'e two or three rapids 
below Ogdcnsburg. The Welland Canal, which 
unites the waters of Lake Ontario and Lake 
Erie, by affording a navigable channel round the 
Falls of Niagara, is a work of great magnitude. 
It is 42 miles long. 56 feet wide, and 16 feet 
deep ; and the whole ascent from one lake to 
the other is .334 feet. To accomplisii this ascent 
there arc 22 locks, constructed of granite, with a 
lift of from 124 to 14 feet. Those at each en- 
trance from the lakes are 185 feet long and 45 
feet wide. The others are 150 feet long and 464 
feet wide. This canal has one deep cut through 
a mountain ridge. 45 feet deep, where an im- 
mense quantity of earth and rocks was removed. 
This work was first completed in 1829, at a cost 
of $1,000,000; but in 1845 and 1846, it was en- 
larged and improved at a great additional ex- 
pense. All the above-mentioned canals arc on 
the Canadian side of the river, and are the prod- 
uct of British capital and enterprise, designed 
to furnish a continnons ship navigation through- 
out the whole extent of the valley of the St. 
Lawrence, and the basin of the great lakes, to 
the Falls of St. Mary, and to |ive to the Canadas 



a direct and independent communication be- 
tween the vast and far north-west and the Atlan- 
tic Ocean. 

Si. Louis River, Ma. The head branches of 
this river rise in Dead Fish and Seven Beaver 
Lakes; it then flows S. W. for some distance, 
and finally flows S. E., forming the boundary be- 
tween Wa. and Ma. until its entrance into Lake 
Superior. 

Si. Lucra Sound, St. Lucie co., Fa., extends 
from Gilbert's Bar, parallel with the coast, to 
Indian River. 

Si. Mark's River, Fa., rises in a small pond, 
and after a S. W. course of 19 miles, unites with 
Wi.kully River at St. Mark's, to form the Ap- 
palachee. Boats requiring 4 feet of water as- 
cend its whole length. 

Si. Martin's River, Md., waters the N. E. part 
of Worcester co , and enters the Atlantic through 
Sincpuxent Bay, opposite Fenwick's Island. 

Si. Mari/'s River, St. Mary's fo., Md. It rises 
near the mouth of the Patuxent River, and flows 
S. into the Potomac. 

Si. Mari/'s River, Ga. and Fa. This river, 
which was formerly the boundary of the United 
States, rises in Okefinokee Swamp, in the S. 
part of Ware CO., Ga., and flowing S. for some 
distance, it suddenly turns N., and Hnally takes 
an E. course until hs entrance into the Atlantic. 
It is 105 miles long, at low tide has 1-34 feet of 
water on the bar, and at common high tide 194 
feet. It forms the only good harbor of the E. 
coast of Fa. 

.S*(. Mart/'s Rii'er, 0. and Ta., rises in the S. 
part of Mercer co., O., flows N. W.. and unites 
with St. Joseph's River to form the Maumee at 
Fort Wayne. 

St. Mari/'s Strait forms the outlet of Lake Su- 
perior, and its connection with Lake Huron. It 
is abt)ut 70 miles long from Maple Isles, in Lake 
Superior, to the passage between Drummond's 
anil St. Joseph's Islands, into Lake Huron 
proper. The strait is naturally divided into two 
sections by the Falls of St. Mary, about 30 miles 
below Lake Superior. The upper section is 
chiefly free from islands, and gradually contracts 
in width to about half a mile at the point where 
it rushes down the falls. This part of the strait 
is navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. 
The Falls of St. Mary consist of a rapid descent 
over ledges of rocks, without any perpendicular 
fall, for about three fourths of a mile. It is as- 
certained that the rocky barriers of this narrowest 
part of the strait are gradually yielding to the 
abrasion of the waters and the ice, and that the 
surface of Lake Superior is lowering. Below 
the Falls the channel of the strait or river be- 
comes wider, and is soon divided into two by 
George's Island, which division is continued by 
St. Joseph's Islands below quite to the entrance 
into Lake Huron. On the American side, the 
channel, which is again sul>divided by Sugar 
Island. 20 miles long, and others of smaller size, 
forms the more direct entrance into Lake Huron, 
i>y a passage between the westernmost of the 
Manitou Islands and the promontory of the True 
Detour, from the Michigan shore. The other 
channel, on the Canada side, terminates in the 
Manitou Bay of Lake Huron, upon the N. side o( 
the Manitou' Islands. The entire fall from the 
level of Lake Superior is 23 feet. Vessels with 
a draught of 6 feet may go up from Lake Huron 
to Sault de St. Mary at the foot of the Falls. 



244 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAItES, &c., 



St. Mtchtirl's Bii-n, Tiilbot Co.. M.i., flows S. 
10 miles towiiid!; Tioml' Haven Hay. then turns 
N. W., ami Hows 6 miles to Chesapeake Bay, 
which it ente^ij opposite the S. part of Kent 
Islaiul. by a broad estuary. 

St. Miduul River, Ca., flows N. W., and empties 
into Grand Kivcr. 

Si. Rui>hutl River, Ca. flows S. W., and empties 
into Green River. 

St. Re(/i.*t River. N. Y., rises in Franklin co., 
flows N. W., through a part of St. Lawrence co., 
into Canada, where it enters the St. Lawrence 
River a few miles above the line. 

St. Sinion^s Islands iiiid Sound, Ga. This sound 
lies otr Glynn co.. between Alataniaha Sound on 
the N., and JykiU Sound on the S. It contains 
St. Simon's, Little St. Simon's, Long, and some 
other islands. 

Sal-pam River. On. A small stream flowing 
yV. into Admiralty Inlet. 

Sal, Point, Ca. Sitinited on the Pacific coast, 
N. from Arjiuello Point. 

Salnnuuiir li'ivir, in. This stream is formed by 
the juiutiun of two branches near the centre of 
Jay CO., flows N. W., and empties into the Wa- 
bash liiver in Wabash co. 

Saline Bayou, Sevier CO., As. A tributary of 
Little Rock River. 

Saline Cnik. Mo. This small stream falls into 
the Mississi|)pi in the S. E. part of St. Genevieve 
CO. Salt has l)ecn manufactured here from the 
salt springs, which are numerous on its banks. 

Saline. River, Is. This river is formed near 
E(iuality, Gallatin co., by the union of N., S., and 
Jliddle Forks, and falls into the Oiiio 12 miles he- 
low Shawneetown. There are several extensive 
salt works on its borders. 

Saline River, As., rises in the Masscme moun- 
tains, 20 miles S. W. of Little Rock, and falls 
into the Waehita, after a southerly course of 50 
miles. 

Saline Rivei, La., rises iu Claibort\e parish, and 
flows S. W. into Black Lake, 8 miles N. E. of 
Natchitoches. Its length is .50 miles. 

SalkTlmtctiie River, S. C. This stream rises in 
the interior of Barnwell district, flows S. E., and 
unites with the Jackson branch to form the Com- 
bahce River. 

Salmon Brook, Aroostook co., Me., rises in two 
large forks, and flows S. into Aroostook River. 

Sainton Creek, N. Y. There are several streams 
of this name in the state, the most important of 
which rise in Oswego, Wayne, and Monroe coun- 
ties, and empty into Lake Ontario. 

Salmon Falh River, Me. and N. II. Sec Pis- 
cataqua. There is a remarkable fall in this river, 
between the towns of Uochcster and Lebanon, 
Me. The river is confined between two roeks, 
about 25 feet high, the bre:idth at the top of the 
bank not exceeding .'? rods. It is eallcd the 
Flume, is about 4 rods in length, and varii's from 
less than a foot to 2^ feet in breadth ; but the 
water has a subtcrram'ous passage. In the rocks 
are many cavities, mostly cylindrical, from 1 to 7 
feet in diameter, and from 1 to 4 in dej'th. 

Salmon Palls River, N. II. See Pisratni^ta. 

Salmon River, I'cnobseot co.. Me., flows .S. 
about 30 miles, and enters the Penobscot about 
4 miles below the junction of the E. and W. 
branches of that river. 

Salmon River, Ct. This fine mill stream rises 
in the high lands in Tolland co., flows S., receiv- 
ing many valuable tributaries, and enters the 



Connecticut at East Iladdam, where it produces 
a beautiful cataract. 

Salmon River, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., flows 
W. through Oswego co., and enters Lake Onta- 
rio, through Mexico Bay, at Port Ontario village. 
It has a tolerably good harbor at its mouth, and 
is boataldc, at liigh water, 14 miles, to the falls 
at Orwell. These falls may be classed among 
the greatest natural curiosities of the country. 
The current of the river is gentle for miles or 
more abo\e. then follow 2 miles of raj)ids, and 
then it falls almost perpendicularly 107 feet. At 
high water the sheet is 250 feet wide, but at 
low water it contracts to half that width. The 
banks are rocky precipices of from 70 to 90 feet 
in height above the falls, and about 200 feet be- 
low them. The river below the falls abounds in 
salmon, tr(nit. and other tine fish. 

Salmon River, N. Y. This stream rises in the 
E. part of Franklin co., flows N. W. into Canada, 
where it enters the St. Lawrence River. 

Salmon River, On. It rises among the Salmon 
Mts., in the E. part of the territory, flows N. of 
W., and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia 
River. 

Salmon River Mountains, On. A range extend- 
ing through the E. interior of the territory nearly 
parallel with Salmon River. 

Sdmon Trout River. Houghton Co., Mn. A 
small stream W. from I'ortage Lake, and flow- 
ing N. into Lake Superior. 

Salt Creek. Porter co., la. A small branch qf 
the Calumic River. 

Salt Lake!:, Ts. Two small lakes lying N. W. 
from the battle-ground of Palo Alto. 

Salt Lake, Ts. A small sheet of water supply- 
ing one of the head branches of Brazos River. 

Stlt River, Ky. Its hijad waters drain Mercer 
CO., and flowing N. into Anderson co. it turns W.. 
and enters the Ohio at West Point. 20 miles be- 
low Louisville, between Jefl'erson and Meade 
counties. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and 
hoatable 1.50 miles. On the S. side, 15 miles 
from its mouth, it receives a oranch nearly as 
large as itself, called the Rolling Fork, which 
also receives a large branch in Nelson co., called 
Beechy Fork. Some of the most fertile parts 
of the state are watered by this river and its 
brancdies. 

Salt River, Mo., rises in lo., and flows S. S. E. 
to Ralls CO., where it pursues a very winding N, 
E. and S. W. course, until it enters the Missis- 
sippi 85 miles above Missouri River. It is nav- 
igable to a limited extent. 

Salt River, Mi\., waters the N. E. part of Isa- 
bella CO.. flows ]•;., and empties into Tittibawasee 
River in Midland co. 

Salt River, Ca. This is a large river flowing 
S. W. into the Rio Gila. 

Stdlpetre Creek, Md., falls into Gunpowder 
River 12 miles E. N. E. from Baltimore. 

Saluda River, S. C This large stream rises 
in the N. W. part of the state, flows S. E., scp- 
aratitig Greenville. Laurens, and Newberry from 
Piekcns, Ander.son, Abbeville, and Edgefield dis- 
tricts. er(tsses Lexington district, and unites with 
Broad Biver at Columbia to form the Congarec 

Samphire Islands. St. Bernard jiarish. La. A 
group of small islands lying N. from the Macons. 

Sampit Creek, Georgetown district, S. C. A 
small stream which enters Winyaw Bay at 
Georgetown. 
San Atttonio River, Ts. It rises near the sources 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



245 



of San Miguel Kivor, flows S. E., and emplics 
into Espirilii Santo Bay. 

Sand Bay, Houglito'n co., Mn. Situated on 
the N. W. coast of Kcewaiwona Point, E. from 
the moutli of Eaj,'le Uivor. 

Sand Creek, Mai'.shall co., Is., enters the Illinois 
Kivcr a little above Macon. 

Sandeham River, On. An E. tributary of the 
Willamette. 

Sand Hill Rii'cr. Ma., flows W., and empties 
into North Red, a little above Goose River. 

Sand lull. Fa. A lon^, narrow islaiid, lying 
ofl" the coast of Ilillsboro' co. 

Sand Point liitvr. Ma., flows N. of E., and 
cmTjties into Lake Pepin. 

&indiiski/ Bai/, 0., lies in Ottowa, Sandusky, 
and Erie coimtics. It is 2.3 miles in lenKtli, 
with an average width fif about .'J miles. San- 
dusky River flows into it on the W., and on the 
E. it eomninnicatcs witli Lake Erie through a 
narrow strait. 

Sandiisl.i) Rinr, O., rises in Richland and 
Crawford counties, (lows N., 90 miles, through a 
fertile country, and empties into Sandusky Bay. 
A portage of + miles connects it with Seiota 
River, and though a rapid stream, it affords good 
navigation at high water. 

Sandi/ Creek rises m Orleans co., N. Y., flows 
N. W., and enters Lake Ontario in the town of 
Clarkson, Monroe co. 

Sumly Creek, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., flows 
W., and enters Lake Ontario in the town of 
EUisliurg, in Jefferson co. 

Sandi] Creek, Little, N. Y., rises in Jefferson co., 
flows S. W. into Oswego co., where it enters 
Lake Ontario, through Sandy Creek Bay, at the 
town of the same name. , 

Sandy Iloiik, MidiUetown, Monmouth CO., N. J. 
This is a sandy beach from lialf a mile to a mile 
wide, extending N. from Old Shrewsbury Inlet, 
and the S. extremity of the highlands of Never- 
sink, for a distance of G miles. It encloses Sandy 
Hook Bay. which is 7 miles long and 6 wide. As 
the sand accumulates and extends the point N., 
a new light house has been erected on Flynn's 
Knoll, half a mile N. of a former one. 

Sandy Inlet, N. C. A passage among the 
islands on the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. 

Sandy Lake, Ma. This is an irregular sheet 
of water, situated N. from Minsi Sagaigoning or 
Mille Lacs, and eoimected by an outlet on the 
N. \V. with Mississippi River. 

Sandy River, Me., rises near Saddleback 
Mountain, in Franklin co., flows in a winding 
S. E. direetiim into Somerset Co., where it enters 
the Kennebec at Starks, .37 miles above Au- 
gusta. It has a number of branches, is about 4.5 
miles in length, and affords excellent water 
power. 

San Francisco Bay, Ca. This large bay re- 
ceives the waters of Sacramento, San Joaquin, 
and other rivers, and is connected with the ocean 
by a narrow strait. 

San Francisco Rirer, Ca. A large stream 
flowing S. into Salt River. 

Sanijamon River, Is., rises in Vermilion co., 
in a small lake, flows S. \\'., then N. W.. and 
tinally \V., until its junction with Illinois 
River, between Cass and Mason counties. This 
river and its numerous tributaries water the 
most fertile and pleasant parts of the state. It 
is navigable to the junction of the N. and S. forks 
for small steamboats. 



San .Tacinio River, Ts. This small river flows 
S. E. into Galveston Bay. 

.San Joacjuin River. Ca. It lias its source in 
Tularcs Lake, and the Sierra Nevada, flows in a 
N. W. dii'cction through a hue valley, and empties 
into San Franci.sco Bay. 

San Ijen-is liar, or \Vesi Pass, Ts. The pas- 
sage between Galveston Island and the main land. 

.San Afarcvs Rirer, Ts. The head stream of 
Guadaloupe River. 

San Miipiel River, Ts. A large E. branch of 
Nueces River. 

Sanpoila River, On. A small stream flowing 
S. into ('larke Fork of Columbia River. 

.San Saba Iliver, Ts. A W. branch of Colora- 
do River, which it enters just below Pecan Creek. 

Santa Clara River, Ca. A small stream rising 
.among the Wahshatch Mts, and flowing S. into 
Virgin River. 

Santa Fe River, Fa. This river is formed by 
the junction of New and Sam}ison Rivers, flows 
in a winding W. direction, and, uniting with the 
Euchtuckne, enters the Suwannee. 

Santa Rosa Island. Santa Rosa co., Fa. This 
long, narrow island extends from Choctawhatchee 
Bay on the E. to Pensacola Bay on the W. 

Santec River, S. C. This large river is formed 
by the jimction of the Congarce and Wataree, 
and, flowing S. E., enters the sea by two mouths, 
aliout 20 miles below Georgetown. Navigable 
at some .seasons nearly 300 miles. 

Sanyhel Island, Hillsboro' co.. Fa. Situated S. 
from Pine Island, at the mouth of Carlosahatchee 
River. 

Sapelo Island, Mcintosh co., Ga. Situated in 
Sapelo Sound, which also contains Black Bear 
and some other islands. 

Saranae Lake, Lower, N. Y., lying in the S. 
part of Franklin co., is 7 miles long, 2 or 3 wide, 
and is connected on the W. with Round Lake 
and several other lakes and ponds. Its waters 
abound with hue fish. 

Saranae Lake, Upper, Hamilton Co., N. Y. 
This lake, which lies,3 or 4 miles W. of Lower 
Saranae Lake, is 10 miles long, from 2 to 3 wide, 
and is surrounded by numerous other lakes and 
ponds, which are the head sources of Saranae 
and Ra])id Rivers. The lakes and outlets are 
boatable to a considerable extent, and are well 
stocked with the fish peculiar to this part of the 
country'. 

Saranae River, N. Y., rises in the Saranao 
Lakes, in the S. part of Franklin eo., flows N. E. 
across the corner of Essex CO., and enters Lake 
Charaplain at Plattsburg, in Clinton eo. This 
river rises within a mile of Racket River, and 
might be rendered boatable a considerable por- 
tion of its length. It has been computed that 
by excavations and locks a continuous line of 
na\ig.ation. 210 miles in length, might be formed 
through these two rivers. 

Saratoga Lal;e, Saratoga CO., N. Y. This bean- 
tiful sheet of water is situated 4 miles S. E. of 
Saratoga Springs village, and 5 miles E. of 
Ballston Spa. It is 9 miles long, and about 2 
wide. It is much resorted to by pleasure parties, 
during the summer months, as the lake is abun- 
dantly stocked with fish of various kinds, and its 
shores abound with wild game. 

Saratoga S/niiii/s, N. Y. See Fashionahle Resorts. 

Sassafras Rirer. Md., forms the boundary be- 
tween Cecil and Kent counties, and empties into 
Chesapeake Bay. 



246 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



Saugatuck Rifer, Ct. Sec Westport. 

Savaffe Creek, Ky., nins on llie boundary be- 
tween Greenup anil Carter counties, and empties 
into the Bi^^ Sandy River. 

Savannah Rlcer, Ga., is formed by the junction 
of Tugalo and Kiowce Rivers, in the S. E. part 
of Franklin co., 100 miles above Aufriista, and 
flows S. E., formin;^ the boundary between Ga. 
and S. C, until its entrance into the Atlantic, 
through Tybec Sound, in 32° N. lat. The largest 
vessels ascend to Five Fathom Hole, 1.3 miles 
from the ocean, and 3 miles below Savannah. 
Large brigs come to the wharves in Savannah. 
Steamboats ascend to Augusta, 340 miles from 
its mouth, and pole boats go 150 miles farther. 
The tide Hows 2-') miles up the river. 

Sawlcill CiecX-, Dutchess co., N. Y., rises in the 
town of Milan, flows W., and enters Hudson 
River at the town of Redhook. 

Saw Mill River, Westchester CO., N. Y. This 
stream, on which are situated several factories 
and mills, flows in a S. W. direction, and enters 
the Hudson at the village of Yonkers. 

Saxlon's River, Vt., is formed in Grafton by 
the union of several streams from Windham, 
and running in an E. direction about 10 miles, 
through the S. part of Rockingham, falls into 
Connecticut River in the N. E. corner of West- 
minster, about 1 mile below Bellows Falls. 

Scantic River, Ct. See East Windsor. 

iScapan Pond, Aroostook co.. Me. This is a 
pretty large sheet of water, the outlet of which 
flows into Aroostook River. 

Scarlxtro' Creek, Brown co., Wn. A branch of 
Kewance River, which it enters from the S. W. 

Schlosser Landintj, Niagara CO., N. Y.. is situ- 
ated on the E. side of Niagara River, in the town 
of Niagara, about a mile and a half above the 
Falls, and opposite Chippewa village, Canada. 
It has become famous as being the place where 
the steamboat Caroline was destroyed by the 
British, December 29, 1837. It was sufl^ered to 
be precipitated over the Falls, having been pre- 
viously set on fire. 

Schoharie Creek, N. Y., rises among the Cats- 
kill Mts., in Greene co., flows N. through Scho- 
harie CO., and enters the Mohawk in Montgomery 
CO. This large stream and its tributaries afford 
extensive water power. 

Schoodic ImKcs, Me. These lakes are about 
twelve in number, lying in the N. part of Wash- 
ington CO., and from them issue the .Schoodic, or 
W. branch of the St. Croix River. The most E. 
of these lakes is called the Big Lake. The true 
Indian name is Gena-sau-ca-naw-gum. It is of a 
very irregular form, and about 9 miles in length. 
It is connected by a very rapid stream, 3 miles 
long, with Grand Lake, whose Indian name is 
]Vid-i-wan-caii-f/ain. This is a splendid sheet of 
water, 15 miles in length, is very deep, and the 
water remarkably clear. It is well stocked with 
fish. Beyond this, on the. S. W., is I'ocumcus 
Lake, 4 miles long, and the Waboosis, 3 miles 
long. In a W. direction lies the Sic-la-dob-sis, 
10 miles in extent. Farther N. is the Horse-shoe 
Lake, so calleil from its form ; also the Junior 
Lake, 6 miles long. Still farther on is the Scrag- 
gled Lake, of an irregular shape ; also the Pleas- 
ant Lake, 5 miles long, with some others of less 
size. These are all connected by considcrable- 
tized streams, and, except between the Big and 
Grand Lakes, there is a continuous boat naviga- 
tion of nearlv 100 miles in extent. The charac- 



ter of these watei's, which arc very extensive, 
and of the surrounding country, which is very 
fertile and well wooded, may be expressed in 
nearly the same words as those applied to Moose 
Head Lake. 

Schoolei/'s Mountain, N. J., is a peak of the 
chain which extends across the N. W. part of the 
sratc. It crosses the N. W. part of Morris co., 
has a height of 600 feet above its base, and about 
1100 feet above the level of the ocean. A min- 
eral spring near its top has rendered it quite cele- 
brated, and a turnpike road leading from New 
York to Easton crosses it. 

Schroon Lake, N. Y., lies in Essex and Warren 
counties. It is 10 miles long, from 1 to 2 wide, 
and abounds with tish. Deer and other wild 
game are found in the forests on its borders. 

Schroon River, N. Y. This stream rises in 
Essex CO., flows S., and unites with the main 
branch of the Hudson in Warren co. 

Schui/ler, Fort, N. Y. See Throrj's Point and 
Utica. 

Schuijler^s Lake, N. Y. See Canaderaga. 

Schuylkill River, I"a. The three principal 
branches of this river rise in Schuylkill co., and 
flowing S. E., it enters the Delaware 7 miles 
below Philadelphia. It is abont 140 miles long. 
The moW important of its tril>utaries are Tulpe- 
hocken Creek, from the W., and Pcrkiomen 
Creek, from the E. Vessels of from 300 to 400 
tons ascend to the W. wharves of Philadelphia, 
where its average depth at common tides is from 
13 to 14 feet. By means of canals and pools, it is 
navigable 108 miles, from Fairmount Dam, above 
Philadelphia, to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill co. 
An immense quantity of coal is transported on it. 

Sciota River. O.. rises in Hardin co., and, flow- 
ing through Marion and Delaware into I^ranklin 
CO., receives Whetstone or Olentangy River, just 
above Columbus, whence it flows nearly S. to its 
junction with the Ohio, at Portsmouth, where it 
is 150 yards wide. It flows *about 160 miles 
through a very fertile country, and is navigable 
130, to the mouth of Little Sciota River. 

Scragqi) Neck Island, Barnstable CO., Ms. Situ- 
ated between Cataumut and Red Brook Har- 
bor. 

Scull Creek, Colleton district, S. C. The E. 
and largest branch of Ashepoo River. 

Scull's Creek. Emanuel co., Ga. A small trib- 
utary of the Ogeechee River. 

Scupernong Creek, Wn. It rises in the S. W. 
part of Waukesha co., and flows W. into Jeffer- 
son CO., where it enters Rock River. 

Scullock Point, Me. A small cape situated in 
Ion. 67° 58' W., and lat. 44° 18' N. 

Seaconnet Rocks, or Point, R. I. See Little 
Compton. 

Sebago Lake, Cumberland co.. Me. This beau- 
tiful lake receives the waters of Long and several 
other ponds, and of Crooked River. It is 12 
miles in length, and its greatest width is from 
Baldwin to Raymond, a distance of about 7 miles. 
Its outlet is Presiunpscut River, which empties 
into Casco Bay. The Cumberland and O.vford 
Canal passes from this lake to Portland. 

Sthastirouk Rim; Me., rises on the borders of 
Penobscot and Piscataquis counties, flows 8. W. 
and S. through a part of Somerset co., which it 
divides, for a short distance, from Waldo co. ; 
thence it tlows S. W. through a part of Kennebec 
CO., and enters Kennebec River, opposite Waler- 
viUe. This stream flows 50 miles through a beau- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



247 



tiful country, receives several tributaries, and af- 
fords excellent water ])Ower. 

Sebec Poml, Piscataquis CO., Me., lies in the 
towns of Selicc, Foxcrofr, and Bowerbank ; it is 
surrounded by a beautiful and heavily timbered 
country, is about 10 miles long, and averages 
about a mile in width. Its outlet is a mill stream 
about 10 miles in leni;th. 

Sf-hewa Crepk. Iviton and Ionia counties, Mn., 
flows N. into Grand Diver. 

Selioois Lakes and Hirer, Penobscot Co., Me. 
The lakes are of an irre;rular form, about 1,5 miles 
in len;,'th. and varyini; from half a mile to a mile 
and a half in width. They lie near tlie Aroostook 
and Sclioois Kivcr. Their outlet flows S. 50 
mile.s into the E. branch of the Penobscot. 

Seeoiid Lake, Dane Co., Wn. Situated between 
Third Lake on the N. W., and First Lake on the 
S. E., with both of which it is connected by outlets. 

Second Emliarras Iiiv(r, Ma. It rises in Dead 
Fish Lake, flows S. W., and empties into St. Louis 
River. 

Seneca Fort. Seneca CO.. ().. situated on the W. 
side of Sandusky River, in the town of the same 
name. 

S&tcea Lake, N. Y., is the larixest of that series 
of bcantiful lakes lyin<; in the interior of Western 
New York. It is 40 miles ion<r, and varies in 
width from 2 to 4 miles. Its elon;xated diameter 
is nearly from N. to S. The elevation of its sur- 
face is 431 feet above tide water. About midway, 
upon the W. shore, it receives the outlet of 
Crooked Lake, which lies about 6 miles to the S. 
W., elevated 265 feet above. Its own outlet is at its 
N. E. angle, and flows E. about 12 miles to Cayu- 
ga Lake, aflbrding a tine water power at Waterloo, 
and also at Seneca Falls. The whole descent, in 
12 miles, is about 80 feet. At the foils the water 
descends 47 feet over 4 dams. Seneca Lake is 
very deep, and consequently is never entirely 
frozen over; 12 miles from its outlet, it has been 
ascertained to be 560 feet deep. The lands upon 
the shores of this lake are very picturesque and 
beautiful, being highest and boldest about the S. 
end, and towards the N. less elevated, but undu- 
lating, and bountifully adorned with the fruits of 
cultivation, with here and there a remaining tract 
of the primitive forest. The landscape gradually 
rises, for several miles from the shores. Iiy broad 
natural terraces, or successive ridges, running par- 
allel with the hake, over a considerable extent of 
conntry. Tliis lake is connected by a canal with 
Crooked Lake. Its outlet is also made navigable 
by locks at Waterloo, connecting its commerce 
with that of the Erie Canal. It is connected also 
by railroad conveyance S. with the Susquehanna 
River, at Owego, and with the Delaware River 
and the Erie Railroad at Binghampton. Upon 
the lake it.self steamboats run regularly tlirough 
from Geneva, near its foot, to Jetfer.son, at its 
head. It is known that the water of this lake has 
a gradual rise and fall, through periods of several 
years; but the cause of this has never been as- 
certained. 

Seneca River. N. Y., is the outlet of Seneca 
Lake, from the N. end of which it flows E. about 
12 miles, to the N. end of Cayuga Lake. Receiv- 
ing the waters from this lake, it turns N. until it 
meets with a stream formed by the outlet of Can- 
andaigua Lake, and other small tributaries coming 
from the W. ; .after which it flows E. again, re- 
ceiving other tributaries successively from the 
outlets of Owasco, Skaneatelcs, and Onondaga 



Lakes, until it meets that of the Oneida Lake ; 
where, turning to the N. W., it becomes the Os- 
wego River, and flows into Lake Ontario, at Oi- 
wego. Its course is about 60 miles from Scnecu 
Lake, across .Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga coun. 
ties, to its confluence with the Oswego. It is ren- 
dered navigable by a canal and locks to the great 
Erie Canal at Waterloo. There are f.dls in this 
river at the village of .Seneca Falls, 10 miles from 
the lake, and also at Waterloo. 4 miles higher up, 
upon which, especially the former, a great water 
power is obtained. 

Seneca Hirer, S. C, rises in the Blue Ridge, 
N. C, flows S. through Pickens and Anderson 
districts, S. C, and enters the Tugaloo. It is about 
50 miles long, and has numerous branches. 

Sequale/ii/ Hirer, Te. Tliis river rises in theN. 
interior of Bledsoe eo., flows in a pretty direct S. 
W. course, and empties into the Teune.-sce River in 
the S. part of Marion co. 

Seven Beaver Lake, Ma, This sheet of water 
contains one or two islands, and is the source of 
the head branch of St. Louis River. 

Seven Mile Brook, Me., rises in Franklin and 
Somerset counties, flows about .15 mile.i in a S. 
E. direction, affording tine mill privileges to the 
towns of Kinglield and New Portland, and enters 
the Iveunebec at Anson, 40 miles N. E. from Au- 
gusta. 

Severn Hirer, Anne Arundel co., Md.. rises near 
the centre of the county, flows S. E., and empties 
into Chesapeake Bay just below Annapolis city. 

Sei/more's Hdl, Saudisfield, Ms. Ileight 1698 
feet. 

Sei/mour Lake, Vt. See Morgan. 

Shade Creek, Pa., rises in Somerset co., in the 
Alleghany Mts., and falls into Conemaugh River 
at Johnstown. 

Shade Mountains, Pa. This ridge of the Al- 
leghany chain extends from Bedford eo. through 
Huntington into Mitflin co., a distance of 40 miles. 

Shahmiter Cape, On. Situated on the W. coast 
S. from Griiy's Harbor. 

Shallot Hirer and Inlet, Brunswick CO., N. C. 
The river receives several small tributaries, and 
passes through the inlet into the sea. 

Shallow Lake, Me. This is one of a chain of 
lakes lying in the W. part of Piscataquis eo. 

Shtuuokin Creek, Pa., after a course of 30 miles 
enters the E. side of the Susquehanna, 2 miles 
below Suiibury. 

Shanwapi/uam Hirer, On. A head branch of 
the Yakima River. 

Shark Hirer, Monmouth CO., N. J. A small 
stream emptying into the Atlantic through Shark 
Inlet. 

Sharon Sprinejs. See Mineral Sprinqs. 

Shurp^s Island, Md. Situated in Chesapeake 
Bay, at the mouth of Choptank River. 

Sharpshin Point, Vt. A high, rocky point, situ- 
ated on the N. side of Burlington Bay. I mile aud 
217 rods from the S. wharf in Burlington. 

Shaw's Creek, S. C. A branch of the South 
Edisto River, with which it unites in Barnwell 
district. 

Shawanyunk Creek, or River, 'N.Y. This stream 
ri.ses in Orange CO., flows N. E., and enters the 
Wallkill in Ulster co. 

Shawan(/unk Mountains, N. Y. This range, 
which is a continuation of the Alleghany chain, 
extends in a N. E. direction through Orange and 
Sullivan counties, and terminates at the town of 
New Paltz, in Ulster co. The E. declivity is par- 



248 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



tially ciiltiiatecT, but the W. is rocky and precipi- 
tous. They contain a tine lead mine. 

S/iel>o'iaa?i River, Wii., rise.< near Lake Winne- 
bago, in Fond dn Lac co., and passing throu^li a 
small lake in the N. W. part of Sheljoyf,'an co., it 
proceeds by a windin;; E. course to Lake .Michigan. 

Slinjisrot River, Mc, rises in the town of Pa- 
lermo. Waldo CO., flows about 35 miles in a S. 
direction, and falls into Sheepscot Hay. This 
river is navigable, and affords valuable mill priv- 
ileges. The tide meets it between Wiscasset and 
Newcastle. 

Sheepscot Bay, Me., extends inland about 10 
miles between the towns of Boothbay and George- 
town. Its mouth is .3 miles wide, and bears N. E. 
6 miles from Seguin light, at the mouth of the 
Kennebec. 

Shee^g'a Creelc, Ky. A small stream flowing 
through Barren co. into the Big Barren River. 

S/telhunie Bay, Vt. Sec Shelbnnte. 

Shell Lake, St. Croix co., Wn. Situated in the 
N. E. part cf the county, at the head of Clam 
Kiver. 

Shenandoah River, Va. This river is formed in 
Warren co. by the junction of two branches. 
The N. branch rises in ]{ockingham co., and the 
S. branch in Augusta co. The latter flows along 
the W. side of Blue Ridge, and nearly parallel 
with it, until its union with the N. branch, whence 
the main stream flows N. E. to its entrance into 
the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, just before its 
passage through the Blue Ridge. 

Shepaiifj River, Ct. This stream rises in Go- 
shen. Litchfield co., flows S. through the towns 
of Washington and Roxbury, and enters the 
Housatbnic at Southbury. It receives several 
branches, and affords good water power. 

Slieiek Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. This is the 
most N. of a chain of lakes supplying the head 
waters of Red Cedar River. 

Shetek Lake, Ma. This is one of a cluster of 
lakes supplying the head waters of Moingonan 
River. 

Shetucket River, Ct.. rises by several branches 
in Tolland and Windham counties. It passes 
between tlie towns of Lisbon and Franklin, and 
joining the Quinnebaug at Norwii-h. flows into 
th^ Thames. It receives several branches, the 
pr wipal of which are the Natchang and Willi- 
mantic, .and affords tine mill privileges. 

Shickskinny Mountain, Pa., extends along the 
W. side of Susquehanna River, which it crosses 
in Luzerne co. 

Shinnecock Bay, Sufix)lk CO., N. Y., is a beautiful 
body of water, lying in the town of Southamp- 
ton. It is 10 miles long, and from S to 4 wide. 
A narrow sand beach, evidently formed by the 
waves, separates it from the ocean. This bay 
has long been celebrated for its shell fish. Cl.ims 
of a superior quality are found here in great 
abundance, affording employment to a great many 
persons. 

Shishili L,ake, La Pointe eo., Wn. Situated in 
the S. E. part of the county, between Weyckwa 
and Manitosawin Lakes. 

Shittic'Xik River, Aroostook Co., Me., is the 
largest N. E. branch of the Matawamkeag. 

SImiI Creek, Is., a tributary of Kaskaskia Riv- 
«r, rises in Montgomery co. 

Shoal River, Fa. One of the principal branch- 
es of the Yellow Water River, with whicli it joins 
in Santa Rosa co. 

Sholey's Fork, Ca. It flows S. into the Rio Gila. 



Shootinfj Creek; Cherokee CO., N. C, flows W. 
into the Hiawassee River. 

Shrewsbury River, Shrewsbury to\vn, Monmouth 
CO., N. J., a continuation of Sandy Hook Bay, 
flows about 5 miles, partly through a salt marsh, 
and averages about a mile and a half in width. 
It receives Shrewsbury River proper, a stream 6 
or 7 miles long. 

Sibley Lake. Ma., lies N. from Gayashk Lake, 
with which it is connected. 

Sideling Creek, Md. A small branch of the 
Potomac, running on the E. side of Sideling Mt. 

Side/inef Mountains. This range traverses Hunt- 
ington and Bedford counties, Pa., and Alleghany 
CO., Md. 

Sieyris River, Me., flows S., and enters the St. 
John's W. of Grand River. 

SieiTa Nevada. Ca. This large chain of moun- 
tains extends through the W. part of ('a., and 
contains some of the highest laml in the Union. 
It is the source of many large rivers, the princi- 
pal of which are the Rio Sacramento and Rio 
San Joaquin. 

Siltinian Lake, Ma. The most S. of a chain 
of lakes, connecting by an outlet with North Red 
River. 

Silver Bluff", S. C. This eminence extends 
about 2 miles along the Savannah, is about 1 mile 
wide, and is elevated nearly 30 feet above the 
opposite shore. 

Silver Creek, Chatauque CO., N. Y., rises in the 
town of Hanover, and flows N. W. jnto Lake Erie. 

Silver Creek, Burke co., N. C, flows N.N. E., 
and empties into the Catawbii near Morgan. 

Silver Creek, Clarke CO., la. It flows in a S. 
direction, forming part of the boundary between 
Clarke and Floyd counties, and empties into the 
Ohio River. 

Silver Lake, Wyoming co., N. Y., is 3 miles 
long and three fourths of a mile wide. It is a 
charming sheet of water, and is stocked with bass, 
pickerel, muscalonge. and other fish peculiar to 
Lake Erie, from whence they were brought. 

Silver River, Ca. A small stream flowing S. W. 
into St. John's River. 

.SVhk's Stream, N. H., rises from several ponds 
and springs among the mountains in the town 
of Columbia, and falls into the Connecticut Riv- 
er near the N. W. extremity of the town. 

Sinepuxent Inlet. Worcester Co., Md., situated 
in lat. 38° 10' 30" N., is the enirance into Sine- 
puxent Bay from the ocean. The bay is long and 
narrow, and Asaticque Island separates it from 
the Atlantic. 

Sinnemahoninri River, Pa., enters tlie W. branch 
of the Susquehanna in the S. W. part of Lyco- 
ming CO. 

Sinooyaionock River, N. H. See Israel's River. 

Sioux River, Ma. This large river rises near 
the sources of the Minesota or St. Peter's River, 
flows S. S. E.. forming the boundary between lo. 
and Ma., and empties into the Missouri. 

Sipsey River, Aa. This river rises in the W. 
part of Walker co., and flows S. S. W. into the 
Tombigbee. ' 

Sisclin Lake, Otsego CO., Mn. The waters of 
this lake connect by an outlet with a branch of 
the Au Sable liiver. 

Si.r Mile Vreirk, Tompkins co., N. Y., flows 
N. W. to the village of Ithaca, where it enters 
Cayuga Lake. 

Skaneateles Lake, N. Y. This beautiful and 
romantic slieet of water lies partly between Ca- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



249 



yaga and Onondaga counties. It is 15 miles 
loni:, mid from half a mile to a mile wide. Its 
N. shores are bordered by highly cultivated forms 
and country seats, wliile" the S. banks are more 
rugged and picturesque. It is famous for its line 
trout, which are taken in great numbers, weigh- 
ing from 5 to 10 pounds each. 

likmaminjiinnish River, Mn., waters the W. part 
of Montmorenci Co., and flows N. into Lake 
Huron. 

Skootum Lake, Piscataquis co.. Me. This is a 
pretty large sheet of water, the outlet of which 
enters Piscataquis River. 

iSkunk River, lo. Otherwise called Chicaqua. 
Rises near the centre of the state ; runs into the 
Mississippi parallel with the Des Moines, and dis- 
tant 20 to 30 miles from it N. 

Siet'pini) River, Mn. A small stream emptying 
into Lake Superior. 

Slee/ii/ Creek, Va., rises in the N. part of Fred- 
erick CO., and runs N. E. into the Potomac. 

Slipperi/ Rock Creek, Pa., rises in Mercer and 
Butler counties, and falls into Conquenessing 
Creek a little above its entrance into Big Beaver 
River. Length .35 miles. 

Small Cape, Me., situated in the S. part of 
Pliipsliurg, is the E. boundary of Casco Bay. 

Smith Fork, Ca. One of the liead branches of 
Eagle River. 

Smil/i's Island, Northampton CO., Va., lies in 
the Atlantic. N. E. from Cape Charles. 

Smit/ifi hiaiui. New Hanover co., N. C., is sit- 
uated at the "mouth of Cape Fear River. Cape 
Fear is the S. extremity of the island. A light- 
house stands on the W. side, overlooking the 
main channel. 

Smith's Point, Va. The E. extremity of 
Northumberland co., extending into Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Smith's River, Grafton co., N. H. This river 
rises from several ponds in Grafton and Oi'ange, 
and after pursuing u mnding E. course of from 
12 to 18 miles, through Danbury and Alexan- 
dria, falls into the Pemigewasset between Bristol 
and Hill. 

Smithtoivn Bay. N. Y., lies in the town of Smith- 
town, on the N. side of Long Island, and is a 
good harbor during easterly storms. It is a great 
resort of wild Wi\tcr fowl, and is stocked with 
various kinds of fish. 

Snake Island, N. Y. See Rattlesnake Island. 

Soda Luke, Caddo parish, La., lies S. from 
Caddo Lake, with which it is connected. 

Sodiis Bay, or Great Sodns Baij, Wayne co.. 
N. Y., is an irregnlar body of water, lying in the 
towns of Sodns and Huron, and ojiening into 
Lake Ontario on the N. It is navigable, and at 
its month have been constructed extensive piers 
and light-houses. It is 5 miles long, and from 1 
to .3 wide. 

Soldier River, lo. This stream rises in the N. 
W. interior of the state, near the source of Rac- 
coon River, flows S. AY., and empties into the 
Missouri. 

Soucook River, N. H., has its source in 3 ponds 
in the S. part of Gilmanton. called Loon, Rocky, 
and Shi,'llcam|) Ponds. The river passes tln'oufjli 
Loudon, receiving several branches, and forms 
the boundary between Concord and Pembroke, 
falling into the Meri'imack iielow Garvin's Falls. 

Sondnciink Stream, Piscataquis CO., Me., rises in 
a small lake, and flows S. into the W. branch of 
the Penobscot. 

32 



Souheyan River, N. H., originally Smdiefjenack. 
The name of a river in HiUsboro' CO., and tiie for- 
mer name of Amherst and Merrimack. The prin- 
cipal branch of this river originates from a j)ond 
in Asbbarnham, Ms. It passes N. through Ash- 
by into New Ipswich, and through Mason, Mil- 
ford, Amherst, into the town of Merrimack, whore 
it unites with Merrimack River. In its course 
it receives several streams from Temple, Lyndc- 
boro', and Mount Vernon, and just before it falls 
into the Merrimack receives Bablioosuek Brook, 
a stream issuing from Babboosuck Pond. See 
Amherst. 

South Bays, Vt. There are two b.ays of this 
name, one at the S. end of Lake Champlain, near 
Whitehall, and the other at the S. end of Lake 
Memphremagog, between Salem and Newport. 

Sonlh Bay. Washington co., N. Y. This bay 
lies between the towns of Dresden and Whitehall, 
and opens into Lake Champlain. It is 4 miles 
long, and half a mile wide. 

South Bay, N. Y. See Great South Bay. 
South River, N. C. A larj;e iril)Utary of the 
Cape Fear River. It rises in the N. E. ]iart of 
Cumberland co., flows S- S. E., separating Samp- 
son and New Hanover from Cumberland, Bla- 
den, and Brunswick counties. 

South Newport River, Ga. This river flows in 
an easterly direction, forming the boundary line 
lietwcen Liberty and Mcintosh counties, and falls 
into Sapelo Sound. 

South Three River, lo., rises in the N. part of 
Clarke co.. Hows N. E. across Warren co., and 
empties into the Desmoines. 

SouHtdab.seook River, Penobscot Co., Me. This 
stream falls into the Penobscot at Hampden, 5 
miles below Bangor. Within 3 miles of its mouth 
it falls 120 feet, furni.^liing many valuable mill 
privileges. The main branch, which rises in 
Stetson, unites with the Harvey Stream from 
Levant, and the Kinsley Stream from Etna, both 
affording excellent mill sites, near the village in 
Carmel. Below these the Suwadaljscook is deep 
and sluggish, from 15 to 25 yards in width, flow- 
ing through extensive meadows, and the Great 
and Little Ponds in Hermon, with very little de- 
scent, to the head of the falls in Hampden. Near 
the E. line of Carmel. this stream comes within 
about 20 rods of the Little Kenduskeat;, a stream 
which flows through the N. E. ])art of Carmel, 
from Levant to Bangor ; and tlic two streams 
are united by a brancli from 20 to 30 feet wide, 
and 3 feet deep, called the " Cross." The Kendus- 
keag is so rapid that it rises and falls much quicker 
than the Sowadabscook. When the streams are 
rising, the current in the Cross sets towards the 
Sowadabscook, and when (ailing towards the Ken- 
duskeag. The country watered by the Sowadabs- 
cook is generally rather level and free from hills, 
though there are many swells of very fine farming 
land. 

Spajhrd's Lake, N. H. See Chesterfield. 
Spanish Creek. Camden CO., Ga. A small trib- 
utary of St. iMary's River. 

Spanish Lake, Natchitoches parish. La., lies S. 
from Red River, into wliich it discharges its 
waters. It i-eecives several small streams, the 
principal of which is Bayou Terre Blanche. 

Speckled Miuntain, Oxford co. Me., lies on the 
N. H. line, partly in the town of Riley. Eleva- 
tion about 4000 feet. 

Spencer Mountain, Piscataquis co., Me., lies E 
of Moose Head Lake. 



250 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.. 



Spemlia Island, Harford co., Md.. lies in Chesa- 
peake Bay. just hulow Turkey Point. 

Spiiii/ot ItU'er, N. n. and Ms., rises in Hemp- 
stead, and passes tlirnujili Salem, and into tlie 
Merrimack, between Melhuen and Draeut, Ms., 
nearly opposite Sliawsliecn River, which comes 
from the S. tliroui^h Andover. 

Spipen River, On. A head braneh of Yakima 
River. 

Spirit Lake, lo. Situated in the west of tlie 
state at the head of Inyan Yankey or Little Sioux 
River. 

Split Cape. Me. See Addison. 

Spoon Rifcr, Is., is formed in Coffee eo., by the 
union of several forks, and pursues a S. course 
until it enters the W. side of the Illinois. It af- 
fords good water power. 

Spracjue's Hill, Bridfjewater, Ms. 

SpriiK/ Creek, Ga., rises in the N. part of Early 
CO., flows S., and falls into Flint River near its 
junction with the Chattahoochee. 

Spring Kivtr, Mo. and Wes. Ter. The head 
branches of this stream drain Lawrence eo. ; it 
then flows in a circuitous S. W. course into the 
Western Territory, where it enters Neosho River. 

Sprint] Garden Lake, Orange eo.. Fa., lies S. E. 
from Lake George, and empties into St. John's 
River. 

Spruce Bill, Bridgewater, Ms. Height 2.588 
feet. 

Smiyten Dtiyvel Creek, N. Y. See Harlem River. 

Sqatluck River. Me., rises in the N. part of the 
state, near the Canada line, and flows \V. into the 
Toladi. 

Sqmm Lake, N. II. This beautiful sheet of 
water lies on the borders of Holderness, Sand- 
wich, Moultonhoro', and Centre Harbor. It is 
about 6 miles long, and in its widest part 3 miles 
in width. It covers a surface of between 6000 and 
"000 acres, contains numerous islands, and is well 
stored with lish. This fine lake is but a short 
distance from the celebrated " Senter House," at 
Centre Harbor. 

Squam River, N. H. See Holderness. 

Sqnamscot or Swamscot River, N. H., called also 
Great or Exeter River. See Exeter. 

Sfjuaiv Island, Erie co., N. Y., lies in the Niagara 
River, and is attached to the town of Black Rock. 
It contains about 1.30 acres of land. 

Squirrel River, Portage CO., Wn. A small W. 
branch of the Little Wisconsin River. 

Stanislaus River, Ca. It rises among the Sierra 
Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Joa- 
quin. 

Stanwix. Fort, N. Y. See Rome. 

Staten Island, N. Y., lies in the Bay of New 
York, about six miles S. of the city, and consti- 
tutes the county of Richmond, witli four towns. 
It has Newark B.ty, and the channel called the 
" Kills," on the N. ; New York harbor and the 
Narrows, between the outer and inner liays of 
New York, on the E. ; Raritan Bay S. ; and 
Staten Island Sound W. The centre of the 
island is about 1 1 miles S. W. from t!ie city. It 
is 14 miles in length N. E. and S. W. and 8 
miles wide in its broadest part. Its suiface is 
agreeably diversified, with some good soil for 
cultivation, and the advantage of nearness to 
the market for the disposal of every kind of prod- 
uct. The highest elevation is that of Kichniond 
Hill, from the smnniit of which, :ill7 feet above 
tlie level of the ocean, the prospect, which may 
be enjoyed with little elTort to obtain it, embra- 



cing the city and the harbor of New York, with its 
shipping, its fortifications, and its islands. Brook- 
lyn, and the surrounding country on Long Island, 
Hoboken, and the adjacent portions of New Jer- 
sey, is extremely rich and beautiful. On a hill 
near the Narrows a telegraphic signal is erected, 
communicating with the Marine Telegraph on 
the Merchants' Exchange in Wall Street. The 
New York quarantine ground is on the N. shore 
of this island, opposite to tlio villages of Tomp- 
kinsville and Stapleton, to both of which places 
steamboats run several times a day, from the 
foot of Whitehall Street. New Brighton is a 
pleasant village on the margin of the island, a 
little further W., where are many elegant resi- 
dences, occupied by families from the city. The 
Sailor's Snug Harbor, a large and imposing edi- 
fice, is an asylum for superannuated seamen, sit- 
uated a short distance from New Brighton. The 
seat of justice for the county, embracing Staten 
Island, is at Richmond. 

Steer Creek, Gilmer co., Va. A S. branch of 
the Little Kanawha River. 

Sterlini/ Peak, Vt. See Sterlinij. 

Stevens's Branch, Vt. See Barre. 

Stevens Creek, S. C. This stream rises in Ab- 
beville and Edgefield districts, receives many 
large branches, and empties into the Savannah in 
Edgefield district. 

Stevens's River, Vt. This fine mill stream 
rises in Pcacham and Ryegate. It received ita 
name in compliment to Captain Phineas Stevens, 
the brave defender of Charlestown, N. H. The 
waters of tiiis river are remarkably clear, and its 
banks luxuriant and romantic. It meanders 
aliout 15 miles, and in its course through Barnet 
receives Harvey's Lake, a pellucid sheet of water, 
covering an area of 300 acres. This beautiful 
river mingles with the Connecticut at Barnet, 
where it makes a descent of 100 feet in the dis- 
tance of 10 rods. 

Sting Bay Point, Va. The S. E. extremity of 
Middlesex co., at the mouth of the Rappahan- 
nock River. 

Stocton's Island, La Pointe co., Wn. Situat- 
ed in the W. part of Lake Superior, S. from 
Bartlett's Island. 

Stone Coal Creek, Lewis co.,Va., flows N.W.. and 
enters the W. fork of the Monongahela at Weston. 

Stone's River, Te. An important stream rising 
in the E. part of Cannon co., and flowing N. W. 
into the Cumlicrland River, which it enters N. 
E. from Nashville. 

Stone Inlet, Colleton district, S. C. The pas- 
sage between Riawaw and Folly Islands. 

Stony Island, Jeft'erson CO., N. Y. This island 
lies in the E. part of Lake Ontario, and belongs 
to the town of Henderson. It is about 3 miles 
long and 1 wide. 

Stony Point, Monroe CO., Mn., extends into 
Lake Erie, E. from Plaisance Bay. 

St7-awlietTy Island, N. Y.. lies in Niagara Uivcr, 
about 1 miie below Black Rock, and is a great 
resort of S|)ortsmcn, as it atiounds in wild ducks, 
and afl'ords fine fishing grounds. It contains 100 
acres of low ground, mostly covered with coarse 
grass. 

Strawhrry River, As. This river rises in tho 
interior of Fulton co., flows S. E. through Law- 
rence CO., and falls into Big Black Uivcr in the 
N. E. corner of Independence co. 

.sVroiK/ River, Mi., rises in Scott CO., flows S. W, 
and empties into Pearl River. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



251 



Stump Met, N. C. A passage among the islands 
off the S. E. coast of New Hanover eo. 

Sturgeon Bai/. Brown co., Wii. A long, narrow 
bay, eomraiinieating on the N. W. with Green 
Bay, andi extending S. E. nearly to Lake Mieh- 
igan. 

Sturgeon River, Mn. It rises in a number of 
small lakes in the N. part of Marquette eo., flows 
W., and then N., into Houghton co., where it 
empties into Portage Lake. 

Success Poinl. N. Y. iSee Lalxville. 

Such Creek, Te., enters Tennessee River at the 
Whirl. 

Sucker's Fork, Seott CO., la. A small branch 
of Graham's Fork of the Museatauck River. 

Sucker Hirer, Mn., rises in a small lake in the 
N. E. part of Schoolcraft co., flows across a cor- 
ner of Chippewa co., and empties into Lake 
Superior. 

•budliury River, Ms. This river rises in Hop- 
kinton and vicinity, and after passing Framing- 
ham, Natiek, Sudbury, Wayland, and Lincoln, 
joins the Assahet at Concord. 

Sugar Creek, Hickman CO., Te., enters Dutch 
River from the N. E. 

Sugar Creek, la., rises in the S. part of Clinton 
CO., flows S. W. across Montgomery and Parke 
counties, and empties into the Wabash. 

Sugar Creek, Sangamon CO., Is. A branch of 
the Sangamon River, which it enters E. from 
Springfleld. 

.Sugar Creek, Is. This stream rises in McDon- 
ou^h CO., and enters the Illinois in Schuyler co. 

Sugar Island, Mn. A large island situated in 
the Straits of St. Mary, between the Montreal 
Channel and Tahquamcnaw Bay. 

Sugar River, N. II. This river rises from Sun- 
apee Lake, passes tlirough part of Wendell, the 
whole of Newport, and nearly through the centre 
of Chiremont, where it meets the Connecticut. 
Red Water Brook, in Claremont, is a branch of 
Sugar River. 

Sullivan s Island, Charleston district, S. C. A 
small island lying at the mouth of Charleston 
harbor. 

Summer Island, Mn., lies in Lake Michigan, S. 
from Point de Tour. 

Sumniir Lake, On. A small body of water 
lying N. E.from TIamath Lake. 

Sunapee Lftke, N. H., lies in the N. W. part of 
Hillshoro' CO. and the N. E. part of Cheshire, in 
the towns of Wendell, New London, and New- 
bury. It is 12 miles long and about I J miles in 
width. Its outlet is on the W. side, through Sugar 
River. Dr. Jackson, in his geological report, 
says that this lake is so near the summit level, 
that a slight excavation would turn its waters 
either into the Coimeciieut or the Merrimack. It 
is elevated about 1080 feet above the sea level, 
and the descent of its outlet, Sugar River, to the 
Connecticut, is very rapid. 

Suncook River, N. II. This river rises in a pond 
between Gilmanton and Gilford, near the sum- 
rait of one of the Suncook Mts., elevated 900 
feet above its base. This stream passes through 
two otiier ponds at the foot of the mountains, and 
thence through the S. E. part of Gilmanton, into 
Barnstead, where it receives several tributaries ; 
thence through Pittsfleld and Epsom, and be- 
tween Allenstown and Pembroke, into the Mer- 
rimack. 

Sun Flower River, Mi. This river is supplied 
by two head branches, which are outlets of the 



Mississippi. It flows S., connecting with numer- 
ous small streams, and finally enters the Ya/.oo. 

Sunkhaze Stream, Me., flows N. of W., and falls 
into the Penobscot about 5 miles above Oldtown 
village. 

Superior, Lake, the largest of the great lakes 
of North America, and supposed to be the largest 
body of fresh water on the surface of the globe. 
Its "length is about 380 miles, its breadth 1.30 
miles, and its circumference between 1400 and 
1500 miles. It is surrounded mostly by a rocky, 
uneven, and sterile coast. It contains many con- 
siderable islands, the largest of which, in the N.W. 
part, is Isle Royal, about 100 miles long and 40 
broad. Its waters abound with Hsh, particularly 
trout, sturgeon, and white fish, which arc caught 
at all seasons. The trout taken in this lake gen- 
erally weigh aljout 12 pounds, but many are 
larger than this, even up to .50 pounds. The 
elevation of the lake's surface above the ocean is 
641 feet, and the mean depth of its bottom 900 
feet. This lake is subject to as violent agitation 
from storms as the broad Atlantic, and its navi- 
gation is quite as dangerous. The vessels which 
navigate Lake Superior are confined within its 
own waters, as the Falls of St. Mary present a 
complete obstruction to communication by water 
with the lakes belo%v. This obstruction will 
doubtless be ultimately overcome, as it is possible 
that this should bo done by a ship canal, at a 
comparatively moderate expense. More than 30 
rivers empty their waters into Lake Suiierior, 
which are all discharged by the outlet of St. 
Mary's Strait, or River, into Lake Huron, towards 
the E. The boundary line between the U. S. and 
the British possessions passes from its outlet 
through the middle of the E. section of this lake; 
but towards the W. it is carried clear round to 
the N. of Isle Royal, giving that island and the 
whole body of the lake below it to the U. S. ; 
then, passing round the W. extremity of the 
island, it inclines S. to the entrance of Pigeon 
River, leaving the largest part of this section of 
the lake on the British side. The Pictured Rocks, 
so called, towards the E. end of Lake Superior, 
are a great natural curiosity. They form a per- 
pendicularwall 300 feet high, extending about 12 
miles along the shore of the lake. Upou the face 
of this wall are numerous indentations and pro- 
jections, from which they have re<-eived their 
name, and at the base are many deep receding 
caverns, into which the waves, especially when 
lashed by storms, roll and reverberate with a 
tremendous roar. At one place, at the height of 
70 feet, a considerable sti'cam leaps out, at a single 
burst from this lofty palisade of rocks, into the 
lake, leaving a clear space for boats to pass be- 
hind its descending column. At another place 
four huge piers of the rock bear up a vast stra- 
tum or entablature of the same, with earth resting 
upon it, upon which are growing trees of spruce 
and pine, some of which stand 51) or BO feet high. 
This is appropriately called theDfiric Rock, from 
its remarkable resemblance to a work of art. In 
the region about the shores of Lake Superior, 
many valuable mines of copper and other ores 
have been discovered within a few years past, for 
the working of which companies have been formed 
among capitalists of our eastern cities, who. not- 
withstanding the remoteness of the locality, and 
the want of many facilities of transportation 
which may hereafter be provided, arc. with i)rofit 
to themselves, britiging no small supply of this 



252 



MOUNTAIKS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



valuable mineral wealth into the commerce of 
the country. 

Snquinochep Rira; Sumpter CO., Aa. This river 
has several large branches, and flows S. E. into 
the Tombigbee. 

Suwannee River, Fa., rises in Okefinokee 
Swamp, Ga. The AUapahaw flows into it from 
the N., and the VVithlacoochee from the N. W. 
The banks in some places are 100 feet high, per- 
pendicular, and of beautiful granite. Its bed is 
rocky, and it enters into the Gulf of Mexico 
through numerous shallow channels. The bar 
at its mouth has not more than 5 feet of water, 
but above tliat it has 15 feet for 55 miles. 

Suwanucliee River, Ware CO., Ga. One of the 
head branches of the Suwannee River, which it 
enters near Fort Gilmer. 

Swamp Creek, On., flows N. W., and enters 
Lewis Fork of Bear River a little above Malade 
River. 

Sivan Creek, Te., enters Duck River from the 
S. in Hickman co. 

Swan Creek, Mo., rises in the S. W. part of 
Wright CO., flows S. W., and enters White River 
at Forsyth, in Taney co. 

Swan Lake, Ma. The largest of a chain of 
lakes at the bead of Swan River. 

Swan Point. Md. The S. W. extremity of 
Kent CO., extending into Chesapeake Bay. 

Swan River, Ma. It rises in Swan Lake, flows 
S. S. W., and empties into the Mississippi River. 

Swatara River, Pa., flows S. W., and enters the 
Susquehanna at Middleton. 

Sweet Springs, Monroe CO., Va. This is one 
of tlie oldest watering-places in the state. There 
are extensive accommodations, and the waters 
are efficacious in many complaints, resembling 
the Bristol Hot Wells, England. The spring is 
so copious as to turn a mill 200 yards from its 
source. 

Swift River, Me., flows S., and falls into the 
Androscoggin at Mexico. 

Swift River, N. H., rises in the mountains N. W. 
of Albany, passes through that town with great 
rapidity, and falls into the Saco in Conway. Its 
whole course is rapid, and in one place it falls 30 
feet in the distance of 6 rods, through a channel 
in the solid rock of about 12 feet wide, the sides 
being from 10 to 30 feet perpendicular height. 
At the upper part of these falls are several lioles, 
worn perpendicularly into the rock, several feet 
in depth, and from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. 
There is anotlier small stream of the same name 
in the town of Tamworth. 

Table Mountain, Pendleton district, S. C. This 
remarkable mountain is elevated 3168 feet above 
the surrounding country, and about 4000 ft. above 
sea level. One side of the eminence presents an 
immense rocky precipice, at the bottom of which 
is a dismal valley or gulf, of great depth, and 
whitened by the bones of various animals. 

Tiiijaliona Bay, Fa., lies off the co.ist of Benton 
CO., and receives several rivers, the pi-ineipal of 
which arc the Weekiwachee, the Pithlochastotoc, 
and the Anclote. 

Taijhknnin Mountains, N. Y. This range, which 
is a hranch of the Green Mountains, commences 
in the E. jjait of Rensselaer co., extends S. paral- 
lel to the stale line, sometimes entering JIs., 
through Columbia, into Dutchess co., a distance 
of 50 miles, where it divides into two ridges, one 
of which extends through Putnam into West- 



chester CO., dividing the waters that flow E. into 
Long Island Sound from those that flow W. into 
Hudson Kiver. 

TaJmecnah River, Iowa CO., Wn., flows N. into 
Wisconsin River. 

Tahtjuamenaw Bay, Mn. This large bay is sit- 
uated lietween the Straits of St. Mary on the S. 
E., and Lake Superior on the N. W., and separates 
Canada from Michigan. 

Talir/uamenam River, Mn. The numerous head 
branches of this river rise in Michilimackiuac and 
Chippewa counties ; the main stream then flows in 
a N. E. direction, and falls into Tahquamenaw 
Bay. 

Tdlcott Lake, Ma. The Moingonan River passes 
through this lake, which lies S. from Lake Shctck. 

Tatiahala Creek, Mi., has its source in Jackson 
CO., flows S., receiving several large branches, and 
empties into Leaf River. 

Tallahatehie River, Mi. This is an important 
stream, which, with its branches, drains the ]jriu- 
cipal part of the county whose name it bears. 

Tallapoosa River, Ga. and Aa., rises in Carroll 
and Paulding counties, Ga., flows S. W. into Aa., 
where it receives numerous small tributaries, and 
joining with the Coosa between Montgomery and 
Autauga counties, forms the Alabama. 

Tallulah or Terrora River, Ga. It rises in Rabun 
CO., flows S. E., separating Rabun and Habersliam 
counties, and unites with the Chatugato form the 
Tugaloo. 

Tamarac Creek, Crawford co., Wn. A small 
tributary of Trempaleau River, which it enters 
near its mouth. 

Tampa Bay, Fa., called Espiritu Santo by the 
Spautards, is the largest bay in the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, being 40 miles long, and in one place 35 miles 
in width, and having from 15 to 20 feet of water 
on the bar. It receives numerous tributaries, of 
which Hillsboro', Manate, Oyster, Indian, and 
Alafla Rivers are the principal. The bay is easy 
of access, and affords fine anchorage. At its 
mouth are numerous islands. Little Tampa Bay, 
lying in its N. W. part, is about iO miles in diam- 
eter, but very shallow. 

Tampa Creek, Ma. A W. tributary of Shayenn 
Oju River. 

Tamper Sound, Md. Situated in Chesapeake 
Bay, olT the coast of Somerset co., and N. W. 
from Pocomoke Bay. It contains a number of 
islands, and receives the waters of Nanticoko, 
Wicomico, Manokin, and some other rivers. 

Tanfjipaliao River, Mi. and La., rises in Pike 
and Amite counties. Mi., flows S. into La., tlien 
S. by E. to its entrance into Lake Poncbartrain, 
its whole length being about 80 miles. 

Tankio River, Little and Great. These streams 
rise in the S. part of Pago co., lo., flow S. into 
Mo., and enter the Missouri River in Holt co., 
soon after their junction. 

Tanner's Creek, la., falls into the Ohio River 2 
miles below Lawrenceburg. 

Tappan Buy, N. Y., an expansion of Hudson 
River, commences 22 miles N. of the city of New 
York, and extends to Teller's Point, a distance of 
10 or 12 miles. It is from 2 to 3 miles wide, and 
is surrounded by a beautiful and highly-cultivated 
country. 

I'ar River, N. C, rises in Person co., flows in a 
winding S. E. direction, receives Fishing Crcok, « 
large branch from the N. in Edgecomb co., and 
below Washington expands into a broad estuary, 
which is called Pamlico River, and flows into 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



253 



Pamlico Sourirl. Vessels drawing- 9 feet of water 
navigate it to Wasliinfjton, and small steamboats 
to Tarboro'. Its length is about 180 miles. 

Tairjitewac Jtnunlain, Me., lies on the border of 
Piscataquis and Somerset counties. 

Taunton Hirer, Ms. This river rises in Plym- 
outh CO., and fliUs into Mount Hope Bay. The 
Tauntou and its branches water the towns of 
Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plym)>t(iii, all 
the Bridgewatcrs, Kavnliara, Taunton, Berkley, 
Dighton, Freetown, Fall River, Somerset, and 
Swansey. It is ccleliratcd for the great hydraulic 
power it aflbnls, and for the number of alewivcs 
within its waters. 

TaxjMiu River, On. It rises among the Cascade 
Mts., and Hows S. W. into Admiralty Inlet. 

Tclianchinviiih Lake. Ma. An enlargement of 
the Tchan Sansan or River cl Jaques. 

Tchiijaza Litkrs. lo. A chain of small lakes, 
lying on tlie N. border of the state, and supplying 
the head branches of Lime Creek. 

Tchocunnn River, Ga., rises in Monroe co., flows 
in a S. E. direction 40 miles, and enters the Ock- 
mulgee between Houston and Bibb counties. 

Teche River. La., rises near Red River, in Ra- 
pides parish, and pursuing a winding S. S. E. 
course, it enters the outlet of Chetimaches Lake, 
in St. Mary's parish. It is about 180 miles long, 
and 200 yards wide at the mouth. Its cliaimel 
is deep, and the tide ascends more than 100 miles. 
This river, like the Mississippi, is higher than 
the adjoining country, excepting its immediate 
banks. It is 20 feet deep, has 8 feet of w.ater 
on the bar, and is navigable to New Iberia, 100 
miles. 

Teleffraph Bill, Marshfield, Ms. Height 205 ft. 

Ttlessas Lalcr, Piscataquis Co., Me., lies S. E. 
of Bamonenungemook Lake, with which it is 
connected. 

Teller's Point, Westchester co., N. Y. This 
peninsula lies on the E. side of Hudson River, 
in the town of Cortland, just above the mouth 
of Croton River. It is about 2 miles long, and 
separates Haverstraw and Ta|ipan Bays. 

Tellico River rises in the N. part of Cherokee 
CO., N. C, flows N. W. into Te., and empties into 
Tennessee River in Monroe co. 

Temiseonata Lake, Me. See Madawaska River. 

Teneriffe Mountain, N. H. See Miltrjn. 

Ten Mile Creek, or River, N. Y. and Ct. This 
stream rises in the N. E. part of Dutchess co., 
flows S. and E. into Ct., where it falls into the 
Housatouic River. 

Tennessee River has its sources in the Alle- 
ghany Mts., in Tazewell and Wise counties, 
Virginia. Its principal head tributaries are the 
Holston and the Clinch Rivers, the former of 
which receives the French Broad River, and the 
latter PoweU's River. The Holston and Clinch 
unite at Kingston, in Roan co., Tennessee, and 
thence tlic course of tlie main stream is about S. 
W., until it crosses the boundary of Alaliama, 
near the N. E. corner of the state, and continuing 
50 or 60 miles in this direction, bends towards 
the N. W., breaking through the Cumberland 
Mts., and traversing the entire N. end of Ala- 
bama, until, cutting off a small corner of Missis- 
sipiii, it emerges again into Tennessee, where it 
immediately takes a course due N.^, crossing the 
state, and entering Kentucky, across the western 
point of which, bearing a little farther to the W., 
it flows on to its confluence with the Ohio, which 
is only about 12 miles below the mouth of the 



Cumberland River. The valley of the Tennes- 
see divides itself into two great sections, the 
upper and the lower. The upper valley is that 
which is above the passage of the river tln'ough 
the Cumberland Mts., and is included lietween 
tlie two parallel chains of the Appalachian sys- 
tem, which form a connection just below this pass. 
This upper section is mountainous ami much 
elevated, embracing an area of about 2+.ri00 
square miles. The lower valley of tlie Tcnnes- 
S!'e is composed of several physical seciions. in 
N. Alabama, W. Tennessee, and Kentucky, com- 
prising in .all an area of 17,600 square miles. 
Thus the whole valley of this large river embraces 
a superflcial extent of 41,600 square miles. It 
is, therefore, by this standard of estim.ation, as 
well as from its conqiarative length, wliich is 
near 1200 miles, and from the large volume of 
water which it carries, entitled to the first rank 
among the tributaries of the Ohio. The dilfercnce 
in the relative height between the highest and the 
lowest extremes of the ujiper and lower valleys 
of the Tennessee is not less than 1700 feet. The 
current of every branch of the river is very rapid, 
though there are few, if any, direct falls in them, 
and they generally admit of boat navigation 
nearly to their sources. The whole river has a 
mean fall of 2 feet to the mile. It is navigable, 
excejiting at low water, for steamboats, from its 
mouth to Florence, in Alabama, a distance of 
259 miles. Here are the Muscle Shoals, where 
the river expands to a width of several miles, 
and is very shallow. A canal has been made 
around these shoals 36 miles long, to admit the 
passage of steamboats, .and the navigation of the 
river above is unobstructed for 250 miles, to the 
pass of the Cumberland Mts. The river is hero 
compressed to a width of 70 feet, besides being 
whirled around a lu-ojccting clitf, occasioning a 
very difficult cuiTent for boats, whether ascend- 
ing or descending. The river above this point 
is only favorable to navigation with the stream. 

Tensas River, La . rises in Chicot Co., As., flows 
nearly parallel with the Mississippi, through 
Carroll and Madison counties, forms the boundary 
between Concordia and Cattahoola counties, and 
falls into Wachita River. 

Tensaw River, Aa., the eastern outlet of Mobile 
River, leaves it 8 miles below the junction of 
Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. It flows S. 
past Blakely, and enters Mobile Bay by several 
mouths. It contains a considerable island a lit- 
tle below where it leaves Mobile River. 

Tetedes Mori, Jackson Co., Iowa. A small 
branch of the Mississippi. 

Telos Pond. Me., is connected on the N. by an 
outlet with Telessas Lake. 

Tewapa Tunki/an Dike. Ma. Situated between 
the forks of a river of the same name. 

Tevnpn Tiinki/an River, Ma. It rises in Warah 
anil Wamdushkati lakes, flows N. E.. and empties 
into Mankato River. 

Thames River. Ct. The Quinebaug, Shetucket, 
and Yantie Rivers unite near Norwich tcj form 
this stream, which is navigable from that place 
to New London, a distance of 14 miles. The 
banks of this river are very picturesque and 
beautiful. 

Thimhie Islands. New Haven CO., Ct. A group 
of small islands lying oflT the town of Branford. 

'Tliird Lake, Dane Co., Wn. Situated on the 
E. border of the city of Madisou, S. E. from 
Fourth Lake. 



254 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



Thirteen Mite Creek; Mason CO., Va. An E. 
branch of the Great Kanawlia. 

Thomas Fork, On. A small stream flowing 
S. W. into Bear River. 

Thompson^ Creek, S. C, flows S. E., and enters 
the Great Pedee below Chatham. 

Tlnnisand Islands, Tills cluster of islands, be- 
longing partly to the Americans and partly to 
the Britisli, lies in the St. Lawrence River, a lit- 
tle below Lake Ontario. Some of these islands 
are fertile and possess good timljer, but generally 
they are small and rocky. The river where they 
arc located is from 2 to 10 miles in width. In 
the distance of between 20 and 30 miles, the num- 
ber of these islands is said to exceed 1500, and 
passages amid them, up and down this magnili- 
cent outlet of the great lakes, present to the 
traveller scenes of great sublimity and beauty. 

Three Unties, On. These are isolated peaks 
situated between Lewis Fork and Malade River, 
and N. W. from Fort Hall. 

Three Tetom, On. These peaks are a branch 
of the Rocky Mts., and are situated at the head 
of the L"wis Fork of Columbia River. 

Throfj's Point, Westchester co., N. Y., is situated 
in the S. E. part of the town of Westchester, 16 
miles N. E. of New York city. It projects a mile 
or two into East River, and is an important mil- 
itary position, on which has been erected by the 
United States government a strong fortification, 
called Fort Schuyler, which, together with the 
fortitication at the Narrows, is intended to de- 
fend the city of New York from foreign in- 
vasion. 

Thunder Bay, Mn. This large bay extends 
from Lake Huron into Alpena co., contains a 
numlicr of islands, and receives the waters of 
several rivers. 

Thunder Bay River, Mn. This river rises in 
the N. part of Oscoda co., takes a winding N. E. 
course through Montmorenci and Alpena counties, 
and falls into Thunder Bay. 

Til'heXs Island, N. Y. See Green Island. 

Tirntideruifa Fort, Essex CO., N. Y. This re- 
nown il fortitication lies on the W. side of Lake 
Chainplain. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Tie Tie Creek, Ware CO., Ga. A small stream 
flowing through the W. part of Okefiuokee 
Swamp, and emptying into Jones Creek. 

Tiffins A'f'cer, O., rises in a lake in Mn., enters 
0. in Williams co., and flows in a S. direction to 
Maumee River, which it enters one mile W. of 
Defiance. It is navigable for small craft 50 
miles, and affords good water power. 

Timlialier Bay, La. This is a rather shallow 
bay, from 3 to 6 miles wide, extending N. W. 
from the mouth of Bayou La Fourchc 30 miles, 
and is bounded on the S. W. side by a long, low 
pcniiHuia. 

Tintj}anozn River, Ca., Uh. A small stream 
rising in the Timpanozu Mts., and flowing S. \V. 
into Utah Lake. 

Tinbr's tjreek, O. A tributary of the Cuya- 
hoga, which it enters 12 miles above Clcvelan<l. 

Tiomjhnioija River, N. Y. This fine mill stream 
rises in Onondaga co., flows S. througii Cortland 
CO., and enters Chenango River at Chenango 
Forks village, in Broome co. 

Tiitpeeanoi: River, la. Its head branches water 
Noble and Kosciusko counties, and. after a wind- 
ing course through Fulton. Pulaski, and White 
counties, it enters the Wabash in the N. part of 
Tipjiecanoe co. 



Tipsinah River, Ma. A N. E. tributary of the 
Minesota or Qui Parle River. 

Ti Tanka-He Lake, Ma. An irregularly-shaped 
sheet of water, lying near St. Croix River, and 
S. from Lake Poinsett. 

Titicus Creek, or River, rises in Ct., flows W. 
into N. Y., and enters Croton River at the town 
of West Salem, Westchester co. 

Tlamath Lake, On. A large sheet of water 
situated in the S. part of the state, among the 
Cascade Mts. 

Tlamath River, On. and Ca. This river lises 
in Tlamath Lake, in On., and Rhett Lake, on the 
N. border of Uh., flows W. for some tlistance 
across Uh., then, turning to the N. W., crosses a 
corner of On., and discharges its waters into the 
Pacific. 

Tobarro River, Mn. A small stream draining 
the E. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling into 
Lake Superior. 

Totxipekaliga Lake, Orange CO., Fa. Situated 
N. from Lake Kissimee, with which it is con- 
nected by an outlet. 

Tob(/'s Creek, Pa., falls into the Alleghany 
River about 20 miles below Franklin. It is 
about 55 miles long, and is boatable for a large 
part of its course. 

Tombiybee River, Mi. and Aa., rises in Tisha- 
mingo CO., Mi., flows a little E. of S., receiving 
several branches, and passes into Aa. Sixty miles 
below it receives from the E. the Black Warrior, 
a river nearly as large as itself, at Butl'port, and, 
proceeding 100 miles in a winding .S. direction, 
it unites with the Alabama to form Moliilc River. 
45 miles above the Mobile Bay, and about 70 
miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable 
9 months in the year to St. Stephen's for large 
vessels, and to Columbus, Mi., for steamboats. 
Its entire length is nearly 500 miles. 

Tomer Stream, Me., rises in the N. part of 
Washington co., and flows S. into the outlet of 
Schoodic Lakes. 

Tomhannock Creek, Rensselaer co., N. Y., rises 
in the towns of Grafton and Pittstown, flows 
N. W., and enters the Hoosick at Schaiihticoko. 

Tompkins Fort. N. Y. See Staten Island. 

Tom's River, N. J., rises in Monmouth co., and 
empties into Barnegat Bay. 

Tonawanda Creek, N. Y., has its source in the 
S. part of Wyoming co., flows N. through a part 
of Genesee, thence it turns W., forming the 
boundary between Erie and Niagara counties, 
and empties into Niagara River at Tonawanda 
village. It constitutes a part of Erie Canal for 
a distance of 12 miles. 

Tonawanda Island, Niagara CO., N. Y. This 
island lies in the Niagara River, opposite Ton- 
awanda village, and belongs to the town of 
Wheatfield. It contains about 70 acres of highly- 
cultivated land. 

Tournois Creek, Clark CO., As. This creek 
flows S. E., and empties into the Little Missouri 
near its junction with the Wachita. 

Tom-tie River, On. A small N. tributary of 
Columbia River. , 

Town Creek, Brunswick CO., N. C, flows S. B. 
into the Cape Fear River. 

Train Bay, Mn., washes the coast of School 
craft CO., W. from Grand Island. 

Transparent Lake lies in Hamilton and Herki- 
mer counties, N. Y. It is surrounded by wild ami 
Iiieturesque scenery, and its waters, which, as the 
name indicates are remarkably cl ar, abound in 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



255 



caltnon and brook trout of a superior size and 
quality. Tlic lalic is 5 miles lon^- anil 2 wide. 

Tnrrose hliind. Mn. Situated in Lake Supe- 
lior, at the moutii of Keewaiwona Bay. 

Traverse Lake, Ma. This is a long, narrow 
body of water, containing several islands, and 
supplying the waters of Sioux Wood, a head 
branch of North Red River. 

Trembleo.a Point, Essex CO., N. Y., lies on the 
W. side of Lake Champlain, in the town of Ches- 
terfield. Tills is the N. termination of tlie Clinton 
Mts.. which extend from the Mohawk River to 
this place. 

Tretiiptilenu River, Crawford CO., Wn. It drains 
the N. W. part of the county, and falls into the 
Mississip.pi River. 

Trench's hlund, S. C. A large island lying S. 
from Broad River, and belonging to Beaufort dis- 
trict. 

Trenton Falls, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Triniti/ Rirer, Ts. This large river rises prin- 
cipally in the forest called the Cross Timbers, 
flows S. E., and empties into Galveston Bay. 

Troiiijh Creek, Pa., is formed in the town of 
Trough Cieck by the union of N. and S. branches, 
and forcing a passage through Terrace Mt., it 
enters the Raystown, a branch of Juniata River. 

Trout Island, Mn.. lies in the N. part of Lake 
Michigan, N. from Little Beaver Island. 

Trout Lake, Portage CO., Wn. Situated in the 
N. part of tlie county, E. from the Mandowisli 
Lakes, with which it is connected by an outlet. 

Trout River, Me., is a W. branch of the Mada- 
waska. 

Trout Rirer, Vt. This is a good mill stream, 
formed in Montgomery by the junction of several 
branches. It runs in a N. W. direction, and falls 
into the Missisco, on the border of Enosburg and 
Berkshire. 

Trout Rirer rises in Franklin co., N. Y., flows 
N., and enters the Chateangay River in Canada. 

Tshatl Mount, Ca. This peak of the Cascade 
range of mountains is situated near the head of 
the Rio Sacramento. 

Tsliall Rirer, On. A large stream rising 
among the Cascade Mts., and flowing W. into 
Tlamatli River. 

Tunkhannork Rirer. Pa., rises at the foot of 
Ararat Mt., in the town of Jackson, Susquehanna 
CO., flows S. W. through Wyoming co., and en- 
ters the Susquehanna on the N. side of Tnnkhan- 
nock Mt-, after a course of about 30 miles. 

Tttckaseeife River, N. C. The head branches 
rise in Haywood and Macon counties ; the river 
then runs N. W., dividing these two counties, 
crosses the N. part of Macon co., and empties into 
the Tennessee River. 

Tufls's Hill, New Braintree, Ms. Height 1 179 
feet 

Tiujaloo River, Ga., one of the head branches 
of the Savannah, unites with the Keowee 48 
miles N. W. from Petersburg. 

Tulares Lake, Ca. This large sheet of water, 
which lies between the Sierra Nevada and Coast 
Mts., is the principal source of the Rio San Joa- 
quin. 

Tulip Bayou, As. A small stream forming the 
boundary between Hempstead and Wacliita coun- 
ties, and emptying into the Little Missouri. 

Tullick Fork, On. A small stream flowing S. 
W. into Bear River. 

Tanibhtee Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of 
Grand River. 



Tapper's L^ike, Eranklin co., N. Y.. lies in the 
S. W. part of the county, is (j miles long and 2 
wide, and abounds with trout and otiier tish. 

Turkey Creek. Hardin co., Te., unites with 
Swift Creek, and falls into the Tennessee above 
Savannah. 

Turkey Creek, Humphreys CO., Te. A small 
branch of the Tennessee River, which it enters 
between White Oak and Richlaml Creeks. 

Turkey Point, Harford co., Md. It projects 
into Chesapeake Bay. 

Turkey River, lo. This stream rises in the N. 
E. part of the Neutral Ground, flows S. E. across 
Winneshiek, Fayette, and Clayton counties, and 
falls into Mississippi River. 

Turtle Creek, Shelby co., O. A small E. branch 
of the Miami River. 

Turtle Creek, Wn. It rises in the N. W. part 
of Walworth co., flows S. W., and enters Rock 
River on the S. border of Rock co. 

Turtle or Merimnptieook River, Me., rises in a 
large pond, and flows into the St. John, about 7 
miles S. W. of the Madawaska. 

Tuscaloosa River, Aa., generally called the Black 
Warrior, which is the English of Tuscaloosa, a 
name given it by the Choctaw Indians, is formed 
by the junction of Locust Fork from the E., and 
Mulberry River from the W. The former rises in 
Blount CO., 20 miles S. of Tennessee River, and 
the latter in Lawrence and Walker counties. They 
unite on the boundary between Jertcrson and 
Tuscaloosa counties, and become the Black War- 
rior, which unites with the Tombigbee in the S. 
part of Greene co. Steamboats ascend it to Tus-., 
caloosa, 400 miles, by the course of the river, above 
Mobile. 

Tuscarora Creek, Niagara co., N. Y., rises in the 
Tuscarora reservation, and flows N. E. into Lake 
Ontario. 

Tuscarora Creek, Pa., rises in Tell, Huntingdon 
CO., and enters the Juniata aftei- a N. E. course of 
about 35 miles. 

Tuscarora Mountains, Schuylkill Co., Pa., a 
W. continuation of Mauch Chunk Mt., lie on tho 
line between Rush and West Pcnn towuships. 
They abounii in veins of anthracite coal. 

Twaal/skill, N. Y. See Wilbur. 

Twelve Mile Creek, N. Y. rises in the S. part of 
Yates CO., and enters Conhoeton River in Steuben 
county. 

Twelve Mile Creek, Pickens district, S. C. An 
eastern branch of Seneca River. 

Twelve Pole Creek, Va. This stream is formed 
in Wayne co., by the junction of the Caney and 
Laurel Forks, and flows N. N. W. into the Ohio 
River. 

Twenty Mile Creek rises in Chatauquc Co., N. Y., 
flows S. W. into Pa., where it I'.dls into Lake Erie. 

Twenty-eiylit Mile Creek. 8. C, empties into 
Seneca River in Anderson district. 

Twenti/'six Mile Creek, Anderson district, S. C. 
A branch of Seneca River. 

Twin Rivers, Wn. These rivers rise in the S. 
E. part of Brown eo., flow S. E. into Manitowoc 
CO., where they unite, and empty into Lake Michi- 
gan. Before their junction tiicy are called East 
and West Twin Rivers. 

Two-hearted River, Chippewa CO., Mn. A small 
stream cni|>tying into Lake Superior. 

Two Islands River. Ma. A smiill stream flowing 
S. S. E., and emptying into Lake Superior. 

Two Sisters' Creek, Eric CO., N. Y., flows W. 
into Lake Erie. 



256 



MOUNTAINS, HI VERS, LAKES, &c., 



Tijbee Islands ami Sounfl, Ga. Situated at the 
mouth of the Savannah River. On tlic N. E. ex- 
tremity of Great Tybee Island is a light-house. 

Ti/i/er River, S. C. A braneli of Broad River, 
which it enters on the boundary between Union 
and Newberry disti'iet.s. 

Ty;jcrt's Creek, Ky. Tliis stream drains the W. 
part of Carter co., Hows N. E., and empties into 
the Ohio in Greenup eo. 

Tijr/ert's Vnlleii liiiier, Va. A branch of tlie E. 
fork of the Mou'onjjcahela River. It flows through 
Randolpli and a part of Barbour co. 

Ti/moclitee Creek, O., enters the Sandusky from 
the VV., 8 miles below Upper Sandusky. 

Uintn River, Ca. A W. branch of Green River, 
whicli it enters nearly opposite Wliite River. 

Ulcrjfaiiiuiioeliee River, Ga. Thi.s river rises in 
Gwinnett co., and flows S. into the Oconee, of 
which it is a liead branch. 

Umuhtilah River. On. It rises among the Blue 
Mts.. and flows N. of W. into Coluniljia River. 

Umbagog Lake. This large sheet of water lies 
mostly in Oxford co., Me. It extends about 300 
rods in width into the towns of ErroU and Cam- 
bridge, N. H. It is aliout 18 miles long, and in 
some places 10 in width, nearly equalling Lake 
Winnipiscogee in size and beauty. Its waters flow 
into the Androscoggin River by an outlet on 
the W. side. 

Vmpqna River. On. It rises among the Cas- 
cade Mts.. flows W., and empties into the Pacific. 

Uniulilki River. N. Y., rises in Oneida co., flows 
S. S. W., forming the dividing line between Mad- 
ison, Otsego, and Chenango counties, and falls 
into the Susquehanna River. This stream is .'50 
miles in length, and affords extensive water 
power. 

Unika Mountains. That portion of the Alle- 
ghany range which lies S. E. of Tennessee River, 
and which separates Te. from N. C. 

Union River. Hancock CO., Me. Tliis river 
rises a few miles S. of the Passadumkeag. It 
meets the tide at Ellswortli, and flows S. into 
Blue Hill Bay. It is a beautiful stream, receiv- 
ing many tributaries, which water a great part of 
tlie eoimty. The river is ujjwards of 40 miles in 
length aliove Ellsworth, and affords much valua- 
ble water power. 

Upntoic Creek, Ga. This small creek rises in 
Marion co., flows S. W,, and enters the Chatta- 
hoochee in Muscogee co. 

Upper Iowa River. It rises in the S. part of 
Minesota Territory, flows S. of W., across Win- 
neshiek and Allamakee counties, lo., and empties 
into Mississippi River. 

Upper Si. Croix Lake. La Pointe eo., Wn. It 
is situated near the head of Burnt Wot)d River, 
and is on* of the head sources of the St. Croix. 

Upper Three River, lo. It rises in the W. inte- 
rior of ihc state, flows in a S. E. direciion, cross- 
ing Madison and Warren counties, and empties 
into the Desmoines River on the S. border of 
Polk CO. 

Upper Three Runs, Barnwell district, S. C 
This stream has several branches, tlie jirincipal of 
which arc Cedar and Tinker's Creeks. It flows 
S. W., and falls into the Savannali River. 

Utah iMke. Ca,. Uli. Situated S. ¥,. from the 
Great Salt Lake, with which it is connected by 
Utali River. Timpanozee, Utah, and many other 
rivers, flow into it from the E. 

Ulsai/autha lAike, or Pond, Schoharie co., N. Y. 



This small lake, which is the head source of Del 
aware River, lies in the town of Jefferson. 

Vulcour Island, N. Y., lies in Lake Chaniplain, 
a few miles S. of Platisburg village. It is 2i 
miles long, and lialf a mile wide. 

Valletj Creek, Pa. A mill .stream which unites 
with tlic Schuylkill, about 20 miles N. N. W. 
from Philadelphia. 

Vancouver Fort, On. Situated on the Colum 
bia River, nearly opposite the mouth of Willa 
raette River. 

Van Sehaiek's Island, Albany CO., N. Y., lies at 
the mouth of the Moliawk River, and is attached 
to the town of Watervliet. It is about a mile and 
a half long, and quarter of a mile wide. The 
Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad crosses it. 

Verdreitje Hook, N. Y. This promontory pro- 
jects into the Hudson River from the \V. side, 
opposite Teller's Point, and separates Tappan 
and Haverstraw Bays. It is elevated 668 feet 
above the river. 

Vermilion Bay. La., is situated S. of Lafayette 
CO., at the mouth of Vermilion Uiver, and con- 
nected with the Gulf of Mexico by a strait called 
Grand Pass. It is connected with Cote Blanche 
Bay on the E. It has only 5 feet of water on 
the bar at its entrance, but has 10 or 12 within 
the bar. 

Vermilion Creek, Ca. An E. branch of Green Riv- 
er, which it enters above Yampah or Bear River. 

Vermilion River. Is., rises in Livingston co., 
and falls into the Illinois in La Salle eo. Bitu- 
minous coal, lime, and freestone are found on itfl 
banks. The rapids and falls in the lower part 
of its course aff'ord good water power. 

Vermilion River, O., rises* in the N. part of 
Richland Co., and, flowing N., enters Lake Erie 
9 miles E. of Huron River. The liarbor at its 
moutli has been improved by the U. S. govern- 
ment. 

Vermilion River, La., rises in the N. E. part of 
Lafayette parish, and flows S. to its entrance 
into Vermilion Bay. 

Vermilion River, Ma. It rises in Herliakah 
Lake, flows N. E., and empties into the Missis- 
sippi opposite tlie St. Croix River. 

Virgen River, Uh. This river rises in the 
Wahsatch Mts., and flows in a S. direction into 
the Rio Colorado. 

Vtaie, OT Fig. Fulton co., N. Y. This e.Ktensive 
marsh lies in the E. part of the county, and is 
annually submerged by the surplus waters of the 
Sae.andaga and other rivers, forming a sheet of 
water extending several miles each way, and 
sometimes covering 20,000 acres of land." It is 
much resorted to by anglcr.s and sportsmen. 

Vlaie, or the Vlg, Schoharie co., N. Y. This 
large swamp, or pond, lies in the town of Middle- 
burg. A tril)Utary of Schoharie Creek flows 
from it on the N., while Catskill Creek flows 
from it on the S. 

]'laman's Kill. N. Y., rises in Albany co.. flow.s 
S. E., and enters the Hudson at the town of 
Bethlehem. -^ 

Volga River. lo., rises in the interior of Fayette 
CO., flows S. of E., and enters Turkey River in 
Clayton eo. 

Waliash River, la., rises in Darke co., O., flows 
N. W. into Huntington co., la., where it receives 
Little River, which rises near the junction of 
the head branches of Maumee River. It then 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



257 



crosses the state in a S. W. direction, rcccivinf; 
Eel nnd Tippecanoe Rivers on the N.. and Sala- 
manie and Missisinewa Kivers on the S. side, nnd 
a little hclow TeiTC ILuitc it takes a more S. 
direction, forming the houndaiy hctwccn I:i. and 
Is., until its entrance into the (.)hio, 68 miles 
above the month of Cnmberland Uiver, and 127 
miles ahovc the Mississippi. It is the largest N. 
tributary of the Ohio, and the second in size in 
its whole cdnrse. It connects Lake Erie with 
the Ohio River by means of the VValiash and 
Erie Canal. Steamboats ascend it to Lafayette. 

Wabesi/iiniron River, lo. This hir<;e river 
rises in the E. part of the nentral ground, flows 
S. E. aei'oss Buchanan, Linn, Jones, a corner 
of Cedar, into Clinton co., and then flows E.. 
separating Clinton and Scott counties, until its 
entrance into the Mississippi. 

]\'accai:iaiv Lclce, N. C. A small sheet of 
water lying in Brunswick and Columbus coun- 
ties, and emptying by an outlet into VVaccaniaw 
Kiver. 

Waccamaio River, N. and S. C. This river 
rises in the S. part of N. C, flows S. W., and 
enters Winyaw Bay in Georgetown district, S. C. 

Wacliila River, As. and La., rises in Hot Spring 
CO., receives Little Missouri Kiver on the S. bor- 
der of Clarke co.. and Saline River on the S. 
extremity of Bradley co. It then enters La., 
and, receiving numerous large branches, flow.^ S. 
by K., until its junction with Black, a tributai'v 
of Red River. 

M'nc/iiiset Mountain, Princeton, Ms. Height 
£018 feet. 

Wadiiiri River, Burlington co., "N. J. This 
stream, with its branches, drains the S. part of the 
county, and falls into Little Egg Harbor River. 

Wafilfili-Wdfilah River, On. It rises mostly 
among the Blue Mts., flows N. W., and empties 
into Columljia River. 

Wuhsaick Atountaiiis, Uh. A range extending 
from Utah River S. S. W. to the head branches 
of Virgen River. 

WaiCs River, Vt. The main branch of this 
river rises in Harris's Gore, and runs S. E. along 
the W. line of Topsham. Another branch, called 
Jail Branch, rises in Washingion. and, running 
N. E., joins ihe main branch in the S. \V. part 
of Topsham. Another stream rises in the N. 
part of To)>sham, and, running S., unites with 
the main stream near the N. E corner of Corinth. 
Another stream, callcil the South Branch, rises 
near the middle of Washingion and, pursuing a 
S. E. course, joins the river at Bradford. Wait's 
River ami its branches are lively streams, and 
afford a number of very good mill privileges. 

Wakasttsse Bai/, Fa. This eur^■ature extends 
nearly the eittire length of Levy co., and receives 
the waters of several rivers. 

Wuhisa.-ise River, Fa. A small stream flowing 
into the bay of the same name. 

]Vu/Mtuinica River, 0., flows S. E. into the 
Muskingum, l.'i miles above Zancsville. 

Wuliumdiii'i River, 0., formerly called White 
Woman Rivci-, one of the main branches of ihc 
Muskingum, is formed by Dlie junction of Mo- 
hiccan and Vernon Rivers. It receives Kilbuck 
Creek from the N, and unites with the Tusca- 
rawas opposite ("Coshocton. 

Walker's hdv. Uh., lies S. E. from I'yramid 
Lake, nnd receives tlie waters of Walker's River 
from tin: N. 

Wali-vr's River, Uh. This stream liscs among 
33 



the Sierra Nevada, takes a semicircular course, 
and empties into the N. part of Walker's Lake. 

Wiilniit Creek, 0.. waters Fairlield co., and 
flowing S. W. .10 miles, enters the Seiota 6 miles 
abcive Circlcvillc. 

]\'iiliiiit Hill. Charlemont, Ms. Height 1888ft. 

Wiillaliunl Bail. N. Y., lies in the N. E. part of 
the city of Brooklyn. The U. 8. lutvy yard is 
situated heiw Here were the British prison 
ships niooreil, during the revolulionary war, on 
board of which it is said 1 1.500 American prison- 
ers perished, and \vere buried on the beach near by. 

Wathiy-fts-qaeijamook Lake, Piscatat^uis co., Me., 
is one of the numerous lakes through which Al- 
liguash River passes. 

Wallkill River, N. Y. This large and impor- 
tain mill stream rises in N. J., flows in a N. di- 
rection into N. Y.. crosses Orange and Ulster 
counties, and emjitics into the Kondout, a tribu- 
tary of the Hudson. 

Walloomsttvk River, Vt. and N. Y.. is a small 
stream formed in Bennington, Vt., by the union 
of several branches whieh ri.se in Glaslenbury, 
Woodford, and Powinil. It takes a N. W. direc- 
ti(m, leaves the state near the N. W. corner of 
Bcimington, and unites with the lioosick nearly 
on Ihe line between Washington and Rensselaer 
counties, N. Y. Between this stream and the 
Hof)^ii-k was fought the Bennington battle. 

W'allexistook River. Me., is the W. or main branch 
of the St. John's. It rises in the N. part of Som- 
erset CO., flows N. E., receiving the waters of many 
I'ivers, lakes, and ponds, and after traversing a 
large extent of fertile and heavily-timbered coun- 
try, unites with the St. Frainjois. See iSt. John's 
River, under Fiuulij, Bay. 

Wallops hland, Accomac CO., Va., lies at the 
S. entrance of Sinepuxent Bay. 

WaiiiiJushka River, Ma. A large W. tributary 
of the Tchan Sansan, or River a Jaques. 

Wananri River, Ma. This large stream flows 
S. E., and empties into the Missouri a little W. 
from Bon Homme Island. 

Waiido Rivtr. Charleston district, S. C. This 
river receives several small branches, and empties 
into Charleston harbor. 

Wangomliauff Pond, Tolland co., Ct. Situated 
in the town of Coventry, and connected by an 
outlet on the S. E. with the Willamantic 
River. 

M'^apacan Creek, Is., unites with Mason Creek 
in Grundy co., and flows N. into the Illinois. 

Wappiuqera Creek. Dutchess co., N. Y.. enters 
the Hudson below New Hamburg. It is a largo 
and important mill stream. 

Warajn River, Ma. It rises near the source 
of the Moingonan, and flows in an E. direction 
until its entrance into the Minesota or St. Fran- 
cis Kiver. 

Ware River, Ms. Branches of this powerful 
mill stream rise in Hubbardston, Ean'C, and 
Oakham. It passes through Ilardwick, New 
Braintree, and Ware, and joins the Chieopee a( 
Palmer. 

War Eaqle Creek. As., rises in the S. jiart of 
Madison co., flows N. W., and enters White River 
in Benton co. 

Warner Riven-, N. H. Sec Warner. 

Warsaio hlnriela and Sound, Ga., lie ofl" Chat- 
ham CO.. between Tybee and Ossabaw Sounds. 

Waflin. /jakr. La. This sheet of waler lies S. 
from ihe Missis-vippi Kiver ami from Lake Pon- 
chartiain. It receives the waters of several other 



256 



MOITNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., 



lakes, which it discharges througli two large 
outlets into Barataria Bay. 

Washin(/ton, Fort, N. Y. Jhe site of this old 
fortiticalion lies on Xew York or Manhattan 
Island, 10 miles N. from the City Hall. 

Waske River and Boy. Chippewa CO., Mn. The 
river flows in a N. E. direction, and empties into 
the hay. which communicates on the N. with 
Tahquamenaw Bay. 

11 assatoqiioik River, Me. This stream rises in 
Piscataquis co., between Mts. Washington and 
Katahdin, and flows S. E. into the E. branch of 
the Penobscot. 

Wassaiva or Yellow Lake, St. Croix co., Wn. 
Situated in the N. part of the county, and con- 
nected on the N. W. with St. Croix River. 

Wassesha or Vermilion River, Ma. This large 
river runs between the Sioux and Tchan Sansan 
or River i Jaques, and empties into the Missouri. 

Wi/taree River, N. C. and S. C. waters Burke 
CO., N. C, but is called the Catawba until it en- 
ters S. C, where it is called the Wataree, until 
its junction with the Congaree, near the middle 
of the state. 

Wulatick Hill, Ashburnham, Ms. Height 
1847 feet. 

Watauga River, N. C. and Te., has its source in 
Ashe CO., N. C, flows N. \V. into Te., and enters 
the S. fork of Holston River in Sullivan co. 

Watchoag Pond, R. I. Situated in the S. part 
of Washins^ton co. 

Waterhury River, Vt., rises in Morristown, and 
runs S. through the W. part of Stowe and Wa- 
terhury, into Winooski River. In Stowe it re- 
ceives one considerable branch from the E., which 
rises in Worcester, and two from the W., which 
rise in Mansfield. It also receives several branch- 
es from the W. in Waterhury, which originate in 
Bolton. The whole length of the stream is about 
10 miles, and it affords a number of good rail! 
sites. 

Water Quechee River, Vt. See Otta Queehee. 

Wutkins Point, Md. The S. W. extremity of 
Somerset co., extending into Tangier Sound. 

Watomoan River, Ma. A large W. branch of 
the Mankato, which it enters above Tewapa 
Tankyan River. 

Wazi Oju Hiver, Ma. A large stream draining 
the S. E. part of the territory, and emptying into 
the Mississippi. 

Welb's Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., is one of 
the largest of the '• Thousand Islands " lying in 
the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the 
town of Clayton. It was here that the British 
steamer Sir Robert Peel was burnt during the 
Canada revolution. 

Wells River, Vt., has its source in Kettle Pond, 
which lies in Groton and Marshfield. It runs 
nearly S. E. about 2 miles, and falls into Long 
Pond in Groton, which is about 2 miles long and 
100 rods wide. From this jiond it continues its 
S. E. course half a mile, and falls into another 
pond, wiiieh is about half a mile long and a quarter 
of a mile wide. It then runs a mile and a half, 
and meets the South Branch, which rises near 
the S. W. corner of the town, and runs nearly E. 
to its junction with ttie main etream; it then 
runs E. tS. E. about 1 mile, and receives the North 
Branch, which rises near the N. E. comer of the 
town. Continuing the same course, it passes 
through the N. W. part of Ryegate into Newbury, 
and running near the line between Newbury and 
Ryegate about 4 miles, falls into the Connecticut 



in the N. E. part of Newbury. This is generally 
a rapid stream, furnishing many excellent mill 
privileges. 

Wesacota or Brul^ River, Wn. This river rises 
in a small lake in the N. part of the state, and its 
waters form the boundary between Wn. and Mn_ 
and, taking the name of Menomonec in the lower 
part of its course, flows into Green Bay. 

West Bay, La. A large hay lying oft' Plaque- 
mine parish, opposite Bay Rondc. 

West Canada Creek, N. Y. This fine rapid mill 
stream rises in Hamilton co., and enters the Mo- 
hawk River about a mile below Herkimer village. 
The celebrated Trenton Falls, where there is a 
descent of more than .300 feet in 4 miles, are 
situated on this stream, about 20 miles above its 
mouth. 

West Creek, or River, N. Y., rises in Ontario co, 
flows S. W., and enters Canandaigua Lake in 
Yates CO. 

West Island, Bristol CO., Ms. Situated off the 
town of Fairhaven, E. from Sconticut Neck. 

West or Wantasticook River, Vt. This river 
rises in Weston, runs S. into Londonderry, and 
near the S. line of this township receives Win- 
hall River. It then takes a S. E. course through 
Jamaica, Townshend. Ncwfane, and Dummers- 
ton, and unites with the Connecticut in the N. E. 
part of Brattleboro'. In Jamaica it receives Bald 
Mountain branch, which rises in Stratton, anoth- 
er large branch from Wardsboro', and .Meadmv 
branch, which rises in Windham. In Ncwfane it 
receives South and Smith's branches. This river 
and its branches drain about 440 square miles. 
The main stream affords hut few mill sites, bat 
tliere are a great number on its tributaries. 

Westerloo Island, N. Y., lies in the Hudson River, 
just below the city of Albany, and is attached to 
the town of Bethlehem. It is 2 miles long and 
one quarter of a mile wide. The land is very 
fertile, being composed of rich alluvial deposits. 
Opposite the lower end of the island is the bar 
or shoal called Overslaugh, which forms the 
principal obstruction to the navigation ot the 
Hudson. 

West Feather River, Arenac co., Mn. A small 
stream flowing into Saginaw Bay. 

Westjield or Agawam River, Ms. This roman- 
tic stream rises in the N. part of Berkshire co., 
traverses the towns of Plainfield, Cuinmington, 
Goshen, Worthington, Chesterfield, Norwich, 
Montgomery, Russell, and Westficld, and meets 
the Connecticut at West Springfield. 

West Koycreek, Alleghany co., N. Y. This 
stream rises in the N. W. part of the county, and 
flows S. E. into Genesee River. It att'ords good 
water power. 

West River Mountain, N. H. See Chesterfield 
and Hinsdale. 

West Qaoddy Head, Me. See Quoddi/ Head. 

West Sivannah River, Ma. It rises near the 
source of the E. Savannah, flows S. W., and 
empties into Sandy Lake. 

Weyekwa Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated 
between Namebin apd Shishib Lakes, and con- 
nected to the latter by an outlet. 

Wheeling Creek, Va. and Pa., waters Washing- 
ton and Greene counties, Pa., and enters the Ohio 
in Ohio co., Va, just below Wheeling. 

Wheelivright's Pond. N. H. See Lee. 

Whetstone Brook, Vt., is a small mill stream, 
which rises in Marlboro', and runs nearly E. 
through Brattleboro' into Connecticut River 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



259 



Wfiflstone or Otentangij Rirer. O., rises in Rich- 
land CO., and empties into the Sciota, just above 
Columbus. 

Whiskey Island. Mn., lies in the N. part of 
Lake Michigan. N. \V. from Great Beaver Island. 

White Cap Motvitait), Me. See Aiidorer. 

While Creek, Vt. and N. Y., originates in Rn- 
pert. Vt., and taking a S. \V. course, unites with 
the Battenkill, in Washington co., N. Y. 

While/ace Mountain lies in the N. W. part of 
Essex CO., N. Y. It is surrounded by picturesque 
Kcetiery, Placid Lake and several other small 
sheets of water lying at its base on the W. It is 
elevated 48.55 feet above the Atlantic. 

William Henry, Fort. See Caldtvell. 

Wliite Fish Point. Chippewa CO., Mn., separates 
Tahquamenaw Bay from Lake Superior, and re- 
ceives the waters of several rivers. 

Whitehead. Lincoln co.. Me. A small island, 
off the town of St. George, containing a light and 
tower 30 feet high. The light bears 9 miles S. 
W. from Owl's Head. 

Wliite Mountains. N. H. See Fashionable Re- 
sorts, ^c. 

White Rirer, Vt. This river rises in Granville, 
and taking a S. E. course through comers of 
Hancock, Rochester, and Pittsfield, enters Stock- 
bridge. It then turns to the N. E., and. after 
running through the S. E. corner of Bethel, into 
Royalton, hears to the S. E., through Sharon ami 
Hartford, and falls into the Connecticut about 5 
miles above the mouth of Otta Quechee River. 
On account of its proximity to the Otta Quechee. 
White River receives no large tributaries from 
the S. Broad Brook .and Locust Creek are the 
most import,ant. From the N. it receives three 
large branches, called the First, the Second, and 
the Third Branch. Tlie First Branch rises in 
Washington, and running through Chelsea and 
Tunbridge, unites with White River in the E. 
[lart of Royalton. The Second Branch rises in 
Williamstown, and running soutlierly through 
Brookfield and Randolph, enters White River, a 
little W. of the centre of Royalton. The Third 
Branch originates in Roxbury, runs through the 
corner of Granville, through Braintree and the 
corner of Randolph, and joins White River at 
Bethel village. Each of these streams is about 
20 miles in length, and on each are several good 
mill sites, particularly on the last-mentioned 
one, at Bethel village. White River is the largest 
stream in Vt. on the E. side of the mountains. 
Its length is about 53 miles, and it waters about 
680 square miles. 

White River, la., is formed between Daviess 
and Knox counties by the junction of the E. and 
W. forks. The E. rises in Johnson co., receives 
many branches, and is navigable 1 30 miles. The 
W. fork rises in Randolph co., is increased by 
m.any tributaries, and is navigable in high water 
to Indianapolis for steamboats, and for flat boats 
much further. The lower part of the river is 200 
yards wide, and its length to its entrance into the 
Wabash is 30 miles. 

White Rirer. A large stream of Arkansas and 
Missouri, which rises in the N. E. section of the 
former state, in the ridge called the Black Moun- 
tains, wiiich divides its sources from those of the 
Arkansas. Its course is N. E. at first, about 60 
miles, crossing into the S. E. corner of Missouri, 
after which it bends to the S. E., and descends 
again into Arkansas, pursuing this general di- 
rection through a comparative distance of 120 



miles, to its junction with the Big Black Rivfr 
in Independence co. Below this puint its general 
course is nearly S., being a very little E., to its 
junction with the Mississippi. Big Black River 
which is the principal tributary of the White 
River, rises in Reynolds co., in the S. E. part of 
Missouri, and Hows nearly S., through WayiKi 
CO., to the boundary of Arkansas, after crossing 
which it bends towards the S. W. to the point 
of its confluence with White River. After Big 
Black River, two or three lesser tributaries enter 
the White River in Arkansas. Near its mouth 
the river divides into two parts, the smaller of 
which diverges, and forms a connection with the 
Arkansas, while the other pursues a course to the 
Mississippi. The entire comparative course of 
White River is ai)out 330 miles, measured through 
the centre of the valley wliich it drains. The 
form of this line valley is triangular, having an 
area of about 30.000 si|uarc miles; and the river 
is navigable by both its great branches far above 
their junction. 

White River. Mn., rises in the E. part of Nee- 
waygo CO., flows S. W. across Oceana co., and 
empties into Lake Michigan. 

While River, Ca. It rises in the Wahsatch 
Mts., and flows S W. into Green River. 

White Oak Creek, Te. A small stream which 
enters the Tennessee River on the S. border of 
Stewart co. 

iVhite Oak Creek, Mi. and Te. A small branch 
of the Tennessee River. 

]Vhite Oak River, Te. A small tributary of 
the Tennessee River. Its principal branches are 
Hurricane and Mud Creeks. 

Whitestone Point, Mn. Situated in the N. E. 
part of Arenac Co., extending into Saginaw Bay. 

White Water River, Mo. and As. The hea"il 
branches of this large stream drain Cape Gi- 
rardeau CO. ; it then flows S. S. W., and enters the 
St. Francis River in Mississippi co.. As. 

Wichaniwa or St. Francis River, Ma. A large 
stream flowing S. W. into the Kabitiiwi River. 

Wild Branch, Vt. This stream rises in Eden, 
runs through the western part of Craftsburv, and 
unites with the River Liimoille in Wolcott! 

Wild Cat Creek. la. A branch of the Wabash 
River, which it enters at the town of Lafayette in 
Tippecanoe co. 

Willamette River, On. This river rises among 
the Cascade Mts., flows in a winding N. direction 
through a fertile valley, and empties into the 
Columbia River nearly opposite Fort Vancouver. 
It affords good water power. 

Williams Fork, Ca. A N. branch of the Rio Gila. 

Williams River, Vt., is formed in Chester by 
the union of three branches, which originate in 
the towns of Ludlow, Andover, Windham, and 
Grafton. These branches unite about a mile and 
a half below the two villages in Chester, and their 
united waters, after running 15 miles in a S. E. 
direction, fall into Connecticut River in Rocking- 
ham, 3 miles above Bellows Falls. Along this 
river is some line interval, and it affords several 
good mill privileges. 

Willimantic River, Ct. See Windham. 

Willouglthi/ Ixike, Vt. See We.'itmore. 

Wtllon<jhbfj River, Vt., issues from Willoughby 
Lake, in Westmore, runs through the S. part of 
Brownington. and unites with IJarton River in 
the N. part of Barton. 

Wdlotc River, Huron CO., Mn. A small stream 
flowing N. into Lake Huron. 



260 



MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c^ 



nr{]. 



Willow River, St. Croix CO., Wn. A smull 
etrc:iiri flijwin;; into St. Croix River, just above 
Lower Hi. Croix LuliC. 

Wilsons Vnvlc, S. C, empties into tlie S.iluila 
River in KiJjzefield distrift. 

Wilson's Creek, Ky. TIlis small stream flows 
6. W.. (brminf; the bounihiry between Bullitt 
and Nelson connties, and empties into the Rolling 
Fork of Salt Uiver. 

Winchds Mountain, Granville, Ms. Height 
1362 feet. 

Winhall Riner, Vt., is a small mill stream 
which orij^iimtes in Winhall, and after running 
easterly through the eorncr of Jamaiea. unites 
with West Kivcr iti the S. part of Londonderry. 

Winil Lake, Wn. A small sheet of water on 
the N. border of Kaeiiie co. 

Wimlniill Point, Vt. See Alk 

Wimhnill Point, Va. The S. E. extremity of 
Lancaster co., extending into Chesapeake Bay, 
just above the nioutii of the Rappahaimoek River. 

WinnelxK/o hike lies in the E. part of Wiscon- 
sin, about 30 miles W. of Lake Michigan, having 
its S. half in Fond du Lac co., and the N. between 
Calumet and Winnebago counties, k is about .30 
miles in length from N. to S., and from 2 to 10 
miles in breadth. It discharges its waters N., 
through Fox River, into Green Bay. 

Winil}i(/o.-i/iish Dike, Ma. A large sheet of wa- 
ter lying N. E. from Cass Lake, with which it is 
connected by the Mississippi River. 

Winnirut, or Winniconett River, N. II., a branch 
of the Piscalaqua, rises in a swamp between 
Hampton and New Hampton, and passes N. into 
the Great Bay, at Greenland. 

Wiiinipiseoyee Lake, N. U. See Fashionable 
Resorts, ^c. 

Winnipiseogee Islands. See Lake Winnipiseoffee. 

Winnipiseoqve Rivei; N. H., issues from the S. W. 
arm of the lake of that name, to which it is tlie 
principal outlet. It thence passes through two 
bays, lietween Meredith and Gilnianton, entering 
the Great Bay in the N. E. part of Sanbornton. 
From thence it passes through two other bays, 
forming the boundary between Sanbornton on the 
N. W.. and Gilnianton and Northtield on the S. 
E., anil unites with the l*eniigewasset in Frank- 
lin. The stream is rapid in its course, atlbrding 
much good mill power. It has a fall of 2.')2 feet 
from the lake to its junction with the other branch 
of the Merrimack, this name being given to the 
confluent stream. 

iVinooski Fulls. Vt. See Winooski River. 

Winooski River. Vt. This is one of the largest 
and most valuable rivers in the state. It is 
about 70 miles in length, and in its course fertil- 
izes large tracts of land, and produces a great hy- 
draulic power. This stream rises in Caledonia 
CO. ; it passes nearly through tlie centre of the 
counties of Wnshinglon and Chittenden, and af- 
ter pa.ssing ■■ Winooski City," it falls into (.Miam- 
plain Lake five miles N. from Burlington village. 
Winooski River has luimerous tributaries, anil is 
one of the most romantic streams in the coun- 
try. The channels which have been worn in the 
rocks liy its ceaseless current are objects of great 
admiration. In its passage through the moun- 
tains are found fissures through solid rocks fiom 
30 to 100 feet in depth, with smooth, perdendicu- 
lar sides, fiO or 70 feet in width. In many places 
on this stream are natural bridges, curious cav- 
erns, anil delightful waterfalls. The road near 
the banks of this stream, from Connecticut River 



to Burlington, is said to be the best pass.age across 
the mountains in that direction : it is highly pic- 
turesque and deliglufid. The Indians in former 
times, on their trading excursions between Canada 
and the Connecticut River, passed up and down 
tills stream in their bark eanocs ; and as wild on- 
ions were found on its banks, they called it Wi- 
nooski, which, in their beautiful and expressive lan- 
guage, signifies onion. 

]y'ini/aw Bill/. S. C. extends into Georgetown 
district, 14 miles from the Atlantic, and is 2 miles 
wide. Large vessels ascend to Georgetown, and 
Great Pedee, Black, and Wacamaw Rivera flow 
into it. 

Wini/aw Point. Georgetown district, S. C. Tho 
S. extremity of North Island. 

Wissakude or Burnt Wood River, La Pointe 
CO., Wn. !t rises in a lake near the centre of the 
CO., flows N. N. W., and empties into Lake Supe- 
rior. 

Wisconsin River. Wn.. has its sources in several 
small lakes near the N. boundary of Wisconsin, 
between those of the Montreal and Menomoneo 
Rivers. It is one of the most ini[iortant tri!iuta- 
ries of the Upper Mississippi. From ^ts rise il 
flows S., about 200 miles, through the centre of 
Wisconsin, till it reaches the borders of the settled 
portion of the state near Fort Winnebago, where 
it bends to tlie S. W., and continues in that gen- 
er.al course about lOU miles to the Mississippi, into 
which it empties at I'rairie du Chien. Its navi- 
gation is much obstructed by shoals and bars, 
except at high stages of the w,ater. As the state 
becomes settled, and its rich resources of wealth 
are more fully developed, this river will lionlitless 
be improved as an important channel of internal 
commerce. 

Witiikantu River, Ma. It rises in Washtey 
Lake, flows S. E., and empties into Minesota or 
St. Peter's River. 

Wijjo Pahnli Wakan, or East Medicine Knoll 
River, Ma. This is a pretty large stream, flowing 
S. E., and emptying into the Missouri a little 
above Owawicliab River. 

Wolf Creek, Mi. and Tc., rises in the N. part 
of Ti|)pali CO.. Mi., flows N. W. into Te., and 
uniting with the Loosahatchy River, enters the 
Mississijipi just above Memphis. 

Wolf River, Mi., rises in Marion CO., and flows 
in a S. direction into the Bay of St. Louis. 

Wonnsipuitncki't River. Providence co., R. I. 
This stream rises in Sniithrield, runs between N. 
Providence and Johnston, and forms the head of 
Providence River, It afl'onls great water power, 
and numerous manufacturing establishments are 
located on its banks. 

Wood Creek, Oneiila co„ N, Y. This is a deep 
and sluggish stream, rising in the town fif Konie, 
and emptying into the E. end of Oneida L;\l,e. 
Before the completion of tlie Erie (.'anal there 
was a short portaire at Rome village, between thi.i 
river and tlie Mohawk, over which much mer- 
chandise was transported. It now constitu;es a 
part of the Oneida Lake Canal, which, in con- 
nection with the lake and Oneida River, forms a 
com|)lete water navigation from the Erie to tha 
Oswego Canal. 

Wood Creek rises in Washington CO.. N. Y., 
flows N., and enters Lake Cliamplain at Wliitehall 
village. This .stream affords some good mill 
sites, and constitutes a part of the Cliamplain 
Canal for a con-iiderable portion of its length. 

Wood River, R. I. Sec Ilopkinton. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



261 



Woomockct Falls. R. I. Sec Smithjiehl. 

Wuil'tn Point, Kent co , JNIil., projects into 
Che^ii[)e.ikc Bay. 

Wiiakominii Rirer and Lal-f. L:> Poiiile eo.. Wn. 
The river has its source in the lake, ami (lows W. 
into St. Croix River, of which it is a head Iirancli. 

WiiiKiiiVs Kill, Renssehter eo., N. Y. This 
stream, on wliich are situated many extensive 
mannt'acluring establishments, rises in the town 
of Sanil Lake, and is the outlet to a number of 
sniall lakes. 

]\'i/>- Iliocr, Md., forms the lioundary between 
Talliot and Queen Anne counties, and falls into 
the E. side of Chesapeake Bay. 

Yadkin River, N. C, rises in the E. side of the 
Blue Ridge, flow's E. and S. E. inio Montgomery 
CO., where it passes throuL;h the Narrows, bein;; 
contracted by mountains on each side, from 2110 
yards' wiilth' to about 30. It then flows into 
S. C, nnd in its lower part takes the name of 
Great I'edce. until it enters Winyaw Bay. 

Yal.iina Rirer, On. It rises amonp; the Cas- 
cade Mts., flows S. E., and empties into Clarke 
Fork near its junction with Lewis Fork of the 
Colnmliia River. 

Yampa/i or Bear Rii-er, Ca. It rises on the 
border of Na., flows W., and empties into Green 
River. 

Yanlir. Rirer, New London eo., Ct. This river 
rises in tlie N. W. part of the county, and, flow- 
in;,; S. E., meets Quinebauj; and Shetuckca Riv- 
ers at Norwich, where the throe rivers fall with 
great rapidity into the Thames, producing valu- 
able water power. See Norwich. 

Ynuo Rirer, Mi., is formed in Carroll co., by 
the junction of the Tallahatchee and Yalabusha 
Rivers, and. flowing S. S. W., enters the Missis- 
sippi 12 miles above the Walnut Hills. Sun 
Flower River, a considerable branch, Hows into 
it from the N. It is 200 yards wide at tlie mouth, 
and large boats ascend 50 miles at high water. 

Yellow Lake, St. Lawrence co., N. V., lies 
mostly in the town of Rossie, is 4 miles long, and 
half a mile wide. 

Yellow Rirer, la. It rises in the N. W. ]iart 
of Kosciusko CO., and flows S. \V. into English 
Lake. 

Yellow Rirer, lo., drains Winneshiek and Alla- 
makee counties, and falls into the Mississippi 
River. 

Yellow River, Wn. This largo river rises in a 
lake in the N. interior of Portage Co., flows 
S. W., and fiiUs into the Chippewa just above 
Chippewa Falls. 

Yellow [)ng Rirer, Houghton co., Mn., flows 
N. E. into Lake Superior. 

Yellow ll'ii(cr River, Aa. and Fa., rises in Cov- 



ington CO., Aa., flows S. W. thniugl) the W. pari 
of Fa., and enters a branch of Pensacola B.iy. 

Yocomiro J{irer, Va. A branch of the l*oIoniac, 
separating Northumberland and Westmoreland 
counties. 

Y<K'um Creek, Harlan co.. Ky. This stream 
rises among the Cumberland Mts., and flows N. 
W. into the Clover Fork of Curalierlaiid River. 

Yocanoocam/ Creek, Mi. This stream rises in 
Choctaw CO., itlows S. W., and enters Pearl River 
in Lake co. 

York Rirer, Va.. is formed at the S. E. extrem- 
ity of King William eo . by the junction of Pa- 
mnnkey and Mattapony Rivers. Its lower part 
forms a bay, generally 2 or .3 miles wide, through 
wliich it entei-s Chesapeake Bay between York 
and Gloucester counties. It ibrms the best 
harbor in Va., at Yorkiown, where it is con- 
tracted to a mile in width, and large vessels as- 
cend 20 miles above. Its entire length is about 
120 miles. 

Yonqhiofjemt Rirer, Va., Md., and Pa., rises 
in Alleghany eo.. Mil., entcr-i Pa., and pro- 
ceeding in a N. N. W. direction, crosses the 
Laurel Hills and Chestnut Ridge, and fills into 
the Monongahehi. 18 miles S. E. of Pittsburg. 
At the Ohiopyle Falls, 30 miles from its mouth, 
it has a perpendicular descent of 20 feet, present- 
ing a beautiful and grand appearance. It is nav- 
igable to tlie falls. 

Y^las de Santa Barbara. Two small islands, 
situated in the PaciKc Ocean, W. from the Ysla 
de Santa Catalina. 

Ysla dr Santa Catalina. Situated in the Pa- 
cific Ocean, N. from the Ysla de San Clemente. 

Ysla de Santa Rosa. Situated in the Pacific, 
off the coast of California, and S. W. from the 
Ysla de Santa Cruz. 

Ysla de Santa Cruz. Situated in the Pacific 
Ocean, off the S. W. coast of California, and S. 
from the town of Santa Barbara. 

Ysla de San Clemente. This island is situated 
in the Pacific Ocean, oH^ the S. W. coast of Upper 
California. 

Ysla de ,San Miguel. A small island lying ia 
the Pacific, W. from Ysla de Santa Rosa. 

Ysla de .Sun Nicolas. Sitnateil in the Pacific 
Ocean, olV the S. W. coast of California, and S. 
from the Ysla de Santa Cruz. 

Ysla del Padre, Ts. This is a long, narrow 
island, lying in the Gulf of Mexico, and .separated 
from the main land by the Laguna de Santander. 

Zappnpoir River, Huron co., Mn., flows in a 
circuiious, E. course, into Lake Huron. 

Xivimerman^s Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of 
Stratford, Fulton CO., flows S., and enters Mo- 
hawk River in Montgomery co. 



262 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER.— STATISTICAL TABLE. 



A STATISTICAL TABLE, 

Presenting a concise view of the location, extent, ic, of each state and territory in the United 
States, mth the capital of each ; and a variety of other statistical facts. 



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DESCRIPTIONS 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



This chapter is intended to include all the places, whether actually incorporated or not as cities, 
towns, or villages, which, from the number of their inhabitants, and their natural or artificial resources, 
might seem worthy of notice. Such, however, is the rapid growth of many parts of our country, that 
110 doubt there are numerous places, recently sprung up, quite as well worthy of mention as many of 
those contained in this chapter, but of which no particular information has reached us, and which 
must therefore be looked for in the list of Post Offices. Townships not contained in this chapter may 
be found in the census tables. 

As the full returns of the census of 1850 have not yet been printed, and probably never will be, and a« 
they have been already discovered, like those of the census of 1840, to be full of errors, we have not at- 
tempted to state the number of factories, sawmills, gristmills, stores, schools, or churches in each place, 
or the amount of capital employed in trade or manufactures, or the amount of production, minute details 
as to which it is impossible to obtain correct information, and so liable to change, that the correct returns 
of to-day may be absolutely false to-morrow. It has been thought best to devote the space at our com- 
mand to things more permanent in their nature, and of more general concern, without going into do- 
tails of little or no interest to strangers, and with which the inhabitants of each place are already 
better acquainted than we can pretend to be ; yet the importance of water power to the development 
of our resources is so great, that, when aware of its existence, we have taken care to mention it, and 
such application of it to use as we know to be made. The general results by states of the statistical 
returns of the late census will be found brought together in our statistical tables, which general results, 
as the errors in particular places may serve in part to counterbalance each other, may, perhaps, be 
more reliable than the particular statements from which they are compiled. The tables in relation to 
commerce and navigation are more trustworthy, having been compiled from the annual reports of the 
treasury department. Special details as to population, banks, colleges, and places of fashionable re- 
sort will be found in separate chapters, as well as a general description of the states individually, and 
of the mountains, rivers, lakes, and other geographical objects. 

The letters c. h. are used to denote the shire town of a county. What in the other states arc called 
Qounties, are known in South Carolina as districts^ and in Louisiana as parishes. For the list of 
abbreviations of states, see pages 4 and 167. 



Aaronsburfj, Pa., Centre co. A considerable 
Tilliif;e near Penn's Creek, at the E. extremity of 
Penu's Valley, 32 miles from Bellefonte and 89 
N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Ahheville. Aa., o. h., Henry CO. On Yattayab- 
ba Creek. 211 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

AhUville District, S. C, \V. part. Surface 
agreeably diversified, well watered, and fertile ; 
lies between the Savannah and Saluda ; drained 
principally by branches of the Savannah. 

AlfbeviUe, S. C, c. h., Abbeville district. Sit- 
uated on a branch of Little River. Besides the 
county liuildin^^, this place has an arsenal and 
maf;:\zinc. 97 miles W. from Columlna. 

AbU'tt, Me., l*i.scataqui.s co. On Piscataquis 
River, 76 miles N. bv E. from Au;rusta 



Abhyville, O., York township, Medina co. 
On Kocky Uiver, 118 miles from Columbus, and 
25 from Cleveland. 

Aberdeen, O., Brown co. On the Ohio Rircr, op- 
posite MaysviUe, 122 miles S. W. from Columbus. 

Abingdon^ Va., c. h., Washington co. Be- 
tween the two forks of Holston River, about 7 
miles distant from each, and 304 S. W. from 
Richmond. 

Abington, la., Wayne co. On the W. side of 
the E. fork of White River, 72 miles E. from 
Indianapolis. 

Abington. Ms.. Plymouth co. Pleasantly sit- 
uated on the hij^hest lands between Narragansct 
Bay and Boston Harbor. There are two largft 
intervales of about 500 acres each, surrounded by 



264 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



high lands, mostly covered with water in the win- 
ter, and beautifully prccn in the summer. At the 
E. part is a beautiful ranjre of elevated land, 
comprising' over 2000 aeres, called lieech Hill. 
No large rivers water the town, though Beaver 
Creek, Streame's and Ilcrsey's Uiver, and 
French's Stream afford some good mill privi- 
leges. A part of Accord Pond is in this town. 
The soil is strong and good, though rocky ; it 
is better for grazing than tillage. The surface 
is rough and l)roken. The meadow lanrl abounds 
in peat, and some parts of the upland in blue 
slate. Some bog iron ore is found. The territo- 
ry of this town is large, and it contains several 
handsome and growing villages. The original 
population, strictly of the Pilgrim iiimily, is rap- 
idly increasing, many residents in the town doiug 
business in Boston. The Old Colony Railroad 
passes through the whole length of the town. 
Distances, about 18 miles frotn Boston and 
Plymouth. Manufiictnres, boots and shoes very 
extensively, and of iron, particularly of nails, 
tacks, and brads, made by machinery. The cast- 
ing of bells was introduced here before the revo- 
lution, and early in the revolutionary war the 
casting of shot and cannon. 

Aliington, Pa., Montgomery co. There is a 
water power here wliich operates one or more 
mills. 100 miles E. from Ilarrishnrg. 

Abinf/ton, Pa., Wyoming co. On the S. branch 
of Timkhannock Creek, 151 miles N. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Ahoile, la,, Allen co, 120 miles N. N. E. froin 
Indian.apolis, 

Accomac Count;/, Va., e, h. at Aceomac. On 
the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. Bounded N. 
by Md,, S. by Northampton co. It is divided 
into Accomac and St. George's parishes. It also 
comprises several islands lying in Chesapeake 
Bay, Soil sandy. 

Accomac, Va,. c, h., Accomac co. 193 miles E. 
by N. from Richmond. 
^ AcqimchanoncL; N. J„ Passaic co. On the Pas- 

saic River, at the head of sloop navigation. Sur- 
face rolling on the E., and hilly and mountainous 
on the W, ; soil mostly fertile, 13 miles N, W, 
from New York, and 79 N, E, from Trenton. 
Manufactures, cotton, leather, and malt liquor, 

Aclon, Me,, York co. An interior town, near 
the head waters of Salmon River, by which it is 
divided on the W, from N, H, 15 miles W. from 
Alfred, 107 S, W, from Augusta, 

Acton, Ms., Middlesex co. Watered by a 
branch of Assabet River, and contains several 
ponds ; the largest of which is Nagog Pond, cov- 
ering 600 acres, and 47 feet in depth ; 21 miles 
N. W. from Boston. The railroad from Boston 
to Fitchburg passes through the west village. 
The centre is pleasant, having a large common, 
well shaded with trees, and surrounded by neat 
buildings, and good mowing and tillage land. 
A monument has lately been erected here, (partly 
at the expense of the state.) in honor of Isaac 
Davis, a citizen of the town, the first jjerson killed 
in the skirmish with the British at Concord 
Bridge, the commencement of the battle of Lex- 
ington, Manufactures, boots, shoes, blinds, and 
lashes. 

Acworth, N. H., Sullivan co. On Cold River 
and Cold Pond, Soil good. Beryls of large 
size are found here, 13 miles S. from Newport, 
«nd 44 W, from Concord, 

Ada, Mn,, Kent co. At the junction of Grand 



j and Thorn Apple Rivers. 158 miles N. W. 
from Detroit. 

Aduir Co'inli/. Ky., c. h. at Columbia, South 
central. Watered by Greene River and its 
branches. Soil fertile. 

Adair County. Mc, c. h. at Hopkinsvillc. N. 
E. part. Watered by Chariton River, which 
flows S. through it. 

Adiuitx, Ms., Berkshire CO. A flourish; ag agri- 
cultural township, comprising the two villages 
of North and South Adams. The Hoo^ack River 
passes through it, and aftbrds a great water 
power. There is a valu.able quarry of marble. 
Traces of old Fort Massachusetts are still found. 
Saddle Mountain, the summit of which is called 
Gray Lock, the highest of Massachusetts moun- 
tains, lies chiefly in this town. The natural 
bridge on Hudson's Brook is a curiosity. The 
waters have worn a passage from 30 to GO feet 
deep, and 30 rods in length, through a body of 
white marble, or limestone, and formed a bridge 
of that material, 50 feet above the surface of the 
water. There arc two limestone caves, one of 
wbicli contains several apartments which have 
been explored. Manufactures, cottons, woollens, 
leather, iron, hardware, cabinet wares, marble, 
&c. A railroad from PittsHeld to this place con- 
nects with the Western Railroad. }'>0 m. W. 
N. W. from Boston, and 40 E. from Troy, N. Y. 

Adams. Mn. A township of Hillsdale co. 93 
miles S, W, from Detroit. 

Adams, township, Jefi'erson co., N. Y. Watered 
by Sandy and Stony Creeks. The surface is 
slightly uneven, the soil a rich, sandy lo.am. 
There is water power on Sandy Creek. The 
village is 12 miles S. from Watertown, and IC2 
N. W. from Albany. 

Adams's B(isin, N, Y,, Monroe co. On the Erie 
Canal, 230 miles W. from Albany. 

Adams County. la, c. h. at Decatur. On the 
E. border, on both sides of the St. Mary's, 
which passes through its N. E. corner. 

Adams County, Is., c. h. at Qiiincy. On the 
Mississippi River, which separates it from Mo- 
Watered by affluents of the Mississippi and Illi- 
nois Rivers. 

Adams Count;/, Mi., c. h. at Natchez. In the 
S. W. angle, on the Mississippi, Surface some- 
what hilly, except on the borders of the rivers ; 
soil mostly fertile, 

Adams County. O., c. h. at West Union, The 
Ohio River divides it from Kentucky, The soil 
is various, and the land uneven and hilly. Iron 
ore is found in some of the hills along Brush 
Creek, 

Adatns County, Pa,, S, part, c, h, at Gettys- 
burg. Uneven, but fertile. Watered by tributa- 
ries of the Potomac and Susquehanna. 

Adams County, Wn. New. central part. The 
Wisconsin passes through it from N. to S. 

Adams's ^lills, 0., Muskingum co. On the 
Ohio Canal, 6 miles N. E. from Dresden and 61 
E. from Columbus, • 

Adamst'lUe, O., Muskingum co,, is a small town 
12 miles E, from Zanesville and 20 W, from 
Cambridge, 

Addison, Me., Washington co. 135 miles E. by 
N. from Augusta, Addison Point or Cape .Split, 
ott' which are several islands, is the principal har- 
bor and place of trade, 

Addison, Pa , Somerset co. On the Yioughiog- 
heny River, 153 miles S, W. from Harrisburg, 

Addison County, Vt,, c. h, at Middlcburv, W 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



265 



part; on L;ike Champlain. Large f|uantitios of 
white and lie;iutif'iilly variesiatcil inarlilo are found 
in this county. It is well watered by Otter Creek, 
Mad and White Rivers ; and by Lake Cham- 
plain, whieli affords many navigable privileges. 
The soil is good, particularly in those towns be- 
low the mountains, and bordering the lake and 
rivers. 

Addison, Vt.. Addison co. On the E. side of 
Lake Chaniplain, and nearly opposite to Crown 
Point, N. Y. The French commenced a settle- 
ment herein 1731. The English came here about 
1770. 40 miles \V. .S. W. from Jlontpclicr, and 
12 \V. N. W. from Middlebury. 

Addison. Steuben eo., N. Y. Watered by 
Camisteo River and Tuscarora Creek. The sur- 
face is uneven and the soil not remarkably fertile. 
Grindstones are made from tlie sandstone fur- 
nished in tliis town. 18 miles S.from the village 
of Bath, and 225 W. bv S. from Alhanv, N. Y. 

Adcll. lo., c. h. Dalbis co. m miles W. of 
Iowa city, on Raccoon River, a tributary of the 
Des Moines. 

Adeljihiii, O., Colerain township, Ross co. On 
the nortli fork of Salt Creek ; 40 miles S. E. from 
Cohimlius and 16 N. E. from Chillicothe. 

Adrian. Mn., c. h. Lenawee eo. Opposite the 
junction of Beaver Creek with Raisin River ; S. 
W. from Detroit. 67 miles. One of the most Hoim'- 
ishiuL' towns in the state. The Micliigan South- 
ern Hniiroad, between Monroe on Lake Erie and 
Chicago, Is., passes throuiih it, and another rail- 
road comes in here from Toledo, on the M.iuniee. 
67 miles S. VV. from Detroit, and .3.S miles \V. 
from Mtmroe. 

Aid. ().. Lawrence co. A township on the 
waters of Symmes Creek, 15 miles from Bur- 
lington. 

Air. Pa. A township of Bedford co., draincil 
by Big Cove, a triinitarv of the Potomac. Moun- 
tainous, with fertile valleys. 

Akrun. O.. .Summit co. On the Portage summit 
of the Ohio Canal, in a beautiful and fertile coun- 
try. It fiossesses a great hydraulic power, and is a 
place of much trade and manuficturc. Here the 
Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal intersects the Ohio 
Canal. Near this place is an abundance of bitu- 
minous coal. It is 16 miles S. \V. from Ravenna, 
and 110 E. from Columbus. 

AInhiimii. N. Y.. Genesee co. On the Tona- 
wanda Creek, which sends a feeder across the N. 
W. part of the town into the Erie Canal. On 
this crock, near the feeder, are falls of about 30 
feet. The soil is clay and gravelly loam, produ- 
cing Sne wheat. 12 miles N. W. from Batavia 
villau^e, and 2S7 W. from Albany. 

Aliu-hmt Cotinfi/. Fa., e. h. at Newmansville. In 
the N. central part of the peninsula, between the 
Suwanee ancl the St. Johns. It contains several 
ponds and prairies, and atfords excellent pastur- 
age. Surface rolling. 

Alamivirr Coiinti/.^.C N. central. Now; tak- 
en from the N. W. part of Orange. Watered by 
•he Haw, which jjasses througli it from N. W. to 
8. E. 

A/lxmi/. Ky., c. h. Clinton co. On Spring 
Creek, a bninch of Cumberland River, 126 miles 
from Frankfort. 

Alliiinii. Me., Oxford co. At the source of 
Crooked River, which empties into Sehago Lake. 
17 miles W. by N. from Paris, and 58 W. from 
Augusta. 

Albani/, N. H., Carroll co. Swift River and 
34 



several small streams pass through this placo 
There are a number of liills and mountains ; the 
highest, Chocorua, is visible from a greiu extent 
of country. The soil is fertile. 64 miles N. by 
E. from ' Concord, and 67 N. by N. W. from 
Dover. 

Alliani/ Coimti/. N. Y., c. h. at Alliany. On thfi 
W. brancli of the Hudson at the heail of naviga- 
tion. Uneven, and in the S. W. part hilly and 
mountainous. On the river the soil is gooil, but 
in the interior sandy and unproductive. Its N. 
E. corner is traversed by the Erie and C'hamplain 
canals and by the Albany and Schenectady, and 
Troy and Schenectady Railroads. 

Alliivit/, N. Y. City, capital of the state, and the 
scat of justice of the county of tiic same name. 
Situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 
145 miles N. from New York. It is connectjtl 
with New York, Boston, and Buft'alo, by continu- 
ous lines of railroad, and t)y railroad and steam 
navigation with Montreal. The jiopulation in 
183U was 24.23S; 1S40, 33,721; 18.")0, 50,763. 
Albany was settled by the Dutch in IK2.'i. who 
built a fort there, and called the place Fort Or- 
ange. Tliis settlement was af:erw.irds called 
Beaver Wyek. and then Williamsiadt. On the 
capture of New York by the English in 1664, 
Albany received its present namt^, in honor of 
James, Duke of York and Alliany, afterwards 
James II., in whose reign the original city char- 
ter was granted by Governor Dougan, Julv 22^ 
1686. The charter has been materially altered 
by recent acts of the legislature. The citv is di- 
vided into ten wards; it has a commanding situ- 
ation, and when viewed from the water appears 
to great advantage. On the margin of the river 
is a flat, alluvial tract, extending fiom 15 to 100 
yards back, from which the ground li-cs abruptly, 
and in the course of a mile attains an elevation 
of 220 feet, beyond which it is level. Tlie view 
from the highest parts of the city is extensive 
and |)ictures(pie. To the N. are seen the <-ity of 
Troy and the adjacent villages, ami in the dis- 
tance the hills of Vermont; to the E. the beauti- * 
ful country lying on the oppo-iie side of the Hud- 
son ; and to tlie ,S. the Helderbcrgs and Catskill 
Mountains. Originally the city was noL laid out 
with much regularity, and some of the streets 
are narrow ; but those in tlie newer and more 
elevated parts of the city are wide and regular. 
State Street, the principal street in the early 
times, as from its relative situation it still must 
be, running W. from the river, and imersecting 
many of the streets, is fi-om 1 50 to 1 70 feet wide. 
It has a steep ascent, at the head of which is the 
Capitol, on the opposite side of the public square. 
This square is formed by the Capitol and Acade- 
my Parks, wliich are enclo-ed by substantial 
iron fences, with a street running between them, 
and laid out with walks and ornamcnial trees. 
FrontiniT upon this square is the Capitol, occu- 
pieil by the legislature, the state courts, and an 
extensive and valuable library, which is a line 
editicc 115 teet long bv 96 broad, of two stories, 
upon a basement of 10 feet elevation, having a 
portico of the Ionic order, with columns 3 feet 
8 inc-hes in diameter, and 33 feet high. It is 
linilt (if the Nvack freestone, ami cost about 
$125,000. The'Albany Academy is built of tha 
same material, and fronts on the srpnirc niirtli of 
the Stale House; co.st, .SIOO.OOO. It is furnished 
with able instructors, and has about 300 pupils. 
Ou the opposite side of the square, fronting W. 



266 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS. VILLAGES, &c., 



upon the Academy Park, are the State Hall, 
built for the accommodation of the puhlic offices, 
and the Oily Hall, a splendid edifice with a gild- 
ed dome. iJoth of these buildings are of marble. 
The other public buildings area Medical College, 
on Eagle Street, a few rods S. of the s(|uare ; 
a Female Academy on North Pearl .Street, having 
annually from 300 to 350 pupils ; the E.xchange, 
a large granite building at the foot of State 
Street, occupied for stores, offices of professional 
men, and the Post Office ; and between thirty 
and forty churches of the various denominations. 
Among the finest of the church edifices is the 
Baptist Churcli, on North Pearl Street. The old 
State Hall, on the S. side of State Street, former- 
ly occupied for the state offices, has been fitted 
up for the reception of the Geological Cabinet, 
formed under the direction of the state geologi- 
cal surveys, and for the accommodation of the 
meetings of the State Agricultural Society. The 
Poorhouse, in the S. W. part of the city, has 
commodious buildings, and 150 acres of land 
cultivated by the inmates. The Alhany Orphan 
Asylum supports from 80 to 100 female children. 
The St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Asylum sup- 
ports 40 females. There are In the city over 100 
streets and alleys ; 1 1 public squares ; 3 markets ; 
15 or 20 principal hotels ; 10 publ.c school build- 
ings, with houses for the teachers ; and a state ar- 
senal. The branches of manufacture are numer- 
ous, employing a capital of nearly $2,000,000. 
This city is inclebted for much of its present pros- 
perity to the advant.iges for trade which it de- 
rives from the Erie .and Champlain Canals, which 
terminate here, connecting with Lake Erie and 
Lake Champlain, .and bringing the immense 
produce of the W. and N. to the navigable 
waters of the Hudson at this point. A capacious 
basin, a mile and a quarter in length, is formed 
by enclosing a portion of the river directly in front 
of the city, with a pier, upon which extensive 
warehouses are erected, designed for the recep- 
tion of boats from these canaL, and their accom- 
modation in Lading and unlading. The shipping 
on the river also finds a safe harlior here. A 
great number of steamboats for carrying passen- 
gers and merchandise, and towboats for expedit- 
ing the trips of .sailing vessels, ply between Al- 
bany and New York. A sand bar about 3 miles 
below the city frequently impedes the passage of 
large vessels in dry seasons. A ferry here con- 
nects the two termini of the railroads from the 
E. and the W. There is likewise another ferry 
for the ordinary travel; so th.at the scene present- 
ed at this point, when the river and canals are 
open for navigation, is one of great activity. A 
company has been ch.artered by the legislature 
for the purpose of constructing a tunnel under 
the Hudson River, connecting the railroads on 
each side, to he completed within five years from 
1852, the date of the act. The communication 
with New York, when the river is closed, h.as 
been maintained extensively by the railroads 
through Connecticut. A road is completed now, 
however, along the E. bank of the Hudson itself, 
which establishes a most direct and rapid com- 
munication with New York at all seasons of the 
year. In the year 1850, there arrived at the 
Hud.son River, by the Erie Canal, 1,554.675 tons 
of merchandise, which exceeds the amount for 
1840 by 1,087,360 tons, thus showing not only 
the greatness of the present commerce by this 
canal, but the rapid ratio of its increase. At the 



ports of Albany and West Troy, the receipts of 
the four articles of flour, wheat, com, and wool, 
in 1850, were as follows, viz.: Flour. 3,256.077 
barrels ; wheat, 3,670,754 bushels ; corn. 3,228,- 
056 bushels; wool, 11,986,000 pounds. The 
same year there were shipped for the west. 390,- 
864 tons of merchandise, amounting in value to 
$83,968,350; of which value S26,8a4,9r)4 was 
from New York; .522,896,1 78 from Albanv ; and 
$34,187,208 from West Troy. By the report of 
the auditor of the canal department for 18.50, it 
appears that the increase in the amount of mer- 
chandise transported up and down on tl^c Erie 
Canal during that year, as compared with 1840, 
was, in value, $69,3.50.1 83. From facts like these, 
showing the vast amount, and the rapidly in- 
creasing development of the resources of our 
western country, viewed in connection with the 
fact that its settlement and cultivation are only 
yet in their commencement, it may he seen how 
little occasion there is for any of our Atlantic 
cities to fear the consequences of a rivalry 
among themselves as to their facilities for obtain- 
ing the western trade. This trade is destined to 
such advances in the future as will abundantly 
employ the means which every mart upon our 
seaboard may provide for its accommodation. 
Connected with Albany are many interesting 
recollections of our national history. Here was 
held the first General Congress, to make arrange- 
ments for the national defence ; and here, upon 
the 4th of July, 1754, Fr.anklin and other patri- 
ots " signed the first plan of American Union, and 
proclaimed to the colonies that they were one 
people, fit to govern, and able to protect them- 
selves.'' 

Albamj, Pa. A southern township of Bradford 
CO., watered by Touawanda and the brandies of 
Mahoopeny Creek. Surface hilly, soil gravelly 
loam. 

Albany, Pa. A northern township of Berks co. 
Surface hilly, soil sterile. 

Albani/, Vl, Orleans co. Surface uneven ; wa- 
tered by Black River and several of its branches. 
There are likewise several considerable ponds, the 
most important of which. Great Hosmer's Pond, 
is partly in Craftsbury. The soil is generally 
sandy, or gravelly, with some good intervale land. 
37 miles N. by E. from Montpelier. 

Albemarle, N. C, c. h. Stanley co. 146 miles 
from Ualeigh. 

Albemarle County, Va., c. h. Charlottesville. 
Eastern central, bounded W. by the Blue Ridge. 
It is chiefly watered by the head branches of the 
Rivanna River. Surface and soil much diver- 
sified. 

Albia, la., e. h. Noble co. 

Albion, lo., c. h. Monroe co. 80 miles S. W. 
from Iowa city. 

Albion, Is., c. h. Edwards co. The situation 
is high and healthy. 160 miles from Springfield, 
and 40 S. W. from Vincennes. 

Albion, Me., Kennebec co. This fine farming 
town lies on the stage road from Augusta to 
Bangor. 24 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 44 
S. W. from Bangor. 

Albion, N. Y., c. h. Orleans co. In the town 
of Barre, on the Erie Canal. 250 miles W. by N. 
from Albany. 

Albion, N.'Y. A township of Oswego co. Wv 
tered by Salmon River and Creek, [surface undu- 
lating, soil good; producing white pine, hemlock, 
maple, and beech timber. 25 miles E. from 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



267 



Oswego village, and 147 miles N. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Alburg, Vt., Grand Isle co. It is bounded by 
ilie waters: of Lake Cbamplain, except on tbe 
north. The soil is j;uod and finely timbered. 
It has a mineral spring, of some repute for the 
cure of scrofulous diseases. 10 miles N. from 
North Hero, and 79 N. W. from Montpelier. 

Aldtn, N. Y., a township of Erie co. Watered 
by Cayuga and Ellicott's Creeks. The surface 
is undulating, and the soil adapted to grass and 
grains. 18 miles E. from Buffalo, and '272 S. by 
W. from Albany. 

AliJ.raiider, Me., Washington Co. In this town 
are some ponds, which, with the large pond in 
Baring and Alexander, produce a large stream 
whioli empties into Cobscook Bay. 25 mdes N. 
by W. from Machias. 

Alexander Cuunlij. N. C. New, taken from 
Iredell. W. central part. 

Alexandersi'ille, 0., Miami township. Montgom 
ery co. Located on the Miami Canal. The re- 
mains of ancient fortifications are found here. 
Distant 18 miles W. from Xenia, and 73 from 
Columbus. 

Alexander County, Is., c. h. at Unity. In the S. 
angle of the state, between the Mississi|ipi and 
Ohio. Drained by Se.\ton's, Cash, and Clear 
Creeks. Soil fertile, about one third consisting 
of alluvion. The S. part is liable to inundation. 

Alexander, N. Y., Genesee co. (_)n both sides 
of Tonawanda Creek, which flows nearly N. 
through it. The surface is slightly uneven, and 
the soil clay loam, well adapted to the growth of 
grain and grass. 8 miles S. of Batavia village, 
and 247 miles N. of W. from Albany, on the rail- 
road from Albany to Buffiilo. 

Alexandria. Ky., c. h. Campbell co. 85 miles 
from Frankfort. 

Alexandria, La., c. h. Rapides parish. On Red 
River, just below the rapids, 291 miles N. W. 
from New Orleans. 

Alexandria, N. H.. Grafton co. A small part 
of Newfound Lake lies in this town. On Fowl- 
er's anil Smith's Rivers, and other small streams, 
are fine intervale lands. Settled. Dec. 1769, by 
Jonathan, John M., and William Corliss .34 miles 
N. W. from Concord, and 40 S. E. from Haverhill. 

Alexandria. N. Y., Jefl'crson co. This town, 
situated on the St. Lawrence River, comprises 
several of the " Thousand Islands," and contains 
Clear, Crystal, and Butterfield Lakes. The sur- 
face is gently undulating, and the soil clay and 
marlv loam. 20 miles N. from Watertown and 
190 N. W. from AUiany. 

Alexandria Countif, Va., c. h. at Alexandria. 
On the S. side of the Potomac, opposite the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. It is connected by a briilge 
of more than a mile in length, with Washington 
City. Surface uneven, soil light. 

Alexandria, Va. City and shire town of Alex- 
andria CO., situated on the W. side of the River 
Potomac, 7 miles S. from Washington city. 
This city was included in that part of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia ceded to the United States by 
Virginia, as a location for the seat of govern- 
ment. But recently it has been ceded back again, 
with all that portion of the territory lying on the 
west side of the Potomac, and now belongs, as at 
first, to the jurisdiction of Virginia. The river, 
opposite the city, has a sufUcient depth to admit 
vessels of the largest class to come to its wharves. 
The place is pleasantly situated on ground grad- 



ually rising from the river, and is laid out with 
much regularity, the streets crossing each other 
at right angles. It has a number of churches, 
among which are two Presbyterian, two Episco- 
pal, two Methodist, one Baptist, and one Roman 
Catholic. There are two banks, with a capital 
of $1,000,000. The termination of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal is at this (ilace. The 
principal trade of Alexandria is in flour, wheat, 
Indian corn, and tobacco. Population in 1850, 
8,795. 

Alford, Ms., Berkshire co. A mountainous 
township, on the line of the state of N. Y. The 
valleys pi'oduce some grain ; considerable por- 
tions of the rough parts of the town are good 
pasture land. 190 miles W. from Boston, and 
19 S. by W. from Pittstield. 

Alfred, Me., c. h. York co. A good farming 
town, well furnished with water power by Mon- 
sum River. .35 miles S. from Portland, and 85 
S. W. from Augusta. 

Alfred, N. Y., Alleghany co. Hilly, and the 
soil adapted for grazing. Tlie New York and 
Erie Railroad passes through this town. 12 miles 
S. E. from Angelica, and 244 miles S. of W.from 
Albany. 

Altjiers, La., Orleans parish. On the right bank 
of the Mississippi River, opposite New Orleans. 
The river here is rather less than half a mile 
wide, and curves in such a manner that inucli the 
greatest force and rapidity of the current is 
thrown upon the New Orleans side. From this 
circumstance, as well as from the greater eleva- 
tion of the ground on which Algiers is built, 
rendering it secure from the overflow of this 
river, eien at the highest stages of tbe water, it 
has some natural advantages over New Orleans 
for commercial purposes. In 1844, Thayer and 
Company commenced the erection of warehouses 
of the first class at this ]>lace. for the reception 
and transmission of merchandise, which now ex- 
tend about 2000 feet on the river, and are doing a 
heavy amount of business. Commodious wharves 
lutve been built, and floating docks for repairing 
vessels, and this port is now connected with the 
port of New Orleans as a port of entry and de- 
livery. This place is rapidly building up. and is 
destined to become an important mart of com- 
merce. Among other establishments for manu- 
facturing purposes is an extensive iron foundery, 
covering more than 300 sc[uare feet of ground. It 
is in contemplation by the government to estab- 
lish a navy yard and a naval depot at Algiers. 
This is the southern terminus of the Opelousas 
Railroiid, which extends through Attakappas to 
Opelousas. The favorable position of Algiers, 
in reference to this great line of internal commu- 
nication, in connection with its fine facilities for 
navig.ation and commerce, on the Mississippi 
River, cannot fail of m.aking it, at no distant day, 
otie of the most prosperous and important places 
on the banks of the " Father of Waters." 

Allamakee County, lo. In the N. E. corner. 

Alletihany County, Md., c. h. at Cumberland. W. 
extremity of the state. Watered by the Potomac 
and Youghiogeny Rivers. Surface rough and 
mountainous, being crossed by the main chain 
of the Alleghany Mountains ; much of the soil, 
however, is fertile. The great national road, 
built by the government, commences at Cumber- 
land and crosses the mountain west. The Ches- 
apeake and Ohio Canal extends to Cumber- 
land, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad tray- 



268 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c^ 



erscs tlic country cast nnd west. This county 
contains thet'amous Frostliur;^ coal ficM. 

A/le'/fin CoKiili/, Mn., c. li. at Allef;an. S. W. 
pan of the state, on Lake Michijjan. Watered 
by Kalamazoo, Black, and Raliliit Hivers. Sur- 
face unilnlatinfr, soil sandy on the borders of the 
lake, rich alluvion on the rivers, and elsewhere 
a mixture of sand and clay. 

Alleijdn. Mn., c. h. Allcfjan co. On both sides 
of the Kalamazoo River. It has an elevated sur- 
face, a dry. sandy soil, and j^ood water power. 
161 miles "W. by N. from Detroit. 

Al/ri/linni/ Cnunlij, N. Y., c. h. at Anfrclioa. On 
the 8. W. border of the state. Watered by 
Black, Dike, Caneadea, Cold, and Campen's 
Creeks, beside other smaller tributaries of the 
Genesee which flows nearly throuLdi the centre of 
the county. The surface o»i the K.and \V. consists 
of r.uiLies of table land, elevated from l.'iOO to 
2.^100 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. 
The soil in the Genesee valley is very fertile, 
and the uplands are well adapted to gin^i'i;;. 
This county contains several beds of bo;; iron 
ore. In the W. part is an oil sprin;; which jields 
lar;;e quantities of Seneca oil. It is crosseil by 
the Genesee Valley Canal and the New York 
and Erie Railroad. 

Allefihiini/ Coitn/i/, Pa., c. h. at Pittsburf; The 
Alle;,diany and Monongahela Rivers unite near 
the centre of this county, to form the Ohio. Sur- 
face hilly, soil fertile. Aliounds in coal. 

Allci/iuini/, Pa. A sourhern township of Arm- 
BtronLT CO. ; i!i the angle between the Alleghany 
and the Kiskiminitas. Surface hilly, soil rather 
nuproductive. 

Allet/Uini/, Pa. A northern township of West- 
moreland, in the southern angle herwecn the 
Alleghany and tlie Kiskiminitas. The water 
power is considerable, and is improved for oper- 
ating several flouring mills, saw mills. &c. 

A/lrfjhiiiy, Pa., Blair co. Watered by the 
Bcaverilain, a branch of the Susquehanna liiver. 
Surfice mountainous ; soil in the valleys rich. 

Allei/Iiaiii/, Pa. An eastern township of Somcr- 
eet CO., on the dividing ridge between the waters 
of the Susquehanna and Youghiogcny. Surface 
yery hilly ; soil, gravel. 

Alltijliani/, Pa., a northern township of, Venan- 
po CO.. on the N. bank of the Alleghany. Sur- 
face hilly ; soil gravelly. 

Allriffianii Cili/, Pa. A suburb of Pittsburg; 
see Piitsliuiy. 

Allii/limii/, Pa., a central township of Cambria 
CO., on the height of land between the head 
waters of the W. branch of the Susquehanna 
and t!ie Kiskiminitas. 

Alli'ijhiinii Coiintij, Va., c. h. at Covington. Cen- 
tral, in the valley district, hounded W. by the 
Alleghany Mountains, which separate it from 
Greenbrier co. Watered by Cow Pasture and 
Jackson's Rivers, head branches of the James. 
The passage of Jackson's River through Waile's 
Mountain is a great curiosity One of its tribu- 
taries, also, has a fall of 1 80 feet in a short dis- 
tance. The soil is fertile on the streams, and on 
Rich Patch Mountain ; elsewhere the land is 
sterile. Surface elevated and mountainous. 

Allen Cuniity, la., c. h. at Fort Wayne. Wa- 
tered by St. Joseph's and St. Marys Rivers, 
which unite at Fort W.ayne to form the Maumee. 
6urf'ai-e level, consisting partly of wet prairies ; 
•oil fertile. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes 
through this county. 



Allen Coiinti/. Ky., c. h. at Scoltsvillc. On the 
S. border of the state. Watered by tlie srjurccs 
of Big Barren River, a branch of Green River. 
Surface level ; soil of a tolerably good quality. 

Allen, N. Y., Alleghany co. Several small af- 
fluents of the Genesee How tlirough ibis town, 
the surface of which is tnnlulating. and the soil 
clay anil sandy loam. 7 miles N. from Angelica, 
and 201 S. of W. from Albany. 

Allen Count//. ().. c. h. at Lim.i. On the sum- 
mit between the lake and the Ohio River. Very 
fertile. The Miami Canal passes thri)Ugh it. 

Allen, Pa. A south-east township of Cumber- 
land CO. 18 miles W. S. W. from Ilarrishnrg. 

/l//c». Pa. A west township of Nintlianipton 
CO. The Lehigh River and Canal bound it on 
the W. 

Allenstown, N. H.. Mcrrimac co. Watered by 
Snneook River. The lainj is mostly ordinary, 
though there are some fine farms, also a largo 
growth of oak ami pine timber. 11 miles S- E. 
from Concoril, .T8 W. from Portsmouth. 

Allentou'ii, Pa., (also called Northam/tton.) c. h. 
Lehigh co. 87 miles E. N. E. from Harris- 
burg. 

AHifjntor, Fa., c. h. Columbia co. 110 miles S. 
E. by E. from Tallahassee. 

Almond, N. Y. A western township of Alle- 
ghany CO.. on the head branches of Canisteo 
River, a tributary of the Susquehanna. The 
surface is rather hilly ; the soil mostly clay loam, 
and good. 14 miles E. from Angelica, and 240 
S. of W. from Albany. 

AIna, Me., Lincoln co. On Shee[)Scot River. 
10 miles from Wiscasset, 54 N. E. from Portland, 
and 20 S. S. E from Augusta. 

Alsiice, Va., Berks co. On the E. side of Schuyl- 
kill River; watered also by Roush's Creek. The 
surface is mountainous, but the soil, under good 
cultivation, is productive. 

Ahtead. N. II Cheshire co. Watered by Cold 
River, and branches of the Ashuclot. It contains 
Warren's and other ponds. 12 miles S. IC. from 
Charlestown, .'56 W. by S. from Concord. 

Ahainont, Te., c. h. Grundy co. 

Alton. III., city, Madison co. Situated on the 
east bank of the Mississippi, 82 miles W. by S. 
from Springfield, the capital of the state. This 
place has an excellent steamboat landing, and is 
advantageously situated for trade. It extends 
along the river about 2 miles ; and back, from 
half a mile to a mile. The slrecls. which are 
laid out. with rcgnlarily, arc from 60 to 180 feet 
wide. The place has had a rajiid growth. There 
are churches here of the Presbyterian. Baptist, 
Methodist, Episcopal, Evangelical, Lutheran, and 
Unitarian denominations. Two or three weekly 
newspapers arc published here. There are sev- 
eral large commission houses, a great number of 
stores, a flouring mill, a brewery, saw mills, &c. 
Quite a number of steamboats doing business on 
the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois Rivers, are 
owned here. The surrounding country is rich 
in fine timber, limestone, and bitiiminntis coal. 

Alton, N. H,, Belknap co. On Merrymccting 
Bay of Winnipiseogee Lake. Soil bard and 
rocky, but productive if well cultivated. lu 
timber, oak. beech, maple, and pine. Principal 
elevations. Mount Major and Prospect Hill. 
Half Moon Pond, between Alton and Barnstead, 
is 300 rods long, 150 wide. 

Amoskeog. N. H., Hillsboro' co. A village 
in Goflstown, on the Merrimac River, which here 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



269 



falls 54 feet in a mile and a half, furnisliini; a 
great water jwwer. There are some maiuitaeto- 
rics at AmoskeaK, but the ;;reatest part of the 
water is carried in canals to Manchester, a little 
distance below. 17 miles S. by E. fiom Concord. 

AmI'oi/, N. Y. An E. township of Oswcfro 
CO.. ilrained by Salmon and Seriha Creeks, and 
contains several small lakes. Surface level ; 
Boil a rich loam, producing abundant crops of 
grass and grain. 30 miles E. from Oswego vil- 
lage, and I.'}? N. W. from Albany. 

Aniclia Count!/, Va , c. h. at Amelia. E. central. 
The Appomattox River runs along the N and 
N. E. boundary, and its branches drain this coun- 
ty. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil ratlier 
unproductive. The principal agricultural pro- 
ductions are wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. 

Aiiteitia, N. Y. An eastern township of Dutch- 
ess CO.. on the Ms. border, watered by Wassaic 
and Ten Mile Creeks, branches of the Ilousa- 
tonie liivcr. It contains two considerable jionils, 
and some mineral springs, and affords magnetic 
iron ore and marble of good quality. The sur- 
face is much diversified ; the Taghkanic and 
Fisbkill Mountains crossing parts of the town. 
2,0 miles N. E. from I'oughkeepsie, and 70 S. S. 
\i. from Albany. 

AiiieiicKs, Ga.. c. h. Sampler eo. 104 miles 
S. S. W. from Milledgeville. 

Ami's, O. A township of Athens co , on Fed- 
eral Creek, a few miles N. E. from Athens, c. h. 

Amt'shnry, Ms., Essex eo. On the N. side 
of Merrimac River, separated from Salis!)ury liv 
Powow River, a stream navigable for some dis- 
tance for vessels of 300 tons. A pond, covering 
about 1000 acres, back of the town, 90 feet above 
the sea, serves as a reservoir fur a constant and 
extensive water power. That part of the town 
called •' The Mills" is at the lower falls of the 
I'owow. The river here is about 2 rods in width, 
and is crossed by several brid<_'es. The views 
from Whittier. Bear, and Pond Hills are delight- 
ful. At the W. end of the town are two flour- 
ishing villages, with a small stream, noted for 
salmon. 40 miles N. IC. from Boston, and 6 
miles N. W. from Ncwlniryport. witli which it 
comninnicaies by the Salisbury Branih Railroad. 
Celebrated for its flannels, and other woollen 
goods, 

Amherst. Me.. Hancock eo. On the head wa- 
ters of Union River. 25 miles E. from Bangor. 

Amherst, Ms., Hampshire co. Comprises 4 
handsome villages — the centre village, where 
the college is located, and the N., the E , and S. 
villages. The town is watered by 2 good mill 
streams, whi'h form .Mill River. The college is 
Bitiiatcd on elevated ground, in the centre village, 
giMTounded by a fertile country, and command- 
ing a prospect of one of the most picrurcsquo 
sections of the state. 82 miles W. from Bos- 
ton, and 7 E. by N. from Northampton. Sec 
CoUi-tifs, 

Amherst. N. H., c. Ii. Hillshoro' eo. On Sou- 
hcgan River, a tributary of the Merrimac. The 
soil is excellent. There is a celebrate<l mineral 
spring hire. 29 miles S. from Concord, and 40 
E from Keene. 

Amherst. N. Y., Erie eo. Tonawanda Creek 
bounds this township on the N. and EUicott's 
Creek flows through it. The surface is uneven, 
and the soil of an indifferent ([ualitv. 10 miles 
N. E. from the city of Buffalo, and 283 N. of W. 
from Albany. 



Amherst Cnimty, Va., e. h. at Amherst. S. 
central, in the N. amrle between the Blue Ridgo 
and James River. Surface elevated, and agrco- 
atily diversified ; soil tolerably good. Wheat and 
tobacco are the principal products. 

Amherst, Va.. e. h. Amherst eo. 15 miles N. 
N. E. from Lynchburg, and 115 W. from Rich- 
mond. 

Amite Co'inti/. Mi., c. h. at Liberty. In the S. 
W. angle of tlie slate, bordering; on Louisiana. 
Watered by Amiie River and its branches. Sur- 
face uneven ; soil of good quality, especially on 
the borders of tbe streams. Chief products, cot- 
ton and corn. 

Amili/, Me.. Aroostook eo. Township No. 10, 
first range of townships from the E. line of tho 
state. About 100 miles N. E. from Ban'„'or. 

Amiti/, N. Y.. Alleghany co. On the Gen- 
esee River, whicfi flows in a N. direction, near- 
ly through the centre of the township. Surfaea 
high and rolling on the outskirts; soil varit)us j 
the uplands lieing adnptcd to grazing, and tha 
borders of the rivers to the growth of grass and 
grain. 6 miles S. of Angelica, and 255 S. of W, 
from Albany. 

Ainiti/, <).. Pike township. Knox eo. Fertile 
and healthy. 8 miles N. E. of Mt. Vernon, 53 
from Columbus, and 85 from Clevelanil. 

Aiiiiii/, Pa.. Erie co. A hilly township, with a 
soil of gravelly loam. 

Amit;/, Pa.. Berks eo. On the Schuylkill. Tho 
Reading Railrond passes through it. 

Ainsterdnm. N. Y., Monigomery co. Town- 
ship and village on the Mohawk River. Erie 
Canal, and Schenectady and Utica Railroad. 
Watered by several small streams, the prineipa' of 
which is the Chuctanunda Creek. A flne qualitv 
of building stone is quarried here The snrfice 
is uneven, but the soil is fertile and easily tilled, 
consisting of clay loam and ri<'h mould. The 
village contains manufactures bf carjjcts, scythes, 
&c. 31 miles W. from Albany. 

AmweJl, N. -J., Hunterdon co. Watered bv iho 
south branch of the Raritan River .ind its tribu- 
taries. Surface uneven ; soil fertile in some p irts. 

Amwrll. Pa., Washington co. Surface hilly, 
abounding with coal, and watered by the branchef 
of Ten Mile Creek. Soil loam. 

Ancimnsa. lo.. e. h. Jones co. 

Ancnim, N. Y. A S. E. township of Columbia 
CO., drained by Ancram and Punch Creeks 
Surface hilly, soil gravelly loam a?id clay, upon 
a foundation of slate and limestone. 21 milci 
S. E. from the city of Hudson. 
Anddliisia. Aa., c. h. Covington co. 
Anderson, la., c. h. Howard co. 
Anderson (_'uunti/. Ky.. c. h. at Lawrencehurg 
Watered by Salt River and its head branches, and 
on the E. by the Kentucky. Surface rough 

Anderson, 0. An E. township of Hamilton 
CO., between the Ohio River and the Little 
Miami. 

Anderson Distrirt. S. C , c. h. at Andi-i'son. In 
the N. W. part of the state. Watered l>y head 
branches of the Savannah and Salnda Rivers. 

Anderson, S. C, c. h. Anderson district. 127 
miles N. W. fiom Columbia. 

Anderson C'onnli/, Te., c. h. at Clinton. N. E. 
central. Wateretl by Clinch River. Rough, but 
fertile. 

Anderson C'uunli/, Ts., c. h. at Plenitude. B. 
part. On the upper branch of the Triniiv. 

Andes, N. Y., township. Delaware co. Watered 



270 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



by Temper's Kill nnd the Papacton branch of the 
Delinvare River. Surface hilly ; soil adapted to 
gra/.infr. 87 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Amloim-, Me., Oxford eo. Watered by Ellis's 
River. About 30 miles N. W. from Paris, and 
61 W. N. W. from Augusta. 

Andorer, Ms., Esse.x eo. A large town of ten 
miles square, bounded N. by the Merrimac, and 
watered by the Shawsheen, which affords many 
water privileges. There are large villages in the 
N. and S. pans of the town, some 3 miles distant 
from each other, and several smaller villages. 
Most of the soil is arable, and much of it 
highly cultivated. Among the manufactures are 
flannels, linen, yarn, and shoe thread. The vari- 
ous literary institutions are its principal attrac- 
tion. l*hillips Academy has now been in ex- 
istence nearly 70 years. It has ample endow- 
ments, convenient buildings, a chemical and 
philosophical apparatus, which cost over 82000, 
B valuable library of 700 volumes. From the 
commencement of its operations to 1845, 4437 
individuals have enjoyed its advantages. Tliis 
institution was incorporated several years before 
any other academy in New England, and is still 
deservedly conspicuous among them all. Its 
funds enable the trustees to secure the permanent 
services of distinguished teachers, without making 
any but the most moderate charges for tuition, 
while large numbers receive their entire tuition 
free. The Theological Seminary. See Theoloqi- 
cut Institutes. The Abbot Female Academy. This 
academy is beautifully located, in the same vil- 
lage with the other literary institutions ; it pre- 
sents the additional attractions of a valualjle 
philosophical apparatus, and cabinet of minerals, 
and a select library of modern works, together 
with a beautiful building, and grounds tastefully 
arranged and adorned. Many of the most valu- 
able pulilications of the day arc issued from the 
Andovor press. Its learned Quarterly, the Bib- 
liothcca Sacra, has a large circulation across the 
Atlantic. 

Andover, N. H., Merrimac eo. The Black 
Water is the principal stream. There arc six 
ponds. The Ragged Mountains are on the N., 
the Kearsage on the W. Soil of good quality. 
21 miles N. W. from Concord. The Northern 
Railroad passes through the centre. 

Andorer, N. Y., a township of Alleghany co. 
Dyke Creek, a tributary of the Genesee River, 
flows through this town. Its surface is uneven ; 
soil, chiv loam, l.'i miles S. E. from Angelica, 
and 2r>R S. of W. from Albany. 

Aiidoivr, Vt., Windsor co. Markham and 
Terrible Mountains lie in the western part. 
The land is uneven, and the soil hard. 20 miles 
S. W from Windsor, and 68 S. from Montpelier. 

Andrvio Coiinly, Mo., c. h. at Savannah. Prin- 
cipal streams, Platte and Nodaway Uivers. The 
Missouri also touches the S. W. corner. 

Aiii/vlifii, N. Y., c. h. Alicghsmy co. Town- 
ship and village on Angelica Oeek. The sur- 
face is roiling; the soil mostly fertile, consisting 
of clay loam and sandy alluvion. 262 miles VV. 
from Albany. 

Anijii'ino County, Ts., c. h. at Marion. In the 
E. part of the state. Drained by liie Angolioa, 
the H. fork of tho NechcB. 

Angola, la., c. h. Steuben co. 174 miles N. N. 
E. from Indianapolis. 

Anmifiolta, Md., city, port of entry, capital of 
the slate, ai:d seat of justice of Ann Arundel co.. 



stands on the W. side of the Severn, 2 mile« 
from its entrance into Chesape.ike Bay, 28 miles 
S. S. E. from Baltimore, and 40 mile's E. N. E. 
from the city of Washington. Annapolis wan 
established as the seat of government in 1699. 
The state house is a venerable buihling. in which 
the American Congress held some of its sessionn 
during the revolutionary war; antl in the senate 
chamber of which, Washington, at the close of 
the war. resigne<l bis commission. It is a spa- 
cious and elegant building for the period of ita 
erection. The state library, in one of its apart- 
ments, contains 15,000 volumes. The city is reg- 
ularly laid out, with streets diverging from the 
state house, and also from another point, at 
which is located the Episcopal Church, as from 
two centres. The city is pleasant and healthy 
as a place of residence, but as a place of business 
it has fallen behind in consequence of the floiir- 
isbing state of Baltimore. Annapolis is the scat 
of St. John's College, a branch of the University 
of Maryland. See Colleges. 

AnnisQuain, Ms., Essex co. 34 miles from Bos- 
ton ; the north village of the town of Gloucester, 
having a separate harbor of its own, formed bj 
Annisquam River, and opening into Ipsmch 
Bay. 

Ann Arbor, Mn., Washtenaw co. This flour- 
ishing place, on both sides of the Huron River, 
is regularly laid out, partly on the river and part- 
ly on elevated ground a short distance S. of it. 
It is handsomely built, and is the seat of the 
Michigan University. See Colleges. It is on the 
Michigan Central Railroad, 42 miles W. from 
Detroit. 

Ann Arundel County, Md., c. h. at Annapolis. 
Central, on the W. shore of Chesapeake Bay. 
Surface rolling ; soil tolerably fertile. It is 
watered on its N. border by the Palapsco, and 
on its S. W. border by the Patuxent River. 

Annsnille, N. Y., Oneida co. Fish Creek and 
its tributaries water this township, the surface 
of which is undulating, and the soil mostly grav- 
elly loiim. 25 miles N. W. from the city of Uti- 
ca, and 118 miles from Albany. 

Annmlle, Pa., Lebanon co. Swatara Creek, 
and tributaries of it, flow through this township, 
affording good water power. Surface level; soil 
gravel and calcareous loam. The Union Canal 
passes through it. 

Anson, Me., Somerset co. At the junction of 
Seven Mile Brook with the Kennebec, on the 
western side of that river. Here are fine farmg 
and good husbandry. 112 miles N. from Port- 
land. 40 N. W. from Augusta. 

Anson County, N. C, c. h. at Wadesboro'. 
On the S. border and S. bank of the Yadkin, by 
which and its tributaries it is watered. 

Antes, Pa. A northern township of Blair co., 
on the height of land between the Juniata and 
the W. branch of the Susquehanna. 116 miles 
W. from llarrisburg. 

Antrim, N. H., Ilillsboro' co. On Contoo- 
cook River. Hilly, but productive. 30 miles S. 
W. from Concord. 

Antrim, Pa., Franklin co. Coneeheague Creek 
and its branches water this township, the surface 
of which is level, and the soil calcareous loam. 

Antwerp. N. Y., Jcd'erson co. ( Iswegati'hin 
River waters this township on the N. and Indian 
Kiver on the S. The former here makes a bend 
called the "Oxbow." The surface is hilly; tho 
soil gooil, clay loam, well adapted to the growth 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



271 



of prass. 20 miles N. E. from the village of 
Walertown, and 164 N. W. from Albany. 

Ap/ia/achicuh, Fa., c. h. and port of entry, 
Franklin co. 1.35 miles S. W. from T:\llahassee, 
situated on a bluft' at the mouth of the river of 
the same name. It is regularly laid out* and oc- 
cupies an area of one square mile. On Front 
Street there are a number of blocks of large 
brick stores, with granite fronts. The remaining 
portion of the town is built mo-stly of wood. 
Appalachicola is a considerable mart for cotton. 
The river is navigated by steamboats and other 
boats, and the harbor generally contains a num- 
ber of large vessels, lading and unlading at the 
wharves. 

A/iplelon, Me., Waldo co., .35 miles E. by S. 
from Augusta, between the head waters of the 
Muskingus and St. George's. 

Appamse co., lo., c. h. at Antreville. On the 
S. border of the state. 

AjipliiK/ Coimti/, Ga., c. h. at HoImesviUe. S. E. 
central. Watered by the head branches of Salil- 
la River. Surface level. Soil light and sandy. 

Applimii'ilte, Ga., c. h. Columbia co. On 
Great Kiokee Creek, II 1 miles S. S. E. from 
Milledgeville. 

Ajipomattox County, Va., c. h. at Clover Hill. 
In the S. centra! part of the state, with the James 
River on its N. W. border. 

Aqiiin, Va., Stafford co. On Aquia Creek. 
The railroad to Fredericksburg and Richmond 
commences here, and connects with Washington 
by steamboat. 

Arcadia. N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Mud 
Creek, and contains large quarries of gypsum. 
The surface is hilly ; the soil sandy and calca- 
reous loam. 5 miles W. from Lyons village, and 
190 N. \V. from Albany. 

Archer, ()., Harrison co. A township watered 
by Stillwater River and its branches. Distant 
from Cadiz a few miles N. 

Aniyle, Me., Penobscot co., is a new town, but 
fertile and flourishing. It produces the best of 
wheat. 89 miles N. E. from Angusta. 

Arj/i/le, N Y Washington eo. Surface un- 
even ; soil gravelly loam, and sandy. It is equi- 
[ distant from Salem and Sandy Hill, and 46 miles 
N. E. from Albany. 

Arietta, N. Y., Hamilton co. This township is 
large, and contains several lakes and numerous 
small streams. The southern part only is par- 
tially settled. 72 miles N. W. from Albany, and 
8 miles W. from the village of Lake Pleasant. 

Arkadi'l phia. As., c. h. Clark co. Ou the Wa- 
chitta, 100 miles S. W, of Little Rock. 

Arkansas County, As., c. h. at Arkansas Post, 
S. E. part, in the angle between the White and 
Arkansas Rivers. Surface mostly level, com- 
prising the S. part of Grand Prairie, the soil of 
which is very fertile. 

Arkansas Post, As,, c, h. Arkansas co. On the 
N. bank of Arkansas River, on a high bluff. 50 
miles from the Mississippi. It was founded by 
the French in 1685. 117 miles S. E. from Little 
Rock. 

Arkwrii/ht, N. Y., Chautauque co. A high and 
hilly township, with a soil adapted to the growth 
of grass or grain. 346 miles W. from Albany, 

Arliniflon, Vt,, Bennington co. Watered by 
Green River, Mill, and Warm Brooks, and Roar- 
ing Branch, which form e.Kcelient mill sites, and 
f.dl into the Batten Kill in the N. part of the 
town. On the streams are large bodies of rich 



intervales. West and Red Mountains extend 
thrimgh the W. part. There are marble quarries 
here, and a curious cavern, 15 miles N. from 
Bennington, and 106 S, W. from Montpelier, 

Annitt/h, Pa,, Mifflin co. A norlhcrn township. 

Armstrong County, Pa,, c. li, at Kittanning, W, 
central. The Alleghany passes through it from 
N, to S,, and the Kiskiminitas washes its S, W. 
border. Surface pleasantly diversified. 

Armstrong, Pa. A western township of Indiana 
CO. Watered by Crooked Creek. Surface level ; 
soil, clay and gravel. 

Aroostook County, Me., c. h. at Houlton, is in the 
N, E. and N. part of the state. Watered by the 
Upper St, John's and its southern lril>utaries. 
Mostly unsettled. Soil, a limestone formation, 
favorable to wheat. 

Arrow Hock, Mo., Saline co. Situated on a 
high blufl' on the S. side of the Missouri River. 
It has a good landing, and is surrounded by a 
fertile country. 72 miles N. W. from Jefferson 
city. 

Ascension Parish, La., c. h. at Donaldsonville. 
Soutliern part, on both sides of the Mississippi. 
It has on the N. the Amite, with which the 
Manshac pass from the Mississijjpi communi- 
cates. The La Fourche, another outlet of the 
Mississippi, leaves that river at Donaldsonville, 
in this parish. Level, and, except the lands on 
the immediate banks of the rivers, annually in- 
undated. 

Ashe County. N. C, c. h, at Jeffersonton. In 
the N, W, corner. Watered by the head branches 
of the Holston and (Jrcat Kanawha Rivers. 
Surface elevated and rough, being a table land 
between Bald Mt. and the Blue Ridge ; soil tol- 
erably good. 

As'hlioro', N. C, c. h, Randolph co. 72 miles 
W. from Raleigh. 

Ashburnham. Ms., Worcester co. On the height 
of land between the Connecticut and Merrimac 
Rivers. It is watered by large ponds, which 
furnish good mill scats. There is much good 
land both for grass and grain, 54 miles N. W. 
from Boston, and 4 N. W, from Fitchburg. 

Ashford, Ct., Windham co. Watered by sev- 
eral small tributaries of the Yantic, The sur- 
face is rough and stony, but excellent for graz- 
ing. 31 miles E. from Hartford, 14 N, W, from 
Brooklyn, 

Ashford, N, Y,, Cattaraugus co. Drained by 
Cattaraugus Creek and its tributaries. Surface 
slightly uneven ; soil, clay loam, 300 miles W. 
from Albany, 

Ashland, Ms,, Middlesex co. On head streams 
of Concord River which afford water power. 
The Worcester Railroad passes through the 
centre of the town. 25 miles W. S. W. from 
Boston. 

Ashland County, O., c. h. at Ashland. N. part. 
Drained by branches of the Mohican Creek, a 
tributary of the Muskingum. 

Ash/a'nd O., e. h. Ashland co. 30 miles N. E. 
from Columbus. 

Ashley County, As,, c. h. at Hamburg. (New.) 

Ashby, Ms,, Middlesex co., is on elevated land, 
bordering on Rindge, N, H. Branches of the 
Squamacook rise here, and pass to the Nashua. 
It is varied with hills and vales, and is rich in 
agricultural products and fine scenery. 42 miles 
W, N, W, from Boston, and 25 N, W. from Con- 
cord, N, H, 

Ashtabula County, 0., c. h. at Jefferson. In the 



272 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



N. E. corner of the state, on the southern shore 
of Lake Erie. Tlie soil is various, hut generally 
good. GranJ River, Ashtahula. and Coiineaut 
Creeks are the most important streams; these 
afi'ord a valu:iMe water power. Tliey flow north- 
westwardly into Lake Erie ; the land, which is 
mostly level, descends in that direction. The 
first settlers of this county emigrated from New 
Enfilanil, and they and their descendants are rc- 
markahlc for ihrift and intelli^'cncc. 

AslilaliiiUi, O. Township and horoush, Ashta- 
bula CO., on Ashtahula Kiver, near its mouth, 
and 191 miles N. E. from ("olumhus. 

Aahoille, Aa., e. h. St. Clair co. On the S. E. 
Bide of Canoe Creek, 90 miles N. E. from Tus- 
caloosa. 

Aslirllle. N. C, c. h. Buncomhe co. On French 
Broad River, 2.i6 miles W. from Raleigh. 

Assiiiii/jtiun Parisli, La., c. h. at Assumption. 
S. central, on the S. side of the Mississippi. The 
Bayou La Fourclie runs S. throuy;h it. 

Asfimiptiuii. La., e. b. Assum|ition Parish. On 
Bayou La Fourchc, 89 miles W. from New 
Orleans. 

Astoria, N. Y., Queen's co., lies at Hallctt's 
Cove, just below Hurl Gate. It contains a fe- 
male seminary, 'and manufactories of carpets, 
turpentine, and other articles. It is connected 
with New York by a ferry. It is distant 6 miles 
N. E. 

Asf/liiin, Pa., Bradford co. Watered by the 
Sus(piehanna River, on which arc the Wynlusin^ 
Falls, and by Duval's, Sufjar, and Tonuwanda 
Creeks. 14,5 miles N. from Harrisbur;;. 

Atchison t'onnlij, Mo., e. n. at Linden. In tlie 
N. W. corner of tlie state. Watered by sev- 
eral confluents of the Missouri, which flow S. 
throu'^h it. 

Athens, Aa., e. h. Limestone co. About 1 mile 
W. from Swan Creek, and 154 miles N. by E. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Alliens, Ga., c. h. Clarke co. Situated on the 
W. bank of the Oconee River, the scat of the 
Gcor^'ia University. (See CW/c'/fs.) 75 miles N. 
by W. from Milledgeville ; connected with Au- 
gusta by railroad. 

Athens. Ivy.. Fayette co. On a small branch of 

Kentucky River, .34 miles S. E. from Frankfort. 

Athens. Me., Somerset co. Watered by a branch 

of Kennebec River. 18 miles N. N. E. from Nor- 

ridf;ewock, 45 miles N. from Augusta. 

Athens, N. Y., Greene co. On the Hudson 
River, opposite the city of Hudson. The surface 
in the W. |iart is hilly, but it becomes more level 
near the Iliulson. Soil generally fertile, being a 
mixture of clay, sand, and loam. There is in 
this town a (piarry of graywacke slate; from which 
large (|uantities of flagging stone are sent to 
market. It is 29 miles S. from Albany, and 5 
N. from Caiskill village. 

Athens Conntii, O., c. h. at Athens. On the S. 
E. it touches the Ohio River, and the Hock- 
ing flows through it from N. W. to S. E. This 
countv is very irregular in its form. Its mean 
breadth from N. E. to S. W. is about 20 miles, 
nnil its length. u|ion the longest line ihiU can be 
drawn over it, is 40 miles. It contains an area 
of 740 sipiare miles. The sin'face is Itrokcn and 
liilly, but the soil is good. Lime, freestone, and 
clav for brick, furnish abundant materials for 
building. The county contains bituminous coal 
in aliunrlanee. and in several localities iron ore 
is found. Salt of an e.\celleut quality has been 



manufactured from the water of wells sunk deep 
into the earth for that purpose. The Hocking 
River enters the county at its extreme north- 
western angle, and flows S. E. diagonally over 
the whole territory, falling into the Ohio River 
at its extreme south-western angle. The south- 
ern border declines to the southward, and is 
watered by several creeks which run into the 
Ohio. There are many good mill sites on the 
Hocking River and its branches. Twt) town- 
ships in this county, containing 40.080 acres, 
were granted by the United .Stales Congress for 
the endowment of a state university, which has 
since been established at Athens, the chief town 
of the county. 

Athens, 0., e. h. Athens co. 72 miles .S. E. 
from Columbus. .Situated on a peninsula formed 
by a curve in the Hockhocking River. It is well 
built, generally of brick, and presents a neat and 
picturesque appearance. The Ohio University 
is located here, the buildings of which are on a 
slight eminence in the south part of the village. 
(See Co!le<]es) There is likewise an aeailcny in 
the place. The township to which it belongs is 
the northernmost of the two granted by Congress 
for the support of the university. Tiu>re are in 
the place a number of stores and mechanical es- 
tablishments, and an active business is done. 

Athens, Pa., Bradford co. Beautifully situated 
at the junction of the Chemung and .Su^(|uchan- 
na Rivers. .Surface a gently-undulating plain, 
environed by motintains. 

Athens, Pa. An eastern township of Craw- 
ford CO. 

Athens, Te.. c. h. McMinn co. On Eastanalla 
Creek, 15 miles from its entrance into the Ten- 
nessee, and 154 S. E. from Nashville. 

Athens, Vt.. Windham co. A good township 
of land, particularly for grazing. 10 miles from 
Bellows Falls, and 98 S. from iWontpclier. 

Alhol, Ms.. Worcester co. On Miller's River, 
a fine stream which afl'ords great water power. 
The surface is uneven ; soil strong and proiluc- 
tivc. There are a number of haniisome villages 
in the town, and many large farms. 71) miles 
W. N. W. from Boston, and 28 N. W. from 
Worcester. The Vermont and Massachusetts 
Railroad passes through the principal \illage. 

Athul, N. Y., Warren co. A large township 
on the head waters of the Hudson River, watered 
by several of its tributaries. The W. part is 
sterile, and chiefly valuable for its limber. 71 
miles N. from Albany. 

Atkinson, Me., Piscataquis co. On Piscataquis 
Ri\er. 132 miles N. E. from Portland. 

Atkinson, N. II., Rockingham co. It ha,s an 
uneven surface, but superior soil. The ajiple 
has been mueii cultivated, and the finest fniit is 
produced. One of the oldest academics in tho 
state is here. .30 miles S. W. from Portsmouth, 
and 3fi S. E. from Concord. 

Atlantic Cuiinti/, N. J., c. h. at May's Landing, 
S. E. part. It embraces numerous islands, and 
its sea-shore is indented by many bays. Soil 
chiefly light and sandy. 

Attala Coiihtif, Mi., c. h. at Kosciusko. Central. 
Wateri'd by tlic Big Black, which sc;>ar:itcs it 
from Holmes co.. and by head branches of' I'earl 
River. Surface level ; soil tolerably good. 

^//ci7, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Ton- 
j nwanda Creek and its tribntarics. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil well adapted to the growth of 
] grass and grain. 250 miles W. from Albany. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



1^73 



Altteboro', Ms , Bristol co. In the N. W. 
corner of the county- It possesses a fine water 
power. Ten Mile River runs the whole Icn^'th 
of the town, and puts in operation several cotton 
mills, and a calico printing estalilishment. There 
are a large number of smaller manufactures, 
fuch as hoots and shoes, conihs, carpenter's tools, 
clocks, straw bonnets, and jewelry. The Boston 
and Providence Railroad passes through it. 30 
miles S. S. VV. from Boston, and 12 N. from 
I'rovidence, R. I. 

Auburn, la., e. h. De Kalb co. 153 miles N. N. 
E. from Indianapolis. 

Auburn. Me., Cumberland co. Taken fj-ora Mi- 
not, in 1842. 30 miles N. from Portland. On 
the Androscoggin. A flourishing town. 

Auburn, Ms., Worcester co. There are a num- 
ber of flourishing villages here ; the principal are 
Stoneville and Drury Mills, large manufactur- 
ing places. French River passes through it : 
also the Norwich and Worcester Railroad. 45 
miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 5 S. by W. 
from Worcester. 

Auburn, N. H., Rockingham co., contains 
some fine swells of land. 5 miles E. from 
Manchester. Taken from Chester in 1845. 

Auburn, N. Y., c. h. Cayuga co. 173 miles W. 
from All)any, and 152 miles E. from Butfalo. 
This is one of the most beautiful and thriving 
inland towns in the state. It is situated on both 
sides of the stream wliich forms the outlet of the 
Owasco Lake, aliout a mile and a half S. of the 
body of the lake. There is a fine hydraulic 
power upon the stream where it passes through 
the town, which is largely improved for mills 
and manuficiuring purposes. The entire f:dl is 
about 10(1 feet, and tlie amount of water dis- 
charged from the lake is large and little af'"cled 
by the variations of flood or drought. A larije 
cotton factory, several flouring mills, saw mills, 
sash and blind factories, planing mills, iron 
founderies, and other works are carried liy this 
water power. Auburn is pleasantly laid out, 
though with less regularity than is commonly 
aimed at in modern towns. The streets are gen- 
erally straight, but seldom parallel, and conse- 
quently intersecting each other, for the most part 
at every variety of acute and obtuse angles. 
The principal streets are wide, well paved, or 
macadamized, and built up in some sections with 
handsome ranges of stores, dwellings, and public 
houses, of brick or dressed limestone, some of 
them four stories high, which would not dis- 
credit the streets of our largest commercial cities. 
The stale jirisou located at Auburn has been re- 
garded, in its system of discipline, as a model for 
such institutions. It is located in the N. VV. part 
of the village; enclosing a square of 500 feet on 
a side, by a stone wall from 16 to 40 feet high. 
The buildings form three sides of a square. 27G 
feet in front, the wings running back 242 feet, 
with a width of 45 feet. In the area formed by 
the main prison buildings is a grass plot, laid out 
with gravel walks. In the rear of this is the in- 
terior enclosure, occupied by the worksliops of 
the prisoners, built against the outer wall of the 
prison yard. The outlet of the Owasco jias^es 
by the S. side of this enclosure, and is made to 
turn a wheel without the wall, the shaft of which, 
passing through, gives motion to the machinery 
within. The pri-oners labor in the shops by day 
under the direction of the overseers, in the presence 
of each other, but without anv communication, and 
35 



at night they go to occupy each his solitary cell. 
This system, as distinguished from the old meth- 
od of placing several prisoners in the s;iine ajjart- 
ments fur lodqinfj, w'ilh opportunity of unre- 
strained intercourse on the one hand, and from 
that of solitary confinement in their separate 
cells, l)y day as well as by night, on tlie other, is 
what has obtained the name of the " Auburn 
system of prison discipline," in consequence of 
its having been first set in operation here, and 
the prison being constructed with special ref- 
erence to its application. The chief pecidiarity 
of structure is in the arrangement of the cells. 
The cells are in a body, or block, extending 
through the centre of each wing of the prison 
buildings, ranged in tiers of four stories high, 
with galleries or stagings passing by the doors. 
The space between this block of cells and the 
walls of the prison is 10 feet wide from top to 
bottom, thus forming, as it were, a prion \vithin 
a prison. The cells are 7 feet long. 7 feet high, 
and 3i feet wide, sufficiently lighted while day- 
lii^ht continues, and well warmed and ventilated 
from the intermediate area. The earnings of the 
Auburn prison for the year 1850, were .$(i8, 737-31 ; 
the expenditures, .S71.1i;G-07. There is usually 
a balance in favor of the establishment. The 
surplus in 1849 was Sni,837'80. This prison was 
commenced ill !81G. There is at Auburn a The- 
ological Seminary, fjf the Presbyterian Church, 
connected with the New School General Assem- 
bly. The buildings are pleasantly situated in the 
N. part of the village. The principal eilifice is 
of stone, composed of a centre building and two 
wings, four stories high, connected by intermedi- 
ate sections of three stories above the base- 
ments, the whole presenting a front of 200 feet. 
(,See Theuluf/icaf Sentinaries.) The other public 
buildings in Auburn are the court house and 
jail, the Auburn Academy, the Auburn Female 
Seminary, and chnrches of the Pi'cshyterian, 
Episcopal. Methodist, Baptist, Universali^t, and 
Roman Catholic denominations. Aubuin was set- 
tled in 1793. Incorporated as a village in 1815, 
and as a town in 1823. Population in 1850, 9548. 

Audrain County, Mo., c. h. at Mexico. N. E. 
central, in the N. angle between the Mississippi 
and Missouri. Watered by the S. folk of Salt 
River. Surface level; soil fertile. 

Aurjliize Countif, O., c. h. at Wappnukonetta. 
In the N. W. part of the state, on tlie head wa- 
ters of the Auglaize River. 

Auf/us/a, lo., Des Moines co. A neat and 
flourishing village, on the N. side of Skunk River. 
A large flouring mill is in operation here. 

Aurjnsta, Ga. City, and seat of justice of Rich- 
mond CO., on the S. W. side of the Savannah 
River, 96 miles N. E. from MilledgeviUc, and 
120 miles N. W. from Savannah, with which it 
connects by steamboat navigation. Tiiis city 
is regularly laid out and well built. The streets 
are wide, and intersect each other at rit;ht angles. 
Many of them are beautifully shaded with trees. 
The city is built chiefly of brick, and many of 
the houses are spacious and elegant. The prin- 
cipal public buildings are the city hall, market 
house, court hou^e, a jail, a theatre, a hospital, a 
female asylum, an arsenal, an<l several handsome 
churches. Some of the public hiiililiugs are 
costly and elegant. Many of the blocks of stores 
are large and substantial, and the whole place 
has much of the aspect of a large commercial 
mart. It has long been a very fiourishing place 



274 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWXS, VILLAGES, &c., 



of business, and has perhaps as much trade as 
any other place of its population in the country. 
The eonniryback of Augusta is very rich, and a 
great amount of cotton, tobacco, and other pro- 
duce is brouiiht here and sent down the river. 
There are 10 or 12 large commission houses en- 
gaged in foreign trade, with a capital of about 
$2.'>0,noo. Augusta enjoys e.Ncellent facilities for 
commercial intercourse with the interior by the 
several railroads which centre here, and others 
connected with them. Charleston and Savan- 
nah, MilledgeviUe and Macon, Fort Gaines on 
the Chattahoochee, Athens in Te., Montgomery, 
the capital of Alabama, and otlier important 
places are connected by railroad with Au- 
gusta. 

Auf/usta, Ky., c. h. Bracken co. 73 miles N. 
E. from Frankfort. 

Atiffusta, Me., c. h. Kennebec co. City, and cap- 
ital of the state. Situated at the head of sloop 
navigation on the Kennebec River. 43 miles from 
the sea. It was first settled in 1771, and incor- 
porated as atownin 1797. Population in 1S20 
2475; 1830.3980; 1840.5314; 1850,8231. Au- 
gusta lies on both sides of the Kennebec, rising 
each way by an easy ascent from the river. The 
bridge, uniting the E. and W. parts of the town, is 
a fine structure, 520 feet in length, built in 1 799, at 
a cost of S28 000. The town is well laid out, 
neatly built, and contains many handsome struc- 
tures. 

There are nine or ten churches of the vari- 
ous denominations. The state bouse in Augusta 
is a spacious and elegant structure. located upon a- 
beautiful eminence about half a mile from the vil- 
lage, on the road towards Hallnwrll, and com 
mands an extensive and very dcliglitful prospect. 
It is built of hammered granite, or ratiiergneiss. 
of a white color, and very much resembles marhle 
at a distance The material of which it was built 
was quarried near the spot on which it stands. In 
front is an extensive common, adorned with trees 
tastefully arranged, which, when grown into 
shades, will aft'ord a delightful promenade. — 
The United States ar.senal buildings are situated 
upon the E. bank of the river, in view of the 
village, and are chiefiy constructed of stone, and 
present a very fine appearance. The grounds 
are extensive, beautifully arrangeil, and sur- 
rounded by a costly iron fence. There are at 
present about 2000 stand of arms deposited liere, 
besides cannon and other munitions of war. — 
The state insane hospital, a splendid granite edi- 
fice, an honor to the state and to humaniry, occu- 
pies a plat of elevated ground of seventy acres, 
on the east side of the river. Its situation is un- 
rivalled for the beauty of its scenery. It is much 
admired for its external architecture and internal 
arrangement. The centre building and wings 
are 262 feet long; the centre building being 82 
feet in length, .46 feet wide, 4 stories high, be- 
sides the basement and attic, having a chapel in 
the attic 80 by 40. The wings are 90 feet long 
in front, and 100 in the rear, 38 feet wide, and 3 
stories high, divided into 126 rooms, 120 of which 
are designed for patients, with halls between the 
rooms 12 feet wide running the entire length of 
each wing, and communicating with the dining 
rooms in the centre building. — The Cony Fe- 
male Academy was incorporated in 1818, owing 
its origin to tlie liberality of lion. Daniel Cony. 
The building is a commodious and handsome 
edifice upon the east side of the river. At a 



short distance is a large boarding house connected 
with the itistilution. It has a fund of about 
$10,000, and a well-furnished laboratory and li- 
brary. — There are excellent public houses in 
Augusta, the chief of which are the Augusta 
House, near the state house, ami the Mansion 
House. — About half a mile above the village, 
a massive dam has been erected across the Ken- 
nebec, with locks, for the purpose of improving 
the navigation of the river above, and of creating 
a water power of great capacity. The length of 
this dam, exclusive of the stone abutments and 
lock, is 584 feet, and the height 15 feet above 
ordinary high water mark, forming a pond of 
the average depth of 16 feet, and 164 niiles in 
extent. The immen.se boily of water, and the 
great and unfailing supply thus brought into ap- 
plication for manufacturing purpo.scs, arc almost 
unsurpassed. The first cost of this great work 
was about $300,000. This water power is al- 
ready used to a very considerable extent in pro- 
pelling various kinds of machinery. Several 
saw mills, a large flouring establishment, sash, 
door, and blind manufactories, machine shops, 
and a cotton factory, with 10,000 s|iiridles, are 
in successful operation. — Augusta jiresents ad- 
vantages for manufacturing establishments equal, 
if not superior, to any in New England. It is 
located in the heart of a large and powerful state, 
rapidly increasing in population and wealth, 
surrounded by a fertile country, rich in every 
necessary agricultural product, and stored with 
granite, clay, lumber, lime, iron ore, atul every 
building material. The facilities atforded here 
for transportation arc of inestimable value to a 
large manufacturing town. Cotton and other 
raw materials, and manufactured goods, may be 
transjjorted by water to and from the very doors 
of the mills. The great Eastern Railroad from 
Boston and Portland passes through this town, 
in its course to Bangor. Steamboats pass from 
Augusta to Boston in eleven hours. A steam- 
boat plies daily on the river aliove the dam to 
Watcrville. This place cannot fail of becoming, 
at no distant day, the site of very extensive and 
profitable manufacturing operations. 

Augusta, Mi., c. h. Perry co. On Leaf River, 
173 miles S. E. from Jackson. 

Auijusta, N. y., Oneida co. The W. part of 
this township is watered by Oneida Creek and 
its tributaries, and the S. E. part by Oriskany 
Creek, which has a fall of 30 feet, afi'ording a fine 
hydraulic power. The Chenango Canal also 
passes through the town. Surf tee rolling; soil 
tolerably good. 1 10 miles N. of W. from Alba- 
ny, and 18 S. W. from the city of Utica. 

Augusta, Pa., Northumberland co. Watered 
by Great and Little Shamokin Creeks. Surface 
diversified ; soil, gravel, red shale, and alluvion. 
65 miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Augusta Counti/, Va., e. h. at Staunton. Be- 
tween the Blue Ridge and the central ridge of 
the Alleghanies. Watered by branches of James 
and Shenandoah Rivers. Surface uneven and 
mountainous ; soil fertile, yielding large crops 
of wheat. 

Auraria, Ga.. Lumpkin co. On the ridge be- 
tween Chestatee and Etowah Rivers, in the best 
part of the gold district, 133 miles N. N. VV. from 
MilledgeviUe. 

AureJius, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by 
Owasco outlet, and several streams fiowing into 
Cayuga Lake, which bounds it on the W. Sur- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



275 



face nni^nlatin*;; soil ^ood. S miles "W. from 
the villaire of Aulmrn. anil 178 from Albany. 

Aiityh'fs, O. A township of Wasliin{;ton co. 
The surface is hilly, but has a rich soil, covered 
with timber. 20 miles N. from Marietta. 

Aurora, Me., Hancock co. 106 miles E. from 
Aufjiista. 

Aurora, N. Y., Erie co. Drained by Seneca 
and Cazenovia Creeks. Its surface is undulating; ; 
soil clny and gravelly loam. 276 miles W. from 
Albany, and 15 S. E. from the city of Buffalo. 

Aurora, N. Y., Ledyard, Cayu<^a co. Pleas- 
antly situated on the E. hank of Cayuga Lake. 
It has a flourishing academy, and three or four 
churches. Steamboats stop here daily, which 
connect wiih railroads at each end of the lake. 
170 miles VV. from Albany. 

Aurora, 0., Portage CO.. is a township situated 
on the road from Warren, Trumbull co.. to 
Cleveland, Cuyahoga ec. 28 miles from the for- 
mer, and 25 from the latter place, and l.'il N. E. 
from Columbus. The railroad from Cleveland 
to the Ohio River passes through it. 

Au Hithte, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side of 
the Great Au Sable River : the Little Au Sable 
passes through it. Surface imdulating. and on 
the W. hilly. 15 miles S. from the village of 
Plattsburg, and 140 N. of Alb.any. 

Au Salile Forks, N. Y., Essex co. At the 
junction, on the E. and W. forks of Au Sable 
River. Here is a forge, rolling mill, and nail 
factory. 154 miles from Altiany. 

Aiistcrlitz, N. Y., Columbia co. On the Ms. 
border. Hilly and mountainous. Watered by 
several small tributaries of the Housatonic. The 
soil is a gravel and clay loam. 30 miles S. S. E. 
from Albany, and 14 fj. E. from Hudson. 

Austin Couuli/,Ts., c. h. at Belleville. S. cen- 
tral, on the Brazos. 

Ausli'n, Ts. Capital of the state. Situated on 
the E. bank of the River Colorado, about 200 m. 
from Matagorda Bay. through which the river 
empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The town 
is pleasantly located, on ground elevated aliout 
40 feet above the river. It derives importance 
from having become the scat of government of 
this new state, which, in connection with its nat- 
ural advantages for trade and commerce, will 
give au impulse to its prosperity for years to come. 
Aiistiulown, 0. A township of Mahoning co., 
160 miles N. E.from Columbus. 

Autauga Countij, Aa., c. h. at Kingston. Cen- 
tral. Bounded on the S. and E. by the Coo.sa, 
and watered by many small tributaries of that 
river. Surface broken ; soil good, and on the 
borders of the rivers very fertile. 

Aoerill, Vt., Essex co. On the Canada line. It 
hai several large ponds, and is watered by a 
branch of Nulhegan River. The soil is cold "and 
broken. .SO miles N. from Guildhall, and 60 N. 
E. from Montpelier. 

Arou, Ct., Hartford co., lies between two 
mountainous ridges, and has considerable rich 
level land on the borders of Farmington River. 
The view from Monte Video, on Talcott Moun- 
tain, nearly 1000 feet above the waters of the 
Conncciicut, is quite enchanting. 9 miles W. N. 
W. from Hartford. 

Aron. Me., Franklin co. Watered by some of 

the head branches of Sandy River. .35 miles 

W. by N. from Norridgewock, and 50 N. N. W. 

from .'Vngusta. 

Avon, N. Y., Livingston co. On Genesee 



River, and also watered by the outlet of Conesug 
Lake and some other small streams. The sur- 
face of the W. part is hilly, hut on the E it is 
more level. Soil fertile, especially on the bor- 
ders of the streams, producing gr.ass and grain in 
great abundance. There are several celebrated 
mineral springs in this town. (See Watering 
Places, p. 26.3.) 8 miles N from the village of 
Genesee, and 220 W. from AUiany. 

Avon, 0., Loraine co., borders on Lake Erie, 
and is watered by French Creek, which passes 
through the centre of the township. 17 miles 
W. from Cleveland. 

Aroi/elks Parish, La., c. h. at Marksville. 
Central. On both sides of Red River, touching the 
Mississippi on the S. E. corner. The parts bor- 
dering on the rivers are so low as to be lialde to 
inundation, but the W. part, being more elevated, 
is fit for cultivation, and tolerably fertile. Cot- 
ton is the principal product. 

Bahi/lon, N. Y., Suffolk CO. A pleasant sum- 
mer retreat near South Baj'. 185 miles S. E. 
from Albany. 

Bitclwlder, Me.. Oxford co. Between two moun- 
tains on the line of New Hamjjshire, 60 miles 
W. from Augusta. 

Bad Axe Count;/, Wn. On the Mississippi. 
Drained by Bad Axe River. Taken from Craw- 
ford in 1851. 

Balli'i/rllle. Me., Washington co. On the line 
of N. Bruuswick, 80 miles E. N. E. from Bangor. 

Baiulu-idge. Ga., c. h. Decatur co. On the E. 
side of Flint River, 188 miles S. S. W. from 
MillcdgeviUe. 

Bainlirldije, la., Putnam co. Near the Walnut 
fork of Eel River, and 38 miles W. from Indian- 
apolis. 

Bainliridijp, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
the Susquehanna River and its tributaries. 
The surface is hilly, the soil of good quality. 
110 miles W. by S. i'rom Albany. 

Baker Coiinli/, Ga., c. h. at Newton. In the S. 
W. corner of tiie state. Watered by Flint River, 
wliich flows southerly through it^ and its W. 
tributary, the Itchawaynochaway. Soil sandy, 
but well adapted to cotton. 

Bakcrsficld, Vt., Franklin co. Somewhat 
broken, but not moitntainous. Timbered prin- 
cipally with hard wood. Tlie soil is in general 
warm and productive. Watered by Black Creek, 
and several other small branches of the Missisco 
River. 30 miles N. E. from Burlington, and 38 
N. N. W. from Montpelier. 

Balconi/ Falls, Va., Rockbridge co. On the 
James River, at the passage of the Blue Riilge. 
This is the W. terminus of the James River 
Canal. A dam is thrown across the river for 
the purpose of feeding the canal. The scenery 
here is bold and picturesque. 197 miles W. from 
Richmond. 

B(ddu'in Counti/, Aa., c. h. at Blakely. Be- 
tween the Perdido on the E., which separates it 
from Florida, the Gulf of Mexico on the S., 
and Mobile Bay on the W. Level near the 
Gulf of Mexico, but more uneven in the inte- 
rior. Soil tolerably good on the margins of the 
streams. 

Baldwin Count;/, Ga., c. h. at Milledgeville. 
Surface uneven. Drained by the Oconee River, 
which flows S. E. through the middle ol it. Soil 
generally good, and on the borders of the streams 
fertile. 



276 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Baldwin, Me., Cumberland Co. Between Se- 
bapo Pornl and Saco Rivor. 

Baldwinsrille, Ms., a village of Tcmplcton, 
Worcester co. On the Vt. and Mass. Railroad. 
64 miles W. by N. from Boston. 

Baldu'insi;iUe, N. Y., Onondapa co. On the 
N. side of Seneca River, and possessing a good 
water power, which is improved for iron works, 
machine shops, flouring mills, the manufacture 
of woollens, &c. There is here a flourishing 
academy. Boats from the Oswego Canal are 
brought through the Seneca River to this village. 
\ih miles W. by N. from Albany. 

Ballard Countij, Ky., c. h. at Columbus. In 
the N. W. corner, in the angle at the junction of 
tlie Ohio and Mississippi. Drained by May- 
field's Creel; and its branches. 

Balhton Spa, N. Y., c. h. Saratoga co. See Fash- 
ionable liexorts. 

Batlston, N. Y., Saratoga co. Suiface slightly 
uneven ; .soil mostly gr.avelly loam. 4 miles S. 
of Ballston Spa, and 26 N. from Albany. 

Balttinore County, Md., c. h. at Baltimore city. 
N. part, stretching from Chesapeake Bay to the 
Pennsylvania line. Watered by Gunpowder 
and Patapsco Rivers. Surface hilly. 

Baltimore, Md. City, port of entry, and 
seat of justice of Baltimore co. Situated on 
the Patapsco River, about 14 miles from its 
entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and about 200 
miles from the ocean by ship channel. It lies 40 
miles N. E. from Washington, and 97 ,S. W. 
from Philadelphia. The population in 1790 was 
1,1, .503; in 1800, 26,514; in 1810, .35,.583 ; in 
1820, 62,738; in 1830, 80,62.5; in 1840, 102,313; 
in 1850, 169,012. The city is favorably located 
on the N. side of a bay wbicii is formed i>y the 
Patapsco River ; having an area, over which it 
is compactly built, of about two miles on the 
bay, E. and W., and a mile and a half N. and S. 
As laid out, it includes a fiiot of 4 miles 
square. The ground is slightly uneven, having 
many gentle elevations ; which give the city a 
fine drainage, and aftords many commanding sites 
for public edifices and private dwellings, espe- 
cially towards the N. and E. The highest of 
these elevations, is that on which the Wash- 
ington Monument is erected, the base of which 
is 150 feet above the harbor. The streets are 
laid out with much regularity, generally straight, 
and crossing each other at right angles, having a 
width of from 50 to 100 feet. Tlie principal 
promenade is Baltimore Street, 86 feet wide 
and 2 miles long, running E. and W. through 
the centre of the city. A small river, calletl 
Jones's Falls, empties into the harbor, passing 
through the city, and dividing it into two nearly 
equal parts on the E. and W. Over this stream 
are three elegant and substantial stone bridges, 
and four of wood, by which the different parts of 
the city are conveniently united. The houses 
are generally built of brick, with a basement of 
granite or marl)le, the materials for which are 
obtained from the vicinity; and they evince a 
state of general prosperity and substantial wealth, 
without ostentation or display. Among the pub- 
lie buildings, the city hall, on Holliday Street, 
is a plain edifice, three stories high, with a portico 
supported by four massive columns ; a substan- 
tial and convenient structure, without much pre- 
tension to architectural beauty, occupied by the 
■■ity council and several public othces. The 
lourt house, on the corner of Washington and 



Monument Streets, is a handsome buildinir, con- 
structed of brick and marble, 145 feet Ion;:, 65 
wide, and 2 stories high. The building is ele- 
vated 10 or 12 feet above the level of the adja- 
cent streets, and is approached by steps in the 
front and rear. Atiove the steps is a colonnade, 
with Tuscan pillars supporting a plain entablature 
above. The building is crowned with a cupola 
of imposing appearance. Its interior arrange- 
ments are such as to render it one of the finest 
court houses in the country. The state peni- 
tentiary, on the corner of Forrest and Madison 
Streets, consists of a centre building, anrl two 
wings, a little separated from it, on the E. and 
W. ; of which the first is occupied by the keeper's 
family, otficers, and guards ; the E, wing, having 
320 dormitories, by the male prisoners ; and tho 
W. wing by the females. Besides these build- 
ings, there are ranges of workshops extending 
250 feet in length and 25 in breadth, in which 
the prisoners work by day. By night they aro 
confined in their separate cells. Near to tho 
state penitentiary is the county prison, two 
stories high, with a basement and an attic, sur- 
mounted by a neat cupola, and adorned by towers 
at both the ends. Among the church edifices, 
the two most distinguished for architectural ele- 
gance are the Roman Catholic Cathedral, corner 
of Cathedral and Mulberry Streets, and tho 
Unitarian Church, corner of Charles and Frank- 
lin Streets. The cathedral is a cruciform build- 
ing, 190 feet in length, and at the transept 177 
feet in breadth. Its height, from the foundation 
Jo the top of the cross upon the dome, is 127 
feet. The building is lighted from the dome by 
windows not visible below. At the W. end of 
the building two tall towers arise, which arc 
crowned with Saracenic cupolas, resembling tho 
minarets of a Mahometan mosque. It was 
originally designed to place an elegant Ionic 
portico between these towers ; but this part of 
the design remains unexecuted by reason of tho 
great expense of the edifice. This church has 
one of the largest organs in the United States, 
having 6000 pipes and 36 stops. It contains 
two splendid paintings, the one, the descent from 
the cross, presented by Louis XVI., and the 
other, St. Louis burying his officers and soldiers 
slain before Tunis, presented by Charles X. of 
France, The Unitarian Church, which is also 
much admired for the beauty of its architecture, 
is 108 feet in length and 78 feet in width. It 
has a colonnade in front consisting of four Tus- 
can columns and two pilasters. From this por- 
tico the building is entered through five bronze 
doors, in imitation of those of the Vatican at 
Rome, three leading into the body of the house 
and two into the galleries. The interior is 
square, supporting a dome 55 feet in diameter. 
Tlie summit of the cupola is 80 feet high. The 
organ in this church contains 1400 pipes and 22 
stops. St. Paul's Church, Episcopal, with its 
lofty tower and stce|dc. the First Presbyterian 
Chnrch, with two towers, and the First Bajnist 
Church, with its Ionic portico and dome, are 
prominent buildings of the city. Among the 
commercial institutions, the E.xchange, between 
Water and Gay Streets, is a splendid building, 
225 feet long, and 141 feet deep, and three stories 
high above the basement. On the E. and W. 
fronts, the building is adorned with colonnades 
of six Ionic columns each, the shafts of which aro 
single blocks of Italian marble finely wruiighU 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



277 



The edifice is surmounted with a dome 115 feet 
ahovc tlic street. Tile Herch.'iiits' Hoom, in tlie 
Exthnnfre, is 53 feet sipiare. The Custom House 
is entered from Water Street. It hnf an exten- 
sive saloon divided by colonnades into three apart- 
ments. Tlie desks of tlic officers are ran<j;ed 
between tlic cohimns, and the central area is 
occupied by persons doinf; business with the 
department. The Collector's Room is at the 
upper end of the hall. The buildings of the 
Maryland University are situated in Loinliard 
Street, and those of St. Mary's Collct;e upon 
the corner of Franklin and Green streets. A 
number of the public schools have handsome 
and convenient edifices. A fine buildin;^ of 
Goiliie arehiiecture has been erected for the 
accommodation of the institution known as 
MeKim's Free School. Aniont: the benevolent 
institutions, the Hospital is provided with a spa- 
cious and commodious buildin;: in thcN. W. sub- 
urbs of the city, wliich was erected at a cost of 
$150,000. It fommaiids a fine view of the city 
and surrounding country. On accotint of the 
number of monuments which it contains, Bal- 
tinioie li;is obtained the name of t'le "Munu- 
mciira! City."' The Washington Momimcnt, at 
the intersection of Charles and iMnnunient Slreet-, 
is a most imposing structure. This is a column 
of the Doric order, 20 feet in diameter at the 
base and 14 at the top, rising 180 feet from a 
base 20 feet high, and bearing a statue of 
Washington wliich is l.'i feet in height. The 
whole is constructed of white marlde. There is 
an ascent In the top of the colunin by a winding' 
staircase within the shaft, wliere a most com- 
manding view of the city and its environs' is 
obtained. The Battle Monument, at the c<n-ner 
of Calvert and F.iyctte Streets, is a handsome 
stmeture of tine white marble, erected to com- 
memorate the bravery of those who fell in de- 
fending the city from the attack of the British 
on the rjtii of September, 1814. The base is 
Egyptian, in the form of a truncated pyramid, 
rising about 20 feet from the gronnil. having 
on each front an Egyptian doorway, with the 
winged globe and oilier Egyjilian symbols, un- 
der the shadow of a deep overhanging cornice. 
Above this base rises the colunin, in the tbrm of a 
Roman fasirs, on the barnls of wliirh are in- 
scribed, in letters of gold, the names of those who 
fell in the battle. The colunin is surinounlcd 
by a female figure, emblematical of the ciiy of 
Baltimore, saved by the event of this engai;e- 
mcnt. The British "force which invaded the cily 
intbisaitaekeonsisted of about 12,000 troops, and 
a stpiadron of 40 or 50 vessels. Fort MeHe'iiry 
at the enti-anceof the harbor from Falapsco Bay, 
was bouiluuiled l)y sixteen ships frtnn tlie squad- 
ron for iwenty-four hours. Tlie.se. bi'ing repulsed, 
drew olV. The troops, to the number of UOOO 
men, landed at North Point, and pro' Ceiled to 
wilhiii sis miles of the city, where they were 
mcl, on the 12tli of September, by ihe Baitimore 
brigade, under General Stryker, consisting of 
3,200 men. In the severe battle which ensued 
the British fommander, Gencr.il iloss. was kilL.d 
The Americans ntreatcd towards the city, and 
were slo\\ly followed on ihe next day bv the 
enemy; but fiaring le.^t their own retreat should 
be cm olf. which was coniempbiled. they hasiily 
returned on board their fieir, and left the Chesa- 
peake. — Ballimore is well supplied wiili pure and 
wholesome water. In dilVerent i»arls of the cily 



are public fountains, supplied by sjirings, en- 
closed by circular iron railings, and covered by 
small open temples, consisting of columns sup- 
porting a dome, which answer both a useful and 
an ornamental purpose. But the chief supply 
is by means of an ai|ucduet, in which water is 
brought from Jones's Falls, a distance of about 
half a mile, into a reservoir in Calvert Street, 
and thence distributed to every part of the city. 
Baltimore enjoys great ficililies both for foreign 
and domestic trade. The harbor is very fine, eon- 
sisling of three parts. The entrance to the outer 
liarlior, between Fort McHenry and the La/.iret- 
to. is no more than about COO yards in width, 
with 22 feet of water. This width grailually in- 
creases, with the same depth of water, for a mile 
and a (|uarter, where it is again contracted to 
one fourlh of a mile, and forms the entrance to 
the second or middle harbor, over a channel of 
aliont 12 feet of water. Aliove this, whieh is 
called Fell's Point, the harbor again expands 
into an ellipse, half a mile in width and a mile 
long, having a depth of 15 feet. The third or 
inner harbor, called the Basin, has a depth of 10 
feet, and extends nearly into the miiUlle of the 
city. Vessels of 500 lir 600 Ions can lie at the 
wharves near Fell's Point, and those of 200 tons 
or more can come into the cily through the inner 
harbor. A marine telegraph is located on Fed- 
eral Hill, which comniunicales with a signal on 
the Chesapeake Bay. to give notice of the ap- 
proach of vessels through the liay. In respect 
10 domestic commerce, this city possesses distin- 
guished advantages. By its natural position it 
niu^t necessarily draw to itself most of ihe trade 
of Maryland, one half of that of the great state 
of Pennsylvania and no inconsiderable portion 
of that of the Western States. And then, by the 
means which its own enterprise has pro\idcd, 
these natural advantages arc greatly increased. 
It has lines of steam packets running to Phila- 
delphia and Norfolk, and of sailing packets to 
New York, and to other large ports on the Allan- 
tie coast. The communieation of Baltimore 
with the surrounding country is now t'lvally fa- 
cilitated and extended by railroads. One chain 
connects the city with Philadelphia and New 
York. The Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail- 
road extends to York, in Pennsylvania, and thenee 
by another route connects the city with Philadcl- 
lihia. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which 
is designed to connect the city with Wheeling, 
on the Ohio River, is in operation as far as Cum- 
berland, near the foot of the Alleghany Moun- 
tains, and when carried through to Wheeling, 
will open the nio^t direct and speedy communi- 
cation lietween ihe valley of the Mississippi and 
the Atlantic coast. A branch from this road 
connects ihe city with Washington, a distance of 
about 40 miles, and thence cxiends by an almost 
continuous route to New Orleans. As a market 
for toiiacco, Ballimore is second to no other, and 
has been reckoned the greatest Hour market in 
the world. The manufactures of this city aie not 
less important to its prosperity than its com- 
merce. A great amount of water power exists 
in the vicinity, which has been made e.xiensive- 
ly ftvailatde for manufai-turing pnrjioses. Upon 
Jones's Falls, the small stream which passes 
' tlirough the city. llcre is a su(^■css;on of mill 
sites, wliich arc improved for manufacturing |mr- 
! poses. The P.ilapsco River, Illou^b not large, 
i lias a fall of about 800 feet, through a distance 



278 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



of 30 miles out of Baltimore, affording miracr- 
ous ami valuable situations for mills and facto- 
ries. There are, within 20 miles of the city. 60 
or more flouring mills ; also numerous manufac- 
tories of cotton and woollen fabrics, of powder, 
paper, iron, copper, jrlass, steam engines and other 
machinery, ehemicals, tobacco. &c. The literary 
and scientific institutions of Baltimore are vari- 
ous .and respectable. The Maryland Institute, 
established for the promotion of the mechanic 
arts, has a fine chemical laboratory, and philo- 
sophical apparatus. The Maryland Academy 
of Sciences and Literature has its library 
and collections in the Atheneum buildin2:s. 
There is also the City Library, the Apprentices' 
Library, and the Exchange Reading Rooms. The 
Maryland University, and St. Mary's College, 
which latter institution is under the direction of 
the Roman Catholi s, are located in this city. 
For the particulars of these institutions, the read- 
er is referred to the article on Colleges in this 
work. The charitable and benevolent institu- 
tions of the city are also numerous, among which, 
besides the Hospital, already noticed, there are 
the Almshouse, several orphan asylums, a City 
Dispensary, and various other associations for 
the relief of poverty and distress. There are in 
the city somethini: over 40 churches of different 
denominations. The Roman Catholics, by whom 
Baltimore was originally settled, are the most 
numerous. They have six cliurch edifices, in- 
cluding their great cathedral. The Methodists 
have 9 ; the Episcopalians 5 ; the Presbyterians 
5 j the Baptists 4 ; the Unitarians 1 ; besides 
those of the Lutherans, Germau Reformed, and 
Friends. 

Baltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729. 
It contained only 50 houses in 17G5. In 1797 it 
was chartered as a city. Owing to its eminent 
natural advantages, it has had a rapid growth in 
population and in wealth. The municipal gov- 
ernment is vested in a mayor and city coimcil. 
The mayor is elected for two years, by twelve 
electors, one from each ward, chosen by the 
people. 

Baltimore, 0., Fairfield CO. On the Ohio Ca- 
nal, which intersects the village. There is a 
considerable water power here applied to the 
flouring business, the manufacture of woollen 
cloths, &c. 32 mites S. W. from Columbns. 

Bamjor, Mc., city and seat of justice of Penob- 
scot CO., is at the head of navigation on the W. 
side of Penobscot River, where it is entered by 
the Kenduskeag, 30 miles N. by E. from Bel- 
fast Bay, and about 60 miles from the open sea. 
It is 66 miles E.N. E. from Augusta. — The first 
settlement in this place, by the whites, was made 
in the winter of 1769-70. In 1772, the planta- 
tion, Kenduskeag. as it was then called, consisted 
of twelve families. In 1790, the population of 
Bangor was 169; in 1800, 277; in 1810, 850; in 
1820, 1221 ; in 1830, 2868 ; in 1840, 8627 ; and in 
1850, 14,432. — The compact part of the popula- 
tion is on both sides of Kenduskcagstrcani, which 
is al)out 190 yds. in width at its month, over which 
are three bridges, and on which, at the foot of 
tlie falls, aliout a mile from the city, are numerous 
mills. The bridge across tlie Penobscot. 100 
rods above the mouth of the Kenduskeag, to the 
pleasant town of Brewer, is about 440 yards in 
length. It cost $50,000. The basin at and be- 
low tlie mouth of the Kenduskeag, where the 
vessels lie to receive their cargoes, is 90 rods in 



width, and affords good anchorage. The tide here 
generally rises about 17 feet. Ship building is 
extensively pursued at tliis place; but commerce 
in lumber, of all the various kinds in use, is the 
principal occupation of the inhabitants. An 
immense amount of that article is annually raft- 
ed down the rivers, and transported to almost all 
parts of the world. Bangor is the greatest depot 
for lumber on the continent of America. — On 
the Penobscot River, and its tributary streams, 
above Bangor, are between 300 and 400 saw 
mills, capable of cutting an immense amount of 
lumlier annually; all of which, except what is 
used in building, must be shipped at the harbor 
of Bangor. The value of the boards, timber, 
cla])boards, shingles, oars, scantling, wood, &c., 
shipped at this port, varies from one to two mil- 
lions of dollars annually. A largo number of 
vessels are annually employed, during the season 
of navigation, in freighting lumber, timber, &c., 
to various places, besides others engaged in for- 
eign commerce and in the fisheries. — Bangor 
was incorporated as a town in 1791, and in 1S34 
it became a city. — The site of this city is pleas- 
ant, commanding fine views of the rivers and 
the adjoining country. Tlie buildings, both 
public and private, are constructed with neatness 
and taste, and some in a style of superior ele- 
gance. There are several handsome cliurch edi- 
fices and other public buildings. The public 
houses are excellent, among which is the Bangor 
House. The Custom House is a new and beauti- 
ful building of granite. The buildings of the The- 
ological Seminary are beautifully situated in the 
most elevated part of the city. Conveyances for 
travellers from the city are frequent and comfort- 
able both by land and water. A railroad is in 
operation to Oldtown, 12 miles, and steamboats 
ply to and from Portland and Boston during the 
season of navigation, which generally continues 
eight or nine months in the year. The tjreat 
Eastern Railroad from Boston has reached W.iter- 
ville, and will soon be extended to Bangor; and 
at no very distant period, doubtless, to the British 
province of New Brunswick. Excursions to this 
queen city of the east are becoming quite fash- 
ionable in the summer months. — Bangor is on 
one of the noblest rivers in the Northern States 
— the product of an almost countless number 
of tributary streams. Bangor is seated at tho 
natural outlet of these mighty waters, as the 
mart of one of the most extensive and one of 
the richest alluvial basins east of the Ohio valley. 
It is true that this section of country is in a high 
degree of latitude, and that the icy chains of 
winter arc felt with greater force and for a longer 
period than in more southern climes. But this 
seeming disadvantage is more than compensated 
by the unrivalled purity of the air and water — 
two of the indispensable requisites of healtli and 
longevity. There is probably no portion of 
country in the world where the great staples of 
wheat, beef, and wool can be produced with 
greater facility, where surplus produce can find 
a market at less expense, or where the industri- 
ous agriculturist can reap a more sure reward. 
On a comparison of the present population of 
tills immense territory, extending from tidewater 
to Madawaska, with that of older settlements of 
a less fertile soil, of less navigable f.icilities, and 
in nearly as higli a degree of latitude, the mind 
is favorably impressed with the flattering pros- 
pects of the valley of tho Penobscot, and of Ban- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



279 



gov, which nni«t ever possess superior advantages 
as a mart of trade. 

Bnnijor. N. Y., Franklin co. Drained by Little 
Salmon River, and some branches of the Sahnon. 
TIic snrfuce is level; the soil good. 220 miles 
N. N. W. from Alliany. 

liarhoiir Coimty, Aa., c. h. at Clayton. In the 
S. E. angle separated by the Chattahoochee from 
Georgia. Surface rolling ; soil fertile on the 
margins of the streams. 

Bin-lioiir Counti/, Va.. c. h. at Philippa. In the 
N. W. part. Uneven and rou^ll. Watered by 
the E. foi'k of Monongahcia, which flows through 
it from S. to N. 

Bfirbo'trsril/e, Kv.. c. h. Knox co. 1.30 miles 
S. E. from Frankfirt. 

Barreluiia. N. Y., Westfield, Chautauque co. 
Port of entry, and a place of considerable trade. 
Situated on Lake Erie, 51 miles S. W. from Buf- 
falo, and 34.3 W. from Albany. 

Banhtown, Ky., c. h. Nelson co. On the E. 
side of Beech Fork, a branch of Salt River. 
Cotton and woollen cloths are manufactured here 
to some extent, steam power being employed. 
St. Joseph's College (Roman Catholic) is" lo- 
cated here, which has one handsome four-story 
building. [See Collcffes.) This is one of the hand- 
eomest towns of the west, and contains an en- 
terprising, intelligent, and remarkably moral 
population. 40 miles S. E. from Louisville, and 
50 8. \V. from Frankfort. 

Bariiirj, Me.. Washington co. Bounded N. by 
the St. Croix River, E. by Calais, and W. by a 
large and beautiful jiond wiiich empties into the 
St. Croi.x. 209 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta. 

Barker, N. Y,, Broome co. Tioughnioga Riv- 
er and some of its tributaries water this town. 
Its surface is uneven ; its soil well adapted to 
grazing. 12 miles S. from Binghampton, and 
135 S:w. from Aibany. 

Bark/iaiiipstfini, Ct., Litchfield CO. Watered 
by branches of Farmington River. The soil is 
more pariicularly adapted to grazing. First 
settled 1746. Incorporated 1779. Granite, iron 
ore, and limestone are found here. The hilly part 
of the town presents some fine scenery. Hitclicm-k- 
villc, N, of the centre of the town, is a flourisliing 
manufacturing village, with great water j)rivi leges. 

Banmrd. Vt., Windsor co. It is watered by 
Broad Brook and Locirst Creek. In the centre 
is the village, and a beautiful pond. The sur- 
face is hilly, and the soil well adapted to grazing. 
21 miles N. W. from Windsor, and 37 S. from 
Montpelier. 

Biirnrsfill<\ O., Warren township. Belmont co. 
55 miles N. from Marietta, and 100 E. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Biirmsvitli, O.. Belmont co. A ])laee of ac- 
tive business, where steam is applied for man- 
ufacturing purjioscs. 30 miles S. W. by W. from 
Wheeling, and 101 miles E from Columbus. 

Barne!, Vt., Caledonia co. On Connecticut 
River, at the Fifteen Mile Falls, and opposite 
Lyman, Nil. It has a good soil, and is an ex- 
cellent farming town, with slate and iron ore. 
It has a great water power on Passumpsic and 
Stevens Rivers. On the latter are falls of 100 
feet in the distance of ten rods. There are a num- 
ber of pleasant and fertile islands in the river, 
between this place and Lyman. The head of 
boat navigation on Ccnmecticut River is at the 
lower vdlage in this town, viz., Mclndoes's Falls. 
The principal places of business are at this vil- 



lage, at the village at Stevens's milU, and at 
Passumpsic village. 11 miles S. from Danville, 
and 36 E. from Montpelier. The Passumpsic 
Railroad passes through this town, affording rail- 
road connection with New York, Boston, &c 

Barnstable Couuiii, Ms. c. b. at Barnstable. 
This county includes the whole of Cape Cod. 
The whole length of the cape is 65 miles, and 
the average breadth about 5 miles. Below the 
town of Barnstable the county is quite sandy, so 
much so that the people are generally dependent 
on Boston and other towns for a large proportion 
of their meats and breadstufts. This deficit is 
amply compensated by the unrivalled privileges 
enjoyed, and well improved by them, in the cod, 
mackerel, and other fisheries' This county has 
but little wood, but it is well stored with peat, 
and an abundance of |)ure, soft water. 

Banislable, Ms., c. .h. Barnstable co. Pleas- 
antly located at the head of Cape Cod. Its har- 
bor is formed by Sandy Neck, and is good for 
vessels of 8 feet draught of water. From this 
place packets constantly ply to Boston, and, in 
the summer months, steamboats run between this 
place, Plymouth, and Boston. There are a 
number of pleasant villages in the town. West 
Barnst.able village is 4 m. from the court house. 
Hyannis is 6 S from it, and has become, by an 
expensive breakwater, a most important harbor, 
perfectly safe from all winds. Oystcrville, Cen- 
treville, and Cotuit, are on the south side of the 
cape, and have good harbors for small vessels. 
This town has numerous ponds, a valuable 
cranberry meadow, some fine upland, and exten- 
sive salt marshes. 65 miles S. E. from Boston. 

Bariislead, N. H.. Belknap co. Not mountain- 
ous, but has large swells of land, good for graz- 
ing. Soil easy of cultivation and productive. 
20 miles N. E. from Concord. 

Barnsrllle, Ga.. Pike co. On the Western Rail- 
road. 40 miles from Macon, and 65 W. from 
Milledgeville. 

Barnwell District, S. C, c. h. at BarTiwell. 
S. part, betiveen the South Edisto and Savan- 
nah Rivers. It is drained by the Combahee and 
Salkahatchie Rivers, and contains several sul- 
phur springs. The Hamburg and Charleston 
Railroad crosses the N. part. 

Barnuvll,_S. C, c. h. Barnwell district. On 
Turkey Creek, near the great Salkahatchie Riv- 
er. 100 miles S. by W. from Columbia. 

Barre, Ms., Worcester co. Surface elevated. 
Soil good. Drained by several head branches of 
the Ware River. A busy town, with a variety 
of miscellaneous manufactures. 60 miles W. by 
S. from Boston. 

Bnrre, N. Y., c. h. Orleans co. On the Erie 
Canal. Drained by several small streams. Sur- 
f.ice undulating ; soil suitable for the growth of 
grass and grain. 257 miles N. of^'W. from 
Albany. 

Barre, Vt., Washington co. One of the best 
farming towns in the state. It is well watered 
by Stevens and Jail branches of Winooski Riv- 
er. Inexhaustible quantities of excellent granite 
are found here. 6 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 
The Vermont Central Railroad passes through 
the town. 

Barren Cminli/. Ky., c. h. at Glasgow. S cen- 
tral. Watered by Little Barren and the Beaver 
branch of Big Barren River, a tributary of 
Green. Surface slightly uneven j soil of medi- 
um quality. 



280 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Barrlmjfon, N. H., Striitforcl oo. The surface 
broken and rotky ; the soil cliicfly a gravelly 
loam. Tliero are no less than 13 ponds of con- 
siderable magnitude in this place, from whence 
issue streams. On Isinijlass River is a fall of 
.30 feet. Two miles from the centre of the town 
is a rcmnrkalile cavern, called the DeviCs Den. 
Granite and iron ore are plenty. 20 miles N. W. 
from Portsmontli, and .'!() E. from Concord. 

Barn'inilon, N. Y , Yates co. This town lies 
E. of Crooked Lake, and is drained by a num- 
ber of small streams. The surface is undulat- 
injr. and the soil good. 193 miles W. from 
Albany. 

Biminqton, R. I., Bristol co. This small town 
is well watered by Palmer's River, and by an 
inlet of Warren River, over which is a bridj;c. 
The soil of the town is of a fertile sandy loam, 
and quite productive. Large quantities of sea- 
weed are collected on its shores. A large tract in 
Barrington, called the " Cove," now covered with 
water to a considerable depth, is supposed to 
have once been a forest, as timber and fuel are 
obtained from its bottom. Some salt is made 
in this town, and shell and other fi.sh are abun- 
dant. 8 miles E. N. E. from Providence. 

Barry Cou/iti/, Mn., c. h. at Hastings. S. W. 
central. Watered chielly by Thorn Apple Riv- 
er. Surface undulating and broken; soil fertile. 

Barri/ Coiinti/, Mo., c. h. at JleDonald. In the 
S. W. corner, bordering on Arkansas. Surface 
billy; soil mostly good. 

jbarrij. Pa. A N. W. township of Schuylkill co. 
Watered by Deep Creek, a branch of the Susque- 
hanna River. Surface mountainous, with fertile 
valleys. 76 miles N. W. from Ilarrisburg. 

Burt, Pa. A S. E. township of Lancaster co. 
Watered by a liead branch of Octarara Creek. 
5.') miles E. from Harrisburg. 

BarOiolotiiew Cuxnlj/, la. c. h. at Columbus. S. 
E. central. Soil very fertile. The E. branch of 
White River flows S. through the middle of it. 
It is also traversed by the Madison and Indian- 
apolis Railroad. 

Barllett, N. H.. Coos co., lies at the foot of 
the White Mountains, on the E. side. The Saco 
River meanders through it. 

Barllelt, P.i. A township of Jefferson CO., on 
both sides of Union River. 

Burton, N. Y., Tioga eo. Situated partly be- 
tween the Susquehanna and Chemung Rivers, 
and watered by Cayuta Creek. Surface billy ; 
soil rather sterile, except the valleys, which are 
very fertile. \b miles W. from Oswego, and 181 
miles S. W. from Albany. 

Burton, Vr., Orleans co. Watered by Barton 
Biver. A thriving town, with a good hydraulic 
power. 42 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 

Baskinr/ridi/e, N. J., Somerset co. A beautiful 
and healthy place, lying on high ground. 46 
miles N. by E. IVom Trenton. 

Biuilro/i Cuiinti/, Ts., c. h. at Bastrop. Situated 
on both sides of the Colorado. 

Biistnp, Ts., c. h. Bastrop co. On E. bank of 
the Colorado, 40 miles S. E. from Austin. 

Baiitciii, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by Ton- 
awanda Creek, which winds through the town. 
The surface is level ; the soil fertile. The rail- 
road from Albany to Butfalo passes through it. 
285 miles W. from Albany. 

Batarla, O., c. h. Clermont co. On the N. 
bank of llie E. fork of Little Miami Kiver, 96 
miles S. \V. from Columbus. 



Bates County, Mo., c. li. atBatesvillc. On both 

sides of Osage River. Mostly prairie. 

Balesville, As., c. h. Independence co. 140 
miles S. W. from Little Rock. 

Bath, Is., c. h. Mason eo. 

Btith County, Ky., c. h. at Owingsville. Lick- 
ing River washes its north-eastern border. 

Bath, Sle., city, Lincoln co., lies on the W. 
bank of the Kennebec River, 12 miles from the 
sea, 31 miles S. from Augusta, and 32 N. E. from 
Portland. The population in 1830, was 3773; 
in 1840, 5141 ; in 1850, 3020.— An attempt was 
made by a missionary to settle this place, and 
preach to the fishermen as early as 1670. But 
the Indians would not permit it' The first per- 
manent settlement was made in 1756. The town 
is built on a genile declivity, and extends from 
a mile and a half to two miles along the river, 
and nearly a mile back. It is hand .^omely laid 
out, and contains several elegant church edi- 
fices, and other buildings, public and private, 
which are an ornament to the place. — Tlie prin- 
cipal business of Bath is commerce, traile, and 
ship building, particularly the latter, for which it 
is admirably well located. This place ranks as 
the third in the United States in respect to this 
important interest. The tonnage of the district 
of Bath including the waters of the Kennebec 
River, in 1850 was 103,795. This place is noted 
for its accomplished shipmasters and fine sailors. 
— The harbor of Bath is seldom obstructed by 
ice. Regular lines of steamboats ply between 
this place and Portland and Boston, about three 
fourths of the year. A branch railroad connects 
it with the Portland and Augusta Railroad at 
Brunswick, about 8 miles distant. 

Bath, N. C, Beaufort co. 143 miles E. by S. 
from Raleigh, on the Pamlico River. 

Bath. N. H., Grafton co. On the Connecti- 
cut. The Green Mountains on the W. and the 
While Mountains on the E. eflfectually shield it 
from high winds and long storms. The Am- 
monoosuc River waters the S. E. part, furnish- 
ing fine water privileges ; it has a convenient fall 
at the lower village. The soil on the hills is a 
reddish loam ; in the valleys it is alluvial. 80 
miles N. W. from Concord. 

Bath, N. Y., c. h. ,Steuben co. Watered by 
Conhocton River and some of its branches. The 
surface is hilly, but embraces much good tillable 
land. 216 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Bath County, Va., c. h. at Bath. " Central. 
Watered by Cowpasture, Jackson, and the head 
branches of James Rivers. Surface rough and 
elevated ; soil tolerably fertile. 

Bath, Va., c. h. Bath co. 164 miles W. N. W. 
from Kiehmond. Here are two springs, useful in 
rheumatic and other complaints ; one the Warm, 
the other the Hot Spring. 

Baton Ituui/e, La. Capital of the state, and 
seat of justice of East Baton Rouge Parish. 
Situated on the E. batik of the Mississippi, 117 
miles above New Orleans. It consists chiefly 
of one street, which is built on a gentle swell of 
land. 40 or 50 feet above higli-water mark. The 
seat of government has lately been established at 
this place. It contains lour or five churches of 
difl'erent denominations, a court liouse, jail, pen- 
itentiary, and U. S. barracks, which are fine 
buildings, standing on elevated ground, a short 
distance E. of tlie town. This is the seat of 
Baton Rouge College. (!^ee Colla/e.t.) As it is 
only since Uecember, 1849, that Baton Rougo 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



281 



became tlic cnpital of the state, no account of the 
pulilic huililin;;s can lie triven at present. 

Baton Ilouiic EasI, Parisli, La., c. h. at Baton 
Rouge. On ihf E. hank of the Mississippi, he- 
tween tliat river anil tlie Amite. It contains the 
first land in ivscemling the Mississippi whicix i.s 
elevaicil ahove inundation. 

Batuii /I'om/c, Wf^st, Parish, La., c. h. at West 
Baton liouge. On the \V. bank of the Missis- 
sippi, hctween that river and the Atehafalava 
Bayou. Sui'face level ; soil very fertile on the 
borders of the streams j the remainder is liable 
to inundation. 

Battle Creek, Mn., Calhoun eo. Situated at the 
mouth of Battle Creek, which possesses a {ireat 
water power. 12 miles \V. from Marshall. The 
Northern IMichigan Kailroad passes throujjh it. 

Bayou C/acol, fja., c. h. St. Landry. 250 miles 
W.N. W. from New Orleans. 

Beanlsloion, Js., Cass co. On the E. side of 
Illinois River. 48 m. W. by N. from Springfield. 
Beattf/atown, N. J.. jMansiielil, Warren co. On 
Musconetkons Creek, at the western base of 
Schooley's Mountain. 58 miles N. from Tren- 
ton. 

Beaufort Count//, N. C. c. h. at Washinffton. 
A central county, on both sides of Pamlico 
River and Sound. Snrf.ice low, and at times 
inundated. Cotton and riee are the principal 
productions. 

Beaufort, N. C, e. h. at Carteret co. Port of 
entry, on the Atlantic, 1 1 miles N. W. from Cape 
Lookout. It has an excellent harbor, admitting; 
vessels requiring H feet of water. It is protected 
by Fort Macon, on Bogue Point, at the mouth 
of the harbor. 108 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 

Beait/ort Diatriet. S. C. c. h. at Coosawatchie. 
In the S. angle of the state. Watered in the in- 
terior by the Coosawatchie and some other riv- 
ers. It embraces Hilton Head. St. Helena, Port 
Royal, and several other islands. 

Beaiifurt. S. C , Beaufort co. A port of entry 
on Port Koyal Island, on the W. bank of Port 
Royal Ri\'er. A bar lu'cvcnts the entrance of 
vessels drawing more tlum II feet. 75 miles S. 
W. from Charleston. I4G S. from Columbia. 

Bearer Comitij, Pa., c. h. at Beaver. On the 
W. border, on both sides of the Ohio and Beaver 
Rivers. It has an uneven surface, but a fertile 
soil. 

Beaver, Pa., c. h. Beaver co. On the Ohio 
River, at the month of Big Beaver River. It 
stands on an extensive j)lain, and is handsomely 
built. 

Bearer, Pa. A N. W. township of Crawford co. 
Bearer. T*a. A S. W. township of Union co. 
Bearer 14ands. Mn.. Michilimackinae co. A 
Mormon settlement on the islands of the same 
name, in the N. part of Lake Michigan. 

Bemiria, Pa. A S township of Clearfield eo. 

Becke.t, Ms., Berkshire co. It is mountainous, 

broken, and rocky, but well wooded. The soil 

is hard and cold. 15 miles E. S. E. from Lenox, 

and 65 E. from Albany. 

Bedjhnl. In., c. h. Lawrence co. About 3 miles 
N. from the K. fork of White River, and 71 miles 
S. W. fVom Indianapolis. 

Beeljoril. Ivy., c. h. Trimble co. 1 mile from 
this villai;e is a mineral spring impregnated with 
salts and siil[)linr. which attracts numerous visit- 
ors. 41 miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. 

fierf/Ji/r/, Ms , Miildlesex co. The Shawshcen 
River ri»es in tills town, and the Concord passes 
36 



its W. border. 15 miles N. W. fi-om Boston, and 
5 N. E. from Concord. 

Bedforel, N. H., Hillsboro' co. On the Mer- 
rimac. It has considerable intervale land. 
A remarkable gulf and precipice arc within its 
limits. A brook passes over the precipice, and 
falls about 200 ft. within the distance of 100 yds. 
Here are found several excavations in solid 
stone, large enough to contain many jiersons. 
8 miles N. E. from Amherst, 21 S. fiom Concord. 
The Nashua and Concord Railroad passes on 
the opposite side of the Merrimac. 

Beilford, N. Y.. c. h. Westchester co. Half 
shire town with White Plains, which lies 15 miles 
S. Watered by Croton Hiver, and several other 
streams. The surface is hilly and broken, and 
the soil light and stony. 109' miles S. from Al- 
bany. 

Bedford County. Pa., c. h. at Bedford. On the 
S. border. Watered by tributaries of the Juni.ata 
and Potom.ie Rivers. Surface mountainous, 
with fertile valleys. Iron ore and bituminous 
coal are found here. 

Bedford. Pa., Bedford co. On the Roystown 
branch of rlie Juniata River, and is celebrated 
for its mineral springs. 

Bedford County, Te., c. h. at Shclbyville. S. 
central. On the head waters of Diick River. 
Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 

Bedford County, Va.. c. h. at Liberty. S. cen- 
tral. Between the James River anil the Roanoke. 
Bounded \V. by the Peaks of Otter, in the 
Blue Riilge, separating it from Botetourt co. 
The interior is drained by Goose and Otter 
Creeks. Surface elevated ; soil fertile, yielding 
tine crops of tobacco, Indian corn, and oats. 

Bedminster, N. J., Somerset co. A hilly towm, 
with a fertile soil, composed of lime, clay, and 
red shale. 8 miles N. \V. from Somerville. 
Bedminster, Pa. A central township of Bucks co. 
Bcekman, N. Y., Dutchess eo. Drained by 
the Fishkill and several other streams. The 
surface is hilly, and the soil rich, gravelly loam. 
14 miles S. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 87 miles 
from Albany. 

Beelonanlown, N. Y., Clinton co. Watered by 
several small tributaries of Lake Champlain, 
and containing Cha/.y and Chateaugay Lakes. It 
extends across the county a distance of 37 miles. 
On the E it is level or slightly uneven ; on the 
W. hilly and mountainous. 8 miles N. from 
Plnttsburg, and 70 N. from Albany. 

Bclair, Md.. c. h. Harford co. 53 miles N. 
by E. from Annapolis. 

Belchrrtown, ^is., Hampshire co. Soil ex- 
cellcnf! and well improved. Separated from 
Wave by Swift River on the N. 75 miles W. 
from Bo'ston, and 17 N. E. from Springlield. 

Belfast, Ale., port of entry and shire town of 
Waldo CO., is bcaniilul.ly situated on Belfast 
Bay. on the W. side of Pcnoliscot River. It lies 
40 miles E. from Augusta. 30 S. IVuin Bangor. 
30 N. from Thomaston, and, across Belfast Bay, 
12 W. from Castine. The town was incorpo- 
rated in 1773, but not permanently settled until 
about the year 1 785. There is considerable good 
land in Belfast, In 1837, it produced .■J492 / 
hu>hels of excellent wheat. The Paasaggassa- 
wakeag River wimls along near the ccut'e of the 
town, and adds much to the ap]iear.iuce of the 
place. The harbor is very good, being guarded 
by Long ami Sears's Islamis, and has anchorage 
for a great luimber of vessels of the largest class. 



282 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



— The proximity of Belfast to the sea, its site 
in relation to Penobscot River, and its excellent 
harbor, which was never known to have been ob- 
structed by ice hut twice, (178U, 1SI5.) give it 
peculiar advantages for foreign commerce, the 
eoastini; trade, and the lisherics. Considerable 
ship buildinjr is carried on at this place. The 
tonnage of the district of Belfast in 1850 was 
44,335 tons. The principal exports are lumber 
and fish. Population, ISIO, 1259; 1820.2026; 
1830, 3077; 18W, 4186; 1850, 5052. Belfast, 
although irregularly liuilt, is a pleasant town, and 
on account of its line ojien harbor is an impor- 
tant icinler mart of the trade of Penobscot River. 

Belfast, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by the 
Genesee River, and some of its tributaries. The 
Genesee Valley Canal leaves the river at this 
place. Surface uneven; soil, sandy loam. 262 
miles W. from Albany. 

Belfast, Pa. An eastern township of Bedford 
county. 

BeUmip Coimtji, N. H., c. h. at Gilford. Cen- 
tral. On the south side of Lake Winnipiseogee. 
It has many other beautiful lakes ajid ponds 
within its limits. Some of the lands are high, 
and present a great variety of picturesque scenery. 
Though rough and uneven, and in some parts 
rocky, the soil is generally productive. The 
streams are numerous, rajiid, and durable, and 
have a great hydraulic power. 

BeJI Connlij, Ts., c. li. at l5elIton. 

Bellefoiitaiiie, 0., c. h. Logan co. On the rail- 
road from Cincinnati' to Sandusky city, and 69 
miles N. W. from Columbus. 

Bellefonte, Aa., c. h. Jackson co. On Paint 
Rock River, about 2 miles W. from Tennessee 
River, and 166 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Bellefonte, Pa., c. h. Centre co. On Spring 
Creek, a branch of Bald Eagle River. 85 miles \V. 
from ilarrisburg. A place of extensive trade in 
the iron business. Connected with West Branch 
Canal by Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Canal. 

Bellemlle, Is., c. h. St. Clair co. 13 miles E. S. 
E. from St. Louis, and 100 S by W. from Spring- 
field. Steam power is employed in some large 
flouring mills, and there are various other manu- 
factures. 

Bellei-ille, N. J., Essex co. On the W. side of 
Passaic River. It has fine water power, and cot- 
ton and woollen, paper, dyeing and printing, and 
flouring mills. 

Belleville, Ts., c. h. Austin co. 

BeUhigham, Ms., Norfolk co. Soil light and 
sandy. It is watered by Charles River, and has 
a good hydraulic power. The factory villages 
lie at the N. part of the town, 4 miles from the 
centre village. 28 miles S. W. from Boston, and 
18 S. W. from Uedham, with which it is con- 
nected by the Norfolk County Railroad. 

■Belimnt, Me., Waldo co. Watered by the 
Paasaggassawakeag, which rises in a pond of that 
name, and empties at Belfast, about 6 miles N. 
It is 34 miles E. from Augusta. 

Belmmil. N. Y., Franklin co. Chateaugay and 
Trout Rivers flow through this town, and it con- 
tains several small lakes. The surface is hilly, 
and in some parts mountainous. 10 miles S. E. 
from Malone, and 202 fi(jin Albany. 

Belmont Coiinti/, 0.. in the eastern part of the 
state, having the Ohio River on its eastern boun- 
dary, separating it from Ohio eo. in Virginia. On 
the W.. on the N. W., and on the N. E., it is 
bounded by the counties of Guernsey, Harrison, 



and Jefferson, and by Munroe on the S. Its 
greatest length, on the northern line, is 30 miles, 
and its breadth 20. having an area of 520 square 
miles. The high table land biuween the valleys 
of the Ohio and the Muskingum Rivers divides this 
county into tw'o nearly etpial sections. Small 
creeks flow eastward itito the Ohio, ami westward 
the Will's and Stillwater branches of the Mus- 
kingum flow into that river. The whole surface 
of this county is uneven, consisting of a series of 
hills, with deep, narrow intfrvening valleys. Yet 
the soil is almost unifornilv productive; suitable 
for grazing and for the culture of wheat aud corn. 
St. Clairville is the chief town. 

Bellviie, Is., e. h. Jackson co. 

Beli-idere, Is., c. h. Boone co. On tlie E. head 
waters of Rock River. 

Belcidere, N. J., e. h. Warren co. At the junc- 
tion of Request River with the Delawar.c. 57 m. 
N. N. W. from Trenton. The Request has a fall 
here of about 50 ft. within a mile from its mouth, 
affording a heavy water power. There is also a 
fall of about 22 feet in the Uela.ware. and thesB 
two privileges together are greater than any 
others in the state. A fine bridge here crosses 
the Delaware. 

BeJcidere, Vt., Lamoille co. A considerable 
part is mountainous, and unlit for cultivation. 
Watered bv two branches of the River Lamoille. 
18 miles N. W. from Hyde Park, and 45 N. W. 
from Montpelier. 

Bellows' Falls, Vt., Windham co., lies 98 miles 
S. by E. from Montpelier. See Rockiiti/ham, Vt. 

Benicia, Ca., Salano co. On the strait be- 
tween San Pablo and Suisum Bays, about 40 m. 
N. E. from San Francisco. Ships of the largest 
size can lie here close to the town, which is laid 
out on a handsome slope towards the hills. It 
is a port of entry, with an arsenal, navy station, 
ami (locks of the Pacific Steam Packet Co. for 
rctitting their steamers. 

Bejininffton, N. H., HiUshoro' CO. Taken from 
GrecnHeld, Francestown, Deering, and Hancock, 
in 1842. 

Bennington, N. Y., Wyoming co. Drained by 
the Cayuga and Tonawanda Creeks. The sur- 
face is rolling, the soil fertile, consisting of a 
moist clay. 256 miles W. from Albany. 

Bennington Counli), Vt. Bennington and Man- 
chester, shire towns. In the S. W. the low 
lands are excellent, but the largest portion 
of the county is mountainous, and fit oidy for 
grazing. Many streams rise in the mountains, 
ami descend to the ocean, some by the Hudson 
and some by the Connecticut, affording a great 
hydraulic power. Iron ores of good quality are 
found in this county, and large quantities of beau- 
tiful white marble. 

Benninijton, Vt. Half shire town of Benning- 
ton CO. The other is Manchester, 25 m. distant. 
Of good alluvial soil, delightfully emiehcd by 
evergreen mountains. It abounds in iron ore, 
manganese, ochre, and marble. The streams 
are numerous, and aflbrd excellent mill sites. 
1 20 miles S. W. by S. from Montpelier. The man- 
ufacture of a new species of earthen ware, or 
rather stone ware, of a fine quality, has recently 
been commenced here. It is from a mixture 
of flint, quartz, and feldspar, which unites, with 
much lightness and beauty, the advantages of 
great general strength, and especially the ability 
to stand fire, which is an important reeominenda- 
tion. The patent of the manufacturers is for ths 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



283 



enamel, or the burning in of the colors, whioli 
produces a brilliant, glossy sui-face, imjiervious to 
the action of all acids, anJ to all outside appliances. 

Bensalem. Pa. A S. township of Bucks co. 

Benson. Vt., Kutland co. On Lake Cham- 
plain. The waters are generally brackish and 
unpleasant. 75 miles S. W. from Mont|iclier. 

Ben/on County. Aa.. c. h. at Jacksonville. N. 
E. part, between the Coosa and the state of Geor- 
gia. Drained by the Tallapoosa and branches 
of the Coosa Rivers. Surface mostly level, soil 
fertile. 

Benton Com\ti/, As., e. h. at Bentonville. In 
the N. W. corner, on the height of land between 
waters of the White River and those of the Neosho. 

Benton, As., e. h. Sabine co. On the Sabine Fork 
of the Wachita. 24 miles S. W. from Little Rock. 

Benton. Is., c. h. Franklin co. 151 miles S. S. 
E. from Springfield. 

Benton Count//, Fa. On the Gulf coast of the 
peninsula, S. of the Withlacoochee River. 

Benton Count;/, Ga.. c. h. at O.'vford. On the 
"W. border N. of the Wabash. 

Benton Conntij, lo.. c. h. at Vinton. E. central. 

Benton, Ivy., c. li. Marshall co. 

Benton Connti/, Mi. On the E. side of the 
Mississippi. In the N. part of the state. 

Benton, Me., Kennebec co. 25 miles W. from 
Augusta. 

Benton, Mi., c. h. Yazoo co. Nearly equidis- 
tant between Big Black and Yazoo Rivers. 50 
miles N. W. from Jackson. 

Benton, Mo., c. h. Scott CO. 222 miles S. E. 
from Jefi'erson City. 

Benton Countij. Mo., c. h. at Warsaw. S. W. 
central. On Iioth banks of the Osage River, 
which flows tlirough it from W. to E. Surface 
uneven ; soil very fertile. 

Benton, N. IT, Grafton co. It is watered liy 
branches of Oliverian Brook and Wild Amo- 
Doosuck Rivers. Moosehillock and Owl-head 
Mountains lie within its limits. It presents a 
rough and mountainous aspect, and tlie soil in 
some parts is not capable of cultivation. It was 
formerly called Coventry. 70 m. W. N. W. from 
Concord, and 12 E. S. E. from Haverhill 

Benton, N. Y., Yates co. The surface of this 
town consists of broad plains and gentle swells. 
The soil is mostly day, and sandy and gravelly 
loam. 207 miles W. from Albany. 

Benton Count//. O., c. h. at Marysville. In the 
valley of the Willamette. 

Benton Count//, Te., c. h. at Camden. W. part. 
Watered by the Tennessee River, wliich runs 
along its E. boundary, and by some of its branches. 
Suface level; soil fertile. 

Bentonvltle, Te.. c. h. Polk co. On Four-mile 
Branch, 174 miles S. E. from Nashville. 

Be/yen Count//. N. J., c. h. at Hackensack. In 
llie N. E. corner, between the Hudson on the E. 
and the X. Y. boundary on the W. Watered by 
the Hackensack aTid Saddle Rivers. The sur- 
face in the central part is generally level, or 
undulating; the W. is mountainous, and on the 
E. is the lofty trap ridge, known as the Palismles. 
extending its whole width on the Hudson. The 
soil, in the valleys especially, is productive. 

Ben/en. N. J., c. h. Hudson co. The surface is 
partly liillv. antl the soil, in other parts, somewhat 
marshy, but fertile. 56 miles N. E. from Trenton. 

Ben/en, N. Y., Genesee co. Black Creek wa- 
ters this town, the surface of whic-h is level, and 
the soil clay, in some parts, and in others calca- 



reous loam. 14 miles N. W. from Batavia, and 
2!)f), by railroad. N, of W. from Albany. The 
Rochester and Bnft'alo Railroad passes ihrough it. 

Berklri/. Ms., Bristol CO.. was formerly a part 
of DiL'hton, from which it is sejiarated by Taun- 
ton River. The noted "Dighton Rock" is in 
the limits of the town of Berkley. A part of 
Assenet Bay is also within the town. 37 miles 
S. from Boston, and 18 E. from Providen<'e. 

Berkle/j Count//, Va., c. h. at iSIartinsburg. On 
the N. border, in the valley. Drained by afHu- 
ents of the Potomac, which washes its N. border. 
Surf^xce rough and broken. 

Berh'lei/ i^Jrim/.s, Va., Morgan co. 180 miles 
N. N. W. from Richmond, in the village of Bath. 

Berks Count;/. Pa., c. h. at Reailing. In tlie S. 
E. part. Watered by the Schuylkill River, which 
flows through it. Surface mostly mountainous ; 
soil productive. It is crossed by the Schuylkill 
and Union Canals, and the Reailing Railroad. 

Berkshire Count;/. Ms., c. h. at Lenox. On the 
W. border. It is rough and liilly in many parts, 
but aft'ords considerable fine land. Berkshire is 
the most elevateil county in the state. On the 
E. side lie the Green Mountains, which shut it 
away from the rest of Mas-iacbusetts. anil on ibe 
W. are the Taghkanic Mountains, wliicli scpa- 
r.itc it from the slate of New York. The Hou- 
satonic and Hoosie are its chief rivers. This 
county possesses, in rich and inexhaustible 
abundance, iron, marble, and lime. It is well 
wooded, and has much water power. 

Berksh're Valle;/. N. J.. JefFerson, IMorris eo. 
Watered I>y a brancli of Rockaway River, which 
nflbrds a water power, on which are several 
forges. 12 miles N. W. from Morristown, and 
17 N. from Trenton. 

Berkslilre, N. Y., Tioga co. Drained by E. and 
W. Owego Creeks. The surface is hilly, but tlie 
.soil mostly very productive. 1.3 miles N. from 
Owego village, and 1C8 W. by S. from Alliany. 

Berkshire, 0., 2.3 miles N. by E. fi-om Co- 
lumbus. 

Brrl:sfiire, Vt . Eranklin co. Missisco River 
runs througii the S. E. corner, on whicii is some 
fine intervale. Pike River passes through tlie 
town, afl^ordiiig some of the finest mill sites in 
the country. The soil is various, but irencrally 
good ; surface is diversified with gentle swells 
anil vales. 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, 
and 22 N. E. by E. from St. Albans. 

Berlin, Ct., Hartford co. The villages of 
Worthington and New Britain are very pleasant. 
The first manufacture of tin ware in this coun- 
try was commenced at this ])lace, about the 
year 1770, by Edward Patterson, a native of 
Ireland. 

Berlin, Me., Oxford eo. 100 miles N. from 
Portland. 

Berlin, Ms., Worcester co. Watered by North 
Creek, a branch of the Assabct. .31 niiles W. 
by N. from Boston. 

Berlin, N. 11., Coos co. The Aiulroscoggin 
and Amonoosuck Rivers pass ibroHLih it; also 
the railroad from Portland to Montreal. The 
Androscoggin in this town descends more than 
200 feet in a mile or two, and the principal fall, 
worn through the solid rock, is a great curiosity. 
140 miles N. from Concord, and 98 from Portland 
by the railroad. 

Berlin, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Little Hoosie 
and Kimlcrhook Creeks, and the I'oestcnkill, 
flow through this town. The surface is moun- 



284 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



tainous ; Tnglikanic Mountain extending into the 
E. and I'cterhoro' into the W. part, the soil in 
the valley between being quite fertile. 18 miles 
E. from Troy, iuic! 24 E. by N. from Albany. 

Berlin, 0. A post town, 89 miles from Co- 
lumbus. 

Berlin, Pa. An E. township of Wayne co., on 
the Delaware. 

Berlin. Vt., Washington co. Watered by 
Winooski and Dog Rivers, and Stevens's Branch, 
furnishing good mill sites. The land is some- 
what broken, but of strong soil, and good for til- 
lage. 4 miles S. fi-om Montpelier. 

Bernnllio Cminti/, N. M., c. h. at Albuquerque. 
On the Kio del Norte, S. of Santa Fe. 

Bernard, N. J. A N. town of Somerset Co. 
Hilly and mountainous, with a fertile soil. It 
contains the village of Brackinridge. 

Bernardslon. Ms.. Franklin co. A- township 
of superior land, considerably elevated, between 
Fall and Connecticut Rivers. Bald and West 
Mountains att'ord delightful scenery; the former 
is 630 feet above the waters of the Connecticut, 
96 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 miles N. 
from Greenfield, on the railroad from Greenfield 
to Bratrleboro'. 

Berne, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by Foxes 
Creek on the W., and two large ponds on the 
E. It is crossed by the Helderberg Hills, which 
contain several curious caverns. The soil in the 
valleys is very fertile, consisting of calcareous 
loam. 16 miles W. from Albany. 

Berne. Pa. In the centre of Berks co., on the 
W. bank of the Schuylkill, and divided into Up- 
per and Lower townships. 

Berrien Counti/. Mn., e. h. at St. Joseph. In 
the S. W. border, on both sides of the St. Jo- 
seph's, at its entrance into Lake Michigan. St. 
Joseph's, Pawpaw, and Salien Rivers aH'ord fine 
hydraulic power. Surface rolling ; soil various, 
but mostly productive. Crossed by the Michigan 
Central Railroad. 

Berrien Sprinr/, Mn., c. h. Berrien co. On the 
W. bank of the St. Joseph River, 15 miles from 
its mouth, and 192 miles S. W. from Detroit. 

Berde Cuunli/, N. C., c. h. at Windsor. N. E. 
part, between the Roanoke, on the S., and Albe- 
marle Sound, where it receives the Chowan on 
the E. Level, and somewhat marshy. 

Berwiek, Me., York co. 93 miles S. W. from 
Augusta, on Salmon River, E. side. On the 
railroad from Boston to Portland. 

Berwick; l';\. An eastern township of Adams 
CO. Watere<l Iiy Conewago ami Beaver Creeks, 
tributaries of the Susipichanna. Surface level; 
soil red shale. 41 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. 

Berwiek, Pa., (^olumbia co. At Nescopeck 
Falls, on the N. side of the Susquehanna 
River. 28 miles S. W. from Wilkesbarre, and 97 
N. by E. from Harrisburg. 

Betlinni/, Ct.. New Haven co. Some portions 
are good land and well cultivated, but a large 
part is mountainous, and fit oidy for the growth 
of wood. Beacon .Mountain, between Bethany 
and Naugatuck River, presents some wild and 
picturesque featm'Cs. 

Belliiini/. Mo, e. b. Harrison co. 200 miles 
N. AV. I'um Ji-llbr<on (;iiy. 

Belliiiiiij. N. Y . (ienesee co. Drained by Ton- 
awanda and Back Cieeks. Surface somewhat 
uneven; soil sandy loam and chiy. 291 miles 
W. from Albany. 

Biitluini/, Pa., e. h. Wayne co. 1 mile W. 



from Dyberry Creek, and le.'i miles N. E. from 
Harrisburg. There are glass works here, and 
other manufactur(^s. 

Belhel, Ct., Fairfield co. A pleasant and flour- 
ishing village, in the town of Danbury, and about 
3 miles N. W. from the centre of that town. 

Helltel, Me., Oxford co. 61 miles N. W. from 
Portland. A fine farming town. 

Bethel, N. Y., Sullivan co. The Mongoup and 
several other small tributaries of the Delaware 
flow through this town, which also contains sev- 
eral small lakes. The surface is hilly; the soil 
gravelly loam. 121 miles S.S. W. from Albany. 

Bethel, Pa. A southern township of Bedford 
CO. Watered by Great Conoloway Creek and its 
branches, tributaries of the Potomac. Surface 
mountainous ; soil calcareous loam. 

Bethel, Pa. The westernmost township of 
Berks co. Drained by a head branch of the 
Swatara. The Blue Ridge bounds it on the N. 
52 miles E. from Harrisburg. 

Bethel, Pa. A southern towmship of Delaware 
CO. Watered by Naaman's, a branch of Chester 
Creek. Surface level ; soil clay. 

Bethel, Pa. A N. E. township of Lebanon 
CO. Between two head branches of Swatara 
Creek. Mountainous in the N., and level in the 
S. Soil mostly gravel. 

Bethel, Vt., "VVindsor co. Watered by branches 
of White River, and possesses gooil mill sites. 
Excellent soapstone is found here in great quan- 
tities. The surface is broken and mountainous, 
but the soil is warm, and good for grazing. Con- 
siderable business is done at both villages, E. and 
W.; the latter is the largest. 31 miles S. by W. 
from Montpelier, and 30 N. W. fiorn Windsor. 
The Vermont Central Railroad passes through 
this town. 

Bethlem, Ct., Litchfield co. Hilly, with a 
gravelly loam, and fit for grazing and the growth 
of rye. Watered byPomperaug River, a branch 
of the Housatonic. 33 miles W. S. W. from 
Hartford. 

Bethlehem, N. II., Grafton co. Drained by 
Great Amonoosuck River and one of its branches. 
Round and Peaked Mountains are in this to\vn. 
The soil produces good crops of grass and grain. 
There is plenty of pine timber and sugar maple. 
Iron ore is found. 100 miles N. W. from Con- 
cord. 

Bethlehem, N. J., Hunterdon co. Hilly and 
mountainous on the N. Soil red elay, slate, and 
loam. 40 miles N. by W. from Trenion. 

Bethlehem, N. Y., Albany co. On the Hudson 
River, and watered by Norman.skill, Vlam.inskill, 
and Coeymans Creek. 5 miles S. IVoni Albany. 

lietlilehem, O. Post town on the (Jhio Canal. 

Bethlehem, Pa., Northampton co. 48 miles W. 
by N. from Philadelphia, and 9.3 E. iVom Harris- 
burg. Siiuaicd on the N. bank of the Lehigh 
Kivcr, at the month of Manokicy Creek. T'he 
ground, rising gradually botli fVoni the river and 
the creek, afi'ordsa commanding :tiKl beautiful site 
for the village. The place was settled by the 
Moravians, under Count Zinzendorf, ami h;is long 
been celebrated for its excellent female school, 
conducted by ])ersons of that sect, to which many 
ladies from the Middle States have resorted for 
education. It contains a large stone chuivb, in 
the Goihic style of ari liiteclure. with a tower 
rising fi'om the centre surmounH:d ))y a d(unc. It 
is 142 feet long and 68 feet wide. In the burying 
ground, which is laid out with much neatness and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



285 



taste, the lieads of all the graves lie towards the 
north. There is a j;oo(l water power, improved 
for earryiiis; Houring mills, grist mills, saw mills, 
&c. A bridge 400 feet ia length erosscs the 
Lehigh. 

Beva-ly Farms, Ms. A village in the E. part of 
the town of Beverly, Essex eo. 

Beverly, Ms , Esse.'c eo. United to Salem hy 
a bridge across the North Kiver, 1500 feet in 
length. It has a pleas.ant village at the N. part 
of the town. The business is mueh associated 
with that of Salem. The people are noted for 
their enterprise in commerce and the tisheries. 
From the elevated grounds in this town much 
delightful scenery is ])resented. A part of the 
be;Mtiful Wenhain Pond lies witliin its limits. 
16 miles N. from Boston, by the railroad. 

Beirrli/, Va., c. h. Randolph co. On the E. 
fork of the Monongahela Kiver, 20.5 miles N. W. 
from Richmcjiid. Built on three parallel streets, 
in the midst of a well-cultivated and thickly- 
settled district. 

Bexar Coaiify, Ts., c. h. at San Antonio. Be.\ar 
includes all the western part of tlie state, most 
of which is unsettled, and much of it incapable 
of settlement. 

Bibb Cuiaiti/, Aa., c. h. at Centrevillc. Central. 
On both sides of the Cahawba. 

Bibb Counly, Ga., c. h. at Macon. Central. On 
both sides of the Ocmulgeo. Soil red loam and 
sand. 

Biddeford, Me , York co. On the S. side of 
the Saco, at its mouth, and connected witli the 
to^vn of Saco by a bridge. I. 5 miles S. W. from 
Portland. The falls of the Saco River at this 
place create an immense water power, upon which 
large factoi'ics liavc been recently erected ; and it 
has become, along with Saco, the seat of exten- 
sive manufactures. 

Bienville Parisli, La. N. W. central. Drained 
by tributaries of the Red River, which run S. 
through it. 

Biff Beaver, Pa. A northern township of Bea- 
ver CO., on the VV. side of the Beaver River. 

Biff Flats, N. Y., Chemung co. Chemung 
River gives name to this town, through which it 
passes, as do some of its tributaries. The navi- 
gable feeder of the Chemung Canal and the New 
York and Erie Railroad also pass through it. 
Surface hilly, except on the borders of Chemung 
River; soil fertile, especially in the valleys. 203 
miles S. W. from Albany. 

Billerica, Ms., Middlesex eo. Watered by the 
Concord and Shawshecn Rivers, and has a pleas- 
ant village, on high ground, near the centre. 
Soil good, and well improved Billerica Mills 
village is near the Lowell Railroad, 22 miles 
from Boston. 

Biloii, Mi., Ilarrisrti co. Situated on Biloxi 
Bay, 227 miles S. E. from Jackson. Site of an 
early French settlement. 

Bingham, Me., Somerset Co. On the K. bank 
of Kennebec River. 118 miles N. N. E. from 
Portland. 

Binffhitni. I*a. A N. E. township of Potter CO., 
on the New York line. 

Binyhanipton, N. Y., e. h. Broome eo. At the 
junction of the Chenango River with the Sus- 
quehanna. 14r> miles S. W. from Albany, and 
225 miles by the Erie Railroad. N. W. from New 
York. It belongs to the township of Chenan- 
go, and was ine<irporated as a village in 1813. 
The Chenango Canal runs northerly from this 



place, and unites with the Eric Canal at Utica. 
The great Erie Railroad passes through it, and ex- 
tends to Dunkirk, on Lake Eric. 244|niles W. It 
is also at the head of boat navigation on the Sus- 
quehanna River. These various facilities afford to 
this flourishing place jieeuliar advant;>ges for 
business. No place in the state, pciluips, at 
present, exceeds this in rapid and jicrinanent 
growth ; and it must become an im|iortant in- 
land town. Binghampton is surrounded by a 
rich agricultural and grazing country, which here 
finds a ready market for its abundant ]iroiIucts. 
Tiierc is likewise an extensive water power on 
the Chenango, which is employed for manufac- 
turing and mechanical purpo.ses. Steam, also, 
is extensively used. There are large flouring 
mills, saw mills, plaster mills, tanneries, cloth- 
dressing establishments, and a variety of other 
manufacturing operations. The Erie Railroad 
Company liave established here a large machine 
shop and car factory. A bridge here crosses the 
Susquehanna, and another the Chenango. The 
place, which was foi'merly called C'liejiani/o Point, 
received its present name in honor of William 
Bingham, Esq., of Philadelphia, a respected bene- 
factor of the village in its infant state. 

Binlsall, N. Y,, Alleghany co. Watered by 
Black Creek and some other streams. Surface 
slightly uneven ; soil clay loam. 260 miles W. 
by S. from Albany. 

Birminffliam, I'a. A western township of Del- 
aware eo. 

Black Brook, N. Y., Clinton eo., contains sev- 
eral small lakes, and is drained by Saranae, Au 
Sable and Liltle Au Sable Rivers, and Black 
Brook. The surface is hilly aiul mountainous, 
abounding with iron ore. " 20 miles S. from 
Plattsburg, and 154 N. from Allianv. 

Blackford County, la., c. h. at Blackford. N. E. 
central. Watered by Salainanie River, a tribu- 
tary of the Wabash, and several snnill creeks. 
Soil mostlv fertile. 

Black Ilawk County, lo., c. h. at Astor Falls. 
E. central. On both sides of the Cedar Fork of 
the Iowa. 

Black Lick, Pa. A southern townshi]) of Indi- 
ana county, on the Kiskiminitas and Pennsylvania 
Canal. 

Black Hock, N. Y. A town of Erie co. Drained 
by Buffalo Creek and other small streams flow- 
ing into the Niagara River. It embraces Squaw 
and Strawberry Islands, each containing about 
100 acres of land. The line between the U. S. 
and Canada bounds this town on the W. Sur- 
face mostly undulating ; soil alluvial. It environs 
the city of Buffalo on three sides, from the cen- 
tre of which it is distant about 3 miles, and from 
Albany W. 325 miles. 

Black Hock, N. Y., Erie co. This village, in 
the town of Black Rock, situated at the foot of 
Lake Erie, may be considered as a snlmrb of the 
city of Buffalo, from which it is nut more than 
two and a half miles distant, anil with which it 
is connected by a railroad. At this point the 
Erie Canal enters Lake Erie. An immense mole 
or pier projects into Niagara River, at once form- 
ing a harbor for the port and turning water from 
the river into the canal. The canal is supplied 
by this means with water for nearly half its entire 
distance ; and by means of the same mole a large 
water power is obtained at Black Rock, which 
is used for flouring mills and other purposes. 

Biackslone, Ms., Worcester eo. Blackstone 



286 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



River runs throuprh it on the S., and Mill River 
on the E. There are four villages. The township 
is broken anil uneven, with rather a thin soil. 
The Providenec ancl Worcester Railroad passes 
throush the south-western part of the town. — 
.39 miles S. W. from Boston, and 18 N. W. from 
Providence. R. I. 

Bidden Cuiinfi/. N. C, c. h. at Elizabeth. In 
the S. angle, oti both sides of Cape Fear River. 

Bl(idrii:il'nrfj, Md., Prince George eo. 34 miles 
W. from Annapolis, and 6 N. E. from Washing- 
ton. It is a little S. of the railroad from Wash- 
ington to Baltimore. Celebrated for the battle 
in 1814, which preceded the capture of Wash- 
ington. 

Blair Counti/. Pa., c. h. at HoUidaysburg. A 
little S. of the centre of the state, on the eastern 
slope of the main chain of the AUeghanies, the 
crest of which forms its western boundary. 
Watered by the Upper Juniata and its heads. 

Blairsviile, Ga., e. h. Marion co. 118 miles 
N. N. W. of MilledgeviUe. 

Blniisi-ille, Pa., Indiana CO., is at the junction 
of Black Lick Creek with Kiskiminitas River, 
171 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg, ou the 
Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. 

Blal-elei/, An., c. h. Baldwin co. Opposite to 
Mobile. It has a good harbor, and tlie situation 
is healthy and pleasant, but the attempt to make 
it rival Mobile has not succeeded. 

BliiU-lei/, Ga., c. h. Early co. 203 miles S. W. 
from MilledgeviUe. 

Blake! ij. Pa. A N. E. township of Luzerne co., 
on both sides of the Laekawannock River. 

Blanehard, Me., Piscataquis co. 116 miles 
from Augusta. 

Blam/Jbrd, Ms., Hampden co. A mountainous 
township, of good grazing land. Branches of 
Westfield River rise here, and give it a good 
water power. The Western Railroad passes 
through Chester village, at the north part. From 
Boston 119 miles, and from Springfield 21 miles. 

Blandrille, Ky., c. h. Ballard co. " 350 miles W. 
of S. from Lexington. 

Bleccker, N. Y.. Fulton co., contains Fish and 
Caroga Lakes, and is drained by Caroga Creek 
and some small branches of Sacondaga River. 
Hilly and mountainous, mostly covered with for- 
ests. 5.5 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Blenheim, N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by 
Schoharie Creek, and some of its tributaries. 
Hilly and mountainous, and abounds in geologi- 
cal curiosities, the most important of which are 
the " Bear's Ladder," composed of globular 
masses of graywackc, and Mineral Hill, a large 
mass of red sandstone. There is also here an 
extensive slate quarry, 53 m. S. W. from Albany. 

Bledsoe Coiinti/, Te. S. E. central. On the 
heiglit of land between the waters of the Cumber- 
land and Tennessee. Watered by Sequatcliic 
River, and has a somewhat mountainous sur- 
face. 

Blissfield, Mn., Lenawee eo. On the N. bank 
of Raisin River. 71 miles S. W. from Detroit. 
The Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad passes 
through it. 

BlocUei/, Pa. A suburb of Philadelphia. 

Bloom, Pa. A central township of Colnmbia 
CO., at the junction of the Susquehanna Uivcr and 
Fishing Creek. Surface level ; soil sandy and 
calcareous loam. 80 miles N. by E. from Har- 
risburg. It contains the village of Blooms- 
bury. 



Bloom field, Ct., Hartford co. It was incorpo- 
rated into a town in 1825. Has a fine soil, culti- 
vated with great industry, producing large crops 
of grass and grain, with an abundance of choice 
fruit. G miles N. by W. from Hartford. 

Bloomfield, Me.. Somerset co. On Kennebec 
River, .'13 miles N. from Augusta. A fine town- 
sliip of land. 

Bloomjield, la., c. h. Greene co. On the E. 
side of the W. branch of White River, 74 miles 
S. W. from Indianapolis. 

Bloomfield, lo., c. h. Davis CO. 30 miles S. W. 
from Iowa city. 

Bloomfield, N. J., Essex co. 54 miles N. E. 
from Trenton, and 4 N. from Newark. 

Bloomfield, Vt., Essex co. The W. and S. parts 
are watered by Bulhegan River. 85 miles N. E. 
from Montpelier. 

Blooming Grove. N. Y., Orange co. Murderer's 
Creek and its branches water this town. The sur- 
face is hill}', Scunnemunk Mountain, a peak of 
the Highlands, covering the S. E. part. The soil 
is very fertile. 12 miles S. from Newburg, and 
about 100 S. from Albany. 

Bloominr/ton, Is., c. h. McLean co. 73 miles N. 
N. E. from Springfield. Beautifully situated on 
the margin of the prairie, with a delightful country 
around it. 

Bloominr/ton, la., c. h. Monroe co. 49 miles S. 
W. from Indianapolis. The seat of the Indiana 
University. See Colleges, 

Bloomi'ngton, Mo., c. h. Macon co. 90 miles W. 
of N. from JetTerson City. 

Bloomsburq, N. J., Warren and Huntingdon 
counties. On both sides of Museouetcong Creek, 
and 43 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. 

Bloomshiirfi, Pa., Columbia eo. On the W. side 
of tlie E. branch of the Susquehanna River, at the 
junction of Fishing Creek. 87 miles N. by E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Blossbiirg, Pa., Tioga co. Situated near the 
celebrated Blossburg coal mine. 133 miles N. N. 
W. from Harrisburg. Connected by railroad with 
Corning, N. Y., from which there is lake and ca- 
nal navigation to Albany. 

Blount Count//, Aa., c. h. at Blountsville. N. 
central. Surface uneven, watered by the head 
branches of the Black Warrior River; soil rather 
sterile. 

Blount Count;/, Te., c. h. at Marysville, shire 
town. On the E. border, between the Tennessee 
River and the N. C. line. Surface uneven and 
mountainous; soil fertile. 

Blountsville, Aa., c. h. Blount co. On the W. 
side of the Locust Fork of Black River. 104 
miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Blountsville, Te., c. h. Sullivan co. 288 miles 
E. by N. from Nashville. 

Blue Hill, Me., Hancock eo. At the head of a 
bay of the same name. 12 miles E. from Cas 
tine, and 78 from Augusta. 

Blue Sul/tliiir S/n-iur/.t, Va., Greenbrier co. 227 
miles N. by W. from Richmond. See Fashion- 
able liesorts, p. 

Blufton, la., c. h. Wells co. 90 miles N. E. 
from Indianapolis. 

Bituff Prairie, La., c. h. Franklin. 200 milej 
W. by'N. from Baton Rouge. 

Boe/i/s, Pa. A central township of Centre co 
On the main riilge of the AUeghanies. Soil, 
slate and gravelly limestone. 

Bolivar, As., c. h. Poinsett CO. 14 miles N. E, 
from Little Rock. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



287 



Bolirar Connli/, Mi., c. h. at Bolivar. On tlie 
Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Arkansas. 
Watered by Sunflower River. 

Bolivar, N. Y., Alleghany CO. On the Penn- 
sylvania border. High and uneven. 275 miles 
froin Albany. 

Bolirar, O., Tuscarawas co. On the W. side 
of the Tuscarawas River, and on the Ohio Canal. 
US miles N. E. from Columbus. 

Bolinir. Te.. c. li. Hardeman CO. Near the 
Big Hatehcc River, on the S. side. 162 miles S. 
W. from Nashville. 

Bolton, Ct., Tolland co. The soil is a coarse, 
hard, gravelly loam, fit only for grazing. The 
Bolton stone quarry is ciuite noted. " The 
stone is a species of slate, of a brilliant light gray 
color, composed of mica and quartz, and is ex- 
cellent for flagging and other purposes. It is 
extensively nsed in die prineip.al cities of the 
United States. For strength it exceeds any 
other known in tins country, and the demand for 
it is rapidly increasing." 16 miles E. froin Hart- 
ford. The" Providence, Hartford, and FishkiU 
Railroad passes through this |>lace. 

Bolton, Ms. On the lieight of land between 
Concord and Nashua Rivers. A good farming 
town. The hills contain limestone, and lime 
is made here. 31 miles W. by N. from Bos- 
ton. 

Bolton, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the 
E. by Lake George, and contains several small 
lakes. The Schroon branch of the Hudson River 
waters the W. part. The surface is hilly, and in 
some parts mountainous, and the soil not remark- 
ably good. 72 miles N. from Albany. 

Bolton, Vt., Chittenden co. On the western 
range of the Green Mountains. Jlountainous 
and broken, and but a small part of it capable of 
being settled. Winooski River runs through it, 
from E. to W. ; also the Vermont Central Rail- 
road. 19 miles S. E. from Burlington, and 19 N. 
W. from Montpelier. 

Bomhafi, N. Y., Franklin co. Little Salmon 
and St. Regis Rivers water this town, the surface 
of which is mostly level. 15 miles N. E. from 
Malone, and 226 N from Albany. 

Bond Conntij. Is., c. h. at Greenville. S. W. cen- 
tral. Watered by Shoal Creek, a branch of the 
Kask.askia River. 

Bonntt Carre, La., c. h. St. John Baptist 
parish. In a bend of the Mississippi River, 
called Bonnet Carre, (square bonnet.) 38 miles 
W. from New Orleans. 

Boone Countfi, Is., c. h. at Belvidere. On the 
northern border. Watered by the Kankekee and 
its tributaries, the E. head waters of Rock River. 
Surface undulating ; soil very fertile. 

Boone Coiinli/. la., c. h. at Lebanon. Central. 
Watered by Sugar and Racoon Creeks. Surface 
mostly level, consisting partly of prairie ; soil 
very fertile. 

Boone Connfi/. lo., c. h. at Boonboro'. Central. 
The Des Moiues passes through it from N. 
to S. 

Boone County, Ivy., c. h. at Burlington. The 
northernmost county in the state, iu a bend of 
the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Great Mi- 
ami. The (_)hi() River bounds this county on the 
N. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. 

Boone Countij, Mo., c. h. at Columbia. Cen- 
tral. On the N. hank of the Missouri. Rock 
and Cedar Creeks drain this county. 

Boone Count)]. Va. West part. Rough and un- 



even. The Coal River, a southern tributary of 
the Kenhawa, runs on its eastern border, and 
the Little Coal N. through it. 

BoontLHlle, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by 
Black River and the head waters of the Mo- 
hawk. 28 miles N. from Utica, and 123 W. 
from Albany. 

Boonvillc. As., c. h. Scott co. 120 miles W. 
by N. from Little Rock. 

Boonrille, la., c. h. Warwick CO., lies between 
Pigeon and Cypress Creeks. 173 miles S. S. W. 
from Indianapolis. 

Boonville, Ky., c. h. Owsley co. 

Boonville, Mo., c. h. Cooper co. On the S. 
hank of Missouri River. 50 miles N. W. from 
Jefferson City. 

Borclcntoum. N. J., Chesterfield, Burlington co. 
On the E. bank of the Delaware. 27 miles N. 
from Philadelphia, and 7 miles S. E. from Tren- 
ton. Built on an elevated plain 65 feet above 
the ri^■er, upon which it has a coiunianding and 
beautiful situation. The Camden and Amboy 
Railroad passes, by a viaduct, under some of its 
lirineipal streets. The Delaware and Raritan 
Can.al here connects with the Delaware at the 
head of steamboat navi^'ation Bordentown i.? 
a favorite resort, in tJie summer season, for peo- 
ple from Philadelphia. The village is very neat, 
and enjoys a salubrious climate. The extensive 
groninls and mansion formerly occupied by 
Joseph Bonajiarte, ex-king of Spain, are among 
the most conspicuous and attractive olijects of 
the place. One of the most magnificent river 
views any where to be enjoyed in the coun- 
try is afforded here. The Delaware, as seen 
from the brow of the hill on which the town 
is situated, winds its way through a level coun- 
try, spread out for many miles under the eye 
of the spectator, until it disappears behind pro- 
jecting headlands. 

Boothbai/, Me., Lincoln co. On the coast be- 
tween Sheepscot and Damariscorta Rivers, al- 
most surrounded by water. 34 miles S. S. Vj. 
from Augusta, and CO E. N. E. from Portland. 

Bosratcen, N. H., Merrimac co. On the W. 
side of Merrimac River. The town is watered 
by the Blackwater, an important stream. Of a 
deep, productive soil, affording ifiany excellent 
farms. The surface very level. The principal 
village on the E. section of the town is a street 
nearly two miles in length, very straight and 
level. There is another village on a pleasant 
eminence near the west meeting house. 8 miles 
N. W. from Concord, with which it communi- 
cates by two railroads. 

Boston, Ms. Seaport and capital of the state. 
Situated at the W. extremity of Massachusetts 
Bay, into which empty Charles and Mystic Riv- 
ers. By age and commercial importance. Boston 
is the metropolis of New England.- — The pop- 
ulation of Boston, in 1700, was 7000; in 1722, 
10,567: in 1765, 15.520; in 1790, 18.038; in 
1800,24,937; in 1810.33,250; in 1820,43,298; 
in 18.30,61,391; in 1840, 93,470; anrl in 1850, 
136,884. Owing to the almost insular situation 
of Boston, and its limited extent, its population, 
as compared with that of other large cities of the 
Union, does not fairly represent its relative im- 
portance. While the population of Ea<t Boston, 
on an island adjacent in the harbor, and of South 
Boston, on a contiguous |ioint of the main land 
of Dorchester, is included in that of the city 
proper, because these new suburbs are embraced 



288 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



within its chartered limits, yet all its ancient en- 
virons upon the main land, emljnicinp; Charles- 
town, Ciielsea, Koxhury, Dorcliestcr, Hrookline, 
and Camljrid;,'e, with a larf;c mari;in still more 
remote, to which the railroads, like arteries from 
.1 great heart, carry a daily and hourly circula- 
tion of life — all the towns and villages of this 
broad area, occupied to a great extent by a pop- 
ulation whose bu^iiiiess and means of wealth are 
within the city, and who really constitute a com- 
ponent part of its |ieoplc, beini; associated with 
it in all its commercial, manufacturing, literary, 
and social relations, as much as the inhabitants 
of Greenwich, Manhattanville, and Ilaerlem with 
New York, or those of the districts contiguous 
to Philadelphia with that city, have hitherto re- 
mained distinct towns ; three of them, indeed, 
being now flourishing cities ; and tliis Lirgc over- 
flow of population is conse(iuent!y never repre- 
sented in any statement of the population of Bos- 
ton. The peninsula on wliich Boston proper 
is built is connected witli the main land of Rox- 
bury on the S., from which it extends in a direc- 
tioii a little E. of N., about 3 miles, having an 
average breadth of about a mile. The istlimus, 
or Neck, as it is commonly called, is something 
over a mile in length, and is nearly all included 
within the limits of Boston. It was originally 
quite narrow, and so low that parts of it were 
frequently overflowed by the highest courses of 
the tides. The waters of the liarbor, flowing up 
into the bay of Roxbury, on the E. side of the 
Neck, and those of the Ciiarles River, spread- 
ing out over the flats upon the W„ formed a broad 
but shallow cove upon that side, between the 
isthmus and the main land of Brookline. Until 
1786, 156 years after the settlement of Boston, 
the only passage into the town was over the Neck. 
It has been much elevated in being improved 
and built upon, and additions to its width are 
continually made by filling up the flats, especial- 
ly upon the W. side. There are now four broad 
avenues passing over the Neck from Roxbury to 
the city : Harrison Avenue, Washington Street, 
Suffolk Street, and the Tremont Road. — The 
main body of tlie peninsul.a, which was thus near- 
ly surrounded by the waters of the harbor and 
of Charles River, comprised within its natural 
limits about 700 acres of land. In three points it 
swelled into hills of considerable elevation ; one 
being on its S. E. angle, and presenting a bold 
barrier to the waters of the ship channel ; anoth- 
er being at its N. extremity, looting ofl' towards 
Chelsea and Charlestown ; and the third, which 
was more central, with a very much broader 
base, extending its N. and W. slopes nearly 
to the b.inks of Charles River. This was the 
most elevated of the hills, being 1384 ft'^t 
above the level of the sea; and its summit 
was cleft into three conical peaks, which, being 
near the original centre of the town, led at first 
to the adoption of the name of Tremont, or 
Trimountain, for the town itself. This name, 
however, was soon dismissed for its present 
name, which it received on the 7th of Septem- 
ber, 1630, in honor of the Rev, ,Jolin Cotton, the 
second minister of the first church, who came 
from Boston, in England. The Indian name of 
the peninsula was Sluiininil. — There is extant 
a very accurate description of Boston in 1633. 
by AVilliam Wood, the auihor of New England 
Prospect, which Snow, a writer of high authori- 
ty on this subject, remarks, " could liardly be 



amended," — "Boston," .says Wood, " is two miles 
N. E. of Roxbury. Its situation is very pleasant, 
being a peninsula hemmed in on the S. side by 
the bay of Roxbury, and on the N. side with 
Charles River, the marshes on the back side be- 
ing not half of a quarter of a mile over: so that 
a little fencing will secure their cattle from the 

wolves It lieing a neck, and bare 

of wood, they are not troubled with these great 
annoyances, wolves, rattlesnakes, and mosquitoes. 
Those that live here upon their cattle must be 
constrained to take farms in the country, or else 
they cannot subsist, the place being too small to 
contain many, and fittest for such as can trade 
into England for such commodities as the coun- 
try wants, being the chief place for shipping and 
merchandise. This neck of land is not above 
four miles in compass, in form almost S(iuare, 
having on the S. side, at one corner, a great 
broad hill, whereon is planted a fort, which can 
command any ship as she sails into the harbor 
within the still bay. On the N. side is another 
bill, equal in bigness, whereon stands a windmill. 
To the N. W. is a high mountain, with three lit- 
tle rising hills on the top of it, wherefore it is 
called the Tramount. From the top of this moun- 
tain a man may overlook all the islands which 
lie within the bay, and descry such ships as are on 
the sea-coast. This town, though it l)e neither 
the greatest nor the richest, yet is the most noted 
and frequented, being the centre of the planta- 
tions, where the monthly courts are kept. Here 
likewise dwells the governor. This place hath 
very good land, afifording rich cornfields and 
fruitful gardens, having likewise sweet and pleas- 
ant springs. The inhabitants of this place, for 
their enlargement, have taken to themselves farm 
houses in a place called Muddy River, [Brook- 
line,] two miles from the town, where there is 
good ground, large timber, and store of m.arsh 
land and meadow. In this place they keep their 
swine and other cattle in the summer, whilst the 
corn is in the ground at Boston, and bring them 
to town in the winter." 

The original conformation of the ground was 
such that the N. part of the jicninsnla was almost 
severed from the other by the coves or inden- 
tations of the shore which ran in around the 
base of Copp's Hill on the S-, both from the har- 
bor on the E., and from Charles Uiver on the 
opposite side, so as nearly to meet at their ex- 
treme points. When the tides were highest, this 
part of Boston, and the central part, which would 
also be nearly or quite cut oif from the continent 
by the flowing of the waters across the Neck, 
presented the appearance of two islands, rather 
than that of a peninsula. The tide ran up on 
the E. to where Dock Square now is, and in a 
northerly direction almost to Hanover Street nt 
a point a little E. of Union Sireet. From 
Charles River, on the opposite side, a broad 
cove came up to a point only a few rods N. W. 
of Hanover Street, leaving but a narrow neck 
of land for the connection between the centre 
and the north end of the town. By the erection 
of a causeway where Causeway Street now is, 
this cove was subsequently converted info a ca- 
pacious mill pond, and by means of a short canal 
cut through the neck by which its wafers were 
separated from the harbor, they were mailc avail- 
able for a tide mill at this place. This was long 
known as Mill Creek, and constituted the divid- 
ing line between the centre and the north end. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



289 



That part of tlie map of Boston wliich cxhiliits 
an etiuilatcral triangle, as included between 
Cliarlcstown, Mcnimae, and Causeway Streets, 
havinjr its apex in Haymarket Square, covers the 
principal part of tiic area wliicii was occupied 
by tiiis mill pond ; havinj^ been converted into 
solid land with the materials olitaincd by the 
levellint; of Beacon Hill and the eminences W. 
of it, excepting the creek, which was kept open 
to connect the river with the harbor as lon^j as 
the navi;raiion upon the Jliddlesex Canal was a 
matter of consideration. This improvement was 
commenced about 1804, and when completed, it 
had added to the area of the city about 4.3 acres. 
And here it may be remarked that the area of the 
peninsula, which in its natural condition com- 
prised, as above stated, only about 700 acres, has 
been enlar;^ed by continued encroachments upon 
the sea, until it contains fully double this num- 
ber of acres at the present time. The city is 
now extending its limits in this manner more 
rapidly than at any former period. The quan- 
tity of land made, and in the process of being 
made, by improvements recently undertaken by 
the city at tlie south end, is cstinnited at over 
2,000,000 square feet. By the railroads in this 
direction entire hills of gravel are being removed 
from their bases in the vicinity of Boston, to form 
the foundations of a new and beautiful extension 
of this flourisliing city. It is not improbable 
that the whole of the bays on each sifle of the 
Neck may, at some period not far distant, dis- 
appear before ttie march of human enterprise, 
and that the city may be otherwise extended 
much into the area of Roxbury anil Dorchester. 
— Some knowledge of the natural structure of 
the ground on wliich Boston is built is necessary 
to explain the great irregularity of the plan upon 
which its streets and thoroughfares have grown 
up. The high hills in ditferent quarters of the 
town, with the coves, and creeks, and marshes, 
thrusting themselves up between them on all 
sides, would necessarily control the choice of 
sites for building, and the location and courses 
of the principal streets, in a place thus springing 
up in the poverty and infancy of the country. 
There is a similar irregularity in the lower part 
of the city of New York. Even in Philadelphia, 
the situation of which upon a gently-swelling 
plain admitted of the most uniform arrangement 
of the streets which could possitdy be dcsii-ed, 
the operation of this principle is illustrated, in 
the case of Dock Street, in the oldest part of the 
city, which follows the winding conr.se of an an- 
cient creek running into the Delaware. This 
seems the more remarkable there from being al- 
most a solitary exception to the general plan. 
But in Boston it would Intve lieen perhaps im- 
jiossible for the founders of the city, even if they 
could have anticipated its future growth and 
greatness, with the means they h.ad at command, 
to have caused it to be built up on any outline 
materially dill'erent from that which it received 
As an exam|)le, an order dated March 30, 1640, 
provides for a road between certain points, " two 
rods in breadth, as ilireclli/ as the land will henr." 
The first settlement of the town in 16.30, and 
its most populous jiart as late as 1650, was on 
Washington Street, lietween State and Eliot 
Streets, including the cross streets on either side, 
which had all l)egun to be occupied : and Elm 
Street, the upper part of Hanover Street, and 
Sudbury Street, on the N. side. Here, in what 
37 



is now the centre of the city, the business of the 
town commenced, and the most influential char- 
acters dwelt. Tile first hou<e of worship stood 
near the corner of State and Devonshire Streets ; 
the first store was on the N. corner of State 
and Washington Streets ; the first market place 
was wiiere the (^Id State House now stands. 
The residence of Governor Winthroji was on 
the E. side of Washington Street, a little N. 
of the (.)|d South meeting house. Subsequently 
the growth of trade and commerce occasioned 
a larger proportionate increase of population at 
the north end, which became " for many years 
the most populous and elegant portion of the 
town." 

The principal thoroughfares through Boston, 
from the centre outwards, connecting with the 
different avenues to the city, are as follows : To 
Koxbury. over the Neck, either by Washington 
Street or Tremont Street; to the Western Rail- 
road, by Washington, Summer, and Kingston 
Streets ; to the Old Colony Railroad, by Wash- 
ington. Summer, and South Streets ; to South 
Boston, over the new bridge, by Washington, 
Summer, and Sea Streets; to the Eastern Rail- 
road, and the Ferry to East Boston, by North 
Market and Commercial .Streets ; to the north 
eml, and the Ferry to Chelsea, by Hanover 
Street ; to tlie Charles River Bridge leading to 
Charlestown, by Union and Cliarlcstown Streets; 
to the Boston and JIaine Railroail. the Fitch- 
burg Riiilroad, and the Warren Bridge, leading 
also to Charlestown, by Union and Haverhill 
Streets ; to the Lowell Railroad, by Court. Green, 
Lcverctt, and Lowell Streets ; to Canal Bridge, 
frequently called Craigie's Bridge, leading to 
East Cambridge, by Court, Green, and Leverett 
Streets ; to the West Boston Bridge, leading to 
Old Cambridge, by Court and Cambridge Streets ; 
to the Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, leading to 
Brookline and Brighton, by Beacon Street ; to 
the Providence Railroad, by Tremont and Boyl- 
ston Sfreets. or for pedestrians, over the Common. 

The numerous avenues to Boston mentioned 
in the foregoing paragra|ih constitute an inter- 
esting and characteristic feature of the city. 
They have been constructed at ditTerent periods, 
as the business of the city, and its more conven- 
ient connection with the surrounding country, re- 
quired, anil at an alrno>t incalculable luitlay of ex- 
pense. The lirst of the britlges was the Charles 
River Bridge, leading to Charlestown. wliich was 
open for travel on the anniversary of the battle 
of Bunker Hill, June 17, 17S6. It is 1503 feet in 
length, and cost S.50,000. The next was the bridge 
to Old Camliridge, opened Nov. '23, 1793. Its 
length is 2758 feet, with an abutment and cause- 
way 34.32 feet long, making a total length of 6190 
feet. Cost, S76,ti67. The old bridge to South 
Boston from tlie Neck, at Dover Street, opened 
in 1805. is 1550 feet long, and cost about $30,000. 
Craigie's Bridge, opened in 1809, is 2796 feet in 
length. A lateral bridge extends from this to 
Prison Point. Charlestown, 1820 feet in length. 
The new bridge to South Boston, .500 feet long, 
and the Warren Bridge, to Charlestown, 1390 
feet long, were both completed in 1828. The 
only other avenue to Boston, for ordinary travel, 
is the Western Avenue, or Mill Dam. leading 
from the foot of Beacon Street to .Sewall's Point, 
in Brookline. This avenue is upon a substan- 
tial dam. extended across the western bay, about 
a mile and a haU' in length, and from 60 to 100 



290 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



feet in width. This dam encloses ahoiit 600 
acres of flats, over which tlie tide formerly flowed 
from seven to ten feet deep. A partition dam 
divides this enclosure, and forms, hy the aid of 
flood and ebh gates, a full and a receiving b.asin ; 
therehy creating at all times a vast hydraulic 
power for the propulsion of machinery. The 
partition dam also forms a fine aveime from the 
main dam to Roxbury. This great undertaking 
was commenced in 1818, and opened for tra^'cl 
July 2, 1821. It cost about $700,000. The 
proprietors of the Western Avenue claim a per- 
petual franchise; but all the other avenues have 
cither become already, or will, at a given date, 
hereafter become, the property of the state, and 
free for the use of the pul>lic. The various rail- 
roads are carried over into the city npon bridges 
built expressly for their accommodation. There 
are besides steam ferry boats which ply con- 
tinually between Boston and East Boston, and 
between Boston and Chelsea. 

There are two rapiilly-iticreasing sections of 
the city, which have sprung up upon j)oints of 
land separated from the peninsula hy portions 
of the harbor. One of these is South Boston, 
which was set off from Porchester, by legislative 
enactment, March 6, 1804. The territory is 
bounded South by Dorchester Bay, and spreads 
out about two miles on the south of Boston 
harbor, above the forts. It contains about 
600 acres, and is laid out into regular streets 
and s<iuares. In about the centre of this tract, 
and about two miles from the City Hall, are the 
memorable " Dorchester Heights," famous in 
revolutionary history, which rear their heads one 
hundred and thirty feet above the sea, furnishing 
from their summits a magnificent view of Bos- 
Ion, its harbor, and the surrounding country. 
One of these heights is now occupied by a capa- 
cious reservoir of the Boston Water Works. 
The natural situation and surface of this part of 
Boston are highly picturesque and lieautifnl. 

I^ast Boston is on the margin of one of the 
larger islands in the harbor, formerly known as 
Noddle^s Island. The original proprietor of this 
island, in 1630. was .Samuel Maverick, who lived 
upon it as his homestead ; at the same time that 
John Blaekstonc owned and occupied the pen- 
insula of Boston. The island contains about 
660 acres of arable land, and a large body of 
flats. It was purchased by an incorporated com- 
p.any in 1832, for the purpose of laying out a 
section of the city there. It lies about 660 yards 
north-east from Old Boston, and about the same 
distance from Charlestowu. Portions of its sur- 
face are beautifully elevated, and are crowned 
with buildings enjoving a fine prospect of the 
city and shipping opposite. The Cunard line 
of steam shi]>s from Ijiverpool have their wharf 
here ; and here the extensive wharves and ware- 
houses of the Grand Junction Railroad have been 
established. East Boston is becoming a place 
of extensive business, especially in the various 
branches of manufacture and ship-buililing. 

Among the principal cstablishmcnls at E.ist 
Boston is a very extensive steam flouring mill, 
in which from .350,000 to 400,000 bushels of wheat 
are ainiually converted into the finest flour. There 
is likewise at East Boston an immense sugar 
refinery, the buildings of which make an imposing 
apjjear.inec. 

For a particular account of Boston Harbor, the 
reader is referred to the description of Mountains, 



liimrs, Uarlors, &c., p. 173. In confirmation of 
what is there slated in regard to ita freedom from 
obstruction l)y ice, it may here lie .idilcd.lhat du- 
ring the uncommonly severe winter of lS.il-2, 
when New York and other .southern harbors were 
completely ice-bound. Boston Harbor, by the aid 
of a little steamer, was kept free for the passage of 
ships, and the ferry boats running across to C^belsea 
ami East Boston were not impeded a single day. 

While the first inhabitants of Boston depended 
chiefly upon the productions of their farms and 
gardens for subsistence, they were obliged by 
their narrow premises to seek for privileges in 
the adjacent territory, for wood, pasturage, and 
tillage. In this way it came about that the prin- 
cipal islands in the harbor were annexed to 
Boston rather than to other adjoining towns. 
Conant's Island, since called Governor's Island, 
was granted to Governor Winthrop, for a nominal 
rent, in 1632, and thus became a possession of 
Boston. Before the end of 1636, Noddle's Island, 
Deer Island, Long Island, Spectacle Island, and 
Hog Island are recorded in the colony records 
as having been granted to sundry inhabitants of 
Boston. It is probable that the others which 
now belong to the city, making the number twen- 
ty or more in all. were, in a similar manner, oc- 
casionally granted afterwards; as upon these 
islands, together with the shores of Chelsea, 
Brookline, and other places, portions of land 
were allotted to every family in Boston, aeeord- 
ing to its numbers and its wants. 

The want of ample room upon the peninsula 
for the growth of the city, especially before the 
relief afforded by the railroads, led to such a 
crowded occupancy of the limited area, that the 
streets are in many parts narrower than would 
have been preferred, and, with one nolile excep- 
tion. — that of the Common. — very little space has 
been afforded in the older sections of the city for 
public squares and pleasure grounds. In the 
newer portions, which are building up on the 
Neck, some spacious squares have been reserved 
for public grounds, which are handsomely en- 
closed with iron fences, ornamented with trees, 
and with beautiful fountains in the centre. Two 
of these are Blackstone Square and Franklin 
Square, lying on op])osite sides of Washington 
Street. Louisburg Square, in the western part 
of the city, extending from Mount Vernon Street 
to Finckney Street, and Pemberton Square, near 
the centre, opening into Tremont Street opposite 
the union of Court Street with Cornhill, are .small 
but beautiful grounds, surrounded by some of the 
most stately private residences in the city. The 
summit of Fort Hill, anciently occupied by a 
fortification, has also been kept open for a public 
ground, and afl'ords a delightful promenade, with 
a lovely view of the harbor. 

'• Prior to 1G40," says Snow in his History of 
Boston, '' mention is frequently made of Tower 
Fields, in the Boston records ; and they seom 
to have been enclosed by a general fence." The 
following vote was passed on the 30[h of March, 
1640: '• Henccfoith, there shall be no land 
granted cither for house-plot or garden, out of 
the open lot or common fiehl which is left be- 
tween the Sentry Hill and Mr. Colburn's end, 
except three or four lots to make up the street," 
&,c. This was the origin of the Boston Common; 
which, scanty as their precincts were, the fathora 
of the city, with a wise and disinterested care 
for the public welfare, secured to the enjoyment 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



291 



of nil future generations of its inliahitanls. This 
Common, extending over about forty-eiglit acres 
of frrounil, with its splenilid malls surrounding 
the whole horder, shaded with majestie clm«, 
some of which are over ii hundred years old, 
and its numerous eross paths he.autifully graded, 
bevelled, and adorned with variegated trees, is 
considered as one of the most delightful prome- 
nades in the world. One of its greatest eharms 
is in the diversified natnral surface which it pre- 
sents ; and one of the most gratifying proofs of 
the good taste of the Bostonians is seen in the 
care which has been taken to obliterate as little 
as possiiile, by any artificial embellishments, 
those lineaments of nature which are universally 
pleasing. This beautiful ground is enclosed by 
a costly iron fence one mile and two hundred 
and seventeen yards in length, with elegant 
granite gateways at two of the opposite angles. 
Near the centre is a beautiful little )iond, out of 
the midst of which a fountain, supplied from the 
I>osii>n Water Works, sends up its massive and 
graceful /<■/ li'eaii fiom 80 to 90 feet into the air. 
The fountain also displays, at will, many other 
pleasing forms, having an affluent supply of wa- 
ter, ami a head which presses upon it like one of 
nature's ilhmitable forces. This extensive and 
beautiful public ground is an inestimable boon 
to the citizens of IJoston. Its position, partly on 
the iU)rth-western declivity of Beacon Hill, with 
a public garden of atiout 25 acres lying still be- 
yond it, keeping its whole western margin open 
to Charles River and to the distant landscape as 
far as the eye can reach, secures the free ingress 
of tlic most exhilarating and healthful influences 
of the climate to the very centre of the city. As 
a field for military parades, civic processions, and 
grand commemorative bantpiets, the Common 
has been honorably distinguished. On the an- 
nual gala day of the repuldie, it presents, in 
pleasant weather, a most joyous and sublime 
spectacle. The people of the city, and of the 
country for many miles around, the native born 
and the adopted citizen, young men and maid- 
ens, ohl men and children, here meet as in a 
grancl Icvce, imdcr the mutual restraints of self- 
resjiect, courtesy, and decorum, and in the con- 
sci(ms enjoyment of a dignity and happiness 
which fall to the lot of tlie populace of no other 
country on the globe. It is seldom that any un- 
seemly rudeness or vulgarity otTends tlic eye or 
ear on these public occasions: especially since 
intuxicating li»|uors have been excluded from 
the refreshment stands upon the streets. It is 
estimated that not less than 100,000 persons 
have been present at the usual display of fire- 
works in the evening; and yet, within a half 
hour after the entertainment is over, tliis vast 
multiiurle will have retired, without disorder, 
leaving the Common and its vicinity to its ae- 
custoiucd silence and repose. 

Some of the most elegant streets in Boston 
are ihose which front npon the Common ; viz.. 
Beacon, Park, Tremont. and Boylston Streets. 
Beacon Street, e^^pecially, for grandeur of eleva- 
tion, extent and beauty of ]irospeet, aTid the 
splendor of its long line of palace residences, 
culminating with the State House on the summit 
of the hill, will compare to advantage with the 
most celebrated streets and terraces in the Euro- 
pean cities. 

Other parts of the city, also, arc hnilt with 
great elegance, tliough almost invariably with- 



out fanciful decorations or other ostentations 
display. The material mostly used for private 
residences is brick, with the Quincy granite 
(or the basement stories and foundations, A 
style of building with circular or swelled fronts 
prevails in Boston, among houses of the first 
class, which imparts an air of graceful elegance 
to the external structure, and admits of a beau- 
tiful finishing within. The Boston houses are 
distinguished for the variety and perfection of 
their interior accommodations and means of 
comfort, in which respect many dwellings of the 
most wealthy snr|).ass those of all other cities in 
the country. A very massive, and at the same 
time beautiful, style of building is adoptcrl for 
the largest class of stores, warehouses, and blocks 
npon the wharves, for which the Quincy gran- 
ite is made use of, either finely hammered or 
merely split and jointed, according to the design 
of the structure or the degree of architectural 
symmetry intended. 

Among the public buildings most worthy of 
notice, the State House may first be mentioned, 
as oecnjiying tlie most elevated and commanding 
situation, and giving character to tlie distant 
view of Boston, from whatever direction it is 
approached. This fine buihling stands on Bea- 
con Ilill, fronting the malls and Common, at 
an elevation of 110 feet above the sea. Tiie 
site was purchased from the estate of John 
II.iNcociv, the patriot, and is termed, in the deed, 
" Uovernor Hancock's pasture." The venerable 
mansion of Governor Hancock is hard by, and 
is the only relic of the ohlcn time which main- 
tains its ground on Beacon Street against the 
march of modern improvements. The corner 
stone of the State House was laid on the 4tli of 
July, 179.5, liy the venerable Sajidel Adams. 
who succeeded Hancock as governor of the 
commonwealth. The edifice is 73 feet in front 
and 61 feet deep. The height to the lantern 
upon the top of the dome is 110 feet. The dome 
itself is 50 feet in rliameter ami 30 feet in height. 
It consists externally of a basement story and of 
a ])rineipal story SO feet high. The centre be- 
tween the wings is 94 feet in length, the front of 
wiiich, on the basement, is formed of arches ad- 
vanced 14 feet from the walls, and supporting a 
colonnade of Corinthian columns above, of the 
same extent. The Hall of the Representatives 
is in the centre of the principal story, the Senate 
Chamber occupies the east wing, and the Cham- 
ber of the Governor and Council the west wing. 
Upon the first Hoor are the olTiccs of the sec- 
retary, treasurer, and board of education, the 
state library, &c. In a recess built for the 
purpose, in the rear of the lower hall of en- 
trance, stands the beautiful statue of Washington 
by Chantrey, presented to the state in 1827, by 
the Washington Monument Association. 

The view from the top of the State House is 
very extensive, and probalily combines a greater 
variety of interesting features than .any other view 
in the United States. The whole city lies as on 
a map immediately under the observer's eye. On 
the N. and W. the county of Middlesex, with its 
cities, towns, and villas, ihe venerable halls of 
Harvard, the s.acreil field and towering monument 
of Bunker Hill ; on the S. the county of Norfolk, 
with its granite hills and luxuriant vales, studded 
with towns, and spires, anil farm houses; and on 
the E. the harbor and the ocean, with a hundred 
islands, traversed by the shi])s of every clime, all 



292 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



conspire to render tliis the most enchanting scene 
this side of the B.iy of Naples. 

The Old State House still stands in State 
Street, at its upper end. and seen from below pre- 
sents a fine specimen of ihe architecture of a 
former age. On tliis spot was the seat of fjovern- 
mentin Massadiusetts for 140 years; two buildinirs 
having; been destroyed by fire before tlie present 
venerable edifice was erected. The first was built 
in 1659, the second in 1714, and the present in 
1748. Since the removal of the Capitol to Beacon 
Uill, in 1798, the old State House has been used 
some time for a City Hall and Post Oftice, and 
more recently for stores aud offices for men of 
business. 

One of the first objects of interest for which 
the stranger inipiires in Boston is Fancuil Hall, 

— the " Cradle of Liberty '' — celebrated in Amer- 
ican history as tlie forum of that patriotic elo- 
quence which miulc a monarch tremble on his 
throne, inspired an unprepared and unassisted 
people to achieve their independence, and sounded 
out those maxims of political truth and wisdom 
which have extended their infiuenceover the hab- 
itable globe. This noble edifice, the gift of Peter 
Fanenil. Esq., to the town in 1742, is situated in 
Dock Square, is 100 feet long by 80 feet wide, 
and three stories hiuh. The great hall is 76 feet 
square, and 28 feet high, with deep galleries on 
3 sides, and capable of containing about 5500 per- 
sons standing. It is appropriately decorated with 
the busts and portraits of the fathers of Amer- 
ican liberty who once tliundered within its walls, 

— Hancock, Samuel and Jou.v Adams, — and 
of olhers, as of Wasiungto.x and Ksox, who 
thuTidcred upon the field of battle. The portrait 
of Washington is the original full length picture 
by Stuart. To these are added a beautiful pic- 
ture, in full size, by Sargent, of Faneuil, the 
munificent donor. The building was materially 
enlarged, by additions to its width and height, in 
1805. It is interesting to notice the unf.iding 
puwer of the patriotic associations of this memo- 
rable hall upon the minds of the Boston populace. 
It is enough for the purposes of the popular 
orator, on any topic connected with social or civil 
right, if his auditors breathe within its sacred walls. 

Faneuil Hall Maiket, situated immediately E. 
of Faneuil Hall, is one of the most costly and 
superb of the [lublic buildings. It extends on 
Dock Square S.'SSj feet, and is 50 feet in width. 
The centre part of the building, 74 by 55 feet on 
the ground, rises to the height of 77 feet, and is 
surmounted by a beautiful dome. The wings in 
their entire extent arc 30 feet high, with two sto- 
ries above the basement. Upon each end is a 
portico, with four columns, of the Grecian Doric 
order, 3^ feet in diameter at the base, and 20 
feet 9 inches high, to the ea|lital ; each column 
being otie solid shaft of Quincy granite, of which 
ipateritil, finely hjimmercd, the whole building is 
constructed. The first story is occupied for the 
market, having its stalls on each side of a graiul 
corriilor, through the whole length of the building. 
The upper story is one vast hall. ,so constructed as 
to be divided into several compartments for ware- 
rooms, or all thrown into one, for large sales, 
fairs, or exhibitions of mechanical or agricultural 
products. This upper hall is called Quincy Hall, 
in honor of Hon. .Josiah Quincy the elder, under 
who.se mayoralty it was built. The edifice, ex- 
clusive of the land, cost $150,000. Faneuil Hall 
Market is one of the most extensive and richly- 



furnished markets in the country. Besides the 
retail, a large wholesale business is here carried 
on, not only for the city, Imt for a wide circle of 
towns in its vicinity, which by the numerous rail- 
roads are brought within a few hours of Boston. 
On each side of this beautiful building are two 
broad streets, one 65 and the other 102 feet in 
width, having each a range of spacious warehouses 
with granite fronts, facing the market. There are 
several other markets in the city. Besides those 
in East Boston and South Boston, there are 
Boylston Market, Beach Street Market, and Wil- 
liams Market, in Dover Street ; also Blackstone 
Market, in the street of the same name. The 
two last named were opened in 1852, Over 
Boylston Market is a ])ublie hall, 100 feet in 
length by 48 in width. This building is at the 
corner of Washington and Boylston Streets, near- 
ly opposite the site of the old Libertj- Tree, of 
revolutionary renown. 

The City Hall is centrally located, on an open 
plot of ground between Court Square and School 
Street, having the Stone Chapel Cemetery on the 
west, extending to Tremoni Street. The edifice 
is of granite, and consists of an octagon centre, 
with wings on the E. and W. sides. The entire 
length of the building is 140 feet. 

The Court House, in Court Stjuare, between 
the City Hall and Court Street, for the accommo- 
dation of all the courts of law for the city, coun- 
ty, state, and the United States, is a stately 
edifice, of hewn granite, in length 175 feet 10 
inches, in wiilth 53 feet 10 inches, and in height 
57 feet 3 inches. A Doric portico adorns each of 
its N. and .S. fronts, having four fluted granite 
columns, 4 feet 5 inches in diameter, and 25 feet 
4 inches high, of a single piece, weighing 25 tons 
each. Excepting these two fine porticoes, this 
building is plain in the exterior. 

The Merchants' Exchange, on the south side 
of St.ate Street, is a magnificent structure, com- 
pleted in 1842. Its front, on Stale Street, is 76 
feet; its height, 70 feet; ami its depth, to Lindall 
Street, 250 i'eet, covering 13,000 feet of land. Its 
front is entirely of Quincy granite, with four 
pilasters and two antaes, each of a single stons 
45 feet in height, and weighing, on an average, 
55 tons. The great central ball, for the Mer- 
chants' Exchange and newspaper reading room, 
is truly a splendid room. Its dimensions are 80 
by 58 feet, having 18 beautiful columns support- 
ing the dome, 20 feet in height, in fine imitation 
of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals. The 
front is occupied by banks, insurance ofiices, &c., 
and the basement for the Post OHice. There is 
also a hotel in the building. The cost of the 
structure, exclusive of the site, was $175,000, 

The Custom House, in Boston, is one of the 
most magnificent and elaborately finished build- 
ings in the United States, It was commenced in 
1837, and not entirely completed until 1849. 
The whole cost, including the site, was about 
$1,076,000, It is situated between Long Wharf 
and Central Wharf, fronting west iqion Commer- 
cial Street, and east U])on the harbor. It is in 
the form of a Greek cross, surmounted, o\er the 
transe|it, by a dome, which, like the whole roof 
of the building, is entirely of granite tile, to the 
skylight. Its foundations rest on 3000 jiiles, 
driven in the most effective manner. The length 
is 140 feet, and its width 75 feet. Its width at 
the centre, including the projections of the cross, 
is 95 feet ; the porticoes upon those projections 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



293 



beinfr 10 feet in front, on cnoh side, wiih a breadth 
of 67 feet. The exterior of tlie building is purely 
Grecian Doric, not an exact copy from any an- 
cient model, but an adaptation to suit the pur- 
po.'^es of the structure, which is characteristically 
Grecian in all its parts. It consists of a portico 
on each side, of six fluted columns, and an order 
of slicrhtly euLrajjed colinnns round the entire 
walls, '20 in nutnlter, restin;j^ on a high styloi)ite 
or basement. The columns are 5 feet 4 inches in 
diameter, and .32 feet high ; the shaft being in 
one piece, and each weighing about 42 tons. 
Upon these rest a I'ull entablature, and pediments 
above the porticoes. The top of the dome is 9.5 
feet from the ground. The interior arrangement 
is adapted with great y)erfection to tiie purposes 
of the building. The grand cross-shaped rotun- 
da, in the centre, for the transaction of the gen- 
eral business of the collector's department, is a 
splcndi<l room. 6-0 feet in its greatest length, 59 
feet wide, and 62 feet liigh to the skylight. The 
ceiling of the dome is su[)[)orted by 12 marble 
columns, 3 feet in diameter, and 29 feet high, 
ornamented with highly-wrought Corinthian cap- 
itals. The numerous other compartments, from 
the cellar to the attic .^tory. are constructed and 
arranged with such convenience for the facilities 
of business as can hardly be surpassed. The 
building was designed iiy A. B. Young, A. M., 
architect, of Boston, and erected under his super- 
vision throughout. 

The new City Prison, near the foot of Cam- 
bridge Street presents an imposing appearance 
on approaching the city over Cambridge Bridge. 
It consists of a centre octagonal building, with 
four wings radiating from the centre. Three of 
these wings enclose the cells of the prison, which 
is constructed upon the Auhurn plan. The west 
wing is appropriated to the jailer's family, his 
office, and those of tlie other officers, the hospital 
and chapel; and the centre to the great kitchen, 
scullery, laundry, ward room, and other general 
purposes of the establishment. The exterior is 
entirely of Quiney granite, formed with split 
ashlar, in courses, having the cornices and other 
projecting portions hammered or dressed ; the 
whole design, in a successful manner, combining 
symmetry with strength. 

The Masonic Temple, on Tremont Street, 
fronting the Common, is also a beautiful build- 
ing, completed in 18-32. It is 80^ feet in length, 
60 feet in width, and 52 feet in height. The 
towers upon the two front corners rise 90 feet 
from the ground. 

The Boston Museum, on Tremont, near Court 
Street, and the Howard Athenieum, on Howard 
Street, are also beautiful specimens of architec- 
tural taste. These arc both occupied, in part, 
for dramatic performances. 

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society have 
a beautiful hall in School Street, opposite the 
City Hall, in which weekly exhibitions of fruits 
and flowers, of great luxuriance, are held, during 
the appropriate season. 

The Tremont Temple, opposite the Tremont 
House, burnt down in 1852, but since rebuilt, 
has four stores in front, and in the rear two 
rooms, each 16 liy .32 feet, and a vestry 32 
by 73 feet, 13 feet high, well lighted and venti- 
lated. 

Still farther in the rear is a hall or chapel, 53 
by 73 feet, and 25 feet high, capable of seating 
from 800 to 900 persons, the entrance to which 



is an easy descending grade, of only three qu.ar- 
ters of an inch to a foot, by a se^'cn feet jtas- 
sagc on the northerly side of the building. 

There is another passage, of about the same 
width, on the southerly side, from, and on a level 
with, Tremont Street ; also a centre passage, 
twelve and a half feet wide, designed as the prin- 
cipal entrance, hut all to be thrown open, when 
required, for outlets to the m.ain hall, which is in 
the upper story, and is about 73 by 130 feet, and 
45 feet Jiigh, with galleries on three sides, with 
eight distinct flights of stairs, (four on each side.) 
at difl'e]-ent points, together with independent 
flights of stairs from the anterooms to the lower 
floor, making in all over 50 feet in width of stair- 
way downward from the floor of the hall. 

In a recess at the end of the hall, concealed by 
a wire gauze screen, painted in imitation of pan- 
el work, stands the largest organ in America, 
built by E. & G. G. Hook, of Boston. It has 
four sets of keys, and two octaves and two notes 
of pedals. The swell organ extends through 
the entire compass from C C up to A, 58 notes. 
It is enclosed in a double box, 1 1 feet high, 9 
feet deep, and 12 feet wide, and contains 15 stops 
and 834 pipes. The great organ contains 15 
stops, incUnling a metal double open diajiason 
to 16 feet C, five unison stops, two principals, 13 
ranks of chorus, and two reeds, making 1334 
pipes. The choir organ contains 10 stops and 
568 pipes. The solo, or fourth manual, contains 
six stops and 276 pipes. There are eight pedal 
stops, among them a 32 feet tone, and a 16 feet 
reed, making 216 pipes. There are also nine coup- 
ling sto|is. and four composition pedals. Ex- 
feme height of the organ, 45 feet : width, 36 feet. 
T(jtal number of pipes, 3010; stops, 70, two only 
of which are divided. 

Between the main hall and the lower floor in 
the second story, there are thirteen rooms, aver- 
aging about 16 feet in width, and from 32 to 38 
feet in length. The walls throughout, from 
openings under the basement floor to the attic, are 
vaultcil for jun-poses of ventilation, and plas- 
tered directly n].)on the brick, thus ])reventing the 
d.impness usual in solid brick walls, and the 
usual danger of fire spreading from one apart- 
ment to another, behind the furring, at the same 
time improving the halls for sound. 

The Boston Music Hall, completed in 1852, 
has one front entrance on Winter Street, and an- 
other in Bumstead Place. The interior of the hall 
is 1.30 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 65 feet high. 
It has a gallery at one end, and two rows of bal- 
conies on either side. A series of Corinthian 
pilasters, rising from above the upper balcony, 
support a groined cove, in which are the semi- 
circular windows which light the liall. The ceil- 
ing within the coving is divided into diamond- 
shaped panels. The frrmt of the galleries is of 
light east-iron work. The gas lights are arranged 
along tlie top of the main cornice, with supple- 
mentary gas lights on the front of the galleries. 
The hall will contain 3000 persons, and has cor- 
ridors on either side, with 42 doors communicat- 
ing with the hall. The architect was Mr. George 
Snell, of Boston. 

The literary, charitable, and humane institu- 
tions of Boston are numerous and well endowed ; 
and the buildings with wWch many of them are 
furnished, are among the handsomest ornaments 
of the city. The Boston Athen.fum. incorpo- 
rated in 1807, has a library of about 50,000 vol- 



294 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o.. 



atnes, which, in value as well as in size, is hardly 
surpassed by any other in the country. Its reg- 
ulations are framed with the design that it shall 
answer the highest purposes of a pnhlie library. 
Besides the hound volumes above enumerated, it 
possesses 20,000, or more, unbound pamplilets, 
between 400 and ."iOO volumes of engraving-:, 
and the most valuable collection of coins in this 
part of the country. It has lately received an 
important accession to its treasures in the pur- 
ch.isc of about 4.50 volumes, and from 800 to 
1000 pamphlets, which once formed a part of the 
library of Washington. This important acqui- 
sition was secured to the Athenaeum througli the 
liberality of about 100 gentlemen of Boston, Sa- 
lem, and Cambridge, There are also connected 
with the Athenaeum a fine sculpture gallery and 
a gallery of paintings. In the latter is to be seen 
Belshazzar's Feast, the great historical picture of 
Washington AUston, which, although many years 
under his hand, was never entirely finished ; also, 
a valuable series of sketches by this great artist. 

Hon. James Perkins gave for the use of the 
Athenaeum, in 1821, his own costly mansion in 
Pearl Street, which was occupied until it became 
necessary, in 1849, to change the location. The 
beautiful building which it now occupies is on 
Beacon Street, a short distance east of the State 
House, a situation most highly eligible for such 
an institution. The edifice is elegant, sjiacious, 
and convenient. The front is in the later Italian 
style of architecture, resembling some of the 
works of Palladio in its general arrangement : 
constructed of the Patterson freestone, of a light 
gray color. The length is 100 feet, and the height 
GO. The main entrance opens into a pillared 
and panelled rotunda, from which the staii'cases 
conduct almve. The sculpture gallery. 80 feet 
by 40. is on the first Hoor. The library occupies 
the second story, which is divided into three 
rooms, two in front and one large hall in the 
rear, 109 feet by 40. This hall is beautifully fin- 
ished in the Italian style, and admiraldy fitted for 
the purposes of its design. The picture gallery 
is in the upper story, divided into six apartments, 
each lighted by a skylight. An annual exhibi- 
tion of paintings is open here, during the winter 
and spring. 

The Massachusetts Historical Society, founded 
in 1790, occupies a suit of rooms in the granite 
building, on Tremont .Street, between the Stone 
Chapel Cemetery and the Boston Museum. It 
has a valuable library of 7000 hound volumes, 
besides 450 volumes of manuscripts, and a large 
collection of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and 
other interesting relics of antiquity. The manu- 
scripts of the historian Hubbard ; of the first 
Gov. Winthrop, 11 vols.; of Gov. Hutchinson; 
of the first Gov. Trumt)ull, of Connecticut, 23 
Tols. ; and the manuscript of Washington's Fare- 
well Address to the Officers of the American 
Army, are in possession of this society. One of 
its rooms is adorneil with the portraits of about 
70 distinguished personages, mostly the worthies 
of New England. This society has issued a 
series of Historical Collections, in all amounting 
to .'SO volumes. 

The library of the Boston Library Society, 
founded in 1792. occupies a hall ovei- the centre 
of the Tontine Buildings, as furmcrly denomi- 
nated, in Franklin I'hice. This hall was a 
donation to the society by Bulfinch, (the archi- 
tect of the Capitol at Washington.) Vaughan, and 



Scollay, the three propi-ietors of the Tontine. 
This library has over 12,000 voIum9S. 

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
founded in 1780, is next in age to the American 
Philosophical Society at Philadel])hia. which is 
the oldest of the scientific associations of the 
country. Its library, of 8000 volumes, contains 
a valuable collection of the memoirs and transac- 
tions of learned societies', and other scientific 
publications. It is kept in the N. wing of the 
Athen:enm, on the lower fioor. 

The Mechanics' Apprentices Library Associa- 
tion, in Boston, claims the distinction of being 
the first of its kind established in the world. It 
is due 10 the wise suggesiion and pliilanlliropic 
energy of Jlr. William Wood, now residing in 
Canandaigua, N. Y.; whose exertions have been 
extended, with tlie like success, to most of our 
large cities, and even to the cities of the old 
world. Lord Brougham remarks, that, " Al- 
though the remote origin of these in-tiintions 
may be traced to Dr. Franklin, Mr. Woud has 
the merit of establishing them on their present 
plan, and adapting them peculiin-|y to the instruc- 
tion of mechanics and apprentices. He founded 
the first in Boston, in 1820." The library eon- 
tains aliout 4000 volumes, and was the gift of 
tlic Boston iniblic to the apprentices of the city. 
It was originally intrusted to the care of tlio 
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Associ.uion, 
a society of established reputation, founded in 
1795. This society, which is still prosperous, 
has handsome fumls, which have been recently 
invested in the Revere Hotel. Its income is em- 
ployed for relieving the distresses of unfortunate 
members and their families, and to stimulate, by 
premiums, inventions, and improvements in the 
mechanic arts. For this purpose it provides for 
those frequent and extensive exhibitions of the 
products of manufacturing skill and imlustry 
which have been so highly successful in Boston. 
In 1828, the Apprentices' Association was organ- 
ized as distinct from that of the Mechanics, and 
the library committed to their entire control. 

The Alcrcantile Library Association, of Bos- 
ton, instituted in 1820, is a large and useful 
society, composed of merchants' clerks and 
others, which has a library of over 7000 volumes, 
and maintains an able and popular cour.se of 
lectures. Their hall is on the corner of Brom- 
fielil and Province Streets. 

Eft'urts are now making to establisli a free 
City Library, and several handsome donations 
have been already made for that purpose. 

But the most munificent foundation of this 
character, in Boston, is that of the Lowell Insti- 
tnie, established by the princely liberality of 
,JoiiN Lowell, Jr., Esq. By a legacy amount- 
ing to about $250,000, this gentleman has 
provided for the maintenance of public lectures, 
of the highest order, which are to be free to all 
the citizens, on the great subjects of natural and 
revealed religion ; on the literature and eloipiencc 
of the English and other languages; on tlic various 
sciences in their application to the arts, and other 
relations of utility to man ; and on such other 
subjects as the wants and taste of the age may 
demand. The Lowell Institute, by its aniplo 
income, is able to command liie services of men 
of tlie highest talent in the country, and to 
furnish them with tlie fullest means for illus- 
trating the subjects of their various discourses. 
The lectures are given on Tuesday and Friday 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



295 



evunings, in a spacious audience room, fitted up 
for the ))niposc. and leased by tlie Institute, in 
the rear of tlie Mnrllioro' Hotel. None of its in- 
come can lie expended in the erection of Iniililings. 

There are otlicr literary societies in Boston 
which we cannot speak of in detail. Such are 
the Bo-ton Society of Natural History : the 
American Statistical Association ; the New Eng- 
land Historical and Genealogical Society ; the 
American ( )riental Society ; and the Boston Ly- 
ceum. All these have valuable liliraries, cabinets, 
and collections. The Oandel and Haydn Society. 
the iJoston Academy of Musi.', ami tlic Musical 
Education Society, are well-couducteil and effi- 
cient associations' for the cultivation of musical 
science- and C'in-istian psalmody. 

Among the numerous charitable and humane 
institutions of the city are the Boston Lumitie 
Hospital, and the Houses of Industry and Refor- 
mation, each of which has a commodious and 
handsome edifice, located at South Boston ; tlie 
Quarantine Hospital, deliglitfuUy situated on 
Rainsford's Island ; the New Almsliimsc, on 
Deer Island, for which a most splendid, capa- 
cious, and well-constructed building lias been 
erected, which is in the form of a Latin cross, 
having its four wings, three stories high above 
the basement, radiating from a central tiuilding 
four stories high : the Boston Eye and Ear 
Intirmary, with a beautiful structure lately erect- 
ed in tlie W. part of the city; the Boston 
Female Asylum, founded in 18UU, for assisting, 
instructing, and employing female orphan chil- 
dren, for which a new and substantial brick 
building, with ample grounds and some pccailiar 
arrangements for warming and ventil.iting, h.as 
been providcrl at the soutii end ; also the New 
England Female Medical College, established by 
the exertions of Samuel Gregory, for the qualih- 
cation of females to nurse and attend upon the sick 
of their own sex. Besides tliese there are sev- 
eral societies for the benefit of seamen ; among 
which are the Boston Port Society, and the Bos- 
ton Seaman's Friend Society, which has provided 
an excellent Home for Sailors. 

The Massachusetts General Hospital, situated 
on an open plot of ground of four acres, on the 
banks of Charles River, at the W. part of 
the city, is one of the noblest, best endowed, and 
best furnished institutions of the kind in the 
country. This beautiful edifice is of Chelmsford 
granite. 274 feet in length by 54 in breadth, with 
a portico in front of eight Ionic columns. Con- 
nected with the building in the rear is a kitchen 
and laundry of the most approved eonsiruction. 
The whole interior arrangement is according to 
the most perfect system. The premises are deco- 
rated with ornamental trees and shrubs, and laid 
out in gravel walks for those patients who are 
able to enjoy exercise in the open air. This in- 
Btitution has found many munificent patrons in 
Massaciiusctts. Its capital, now yielding income, 
exclusive of the large amount invested in the 
buildings, grounds, &c., is $171,119. It has 
several other sources of income, making its whole 
receipts, in 1850, $.'!8.517. The number of pa- 
tients received the same year was 746. 

The McLean Asylum for the Insane, so called 
from John McLean. Esq., an eminent merchant 
of Boston, and a liberal benefactor of the General 
Hospital, is a branch of that institution, having a 
separate location on a delighiful eminence in 
Somerville, about 1 mile N. VV. of the city. 



The establishment, consisting externally of a 
group of five elegant buildings, makes a fine ap- 
pearance from wliatcver direction it is viewed. 
As an example of the noble manner in which 
such institutions are sustained by the Boston 
merchants, it may be stand that, in 184.'3, Hon. 
William Ap|)letou gave SIO.OOO "for the pur- 
pose of affording aid to such patients in the 
McLean Asylum as, from straitened means, 
might be compelled to leave the institution with- 
out a perfect cure;" and, in 1850, the same 
gentleman contributed the further sum of $20,000 
"for the purpose of erecting two adilitional edi- 
fices, sufficiently large to accommodate eight 
males and eight females, with such conveniences 
and facilities as shall enalile each to have not 
only the care, attention, and comforts, but the 
luxuries and retirement wbicli they have been ac- 
customed to enjoy at home." 

The Perkins Institution ami Massachusetts 
Asylum for the Blind is another of the great 
elcemosvnavy institutions originated by Boston 
libcralitv. It was first opened as an experiment, 
in 18.32.'under the superintcnilenee of Dr. Samuel 
G. Howe. In 18:i.3, Col. Thomas H. Perkins 
made a donation of his valualde mansion house 
in Pearl Street, other gentlemen in Boston 
$50,000. the ladies $14,000, and the legislature 
S6,000 annually, for its perm.anent establishment. 
It now receives from the state S90UO annually. 
Its average number of pupils is about 101), who 
arc from many different states of the Union. 
The rapid growth of the institution having ren- 
dered its removal necessary, the estate in Pearl 
Street was exchanged for the present large and 
beautiful edifice at South Boston, formerly known 
as the Mount Washington House. To this splen- 
did building, five stories high, and from its lovely 
eminence overlooking the city, harbor, and sur- 
rounding region, many conveniences have since 
been ad<led, making the establishment, in respect 
to its accommodations, all that can he desired. 
It is open to the public on the afternoon of the 
first Saturday in each month. 

Several of our national societies for religious 
and benevolent purpo.ses have their seat of oper- 
ations in the metropolis of New England. 
Among these are the American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign Missions, the American 
Baptist Missionary Union, the American Educa- 
tion Society, the American Peace Society, the 
American Unitarian Association, the Prison Dis- 
cipline Society, and the old Society for Prop- 
agating the Gospel among the Indians and others 
in North America. Several others, though not 
national in their organization, are truly such in 
the extent of their operations; such as the Mas- 
sachusetts Home Missionary Society, the Amer- 
ican Tract Society of Boston, and the Massa- 
chusetts Sabbath School Society. 

There are upwards of one hundred churches 
in Boston, of the different denominations; 98 of 
which have their regular places of worship. Of 
these, the Unitarian Congregational ists have 22; 
Orthodox Congiegationalists, 14; Baptists, 1,1; 
Methodists, 12; Episcopalians, 11 ; Roman Cath- 
olics. 1 1 ; Universalists, 6 ; Presbyterians, Swe 
denborgians. and .several other denominations, 
one each. Most of the church edifices are ven- 
erable and costly structures, which contriliute in 
no small degree to beautify the city. Several 
have lofty S])ires, which have a fine appearance 
on an approach to the city by land or water. 



296 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



That of the Park Street Meeting House, north of 
tile Common, rises to tlic hcifjlu of 218 feet 
above the pavement, antl is one of tlie most heau- 
tifiil examples of this dcscriplion of nrchiteeture 
in the country. The Gotliie styh', in dark colored 
sandstone, has been adopted, with fine effect, in 
tlie erection of several of the more recent struc- 
tures." 

The oldest church edifice in Boston, still 
standini;, is that of Christ Church, (Episcopal) 
at the north end, built in 172.3. In the steeple 
of this church is a peal of ei!j;ht bells, on each 
of which is an inscription. Two of these are as 
follow,s : " We are the first riii;,' of bells cast for 
the British Empire in North America. A. U., 
1744." "God preserve the Church of Enjiland. 
1744." The initials A. R. are those of the 
founder. 

The Old South Meetins; House, on Washington 
Street, is the next building in age. having suc- 
ceeded to two others of wood on the same spot. 
It was opened for worship April 26, 1730. There 
is great historical interest connected with this 
sacred edifice. " Here was delivered, in defiance 
of the threats of authority, and in presence of 
marshalled soldiery, Warren's fearless oration, 
on the anniversary of the massacre of the 5th of 
March, 1770. Here were repeatedly held the 
meetings of oppressed freemen, which called 
forth those pe.als of patriotic eloquence which 
moved the whole country, and shook the British 
throne." When the British troops occupied Bos- 
ton, the whole interior of the Old South, except 
the sounding board and the east gallery, was 
dismantled by them, and converted into a circus 
for their dragoons. About two feet of earth was 
spread upon the floor for their horses to exercise 
upon. Large portions of the invaluable histor- 
ical lil>rary. collected by its former [lastor, Uev. 
Thomas Prince, they used lor kimlling their 
fires. This desecration of the Old South excited 
universal indignation. Hap|)ily, the interior was 
afterwards fully restored in its former style, with 
its two tiers of galleries, &c., and has been care- 
fully preserved to this day, at once a venerated 
specimen of the elegance of ancient times, and a 
sacred shrine of patriotic and religious memories. 
In keeping with these associations, the Old South 
has long been the place where the annual elec- 
tion sermon is delivered before the governor and 
General Court. 

The public schools of Boston, next to her 
religious institutions, and in harmony with them, 
have, from the first, been her most cherished 
care. The records of the town aHbrd evidence, 
as early as 16.35, of the establishment of a " Free 
School." From that hour to the present, Boston, 
in this respect, has held an honoralilc preOm- 
inence. The system of the ])ublie schools has 
here been brouglit to a high degree of complete- 
ness and perfection. It comprises schools of four 
^ifterent grades, viz.; I. The Primary Schools, 
each taught by one female teacher, for chihlren 
between 4 and 8 years of age. 2. The English 
Grammar and Writing Schools, into which all 
the children pass from the primarv schools. 
3. The English High School. 4. The Latin 
Grammar School. The two last are exclusively 
for boys. A public high school for girls is, per- 
haps, a desideratum ; though the deficiency is 
flupplicd, to a great extent, by excellent private 
schools in the city. The number of primary 
(chools, ia 1851, was 188; and of the English 



grammar schools, 22; with a corps of 370 teach- 
ers, whose salaries amount to SI 83,898. The 
buildings for the use of the high and grammar 
schools are the tnost perfect in their kind, and in 
their style of architecture at once ne.it and orna- 
mental. Their cost, with that of the primarv 
school houses, including the ground, up to May 
1, 1851, is estimated at SI, 210,111). About one 
quarter part of the population of Boston is kept 
at school throughout the year, at an annual 
expense to the city of about .S250.000; which, 
including the heavy investments for buildings, 
apparatus, &c., involves an outlay for this in.por- 
tant pul)lic interest without a parallel in the 
world's history. It is, however, a part of the 
encomium due to the merit of the public schools 
of Boston, that many of her sister cities are now 
emulating her wisdom and liberality in this par- 
ticular. 

As a branch of the same enlightened |)hilan- 
thropy, the Boston Farm School for Indigent 
Boys, on Thompson's Island, should be men- 
tioned; the object of which is -the education 
and reformation of boys who, from loss of par- 
ents or other causes, are exposed to extraor- 
dinary temptations, and in danger of becoming 
vicious and dangerous, or useless memliers of 
society." This institution, with 140 acres of land 
and suitable buildings, can accommodate 300 
boys, who are to be trained with a view to pro- 
mote at once their physical, mental, and moral 
welfare. This is virtually the Boston ■' College 
for Orphans." It has been in operation .since 
1835. There are likewise the House of Correc- 
tion, and the House of Industry and IJeformation, 
at South Boston, the latter designed for Juvenile 
delinquents, and having a branch at the liospital 
on Deer Island, in which excellent schools are 
maintained. The State Reform School, at West- 
boro', also receives a large number of this class 
of I'hildren from the city. 

The institution of the Franklin medals, award- 
ed annually in the Boston schools, was founded 
by Dr. Franklin. The following is from the 
clause in his will, in which he makes the bequest, 
and defines its object: — 

" I was born in Boston, New England, and 
owe my first instructions in literature to the free 
grammar schools established there. I therefore 
give one hundred pounds sterling to my e.\ecu- 
tors. to be by them, the survivors or survivor of 
them, paid over to the managers or directors of 
the free sdiools in my native town of Bost<)n 
to be by them put out to interest, and so contiu 
ued at interest forever, which interest annually 
shall be laid out in silver medals, and given as 
honorary rewards annually by the directors of 
the said free schools, for the encouragement of 
scholarship in the said schools," ^*tc. To the 
proceeds of this benefaction the city adds an an- 
nual sum sufficient to procure six silver merlals, 
which are inscribed " The Gift of Franklin." 
The first pupil of the Boston schools, who re- 
ceived the Franklin medal, was Dr. John C. 
Warren, in 1792. 

Since Boston, by its railroads, has become a 
great centre of business and travel for a large 
portion of the country, its hotels and houses 
of public entertainment have become an im- 
portant feature of the city. Among the most 
celebrated are the Trcmon't House, on the corner 
of Tremont and Beacon Streets; the United 
States Hotel, opposite the Western Railroad 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



297 



Station ; tlic American House, on Hanover Street, 
the Revere House, on Bowdoin S(]uare; the 
Quinev House, on Brattle Square; the Winthrop 
House', on Tremont Street, opposite the south 
end of the Common ; and the Adams House, on 
Washinirton Siveet. These are all large and 
splendid ostabli>hments, conducted upon a most 
perfect system ; and some of them have obtained 
a hiL:h cdchrity in foreign lands. There are 
numerous hotels besides of groat excellence, 
thougli less extensive than the above. 

The total value of real and personal estate 
assessed for taxation in Boston, in 1851, was 
$187,947,000. There were in 1852, twelve indi- 
vidual citizens estimated to he worth a million 
or more, ami twenty more estimated to be worth 
half a million and upwards. 

Boston was originally selected as a place of 
residence for its abundance of pure water ; and it 
is supposed that, on this account, the n.irao Shaw- 
milt, signifying [Jving Fountaitia, had been given 
to the peninsula by the Indians. For many years, 
however, previous to the construction of the great 
aqueduct by which it is now so richly supplied. 
the wants of the city, in this important particular, 
had increased beyond its internal resources. A 
company was incorporated, as early as 1795, for 
the purpose of introducing info the city the water 
of Jamaica Pond, in Uoxbury. In 1845, this 
company had laid about 15 miles of pipe, convey- 
ing the water to nearly 3000 of the 10..'i70 houses 
which the city then cotitained. The elevation of 
this poml, however, was too low to bring the water 
into the higher portions of the city ; and its ca- 
pacity was (|uite iiisnthcient for the supply of the 
portions reached. For 20 years previous to 1845, 
various commissions had beeti constituted, at dif- 
ferent times, to examine the waters in the neigh- 
borhood, for the ))urposc of selecting one to be 
introduced into the city. At length, in 1845, 
Long Pond, or LaivE Cochitcate. as it has 
since been named. \vas selected for this purpose, 
which lies in the towns of Framingham, Nalick, 
and Wayland, about 20 miles west of Boston, 
This beautiful body of water covers an area of 
659 acres, and is in some places 70 feet deep. It 
drains an area of 11,400 acres, and will supply, 
according to the lowest estimate, 10,000,000 gal- 
lons of water daily. Its elevation above the level 
of s]iring tide at Boston is I24.i feet. It is di- 
vided into two sections by a dam. The northerly 
section, from which the aqueduct is taken, con- 
tains about 200 acres ; and the other, which is 
Iield in reserve, to be drawn upon as wanted, con- 
tains about 459 acres. The gate house is in 
Wayland, near the Natick line. The water is 
cohveye<i, through a conduit of brick masonry, 
from litis point 14j miles to the reservoir in 
Bronkline, which is 4i miles distant froin the cen- 
tre of the city. This conduit is. in section, an 
egg-shaped oval, the largest end down. G feet 4 
inches in height, and 5 feet in width, in its inte- 
rior dimensions, and of two bricks in thickness, 
laid in hydraulic cement. It has a descent of 2.^ 
inches to the mile. Tlie conduit is interrupted at 
tlie crossing of Charles Iviver, over which the 
water is carried in two .30 inch iron pipes, on a 
bridge of granite masonry, constructed in a hand- 
tome style of an-hitecture. with three arches of .30 
feet S))an. Sonte of the excavations for the con- 
duit were over 50 feet in depth ; and it is carried 
through two tunu(ds in ledges of the hardest rock, 
0"e lUO, and the other 2410 feet in length The 
38 



reservoir in Brookline is a beautiful structure, of 
irregular, elliptical shajje. including, with the em- 
bankment and the necessary itiargin, 38 acres. 
The surface of the water covers about 22i acres. 
It is capable of containing about 100,000,000 gal- 
lons of water — a quantity sufficient for the city- 
for two weeks, at 7,000,000 gallons a day. The 
gate house is a handsome structure of granite 
masonry, with a roof of iron. 

From the Brookline reservoir the water ig 
brought into the city, over the Neck, in two iron 
pipes, one .30 and the other 36 inches in diameter. 
The first discharges into a central reservoir on 
Beacon Hill, a short distance in the rear of the 
State House. From the other, branches are con- 
ducted directly to most parts of the city. 

The Beacon Hill reservoir is a massive struc- 
ture of granite stone masonry, nearly 200 feet 
stjuare, occupying tlie entire area, cast and west, 
between Tem|.)le and Hancock Streets, and ex- 
tending from Heme Street on the north to the rear 
of Mount Vernon Street on the south. Its height 
to the top of the coping, on Derne Street, is 5S 
feet 9 inches ; this, by the declivity of the ground, 
being its loftiest wall. The whole substructure 
supporting the basin, or reservoir, rests on arches 
of immense strength, 141 feet span. The depth 
of the basin is 15 feet and 8 inches, and its ca- 
pacity 2,078,951 wine gallons. This reservoir is 
intended to supply the city, for a short time, in 
any possible contingency of the connection with 
the Brookline reservoir being interrupted. 

There are also distributing reservoirs at South 
Boston and at East Boston. The reservoir at 
South Boston is on Telegraph Hill, one of the 
old " Dorchester Heights." It is supplied by a 
20 inch pipe, from the m.iin in Tremont Street, 
through Dover Street, and over the south bridge. 
Its capacity is 7,508.246 gallons. The water is 
carried to East B'jston by a 20 inch jiipe, cora- 
mcncing at Haymarket Square, and crossing 
Charles River on the lower side of Warren Bridge, 
thence over JMystic River by CheLsea Bridge, and 
thence across Chelsea Creek by a tiexible pipe to 
the reservoir on Eagle Hill. This reservoir is 30 
feet deep, and contains 5,591,816 wine gallons. 
The cost of introducing the water into East Bos- 
ton wa; 5306.980. The entire length of pipe laid 
from the commencement of the Boston Water 
Works, in all parts of the city, in Brookline, 
Roxbnry, South Boston, Charlestown, Chelsea, 
and East Boston, up to January 1, 1852, was a 
fraction over 100 miles. The entire cost of the 
aquedui't. up to January 1, 1852, was $5,185,711. 

An analysis of the water of Lake Cochituate, 
by Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., gave the fol- 
lowing results : — 

Chloride of sodium, 0.32.3 

Chloride of potassium, 0380 

Chloride of calcium, 0308 

Chloride of magnesium, . . . .0764 

Sulphate of magnesia, 1020 

Alumina 0800 

Carbonate of lime, 2380 

Carbonate of magnesia, . . . .0630 

Silica, 0300 

Carhon.ate of sod.a, equivalent to crenatc 

and nitrate of do., and loss, . . .5295 



1.2200 
Carbonic acid in one gall, in cubic inches, 10.719 



298 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Tliis wiitpi- i-; remarkable for the very small 
qnantity ,of suliil matter which it contains, ami its 

freat tVceilnni IVora forci^'n substances. Indeed, 
'rofessor Sillinian remarks, it is •' almost good 
enough for anv chemical purpose whatever." " A 
■water,'' he add.-;, " which will di.ssolve nitrate of 
eilver without doudinc'^s. and will produce no 
precipitate with a salt of baryta, must be allowed, 
on all hands, to be very piire^ although not abso- 
lutely so." 

As a commercial port, and also as a place of 
internal trade, especially since the completion of 
her great lines of railroad communication, Boston 
possesses preeminent advantages. Previous to 
the revolution, and for a long time afterwards, 
this was the most extensive mart of foreign com- 
merce in the country ; and, even to this day, 
Boston has more than one half of the East India 
trade carried on from the United States, and of 
the Russia trade three quarters. She has also an 
extensive trade witii the Mediterranean the West 
Indies, South America, aiul every ])art of the 
commercial world. In ISiil. the arrivals from 
foreign ports were 2877, of which 75 were from 
the Cape of Good Hojie and beyond. Besides 
these, a large number of the foreign vessels, be- 
longing to Boston, arrive and discharge their 
merchandise at New York, for the advantages of 
a more centi\il and extensive market. 

The foreign commerce of this country may be 
said to be controlled by the cities of Boston and 
New York. The aggregate value of their imports 
amounts to about $185,000,000, of which about 
$35,000,000 comes direct to Boston. The iin- 
mense wealtli of these two cities, amounting in 
the .aggregate to $500,000,000, enables tiicm al- 
most entirely to command those great branches 
of commerce which require a heavy capital for 
their operations. The East India and Pacific 
trade, without including the vessels hound to 
California, employs, at the present time, 338 
ships and barks, which, with the exception of a 
few vessels owned in Salem, is controlled entirely 
by Boston and New York ; New York having a 
majority of the China trade, and Boston control- 
ling nearly all the trade with Calcutta, Manilla, 
Balavia. Sumatra, the Cape of Good Hope, Chili, 
and Peru. 

'• Those,' says an early historian of Boston, 
" who were formerly forced to fetch most of the 
bread they ate, and beer they drank, a thousand 
leagues by sea, are, through the blessing of the 
Lord, so increased, that they have not only fed 
their elder sisters, Virginia, Barbadoes, and many 
of the Summer Islands, that were preferred be- 
fore them fur fruitfulness, but also the grand 
motlier of us all, even the fertile isle of Great 
Britain. Beside, Portugal hatli had many a 
mouthful of bread and lish from us in exchange 
for their Madeira li(|n()r, ami also Spain ; nor 
could it be imagined that this wilderness should 
turn a mart for merchants in so short a space. 
Many a fair ship had her framing and finishing 
here, besides les.ser vessels, barks, and ketches. 
Many a master, besides common seamen, had 
their first learning in this colony. Boston. 
Charlestown. Salem, and Ipswich, our mariiimc 
towns, begin to increase roundly, especially Bos- 
ton, the which, of a poor country village, in 
twice seven years, is become like unto a small 
citv. and is in election to become a mayor town 
suddenly, ehielly increased by trade by sea." 
This quaint ami lively sketch of the infant com- 



merce of Boston, so interesting on o'lier ac- 
counts, reveals the early development of many 
of those great sources of wealth wljich have 
made it one of the richest cities of this country. 
It has been the mother of the marilim.^ interest 
in America, has continued the training of '■ many 
a master, besides common seamen," not only for 
her own, but for the other great i)orts of the 
country, and is now a chief mart for the expor- 
tation of " bread and lish," in exchange for the 
commodities of Europe. 

But as other considerations besides the facili- 
ties of trade had an iiiHnence, and even a con- 
trolling influence, in the original settlement of 
Boston, its situation was not selected upon the 
principle which has generally governed the lo- 
cation of our large cities, viz., the confluence of 
some large navigable river with the sea, thus 
uniting the greatest natural advantages for for- 
eign and internal traffic. Consequently, for a 
time after the vast resources of the country west 
of the Alleghany Mountains beg. in to be largely 
developed, and to seek a channel to the foreign 
market, the trade of Boston sufiercd. relatively, 
from the want of better coinmnnication with the 
more remote interior, and her ships hail to seek 
freight in the southern ports. But, happily, in her 
large accumulations of capital, and in the in- 
domitable enterprise of her citizens, she found 
the means of completely o'lviating this natural 
disadvantage, through the construciinn of the 
several great lines of railroad by which she has 
become connected with the most dist.int sec- 
tions of the country lying east, west, north, and 
south. This great achievement of science, in- 
dustry, and art has effected a most surprising 
advancement in the commercial prosperity and 
prospects of Boston. Her internal trade, which 
was formerly limited to the coast, and to the 
s])ace circumscribed by the nearest ranges of ele- 
vated mountains, is now opened to the farthest 
boundaries of the valleys of the Mississippi and 
the St. Lawrence; and her merchants now think 
as lightly of extending their traffic bi'vond the 
Bocky Mountains to Oregon and California, as 
they once did of reaching the opposite slopes of 
the Green Mountain and Alleghany ranges. 

There are now seven great lines of railro.ad 
diverging in difi'crent directions from Boston, 
most of which are annually increasing in extent 
It wdl give some idea of the magnitude to which 
this interest has grown, when it is stated that the 
aggregate distance travelled to and from Boston 
daily, upon tlic railroads now in oper ition, dis- 
regarding many of the shorter trips of the nu- 
merous accomitiodation trains around the city, id 
over 12,000 miles, and that the numlicr of per- 
sons arriving and departing daily is upwards of 
10,000. Another route is now nearly completed, 
to meet the great Erie Uailroad, by the way of 
Hartford, Ct.. and Fishkill on the Hudson l{iver. 
But the greatest further improvement now in 
progress is the extension of the Fitebburg Uail- 
road beyond its present terminus at Gieenlield, 
by tunnelling the lloosic Mountain, and ]iassing 
10 the city of Troy on the IhnUon River oppo- 
site the Erie Canal. As tin' highest grailc on 
this road belw-een the Connecticut and Hudson 
Rivers is only 31 feet to the mile, and the dis- 
tance between the two cities only alK)nt 175 
m'les, thi- improvement, when completed, can- 
not fail to give to Boston a large increa.sc of the 
almost boundless commerce of the west. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



299 



By our tables of latitude and Ionp;itu(lc, it will 
lie seen that Alhany, BiifTalo, Detroit, and Chieaf;o 
lie williin a fraction of the saine deiiiree of lati- 
tude wirli Boston ; and as these four places are 
the chief dc|iosiiories of the immense produce of 
the west, and as the great marts for this produce 
in Europe — Liverpool. Havre, St. Petcrshurg. 
and other ports — lie some degrees N.of Boston, it 
must he evident that every variation to the S. of 
this line of communication will liy so much 
increase tlie distance on this great channel of 
commercial intercourse. And the capitalists of 
Boston, aware of this fact, are expending large 
sums of money in the extension of these improve- 
ments. To say nothing of several enterprises 
more remote, or in their more incipient stages, 
we learn from authentic sources, that prohaMy 
one third of tlic entire line from Alli.inv to Buffa- 
lo ; one half of the Vermont Central, the Rutland, 
and the Canada roads; two-thirds of the Og- 
dcnshurg, connecting the Vermont Central with 
Lake Ontario ; and two thirds of the Michigan 
Central, extending from Detroit to Chicago, arc 
owneii in Boston. 

As a mart for our domestic manufactures, Bos- 
ton, from these various facilities, possesses great 
advantages; ami especially as the metropolis of 
New England, which is already, and seems des- 
tined to he more and more, the great manufactur- 
ing district for the country. 

There is prohaldy no place in the world better 
provided than Boston with the necessary aceom- 
modations for her extensive commerce. The 
whole margin of the city on the E. and N. is lined 
with aliout 200 docks and wharves, affording 
altogether an extent of wharfage of over 5 miles. 
Some of those wharves arc among the most stu- 
pendous structures of this description in the 
counti y. Long Wharf, at the foot of State Street, 
extemls into the harhor ISOO feet, liavin^x upon it 
a line of 76 spacious warehouses. Central Wh.iif 
S. of this, is 1379 feet long, with a uniform range 
of warehouses running the whole length. 50 feet 
wide and four stories high. Between these two 
wharves, on Commercial Street, stands the Cus- 
tii-u House. South of Central Wharf is India 
Wlierf 9iO feet long, with a range of ,39 warehouses 
in the centre. iVmniig the mo.;t extensive wliarves 
towards the nortlicrn part of the city are Granite 
or Commercial Wharf, Lewis's Wiiarf, and the 
E.astern Railroad Wharf. On each of these is a 
range of massive granite warehouses, uneipialled 
by any thing of the kind in the United States. 
On the Eastern Railroad Wharf there are two 
such ranges, and the avenue to the r.dlroad sta- 
tion passes between them. That on the south 
side is occupied by an extensive flouring mill, 
in which 2.i00 bushels of wheat daily are manu- 
factured into the finest flour. South of these 
are other important wharves ; among these is 
Russia Wharf, formerly Griflin's Wharf, where 
that meinoralde deinonstraticm of the spirit of 
resistance to British oppression was given, in the 
presence of several of her ships of war Iving lie- 
fore the city — the emptying of about 3Ai) chests 
and half chests of tea into the oce.ni. One of the 
greatest accominodations recently pi'ovidcd is 
that at the termination of the (irand Junction 
Railroad at East Boston, by which all the railroads 
coming to the city are immediately connected witli 
a .sysicm of warelnuises ancl wliarves, where 
vcssids arc laden ami luiladeii. This important 
improvement was opened on the 1 7th of Sep- 



tember, 1851, the day of the grand festival held 
by the city lor celebrating the completion of tho 
last of the great lines of railroad centring here, 
by which the River St. Lawrence, at its two most 
im;>ortant points, the port of Ogdensburg and tho 
city of Montreal, one the outlet of the <'ommereo 
of the great lakes, and the other the head of 
ship navigation entering the Britisjj provinces by 
that mighty river, became connected with the port 
of Boston. This was a proud day for the New 
England metropolis, which, after years of iiu'redi- 
ble enterprise and expenditure, .saw the completion 
of that magnificent scheme of internal cointnu- 
nication by which the most distant sections of 
our country, and the neight)orlng provinces of 
Great Britain, became commercially annexed to 
her domain. As was natural, the highest public 
functionaries, and many of the wealthy merchants 
and others from Canada, were present, by invita- 
tion, to unite in the festivities of the occasion. 

No maritime port iu this country eiiioys finer 
advantages than Boston in respect to the capa- 
ciousness and security of its harbor, and tho 
unobstructed ingress and egress of shipping to its 
wharves at all seasons of the year Of Boston 
harbor we have given a particular description on 
page 1 73, to which the reader is referred. For 
statistics of the commerce, banks, &c., see Sta- 
tistical tables. 

The first settlement of Boston w.as in 16.30, 
when John Winihroj), the first governor of Mas- 
sachusetts, and the company of immigrants with 
him, having arrived and tarried for a sliort time 
at Charlestown, removed their location to the pe- 
ninsula. There was one solitary inhabit.int there 
at an earlier date, the Rev. William Blaeksione, 
of wliom Mather speaks as " a godly Ejiiscop.a- 
Man," who in 1626 had built a cottage near what 
is now called Spring Street, in the western jiart of 
the city. In 1 634, fifty acres of land were set off 
to Mr. Blaekstone, which was about one twelfth 
part of tlic peninsula, be being '■ the first Euro- 
pean inliabitant." Not long aftcrw.irds, when ho 
wished to remove, the town purchaseil all his 
"right and title to the peninsula of Sluiwmut " 
for .£30. e.u'h freeholder paying six shillings, and 
some of tliem more. Mr. Blaekstone afterwards 
settlcil in Rliode Island. In 1673. the first wharf 
was built. In 1677, the court appointed John 
Hayward po-tmastcr, " to take in ami convej 
letters according to direction," which was the first 
commencement of the post oftice sy>iem in Amer- 
ica. In 1690, the first paper money was issued. 
In 1701, the rcf)rcsentatives of Boston were in- 
structed by the town to use their influence to 
obtain the aliolition of slavery — one of the ear- 
liest movements in the world on this suliject. 
April 17, 170t, the first number of the Boston 
News Lclirr, the earliest newspaper in Amcriea, 
was pulilishod by John Campbell. Tlie year 
1706 is rendered memorable in the annals of 
Boston by the birth of Benjamin Franklin. 
October 1. 1768, after the disaflcction of the col- 
onists with the British government had becomo 
seriou-:, two regiments of British troops wero 
landed at Hoston. who took up their <piartcrs in 
the old State House. Jl.arch 5, 1770, the Boston 
massacre occurred, by the firing of the troops 
upon the ('itizens, and killing three persons and 
mortally wounding three others. M.ircli 31, 1774, 
the 13oston port bill was passed in the Hritish 
Parliament, shutting the port of Bo.- Ion and 
producing great distress among the citizens. 



300 



COXJNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



May 14. the town voted to discontinue all com- 
merce with Great Britain. On the 17th of June, 
177.'). the memorahle battle of Bunker Hill was 
fought, March 17, 177(j, the British were com- 
pelled to evacuate Boston, and the American 
troops, under General Washinjrton, entered it in 
triuinpli. Independence havin<r been e-^tablished. 
and peace deijared in 178.3, Boston, with other 
cities of the Union, entered upon a rapid career 
of commercial enterprise and prosperity. 

Boston continued a town, and its atfairs were 
administered by selectmen, like other towns in 
Massachusetts, until February 2.3, 1822. At this 
time the population was about 45,000. The 
intention to make Boston a city had occasion- 
ally been entertained since 1651 ; but the people 
had not hitherto felt the necessity of a more effi- 
cient municipality than that of the town. They 
had continued in a remarkable degree, notwith- 
standing the admi.Kture of foreign elements, 
to ju-^tify the early encomium of Winthrop: 
" They were generally of that understanding 
and moderation, as that they would be easily 
guided in their way by any rule from Scripture 
or sound reason." 

The city is divided into 12 wards, and is gov- 
erned by a mayor, 8 aldermen, and 48 common 
councilnicn, 4 from each ward. The mayor and 
aldermen constitute one l>oard, and the com- 
mon councilmen another, who hold their sessions 
separately, excepting when thev meet in joint 
ballot. Two persons besides from each ward are 
chosen to act with the mayor and president of 
the common council, as a school committee ; 
and one from each ward to constitute a board of 
overseers of the poor. The term of all these 
offices is one year. 

In bringing this article to a conclusion we 
may adopt the words of Hon. Jo.siah Qitincv, 
late president of Harvard University, in his ad- 
dress delivered at the close of the second cen- 
tury from the settlement of the city : — 

"As our thoughts course along the events of 
past times, from the first settlement of Boston, 
they trace the strong features of its charac- 
ter inilclibly impressed upon its acts and in 
its history — clear conceptions of duty; bold 
vindicaiious of right ; readiness to incur dan- 
gers and meet sacrifices in the maintenance of 
liberty, civil and religious. Early selected as 
the place of chief settlement of New England, 
it has through every sulisecpient period, main- 
tained its relative ascendency. In the arts of 
peace and in the energies of war, in the virtues 
of prosperity and adversity, in wisdom to plan 
and vigor to execute, in extensiveness of enter- 
prise, success in accumulating wealth and lib- 
erality in its distribution, its inhabitants, if not 
unrivalled, have not been surpassed by any simi- 
lar society of men. Through good report and 
evil report, its influence has at all times been 
60 distinctly seen and acknowledged in events, 
and been so decisive on the destinies of the 
region of which it was the head, that the inhab- 
itants of the adjoining colonies of a foreign na- 
tion early gave the name of this place to the 
whole country ; and at this day among their 
descendants the people of the whole United 
States arc distinguished by the name of '• Bos- 
tonians." Amidst perils and obstructions, on 
the bleak side of the mountain on which it was 
first cast, the seedling oak, self-rooted, shot upward 
with a determined vigor. Now slighted and 



now assailed; amidst .alternating sunshine and 
storm ; with the axe of a native foe at its root, 
and the lightning of a foreign power at times 
scathing its top, or withering its branches ; it 
grew, it flourished, it stands — may it ever 
stand — the honor of the Held." 

Sicut palribus sic Deiis nobis. 

As God was with our fathers, so mat 

He be with us. 

Boston Corner, Ms. This tract, in the S. W. 
corner of the state, though politically attached 
to the township of Mount Washington, is cut 
olf from it by a mountain 2000 feet in heiglit. 

Boston. N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Caiujuaga 
Creek and other small streams. The surface is 
undulating; the soil good. 18 miles S. E. from 
Burt'alo. and 289 W. from Albany. 

Bastrop Counti/. Ts., c. h. at Bastrop. South 
central. On the Colorado. 

Bofttourt Counti/, Va., c. Ii. at Eincastle. South 
central. Between the Blue Ridge on the E. 
and the main branch of the Alleghanies on the 
W. The Upper James River flows through it. 
Surface elevated and mountainous. 

Bound Brook, N. J., Somerset co. 33 miles N. 
E. from Trenton. On the Delaware and Raritan 
Canal. 

Bourbon County, Ky., c. h. at Paris. N. E. 
central. The S. branch of Licking River waters 
tills c(mnty. Soil very productive. 

Bovina, N. Y., Delaware co. The surface is 
hilly, and is watered by Little Delaware River. 
Soil adapted for grazing. 69 miles S. W. from 
Albany. 

Bow, N. H.. Merrimae co. Soil uneven and 
hard, but productive. Turkey River empties into 
the Merrimae at Turkey Falls. About a mile 
below are Garvin's Falls. Bow Canal is situ- 
ated on the Merrimae, 3 miles below Concord ; 
the fall it overcomes is 25 feet ; length a quarter 
of a mile. 7 miles S. E. from Concord. On 
the Concord and Nashua Railroad. 

Boicdoin, Me., Lincoln co. An interior town. 
37 miles N. N. E. from Portland. 

Bou'doinhain, Me.. Lincoln co. On the west 
side of Kennebec River. Here is considerable 
business in the lumber trade and ship building. 
12 miles N. from Bath. 

Bowie Count;!, Ts., e. h. at De Kalb. In the 
N. E. corner between Red River and Caddo 
Lake. 

Bowling Green, la., c. h. Clay co. On Eel, a 
branch of White River. 00 miles S. by W. from 
Indianapolis. 

Bowlin<i Green, Ky., Warren co. On Big Bar- 
ren, a branch of Green River, and accessible 
by steamboats of 200 tons at all seasons. 144 
miles S. VV. from Frankfort. The principal ex- 
port is tobacco. 

Boydton, Va., Mecklenburg co. 109 miles S. 
S. W. from Richmond. Seat of Randolph Ma- 
con College, the buildings of which are aliout I 
mile W. of the village. See Col/ei/es. 

Boi/le Count!/, Ky., c. h. at Danville, Central. 
Watered by branches of Salt and Dick's Rivers. 
Soil very productive. 

Boi/lstou, JIs., Worcester co. Hilly ami bro- 
ken, but the soil is strong and productive. Ji is 
watered by the S. branch of Nashua River. 40 
miles W. i'rom Boston, and 7 N. from Worcester. 

Boylslon, N. Y., Oswego co. Little Sandy and 
Trout Creeks water this town, which has a some- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



301 



■what routrh surface, Init a productive soil. 140 
miles N. W. from Alhau_v. 

Bi)xhoro\ Ms., Miilillesex co. Soil mostly light, 
and tlie surface broken and hilly. Good lime- 
stone is found here. There is a pleasant village 
in Boxlioro', throu};li which the Boston and 
Fitchburg Railroad (jasses. 27 miles N. W. from 
Boston, and 7 N. W. from Concord. 

l^orford, Ms., Essex co. 2.5 miles N. from 
Boston, and 12 S. W. from Newhuryport. 

Buzrah, Ct., New London co. The soil is a 
gravelly loam, rich and fertile. It is watered by 
Yantic River, on which a'e two pleasant and 
llourishin'^ villages, Bozrahville and Fitchville. 

Bracken County, Ivy., c. h. at Auijusta. N. E. 
p.irt of the state, on the Ohio River. Surface 
broken : soil fertile. 

Bradlniri/ Coanty. As., c. h. at Warren. In the 
S. E. corner, bordering on Louisiana. Saline 
Fork of the Wachita runs S. through it. 

Brudfurd, Me., Penobscot co. 87 miles N. E. 
from Augusta. 

Bradford, Ms., Essex co. On the S. side of 
Merrimac River. United to IlayeihiU by a 
bridge 680 feet in length, and a railroad viaduct. 
The surface of the town is pleasantly diversitied, 
and the soil various. Much of the land is of a 
superior quality. The Bradtbrd Academy is on 
an elevated spot, about 100 rods from Haver- 
hill, and commands a beautiful view. 16 miles 
N. E. frot7i Lowell, and 31 N. from Boston by 
the Boston and Maine Railroad. 

Bradford, N. H., Merrimac co. Jlany parts 
of the town are hilly, although most of it lies in 
a valley. Near the Sunapee Mountain is an 
extensive plain, more than a mile long and half 
a mile wide. 28 miles W. from Concord. 

Bradford, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by 
Mud Creek and its tributaries. The surface is 
uneven; soil of good quality. 12 miles E. from 
Bath, and 204 S. of W. from Albany. 

Brndfurd County, Pa., c. h. at Tonawanda. In 
the N. E angle bordering on N. \. Watered 
by tlie Chemung and the N. branch of the Sus- 
quehanna Rivers, and by Tonawanda and Sugar 
Creeks. Surface partly mountainous. In the 
S. part is much good land. 

Bradford, Pa. A northern township of McKcan 
CO., on the New York frontier. 

Bradford, Vt., Orange co. The surface is 
somewhat broken. A strip of intervale skirts 
Connecticut River, which bounds the town on 
the E., and there is n)uch gooil land iii other 
parts. .30 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 1 1 
S. S. E. from Chelsea. 

Bradley. Me., Penobscot co. 12 miles E. N. E. 
from Bangor. 

Bradh If ('ounty, Te., c. h. at Cleveland. In the 
S. E. corner, bordering on Georgia. Surface 
mountainous ; soil, fertile on the borders of the 
streams. 

Bradleyvtde, Vt., Caledonia co. Watered by 
Moose Ri^■e^. Has a fine water power and much 
goocl land. 12 miles easterly from ,St. Jobnsbury. 

Brady, Mn. Watered by Portage River. 146 
miles W. from Detroit. 

Braintrrc. Ms., Norfolk co. The surface is 
variegated by hill and dale, presenting many de- 
lightful views of Boston, its harbor, and the 
adjacent country. The soil is a strong, gravelly 
loam, and very productive. Excellent granite 
abounds here. The first ever used in this coun- 
try, for the purpose of building houses, was fur- 



nished by John Ilayward. Esq , of this town, in 
1762, for the erection of King's Chapel, in Bos- 
ton. There are several villages in the town. 
The Old Colony Railroail passes through the 
centre. 10 miles .S. by E. from Boston, and 12 
E. Iiy .S. fj-om Dedham. 

Tiie town is well watered by Monatiquot Riv- 
er, on which are several manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

The farm of Hon. Benjamin V. French, a na- 
tive of this town, and a retired merchant, at 
Mount Monatiquot, tieserves to be noted as a 
remarkable inst.mce of the agricultural and hor- 
ticultural improvements effected of late years 
in the vicinity of Boston. Commencing in 1818 
with a worn-out piece of land, Mr. French now 
has on his place over 400 varieties of the apple, as 
many of the pear,and about 100 each of plums and 
cherries, besides every variety of other fruit which 
can be cultivated in this climate, whether for the 
field or garden. It is his object to try all kinds, 
with the view of selecting the best, whicli he 
thinks will soon be reduced to about 30 varieties 
of the apple, 20 of the pear, and about the same 
number of plums and cherries, by which the 
worthless kinds so generally now growing will be 
superseded. This selection will include quite a 
number of native American varieties, new speci- 
mens of which are constantly brought forward 
by the zeal of our intelligent horticulturists, 
who well deserve to be ranked among public 
benefactors. In IS.'Jl, Mr. French cxbil)ited. at 
tlie Uonicultural Rooms in Boston, 230 choice 
specimens of as many difl'erent varieties of the 
apple and pear, for which he received a splen- 
did piece of plate. 

Braintree, Vt., Orange co. Watered by the 
third branch of White River, and Ayers's and 
Mill Brooks, its tributaries. Between Ayers's 
Brook and the third branch is a large swell ot 
land called '' Quaker Hill." Between the third 
branch and the head of White River is a consid- 
erable mountain, which renders that part incapa- 
ble of settlement. 21 miles S. from Montpelier, 
and 14 W. by S. from Chelsea. The Vermont 
Central Railroad passes through this town. 

Branch County. Mn., c. h. at Branch. On the 
southern border of the state. Undulating, and 
watereii by branches of the St. Joseph's River. 
Soil fertile sandy loam. 

Branch, JIn., c. h. Branch co. On the W. 
branch of Coldwater River. 113 miles W. S. W. 
from Detroit. 

Branciforte County, Ca., c. h. at Santa Cruz, 
on the N. coast of Monterey Bay. 

Brandtnliurg. Ky.. c. h. Mead co. On the Ohio 
River. 94 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. 

Brandon. Mi., c. h. Rankin co. 

Brandon. N. Y., Franklin co. A large and 
mostly uncultivated town, covered wirh diMise 
forests, and interspersed on the S. part with nu- 
merous lakes. It is drained bv Saranac. St. Regis, 
and Racket Rivers. 10 miles S. W. from Ma- 
lone, and 21.T N. N. W. from Albany. 

Brandon, Vt., Rutland co. Watered by Otter 
Creek, Mill River, and Spring Pond, on which 
streams are good mill sites. Some of the land is 
level, with rather a light soil, but that on '.)tter 
Creek is excellent. Bog iron ore is found here; 
also, abundance of marble. There are two cn- 
rious limestone caverns in this town. GO miles 
N. W. from Windsor, and 40 S. W. from Mont- 
pelier. The Rutland Railroad passes through it. 



302 



COUNTIES, CITIES. TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



liranrll, N. Y., Eric fo. On the borders of Lake 
Erie: bonmled parily on tlie S. by Cattarauj^us 
Crcfk. Hilly. 20 miles S. from Buflalo, and 
348 \V. from Albany. 

Uramli/iritie, Pa., Chester co. Brandywine and 
Be:ivcr Creeks water this town. 

Bniiifuid, Ct., New Haven eo. An uneven 
township, of stronj; soil, on Long Island Sound. 
Thimlile Islands and Indian Islands lie within the 
limits (if the town. 

Bradicr, N. Y., St. LawTence eo. St. Regis and 
Deer Rivers water this town, the surface of which 
is rollin;;, and a large part of the soil swampy, 
alioniiiling witli bojr iron ore. 30 miles N. E.from 
Canton, and 250 N. N. \V. from Albany. 

linixlicr ytil/s, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The 
falls of Deer River, at this place, afi'ord extensive 
water power 

IJralllef>oru\ Vt., AVindham CO., lies in the 
S. E. section of the state, having Connecticut 
River for its E. boundary. It is 96 miles S. 
from Jliintpelier, and 90 miles \V. from Boston. 
The surface of the town is diversified by hills, 
valleys, and plains. It has a good soil, which is 
generally well improved. The town and vicinity 
are noted for their salubrious air. pure water, 
and line mountain scenery. It is intersected by 
West River, Whetstone Bi'ook, and numerous 
smaller streams. There are many sites for water 
powei- on the larger streams unoccupied, and in- 
viting U) enterprise. 

At the S. E. section of the town is the site of 
the once famous military post Fort Duinraer, 
nothing of which is now retained b.it the name, 
Dutnmer Meadows. Here, in 1742, the first 
English settlement in Vermont was effected. 

There are in Brattlehoro' two villages, the E. 
and the W. The W. village is near the geograph- 
ical centre of the town. Here is a flourishing 
academy, and one or two meeting houses. The 
E. village, which is the part of the town com- 
monly known as Brattlehoro'. is on Connecticut 
River, at the mouth of Whetstone Brook, which 
affords a convenient landing-place for river craft. 
Brattlehoro' is here connected with Hinsdale, on 
the New Hampshire side, by a handsome covered 
bridge spanning the Connecticut River. This 
village is the general business mart for the sur- 
rounding towns. It is a place of much enterprise 
and i)nisperity. and comhines, in a remarkable de- 
gree, the characteristies of taste and elegant culture 
with tho.se of natural wildness and rural beauty. 

In this village is located one of the most exten- 
sive water-cure establishments in the country, 
under the care of Dr. Wesselhoeft. The abun- 
dance, purity, and even lemperature of the waters 
issuing here from natural springs in the hillsides, 
the invigorating air and romantic scenery, render 
this I'.lace peculiarly well adajjted to the |)urpuses 
of such an institution. 

The railroad connection is now complete fi-om 
Bratllclioro' wiili all the southern, eastern, and 
northci'u railroads. 

lirtwtfiu Coiintij, Va., e. h. at Braxton. N. 
W. central, on both sides of Elk River, a N. 
tributary of the Kenhawa. 

Brii.riijii, Va., c. h. Braxton co. On the N. 
side of Elk River. 321 miles W. N. W. from 
RicliMMind. 

liriiziirin. Ts.. c. h. Brazoria co. 

Bmzotiit Cunnty, Ts., o h. at Brazoria. On the 
Gulf coast, on both sides of the mouth of the 
Brazos. 



Brazos Santiago, Ts., Cameron co. A port a 
little N. of the mouth of the Rio Grande. 

Brazos Counlij, Ts., c. h. at BoonviUc. E. 
central, in the angle between the Brazos and 
Navasota. 

Brmknoch. Pa. A N. E. township of Lan- 
caster CO. Watered by Big and Little Muddy 
Rivers. Has a hilly surface .and gravelly soil. 

Breathitt Cnunli/. Ky.. c. h. at I5reathitt. Sm-- 
fice hilly and mountainous, and watered by the 
N. and Middle Forks of the Kentucky River. 
Soil good on the horders of the streams. 

Brcckcnhrklge Countij, Ky.. e. h. at Hardcnsburg. 
On the Ohio, about the middle of its course along 
the state. 

Bremen, Me., Lincoln co. On Muscongus Bay, 
about 40 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 15 E. S. 
E. from Wiscasset. 

Brentwood, N. H., Rockingham eo. The soil 
is better for grass than grain. Exeter River, and 
other smaller streams, water this town. Pick- 
pocket Falls, on Exeter River, afford an excellent 
water power. Vitriol, combined with sulphur, 
is found here. 32 miles S. E. from Concord, and 
4 E. from Exeter. 

Brewer, Me., Penobscot eo. On Penobscot 
River, opposite Bangor. 

Brewster, Ms-, Barnstable co. Barnstable Bay 
is on the N. of this town. From three ponds in the 
town, covering about 1000 acres, a never-failing 
stream issues. Peat of good quality abounds 
here. Some parts of the soil are light and sandy, 
others clay and loam. There is a convenient 
breakwater for the accommodation of jiackets 
and other small vessels, where they lie in safety 
at any season of the year. 78 miles S. E. from 
Boston, and 13 E. from Barnstable. 

Briili/eton, .Me., Cumberland co. On the bor- 
der of Long Pond, near the head of navigation. 

Brid(/eton, N. J., o. h. Cumberland eo. It 
is situated on the Cohansic Creek, 40 miles S. S. 
E. of Philadelphia. The creek is navigable 
to the town for vessels of 101 tons, and it is con- 
sequently a port of entry for the district of W. 
Jersey. There arc several manufacturing estab- 
lishments which, with the shipping, give aetivitv 
to the business of the place. 

Bridfjewttter, Ms., Plymouth CO., contains some 
of the best lands in Plymouth co. Taunton Riv- 
er washes the southern t>order of the town. The 
chief village is very pleasant, .and is the seat of 
consiilerafde business. It lies 27 miles S. by E. 
from Boston, and 20 W. by N. from Plymouth. 
One of the State Normal Schools for teachers i* 
here. 

Brid(jm-ater, N. H., Grafton co. 30 miles N. 
W. from Concord. 

Bridiiewater, N. J., Somerset co. Surface level 
or undulating, except on the N. E., where it is 
mountainous. 

Bridf/ewaler. N. Y.. Oneiiia co. Unadilla River 
has its source in this town. The stn*faee is hilly 
and broken, yet well adapted to grazing, and in 
some parts to the growth of grain. 15 miles S. 
from Utica. and 110 W. from Alhany. 

Bridijewater, Vt , Windsor co. Surface uneven, 
and in some parts rough and stony. Along tlict 
Quechee River arc tracts of valuable intervale, 
and there arc ninnv good farms in other parts 
The summits of the hills are, in general, covered 
with spruce and hemlock ; the tiraUcr, on other 
parts, is mostly maple. Seech, and birch. There 
is an inexhaustible quarry of soapstone situated 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



303 



nearly in tlio centre of the town. There is a 
small village on the river, near the S. E. corner 
of the town. This town is watered by Otta 
Quechee Kiver, and by several con^iiderable 
branches. These streams aftbrj numerons mill 
privileges. 4.5 miles S. from Montpelier, and I" 
N. W. from Windsor. 

Bridi/eport. Ct.- City and town, Fairfield co. 7.") 
miles «. S. \V. from Hartford; 17 miles S. W. 
from New Haven, and 62 miles N. E. from the 
city of New York. It i^ on the W. side of an arm 
of Lontc Inland Sound, into which the Pcrpninock 
Kiver enters. The township contains about 10 
square miles of excellent land, and was separated 
from Stratford in 1821. The city has liad a 
rapid and prosperous growth. It was iiu-orpo- 
rated as a city in 183G. It is chiefly built on a 
plain, elevated a few feet above hij^h-watcr mark, 
and is handsomely laid out and neatly bniit. 
There is a terrace of about 50 feet ascent at the 
N. side of the city, above which there is a surf lec 
of about half a mile square, ou wliicii are a num- 
ber of beautiful private mansions, deli^^htruily 
Bituated for the prospect of the city and of tlie 
Sound, which lie spread out before them. There 
are live or si.\ handsome church ediKces, bcloinx- 
ing to difl'crent denominations. Some of the 
hotels ai"e spacious and elegant buildings. 

A larse luisiness is done at ISridueport in the 
coasting trade, and something in foreign com- 
merce. Some vessels are employed in ^vhaling 
and other fisheries. The harbor is safe ; but the 
entrance of large vessels drawing more tlian 
13 feet of water is impeded by the bar at its 
moutli. A steamboat plies daily between Bridge- 
port and New York. This is the S. terminus of 
the lloiisatonic Railroad, whirli connects at 
West Siocktiridge. Mass., with tile Western Kail- 
road fiom Boston to Albany, and with another 
to Hudson, N. Y'. The New York and New 
Haven Railroad, which is part of a continuous 
route to Boston, passes through this place. The 
Naugatuck Railroad also comes in here. 

Brklfinrt, Vi., Addison co. Level, and the soil 
generally is a brittle marl, or clay. The hills 
are a loam and red slaty sandstone. A range 
of shelly blue slate extends throULrh the town, 
lying generally a little below the surface. This 
town is poorly watered, tiiere being no durai>le 
mill streams, and the springs and ground gener- 
ally Iteing impregnated with Epsom salts. For 
family use rain water is generally employed. 
There are several landing-]dace3 for go.)ils on 
the lake shore. Lake Charaplain forms the west- 
ern boundary of this town ; across this lake to 
Crown Point is 2 miles. 12 miles W. by S. from 
Middlcbury. and 45 S. W. from Montpelier. 

Br'cr <_'n(h\ l*a. An easterly township of Co- 
lumbia CO. 94 mdes N. from liarrisburg. 

Brii/htuii, Me., Somerset co. 50 miles N. from 
Augu>ta. 

ISrlijIdrm. Ms., Middlesex co. 5 miles S. W. l)y 
W.froni Boston. Washed by Charles River on 
the W . and N. The soil is e.xccllent, and bii^hly 
cultivaleil. Winship's gardens are noted through- 
out the country for their nurseries of fruit-trees 
and shrubbery, and for their grand display of 
plants and flowers of every variety. J. 15reek &. 
Co.'s garden, and horlicultural and seed estab- 
li.shment, and WaiTcn's gardens, attract ninch at- 
tention. Brigblon is the largest cattle market 
in New England. The Boston and Worcester 
Haih'oad passes through it. 



Bi'iffhtoji, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by 
Genesee River. The surface is slightly uneven, 
the soil sandy or clay loam. 3 miles E. from 
Rochester, and 255 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Brifjhfoii. Pa., Beaver co. On the W. side of 
the Big Beaver, about 4 miles fron) the Ohio 
River, and 2.*jl miles W. by N. from H irri^burg. 
It is connected with New Brighton on tlie oppo- 
site side of the Big Beaver by a bridge. Tlio 
water power at this place is extensive, aiul is im- 
proved for flouring mills, the manufacture of 
cottons, &c. 

Bi-i(]/it(tn, Vt.. Essex CO. Watered chiefly by 
Ferren's River, and other head branches of Clyde 
River. Stnne of the head branches of the Pas- 
sumpsie and Nulhegan Rivers originate here. 
A very good township of land, and contains 
much excellent white pine timber, with several 
fine mill sites. 70 miles N. E. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Brimjield, Ms., Hampden co. A fine farming 
town, with a good soil, aii.l is well watered by 
Quinn 'baug River. 19 miles E. by N. from 
Sprinufi'dd, and 70 W. by S. from Bo-ton. 

/ir/s,'o/, Ct , Hartford "co. 20 miles W. by S. 
from Hartforil, and 28 miles N. from New Haven. 
It is watered by streams which flow into tho 
Farmingion River. The surface of the town is 
uneven and hilly. The soil, which is a grav- 
elly lotim, is considerably fertile, ]irodticing all 
kinds of grain, grass, and fruit comnion to this 
climate. But the great business of Bristol, for 
which it has become celebrated far and near, is 
the manufacture of clocks, which are made in 
every variety of form and kind, whether of wood 
or brass, and are sent into all parts of this coun- 
try, and even to other countries. The number 
of clocks produced in a single year has somo- 
times amonnted lo 100,000; as many as IB or 
18 manufactiiries being engaged in this business. 
A good deal is also done in the manufacture of 
buttons, and a variety of other articles. 

There are churches here (jf the Congregational, 
Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal denominations. 
The Congregational house of worship is situated 
on the summit of a circular hill, around ihe base 
of which the principal part of the village i5 
bnilt along the stream which furnishes the power 
for the manufartories. 

Bristol is on the route of the railroad now in 
process of construction from Hartford to Fish* 
kill, N. Y., which is already in operation as far as 
to this place. This railroad intersects the Canal 
Railroad at Plainville, and, as it proccetls west- 
ward, will siu'cessively connect with tlie Nauga- 
tuck. the Honsatonic, the Ilaerlem, and the Hud- 
son River Railroads. ;iinl terminate op|iosire New- 
burir, from which a branch is opened to the great 
Erie Railroad. 

Bristol Coiinli/. Ms., Taunton and New Bedford, 
shire towns. In the S. part, bordering on R. I. 
Taunton and Pawlucket are its chief rivers. 
The surfice is somewhat broken, but generally 
level ; soil mostly inferior tju.ility. It has a 
maritime coast of considerable extent, indented 
with numerous headlands, small bays, and har- 
bors. This county gives rise to many streams 
that fall into Massachusetts aiirl Nanagansct 
Bays, and its water power is abundant in almost 
every town. It aliounds in excellent iron ore. 

Bristol. Me., Lincoln co. On the Damariacot- 
ta and Pemaqnid Rivers. 60 miles N. E. from 
Portland, and 32 S. E. from Augusta. 



801 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, YILLxVGES, &c., 



Uristul, N. II., Grafton co. A hilly townsliip. 
but lias a good soil. Ncwfimnil I'onil. miles in 
length, and from 2 to 3 miles in wiihii, lies in this 
town and Ilehron. 30 miles N. W. from Concord. 

Bristol, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Mud 
Creek. The surface is .somewhat uneven, the 
soil various, some parts being very fertile. It is 
about 9 miles S. W. from Canandaigua, and 
232 W. from Albany. 

Rriiitiil, I'a. A township of Philadelphia co. 
Watered by Tacimy Creek. 

Bristnl, Pa.. Bucks co. Township and village 
on the W. bank of the Delaware Kiver. 20 miles 
N. from Philadelphia, and 115 E. by S. from 
Harrisliurg. The Pennsylvania Canal communi- 
cates with the Delaware River by a branch to this 
place, which is a great channel for the trans- 
portation of coal, and various kinds of merchan- 
dise. 

Bristol, E. I. I'ort of entry and shire town of 
Bristol CO.; the Pw.anoket of the Indians. It is 
equidistant from Providence and Newport, being 
15 miles from each. This town is beautifully 
situated on a kind of peninsula or tongue of land 
extending S. from Warren into Narr.iganset Bay. 
The arm of the hay on the E. sidl^ running up 
towards Fall Kiver, is called Mount Hope Bay. 
It is 6 miles long, hut averages less than a mile 
and a half in width. On the height of land be- 
tween these two bays, is Mount Hope, once the 
residence of the celebrated King Philip. The 
soil of this town is a <leep, gravelly loam, very 
fertile and productive. Great quantities of onions, 
carrots, l)cets, and potatoes are raised hei-e for 
exportation. Most of the gardens are made to 
yield two crops of different vegetables annually. 
It is supposed that as many as one third of the 
population are employed in horticulture. 

Bristol was settled in IHHO. About three 
fourths of the inhabitants live in a compact and 
beautiful village, which is delightfully situated at 
the western border of the township, on the navi- 
gable waters of the Narraganset. The site is 
well elevated above the shore, and, ascending 
gradually as it recedes, affords to the inhabitants 
a fine view of the lovely bosom of the hay, and 
in return presents the town to those passing by 
it on the water, as an object of picturesque and 
quiet beauty. The main street, which extends 
the whole length of the village, contains the 
handsomest buildings, and is ornamented with 
beautiful shade trees. On this street are the 
Congregational and Episcopal houses of worship. 
The other meeting houses ami public buildings 
are likewise plea.sanily situated. 

The harbor of Bristol is easy of access, safe, 
aiul deep cnoUL;h for vessels of almost any si/e. 
The eomnieri-c of the ]jlace is much less than it 
was 30 years ago, but is now on the increase. 
Some large freighting shi])S are owned here, a 
consideraiilc number of coasting vessels arc em- 
ployeti, and the West In<iia trade is beginning 
to be carried on (piite extensively. The port of 
Bristol collects as much revenue as any port in 
the state, and has 13.000 tons of ship])iiig regis- 
tered or enrolled. A steamboat which plies daily 
between Proviilence and Fall Uiver sicqis at this 
place. To Fall Kiver the distance is 8 miles. 

Of late years, the capitalists of Bristol have 
introduceil manufacturing enterprise to consider- 
able extent. There are two large cotton mills, 
two planing mills, besides saw mills and grain 
mills, an iron foundery, &c., all driven by steam. 



Considerable capital also is employed in slup 
building. 

No place in the country, perhaps, with the ex- 
ception of Newport, sutfcred more'in the war of 
the revolution than Bristol. During the three 
years that Rhode Island was in possession of the 
British, the town was exposed to the constant 
ineur-ions of the enemy. It whs bombarded by 
a British squadron in 1775. In May, 177.S, the 
meeting house and all the most valuable dwell- 
ings were burnt. 

Few )ilaces can appear more eligible than 
Bristol and its environs to the inhabitants of our 
crowded cities, as a retreat, in the summer 
months, from the excitements, din, and heat, 
which, without such annual respite, become to 
them so irksome ami exhausting. 

Bristol Coiinti/. K. I., c. h. at Bristol. E. part. 
That portion of the state between the two main 
branches of Narraganset Bay. 

Bristol. Vt., Aildison co. About one third of 
this town lies entirely W. of the Green Moun- 
tains, and is very level, rich, and productive. The 
rcmaimler is broken, and a considerable part in- 
capable of cultivation. The village is near the 
centre of the town, upon New Haven River, im- 
mediately after it passes the notch in the moun- 
tain. 25 miles S. W. from Moutpelier, and 11 
N. from Middlebury. 

Broiidalbiii, N. Y., Fulton co. A good grazing 
township. 42 miles N. W. from Albany. 

BrMidtojj, Pa. A northeru township of Bed- 
ford CO. 

Broken Strina, Pa. A central township of 
Warren co. 

Brooke Count;/, Va., c. h. at Wellsburg. In 
the N. W. corner, between the state of Ohio and 
the Ohio River. Surface uneven, and watered 
by several small creeks flowing into the Ohio 
liiver; soil fertile. Iron ore and bituminous 
coal are found in this county. 

Brookjirhl, Ct., Fairfield co. The surface is 
somewhat broken, but the soil is strong, and well 
adapted to the culture of grain. The roi'ks in 
many parts of the town are limestone, and afford 
marble. The N. E. bouiulary is washed by the 
Ilousatonie River, and Still Kiver passes nearly 
through its centre. 

Brookfield, Ms., Worcester co., is divided into 
three j)arishes — North, South, and West Brook- 
field. The Western Railroad passes through the 
entire width of the town. East Brooklield lies, 
by^hc railroad, 64 miles W. fVom Boston. South 
and West Brookfield lie 5 miles hirther W. 

Brookfield, N. H., Carroll co. Soil good. Cook's 
Pond is the source of the west branch of Salmon 
Falls Kiver. 50 miles N. I'j. from Concord. 

Brookfield, N. Y., Madison co. Unadilla River, 
and some of its branches, water this town, the 
surface of which is hilly. 83 miles W. from Al- 
bany. 

Brookfield, Pa. A N. W. township of Tioga CO. 
174 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. 

Brookfield, Orange co., Vt. Nearly on the 
height of laud between White and Winooski Riv- 
ers. Parts of it are broken; but it is mostly fit 
for cultivation, and is very productive, jiarticu- 
larly in grass. It is well watered with spring.s 
and brooks, but has no very good mill pri^■ilcges. 
The ]irincipal stream is the second branch of 
White River. Around the bottom of a small 
pond, in the W. part of the town, is an inex- 
haustible quantity of marl, from which good 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



305 



lime is mannractured. 40 miles N. by W. from 
Windsor, and 16 S. from Montpclicr. 

Broohhami. N. Y., Suffolk co. As to territory, 
one of tlic largest towns in the state, e.xtending 
across Loni; Island, and embracing the islands 
opposite, in South Bay. Its N. and S. shores are 
indented by numerous bays and inlets aboundinjj 
with a great variety of fish and fowl. Surfaee 
mostly level ; soil eonsists of black mould, and 
in some parts of pure sand. 70 miles E. from 
New York. 

BrookVnie, Ms., Norfolk co. This delightful 
town is connected with Boston by the Mill Dam 
across Charles River Bay, and by a branch of 
the Worcester Railroad. It is remarkable for 
its varied surface, liij^h state of cultivation, ele- 
gant country se.ats and gaidens, excellent roads, 
and for its rich and picturesque scenery. 4 miles 
S. W. from Boston, and 5 N. E. from Dedliam. 

BroohHiir. N. H.. Hillsboro' co. T miles S. W. 
ft'om Amherst, and 40 S. W. from Concord. 

BroolJine, Vt., Windham co. A deep valley 
nms the whole len<;th of ihe township, and aloti^ 
the whole of the E. line of the town is a consid- 
erable elevation. Durinpa violent freshet, a bed 
of porcelain clay was laid open. The soil is better 
adapted to tlie production of grass than grain. 
35 miles S. from Windsor, and 18 N. from Brat- 
tleboro'. 

BrooUi/n. Ct., c. h. Windham co. Finely watered 
by Quinnchaug River and Blackwell's Stream. 
The land is uneven, and somewhat stony, hut 
the soil is strong. 30 miles E from Hartford, 
44 W. from Providence. 

Drooilipi. Me., Hancock co. New. Taken 
from Scdge^vick in 1849. 

BroolJi/n. N. Y. City and .scat of justice of 
Kings CO., on the W. end of Long Island, sep- 
arated by the East River from the S. part of the 
city of New York. Population in 1810,4^02; 
in "l820, 717.5; in 1830, 15,396; in 1840,30,233; 
in 1850, 96,838. During the la,st twenty years, 
tinee the habitable part of New York has been 
extending, and becoming more and more remote 
from the seat (»f business, the po|uilation of 
Brooklyn has increased with unexampled rapid- 
ity. It is connected with New York, in the very 
district where the lieaviest commerce lies, by a 
number of sieam ferries, whicli are from 700 to 
750 yards wide, aiul are crossed in four or five 
minutes by boats which ply continually between 
the two cities. Except on rare occasions, in the 
winter, wlien the ice opposes an obstruction to 
the free ])assage of the boats, these ferries bring 
the cities virtually nearer to each other than 
would be done liy bridges, or even by a contin- 
uous connection on terra firma. The greatest 
thoroughfare among these is the Fulton Ferry, 
from Fullon Street in New Y'ork to Fulton Street 
in Brooklyn. 

The ground on which Brooklyn is built is 
considerably more elevated than that of New 
York, especially towards its soutliern extremity. 
■■ Brooklyn Hei'jhts," so failed, memorable in 
revolutionary history, presents a hold front to 
the sea. rising abruptly to an elevation of 70 feet 
above tide water, affording a view of the city and 
harbor of New Toi'k, the islands in the bay, and 
particularly Covcrnor's Island, with its noble 
fortifications, Staien Island, .and the New Jersey 
shore, all combining to furnish a prospect which 
i& scarcely surpassed by any in this country. 

The greatest length of Brooklvu, within its in- 
39 



corporated limits, is 6 miles, N. E. and S. W., 
and its greatest breadth 4 miles. The whole of 
this extensive area has been laid out into streets, 
though many of them have not yet been opened 
and regulated. The city, generally, is laiil out 
witli order and symmetry of plan ; and the 
streets, excepting Fulton Street, the oldest in the 
city, are straight, and, almost without any other 
exception, they cross each other at right angles. 
Tiiey are generally from 50 to GO feet wide, and 
several of them have a still greater wi<lili. Many 
of the streets are shaded with beautiful trees, 
which inijjart to portions of the citv, in the 
summer season, a peculiar air of pleasantness 
and comfort. No city in the country, |]erhap9, 
is better built than Brooklyn. The houses are 
very generally nuu-kcd by chasteness and ele- 
gance of design, and many of them are sjilcndid 
specimens of architectural beauty. 

Of the public buildings the most prominent is 
the new City Hall, situated on a triangular piece 
of grounil between Fulton, Court, and Jorale- 
man Streets. This noble building is constructed 
of Westchester marble. 162 feet long by 102 feet 
wide, and 75 feet in heiglit to the top of the cor- 
nice. The crown of the ctipola, with whicli it i.s 
surmounted, is 153 feet from the pavement. In 
the eastern part of the city, near Fort Green, is 
the Jail, which is a substantial building erected 
in 1837. The Lyceum, at the corner of Wash- 
ington and Concord Streets, a fine granite edi- 
fice; the Savings Bank, an elegant strui'tnre at 
Ihe corner of Fullon and Concord Streets ; the 
Brooklyn Female Academy, a spacious building 
on Joralenian Street ; the City Librar)', contain- 
ing a large collection of valuable literary and 
scientific works ; a new and elegant Atheiucum. 
and the Brooklyn Orphan Asylum, are each of 
them buildings which are ornamental to the 
city. 

The more thickly-settled parts of Brooklyn 
have no public squares or open grounds. Such, 
howe\er, is the commanding width of many of 
its avenues, the high and aiiy location of its sito 
in general, and its almost rural aspect, in many 
parts, from the abundance of the trees with which 
the streets arc bordered, that the absence of such 
open pleasure groumls is less to be rcgreltcd than 
it otherwise must fiave been. IVovision has been 
made, however, in the newer parts of the city, for 
some public squares. 

Brooklyn contains about 50 churches, several 
of which are splendid edifices recently construct- 
ed. Among these is the Episcopal " Church of 
the Holy Trinity,'' on Clinton Street, a fine 
specimen of the (iothic architecture, erected by 
the munilicenee of an individual citizen of Brook- 
lyn, at a cost of al)OUt SI 50,000. The Congre- 
gational •' Church of the Pilgrims," not fu' from 
the same locality, is a fine edifice, of dark gray 
granite, in the characteristic English style of the 
period of Cromwell. In the base of the princi- 
])al tower of this church, about 8 feet from the 
ground, is placed an angular fragment, of consid- 
erable size, from the rock on which the Pilgrim 
Fathers landed at Plymouth. 

The United States Navy Yard, at Brooklyn, 
is situated on the S. side of Wallabout Bay, 
which makes up with a broad curve from the East 
River, at the N. E. part of the city. From this 
piiint a ferry runs directly across to the foot of 
WaliMit .Street, New York. About 40 acres of 
ground arc included in these prcmiBes. There 



;.orj 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



uie two larpe ship houses for the proteetion of 
naval vessels of the largest class when building, 
togctlicr with extensive workshops, anil every 
requisite for a great naval depot. There is con- 
nected with this establishment an important liter- 
ary institution, called tlie United States Naval 
Lyceum, formed in 1833 by officers of the service 
connected with the port. It contains a mincr- 
alogicnl and geological caliinet, and a tine collec- 
tion of curiosities of a miscellaneous character. 
The government has constructed a dry dock here 
.similar to tliat in the United States Navy Yard 
at Charlestown, Ms. On the opposite side of the 
Wallabout, about half a mile E. of the Navy 
Yard, is the Marine Hospital, situated upon a 
commanding elevation, and surrounded by about 
30 acres of land under high cultivation. In this 
bay are always one or more large naval vessels 
lying in ordinary. These mark the spot where 
lay the Jersey and other British ships, during the 
revolutionary war, made use of as prison ships, 
for the confinement of those American soldiers 
whom they had taken prisoners in battle, in which 
it is said that as many as 1 K.'iOO ]jrisoners perished 
in the course of the war, from bad air. close con- 
finement, and ill treatment. These unhappy men 
were buried upon the siiore, with little care but to 
put their bodies out of sight. In 1S08, the bones 
of these sufferers were collected, as far as could 
then be done, and jjlaced in 13 cotlins, correspond- 
ing with the old 13 states, and honorably interred 
in a commemorative tomb erected for the pur- 
pose, not far from the Navy Yard. 

The harbor of Brooklyn is extensive, and is 
capable of being very largely improved by adding 
to the number of its docks and slips. Vessels of 
the largest class can come up to its piers, to dis- 
charge or receive their cargoes. The Atlantic 
Dock is a very e.xtensive basin for the reception 
of shi|iping, about a mile below the South Ferry, 
constructed by a company incorporated in 1840, 
at a cost of about 81,000,000. The basin within 
the piers covers 42j acres, with sufficient depth 
of water for the largest ships. The outside pier 
extends 3000 feet on Buttermilk Channel. The 
piers are fiirni>licd with spacious stone ware- 
houses. The terminus of the Long Island Rail- 
road is located near the landing from the South 
Ferry, wdiich connects with New York at the S. 
E. corner of the Battery. From the station, the 
road is carried, by a long tunnel, under a number 
of the most important of the streets of Brooklyn, 
which it has to cross in its route. 

Greenwood Cemetery, in the S. part of Brook- 
lyn, about three miles frbm Fulton Ferry, is an 
extensive and beautiful ground provided by the 
cities of New York and Brooklyn for the burial 
of their dead. It may be approached either by 
this ferry, from which hourly carriages run to the 
entrance for a trifling charge, or by another at 
the Battery, which jiasscs round and lands its 
passengers on the S. side, in the near vicinity. 
Greenwood contains 250 acres of ground, one 
half or more of which is covered with wood of 
the natural forest. The grounds have a varied 
surface of hill, and valley, and plain. From some 
of the open elevations extensive views are ob- 
tained of the ocean, and of the cities of Brooklyn 
and New York. The whole ccinetcry is trav- 
ersed by about 15 miles of winding avenuesand 
paths, leading through each sluuled recess, and to 
every spot at once hallowed and adorned by the 
memorials of the dead. Great improvements 



are continually going on, and every year adds 
*new beauty to this interesting place. 

The first settlement of Brooklyn was made at 
the Wallaliout Bay, by George Jansen Rapelje, 
in 1625. The earliest deed fur lands on record is 
to Thomas Besker, in 1639. October 18, 1667, 
Governor Nicholls granted a patent '■ to certain 
inhabitants of the town lireukelen, for and in be- 
half of themselves and their associates, the free- 
holders and inhabitants, for all the lands in the 
town not taken up in severalty." This patent 
w.as confirmed by Governor Dongan in 1086. In 
1670, license was given by Governor Lovelace 
to the inhabitants to purchase the Indian title. 

With Brooklyn and its immediate neighborhood 
is connected the memory of the bloody battle of 
August 27, 1776. in which the Americans were 
defeated, occasioning the withdrawal of the army 
from Long Island into New York. 

Brook!\'n was incorporated as a villa^icin I8I6. 
In April' 1834. the whole territory of the town 
was incorporated under the name of the '■ City 
of Brooklyn." It is divided into nine wards ; and 
the powers of the corporation are vested in a 
mayor and a board of aldermen, composed of two 
from each ward, all elected by the people. 

Brookli/n, Pa. A southern township of Sus- 
quehannaco. 171 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

i>/-oofc, Me.. Waldo co., 1 1 miles N. N. W. from 
Belfast, and 45 N. E. from Augusta. 

Brooksinlle, Me., Hancock co. On t!ie E. side of 
Penobscot Bay, opposite to Islesboro" and Casiine. 

Broolccille, la., c. h. Franklin co. 75 miles S. E. 
from Indianapolis. 

Brookcil/e, Ky., c. h. Bracken co. 

Broome Counlij. N. Y., c. h. at Chenango. On 
the S. border. The surface is hilly, the valleys 
bordering the streams large and fertile, but the 
soil for the most part better adapted to grazing 
than the raising of grain. It is watered by the 
Susquehanna, Chenango, and Tioughnioga 
Rivers, and by Nanticoke Creek. It contains 
several sulphur and salt springs. The Chenango 
Canal and New York and Eric Railroad pass 
through this county. 

Broome, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by 
Schoharie and Catskill Creeks. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous; soil indill'crcnt, except 
in the valleys, where it is fertile. 38 miles S. W. 
from Albany. 

Brown County, Is., c. h. at Mount Sterling. 
On the W. bank of the Illinois River. Drained by 
McKce's and Crooked Creeks. Surface slightly 
uneven ; soil productive. 

Brown Count//, la., c. h. at Nashville. S. cen- 
tral part of the state. Watered by Salt Creek 
and its branches. Surface undulating and hilly; 
soil fertile. 

Brown Count)/, O. In the S. W. angle, bor- 
dering on the Ohio River. On the N. it is 
watered by Eagle, Red Oak, Straight, and White 
Oak Creeks, besides the Ohio River and the E. 
fork of Little Miami. The soil is fertile and 
good. 

Brown, Pa., Lycoming co. Pino Creek and it.s 
branches water this town. Surface mountainous ; 
soil varied. 

Brown Count)/, Wn., c. h. Depere. In the E. 
part of the state, including Green Bay. Surface 
diversified ; soil of good quality. 

Brow))Jield, Me., Oxford co. 81 miles S. E. 
from Augusta. 

Bro)onsto)on, la., c. h. Jackson co. On the E. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



307 



fork of Wliite River. 71 miles S. from Indian- 
apolis. 

Brownstown, Mn., Wayne co. At the entrance 
of Huron River into Luke Eric. 

Bioivnsaille, Ivy., c. h. Edmonson co. 130 miles 
S. AV. from Lexington. 

Broirrn'ille, Me., Piscataquis co. 20 miles N. 
from Dover. A good township of land. 

Browiiseillf, O., Licking co. On the national 
roarl. 40 miles E. from Columbus. 

Bruifnsrillc, Pa., Fayette co. On the E. hank 
of the Monongahela River, at the mouth of Red- 
stone Creek. 191 miles E. by S. from Harris- 
burg. The national road passes through it, 
constitutes its principal street, and is carried 
over the Monongahela by a line bridge. 

Binnmsiille. N. Y., Jefferson co. On the bor- 
ders of Lake Ontario. Was settled in 1799 by 
.Major General Jacob Brown. Surface level ; soil 
highly fertile. 164 miles N. W. from Albany. 
Bioicnsvi/le, Te., c. h. Cameron co. 
Bnnwvick, Ga., c. h. Glynn co. On Turtle 
Creek, about 14 miles above the bar. and 8 miles 
above the light-house on St. Simon's Island. It 
has a fine, spacious harbor, with 1.3 feet of water 
on the bar at lowest tides. 233 miles S. E. from 
Milledgeville. A canal is in progress to connect 
it with the Alatamaha River. 

Briinsific/c, Me., Cumberland co. 33 miles S. 
from Augusta, and 27 miles N. by E. from Port- 
land. Brunswick is on the S. side of the An- 
droscoggin River, with Topsham directly op- 
posite, with which it is connected by a substantial 
brid;:c. It lies at the head of tidewater, the An- 
droscoggin being navigable to the foot of tlie falls 
at this [dace. Brunswick is handsomely laid out 
and well built, principally on two wide streets 
running parallel to each other, and united by 
cross streets at right angles. The buildings of 
Bowdoin College are situated on an elevated 
plain at one extremity of the village, having in 
the rear a handsome grove of evergreens. The 
college buildings and the professors' houses are 
arrauL'cd in good taste, and make a pleasing ap- 
jicarance. Sec Colleijts. 

By the falls on the Androscoggin at this place, 
Brunswick possesses a great water power. Vast 
quantities of timber and logs are floated down 
the river, to be sawn into boards at the numerous 
mills which are in opcr.ation here. Cottons and 
woollens are manufactured to some extent. Much 
more of this extensive privilege remains to be 
impi'oved. Possessing such an exhaustless water 
power, and being at the same time situated on 
navigable waters, with its river coming down 
about 140 miles, through the heart of a fertile 
and healthy country, Brunswick has peculiar ad- 
vantages for becoming a large manufacturing 
town. This place is now connected, by railroad, 
with Augusta, Portland, and Bath. 

Brunswick Coiinti/^ N. C., c. h. at Smithville. In 
the soMthenimost corner, between the Cape Fear 
River, Atlantic Ocean, and the S. C. boundary. 
Surf ice low and marshy ; soil sterile. 

Brimsunck^ N, Y., Rensselaer co. The Poes- 
tenkiU and its tributaries water this town. The 
surface is hillv, and there is a great variety of 
soil. 4 miles E. from Troy. 

Brunswick County, Va.. c. h. at Lawrenceville. 

On the S. E. border. The Meherrin River flows 

nearly through the centre of this county, and the 

Roanoke touches the S. W. corner 

Brunswick, Vt., Essex co. On the W. side of 



Connecticut River, and has some excellent mill 
sites, on the waters of Nullcgan River and 
Wheeler and Paul's Streams. 83 miles N. E. 
from Montpclier. ' 

flrutns, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Branch 
and Cold Spring "Creeks, tributaries of Seneca 
River. The Erie Canal passes through it. The 
land is hilly ; the soil consists of clay and sandy 
loam. 7 miles N. from Aubuni, and 181, by 
railroad, W. by N. from Albany. 

Bryan County. Ga., c. h. at Bryan. In the east- 
ern angle, bordering on the Atlantic, and bounded 
N. by the Ogeecbee. 

Bryan, O., c. h. Williams co. 150 miles N. 
W. from Columbus. 

Bucluinan County, lo., c. h. at Inde|)endence. 
In the eastern ]>art of the state. The Wapisap- 
incon flows through it from N. W. to S. E. 

Buchanan County, Mo., c. h. at Sparta. In the 
N. W. angle of the state, bordering on the Mis- 
souri River. Drained by the Little Platte 
River. 

Bucks Coun(y. Pa., c. h.at Doylestown. Bound- 
ed N. E. and E. by the Delaware River, separat- 
ing it from New Jersey, S. by the Delaware 
River and Philadelphia CO., W. Iiy Montgomery 
CO., and N. W. by Lehigh co. Watered by Nesh- 
aming and Tolinton Creeks, and the head branches 
of Perkionien Creek. Surface diversified ; soil 
of different qualities. There is one locality of 
plumbago in this county. 

Buckfidd, Me., Oxford co. This town is finely 
watered by a branch of Androscoggin River. It 
is bounded on the W. by Paris, and is 34 miles 
W. by S. from Augusta, and 50 N. by W. from 
Portland. The soil of this town is very good. 

Buckingham, Pa., Wayne co. Situated on the 
W. bank of the Delaware River. 

Buckiuffham. Vii.,Iiiicks CO. Soil a mixture of 
clay, loam, and gravel. 104 miles E. by N. from 
Ilarrisburg. 

Buckinijliam County. Va., e. h. at Maysville. 
Central. The James River runs on its N. and 
W., and the Appomattox on its S. border. 

Bucki)iifham, Va., c. b. Buckingham CO. 79 
miles W. from Richmond. 

Buckliiml. Ms.. Franklin co. This town is 
separated from Charlemont, of which it formerly 
was a part, by Deerfeld River. It has a good 
mill stream, Clesson's River, which passes through 
the town. The surface is uneven, but the soil 
strong, and well adapted for grazing. 100 miles 
W. by N. from Boston, and 10 W. from Green- 
field.' 

Bucklnnd, Va., Prince William co. On Broad 
Run, 111 miles N. from Richmond. Situation 
elevated and romantic. Two or three flouring 
mills are in operation here. 

Bucksport, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side 
of Penobscot River. 15 miles below Bangor, and 
61 N. E. from Augusta. It has a fine harbor for 
vessels of the largest class. 

Bucksriile, Ky., c. h. Cumberland co. 

Buckscille, Horry district, S. C, takes its name 
from its founder, Henry Buck; is situated on 
the W. side of the Wacamaw River, about 5 
miles above its junction with the Peedee, and 
about 30 miles froni Georgetown ; has good 
navigable water, for vessels of 200 or 300 tons, 
and a large business in lumber and naval stores. 

Bucyrus. O., c. b. Crawfonl co. On the left 
bank of Sandusky River. 46 miles from San- 
dusky City, and 60 from CohuLbus. 



308 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o., 



Buffalo, N. Y., citv, port of entry, and capital 
of Erie CO.. stands at the eastern extremity of 
Lake Erie, near its outlet tlirouf;li tlie Niagara 
River, and at tlie mouth of a creek, called Buf- 
falo Creek, which empties into the lake at tliis 
point. It is 327 miles W. from Alhany, by rail- 
road, and 36;j miles hy the Plrie Canal. It is 
distant W. from Kochester 73 miles; S. S. E 
Niagara Falls, 22 miles ; and S. W. from Mon- 
treal, 427 miles. Population, in 1810, 1508; 
1820, 2095; 1830, 865;!; 1840, 18,213; 1850, 
42,261. lSIucc the completion of the Erie 
Canal, and the chain of railroads connect- 
ing Buffalo with Alliany, New York, and Bos- 
ton, its position, at the eastern termination of 
the commerce throui;h the great lakes, Eric, 
Huron, and Michigan, gives it a most command- 
ing advantage for luisincss. It is the gateway 
between the east and the west ; and, alibougii 
other channels for this commerce will lie opened, 
yet, as the viist resources of the west have 
scarcely begun to be developed, tlie traflic which 
is destined to pour through this communication 
must be immensely increased beyond what it has 
ever yet been. The ground on'which the ciiy is 
built rises gradually from the creek, wliicli 
passes through its southern district, and becomes, 
at the distance of 2 miles, an extended and ele- 
vated plain, 50 feet or more above the lake ; fur- 
nishing a most commanding view of the bosom 
of the lake and harbor, of the Erie Canal, of 
Niagara River, and the Canada shore. From the 
same feature of its situation, the place itself pre- 
sents a most beautiful appearance, as it is 
approacheil upon the lake. The city is laid out. 
with much regularity, into streets which are broad 
and straight, and usually intersecting each other 
at right angles. Main .Street, which is more than 
2 miles in length and 120 feet broad, is built on 
both sides, throngli a good part of its extent, 
with fine and lofty blocks of stores, dwelling^i, 
and hotels, which present an imposing appear- 
ance. Many of the streets are paved and lighted. 
There are 3 public scjuares, Washington, Frank- 
lin, and Niagara, which are planted with trees, 
adding much to the beauty and health of the ciiy. 
The houses are generally laiilt with neatness and 
good taste. The |)ublie buildings arc a court 
house, jail, county clerk's office, and 2 market 
houses, in the upper story of one of which are 
the chamber of the common council and the city 
offices. There are about 20 churches in the city, 
of which 3 are Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
tist, 1 Methodist, 3 German Protestant, 1 Uni- 
tarian, 2 Homan Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 
Bethel, and 2 African. Some of the church 
edifices are handsome specimens of ari-hitecture. 
There are an orphan asylum, a theatre, and a 
number of spacious and elegant hotels. The 
Young Men's Literary Association has a well- 
selected library of 3501) volumes, and sustains an 
able course of lectures in the winter. There is 
1 academy, which furnishes instruction to from 
60 to lUO students. The common schools of 
Buffalo are under the management of the city 
council, and are made free to the children of 
every class of the citizens, without charge for 
tuition. 

Buff'alo is well supplied with water from the 
Niagara River, by an ai|ueduct which has lately 
been completed. The water is taken from the 
river, at Black Rock, by a tunnel 300 feet long, 
and 6 feet square, under the canal, and c.Kcavated 



through solid rock, and entering the river throngh 
the pier, 12 feet below the surface ; and through 
this, water is conveyed to a well under the bank, 
from which it is elevated by forcing pumps into 
the reservoir on Prospect Hill, about a mile from 
the centre of the town. From thence it is con- 
veyed in pipes to its place of destination. The 
water is as pure as the best well water. 

Buff'alo has a most ample and secure h.trbor 
for the boats and shipping which navigate the 
lakes. It is a kind of natural dock, formed by 
the mouth of the creek, which here enters the 
lake, and which has, for the distance of a mile 
from its entrance, 12 or 14 feet of water. A bar 
at its mouth, which originally obstructed the pas- 
sage of vessels from the lake, has been in a great 
measure removed, and prevented from fuither 
accumulation by the erection of a mole and pier, 
which serves to direct and strengthen the action 
of the current in such a manner as to cllcct this 
object. This work was built by the joint contri- 
liutions of the U. S. government and the citizens 
of Buff'alo. At the extremity of the pier is a 
light-house, constructed of dressed limestone, 20 
feet in diameter and 46 feet high. The harbor is 
protected from all winds, and is so spacious that 
it might well accommodate several hundred 
steamboats and lake vessels. Several other im- 
portant improvements have been made, or arc 
now in a course of construction, by which the 
facilities aft'orded by this port and harbor for the 
transshipment of merchandise between the lake 
and the canal are rendered in the highest degree 
eligible and convenient. It is proposed also, in 
order to render the harbor more easily accessildo 
from the lake, especially in severe winds and 
storms, to construct a ship canal across the isth- 
mus to the creek, at a point near the upper end 
of the hari)or. This port is not generally 0]ien 
for navigation till about the middle j|f May. By 
means of the strong westerly winds which prevaU 
u])an the lake at the breaking up of the ice in the 
spring, the Hoating ice is liable to be accumulated 
at Buff'alo, so as to obstruct the access to the har- 
bor sometimes for several weeks after the broad 
lake is navigable. The commerce of the lakes 
to this port employs from 50 to 60 steand)oat3, 
many of which are spacious ami elegant, and 
about 300 schooners and other vessels. The 
largest vessels are generally schooners, because 
they are more easily managed on the lakes than 
square-rigged vessels. The value of |)roperty 
sent E. from Buff'alo by the Erie Canal in 1850 
was $20,991,402, being an increase from 1840 
of 814,790,633. The tolls on the Erie Canal re- 
ceived at Buff'alo in 1850 amounted to $7o.:i,498. 
Buff'alo is conne<'tcd. by canals and railroads, and 
the lakes, with all the great commercial places in 
the country. Among the articles imported into 
Buff'alo during the year ending December 31, 
1851, were 1,323,784 barrels of fionr ; 4,212.979 
bushels of wheat; 6,146,519 bushels of corn; 
and 12.507,421 ]iounds of wool. The estimated 
value of properly received at this ])Ort Iroin the 
W. in IS50 was "S35,C)U0,000. 

Buff'alo was originally laid out by the Holland 
Laud C'ompany in 1801 ; but its progress was 
slow until after it was fixed upon as a military 
post in 1812. The very next year, the pl.ieo 
was almost totally destroyed by a conlhigralion, 
which consumed Q\tivy building excepting twa 
This mischief was done, it being in the time of 
the war with Great Britain, by a party of the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



309 



British soldiers and the Indians. After the w.ir 
was ended. Con;^res3 made an appropriation of 
SSO/)Ol) towards rcinnncratin,2: the citizens of 
Bnltalo for their losses by tliis disaster. In 1817 
the plaee had grown ai;:ain to contain more liian 
100 houses, many of which were of brick, and 
some larije and elegant. Tlie largest number 
had been erected the previous year. It was in- 
corporated as a village in 1822. But the 
commeneenient of the rapid growth and jiros- 
perity of Buffalo dates from the time when the 
Erie Canal was completed, in 182.5. Four years 
from this time it contained 400 dwellings, and 
more than 2000 inhabitants. It was incorporated 
as a city A|>ril 20, 1832. The city is divided 
into 5 wards, and is governed by a mayor and 
common council, elected anttually by the peo- 
ple. In April, 18.33, a company was incorporated 
for the erection of a marine hospital. In Mny, 
1831, an incorporation was cstahlished for the 
construction of a marine railway, with dry or 
wet docks, for repairing vessels. In April, 1835, 
the Sailor's and Boatman's Friend Society was in- 
corporated, for the purpose of promoting the moral 
and religious welfare of that numerous class of per- 
sons engaged in navigating these inland waters. 
The importance of such a form of philanthropii' 
cfl'ort, in the port of Buffalo, may be inferred 
from the fact, that it has, besides the operations 
on the Erie Canal, an uninterrupted extent of 
lake navigation of l.'>00 miles, with a coast of 
3000 miles. The first vessel bearing the Ameri- 
can (l.ag upon Lake Erie was the sloop Detroit, 
of 70 tons, built in 1796. The first steamboat, 
" Walk-in-tlie-Water." of 342 tons, low pressure 
engine, was built at Black Rock, near Bull'alo. 
in 1818. In 1843, the Buffalo Commercial Ad- 
vertiser collected and published as complete a 
list as could be obtained of all the steamers 
which had been built for the lake navigatii>n up 
to that date ; it being a quarter of a century from 
the time when the first steamer was launched 
upon Lake Erie. The whole number given in 
the list is 105; making an aggregate of 27,000 
tons' burden, at a total cost of $3,510,000. 

Buffalo, Fa. A township of Armstrong co. 

Buffitio, Fa. A township of Butler co. Great 
and Little Buffalo and Thorn Creeks water this 
town. 

Buffalo, Pa. A township of Perry co , on the 
W. bank of the Susquelmnna River, above the 
entrance of the Juniata. Surface hilly; soil 
slate. 

Buffalo, Pa. A township of Union co. 

Buffalo, Fa. A township of Washington co. 
217 miles W. from Ilarrisburg. 

Bullilt County, Ky.. c. h. at Shepherdsvillc. 
Towards the N. border of the state. Surface un- 
even on the N. E. ; soil fertile. 

Bulloch Counli/, Ga., c. h. at Statesboro'. In the 
S. E. angle. Bounded N. by Burke and Scri- 
vcn counties, E. by Effingham co., S. by Bryan 
and Tatnall, and W. by Tatnall and Emanuel 
counties. It has the Ogecchee River on its E., 
and the Cannouehee on its W. boundary. 

Bull Skin, Pa. A northern township of Fay- 
ette CO. 

Buncombe- County. N. C, c. h. at Ashville. On 
the VV. border. The Nolaehucky and French 
Broad River and tributaries water this county. 
Surface rough and elevated, being situaicil be- 
tween two ridges of the Alleghany Mountains ; 
soil well adapted to grazing. 



Bureau County. Is., c. h. at Princeton. North 
central. On the W. bank of the Illinois. Sur- 
face mostly level, and in parts marshy. 

Burke County. Ga., c. h. at Waynesboro'. On 
the E. border, separated bv the Savannah River 
frotn S. C. Drained by Brier Creek and other 
branches of the Savannah River. 

Burke County, N. C, c. h. at Morgantown. 
West part, at the E. foot of the Blue Ridge. 
Drained by Catawba River and tributaries. Sur- 
fiice rather elevated ; soil mostly fertile. 

Burke, Vt., Caledonia co. A" mountain. 3500 
feet in height, divides this town from Victory, 
on the E. Bramhes of Passumpsie River pass 
through it. :md alVord a good water power. Oil- 
stone (novaculite) is found in an island in 
Memphremagog L.ake. The soil of the town is 
good, and abounds with hard wood and ever- 
greens. The settlement was commenced, about 
the year 1790, by Lemuel ami Ira Walter, Seth 
Spencer, and others, from Connectiiut, .and the S. 
part of this state. The town was organized De- 
cember 5. 1796. 20 miles N. E. from Danville, 
and 50 N. E. from Montpelier. 

Burk.scille. Kv., c. h. Cumberland co. On the 
W. bank of Cumberland River. 12-1 miles W. 
by S. from Frankfort. 

' Burlcston County, Ts. East central. In the 
angle lietween the Brazos and the Yagua. 

Burlinyton. Ct., Hartford co. An agricultural 
township, with a light soil, gravelly loam, ]deas- 
nntly diversified by hills aijd vales. It is watered 
by Farmington River, and was taken fnmi Bris- 
tol in 1806. This town has been noted for the 
equality of its inhabitants in regard to prop- 
erty. 

Burlinqtnn, lo. Shire town of Des Moines Co. 
On the W. hank of the Mis-issippi. 88 miles S. 
by E. from Iowa City, and 259 N. by W. from 
St. Louis. This place w.as the first capital ofthe 
state. It is finely located on the river, and sur- 
rounded by hills of gradual acclivity, affording 
many commaniling sites for buildings. The 
town is regularly laid out, and neatly built, 
having several commodious brick churches, and 
many handsome private residences. It is ad- 
vantageously situated for becoming a commercial 
einporium for a large and important section of 
country. Its trade is already extensive, and it 
has inimerous mechanical and manufacturing 
establishments. There are two or three print- 
ing otliees here, which issue weekly newspapers. 
The town was laid out in 1834. The seat of 
government was reinoved to Iowa City in 1839. 
This was once the residence of the celebrated 
Indian chief Bl.ack Hawk, and here his hones 
repose. 

Burlini/tun, Ky.. c. h. Boone CO. 82 miles N 
by E. from Frankfort. 

Burlinyton, Me., Penobscot co. 37 miles N. E 
from Bangor. It is watered by a branch of 
the Passadumkeag, and parts of several largt 
ponds. 

Burlington, Ms., Middlesex co. The surface ii 
uneven ; soil light and sandy. It is good land 
for hops and rye. A branch of the Shawshcen 
and Vine Brook water the town. Burlington 
was formerly a part of Woburn. 3 miles N. VV. 
from the Woburn depot on the Lowell Railroad 
10 miles from Boston. 

Burlinyton County, N. J., c. h. at Mount IIollj 
South central. Extending from the Delawari 
to the Atlantic. Drained by Crosswiek's, Assun- 



310 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



pink, Blai'k's, Craft's, Assiscunk, Rancocus, and 
PensiHikeii Creeks, hranclies of the Delaware 
River. Soil principally alluvial. 

BiirHmjloii Clt;/. N. J., Biu-lin;;ton CO. A port 
of entry on the E. bank of the Delaware, en- 
circled by a small stream so as to form an island. 
It is rcKularly laid out with streets intersecting 
each otlicr^at li^'lit angles. The bank of the 
river is a beautiful grassy plain, bordered by ele- 
gant dwellings. The Camden and Amboy Rail- 
road passes through it. 

Biirliiii/lon, N. Y., Otsego CO. This town is 
watered by Butternut and Wharton Creeks. Its 
surface is rolling, and soil good. 12 miles W. 
from Cooperstown, and 72 from Albany. 

Biirliiif/lon, 0., c. h. Lawrence co. On the N. 
bank of the Ohio River, at the southern extrem- 
ity of the stale. Sawing and various manufac- 
tures are carried on by steam power. 

Burlinfilon, Pa., Bradford eo. Sugar Creek and 
its branches water this town. Surface hilly ; soil 
gravelly loam. 144 miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Biutimilon. Vt. Port of entry on Lake Cham- 
plain, and shire town of Chittenden co. 38 miles 
W. N. W. from Montpelier. Population in 18'iO, 
3525; 1840, 4271; 1850, 7505. This beauiiful 
town is the largest in the state, and one of the 
most delightful for situation in the United States. 
It is built on the E. shore of the lake, about op- 
posite its widest part, where it makes up between 
two points in a kind of bay with a regularly- 
curving shore. The site of the town rises grad- 
ually as it recedes from the water for a distance 
of a mile or more, until it attains an elevaiion of 
281 feet from the surface of tiic lake. Over the 
whole extent of this foir declivity the town is 
spread, presenting a fine appearance as it is ap- 
proached or passed upon water. The view of 
the lake, and of the near and distant scenery, 
which is had from the more elevated parts of 
the place, from the windows and roofs of the 
dwellings, and especially from the dome of the 
university, which stands on the height of land, 
presents features of natural loveliness and gran- 
deur not surpas.scd by those of any other situa- 
tion occupied by a populous town in the United 
States. The lake is here about 10 miles wide, 
and lies in view, to the N. and S., almost as far 
as the eye can reach. Beyond its western shore 
rise the Adirondack Mountains of New York, 
to the height, in soiiie parts of their majestic 
outline, of 5000 and 6000 feet. The eastern ho- 
rizon, likewise, is bounded by the Green Moun- 
tain range, with its two most elevated sumtuits, 
4000 feet high. 

The streets are regularly laid out, running 
from the lake shore E., with others running N, 
and S., intersecting them at right angles, and 
dividing the whole surface into regular squares. 
Tliere is a public s(|uare near the centre, on 
which is situated the Court House, and around it 
some of the principal hotels, stores, banks, offices, 
&c. The town is handsomely built throughout, 
and there are a number of elegant private man- 
sions with beautiful grounds and gardens. Sev- 
eral of the church edilices arc line specimens of 
architectural taste. The finest are the Calvin- 
istic Congregational Church, after a jjure Grecian 
model ; the Unitarian Congregational Church, 
of brick, with a lofty spire ; and the Episcopal 
Church, which is of stone, in the Gothic style. 
For a notice of the University of Vermont, 
which is located here, see Colleyes. 



As connected with Burlington may be men- 
tioned the village of Winooski Falls, whi('h is 
situated on both sides of the Winooski I{iver, 
about 2 miles N. E. of the town. The jiortion 
of the village which is on the N. side of the river 
is in Colchester. A substantial covered bridge 
connects the two sides of the river. The water 
power at these falls is sufficient for propelling 
almost any amount of machinery. Several large 
manufacturing establishments have been erected 
here, consisting of cotton and woollen mills, a 
foundery and machine sho]), an extensive flour 
mill, saw mills, &c. Some of these manufac- 
tories were consumed by fire in the winter of 
1851-2. 

The harbor of Burlington is the best on Lake 
Chaniplain, and a larger number of the vessels 
employed in the lake navigation are owned here 
than in any other place. The government has 
erected a substantial breakwater here for the pro- 
tection of the harbor from the west winds. 

On Juniper Island, 4 miles from the harbor, 
a light-house is erected. A great amount of 
goods arc landed at the wharves in Burlington, 
and the mercantile traffic of the place is large, 
and must continue to increase. Steamboats stop 
here on their daily trips from Whitehall, N. Y., 
to St. John's in Canada, whence there is daily 
steam communication to Montreal. Railroads 
extend from Burlington E. to Boston, 248 miles; 
W. to Ogdensburg, 16:! miles; S. to Whitehall, 
91 miles ; and N. to Montreal, 91 miles, with the 
exception of 9 miles by steamboat from La 
Prairie. 

Bnrnhnm, Me., Waldo co. .37 miles N. E. 
from Augusta, and about 30 N. W. from Belfast. 
It is bounded S. W. by .Scbasticook River, and 
E. by Troy. Incorporated 1824. 

Bu7ns, N. Y., Alle<;hany eo. Drained by Cau- 
seraga Ci'cek. Surface uneven ; soil of good 
tjuality. 237 miles W. from Albany. 

Biirnside, V:\. A township of Clearfield CO. I5G 
miles N. W. fcom Harrisburg. 

Biinisvi/le, N. C, c. h. Yancey co. 200 miles 
W. from Raleigh. 

Bitnil/rillc, Providence co. This town was tak- 
en from Gloucester in 1806. It is finely watered 
by Branch River, with many branches ; one 
branch of which rises in Alum Pond, partly in 
this town and partly in Douglas, Mass. This 
river is an important tributary to the Blackstone. 
Maimfacturing villages are scattered over this 
large town in almost every direction. The face 
of the town is rough, but the soil is adapted iff 
grazing, and produces large quantities of beef, 
pork, butter, cheese, &c. Herring and Eddy's 
Ponds are pleasant slicets of water. 

Burton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alleghany 
River and some of its triliutaries water this town. 
The surface is uneven, and there is quite a vari- 
ety of soil. The New York and Erie Railro.ad 
passes through it. 15 miles S. E. from Ellicott- 
ville, and 300 S. of W. from Albany. 

Biisltkill, Pa., Northampton co. Bushkill Creek 
waters this town. The surface is hilly, and the 
soil toleraidy fertile. 

BiishncU's Basin. N. Y., Monroe co. (.)n the 
Erie Canal. 217 miles W. by N. from Alijany. 

Bashwick, N. Y., King's co. Watered by New- 
town Creek. Surface hilly ; soil, with good cul- 
tivation, productive. 3 miles E. from the city 
of Brooklyn, and 148 S. from Albany. 

Bashkirk's Bridye, N. Y., Cambridge, Wash- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



311 



ington CO. On Hoosic River. 29 miles N. by 
E. fiom Alhany. 

Bnsli, N.Y., Chautauque co. Chautauqiie Lake 
and its outlet bounds this town on the N., whicii 
is watered by several small streams ilowing into 
the lake. Surface hilly, and soil good. .'324 
miles 8. of W. from Albany. 

Bulla- C'ounli/, Aa., c. h. at Greenville. 
Bounded N. by Lowndes, E. by Pike and Coti'ee, 
S. by Covington and Conecuh, and W. by Con- 
ecuh, Monroe, and Wilco.K counties. Watered 
by branches of Conecuh River. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil of })retty good quality. 

Biitlir. Aa., c. h. Choctaw co. 80 miles S. of 
VV. from Columbia. 

Butler County. Ky., c. h. Morgantown. Bounded 
N. by Ohio and Grayson counties, E. by Ed- 
monson. S. by Warren and Logan, and VV. by 
Muhlenburg county. Green River waters this 
county. 

Bui/ir Counti/. Mo. On the S. E. border. The 
Big Black River runs through it, anil the St. 
Francis along its eastern border. A large part 
of it is subject to annual inundation. 

Bitt/tr, N. Y.. Wayne co. Watered by some 
small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. The 
surface is rolling, the soil gravelly bam. 1.3 
miles N. E. from Lyons, and 170 N. of W. from 
Albany. 

Butler County, 0., c. h. at Hamilton. In the 
S. W. corner. It is a very valuable farming 
county, and is abundantly supplied with water 
by the Great Miami River and several creeks. 
The Miami Canal and the Miami and ^White- 
water cross it ; also two railroads running N. 
from Cincinnati. 

Butler Counli/. Pa., c. h. at Butler. Western 
part. Watered by Slippei-y Rock and C'onne- 
quenessing Creeks, branches of Beaver River. 
The Alleghany River touches the N. E. and S. E. 
corners. Surface uneven ; soil well suited to 
grain and grazing. 

Butler, Pa. A township of Butler co. 

Butler, Pa., e. h Butler eo. On Connequenes- 
sing Creek. 203 miles N. N. W. frotn Harrisburg. 
The place contains an academy, well endowed. 

Butler. Pa. A township of Luzerne co. 

Butts County, Ca., c. h. at Butts City. Between 
the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. 

Butt'-rinits, N. Y.. Otsego co. Butlernnt Creek 
and UnadiUa River drain this town. The sur- 
face is for the most part hilly. 25 miles S. W. 
from Cooperstown, and about 90 W. from Al- 
bany. 

Butts County, Ga., c. h. at Jackson. Central. 

Burton, Me., York co. This town is hounded 
on the S. W. by Saco River, and N. by Gorham. 
At this place the Saco falls about 80' feet, and 
produces a great hydraulic power, which is partly 
improved for manufacturing establishments. It 
lies 8 miles N. W. from Saco, and 18 W. from 
Portland. 

Byherrij, Pa.. Philadelphia co. Pogussing Creek 
waters this town. Soil sandy loam. 113 miles 
E. by S, from Harrisburg. 

Byfield, Ms., Essex co. A parish in the 
towns of Newbury and Rowley, watered by 
Parker River, ■which aftbrds good hydraulic 
power. 3.1 miles N. by E. from Boston. There 
is an ancient academy here. 

Byram, N. J.. Sussex co. The Musconetcong 
Biver bounds this town on the S. The surface 
is broken by South Mountain. 



Byron, Me., Oxford co. New ; taken from 
Barnard. 

Byron, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by Black 
Creek. This town contains several sulphur 
springs. Surface level ; soil generally produc- 
tive. 10 miles N. E. from Batavia, and 277 N. 
of W. from Albany. 

Cabarrus County, N. C, c. h. at Concord. S. 
central. Watered by Rocky, a branch of the 
Yadkin River. Surface mountainous and broken ; 
soil fertile. 

Cabell County, Va., c. h. at Barboursville. VV. 
part, on the Oiiio River. Drained by Guyandott 
and Big Sandy Rivers. Surface' mountain- 
ous and broken ; soil mostly of an indilfcrent 
quality. 

•Cabot, Vt., Caledonia co. This to^vn lies on 
the height of land between Winooski and Connec- 
ticut Rivers. "The Plain" is delightfnlly situ- 
ated, having the Green and White Mountains in 
prospect. Several branches of the Winooski water 
this town, and afford it some water power. Hero 
is Jo and Molly's Pond, and a sulphur spring. 
The surface is broken and hard, but good for 
sheep. This is the liirthplace of the late Zerah 
Colburn.the celebrated mathematician. The set- 
tlement of this town was commenced on what 
is called Cabot Plain, in April, 1 785, by James 
Bruce, Edmund Chapman, Jonathan Heath, and 
Benjamin VVclister, with their families. 10 miles 
S. VV. from Danville, and 20 N. E. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Caddo Parish, La., c. h. at Shreveport. In the 
N. W. corner. Red River runs along its E. border, 
and Cadilo Lake lies in the N. part. Surface 
mostly level ; soil of medium quality. 

Cadh, Ky., c. b. Trigg co. On a beautiful 
eminence on the bank of Little River. 9 mile.v 
from Cumberland River. 

Cadiz, 0., c. h. Harrison co. Situated 114 
miles E. N. E. from Columbus, and about 25 
miles westerly either from Wheeling or Steuhen- 
viUe, on the Ohio River. It is a flourishing in- 
land town, with a handsome village, remarkably 
well built and city like in its appearance. Be- 
sides the county buildings, which are of brick, it 
contains several handsome churches, of which the 
principal are the Presbyterian, the Methodist, and 
the Associate Reformed. This town was laid out 
in 18U3, when its site, like most of the surround- 
ing country, was a forest ; and its location was 
determined by the connection here of two public 
roads, from different sections of Pennsylvania and 
Virginia, toward Central Ohio, which, before the 
construction of the national road, afforded the 
chief thoroughfares of western stage travel in this 
direction. 

Cu/iaba, Aa., c. h. Dallas co. On the right 
bank of the Alabama River, immediatelv below 
the mouth of the Cahaba. about 50 miles W. 
from Montgomery, and 140 N. by E. from Mo- 
bile. It has communication with these places by 
steamboats plying constantly on the river. 

CufVo. Is., Alexander CO. Situated at the junc- 
tion of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. 26fi miles 
S. from Springfield, 522 S. E from Cincinnati, 
and about lOUO, by the course of the river, N. 
from New Orleans. From a survey of the great 
physical features of the western country, in con- 
nection with a prospective estimate of the in), 
mense resources of wealth which are to be rapid- 
ly developed there, the locality of this place ap- 



312 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



pears to possess the most remark:\lilc advantages 
for becoming, at some future period, tlie seat 
of one of tiie largest and most important cities in 
North America. Being near the geographical 
centre of the great Mississi]>pi basin, and at a 
point which the Creator, Iiy the convcrgency of its 
great navigable cliannels, seems to have pointed 
out for its social and eominercial centre, it can- 
not fail, unless from local ilifficultics it should 
prove impracticable to found a city licre, of being 
at length the commercial emporium of the west. 
Its only disadvantage is in the too slight elevation 
of the delta on which the place is built, aliove 
tlie rivers, by the junction of which it is formed, 
wliieh exposes it in its natural state to be over- 
flowed by their waters at the period of their high- 
est floods. This has hitherto prevented Cairo 
from realizing in any considerable degree the 
magnitieent results which its projectors have an- 
ticipated. But it is intended ultimately to obvi- 
ate thi-i disadvantage entirely by raising a levee, or 
artificial embankment, similar to that before the 
city of New Orleans, by which the inundation 
of the delta shall be prevented. Considerable 
progress has been made by the " Cairo City Com- 
pany" towards the aecomplisliment of this neces- 
sary improvement; and their operations, which 
were for a time suspended for the want of pecu- 
niary encouragement, arc again resumed, and 
will doubtless be prosecuted to completion, under 
the impulse likely to be given to their enterprise 
by the success of other schemes of internal im- 
provement. 

The "Cairo City Property" embraces in all 
about 9.'J00 acres on this delta l>etween the Mis- 
sissippi and Ohio Rivers, with the levees, work- 
shops, foundcrics, saw mills, dwellings, hotel, and 
other buihlings on the premises. 1200 acres 
embraced within the proposed corporate limits 
of Cairo, are wholly enclosed by levees, raised 
above the highest known floods; and the enclo- 
sure for nearly 4000 acres, including the above, is 
partly completed. 

One of the correlative enterprises of internal 
improvement, upon which those interested in the 
prosperity of Cairo depend for encouragement, 
is the incorporation of a company by the state 
of Illinois for building a railroad from Cairo, 
through the centre of the state, to Peru, at the 
southern terminus of the Illinois and Michigan 
Canal; and thence, by branches diverging N. E. 
and N. W.. to Chicago, on Lake Michigan, and 
to Galena and Dubuque, on the Upper Mississippi. 
A long portion of this road is now in process of 
construction. For the furtherance of this impor- 
tant enterprise Congress, by an act passed in 1 S.'iO, 
has granted to the state of Illinois the right of 
way for the construction of this road through all 
the public lands where it may pass ; and also 
" every alternate section of land designated by 
even numbers, for six sections in width on each 
side of said road and branches," to be sold for 
the purpose of its construction. The grants are 
made on the conditions that the work sliall be 
begun and carried on simultaneously from both 
ends of the route, and that the whole shall be 
completed within 10 years froni the date of their 
enactment. Similar grants are made, by the 
same act, to the states of Mississippi and Ala- 
bama, for the construction of a railroad south, 
from Cairo to Mobile, on the Gulf of Mexico. 
The construction of the Illinois Central Krtilroad 
has been undertaken with spirit by the state, and 



will doubtless be completed within the time fixed 

by Congress. 

Thus it will be seen that much, very much, is 
to be anticipated for the future growth of Cairo. 
Having, as computed, '' upwards of 20.000 miles 
of river navigation" on the Mississippi, Ohio, 
and Missouri, and their tributaries, all centring 
here, with a navigable channel open to New Or- 
leans at all seasons, and being '• at the terminus 
of the great Central Railroad of Illinois, which 
is to form the most direct and rapid route of 
communication between the South- Western and 
Nortliern States," and about midway between 
the groat lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, between 
which an entire communication by railroad, 
through this ]>Iace, will ultimately be completed, 
it is evident that the local disadvantages above 
referred to cannot long oppose an insuperablo 
obstacle to the causes so powerfully conspiring 
to render Cairo a great centre of intercourse, 
traffic, and exchange for one of the most exten- 
sive and productive regions of the world. 

Calais. Me.. Wasliington eo. This great mart 
of lumber, and of the commerce of a large sec- 
tion of country, lies at the head of navigaiiou on 
the Schoodic, or St. Croix River, nearly opposite 
St. Stephens, N. B. A bridge across the river 
connects the British with the American sides. 
At Milltown, about 2 miles above the bridge, 
40 or 50 saw mills are in constant operation. A 
railroad passes from Calais, through Milltown, to 
Baring. Calais was ineorpor.ated as a city in 
1850, and has become one of the most flourishing 
places of business in the state. 2U4 miles from 
Augusta, and 28 above Eastport. 

Calais, Vt., AVashiugton co. This township i.s 
watered by two branches of the Winooski River. 
They unite near tlio S. line of the town, af- 
fording in their course a great number of valua- 
ble privileges. It is also well watered with springs 
and brooks. The soil is a warm loam, easily 
cultivated, and well adapted to all kinils of grain. 
The surface is somewhat uneven. The timber 
on the streams is mostly hemlock, spruce, and 
pine ; on the higher lands, majde, beech, &c. 
The N. line of the township intersects two 
considerable ponds. There are several other 
small but beautiful ponds lying within the town- 
ship, abounding in fish. Long Pond lies in the 
N. W. part of the town. In one autumn, 2000 
pounds of trout were taken from this poml. There 
are several springs in the town whose waters are 
quite brackish. The settlement was commenced 
in the spring of I7S7, by Francis West, from 
Plymouth co.. Ms. The first permanent settlers, 
however, were Abijah, Asa, and P. Wheelock. 
8 miles N. from Montpclicr. 

Calaveras Counti/, Ca., c. h. at Double Springs, 
otherwise called Pleasant Valley. In the moun- 
tains E. of the San Joaquin, between Dry 
Creek of the Moquelumne and the Stanislauj 
River. 

Calcasieu Parish, La., c. h. at Lisbon. In tho 
S. W. corner, between the (iulf of Jlexico and 
the Sabine River and Lake, which separate it from 
Texas. Watered by the Mermcnton, Calcasieu, 
and Sabine Rivers and Lakes. 

CaUlu-ell Cuiiiiti;, Ky., c. h. at Princeton. W. 
part. Watered by the Tcnesa and Cumberland 
Rivers. It has a'generally level surface, and fer- 
tile soil. 

Caldwell Parish, La., c. h. at Columbia. N. E 
central. Drained by tlio Washita River. Sor- 



IN TIIE UNITED STATES. 



313 



face flat and alluvial on the E., and hilly on 
the W. 

Caklinll Cmnfij, Mo., c. h. at Far West. N. W. 
part. Drained by Shoal Creek, which atford.s 
good water power. Surface mostly level ; soil 
fertile. 

Caldirrll County, N. C, c. h. at Lenoir. W. 
part of the state. At the E. foot of the Blue 
Ridge. Watered by Yadkin River. Surface 
broken ; tlie Blue Ridi^e lying on it.s N. liorder. 
On the borders of the river, however, are broad 
and fertile Hats. 

CuUlwell, N. Y,, c. h. Warren co. Watered by 
(overal small streams Howing into Lake George, 
which hounds it on the E. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous, the Palmertown ridge crossing 
the S. E. part. Many interesting events, boih of 
the old French war and of the revolution, are asso- 
ciated with some of the localities in this town. 
(See Lake Geonje, p. 195.) t2 miles N. from 
Albanv. 

Caldu-cll, N. J., Essex co. Watered by Deep 
and Green Brooks, branches of tlie Passaic, and 
good mill streams. Surf.ice, except on the mar- 
gins of the streams, rolling and mountainous. 

Caldn-ill Count//. Ts., c. h. at Locklutrt. Cen- 
tral part of the state. On the upper waters of 
the Gundaloupe River. 

Caledonia, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by 
Genesee Rivcraml an excellent mill stream, rising 
from a spring in this town. Surface somewhat 
uneven ; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles N. from 
Genesee, and 228 N. of W. from Albany. 

Caledonia Countij. Vt., c. h. at Danville. N. E. 
part. The eastern range of the Green Mountains 
extends through the western p.art of the county. 
It is watered by many line streams, hut the Con- 
necticut, on its S. E. border, and the Passumpsir, 
are its chief rivers. A large part of the county is 
high and good hand : that along the rivers is ex- 
cellent. There are some sulphur springs in this 
county; limestone and granite are abundant. The 
Passnmpsie Railroad connects it with Boston 
and New York. 

Calhoun Countij. Fa., c. h. at St. Joseph. W. 
part. At the mouth of tlie Appalaehicola River. 
Surface mostly level ; soil sandy. 

Calhonii Countij, Is., c. h. at Gilead. In the 
angle formed by the junction of the Illinois and 
Mississippi. The surf.iee consists of table land, 
with strips of alluvion. 

Calhoun Countij, Mn., c h. at Marshall. This 
oounty was incorporated in 18.3.3, and is bounded 
N. by Barry and Ka on.E. by Jackson, S. by Hills- 
dale county and Branch, and W. by Kalamazoo 
county. Watered by St. Jo-eph's and Kalamazoo 
Rivers, which atford extensive water power. Sur- 
face nnduUuing. containing large quarries of 
sandstone ; soil fertile, sandy loam. 

Calhoun Countij. Ts. On the coast between 
I..a Vacca Bay and the River Guadaloiipe. 

Calawaij Countij. Mo., c. Ii. at Fulton. East 
central. On the N. bank of the Missouri River. 
Drained by Big and Little Au Vase Creeks. 
Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 

Cullau-ai/ Countij. Ky.. c. h.at Wadesboro". W. 
part. In the W. angle between the state of Ten- 
nessee and the Tennessee River. It is crossed 
through the middle by Clark's River. 

Calumet Cuiintj, Wn., c. h. at Calumet. E. part. 
On the N. E. shore of Lake Winnebago. Drained 
by the head branches of the Manitoowa River 

Calnrt Countij, Md., e. b. at Prince Fiederie. 
40 



S. E. part. Between Pafuxent River and Chesa- 
peake Bay. Surface undulating. 

Cambria Countij, Pa., c. h. at Ehensburg. S. 
W. central. Between the L.iurd Hidge and the 
Allcghanies. Watered by the W. branch of the 
Susquehanna and the head branches of Kiski- 
minitas or Conncmaugh River. Surface rough 
and mountainous ; soil tolerably good. 

Cambria, N. Y., Niagara co. Mostly level. 
Watered by several small streams. 7 miles W. 
from Lockport, and 283 N. of W. from Albany. 

Cambria, Pa., Cambria co. Watered by Black 
Lick Creek and the N. branch of Little Conne>- 
raaugh River. Surface hilly ; soil sand and clay. 

Cambndi/e, Me., Somerset co. 

Cambridqe, Md., c. h. Dorchester co. On the 
S. side of Choptank River, 12 miles from its en- 
trance into Chesapeake Bay. 61 miles S. E. 
from Annapolis. 

Cambridge. Ms. City and one of tlie .scats of 
justice of Middlesex co. This is the seat of 
Cambridge University, the oMest and best en- 
dowed of the colleges in the United States. It 
may be divided into three parts — Old Cam- 
bridge, where the college is situated, .about 3 
miles W. from Boston ; Cambridgnport, a nour- 
ishing village, about midway between Uosion and 
Old Cambridge ; and East Cambriilge, where 
the county iiuildings are located, immediately 
connected with Boston by Cragie's Bridge over 
Charles River ; also with tlie city of Charles- 
town bv a bridge. Population in 1700, 2115; 
1800,2453; 1810,2323; 1820,3295; 1830,6072; 
1840, 8409; 1850. 15.215. 

Cambridge is one of the oldest towns in New 
England. It was incorporated in Ifi30. by the 
name of Newtown. It look the name of Cam- 
bridge in 1638. It has ever been closely con- 
nected with Boston in all its literary, intellectual, 
and political relations ; and, were it not for mu- 
nicipal distinctions, might be considered as vir- 
tually an integral part of the metropolis. Old 
Ca;nbridge especially constitutes one of the very 
beautiful suburbs of Boston. (For a notice o/ 
the univcrsitv, the reader is referred to Colleijes.) 
The university buildings are pleasantly, though 
somewhat irregularly, situated. Some have quite 
a venerable appearance; and others, which 
are newer, parlicularly the library building, 
are among the finest specimens of architecture 
in the country. A large proportion of the 
houses in Old Cambridge are of the most ele- 
gant description, being built and located, even 
when tliey are not very costly, with a just regard 
to the principles of taste. They are often em- 
bowered in the most beautiful trees and shrub- 
bery. There are several handsome houses of j)ub- 
lic worship in the vicinity of the College Green. 

Cambridgeport, as its name implies, is a more 
crowded and bustling mart of business. There 
are, however, many very pretty streets here, and 
many elegant and costly houses. There are 
several handsome meeting houses, the town- 
house, and other public buiUiings. 

East Cambridge, formerly known as Lech- 
mere's Point, opposite the N. W. part of Boston, 
is also a business pjirt of the city, and has risen 
into consequence within a few years. It eon- 
tains six or eight places of wor-.hi]), the court 
house, jail, and house of correction. Here are 
the extensive glass works of the New England 
Glass Company ; also soap, candle, and bruish 
factories, and a great variety of other maiiufa&- 



314 



COUNTIES, riTIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



taring ami mechanical operations, diaries 
River winds its conrse alonij tlie S, horJer of 
CaiTibvi(li;e, aflbrdin;; convenient facilities for 
navigation to each section of the town. 

The iMount Animrn Cemetery lies about a 
mile W. of the university, in the" towns of Wa- 
tcrtown anil Gimhridge. This beautiful rural 
cemetery, the first of the kind in tlie country, was 
dedicated September 24, 1831. It contains'about 
100 acres of land, covered with a natural growth 
of trees, the highest part of which is 125 feet 
above the river, laid out with winding gravelled 
walks, and embellished with every variety of 
shrub and flower. Numerous monuments', of 
costly material and exquisite workmanship, are 
already erected, constituting this a magnificent 
resting-|dace of the dead. It is surrounded by 
an iron fence, with an imposing granite gateway, 
in the Egyptian style ; and not far from the eii- 
trancc is a chapel, of granite, for the celebration 
of burial services. Our readers will be pleased 
to see the following short extract from the ad- 
dress of the late Judge Story at the setting 
apart of this hallowed spot to the purpose for 
which it is now used : — 

"Nature," he says, " seems to point it out with 
significant energy, as the favorite retirement for 
the dead. There are around us all the varied 
features of her beauty and grandeur — the forcst- 
crowneil height, the ain-upt acclivity, the sliel- 
tered valley, the deep f;len, the grassy glade, 
and the silent grove. Here are the lofty oak, 
the beech, that' wreathes its old, fantastic roots so 
high,' the rustling pine, and the drooping willow, 
— the tree that sheds its pale leaves with every 
autumn, a fit emblem of our own transitory 
bloom ; and the evergreen, with its perennial 
shoots, instructini; us that ' the wintry blast of 
death kills not the buds of virtue.' Hero is the 
thick sln'ul)bcry, to protect and conceal the new- 
made grave ; and lliero is tlie wild flower creep- 
ing along the narrow path, and planting its seeds 
in the upturned earth. All around us there 
breathes a solemn calm, as if we were in the 
bosom of a wilderness, lu'oken only by the breeze 
as it murmurs through the tops of tiie forest, or 
by the notes of the warbler, pouring forth his 
matin or his evening song. 

"Ascend but a few steps, and what a change 
of scenery to surprise and delight us ! We seem, 
as it were, in an instant, to pass from the con- 
fines of dcatli to the liri;;ht and balmy regions of 
life. liciow us flows the winding Charles, \vith 
its rippling current, like the stream of time 
hastening to the ocean of eternity. In the dis- 
tance, the city — at once the object of our ad- 
miration and our love — rears its proud emi- 
nences, its glittering spires, its lofty towers, its 
graceful mansions, its curling smoke, its crowd- 
ed haunts of business and pleasure, which speak 
to tlie eye, and yet leave a noiseless loneliness on 
the car. Again we turn, and the walls of our 
venerable university rise before us, with many a 
recollection of happy days passed there, in the 
interchange of study and friendship, and many a 
grateful tiionght of the affluence of its learning, 
which has adorned and nourished the literature 
of our country. Again we turn, and the culti- 
vated farm, the neat cottage, the village church, 
the sparkling lake, the rich valley, and the dis- 
tant hills, are before us through opening vistas ; 
and we breathe amidst the fresh and varied 
labors of man." 



From the first settlement of the country, Cam 
bridge has been a place of great importance. 
At the commencement of the revolution, and 
during the year 1775, the head-quarters of the 
American army were in this town, and here 
Washington entered upon his duties as com 
mander-in-chicf. His quarters were at the Cra- 
gic House, situated on the street between the 
college and Mount Auburn. Our admired poet, 
Longfellow, the present jiroprietor. displays good 
taste by preserving as nearly as possible the 
original external appearance of the house. Thg 
Washington Elm, on the westerly side of Cam- 
bridge Common, is also .an object of interest, as 
under its branches Washington was stationed 
while his commission was proclaimed to the 
army of twenty thousand men drawn up on the 
Common ; and here he drew that sword which, 
turning every way, like the sword of the angel, 
became salvation to his country, and terror and 
confusion to her adversaries. 

Cumhrkhjp^ N. H., Coos co. This town has an 
uneven surface, and is watered by several streams 
which rise here and fall into the Androscoggin- 
14.1 miles N. E. from Concord, and 35 N. E. from 
Lancaster. 

Oimbihhje, N. Y., Washington co. Watered 
by Hoosic River and its tributaries. Surface 
generally level, soil mostly gravelly, and sandy 
loam. 12 miles S. from Salem, and 34 N. li. 
from Albany. 

Vaiiibridiie, 0., c. h. Guernsey co. On the na- 
tional road, on Wills Creek. 48 miles W. from 
Wheeling, and 78 E. from Columbus. 

Caiitbruli/e, Vt., Lamoille co. Lamoille River 
passes through the town, and receives, in its 
course. North Branch, Brewster's River, and 
Seymour's Brook. These streams afford numer- 
ous mill privileges. The surface is uneven, and 
in some places rough. The land is, however, 
generally good, and on the river are about tiOOO 
acres of valuable intervale. A branch of Dead 
Creek rises in this town, ami another branch of 
said creek runs across the N. W. corner of the 
town. The town is well watered, and ijroduces 
timber of various kinds. There are three small 
villages. The first settler was John Spoti'ord ; 
he came into the town in 1783, from Picrmont, 
N. H. 18 miles W. from Hydejiark, and 40 N. 
W. from Montpelier. 

Ciiiiihriilijeporl, Ms., Middlesex co. See Cam- 
hidiic Ms. 

Camdm, As., c. h. Washington co. 90 miles 
W. of S. from Little Rock. 

Ca/nden County^ Ga.. c. h. at Jeffersonton. In 
the S. E. corner. Saniilla River flows through 
the interior, and St. Marys Kiver along the S. 
border of this county, wdiich embraces Cumber- 
land Island, lying in the Atlantic. 

Camden, Me., Waldo co. On the W. side of 
Pcnoljscot Bay. 10 miles N. from Thomaston, 
and 40 E. S. E. from Augusta. It has two fine 
harbors, liut its chief business is the manuf.icturs 
of lime, of which about 200,000 casks are annti- 
nlly shipped to all ports of the United States. 
The lime is used for making cement of a supe- 
rior quality. The Meguntieook River afl'ords an 
extensive water power. 

Camden County, N. C, c. h. at Jonesburg. In 
the N. E. corner, on Albemarle Sound, between 
Pascpiotank and North Rivers. Surface low and 
marshy. 

Camden, N. C, c. h. Camden co. On the B. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



315 



side of Pasquotank River. 219 miles E. N. E. 
from l{aki';Ii. otherwise ealled Joiiesluiri,'. 

Camclvii Coitnti/. N. J., e. Ii. at Camden. S. W. 
part. Washed' by the Delaware ou the W. 
Level, ami soil light. 

Camden, N. J. City and port of entry, Glouces- 
ter CO. Situated on tlie E. side of the Del- 
aware River, opposite Philadelphia. The city 
was incorporated in 1828, extending ahout 2 
miles on the river, and about a mile and a lialf 
back. It coii.sists of three distinct villages, each 
connected with Philadelphia by a ferry. Tlie 
upper of these is known as Cooper's Point, and 
the lower as Kaighn's Point, or vSouth Camden. 
Camden proper is that part of the city included 
in the central village, which is the largest of the 
three. Cooper's Point, liowever. was tirst settled, 
and the ferry from Philadelphia to this point was 
established as early as 1G95. Much of the terri- 
tory included within the chartered limits of 
Camden is yet occupied with gardens and fruit 
orchards, for the supply of the Philadelphia 
market. There are several public gardens, which 
are places of resort for the citizens of Pliiladel- 
phia. in the summer, for recreation. 

Windmill, or Clark's Island, lies in the river 
between Philadelphia and Camden proper, having 
the deepest channel on the Philadelphia side. 
Vessels of the largest class can come up only to 
Kaighn's Point, and those of l.'iO tons only to 
Camden proper. Clark's Island and the bar 
running from it interposed, in its natural condi- 
tion, an obstacle to the direct passage of the ferry 
boats to Camden. This proved so serious an 
inconvenience that, in 1837, a channel was cut 
tlirough it at a cost of about i$40,000. The ter- 
minus of the Camden and Amlioy Railroad, 
making a part of one of the routes from Phil- 
adelphia to New York, is at Camden; and also 
that of another railroad, running a few miles 
south, to Woodbury, the shire town of the county. 

Tlie growth of Camden, as a place of business, 
has been considei'able for a few years past. 
There are now 18 or 20 respectable mercantile 
houses, several lumber yards, and numerous 
mechanical and manufacturing establishments. 
There are churches in the city of the Episcopal. 
Baptist, and Methodist denominations, and of 
ihe Friends. Tlie remains of barracks built here 
by the British, during their occupancy of Pliil- 
fldelpliia, in the war of the revolution, are still 
risilde near the upper ferry. 

Cinnden, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Fish 
Creek and its branches. The surface is generally 
hilly; the soil easily cultivated, and very fertile 
in some parts. 35 miles N. W. from Utica, and 
1 27 W. by N. from Albany. 

Camden. S. C. seat of Jnstice of Kershaw 
district. On the E. bank of Waterec River. 33 
miles N. E. from Columbia. The river is navi- 
l^ahle to this place for flat boats of 60 or 70 Ions. 
Tlie soil of the surrounding country is fertile, 
but liatile to be ovei-flowed. Cotton and corn 
are abundantly produced. The place is well 
built; some of the church edifices, of which 
there are four or five, are elegant. Its trade is 
consideralile. The De Kail) mills, and a cotton 
factory, are in the suburbs of the village. 

This jdace is celebrated, in revolutionary his- 
tory, as the scene of tvs-o imiiortant battles : that 
iif August 16. 1780, between General Gates and 
Lord Cornwallis; and that of April 23, 1781, 
between General Greene and Lord Rawdon. In 



182.'), Lafayette laid the corner stone of a monu- 
ment here to the memory of Baron de Kalh, of 
revolutionary celebrity, which stands at the foot 
of De Kalb Street, and is of fine wliite marble. 

In the near vicinity of tliis town is a largo 
mound, supposed to indicate the site of one of 
the ancient towns of the Catawba Indians. 

Camden Counli/, Mo. Southern central. Wa- 
tered by the Osage and several large tributaries. 

Camrron, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by 
Canisteo River, and several small streams. The 
surface is hilly, the soil generally good. 7 miles 
S. from Bath, and 221 S. of W. from Albany. 

Cameron Cotmli/, Ts., c. h. at Brownsville. In 
the S. E. angle, between the Lower Del Norte and 
the Gulf coast. 

Camillus, N. Y., Onondaga co. The surface 
is rolling, and is watered by Nine Mile Creek. 
It lies 7 miles W. from Syracuse, and 141 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Campbell County. Ga., e. 1). at Campbellton. N. 
W. part on both sides the Chattaliooclice. Sur- 
face undulating; soil productive. 

Campbell County. Ky., c. h. at Newport. North- 
ernmost part, in the angle between the Lickiug 
and Ohio. Surf.iee uneven ; soil productive. 

Campbell. N. Y., Steuben co. Conhocton River, 
Mead's Creek, and several small streams water 
this town. Surface hilly, soil clay and marly 
loam. 10 miles S. E. from Bath, and 209 W. by 
S. from Albany. 

Campbell Count;/, Te., c. h. at Jaeksboro'. East 
part on the N. border. Watered by the Tennessee 
and several branches of the Cumberland River. 
Surface broken by the Cumberland Mountains. 

Campbell County. Va., c. h. at Campbell CO. 
South central. Between the James River and the 
Roanoke. It has a rough surface, but fertile soiL 

Campbell. Va.. c. b. Campbell co. 125 miles 
W. S. W. from Richmond. 

Campbellton. Ga., c. h. Campbell co. On both 
sides of the Chattahoochee River. 102 miles N. 
W. from Millcdgeville. 

Campton. N. H., Grafton co. The surface is 
broken and uneven. Besides Pemigewasset 
River, this town is watered by Mad. Beebe, West 
Uranch, and Bog Brook Rivers. The land in 
the valleys is good, and there is some intervale. 
The high land is good for grazing. The forest 
trees are mostly deciduous. Iron ore is found in 
some parts. From the circumstance of the first 
proprietors' liuilding a camp, when they went to 
survey Campton and Rumney. this town derives 
its name. First settlers, two families named Fox 
and Taylor, in 1 76.5. 

Canaan, Ct., Litchfield eo. First settled in 
1738. Incorporated, 1739. The town lies on 
Ihe E. side of Housatonie River, opposite Salis- 
bury. A ledge of limestone rocks crosses the 
river at this place, about 30 rods in length, caus- 
ing a perpendicular fall of 60 feet. The river is 
rapid, both above and below this beautii'nl cata- 
ract. The wliole descent of the river, in Canaan, 
is about 130 feet, '• nobly arranged and distrib- 
uted, and comprehending a rcmarkaldcj variety 
of beauty and grandeur." The township is 
mountainous, witli some arable land ahiiig the 
streams. Limestone and iron ore are abundant. 

Canaan, Me., Somerset co. A good farming 
town on the E. side of Ivennebec River. 34 miles 
N. from Augusta. 

Canaan, N. H., Grafton co. Heart Pond, so 
called from its figure, is situated in the centra 



316 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



of the town, npon a swell of land so cicvaterl, that 
at a distiinoe it presents tlie appearance of a sheet 
of water on a hill. It is 400 rods in length, and 
200 in width, and is surrounded hy a ridfre or 
mound. It is from 4 to 5 feet hijxli, and is found 
to have heen produced hy the drifting of the 
ice, when hrcakin;; up in the spring. Besides 
this, tliere are Goose, darks', Mud, and Bear 
Ponds. The soil is fertile, and the land capable of 
cultivation. It derives its name from Canaan in 
Connecticut. First settlers, 1 770, Gcorjce Harris, 
Thomas Miner. Joshua Harris, Samuel Jones, and 
Samuel Mcacliam. IG miles E. from Dartmouth 
College, and 5'J N. W. from Concord hy railroad. 

Canaan, N. Y.. Columbia co. Some of the 
branches of Kinderhook Creek water this town. 
Surface hilly and mountainous. 20 miles N. E. 
from Hudson, and 24 S. E. from Albany. 

Cannan. Pa., Wayne co. Some branches of 
the Lackawaxen water this town, and the Car- 
bondale and Honesdale Railroad traverses it. 
Surface somewitat mountainous; soil loam and 
gravel. N. E from Harrisburg 15'J miles. 

Canaan^ Vt.. Essex co. Canaan lies opposite 
Stewartsown, N. H. The north-ca«t corner of the 
town is tiie most easterly land in Vermont. Feb- 
ruary 26, 1782, it received a new charter, and Oc- 
tober 23, ISOI, the town of Norfolk was annexed 
to it. The Conncctient River boiind< iton the E. 
Willard's Brook, &e., afford good mill privileges. 
There is some fine intervale on the Connecticut, 
and much good land in other parts. 3.5 miles N. 
from Guildhall, and 10.3 N. E. from Montpelier. 

Catiadice. N. V., Ontario co. Watered hy 
Honcoye, Canadice, and Hemlock Lakes. The 
surface is qnite billy ; the soil fertile in some por- 
tions. 18 miles S. \V. from Canandaigua, and 216 
W. from Alliany. 

Canajoliarle, N. Y., Montgomery Co. On the 
S. side of the Mohawk River, and watered by 
Bowman's and Ois(iuake Creeks. Suifaee billy; 
soil strong sandy lo.im. 10 miles W. from Fonda, 
and S.'i N. of W . from Albany. 

Cannndaif/'ia, N. Y. Shire town of Ontario co. 
This township contains a considerable portion of 
Canandaigua Lake. Its surface is diversified with 
hills and plains ; the soil is fertile, and generally 
under high cultivation. 

The village of Canandaigua, incorporated in 
1815, is pleasantly situated at the outlet of the 
lake, 224 miles by railroad W. from Albany, and 
104 E from Butt'ak). The ground on which it is 
built descends gently towards the lake, presenting 
a iine view of the water from the village. Two 
parallel streets, which run N. and S., and are 
crossed at right angles by several others, constitute 
the principal streets; having a fine public square 
at the centre, on which are located the court 
hoxise and other public buildings. 

There is a c^.assical academy at Canandaigua, in 
which a very thorough course of studies is pur- 
sued ; also the Ontario Fem,ale Seminary, founded 
in 182.T, which enjoys a high rejjutation. There 
are churches of the Presbyterian. Episcopal, Meth- 
odist, (vd Bapti-t denoiuinations. A state ar- 
senal is located here. Many of the mansions of 
the citizens are large and elegant, and are sur- 
rounded by l)eantifiil trees and gardens, giving an 
airof superior wealtli and refinement to the place. 

The first land (jihce in Western New York for 
the sale of lands to settlers was opened at Canan- 
daigua. in 1789, by C)liver Phelps, who. with Na- 
thaniel Gotham, was a leading pioneer in the pur- 



chase, survey, and settlement of this p.art of West- 
ern New York. The system which he conceived, 
of surveying lands by towm/iipa, and numbering 
them in ratifies, from a given line, became the 
model for surveying all the public lands of the 
United States. Canandaigua. for example, was 
township number ten in the third range. Canan- 
daigua village also was laid out by Messrs. Phelps 
and Gorham, who lived and died here, and by their 
liberal benefactions in founding the classical acad- 
emy above mentioned, have left behind them 
an honorable memorial to all succeeding gener- 
ations. 

Caniiia, N. II., Rockingham co. 15 miles from 
Concord, on the height of land between the Mer- 
rimacand the ocean. Site elevated ; soil hard. 

Candor, N. Y., Tioga co. Watered by Catto- 
tong and West Owego Creeks. Hilly ; soil mostly 
rich loam. 8 miles N. from Owego, and 177 S. 
W. from Albany. 

CaneadpM, N. Y., Alleghany co. On each side 
of Genesee River, and watered bv several of its 
small tributaries. The E. and W. parts of the 
town are hilly, becoming more level on the bor- 
ders of the river. Soil clay and sandy loam. 
267 miles W. from Alb.any. 

Canisleo, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Can- 
isteo River and some of its tributaries. The 
surface is very uneven ; soil good, the valley of 
the Canisteo consisting of rich alluvial flats. 241 
miles S. W. from Albany. 

Cannon Connfi/, Te., c. h. at Woodbury. Cen- 
tral. Surface hilly, and watered by some tributa- 
ries of Cumberland River; soil fertile. 

Canlerbiirij, Ct.. Windham co. The first set- 
tlers of this town were principally from Dor- 
chester, Ms., and its neighborhood. They came 
here about the year 1690. The soil of the town 
is a gravelly loam, generally fertile and produc- 
tive. The Quinnebaug is here a large and beau- 
tiful stream. It annually overflows its banks, .and 
fertilizes a large tract upon its borders. There is 
fine fishing in Bates's Pond. 

Canteiitnrij, N. H.. Merrimae co. On Merriniar 
River. Uneven. Soil generally good. In tbd 
S. E. part is a village of Shakers. 

Canton. Ct., Hartford co. First settled 1740: 
incorporated 1806; taken froiu Simsbury. Col- 
linsville is the principal village in the town. This 
village presents a beautiful appearance, and is a 
noble S])eeimen of individual enterprise. The soil 
of Canton is coarse and stony, and the surface 
hilly. Farmington River p.isses through its K. 
W. corner. In Collinsville is an extensive axo 
mrmnfaetory, with machinery of unsurpassed ex- 
cellence. 

C'(tH(on, Me., Oxford CO. Incorporated 1821. It 
lies on both sides of the Androscoggin River. 32 
miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 24 N. E. from 
Paris. 

Canton, Ms., Norfolk CO. This town was for- 
merly the first parish in the olil town of Stough- 
ton. The Itulian name was I'unkapog. The 
natural scenery of this town is bcatifully diversi- 
fied and picturesque. Piinkapcig Pond is a beau- 
tiful little lake, and affords fine fishing. Blue 
Hill, 030 feet above the level of the sea, and 
the highest land near the sea-coast of Ms. is partly 
in this town and partly in Milton. From it.< 
summit there is a magnificent view of the me- 
tropolis and its harbor, of the ocean and the sar- 
rounding country. The E. branch of Neponset 
River, and several largo pond-^ and reservoirs. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



317 



H;1vo this tov;ii an extensive water power. Tlie 
railrond bridge over one of the ponils am! river at 
this place is conceded to he the most elegant .ind 
massive .structure of masonry in the United 
States. It cost the company $9.3,000. It is 615 
feet in length, connected at intervals hy buttresses 
5^ feet thick, extending transversely aiTo^s the 
walls, and projecting 4 feet beyond their faces. 
Their elevation is crowned by segment arclies 
that sui»)iort the coping, surmounted by a para- 
pet wall 3 feet 8 inches high. Near the bottom 
are 6 large arches, for the passage of water, and 
in anotlier place is an arch still larger, through 
which passes a town road. From the top of the 
viaduct to tlie bottom of the pond, the distance 
is about 70 feet. A branch railroad to Slough- 
ton, 4 n)iles distant, enters the Boston and Prov- 
idence Railroad near the viaduct. Tlie Fowl 
Meadows, a large portion of which arc in Canton, 
extend 7 miles in length, with varying lire.adth ; 
they contain excellent peat. 14 miles S. by W. 
from Boston, and fi S. E. from Dedham. 

Canton, Mi., c. h. Madison eo. 23 miles N. by 
E. from Jackson. 

Cuntoi). N. Y., St. L.awrence co. Watered liy 
Grass and Oswcgatchie Rivers, which are con- 
nected at this place by a natural canal ."J miles in 
length. The surface is mostly level ; soil strong 
clay loam. Lead ore, and a Hue wdiite marble, 
arc found here. 206 miles N. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Canton, O.. c. h. Stark co. In a fertile tract of 
land, on the forks of Nimishillen Creek. 120 miles 
N. E. from Colnmlms, on the Ohio and Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad, and ha\'ing railroad communica- 
tion with Cleveland, Pittsburg, and Colundms. 

Canton, Pa., Bradford co. The Tonawanda 
Creek and its bi-anches water this township, the 
sm'face of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly 
loam. 13G miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Canton Pa., Washington co. Watered by 
Chartier's Creek and its brandies. Surf lee some- 
what nndulating; soil loam. Coal abounds. 

Cape Elizulictli. Me , Cumberlanil co. On the 
6. E. shore of Casco Bay, adjoining Portland. 
One of the oldest towns in the state. It con- 
tains a pond, which, upon being drained, dis- 
closed a bed of peat, from which is made, by car- 
bonization, the celebrated deodorizing powder. 
The inhabitants are generally farmers. 

Cape Girardean. Mo., Cape Girardeau co. On 
the W. bank of the Mississippi River, 10 miles 
from Jackson, and 207 S. E. from Jefferson City. 
A place of considerable trade. 

Cape Girordiau Counti/, M.Q., c.h. at Jackson. 
S. E. part, on the Mississippi. The head branches 
of White River water this county, and iron and 
other mincnds are found here. 

Cape Island. N. J., Cape May co. This favor- 
ite watcring-|)laco is on the sea-shore, at the S. 
extremity of the state, lOS miles S. from Tren- 
ton. It has several large hotels and boarding 
houses, anil is mncli frequented in the summer 
season. See Fas/iionalile Resorts. 

Cape Mai/ Connti/. N. J., c. Ii. at Cape May. 
At the S. E. extremity. Watered on the N. by 
Tuckahoe River, and contains several salt lakes, 
formed by inlets from the sea. Surface level ; 
soil alhniU. 

Cape Man, N. J., c. h. Cape May co. 93 miles 
S. from Tivnton. 

Cape I 'inrent, N. Y., Jefferson co. On the S. 
sideof St. Lawrence Kiver. 190inilcsN. W. from 



Albany. Steam power is made use of for several 
manufactures. 

Carbon County, Pa., c. h. at Mauch Chunk. E. 
p.art. Uneven and mountainous. Embraces the 
valley of the Lehigh, in the middle part of its 
course, which river passes through it from N. to 
S. The Lehigh coal comes tVom this county, 
which includes the N. E. portion of the southern 
anthracite coal field. 

Carbondale, Pa., Luzerne co. On Lackawana 
Creek. 35 miles N. E. from Wilkesbarre, and 
160 N. N. E. from Ilarrisbnrg. This Hmirishing 
place has sprung into existence within a few 
years, in consequence of its location in the great 
anthracite coal region. The Lackawana coal 
mine is situated in the acclivity of a hill, and pre- 
sents a front of pure coal 20 feet thick. The coal, 
when quarried, is cirried up several inclined 
planes, by stationary steam engines, to an eleva- 
tion 850 feet above the mine, whence it descends 
again by a railway, 16 miles in length, to the canal 
at Honcsdale. Thence it goes to New York and 
Philadelphia. Hundreds of thousands '■•f tons of 
coal are mined here, and sent to market, annually. 
The place has five or six ciiurchcs, and ipiite a 
number of stores. About a mile from the village, 
on Fall Brook, is a beautil'ul cascade of about 80 
feet descent. 

Cardinijton, 0., Marion eo. AI)OUt 18 miles S. 
E. from tiie seat of justice. 

Carlinville, Is., c. h. Macoupin co. On the N. 
side of Lake Fork of Macoupin River. 39 miles 
S. S. W. from Springfield. 

Carlisle, Is., e. h. Clinton co. 

Carlisle, Ky., c. h. Nicholas co. On a small 
branch of Licking River. E. N. E. from Frank- 
fort 53 miles. 

Carlisle. Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly a 
district of Concord. It js watered, on its E. 
boundary, by Concord River. The soil is not 
very productive, and its siirl'acc is rough and 
rocky. 5 miles N. from Concord, and 21 N. W. 
from Boston. 

Carlisle, N. Y., Schoharie co. The surface of 
this town is hilly, abounding in caverns contain- 
ing large quantities of aragonite, and sulphate of 
barvtes. 8 miles N. W. from Schoharie, and 36 
W.'from Albany. 

Carlisle, Pa., c. h. Cumberland co. 15 miles 
W. by S. from Harrisburg, on the Cumberland 
Valley Railroad, which extends from H.irrislmrg 
through this place to Chambcrsburg. It is regu- 
larly laid out. with a spacious puldic sipmrc in 
the centre, and wide streets crossing each other 
at right angles. It is well built, inosily with brick 
and stone. It has 9 or 10 churches. Dickinson 
College is located here, and its buildings occupy 
a commanding situation in the \V. part of the 
village. (See Collet/es.) About half a mile from 
the village are the United States barracks, built 
in 1777, chicHy by the Hessians captured at Tren- 
ton. The government have established a cavalry 
school here. About 4 miles N. are the Carlisle 
Springs, at wdiich there are good accommodations 
for visitors. The locality is retired, and sur- 
rounded with the beautiful scenery of the Blue 
Mountain. 

Carlisle Springs, Pa., Cumberland CO. So called 
from the siilphnr springs existing here. 19 miles 
\V. by S. fioni Harrisburg. 

Carntel, Me., Penobscot co. 71 miles from Au- 
gusta. See Sonjadahscook Stream. 

Carmel, N. Y., c. h. Putnam co. It contains 



318 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



several small lakes, from which flow the head 
waters of Croton River. Surface hilly ; soil very 
fertile. 106 miles S. from Albany. 

Cnrini. la., c. h. White co. On the W. bank of 
Little Wabash River. 181 miles S. E. from 
Springfield. 

Carnesrille, Ga., c. h. Franklin oo. On Ste- 
phen's Creek. Ill miles N. from Millcdgeville. 

Caroline Cuiinti/, Md., c. h. at Denton On the 
E. shore, bordering on Delaware. The Chop- 
lank River waters tliis county, tlie W. branch 
forming its W. boundary. 

Caroline, N. Y., Tompkins co. West Owego 
and Si.\ Mile Creeks water this town, the surface 
of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly and calca- 
reous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Ithaca, and 156 
S. W. from Albany. 

Caroline Coiinti/, Va., c. h. at Bowling Green. 
E. part between the Rappahannock and the 
North Riv9r. Watered by the Mattapony and its 
branches. Surface hilly and broken ; soil diver- 
sified. 

Carroll Coiin/i/, As., c. h. at Carrollton, shire 
town. In the N. W. corner bordering on Mis- 
souri. Watered by branches of the White and 
Little Red Rivers. 

Carroll Counli/, Ga., c. h. at Carrollton. On 
the W. border, extending from the Alabama line 
to the Chattahoochee. Watered by the head 
branches of the Tallapoosa River. Surface high 
and broken. 

Carroll County, Is., c.h. at Savanna. In the N. 
W. angle on the Mississippi. Surface undulating, 
and drained by Plum and Rush Creeks ; soil pro- 
ductive. 

Carroll County, la., c. h. at Delplii. N. W. 
central. It is traversed by the Wabash River and 
Rock, Deer, and Wildcat Creek, and also by 
the Wabasli and Erie Canjil. Surface mostly 
level. 

Carroll County, Ky., c. h. at Carrollton, shire 
town. N. part on the Mississippi, at the mouth 
of Can-oil River. The surface is level, and the 
Boil very rich. 

Carroll Parish, La., c. h. at Providence. In the 
N. E. corner. Traversed by Bayou Bceuft", Bayou 
Macon, and tlie Tensas River. 

Carroll, Me., Penobscot co. 

Carroll County, Md., c. h. at Westminster. 
Bounded N. by Pa., E. by Baltimore co., S. by 
Ann, and W. by Frederick co. It has a fertile 
poil. Watered by Patapsco , and Monocoey 
Rivers 

Carroll County, Mi., c. h. at Carrollton. N. 
W. central. Between the upper waters of the 
Big Black and the Yallabusha Fork of the 
Yazoo. 

Carroll County, Mo., c. h. at Carrollton. N. 
W. central. In the W. angle between the Grand 
River and the Missouri. 

Carroll Comity, N. H., c. h. at Ossipee. E. central. 
On the N. side of Winnipiseogee Lake, and pre- 
sents very beautiful scenery. The surface and 
soil, and its hydraulic power, are much the same 
ds those of Belknap co. 

Can-oil, N. H. A township in Coos co., lying 
at the base of the White Mountains. Its siirfacc 
is uneven, and its appearance dreary. This town- 
ship was granted in 1772 to Sir Thomas Went- 
worth. Rev. Samuel Langdon, and 81 others. 
120 miles N. from Concord, and 18 S. E. from 
Lancaster. 

Carroll, N. Y., Chautaucpie co. Watered by 



Connewango and Stillwater Creeks. Surface hil- 
ly ; soil sandy. 336 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Carroll County. 0., c.h. at Carrollton. E. part. 
On the height of land between the Muskingum 
and Ohio. The canal, fiom Bolivar to the Ohio 
River, passes through its N. W. corner. 

Carroll, Pa. A township of Cambria co. 

Carroll, Pa. A township of Perry co. 

Carroll, Pa. A township of Washington co. 

Carro/l, Pa. A township of York co. 

Carroll County, Te., c. h. at Huntingdon. W. 
part, on the height of land between the Tennessee 
and Mississippi. 

Carroll County, Va. New ; taken from Grayson. 
On the S. W. border, in the valley between the 
Blue Ridge and the Iron Mountain. 

Carrollton, Aa., c. h. Pickens co. On the W. 
bank of Lubbub Creek. 42 miles W. from Tus- 
caloosa. 

Carrollton, Ga., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. 
fork of Tallapoosa River. 131 miles W. N. W. 
from Milledgeville. 

Caxrollton, Is., c. h. Greene co. On the borders 
of Spring Prairie. 69 miles S. W. from Spring- 
field. Steam power is applied to operate flouring 
mills and saw mills. The surrounding country 
is beautiful. 

Carrollton, Ky., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. 
bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of Kentucky 
River. 46 miles N. N. W. from Frankfort. 

Carrollton, Mo., c. h. Carroll co. On Waconda 
Creek. 6 miles N. of Missouri River, and 124 N. 
W. from Jefferson City. 

Carrollton, Mi., c. li. Carroll co. On the S. side 
of Big Sandy Creek. 92 miles N. by E. from 
Jackson. 

Carrollton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. On the 
Pennsylvania border. 

Carrollton, O., c. h. Carroll CO. 125 miles N.E. 
from Columbus. 

Carter County, Ky., c. h. at Grayson. N. E. 
part. Drained by the Little Sandy and Tvgart'a 
Creek. Hilly. 

Carter County, Te., c. h. at Eli>:abethtown. In 
the N. E. corner. Mountainous. Drained by 
the Watoga and the S. fork of Hoalston. 

Carteret County, N. C, c. h. at Beaufort. On 
the coast, S. of Pamlico Sound. It comprises 
several islands, on one of which is Cape Lookout 
Soil sandy and marshy. 

Carthoije, Is., c. h. Hancock co. Situated be- 
tween Bear and Long Creeks. 9 miles from the 
Mississippi River, and 106 W. N. W. from 
Springfield. There is coal in abundance in tha 
vicinity. 

Carthage, Mi., c. h. Leake co. 60 miles N. E. 
from Jackson. 

Carthaije, Mo., c.h. Jasper co. 160 miles S. W. 
from Jefferson City. 

Carthage, Me., Franklin co. Incorporated 1826. 
46 miles from Augusta, and 73 from Porthand. 
See Barnard, Me. 

Carthage, N. C, c. h. Moore co. 70 miles S. 
W. from Raleigh. 

Carthage, N. Y., Jefferson co. On the Black 
River. 152 miles N. AV. from Albany. There is 
extensive water power on the Long Falls, com- 
mencing at this place, below which the river is not 
navigable. Above, boats run up 40 miles, to High 
Falls, where the Black River Canal begins 
There are large iron works at this place. 

Carthage, O., Hamilton co. 8 miles N. from 
Cincinnati, and 116 S. AV. from Columbus. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



319 



Large public moctinp;s, agricultural fairs, &c., are 
frequently held here, on account of the central 
position of tl)e place in the county. 

Cartluifi'-, Tc, c. h. Smith CO. 52 miles E. 
from Nashville. 

Cartliaijc. Ts., c. h. Panola co. 

Carver, M,s., Plymouth co. Smiles S. 'W.from 
Plymouth, an(l 38 S. IC. from Boston. Soil sandy 
and poor. Noteil for its iron castings. Tliis 
town has a number of beautiful ponds, and is re- 
sorted to by sportsmen for fishing and fowling. 

Cdsco, Me.. Cumberland co. An interior town- 
ship, taken from Kaymond. 

Casey Couiiti;. Ky., c. h. Liberty. S. central. 
Watered by the head branches of Green, and the 
Rolling Fork of Salt River. 

Cass Coitnti/, Ga., c. h. at CassviUe. N. E. part. 
Watered by Etowah River and Sulaeoe Creek. 
Hilly and mountainous ; soil very rich on the 
borders of the streams. 

Cass Coiuiti/, Is., c. h. at Virginia. W. central. 
In the S. angle between the Illinois and Sanga- 
mon. Drained by several creeks flowing into the 
Illinois. The surface is slightly uneven ; the soil 
very productive. 

Cass Coiiitti/. la., c. h. at Logansport. N. cen- 
tral. Watered by the Wabash and Eel Rivers, 
which afford fine mill privileges. Surface mostly 
level. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses 
Uiis county. 

Cass Couiiti/, Mn., c. h. at Cassopolis. In the 
S. W. corner, bordering on Indiana. Undulating ; 
toil very fertile. 

Cass CuuhIi/, Mo., formerly called Van Bu- 
ren, c. h. at Harrisonville. On the W. border. 
Draineil bv the Osage, which passes through it 
from W. to' E. 

Cass Connti/, Ts., c. h. at Lindin. 

Cassopolis, Mn., c. h. Cass co. 

Cassoill&, Ga., c. h. Cass co. 144 miles N. W. 
from Milledgcville. .- 

Casiinc, Mo., Hancock co., occupies a peninsula, 
with a good harbor, on the E. shore of Penobscot 
Bay. 

bastleton. N. Y., Rensselaer co. On the E. 
bank of Hudson River. 8 miles S. by E. from 
Albany. 

Castleton, Vt., Rutland co. This is a flourish- 
ing town, watereil by a river of the same name. 
The surface is rough and hilly, but there is some 
rich land. Mill streams abound in Castleton. 
Lake Bombazine, seven miles in length and two 
in breadtii, is chiefly in this town. It is stored 
with fish, and has an island near its centre of 
exquisite beauty. The village of Castleton is 
elevated and neatly built. It was incorporated 
in 1847. There is considerable variety in the 
soil and surface. The rocks are chiefly argilla- 
ceous. The .soil of the plains is sandy and light ; 
on the hills it is slaty, gravel, loam, and vegeta- 
ble mould. Castleton River, and its tributary 
brooks, furnish considerable water power. Being 
increased by many abundant springs along its 
bed, its waters are very pure and cool in summer, 
and seldom frozen in winter. The first dwelling 
house wa.s erected in August, 1769, of which Colo- 
nel Lee and his servant were the sole inhabitants 
tlie following winter. In 1770, Ephraim Buel, 
Eleazer Bartholoiuew, .and Zadock Remington, 
with their families, settled in this town, and were 
soon followed by Colonels Bird and Lee. 1 1 miles 
W. from Rutland, and 72 S. W. from Montpelier. 

Castor, Mo., Madison co. 



Caswell Connti/, N. C, c. li. at Yanceyrille. 
On the N. bonier. Dan River winds along its 
N. boundary. Soil fertile. 

Catahoola, Parish, c. h. at Harrisonburg. E. cen- 
tral. On both sides of the Washita. 

Catawissa, Pa., Columbia co. At the junction 
of the Susquehanna River and Catawissa Creek. 
81 miles N.N E. from Harrisburg. 

Calsk-ill, N. v., c. h. Greene co. On the Hud- 
son River. It is watered by the CatskiU and 
some of its branches. The surface is liilly in the 
W. part. The soil consists of clay, sand, and 
loam. 34 miles S. from Albany. 

Cattaraiiijns Count//, N. Y., e. h. at EUicott- 
ville. Bordering on Pennsylvania. It is wa- 
tered by Great Valley, Oil. and Cattaraugus 
Creeks, and the Alleghany River. Surface ele- 
vated ; soil gooil, and well adapted to grazing. 
This county contains bog iron ore, some salt and 
sulphur springs, and one oil sjiring. The Gene- 
see Valley Canal crosses its S. E. angle, terminat- 
ing at Oleau, on the Alleghany River. Its south- 
ern part is traverseil by the Erie Railroad. 

Catawba Count//, N. C, c. h. at Newton. New ; 
taken from Lcwiston. On the southern bor- 
der. 

Cavendish, Vt., Windsor co. The soil is good, 
and easy to cultivate. Black River and Twenty 
Mile Stream are the principal waters. Along 
these streams are some small tracts of fine inter- 
vale. The greatest curiosity in the town, ami 
perhaps the greatest of the kind in the state, i.^ 
at the falls on Black River, which are situated 
between Dutton's Village and White's Mills. 
Here the channel of the river has been worn down 
100 feet, and rocks of very large size have been 
undermined and thrown down, one upon another. 
Holes are worn into the rocks, of various dimen- 
sions and forms. Ilanks's Mountain, which sepa- 
rates Baltimore from this town, derives its name 
from Colonel Hanks, who, during the French and 
Indian wars, encamped thereon for the night, with 
a small regular force. There arc two villages, viz., 
Duttonsville and Proctorsville. Near the latter 
village are large quarries of soapstone and serpen- 
tine. The settlement of this place was commenced 
in 17G9, by Captain John Coffin. 10 miles S. W. 
from Windsor, and 60 S. from Montpelier. The 
Rutland and Burlington Railroad passes through 
the town. 

Caijuga Count//, N. Y., c. h. at Aul)urn. W. 
eemtral part. E.xtcnds from Lake Erie S. along 
the E. shore of Seneca Lake. It contains 
Owasco Lake, and includes the upper W. shore 
of Skeneatales Lake. It is crossed by the Erie 
Canal and by the Rochester and Syracuse Rail- 
road. The soil is very fertile, yielding large crops 
of grain of dift'erent kinds. There are several 
important sulphur and saline sju'ings, and also a 
chalybeate spring in the county. 

Cai/uga, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the N. E. shore 
of Cayuga Lake. 162 miles W. by N. from Al- 
bany. A bridge for travel here crosses the lake, 
over a mile in length, and another for the Roch- 
ester and Syracuse Railroad, still longer. A 
steamboat plies between Cayuga and Ithaca, at 
the head of the lake, 40 miles distant. 

Cai/uta, N. Y., Chemung co. Watered by Ca- 
yuta Creek and some of its branches. Surface 
hilly and broken. 188 miles S. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Cazenovia, N. Y., Madison co., is watered by 
Chittenango Creek and Cazenovia Lake. The 



320 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



surface is elevated niid uneven ; soil fertile, and 
adapted to the irrowtli of urass and grain. 118 
miles N. of W. fnitn Allianv. 

Cecil Cuiinti/, Md., c. li. "at Elkton. On the 
eastern shore, at the extreme N. The in- 
terior is watered by VAk Itivcr. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil tolcralily fertile. Crossed by the 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and by the 
Newcastle and Frcnehtown and Philadelphia and 
Baltimore Railroads. 

Cecil, Pa., Washiujiton co. Miller's branch of 
Charter's Creek waters this town, which has a 
diversified surface and loamy soil. Coal is 
found here in larjje quantiiies. 

Cedar Bhi/f, Aa., c. h. Cherokee co. 

Ctrliir Ciiiiiiti/, To., c. h. at Tipton. 

Cedar Coiinii/. Mo. S. W. part. The Sac, a 
tributary of tlie Osa;;e River, flows N. through it. 

Cedar Jiiipids, lo , Linn eo. On Cedar River, 
the northern fork of the Iowa. 

Celiiui, O., c. h. Mercer eo. 

Centre, Pa., a township of Butler co. On the 
height of land between the Alleghany and Beaver. 

Centre, Pa., Perry co. 3G miles N. W. from 
Harrisburg. 

Centre, Pa., Greene co. Ten Mile Creek and 
its branches water this town, which has a hilly 
iurfacc and loamy soil. 

Centre. Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Yellow 
and Twolick Creeks, branches of Black River. 
Surface billy ; soil clay and loam. 

Centre, Pa., Union co. Watered by Penn's 
and Little Mahonialy, or Middle Creeks. Sur- 
face various. 

Centre Vuuntij, Pa., c. b. at Bcllefonte. Central. 
Watered by the W. braTich of the Susquehanna 
River, and by Bald Ka;;le and Penn's Creeks. 
The surface is rough and mountainous, and iron 
ore is found here ; soil productive on the margins 
of the streams. 

Centre Harbor, N. H., Belknap co. Between 
Wiimipiseogee and Squani Lakes. Soil mostly 
a rich lo.un. 37 miles from Concord, with which 
it is connected by railroad. 

Cenlrerille. Aa., c. h. Bibb co. On the E. side 
of Catawba River, at tlie lower falls. 38 miles 
S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Cenlrerille, la., c. h. W.iyne co. On the E. side 
of Whitewater River, 62 "miles E. from Indian- 
apolis. 

Centreville, Md., c. h. Queen Ann co. 39 miles 
K. by N. from Annapolis. 

Centrecille, Mn., c. h. St. Joseph co. On Prai- 
rie River, 1.39 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. ( )ne 
of the branches of the University of Michigan is 
established here. 

Cei-es, Pa , McKcan co. Tunangwant, Sugar, 
Willow, and Kenjua Creeks water this town, the 
surface of which is rolling, and the soil loam and 
gravel. 

Chambers Cuunti/, Aa., e. h. at Chambers. On 
the E. border. The Chattahoochee River forms 
part of its E. boundary. Surface undulating; 
soil productive. 

Chnmliersbiini, Pa., c. h. Franklin co. Watered 
by Conecocbeague ami Falling Spring Creeks, 
tributaries of tlie Polomnc River. S. W. from 
Ilarrishnrg 45 miles. A large and prosperous 
place, Iiaving a good water power improved for 
propelling cotton and woollen factories, flouring 
mills, piiper mills. &c. 

ClMni/iai'in Cuiinti/, Is., c. h. at Urbana. E. 
•cntral. \Vatered by Embarras, Kaskaskia, Illi- 



nois, Sangamon, and Vermilion Rivers. Surface 
undulating; soil of good quality. 

Champaign Countij, O.. c. h. at Urbana. W. 
central. It takes its name from the level face of 
the country; is wealthy and fertile. Mail River, 
Duck, Nettle, Chapman's, King's, and Stony 
Creeks, are the most important streams. Tlie Cin- 
cinnati ami Sandusky Railroad ))asscs ihrough it- 

Chumpion, N. Y., Jefferson co. Black River 
and some of its tributaries water this town. Sur- 
face hilly; soil very fertile. 148 miles N. W. 
fiom Albany. 

Cham/ilain, N. Y., Clinton co. On the shore of 
Lake Champlain, on each side of Chazy River, 
and bounded on the N. by Canada. The sur- 
face on the E. is level, on the W. hilly. Soil 
generally fertile. The Ogdcnsburg Kailruad passes 
tin-ougb the centre of this town, which lies 4 miles 
W. of Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain. 15 
miles N. from Plattsburg, and 188 N. from Al- 
bany. 

Chanceford, Pa., York co. 47 miles S. S. E. 
from Uari'isburg. 

C'lapil Hill, N. C, Orange co. On New IIopo, 
a branch of Capo Fear River. Seat of the Uni- 
versily of Nortii Carolina. (See C'y//ef/es.) The 
locality is elevated and healtliy, the soil fertile, 
and the water good. 28 miles N. W. from Ra- 
leigh. 

Chaplin, Ct., Windham co. Taken from Mans- 
field, Hampton, and Windham, in 183:2, It is 
watered by Neachaug River, which passes nearly 
through its centre. The town is small, but the 
soil is good, and populated by industrious farm- 
ers, who, by their practice of keeping a larire num- 
ber of sheep, seem to be convinced of the fact that 
wool is one of the most important staples of New 
England. 

Chapman, Pa,, Union eo. The Mahantango 
Creek waters this town, affording good mill priv- 
ileges. Surface hilly ; soil alluvial and gravelly. 
42 miles N. by W. from Harrisbiu'g. 

Chapman, Pa. A township of Clinton co. 

Chardon, O., c. h. Geauga co. Situated about 
COO feet above Lake Erie, on the elevated land be- 
tween the head waters of Grand, Cuyahoga, and 
Chagrin Rivers. 168 miles N. E. from Colum- 
bus, and 28 E. by N. from Cleveland. 

Chariton. lo., e. h. Lucas co. lOi) miles S. W. 
from Iowa City. 

Chariton County. Mo., c. h. at Keytesviile. N. 
central. The Missouri River runs along its S, 
and Grand River along its \V. boundary, while 
Chariton River flows through the interior. 

Churkmont, Ms., Franklin co. This was for- 
merly a frontier town, in which many Indian ag- 
gressions were committed. The traces of llanks's, 
Taylor's, and Rice's garrisons are still to be &czn. 
Mount Peak, and other lofty elevations, with the 
Deerfiekl meandering through the town, give to 
Chiirlcmont much deliL:luful scenery. Although 
the general features of the town are rough and 
cragged, it contains large tracts of valuable land. 
It has a great water jiower. 15 miles W. from 
Greenfield, and 105 \V. N. W. from Boston. 

Chnrle.i County, Md., c. h. at I'ort Tobacco. 
On the western shore, near the southern extrem- 
ity, between the Potomac and Patu.\ent River*. 
Surface broken; soil tolerably ferlile. 

Charles City Counli/, Va., c. h. at Charles City. 
E. part. In the western angle between the 
Cliiekahorainy and James Rivers. Surface uudu 
lating. 



IN TIIK UNITED STATES. 



321 



Charhs City, Va., c. h. Charles City co. Sit- 
natecl N. of James River. 45 miles S. E. by E. 
from Riilimoiiti. 

Charhston, Me., Penobscot co. At tiie source 
of Piishaw Lake. 73 miles N. W. from Aai;usta. 

C/iar/e:<ton, N. Y., MontETOinerv co. Watered 
by several small brauclies of the Moljawk River. 
The surface is hilly ; the soil mostly sandy loam. 
43 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Charleston, Pa. A township of Tioga co. 146 
miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Charleston District, S. C, c. h. at Cliarlcston. 
On the Atlantic. Drained by Cooper and Ashley 
Rivers. Surface low, and liable to inundation. 
The Soutli Carolina Railroad passes through it, 
and a canal unites the Cooper and Santee Rivers. 

Charleston, S. C. City and port of entry. 
Situated on a point of land between the Ashley 
and Cooper Rivers, at their junction, 6 miles 
inland from the Atlantic coast. Population in 
1790, 16,3.59; 1800, 18,712; 1810, 24,711 ; 1820, 
24,780; 1830, 30,289: 1840, 29,261; 1850, 
43,000, including in this number the population 
of St. Pliilip's Parish, which is a continuation of 
the city north, but, till within a few years past, 
not included in its chartered limits, Ch.irleston 
is the largest city on the Atlantic coast south 
of Baltimore. The harbor, which is formed 
by the confluence of Ashley and Cooper Rivers, 
is about 2 miles wide, and extends between 6 
and 7 miles, a little S. of E., to the ocean. Ash- 
ley River, opposite the city, is 2100 yards wide, 
and Cooper River 1400 yards wide, and both 
are from 30 to 42 feet deep. The ground on 
which the city is built is elevated 8 or 9 
feet above high-water mark, at ordinary flood 
tides. A violent easterly wind, however, concur- 
ring with a high course of tides, has sometimes 
caused parts of the city to be iniuidated, which 
was the case in 1728, 1752, and 1797. The tide 
rises here about 64 feet, and flows in and out 
with a strong current, which is supposed to con- 
tribute to the salubrity of the city. The place 
is considered as more healthy than any other 
part of the low country in the Southern States, 
and is much resorted to by the planters during 
the sickly months. The city is about 2 miles 
in length, and over a mile in breadth, and is 
laid out with considerable regularity. Tlie streets, 
for the most part, run parallel to each other, 
from E, to W., extending from river to river, 
and are crossed by others at right .angles. Many 
of them are paved. The houses are, many of 
them, of brick, and an ordinance of the city 
now requires th.at all within its corporate lim- 
its, to he hereafter constructed, be of this mate- 
rial. Many are of wood, neatly painteil white. 
and having jiiuzzas beautifully ornamented with 
vines. Those in the outer extremities have beau- 
tiful yards and gardens connected with them. 
Every spot in the vicinity, capable of improve- 
ment, is oceu|iied with plantations in a high state 
of cultivation. The growth of Charleston has 
been less rapid than that of most cities of the 
United Slates. It has frequently suffered by dis- 
astrous fires. In 1796, one third of this city was 
destroyed, at a loss estimated at $2,500,000. In 
1837, 1200 hou,sc3 were burned, being one fifth 
part of the city, covering 145 acres of ground, 
at a loss estimated at S5,000,000. Nevertheless, 
the city has advanced in prosperity, and contains 
all those institutions which mark a thriving and 
wealthy commercial citv. The principal public 
41 



buildings are the City Hall, Exchange, custom 
house, court house, jail, state citadel, and two 
arsenals, a college, a medical college, an alras- 
house, an orphan asylum, a theatre, seven or 
eight banks, and abotit 25 churches. Some of 
the churches are elegant Iiuildings. The City 
Hotel, among the public houses, is a splendid 
establishment, erected at a cost of $150,000. The 
city has a fine library, comprising nearly 20,000 
voluTues. Thei'c is also a library with 10,000 
volumes, belonging to the Apprentices' Associa- 
tion, which sustains an annual course of scientific 
lectures. The means of education ju'ovided by 
the city .are good. There is one high school, and 
five public free schools ; the whole under the di- 
rection of a board of commissioners. The Lit- 
erary and Philosophical Society is a highly re- 
spectable institution, having a fine collection of 
objects in natural history. 

The trade of Charleston is extensive. The 
harbor is spacious and convenient, though some- 
what obstructed by the bar at its mouth. Over 
this bar there are four principal channels, haviug 
a dcjnh of water, .at high tide, varying, in tho 
dilfercnt channels, from 17 feet to 10 feet; and 
at low tide, from 10 to 6 feet. After entering 
tho harbor, the channel, which is deep, passes 
very near the S. end of Sullivan's Island, upon 
which Fort Moultrie is situated. Opposite to 
this point, upon a s.and bar, is .another fort, called 
Port Sum])ter, which stands close upon the chan- 
nel. The position of these fortifications is very 
eSective for the defence of the city. Charleston 
possesses great facilities for trade with the inte- 
rior. It is connected by a canal with the Santee 
River, which is thence navigable to C'olunibia, 
and by a railroad with the Savannah River at 
Augusta. The length of this road is 136 miles, 
A branch extends from BranchviUe, 62 miles, to 
Columbia. Thus Charleston commands the in- 
ternal trade not only of most of its own state, 
but likewise much of that of North Carolina .and 
Georgia. There are several lines of packets con- 
necting Charleston with the city of New York ; 
and numerous steamboats running to Savannah, 
Beaufort, Georgetown. Columbia, St. Augustine, 
and other places. 

The exports of Charleston are of great impor- 
tance, consisting of rice and tobiicco in consider- 
able amount, but particularly of upland and 
sea-island cotton. The upland cotton in this re- 
gion of country is of the finest quality. The sea- 
island cotton is grown on the islands in this 
neighborhood, and is renuirkable for its fineness, 
and for its staple, or length of fibre. 

This city Wiis first settled in 1680. About 10 
years later a colony of French refugees, exiled 
from their native land in consequence of the 
revocation of the edict of Nantz, settled in Caro- 
lina, and some of them in Charleston. These 
were the Huguenots, or French Protestants, who 
fled from religious persecution similar to that 
which brought the Purit.ans to New England. 
From this noble stock have descended many of 
the families of Charleston. Its inhabitants have 
always been celebrated for their intelligence, 
their polished manners, and unaffected hospital- 
ity. During the revolutionary war, the defences 
of this city, on Sullivan's Island, sustained a 
violent assault from a British squadron, consist- 
ing of 9 ships of war, carrying 250 guns, and 
triumphantly repulsed them, by the bravery of a 
garrison of 400 men, under the command of 



322 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



Colonel Moultrie. The garrison lost only 10 
men in the conflict, and had but 22 wounded ; 
while the British suffered a loss of nearly 200 in 
killed and wounded. This was on the 28th of 
June, 1776. On the 17th of May, 1780, the 
British having again attacked the city by sea 
and land, it was surrendered into tlieir hands, 
but was evacuated by them in 1782. 

Charleston, Va.., c. h. Jefferson co. 168 miles 
N. from Riclimond. 

Charleston, Vt., Orleans co. The principal 
stream in this town is Clyde River, There are 
some falls of consequence on this stream, particu- 
larly the Great Falls, where the descent is more 
than 100 feet in 40 rods, but its current is gener- 
ally slow. The alluvial flats along this stream 
are extensive, but generally too low and wet for 
cultivation. In the S. E. part of the township 
are 1000 acres of bog meadow, in a body, upon 
this river. There are several considerable ponds. 
Echo Pond, the most important, is in the north- 
em part, and was named by General J. Whitelaw, 
on account of the succession of echoes which are 
usually heard when any sound is produced in its 
vicinity. It is a mile and a half long, and half a 
mile wide. The other pond of most consef|ucnce 
is called Pension Pond. These ponds abound in 
fish. There are 2 small villages situated upon 
Clyde River, about 6 miles apart, designated 
aa East Charleston and West Charleston. The 
tioil is a rich loam, and produces good crops. 54 
miles N. E. from Montpclier. 

Charlestown, la., c. h. Clarke co. 100 miles S. 
S. E. from Indianapolis. 

Charlestown. City and seaport of Massachu- 
setts ; situated on the N. side of Charles Riv- 
er, at its mouth, opposite Boston. It is built on 
a peninsula, extending about one mile in a south- 
easterly direction, between the estuary formed by 
the mouth of the Mystic River on the N. E., 
and Charles River and the harbor of Boston 
on the S. and S. E. It is connected with 
Somerville by a narrow neck of land, and with 
Boston, Chelsea, and JIalden by bridges. The 
settlement of Charlestown was earlier by two 
years than that of Boston. In the year 1628, as 
the early history informs us, " Six or seven 
persons, with the consent of Governor Endicott, 
travelled from Naumkeag (Salem) through the 
woods westward, and came to a neck of land be- 
tween Mystic and Charles Rivers, called Misliaw- 
nm. It was full of Indians: and with the uncon- 
strained consent of their chief, they settled there." 
The way for such a favorable reception had been 
prepared before them by the usefulness to the In- 
dians of one white person, Thomas Walford, a 
blacksmith, who had built a cottage on the pen- 
insula. Governor Winthrop, and the company 
who came into the colony with him, in 1630, first 
settled at Charlestown, but soon after removed 
over the river to the peninsula of Boston. The 
place was named in honor of Charles I., the reign- 
ing sovereign of England at that time. The nat- 
ural surface of the peninsula of Charlestown is 
nneven, rising on the E. into the two hills called 
Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill ; and the summits 
and slopes of these elevations have afforded beau- 
tiful sites for the laying out of portions of the city. 
There is one great thoroughfare running from 
Market Square, near the point where the bridges 
come over from Boston, over the whole length of 
the peninsula to the neck ; and from this on either 
side streets are laid out at various angles leading 



through different sections of the city. Streets also 
diverge from Market Square on either side of the 
main street. The streets are generally wide and 
airy, and many of them are pleasantly shaded 
with trees of a recent gro\vth. It is neatly built, 
and contains many elegant public and j)rivale 
edifices. Many df the merchants and other busi- 
ness men of Boston reside here. The population 
in 1850, was 17,216. 

Charlestown is memorable for its sacrifices in 
the cause of American independence. Bunker 
Hill is celebrated as the spot where the first reg- 
ular battle was fought, on the 17th of June, 1775, 
between the provincial and the British troops, in 
the war of the revolution. In this battle, tha 
British had 1054 men slain, among whom was a 
large number of commissioned officers. The 
Americans, whose whole force did not exceed 1500 
men, had 145 killed and 304 wounded. Among 
the former was Major General Warren, at 
that time president of the Colonial Congress ; who, 
in the true spirit of heroic patriotism which had 
long animated his course, bravely volunteered to 
serve his country in this eminent post of danger. 
Early in the action, Charlestown was set on fire 
by the enemy, and a general conflagration ensued. 
On the site of the battle, and near the spot where 
Wan'cn fell, a grand commemorative monument 
has been erected ; which is an obelisk of hewn 
granite, 30 feet square at the base, 15 feet square 
at the top, and 221 feet in height. Its founda- 
tions, which are 62 feet above the level of the 
sea, are laid 12 feet under ground, and 50 feet 
square. The corner stone was laid by the venera- 
ble Marquis de Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 
1825, when an address was delivered by Hon. 
Uaniel Webster. The work was completed July 
23, 1842, and on the 1 7th of June, 1843, its com- 
pletion and the anniversary of the battle was 
commemorated in a splendid manner. An ad- 
dress was delivered, on the ground, as before, by 
Hon. Daniel Webster, in presence of the Presi- 
dent of the United States, several of the heads of 
department, and an immense concourse of citi- 
zens. The monument is ascended within by a 
circular flight of 294 steps, to the chamber imme- 
diately beneath the apex, from the windows of 
which a view is had almost equal to that from tha 
State House in Boston. In this chamber are seen 
two brass cannon, named Hancock and Adams, 
which were used in the battle ; on each of which 
is the following inscription : — 

" SACRED TO LIBERTY. 

" This is one of the four cannons, which con- 
stituted the whole train of field artillery possessed 
by the British colonies of North America, at 
the commencement of the war, on the 1 9th of 
April. 1775. This cannon and its fellow, belong- 
ing to a number of citizens of Boston, were used 
in many engagements during the war. The other 
two, the property of the government of Massa- 
chusetts, were taken by the enemy. — By order of 
the United States, in Congress assembled. May 
19, 1788." 

The monument stands in the centre of a square 
on Bunker Hill, containing nearly six acres, and 
enclosed by a massive iron fence. The natural 
surface of the ground is in part preserved, upon 
which some lineaments of the old breastwork are 
still discernible — a soil which will be ever dear 
to the bosom of the patriot, and to the friends of 
liberty throughout the world. 



IN THE UMITED STATES. 



323 



The foUowino; touching and truly eloquent 
apostrophe to the monument is from the opening 
of the address of Lonis Kossuth, on the oeea- 
eion of the reception p:iven to him in Monument 
Square, hy the authorities of Charlestown : — 

" My voice shrinks from the task to mingle 
with the awful pathos of tliat majestic orator ! 
Silent like the grave, and yet melodious like the 
song of immort.ality upon the lips of cheruhim ; 
— a senseless, cold granite, and yet warm with 
inspiration like a patriot's heart; — immovable 
like the past, and yet stirring like the future which 
never stops ; — it looks like a prophet and speaks 
like an oracle. And thus it speaks : — 

" ' The day I commemorate is the rod with 
which the hand of the Lord has opened the well 
of liberty. Its waters will flow. Every new 
drop of martyr blood will increase the tide. Des- 
pots may dam its flood, but never stop it. The 
higher its dam, the higher the tide. It will over- 
flow or break through. Bow, and adore, and 
hope ! ' " 

'■ Such are the words that come to my ears ; 
and I bow, — I adore, — I hope. In bowing, my 
eyes meet the soil of Bunker Hill — that awful 
opening scene of the eventful drama, to which 
Lexington and Concord had been the preface. 
The spirits of the past rise before my eyes. . . . 
All the spirits of that most eventful victory, under 
the name of defeat — I see them all. The eyes 
of my soul are familiar with the spirits of the 
martyrs of liberty. But those I see around me 
have no tad, ghastly look ; they bear no gushing 
wounds crying for revenge to the Almighty God ; 
the smile of eternal bliss is playing around their 
lips, and though dwellers of heaven, they like to 
visit the place where their blood was spilt. It 
was not spilt in vain. Their fatherland is free ; 
and there is a joy in that thought adding ever a 
new charm even to the happiness of blessed souls. 
As the fabulous divinities of ancient Greece like 
to rest from the charms of heaven on Mount 
Olympus, so must the spirit of Warren like to 
rest on the top of this monument here. 

" Martyrs of my conntry ! how long will it yet 
be till a like joy will thrill through your departed 
souls ? When will the smile of that joy pl.ay 
around your lips '! How long will yet the gnsh 
of your wounds cry for revenge — your father- 
land still bleeding, down-trodden, oppressed ? 
Almighty Father of mankind, let the day of thy 
mercy be not too far ! " 

The United States Navy Yard is the next object 
of interest to the visitor in Charlestown. This is 
situated at the foot of Bunker Hill, on a point of 
land E. of the centre of the town, extending 
along the harlior, from the mouth of Charles River 
to the mouth of Mystic River. The site, including 
about 100 acres of ground, was purchased by the 
government in 1800, at the cost of about $40,000. 
f)n the side next the town, tlie yard is protected 
by a wall of stone masonry, 16 feet high. On 
the harbor, several wharves, and a dry dock, have 
been constructed, with a strong sea wall through- 
out the remainder of the line. The dry dock 
is itself a stupendous work, which cost the gov- 
ernment about $675,000. It is built of beautifully 
hammered granite, in the most workmanlike 
and substantial manner; is 341 feet long, 80 feet 
wide, and .'JO feet deep. It was completed in 1 833, 
and the first vessel which was received into it was 
the frigate Constitution. 

There are in this yard four large shiphouses, 



a ropewalk of granite 1300 feet long, various 
mechanic shops, storehouses, dwelling houses for 
the officers, marine barracks, and naval stores 
to the value of $2,000,000. More or less ships 
of war are at all times lying here in ordinary, 
and two line of battle ships, the Vermont and 
tlie Virginia, have been on the stocks in the ship- 
houses for many years, ready to be got to sea at 
any time in a few months, when required. Con- 
nected with the navy yard, and under the gener- 
al direction of the commandant, are a naval mag- 
azine, and the finely-situated naval hospital, at 
Chelsea. 

Charlestown contains also the state prison, 
founded in 1800, which is situated at Prison Point, 
near Charles Kiver, in the W. part of the city. 
This penitentiary, having been essentially im- 
proved and extended in 1826, and again in 18,50, 
is one of the best-.arranged and most successfully- 
administered institutions of the kind in the coun- 
try. The buildings are in the form of a cross, 
having four wings, united to a central octagonal 
building, three of which, for the convicts, are ca- 
pable of any required extension, without disturb- 
ing the central arrangements, or the unity of ar- 
chitectural design. The interior arrangement 
and discipline of this prison are upon what is 
known as the " Auburn plan." 

The McLean Asylum was formerly in Charles- 
town ; but by a division of the town, to constitute 
the new town of Somerville, the site of that insti- 
tution falls within the latter place. For a notice 
of this excellent asylum, the reader is refen-ed to 
our account of the Alassachusetts State Hospital, 
under Boston. 

The merchandise depot of the Fitchburg Rail- 
road is located in Charlestown. near the Wairen 
Bridge. This is a large establishment, and des- 
tined to be yet much more extended. 

Charlestown is the proper seat of the ice 
trade, which has now become a staple of New 
England. The Charlestown Branch Railroad, 
running to Fresh Pond, in Cambridge and Wa- 
tertown, a distance of about 3 miles, was first 
constructed for conveying the '' ice crop " from 
this pond to the wharves in Charlestown, whence 
it is exported in quantities, averaging 50,000 tons 
a year, to the southern ports of the United States, 
the West Indies, South America, England, and 
the East Indies. 

Charlestown was established as a city in 1847. 
It has rapidly advanced in business and popula- 
tion within a few years past. It is intimately 
united with Boston by its situation, and conse- 
quently, in its various commercial and manufac- 
turing interests and pursuits. 

Charlestown, N. H., Sullivan co. The only 
rivers are the Connecticut and Little Sugar Riv- 
ers. In the former, there are 3 islands, the largest, 
Sartwell's Island, is 10 acres, and is well culti- 
vated. The others are 6 acres each, and have a 
rich, loamy soil. The soil is extremely various. 
Cheshire Bridge connects this town with Spring- 
field, Vt. Captain Phinehas Stevens was among 
the first settlers. In 1 747, he defended the fort so 
gall.antly from the French and Indians, that Sir 
Cliarles Knowles presented him with an elegant 
sword, and from this circumstance the township, 
when it was incorporated, in 1753, took the n.ame 
of Charlestown. Bog iron ore and other miner- 
als are found here. First settlers, several fami- 
lies by the names of Parker, Famsworlh, and 
Sartwell, from Groton, Ms. 51 miles W. from 



324 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Concord, and 20 S. E. from Windsor, Vt. A 
railroad from Boston to Kurlington, Vt., now 
passes through this delightful town. 

Charleslown, Pa., Chester co. A township on 
the Susquehanna River. 82 miles E. from Har- 
risburg. 

Charleslown, R. I., Washington CO., lies on the 
sea, opposite to Block Island. It has five large 
ponds, which cover an area of seven square miles. 
/ Charlestown and Conaquelogue Ponds are salt 
water, and Fosquissett, Watchaug, and Cochum- 
paug are fresh water. These waters afford a 
great variety of fish. Near the sea, the land is 
■arable, but the interior of the town is more fit 
for the growth of wood. This town contains the 
graves of the remnant of the tribe of the once 
powerful and dreaded Narragansct Indians. They 
possessed a considerable tract of land in this 
town, but owing to a dislike to agricultural pur- 
suits, and by intermarriages with the whites and 
negroes, their race as a distinct people has long 
since become extiuct. Charles River passes 
through the town, and gives it mill privileges. 
Charlestown lies ahout 8 miles W. S. W. from 
South Kiniston. and 40 S. W. from Providence. 

Charloe, 0., c. h. Paulding co. 137 miles N. W. 
from Columbus. 

Charlotte. Me., Washington co. Incorporated 
1825. About 25 miles N. W. from Machias, and 
184 E. by N. from Augusta. 

Charlotte, N. C, c. h. Mecklenburg co. On 
the E. side of Sugar Creek, a branch of Catawba 
River, and 158 miles S. W. from Raleigh. Near 
this place are rich gold mines, and a branch mint 
is established here. 

Charlotte, N. Y., Chautauque co. Drained by 
Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries. Surface 
undulating ; soil adapted to the growth of grass 
and grain. 13 miles E. from Mayville, and 320 
S. of W. from Albany. 

Charlotte, N. Y., Monroe co. At the mouth of 
Genesee River, 7 miles below Rochester, some- 
times called Port Genesee. W. N. W. from 
Albany 224 miles. The steamboats between 
Lewiston and Oswego stop here. 

Charlotte, Te., c. h. Dickson co. 35 miles W. 
from Nashville. 

Charlotte, Vt., Chittenden co. This township 
is pleasantly situated on the lake shore, and is 
watered by the River Laplott and Lewis Creek. 
In the western part of the town the soil is excel- 
lent. There arc no elevations which deserve the 
name of mountain, but a range of considerable 
hills runs through the centre of the town. 49 
miles W. from Montpelier, and 1 1 S. from Bur- 
lington. The Burlington and Rutland Railroad 
passes through it. In August, 1849, nearly the 
entire skeleton of a whale was found in this 
town, embedded in blue clay, 8 feet below the 
surface. The locality is 60 feet above Lake 
Champlain, 150 feet above the sea, and more than 
150 miles from the nearest part of the present 
ocean. The animal was 13 feet long, and was 
ascertained to belong to the living genus helnya. 

Charlotte Count//, Va., c. h. at Charlotte. S. E. 
central. Watered by Little Roanoke River. Soil 
rich, yielding large quantities of grain, tobacco, 
and fruit. 

Charlotte, Va., c. h. Charlotte CO., (formerly 
called Marysville,) lies 3 miles from Little 
Roanoke River, and one and a half miles from 
Ward's Fork. W. S. W. from Richmond 98 miles. 

Charlottesville, Va., c. h. Albemarle co. On 



Moore's Creek, 2 miles from its junction with 
Rivanna River, and 85 N. W. from Richmond. 
This is the seat of the University of Virginia. 
( See Colleges.) The place has a considerable water 
power, on which there are flour and other mills 
Connected with Richmond by the Central Rail- 
road. 

Charlton, Ms., Worcester co. The lands in 
this town are elevated and rough, but the soil is 
strong and rich, and well adapted for agricultural 
purposes. Many small .streams rise in the high- 
lands, and form the head branches of the Quin- 
nebaug, by which the south-western part of the 
town is watered. The water power is good. 
Charlton was taken from Oxford in 1754. 13 
miles S. W. from Worcester, and 57 W. S. W. 
from Boston, by the Western Railroad. 

Charlton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Watered by 
Aelplass Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk Riv- 
er. Surface undulating; soil mostly productive. 
8 miles W. from Ballston Spa, and 24 miles 
N. W. from Albany. 

Chartiers, Pa., Washington CO., situated ou 
the N. side of Chartier's Creek, is a hilly town, 
with a loamy soil. Coal is found here in large 
quantities. 

Chateaugaii, N. Y., Franklin co. Chateangay 
River and its tributaries water this town, which 
is bounded on the N. by Canada. The surface 
is hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 200 miles N. 
from Albany. 

Chatham, Ct., Middlesex co. The town.ship 
of Chatham embraces the greater part of Middle 
liaddam parish, the parish of East Hampton, and 
a part of the parish of West Chester. It lies 
opposite to Middlctown, from which it was taken 
in 1767. Chatham is watered by Salmon and 
Pine Brooks, and several ponds. 

Chatham Counti/, Ga., c. h. at Savannah. In 
the southern angle, between the Savannah River 
and the Atlantic. Surface low and level. Rice, 
sugar, and cotton are the cliief productions. 

Chatham, Ms, Barnstable co. The soil is 
rather better than is generally found on this part 
of Cape Cod. Its surface consists of sand hills, 
with narrow valleys between them, ponds, and 
swamps. The harbor of Chatham, after being 
closed by a beach 25 feet high, covered with beach 
grass, and a mile in length, has lately been 
opened again, in consequence of a violent storm. 
30 handsome ponds supply this town with soft 
and pure water. The village is elevated and 
pleasant. In a fair day, Nantucket can be seen 
without a glass, 20 miles. Its Indian name was 
Manamoyit. It was first settled about 1665. 
Chatham lies on the S. side of the cape, 20 miles 
E. from Barnstable. 

Chatham Counti/, N. C, c. h. at Pittsboro'. 
Central. Watered by the Cape Fear River, and 
by the Haw and Deep, its head branches. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil fertile, yielding good crops 
of wheat, cotton, and tobacco. 

Chatham, N. H., Carroll co. On the E. side 
of the White Mountains, and adjoining the line 
which divides this state from Maine. There 
are several ponds here, and some considerable 
streams. The surfiice is mountainous and rocky. 
Between Chatham and Jackson, Carter's Moun- 
tain rises so high as to prevent the opening of a 
road ; so that to have intercourse witli the rest 
of the county, the inhabitants are obliged to pass 
through part of the state of Maine. Chatham 
was granted to Peter Livius and others, February 



IN THE XJNITED STATES. 



325 



7, 1767. 92 miles N. E. from Concord, and 40 
N. from Ossipee. 

Chatham, N. J., Morris eo. Tlie Passaic River 
waters this town. Surface uneven, Lon<j Hill 
Iving in the S. part. 56 miles N. N. E. from 
Trenton- 

Chatham, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by 
Kindcrhook Creek. The surface is hilly, and 
there is a great variety of soils. 22 miles S. E. 
from Albany, and 16 N. E. from Hudson. 

Chatham, Pa., Tioga co. Surface undulating; 
toil well adapted to grazing. 

Chattahoochee, Fa.. Gadsden co. On the E. side 
of the Appalachicola River. 45 miles W. from 
Tallahassee. There is here a United States arsenal. 

Chattanooga, Te., Hamilton co. 141 miles S. 
E. from Nashville. The railroad from the 
northern boundary of Georgia to Nashville (con- 
necting with Decatur, Augusta, Macon, and 
Savannah) crosses the Tennessee at this point. 

Chattooga County, Ga., c. h. at Summerville, 
In the N. W. corner of the state, bordering on 
Alabama. Surface mountainous ; soil rich on the 
borders of the streams. 

Chaumoiit, N. y.. Jefferson CO. At the head 
of Chaumont Bay, on the E. end of Lake On- 
tario- Has a fine harbor, and derives good 
water power from Chaumont River. Bine lime- 
stone, for building, is found here. 178 miles N. 
W. from Albany. 

Chautauque County, N. Y., c. h. at Chautauque. 
The most W. county in the state. Bounded N. 
by Lake Erie, and S. and W. by Pennsylvania. 
Watered by Chautauque, Cassadaga, and Bear 
Lakes, and by Chautauque, Canadawa, French, 
Silver, Cassadaga, and Connewango Creeks, and 
the outlet to Chautauque Lake. The surface is 
hillv. a ridge extending parallel to the lake, and 
at a distance of from tive to eight miles from it, 
which is elevated in some places to the height of 
1400 feet. The soil is fertile, especially along 
the borders of the lake and principal streams. 
There are several gas springs in this county, 
Bome giving forth carburetted and others sul- 
phuretted hydrogen gas. The most remarkable 
localities of the former are at Fredonia, West- 
field, and Van Buren Harbor. Bog iron ore, 
alum, copperas, and shell marl are also found in 
considerable quantities. 

Chautauque. N. Y., c. h. Chautauque CO. It is 
watered l)y Chautauque Lake on the E., and by 
Chautauque Creek and its branches on the W. 
The surface is high and uneven ; the soil fertile, 
producing large crops of grass and grain. 336 
miles W. from Albany. 

Chazy, N. Y., Clinton co. On the W. shore of 
Lake Champlain. Watered by Chazy and Little 
Chazy Rivers. The surface is hilly on the W., 
but grows level as it approaches the lake. The 
soil is mostly good, and in some parts very fertile. 
10 miles N. from Plattsburg, and 176 N. from Al- 
banv. On the Plattsburg and Montreal Railroad. 

Chelmsford, Ms., Middlesex co. Chelmsford 
was granted, in 1663, to some persons in Woburn 
and Concord, and comprised the territory of 
Wcsiford ami Lowell. Its Indian name was 
Pawtucket. There is a great variety of soil in 
tlie town ; some of it is good and productive, but 
a large part is broken, sandy, and swampy. 
This place is noted for its beautiful granite and 
limestone. Middlesex village, at the head of 
Middlesex Canal, is a pleasant place. The 
village of North Chelmsford lies on the banks 



of the Merrimac, and is very pleasant ; it con- 
tains a depot on the Nasluia Railroad, 4 miles 
W. from Lowell, and 30 N. W. from Boston. 

Chelsea, Ms., Suffolk eo. This town was for- 

Chelsea, Me., Kennebec co. A new town, formed 
in 1850 from a part of Hallowell. 

Chelsea, Ms., Suffolk co. This town was for- 
merly a part of Boston, and now forms a part 
of the county of Suffolk. For nearly a century 
of the diliicultios attending getting to and from 
Boston. At the time of its incorporation, it 
required, with a team, a journey of more than 
20 miles, although the distance across the water 
was less than one and a half miles. Since 
the steam ferry and other avenues have been 
opened, the town has grown rapidly. It contained, 
in 1852, about 7500 inhabitants. A new and 
delightful village has sprung up in the vicinity 
of the ferry, since 1830, containing over 1200 
buildings, erected on spacious streets, with side- 
walks, lamps, &c., giving the jilace the ajipear- 
ance of a city, with the pleasant, sh.aded walks 
of a suburban park. 

The surface of the town is broken into several 
beautiful eminences, affording delightful views of 
Boston, Charlestown, Bunker Hill, Medford, Lynn, 
Nahant, and Boston Harbor. Powder Horn Hill, 
about 2 miles from the ferry, is 220 feet in height. 

The principal manufactures of Chelsea are of 
leather, steam engines, steam boilers, salamander 
safes, iron castings, boots and shoes, bricks, and 
other articles. There are ship yards and boat 
builders' shops. 

The United States Marine Hospital and the 
Naval Hospital, in tiiis town, are on large plots 
of ground, in delightful and airy situations, and 
afford comfortable retreats for sick and disabled 
seamen of the navy and merchant service. 

Winnesimet Ferry, leading fi-om the foot of 
Hanover Street, in Boston, to this town, is prob- 
ably the oldest establishment of the kind in 
America. The first grant was given to Thomas 
Williams, in 1631. The distance across Charles 
River is about a mile and a third. The average 
number of passengers daily crossing the ferry is 
over 3000. 

Chelsea, Vt, Orange CO. This is the shire 
town, and is a township of good land, with a 
pleasant village in the centre. It is watered by 
the head branches of White River, and has a good 
hydraulic power. Tiiis town was formerly called 
Turnersburg. Improvements were commenced 
here in the spring of 1784, by Thomas and Sam- 
uel Morse, and Asa Bond, who, the next spring, 
brought in their families from Winchester, N. H. 
20 miles S, by E. from Montpelier. 

Chemung County, N. Y., c. h. at Elmira. Bound- 
ed N. by Tompkins, .and E. by Tioga co., S. by 
the state of Pa., and W. by Steuben co. Wa- 
tered by Chemung River, Cayuta and Newtown 
Creeks, and the inlet of Seneca Lake. Surface 
hilly and broken ; soil fertile along the borders 
of the streams, and of good quality on the uplands. 
Tlie Chemung Canal runs through this county, 
connecting Seneca Lake with the Chemung River, 
and there is a navigable feeder extending into 
Steuben co. It is .also crossed bj' the New York 
and Erie Railroad. 

Chemung, N. Y., Chemung co. On the Che- 
mung River, along the valley of which are (ine 
alluvial flats. The rest of the surface is hilly and 
broken. In the S. E. part, near the bank of th« 
river, is a remarkable elevation called " Spanish 



326 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Hill," which rises 110 feet above the plain ; upon 
the summit of which are vcstijfcs of fortifica- 
tions, which perfectly command the bend of the 
river, and display much skill in their construc- 
tion. 1 98 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Chenango County, N. Y., c. li. at Norwich. S. 
central. Watered by the Chenango, Unadilla, 
and Susquehanna Rivers, and Canasawacta and 
Geneganslette Creeks. Broken and hilly, but 
the valleys are extensive and fertile, yielding large 
crops of grain. The uplands are well suited to 
grazing. There are two or three sulphur springs 
in this county, considered very erticacious in cuta- 
neous disorders. The Chenango Canal runs 
through the valley of the Chenango Rjver, and 
nearly through the centre of the county. 

Chena?iifo, N. Y., c. h. Broome co. At the junc- 
tion of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Part 
of the surface is hilly. The valleys, which arc 
from one to two miles wide, consist of rich allu- 
Tiou, which yields large crops of grass and grain. 
145 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Chenanfjo, Pa., Beaver co. 238 miles W.by N. 
from Harrisburg. 

Chenango Forks, N. Y., Broome co. On the Che- 
nango Canal, at the junction of Tioughnioga and 
Chenango Rivers. 127 miles W. S.W.from Albany. 

Chepachet, R. I., Providence co. On Chepachet 
Elver, 16 miles W.by N. from Providence, in 
the town of Gloucester. 

Cheraw, S. C, Chesterfield district. On the 
W. bank of Great Pedee River. 110 miles above 
Georgetown, and 93 miles N. E. from Columbia. 
The river is navigable for steamboats to this 
place. The cotton and other trade here is of con- 
siderable importance. 

Cherokee Count//, Aa., c. h. at Jefferson. On 
the E. border north. Uneven and hilly ; fertile 
on the margins of the streams. 

Cherokee County, Ga,, c. h. at Canton. In the N. 
W. angle. Watered by the Etowah River and 
tributaries. Surface rough and hilly ; soil rich 
on the borders of the streams. 

Cherry Creek, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered 
by Conewango Creek and some of its branches. 
The surface is somewhat uneven ; the soil clay and 
sandv loam. 320 miles W. by S. from AUiany. 

Cherokee County, N. C, c. h. at Murphy. In 
the westernmost extremity of the state. Hilly 
and mountainous, but fertile on the borders of 
the streams. 

Cherokee County, Ts., c. h. at Rusk. 

Cherryjield, Me., Washington co. At the head 
of tide waters on both sides of the Narraguagus. 

Cherry, Pa. A township of Butler co. 

Cherry, Pa. A township of Lycoming co. 130 
miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Cherry Tree, Pa., Venango CO. 230 miles N. 
W. by W. from Harrisburg. 

Cherry Valley, N. Y., Otsego co. Cherry Val- 
ley Creek and some other small streams water 
this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the 
soil good. 52 miles N. of W. from Albany. 

Cheshire, Ct., New Haven co. Taken from 
Wallingford in 1780. The Quinnipiac River and 
Canal Railroad pass through the town. Cheshire 
has an uneven, but good soil, with a very pleas- 
ant village, and an Episcopal academy. Agricul- 
ture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. 

Cheshire, Ms., Berkshire co. This town was 
first settled in 1767. The centre of it, through 
which the S. branch of the Hoosic runs, is a 
rich and fertile valley. To the E. and W. of this, 



the ground gradually rises into hills and moun- 
tains. The township is excellent for grazing 
E.xtensive and valuable dairies are kept, and the 
Cheshire cheese has acquired a wide and merited 
celebrity. The famous mammoth cheese, present- 
ed to President Jeft'erson, January 1, 1802, con- 
tributed much to bring this town into notice. 
On a given day, the dairy women sent their curds 
to one place. The quantity was too great to be 
pressed, even in a cider mill ; so that, in addition 
to the intended present, tliree additional cheeses 
were made, weighing 70 pounds each. The mam- 
moth cheese weighed aliout 1450 pounds. Mr. 
JeH'erson sent back a piece of this to the inhab- 
itants to satisfy them of its excellence; he also 
sent pieces of it, it is said, to the governors of 
the several states. From the W. village, or 
" Four Corners," to South Adams is about 4 miles. 

Cheshire County, N. H., c. h. at ICeeue. In the S 
W. corner. The length of this county is 31 miles, 
its greatest breadth 26 miles, and its least 15. It 
is bounded N. by the county of Sullivan, E. by 
Hillsboro' co., S. by the state of Ms., and W. by 
Vt., from which it is separated by the Connecti- 
cut River. Ashuelot River waters this county. 
Spofford's Lake, a beautiful collection of water, 8 
miles in circumference, is situated in Chesterfield. 
There is an island of about 8 acres in the lake. 
The Grand Monadnock is the highest mountain. 
Bellows' Falls, on Connecticut River, at Walpole, 
is regarded as a great natural curiosity. 

Chest, Pa., Clearfield co. The W. branch of 
the Susquehanna River waters this town, which 
has a hilly and rough surface, and loamy soil. 
150 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Chester, Ct., Middlesex co. On the W. side of 
Connecticut River. 31 miles S. by E. from Hart- 
ford. It has great water power, and some man- 
ufactories. 

Chester, Is., Randolph co. On the E. bank of 
the Mississippi River, 2 miles below the mouth 
of the Kaskaskia, and 149 miles S. E. from 
Springfield. 

Chester,Mc., Penobscot co. Incorporated in 1834. 

Chester, Ms., Hampden co. This town con- 
tains two flourishing villages, both of which are 
on the Western Railroad. Chester village, on 
the N. branch of Westfield River, is 119 miles 
W. from Boston, by the railroad. Factory vil- 
lage lies 7 miles W. from Chester, and is watered 
by the western branch of the Westfield River. 
It has good mill privileges. Chester is a moun- 
tainous township, but has good land for grazing. 

Chester. N. H., Rockingham co. A branch of 
Exeter River, called " The Branch," is the prin- 
cipal stream. Massabesick Pond, containing 
1500 acres, is the largest body of fresh water in 
the county. The remains of an Indian settle- 
ment, on an island in this pond, may still b» 
seen. The soil is fertile. In this town are two 
caves : one is situated in Mine Hill ; the entrance 
is 5 feet high, and 2.J wide ; the other is in the 
westerly side of Rattlosn.ike Hill, in a ledge of 
coarse granite, nearly 40 feet high ; one entrance 
to which is 1 1 feet high and 4 broad. Native 
sulphur is found. Granite and gneiss are th« 
prevailing rocks. This is a pleasant town, and 
is the principal place of business in the county. 
It commands an extensive prospect, embracing a 
view of the ocean 20 miles distant. First settlers, 
Samuel Ingalls, Jonathan Goodhue, and many 
others. 17 miles W. S. W. from Exeter, and 23 
S. E. from Concord. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



327 



Chester, N. J., Burlington co. Rancocus, Pen- 
sauken, and I'ompcston Creeks, and the Swedes 
branch of the Dchiwarc River, water this town. 
Surface level; soil sandy, but productive. 9 
miles S. W. from Mount Holly. 

Chester, N. J., Morris co. Black River, and 
some streams flowing into the W. branch of the 
Raritan, water this town. Surface undulating,', 
with the exception of one isolated mountain ; 
soil loamy. 50 miles N. by E. from Trenton. 

Chester, N. Y., Warren co. Watered by the 
Hudson River and some of its branches, by 
Schroou Lake, which lies on its N. E. boundary, 
and by two small lakes contained within us limits. 
The s'urface is hillv and mountainous ; the soil is 
productive in the valleys. 18 miles N. W. from 
Caldwell, and 180 miles N. from Albany. 

Chester, N. Y.. Orange co. 102 miles S. by W. 
from Albany. Situated on the Erie Railroad. 
An extensive cattle market. 

Cheslei- County, Pa., c. h. at Westchester. In 
the S. E. corner of the state. Watered by Bran- 
dywine and French Creeks and the liead branches 
of Elk River. Surface hilly and mountainous in 
the W. portion ; soil diversified, but mostly pro- 
ductive. The Columbia and Philadelphia Kail- 
road traverses this countv. 

Chester, Pa., c. h. Delaware co. This place, 
called Upland until 1701. is, perhaps, the oldest 
settlement in the state, having been founded long 
before the grant of William Pcnn. It lies on the 
W bank of tlie Delaware River, 94 miles E. S. E. 
from Harrisburg, and 14 S. W.from Philadelphia. 
Chester, Pa., Wayne co. A township on the 
W. bank of the Delaware River. 

Chester District, S. C, c. h. at Chesterville, shiro 
town. N. W. part. Surface pleasantly varied. 

Chester, S. C, c. h. Chester district. On the di- 
Tidino- rido-e between the waters of Broad and Wa- 
tereellivers. 57 miles N. by W. from Columbia. 
Chester, Vt., Windsor eo. Williams liiver is 
formed in this township, by the union of three con- 
siderable branches. The surface is considerably 
diversified with hills and valleys, but the soil is 
generally good. The timber is mostly hard 
wood, with some hemlock, spruce, and jiine. 
There are a variety of minerals found here. 
There are two villages, called the North and 
South village. The settlement was commenced 
in 1764, by people from Woodstock, Ct., and 
Worcester and Maiden, Ms. 16 miles S. W. 
from Windsor, and 79 S. from Montpclicr. The 
Rutland Railroad between Boston and Burling- 
ton passes through this handsome town. 

Chesterfield, Ms., Hampshire co. This is a 
mountainous township, having the N. branch of 
the Westfield River passing through its whole 
extent. The soil is rough, but excellent for 
grazing. Bervl and emeralds are found here. 
The Westfield" River, at this place, has worn into 
the solid rock, in places, nearly 30 feet in depth, 
and may be traced from the bridge nearly 60 
rods, appearing as if cut out by human hands. 1 1 
miles W. N. W. from Northampton, and 101 W. 
N. AV. from Boston. 

Chesterfield, N. II., Cheshire CO. The land is 
mostly upland, well adapted for grazing and In- 
dian corn. Cat's Bane Brook is a stream of great 
importance. Spofford's Lake is a beautiful col- 
lection of water ; it contain 526 acres, and is fed 
by springs in its bosom. Its waters are clear and 
pure, its' bed being a white sand. There is an 
island in this lake, of 6 acres. From the E. side 



of the town issues a stream, called Partridge's 
Brook. West River Mountain lies in this town 
and Hinsdale. Chesterfield has three villages : 
the principal is situated near the centre of tho 
town, 3 miles E. from Connecticut River. II 
miles S. W. from Keene, by which it is connected 
by railroad, and 62 S. W. from Concord. 

Chesterfield, N. Y., Essex co. On the shore of 
Lake Champlain, and watered by the Au Sable 
River and several small lakes, the principal of 
which are Auger and Butternut. The surface la 
hilly and mountainous ; soil, mostly sandy loam. 
Chesterfield. N. J., Burlington co. Situated on 
the E. side of the Delaware River, and drained 
by Crosswick's and Black Creeks. Surface level; 
soil a mixture of sand, clav, and loam. 

CItesterfield District, S. C, c. h. at Chesterfield. 
On the northern border, between Lynch's Creek 
and the Great Pedee. Drained through the centre 
by Black Creek. Sterile, except on the margins 
of the streams. 

Chesterfield, S. C, c. h. Chesterfield district. On 
Thompson's Creek, a branch of Great Pedee 
River. 105 miles N. N. E. from Columbia. 

Chesterfield Coimli/, Va., c. h. Chesterfield. E. 
central. In the W. angle, between the Appo- 
mattox and James Rivers. Surface uneven. The 
Richmond and Petersburg and tlie Richmond and 
Danville Railroads pass through it. 

Chesterfield, Va.. c. h. Chesterfield co. On the 
N. branch of Swift Creek, a tributary of the Ap- 
pomattox. 10 miles S. by W. from Richmond. 

Chestertown, Md., Kent co. On the W. side of 
Chester River, 30 miles above its mouth. 54 
miles N. E. from Annapolis. A branch of the 
Maryland University is located here, called 
Washington College. See Collerjes. 

Chestercille. Me., Franklin co. An excellent 

township, on Wilson's Stream. 24 miles N. E. 

from Augusta. „ „ ^ . 

Chestnut Hill, Pa., Monroe co. Head's Creek 

waters this town. Surface hilly in some parts. 

Chestnut Hill. Pa., Philadelphia co. 9 miles 
W. from Philadelphia, in Germantown. A 
pleasant place of summer resort for the citizens 
of Philadelphia. 

Chicago. City, lake port, and shire town of 
Cook CO., Is. Population in 1850, 30,000. 
This place is situated on the W. shore, and to- 
wards the S. end of Lake Michigan, at the point 
where the river of the same name enters the lake. 
The northern and southern branches of this river 
unite about three quarters of a mile back from the 
lake, forming a harbor from 50 to 75 yards wide, 
and from 15 to 25 feet deep. At its mouth it 
spreads out into a bay, with about 9 feet depth of 
water. The city is built on both sides of this 
bay and harbor, on a site which is almost as level 
as a floor, but sufliciently elevated to be secure 
from the highest floods. Piers have been con- 
structed, extending into the lake from both sidei 
of the mouth of the river, to prevent the forma- 
tion of a bar from the accumulation of sand 
These works were built by the United States , 
and also the light-house, and the fortification 
named Fort Dearborn, which arc upon a strip of 
land between the city and the lake shore, belong 
ing to the government. 

This place has had a rapid growth, and Iron 
its position in the great line of communication 
between the E. and W., is destined to become a 
large city. In 1832 it contained only 5 small 
stores, and 250 inhabitants. Only 4 vessels had 



328 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLACJES, &c., 



arrived daring the year before. In 1836. 4 years 
later, the arrivals of brigs, ships, and schooners 
amounted to 407, besides 49 steamboats. 

The Illinois and Michigan Canal unites the 
head of navigable waters in the Illinois River 
with Lake Michigan at Chicago. This great in- 
ternal improvement was projected, and in part 
constructed, to be a ship canal for the largest 
class of vessels which navigate the lakes. For a 
distance of 30 miles from a point in tbe Chicago 
River, Sj miles W. of the city, it was excavated, 
through indurated clay and compact limestone, 
to the depth of from 18 to 20 feet. Beyond this 
the canal is only 6 feet deep. Its width at the 
top is 60 feet, and its entire length 964 miles, be- 
sides a navigable feeder of about 4 miles, from 
Fox River. This is one of the best constructed 
works of the kind in the country, opening an 
extensive channel of trade to the W., and estab- 
lishing an unintcn-upted water communication 
between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. 

Another improvement, still more important in 
its results to the prosperity of Chicago, is that of 
the great Illinois Central Railroad, which is now 
in process of construction between this ])lace and 
Cairo, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio 
Rivers. This railroad will constitute the most 
direct and expeditious channel of communication 
between the North-Western and tlie Southern 
States, anil between the commerce of the great 
lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Especially will 
this be the case when its route shall be extended, 
as now contemplated, through Mississippi and 
Alabama to the city of Mobile ; for which exten- 
sion, as well as for the road through Illinois, 
Congress has voted a muniticent appropriation 
from the pidilic lands. Such an important line 
of communication, whether by this extension to 
Mobile, or by tbe river, as at present, to New 
Orleans, open throughout at all seasons of the 
year, must bring an incalculable amount of busi- 
ness into Chicago, while it opens to tlie Atlantic 
cities of the N. a new available access to the vast 
resources of the western trade. 

The streets of Chicago are laid out in straight 
lines, intersecting each other at right angles. 
They are of good width, and some of them are 
planked ; stone pavements not being used to any 
great extent. Tbe largest buildings are of brick. 
The place is well supplied, from the region about 
Green Bay, with pine timber, another important 
materi.al for building ; and the transportation of 
this valuable description of lumber through the 
canal into the northern parts of Illinois and other 
sections of the west, where it is a desideratum, 
makes a profitable part of the business of Chica- 
go. The city is supplied with water by an a(|ue- 
duct from the lake. It has six or seven churches, 
some of which are tine edifices, situated on a 
public square. Some of the public houses are 
extensive establishments, affording accommoda- 
tions equal to the best hotels in our eastern cities. 
Chklii-stfr. N. H., Merrimae co. The soil is 
good, and there is little waste land. Tbe E. part 
of the town is watered by Suncook River. In 
various parts traces of Indian settlements are to 
be seen. Pinkfield Pond is in Chichester, from 
which flows a stream S. W. into the Suncook. 
First settler, Paul Merrill, in 1753. 8 miles E. 
from Concord. 

Chickasaw County, Mi., c. h. at Houston. N. E. 
part. On the height of land between the waters 
of the Yazoo and those of the Tombigbee. The 



head waters of the Yalabusha River and Oktib- 
beha Creek water this county. 

Chkkopee, Ms., Hampden co. A large manu- 
facturing village, on the Cbickopee River, lately 
a part of Springfield. There are extensive cot- 
ton factories here, also manufactories of paper, 
iron castings, arms, machinery. &e. 

Chicot Count!/, As., c. h. Columbia. In the S. 
E. corner, on the Mississippi. Bartholomew and 
Bceuf Bayous and Macon River traverse this 
county. Surface low and level ; soil greatly 
diversified. 

Chictawaija, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ca- 
yuga and Cazenove Creeks. Surface undulating; 
soil f-rtile. 6 miles E. from Buffalo, and 278 
W. from Albany. 

Chili, N. Y., Monroe co. On the W. side of 
Genesee River, and drained by Black Creek. 
Surface undulating; soil very productive. 10 
miles S. W. from Rochester, and 230 W. by N. 
from Albany. 

Chillicothe, Mo., c. h. Livingston co. On a 
prairie, about 34 miles from the junction of the E. 
and W. forks of Grand River. 

Chillicothe Citr/, O., c. h. Ross co. A handsome 
and flourishing place on the W. bank of tbe Scioto 
and on the Ohio Canal. 

Chill isqnaciiie, Pa., Northumberland co. 65 
miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Chillitecnux. Mo., c. h. Dunklin co. 

ChilmaTlc, Ms., Dukes CO. This township com- 
prises the westerly part of the island of Manila's 
Vineyard , also a range of smaller islands, called 
the Elizabeth Islands, and the island of No Man's 
Land. 

Chilo, O., Franklin township, Clermont co., 
was formerly called Mechanicsburg. It is on the 
N. bank of the Ohio River. 1 13 miles S. W. from 
Columbus. 

China, Me., Kennebec co. 20 miles N. E. from 
Augusta. A fine agricultural township on Twelve 
Mile Pond, the outlet of which into the Kennebec 
affords excellent mill privileges. 

China, Mn., St. Clair co. 51 miles N. N. E. 
from Detroit. 

China. N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Clear 
Creek, one of the head branches of Cattaraugus 
Creek. The surface is gently undulating on the 
S., and still more uneven on the N. The soil is 
suitable for the growth of grass. 20 miles S. W. 
from Wyoming, and 271 W. from Albany. 

Chippcica Count!/, Mn., c. b. at Sault de St. 
Marie, Bounded N. by Lake Superior and St. 
Mary's Straits, E. by tbe North Channel and 
Lake Huron, S. by jlichilimaekinac county, and 
W. by Schoolcraft county. 

Chippnva Count!/, Wu. N. W. part of the stata 
Drained by the Chippewa and its branches. 

Chi/ipaca, Pa., Beaver co. 7 miles N. W. 
from Beaver. 

Chittenango, N. Y., Madison CO. 1 mile S. from 
the Erie Canal, and near the railroad. 120 miles 
W. N. W. from Albany. There is a sulphur 
spring one mile S. of the vill.ago. 

Chittenden Count!/. Vt., e. h. at Burlington. 
Bordering on Lake Champlain. Its soil varies 
from ricli alluvial meadows to light and sandy 
plains. The beautiful Champlain. washing its 
western boundary, gives it great facilities for 
trade. Lamoille River passes through its N. W. 
corner, and Winooski River pierces its centre. 
These streams, with several others of smaller 
size, afford the county a good water power. The 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



329 



railroads wliioh intersect this county in various 
directions, its fine mill privile<xes. and ofood soil, 
render this ahiclily interesting^ section of the state. 

C/iittcmitn. Vt., "Rutland CO. Tlie N. W. part 
of this town is watered hy Philadelphia River, 
the eastern part hy Tweed River, and the south- 
western part by East Creek. Near Philadelphia 
River is a inineral spring, and among the moun- 
tains are some caverns. Iroti ore of good quality 
is found lierc in abundance, and also manganese. 
The settlement was commenced about the close 
of the revolutionary war, but much of it, being 
mountainous, remains unsettled. 12 miles N. by 
E. from Rutland, and 40 S. W. from Montpelier. 

C/iocfiinit, Pa., Susquehanna co. 189 miles N. 
N. E. from Ilarrisburg. 

Choctaw Coiinti/, Aa., c. h. at Butler. S. W. part, 
between the Tombigbee and the Mississippi line. 

CJioctaw Counljj, Mi., c. h. at Greensboro'. N. 
central. Watered by the head branches of Black 
River. 

Chowan County, N. C, c. h. at Edenton. In the 
N. E. comer of the state, bounded S. and W. by 
Albemarle Sound. Surface level ; soil fertile. 

Christian County, Is., c. h. at Edinburg. S. 
central. Watered by the S. branch of the San- 
gamon River. Surface level ; soil fertile. 

Cliristian County, Ky., c. h. at Ilopkinsville. S. 
W. part. On the height of land between the 
Green and Tennessee Rivers. Watered by Trade- 
water, Pond, and Little Rivers. Soil mostly fer- 
tile. 

Christiana, De. A towusliip of Newcastle CO. 
The village called Christiana Briilge is on Chris- 
tiana Creek. 9 miles S. W. from Wilmington. 

Christiana, 0., Madison township, Butler co. 
A village 14 miles N. E. from Hamilton. 

Cicero, N. Y.. Onondaga co. Watered on the 
N. E. by Oneida Lake, and on the E. by Chitte- 
tiango Creek. Surface generally level ; soil of a 
medium quality. 10 miles N. E. from Syracuse, 
and 14.3 N. W. from Albanj'. 

Cincinnati, 0. City, port of entry, and seat of 
justice of Hamilton co. Situated in the south- 
western part of the state, on the N. side of the Ohio 
River, opposite to the mouth of Licking River, 
which comes in here from Kentucky. It is 116 
miles S. W. from Columbus, the capital of the 
etate, and 494 above the month of the Ohio. The 
rapid growth of Cincinnati has been remarkable. 
The population in 1800 was 750; in ISIO, 2540; 
iu 1820, 9642; in 1830, 24,831 ; iu 1840, 46,338 ; 
in 1850, 115,338. 

The city lies in a valley, about 12 miles in cir- 
cumference, bounded hy hills gently rising to the 
height of 300 feet, and affording from their sum- 
mits and ilecliviiics beautiful views of the river, 
and of the city upon its banks, with the flourish- 
ing towns of Xcwpoit .and Covington upon the 
opposite side. The city itself is built on what 
was originally two successive table lands, or 
" bottoms ■' of the river, at different elevations ; 
the one being from 40 to 60 feet above the other ; 
which, in grading, have been reduced more nearly 
to a gradual ascent of from 5 to 10 degrees from 
the river. The plan of the city was originally 
laid out with great regularity, and has been in a 
good degree preserved. An open area upon the 
bank of tlie river, with about 1000 feet front, and 
embracing 10 acres, is reserved for the '• Land- 
iug ; ' which is of great importance to the busi- 
ness of the city, and usually presents a scene of 
great activity. The seven principal streets run 
42 



north from the river, 66 feet in width, and at in- 
tervals of 396 feet, and are crossed at right angles 
hy seven others, the same distance apart ; except- 
ing Water and Front Streets, which are somewhat 
nearer, and Second and Third Streets, which, on 
account of the origin.al shape of the ground, were 
located farther apart. To this original plan 
other streets have been added, particularly on the 
N. and W. The corporate limits of the city 
include about four square miles. The central 
part is compactly and finely built, with spacious 
warehouses, large stores, and handsome dwellings. 
One of the squares was originally reserved for 
the public buildings, an<l several of the first edi- 
fices designed for public uses were erected upon 
it. Among the public buildings of Cincinnati are 
the court house on Main Street, a spacious build- 
ing 56 by 60 feet, and 120 feet higli to the top of 
the dome ; the edifice for the Franklin and Lafay- 
ette Banks, on Third Street, which has a splendid 
Doric portico of a beautiful gray freestone ; the 
First Presbyterian Church, on Main Street, 68 
feet front by 85 feet deep, cornereil with turrets, 
and crowned with a cupola ; the Second Presby- 
terian Church, of .agreeable architecture without, 
and beautiful within ; and many other church 
edifices which are ornamental to tiie city. There 
are likewise the Cincinnati College, the Medical 
College, Mechanics' Institute, Catliolic Athenae- 
um, 4 market houses, — one of which is 500 feet 
loTig, — two museums, a theatre, a hospital, a 
lunatic asylum, &c. There are many extensive 
and line blocks of stores, especially on Front and 
Main Streets, The open area at the Landing is 
substantially paved to low-water mark, and is 
supplied with floating wharves, adapted to the 
great rise and fall of the river, which has a mean 
annual range of about 50 feet, with about 10 feet 
more in extraordinary floods. Many of the 
streets are well paved, and several of them are 
handsomely shaded with trees. A large propor- 
tion of the houses is of stone or brick, from two 
to four stories high. Though the climate of Cin- 
cinnati is more variable than that on the Atlan- 
tic coast in the same latitude, yet few places in 
the country are more healthy than this city. The 
inhabitants are from nearly every state in the 
Union, and from many European nations. The 
Germans make nearly one third of the population. 
This city is hardly excelled by any other in 
the Union in respect to the literary advantages it 
affords. The common free schools are of a high 
order, embracing ten school districts, with fine 
brick edifices three stories high, and furnished 
with various apparatus. Besides these, there aro 
numerous private schools. There are also pul> 
lie high schools, male and female, in which in- 
struction is given to a great number of pupils. 
There is a college, with which is connected the 
celebrated Astronomical Observatory established 
through the exertions of Professor Mitchell, and 
by the enlightened liberality of the citizens. The 
Roman Catholics have a college here, called St. 
Xavier College. The Medical College of <.)liio, 
cliartercd in 1825, is located here. Ijane Theo- 
logical Seminary, an institution belonging to the 
New School Presbyterians, is located at Walnut 
Hills, two miles from the centre of the city. The 
Old School Presbyterians have also an institution 
here, more recently established, for the instruction 
of theological students. The Mechanics' Insti- 
tute was chartered in 1828, for the improvement 
of mechanics in scientific knowledge by means 



830 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



of popular lectures, a library, reading room, &c. 
It has fine buiiiiings, and apparatus which has 
cost about $10,000. The Young Men's Mercan- 
tile Library Association has a valuable library 
and roadinrr rooms in the Cincinnati College 
edifice, on Walnut Street. Although intended 
for the particular benefit of young men, its ad- 
vantages are open to every respectable citizen. 
Besides this, there is an Apprentices' Library As- 
sociation, which has a handsome collection of 
books, in every department of literature and 
science, appropriate to the objects of such an in- 
stitution. All minors brought up to laborious 
employments have, under certain regulations, 
free access to this library, from which about 500 
volumes .are drawn out weekly. In 1831, a Col- 
lege of Teachers was established, having for its 
object the elevation of the qualifications of teach- 
ers, and the advancement of the interests of 
schools at the west, which holds an annual meet- 
ing at Cincinnati in October. The charitable 
institutions required by the wants of a large city 
have been liberally furnished in Cincinnati. 
Among these are the Orphan Asylum, in Elm 
Street, a fine four story building, with ample 
grounds ; two Orphan Asylums of the Roman 
Catholics, for the different sexes ; and the State 
Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum, in- 
corporated in 1821, with accommodations fur 250 
patients. Among the most extensive establish- 
ments of the city for business are the pork 
houses, which are located on the Miami Canal. 
Cincinnati is the greatest market in the Union for 
this important article of supplies. The number of 
hogs slaughtered here, during the season of pack- 
ing, in the fall and winter of 1851-2, was .352,000. 
Cincinnati, for a city of such recent origin, 
possesses great facilities for communication with 
the surrounding country, by canals, McAdamized 
roads, and railroads. The Miami Canal con- 
nects the city with the Wabash and Erie Canal, 
at Defiance. The Whitewater Canal extends 
into Indiana, and commands much of the trade 
of its eastern section. The improvements upon 
the Licking River, by dams and locks, have ren- 
dered that stream navigable for steamboats of 
150 tons, for a distance of more than 200 miles 
into Kentucky. Two railroads are now in op- 
er.ation, which connect the city with Sandusky 
and with Cleveland, on Lake Erie. The inte- 
rior and capital of Indiana is connected with the 
Ohio River by a railroad at Madison, about 80 
miles below Cincinnati. These are great and 
useful works, upon the structure of which many 
millions of dollars have been expended. The 
trade of the country from the Ohio River to the 
Lakes, north and south, and from the Scioto to 
the Wabash Rivers, east and west, comes chiefly 
to Cincinnati. The same is true of the trade of 
Kentucky for a great distance each way upon 
the Ohio. The manufactures of Cincinnati are 
also extensive. The surplus water from the 
canals furnishes no inconsiderable power, which 
has been thoroughly applied to use ; and much 
is added by the steam engine, which is available 
here at a reasonable expense. A steam engine 
supplies a large part of the city with water, for 
drinking and culinary uses. It is forced up from 
the Ohio River, into reservoirs upon a hill 700 
feet high ; and thence it is carried by iron pipes 
under the bed of Deer Creek, to the intersection 
of Broadway and Third Street, where its dis- 
tribution through the city commences. These 



works were projected and carried on by individ- 
ual enterprise until 1839, when they were pur- 
chased by the city. 

On the 28th of December, 1788, but a little 
more than sixty years ago, the first company of 
civilized men landed on the north bank of' the 
Ohio, opposite the mouth of Licking River, to 
commence the settlement of a town. Their first 
log cabin was built on a spot which is now on 
Front Street, a little east of Main Street. In 
January, 1789, they proceeded to lay olf their 
town, which was then covered with a dense for- 
est ; the lower bottom bearing huge sycamore 
and sugar maple trees, and the upper, beecli and 
oak. The streets were run. and the corners 
marked upon the trees. To their projected city 
they gave the name of Losantiville, which was 
afterwards changed' to Cincinnati. In 1802, it 
was incorporated as a town, with a population 
of less than 1000 inhabitants. Thus recent is 
the origin, and thus rapid has been the growth, 
of this beautiful city, which long since obtained 
the name of " the Queen City of the West." 

Cincinnatus, N. Y., Cortland CO. Surface hilly ; 
soil fertile. 15 miles S. E. from Cortland, and 
131 S. W. from Albany. 

Circlei'iHe, O. See Appendix^ No. 8. 

Circleville, Va., c. h. London co. 

Cily Point, Va., Prince George co. A port of 
entry on a point formed by the junction of James 
and Appomatto.x Rivers. 33 miles S. E. from 
Richmond. Large ships come up to this place, 
and it is connected with Petersburg by railroad. 

Clackamas County, On., c. h. at Oregon city. 
In the lower valley of the Willamette. 

Claiborne, Aa., c. h. Monroe co. On the E. 
side of Alabama River, at the head of schooner 
navigation. 138 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. 

Claiborne Parish. La., c. h. at Overton, shire 
town. In the N. W. angle, bordering on Arkan- 
sas. Watered by Red River and branches of the 
Wachita, and by Bistineau and Bodcau Lakes. 
The soil on the borders of the streams is of good 
quality. 

Claiborne County, Mi., c. h. at Port Gibson. 
In the S. E. angle, bordering on the Mississippi. 
Bayou Pierre waters this county. Surface some- 
what uneven ; soil, except on the margins of soma 
of the streams, of an inditFereut quality. 

Claiborne County, Te., c. h. Tazewell, shire 
town. On the northern border. Bounded N. by 
Ky. and Va., E. by Hawkins co., S. by Granger, 
and W. by Campbell co. Watei'ed by Powell's 
and Clinch Rivers, head branches of the Tei>- 
nessee. Surface mountainous. 

Clappville, Ms., Worcester CO. A mannfac- 
turing village at the head of Quinnebaug River. 
50 miles W. by S. from Boston, in the town of 
Leicester. 

Claremonl, N. H., Sullivan co. This beauti- 
ful town is watered by Connecticut and Sugar 
Rivers, besides numerous brooks and rivulets. 
It is a fine undulating tract of territory, covered 
with a rich gravelly loam. The hills are slojiing 
acclivities, crowned with elegant summits. The 
intervales on the rivers are rich and luxuriant. 
In this town are fine beds of iron ore and lime- 
stone. It received its name from the country 
seat of Lord Clive, an English general. The 
beautiful location of Claremont, its immense 
water power, and its facilities of transportation 
by steam, render it a desirable location for man- 
ufacturing. Some valuable minerals are found 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



331 



here. 12 miles N. from Charlestomi, and 47 
N. N. W. from Concord. A railroad from Boston 
to Burlington, Vt., passes through this town. 

Clamic'e, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ran- 
som's and Tonawanda Creeks. Surface undu- 
lating; soil adapted to the growth of grain. 16 
miles N. E. from Buflalo, and 265 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Clarendon, N. Y., Orleans co. The surface of 
this town is high and broken. The soil consists 
of calcareous loam. 10 miles S. E. from Albion, 
and 248 N. W. from Albany. 

Clarendon, Vt., Rutland CO. Otter Creek passes 
through the town ; this, with its branches, Mill 
and Cold Rivers, and Furnace Brook, supply the 
town with water. The E. part of the town 
borders on the Green Mountains, but the princi- 
pal elevations are the range of hills between 
Otter Creek and Furnace Brook, and between 
the latter and Ira Brook, on the west line of the 
town. The alluvial flats on Otter Creek arc 
very productive. The uplands are a gravelly 
loam. Marble is found here. There are two small 
villages, one in the eastern and the other in the 
western part. Clarendon Springs, celebrated in 
cutaneous and scrofulous diseases, are situated 
near Furnace Brook and Clarendon Cave, on 
the south-easterly side of a mountain, in the 
westerly part of the town. The healing ingre- 
dient in the springs is nitrogen in chemical com- 
bination. Tlie water is cold, transparent, and 
free from any mineral taste; the supply from 
the spring is abundant. It has become a fash- 
ionable resort. The settlement was commenced 
in 1768, by Elkanah Cook. The first settlers were 
mostly from Rhode Island. 85 miles S. W. from 
Montpelier, and 7 S. from Rutland. The great 
southern railroad passes through this town. 

Clarendon Springs. Vt., Clarendon, Rutland 
CO. 70 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. See 
Clarendon, Vt. 

Clarion County, Pa., c. h. at Clarion. N. cen- 
tral. Watered by the Alleghany and Clarion 
or Toby's liivers and Red Bank Creek. Surfoce 
rough, and abounding with iron on the N., but 
more level and fertile on the S. 

Clarion, Pa., e. h. Clarion co. Watered by 
Piney, Licking, and Mill Creeks, and Laurel 
Run, branches of the Clarion River. Surface 
somewhat hilly ; soil loamy. 184 miles W. N. W. 
from llarrisburg. 

CVti?7i- County, 0., c. h. at Springfield. S. W. 
central. It was organized in 1818, and has a 
very fertile, well-cultivated soil, abundantly sup- 
plied with water by Mad River, Buck and Bea- 
ver Creeks, and several springs This county is in 
a very flourishing condition, and has the national 
road crossing it from E. to W. The Cincinnati 
and Sandusky Railroad passes through it. 

Clarksburr/. Ky., c. h. Lewis co. On Salt Lick 
Creek. 4 miles S. from the Ohio River, and 107 
E. K E. from Frankfort. 

Clarhlnirij, Ms., Berkshire co. The soil is hard 
and stony. About two thirds of it lie on the 
Hoosic and Bald Mountains, which is cold and 
rocky, but covered with valuable timber. Be- 
tween the mountains the soil is good for grazing. 
The town is well watered by Hoosic River and 
Hudson's Brook. It was first settled by persons 
of the names of Ketchum, from Long Island, 
and Clark, from R. I., in 1769. 25 miles N. 
from Pittsfield. and 120 W. N. W. from Bo.*ton. 

Clarksburg, Va., c. h. Harrison co. On Mo- 



nongahela River. 253 miles N. W. from Rich- 
mond. 

Clarkson, N. Y., Monroe co. On the shore of 
Lake Ontario. Watered by Sandy and Little 
Salmon Creeks. The surface is generally level ; 
the soil sandy and gravelly loam. 16 miles N. 
W. from Rochester, and 233 N. W. from Al- 
banv. 

Clarkstoum, N. Y., c. h. Rockland co. On the 
W. bank of the Hudson River, and contains a 
small lake, the waters of whicli flow into the 
Hackensack River. Surface mostly hilly ; soil 
fertile in the valleys. 248 miles S. from AUiany. 

6'/ar/(;sc(7/e, Aa.,"c.h. Clarke CO. 134 miles S. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Clarksinlle, Ga., c. h. Habersham CO. 138 miles 
N. from Milledgevillo. 

Clarksi'ille, N. H. Coos co. On the E. bank of 
Connecticut River. The soil is hard. 156 miles 
N. from Concord. 

Clarhville, Ts., c. h. Red River eo. 

Clarhaille, Te., c. h. Montgomery co. At the 
junction of Red and Cumberland Rivers. 45 
miles N. W. from Nashville. 

Clarke County, Aa., c. h. at Clarkesville S. W. 
part of the state. In the angle formed by the 
junction of the Alabama and Tombigliee Rivers. 
Surface uneven ; soil generally rather sterile. 

Clarke County, As., c. h. at Greenville. S. W. 
central. In the W. angle, at the junction of the 
Washita .and Little Missouri Rivers. Surface 
hilly and mountainous ; soil sterile, except on the 
borders of the streams. 

Clarke County. Ga,, c. h. at Watkinsville. N. 
E. central. On the upper waters of the Oco- 
nee River. The Athens Branch Railroad con- 
nects the N. part with Augusta. 

Clarke County, Is., c. h. at Marshall. On the 
E. frontier, on the Wabash. Fox and Crane 
Creeks, and the N. branch of Embarrass River, 
water this county. 

Clarke County, la., c. h. at Charleston. On 
the S. E. border. On the Ohio River. Surface 
undulating, and watered by some small br-anches 
of the Ohio. 

Clarke CoHn(i/,Io.,c.h.atOceola. Southern parU 

Clarke County, Ky., c. h. at Winchester. N. E. 
central. The Kentucky River runs along its S. 
border. 

Clarke County, Mi., e. h. at Quitman. On the 
S. E. border. Surface mostly level, and drained 
by the Chickasaw River and branches. 

Clarke County, Mo., c. h. at Waterloo. In the 
N. E. corner between the Mississippi and Dea 
Moines. Fox and Wyaconda Rivers traverse 
this county. 

Clarke 'County, On., c. h. at Columbia city. 

Clarke County, Va., c. h. at Berryville, in the 
N. of the valley. The Shenandoah River waters 
this county. Suiface varied, having the Blue 
Ridge on the E. ; soil very fertile. 

Clarkesville, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by 
Dodge's Creek and some other small streams. 
The surface is high and undulating, being mostly 
covered with a dense pine forest. 278 miles S. 
W. from Albany, and 15 from Angelica. 

Clatsop County, On. At the mouth of the 
Oregon. 

Claverack, N. Y., Columbia co. Claverack 
Creek waters this town. The surface is hilly in 
parts, and the soil generally productive. 4 miles 
E. from Hudson, and 34 Sl from Albany. 

Clay County, Is., c. h. at Maysvillc. S. E. C6U- 



332 



COUNTIES, CITffiS, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



trnl. Watered by the Little Wabash River. Sur- 
face level ; soil productive. 

Claij County. la., c. h. at Bowling Green. S. 
W. central. Watered by the Eel River and its 
tributaries. Land mostly productive. 

Chill Count//, Ky., c. h. at Manchester. S. E. 
part. Watered by "the S. fork of Kentucky River. 
Soil mostly of an indifferent quality. 

C/ay County, Mo., c. h. at Liberty. W. part, 
on the N. bank of the Missouri. Fishing River 
and a branch of the Little Platte cross this county.. 
Surfoce undulating ; soil very fertile. 

Clay, N. Y., Onondaga co. At the junction of 
Oneida and Seneca Rivers. Surface undulating; 
soil mostly fertile. 151 miles from Albany, and 
10 N. from Syracuse. 

Clay, 0., Knox CO., is a flourishing agricul- 
tural township. 

Clayton, Aa., c. h. Barbour co. 179 miles S.E. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Clayton, Ga., c. h. Rabun co. At the south- 
em base of the Blue Ridge. 181 miles N. from 
Milledgeville. 

Clayton County, Iowa, c. h. at Prairie La Porte. 
In the N. E. comer, on the Mississippi. Drained 
by Turkey River. The soil on Turkey River is 
very fertile, and there are many good mill sites. 
Lead ore is found in this county. 

Clayton, N. Y., Jefferson co. Bounded on the 
N. W. by the St. Lawrence River, and watered 
by Cliaumont River and Fi-ench Creek. The 
surface is undulating, and the soil productive. 
172 miles N. W. from Albany, and 12 miles N. , 
from Watcrtown. 

Clearfield County, Pa., c. h. at Cleai-field. W. 
central. Head branches of the W. fork of the 
Susquolianna River water this county. Surface 
rough and mountainous, being situated between 
the Main and Laurel ridge of the AUeghanies. 
Soil mostly sterile. 

Clearfield, Pa. A township of Cambria co. 
Surface undulating; soil gravel and clay. 

Clearfield, Pa., c. h. Clearfield co. On the S. 
bank of the W. fork of Susquehanna River, near 
the mouth of Clearfield Creek, and 126 miles N. 
W. from Han'isburg. 

Cleaveland County, N. C, c. h. at Shelby. On 
the southern border. West middle. Broad River 
waters this county. 

Clearetand. Te., c. h. Bradley co. 156 miles 
S. E. by E. from Nashville. 

Clermont, N. Y., Columbia eo. Watered by 
Ancram or Rocliff Jansen's Creek. The surface 
undulating ; soil clay and gravelly loam of good 
quality. 4.3 miles S. from Albany. 

Clermont County, 0., c. h. at Batavia. In the 
south-western comer, on the Ohio. In some parts 
the land is wet. and not good for cultivation ; but 
it is generally fertile, and is watered by the East 
Fork River. 

Cleveland, 0. City and port of entry and c. h. 
Cuyahoga co. On Lake Erie, at the mouth of 
Cuyahoga River. It derives its name from Gen- 
eral Moses Clevekand, an agent of the Connecti- 
cut land company, who accompanied the first 
surveying party to the Connecticut Reserve, and 
under whose direction the town w.as first surveyed 
in 1796. The Indian title to the land it occui>ies 
had been extinguished two years before ; but on 
the opposite side of the Cuyahoga Uiver the In- 
dians retained their title till 1805. Cleveland 
was incorporated as a village in 1814, and as a 
city in 1836. Population in 1799, one family ; in 



1825, about 500; in 1830, 1000; in 1840, 6071; 
in 1850, 17,054. It is 130 miles N. W. from 
Pittsburg, 146 N. E. from Columbus, 200 S. W. 
from Buffalo, 130 E. from Detroit. 

It is situated on a gravelly plain, elevated 
about 80 feet above the lake, of which it has a 
comm.anding prospect. The streets, which cross 
each other at right angles, are 80 feet wide, and 
Main Street 120. The location is dry and healthy, 
and there are many fine buildings. Near the 
centre is a public square of 10 acres, neatly 
enclosed and shaded with trees. 

The harbor at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, 
since its improvement, by ])iers on each side ex- 
tending into the water, is one of the best on Lake 
Erie, and its position at the northern terminus of 
the Ohio Canal, and the fertile country and en- 
terprising population by which it is surrounded, 
have given it a very rapid growth, which as yet 
is but just commencing. 

It is already the second commercial town in 
Ohio, and bids fair even to rival Cincinnati. Be- 
sides its intercourse with the interior of the state 
by the Ohio Canal, and its extensive lake com- 
merce, it communicates by the Ohio and Penn- 
sylvania Canal with Pittsburg, and by the New 
York and Welland Canals with the Atlantic 
coast. To these facilities for transportation have 
lately been added a system of railroads, affording 
communication with Cincinnati, Detroit, Pitts- 
burg, and Buffalo, and tlij-ough these two latter 
places with Philadelphia, New York, and Bos- 
ton. Ohio City, on the opposite side of the Cuy- 
ahoga, is a growing suburb. See Ohio City. 

Clifton Park, N. Y., Saratoga co. On tlie Mo- 
hawk River. Surface undulating ; soil a sandy 
loam, of tolerably good quality. 22 miles N. 
from Albany. 

Clinch County, Ga. South part, taken from 
Ware. Only 673 inhabitants in 1850, and nc 
post office. 

Clinton, Ct,, Middlesex co. 51 miles S. by E. 
from Hartford. 

Clinton, Ga., c. h. Jones co. 26 miles W. from 
Milledgeville. 

Clinton County, Is., c. h. at Carlyle. South 
central. Surface undulating, and watered by 
Kaskaskia River ; soil productive. 

Clinton County, la., c. h. at Frankfort. N. W. 
central. Watered by tributaries of Wildcat and 
Sugar Creeks. Soil productive, with the excep- 
tion of " Twelve Mile Prairie." 

Clinton. la., Vermilion co. On the Wabash 
River. 82 miles W. from Indianapolis. 

Clinton County, lo., c. h. at De Witt. The 
easternmost county in the state. In the N. angle, 
between the Wabisipinicon River and tlie Mis- 
sissippi. 

Clinton County. Ky., c. h. at Albany. On the 
southern border E. Surface diversified, and wa- 
tered by several small tributaries of the Cumber- 
land River ; soil fertile. 

Clinton, Me., Kennebec co. A fine township 
on the W. bank of the Kennebec. The Scbas- 
ticook also passes through it, and at the falls 
affords fine water power. 24 miles N. by E. 
from Augusta. 

Clinton, Ms., Worcester co. A new manufac- 
turing town on the Nashua, set off mostly from 
Lancaster. 

Clinton County, Mn., c. h. at De Witt. Cen- 
tral. Watered by Maple and Lookingglass 
Rivers and branches. Surface level ; soil fertile 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



333 



Clinton, Mi,, Hinds co. 10 miles W. by N. 
from Jackson. The seat of Mississippi College. 
(See Colleges.) It has likewise a female seminary. 
Clinton Count//, Mo., c. h. at Plattsburg. N. 
W. part. Watered hy tributaries of Little Platte 
Kiver. Surface level ; soil very productive. 

Clinton, N. C, c. h. Sampson co. On a branch 
of Black River. 94 miles S. S. E. from Raleigh. 
Clinton Counli/,t^.J. In Lebanon, Bethlehem, 
and Kingwood townships, on the S. branch of 
Raritan River. 37 miles N. by W. from Tren- 
ton. The surrounding country is fertile, and 
tliere is a good water power. 

Clinton Coiinli/, N. Y., c. h. at Plattslnirg. 
Bounded N. by Canada, E. by Lake Champlain. 
Its principal rivers are the Saranac, Cliazy, and 
Great and Little Au Sable, all excellent mill 
streams. The surface is elevated and hilly on 
the S., but more level on the N. and E. parts. 
Soil greatly diversified. Bog and magnetic iron 
ores of excellent quality, and peat, are found 
here in great abundance. There is also in this 
county one sulphur and one carbonated spring. 
Traversed by the Ogdensburg, and by the Platts- 
burg and Montreal Railroad. 

Clinton, N. Y., Oneida co. Seat of Hamilton 
College. On both sides of Oriskany Creek. 9 
miles S. W. from Utica, and 99 miles W N. W. 
from Albany. See Colleges. 

Clinton, N. Y., Dutchess co. Surface hilly, and 
watered only by some small streams. The soil 
is gravelly loam. 10 miles N. from Poughkeep- 
sie, and 75 S. from Albany. 

Clinton Count!/, O., c. h. at Wilmington. S. 
W. part. On the height of land between the 
Scioto and Little Miami. 

Clinton Ciiiinty. Pa., c. h. at Lock Haven. North 
central. Watered by the W. branch of the Sus- 
quehanna River. Surface mountainous ; soil 
very fertile on the streams. 

Clinton, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded on the 
N. E. and S. E. by the Susquehanna River. 6 
miles S. E. from Williamsport. 

Clinton, Pa. A township of Wayne co. 
Clinton. Tc., c. h. Anderson co. 17.') miles E. 
from Nashville. 

Clintnnville, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side 
of Au Sable River. 10 miles W. from Port 
Kent, on Lake Champlain. and 153 miles N.from 
Albany. The best iron ore is obtained in this 
vicinity in great abundance, and there are exten- 
sive iron works here, with a large capital invest- 
ed in the lousiness. 

Clover Hill, Va., c. h. Appomattox co. 
Ciijile Mills, Mn., St. Clair co. Situated at the 
head of steamboat navigation on Black River, 12 
miles from its mouth, and 67 N. E. from Detroit. 
Clyde, N. Y., Wayne co. On Clyde River 
and the Erie Canal. 174 miles W. by N. from 
Albany. Hero is a large hydraulic jiowcr, 
and extensive operations are carried on in the 
flouring business, in the manufacture of glass, 
leather, &c. 

Cli/mer, N. Y.. Chautanque co. Broken Straw 
Creek and its branches water the S. part of this 
town. Surface rolling ; soil suitable for grass. 
353 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Codhorna County, Mi., c. h. at Delta. On the 
W. border N. On the Mississippi. Sunflower 
River waters this county. Surface level, and at 
certain seasons inundated. 

Co<il, Pa. A town.shi|) of Northumberland co. 
Coatsmouth, Va., Kanawha co. On the S. side 



of Kanawha River, at the mouth of Coal River, 
which aftbrds hydraulic power. 325 miles N. 
W. from Richmond. 

Coatesritle, Pa., Chester co. On the W. branch 
of Brandywine Greek. G2 miles E. S. E. from 
Harrisburg. There is a mineral spring here of 
some celebrity. 

Cobb County, Ga., c. h. at Marietta. N. W. 
part on the N. bank of the Chattahoochee. 
Watered by the Chattahoochee River and its 
branches and some tributaries of the Coosa. 

Cobleskill, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by 
the Cobleskill. This town contains a mill 
stream which issues from a natural well of un- 
known depth, then disappears and pursues a sub- 
terraneous passage for 7 miles. The surface of 
the town is rather hilly, and the soil in the val- 
leys fertile. 45 miles W. from Albany. 

Cochecton, N. Y., Sullivan co. Bounded on 
the W. by Delaware River, and is also watered 
by Collicoon and Ten Mile Creeks. The suiface 
is hilly; soil principally gravelly loam. 134 
miles S. W. from Alljany. 

Coeke. County, Tc., c. h. at Newport. E. part 
separated from Haywood county, N. C, by tlio 
Smoky Mountains. It is watered by the French 
Broad and its tributary the Big Pigeon, both 
S. W. tributaries of the Tennessee. Elevated, 
broken, and uneven, 

Coeynmns, N. Y., Albany co. On the W. side 
of the Hudson River, and drained by Coeymans 
Creek and some other streams. The surface is 
uneven, and there is a variety of soil. 12 miles 
S. from Albany. 

Cojfte County, Aa., c. h. at Wellborn. Oil the 
southern border. Watered by Pea River, a 
branch of the Choctawhatchie, which passes 
through it from N. to S. 

Cojf'ee County, Te., c. h. at Manchester. S. 
central. Surface undulating, and watered by the 
head branches of Duck River; soil productive. 
Coffeeville, Mi., c. h. Yalobusha co. 
Coltasset, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was, till 
1770, a precinct of Hingham, and was called 
Conohasset, an Indian name, signifying a fishing 
promontory. It contains .some excellent soil, 
though it is. for the most part, rocky and difficult 
of cultivation. The Cohassct Riverflows through 
a part of the town into the harbor. In the south- 
westerly part of the town, there is a fresh pond, 
of 90 acres, abounding with pike, and other fish 
common to fresh water. The Indian Pot, so 
called, is considered quite a curiosity. It is sit- 
uated near the base of a largo mass of solid rock, 
near what was once the sea-shore. Its cavity is 
as round, smooth, and regular as a well-furraed 
seething pot, and will hold about 12 pailfuls. On 
the same mass of rock is another excavation, 
called the Indian Well. This is about 10 feet 
deep, half of it circular and half semicircular. 
The Cohasset Rocks, so disastrous to mariners, lie 
oil' this town. The situation of this town is de- 
lightful and romantic, and being easy of access by 
the South Shore Railroad, it attracts many visit- 
ors in the summer sea.son. 21 miles from Boston. 
Colwes, N. Y., Albany co. On the S. W. 
side of the Mohawk River, a short distance 
below the falls of the same name, and near the 
junction of the Erie and Champlain Canals. 
The Erie Canal passes through the village. It 
is a manufacturing place, and as such possesses 
remarkable advantages, not only from the im- 
mense extent of the hydraulic power created by 



334 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



these falls in the Mohawk, but also from its rela- 
tive position in the vicinity of such cities as Al- 
bany and Troy, and its extensive facilities of 
communication, by the cauals, the Hudson River, 
and the railroads, with all parts of the country 
north, south, east, and west. 

The falls are in full view from the village, and 
are seen with special advantage from a bridge, 
800 feet long, just below, pouring down from a 
height of 70 feet or more, between rocky walls of 
corcsponding elevation, and on one of the sides 
rising above the cataract 100 feet still higher. 
On the water power here developed, there are 
already erected several large manufocturing 
establishments, among which are cotton mills, 
flouring mills, iron works, brass founderies, &c. ; 
and au almost incalculable capacity of further 
application exists. The village contains 6 or 7 
churches, some 20 stores, and a numerous popula- 
tion. It is often visited to obtain a view of the 
falls and of the romantic scenery connected with 
them. It lies 8 miles N. from Albany, and about 
the same distance W. by N. from Troy. 

Cohuilah Springs, Ga., Murray co. At the base 
of Cohultah Mountain, and derives its name 
from the valuable mineral springs within its 
limits. 12 miles N. from Spring Place. 

Colchester, Ct., New London co. This is a 
pleasant town ; the site of Bacon Academy. 
The surface of the town is uneven, with a strong 
gravelly soil. Excellent iron ore is found here. 
23 miles S. E. from Hartford. 

Colchester, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by 
the Papaeton branch of the Delaware. Surface 
hilly and mountainous ; soil favorable to the 
growth of grass. 101 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Colchester, Vt., Chittenden co. There are two 
small ponds in this town ; the largest contains 
about 60 acres. The principal streams are the 
River Lamoille, Mallet's Creek, Indian Creek, 
and Winooski River. The soil in the N. and N. 
W. parts is a variety of gravel and loam. In the 
middle part of the town is a large tract of pine 
plain, mostly covered with pitch pine and small 
oaks. On the bank of the Winooski River are 
large tracts of iuten'alc. The rocks in the N. 
and E. parts are mostly composed of lime and 
slate i red sandstone is found in abundance near 
Mallet's Bay. Iron ore is found here. The 
settlement was commenced in 1774, at the Lower 
Falls, on Winooski River, by Ira Allen and Re- 
member Baker. 36 miles N. W. from Montpelier, 
and 6 N. from Burlington. Winooski village lies 
in Burlington and Colchester. 

Coldeit, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Cazenove 
Creek and some other small streams. The sur- 
face is hilly, and the soil, although rather moist 
and cold, is suitable for grass. 20 miles S. E. 
from Buffalo, and 287 from Albany. 

Cold fSpriiig, N. Y., Putnam co. Picturesquely 
situated among the Highlands, on the E. side of 
Hailson River, 1 mile above West Point, and 100 
S. from Albany. Various and extensive opera- 
tions in manufactures are carried on here ; the 
principal of which are in iron and brass, steam 
boilers, and locomotive engines. 

Cold Spring, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. On both 
sides of the Alleghany River, into which Cold 
Spring Creek flows. The valleys are extensive, 
and the rest of the surface hilly. 308 miles S. 
of W. from Albany. 

Cold Spring Harbor, l^.Y., Queen's and Suffolk 
counties, in the towns of Oystei^ Bay and Hunt- 



ington, at the head of Cold Spring Harbor. 
186 miles S. by E. from Albany. This place has 
considerable shipping, and also manufactories of 
woollens and other goods. 

Cold Water, Mn., c. h. Branch co. Watered 
by Cold Water River and its branches. 110 
miles W. S. W. from Detroit. On the South- 
ern Michigan Railroad. 

Cokbrook, Ct., Litchfield CO. An elevated 
township, of a hard, gravelly soil, and uneven sur- 
face, on the line of Massachusetts. The E. part 
of the town is watered by Farmington River. 
The village is very pleasant, having Mount Pis- 
gah in the rear. 

Cokbrook, N. H., Coos co., is watered by the 
Mohawk River and Beaver Brook. The soil is 
rich ; intervales of good quality stretch along tho 
Connecticut. First settlers, Sir George Cole- 
brook and others. 35 miles N. from Lancaster, 
and HON. from Concord. 

Cokbrookdale, Pa., Berks co. 73 miles E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Cole Comity, Mo., c. h. at Jefferson City. Cen- 
tral. In the W. angle, at the junction of the 
Osage with the Missouri River. 

Colerain, Pa. A township of Bedford co. 

Colerain, Pa., Lancaster co. 69 miles S. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Coleraine, Ms., Franklin co., was first settled 
about the year 1746. Part of the settlers were 
Irish Presbyterians. This town was named in 
honor of Lord Coleraine, of Ireland. It is finely 
watered by two branches of North River, a tribu- 
tary stream of Deerfield River. The surface of 
this town is somewhat rough and uneven, yet it 
contains much tine land. 9 miles N. W. from 
Greenfield, and 99 W. N. W. from Boston. 

Coles County, Is., c. h. at Charleston. E. part, 
S. Watered by the Kaskaskia, Embarrass, and 
the head branches of the Little Wabash River. 
Surface slightly uneven ; soil of good quality. 
This county contains many tine mill sites. 

Colesville. N. Y., Broome co. On both sides of 
the Susquehanna River. The surface is mostly 
hilly, and the soil of the valleys consists of rich 
alluvion. 127 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Colleton District, S. C, c. h. at Waterboro'. In 
the S. angle on the Atlantic Ocean. Watered 
by tho Edisto and Combahee Rivers. Surfaca 
level ; soil fertile. 

Collikoon, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by 
CoUikoon Creek and branches. 

Collins County, Ts., e. h. at McKinney. N. E. 
part, on the head waters of Trinity. 

Collins, N. Y., Erie co. Situated on the N. 
side of Cattaraugus Creek, and watered by a 
number of small streams. The surface is un- 
even, and the soil various. 24 miles S. from 
Buffalo, and 295 W. from Albany. 

CoUinsfille, Ct., Hartford co On both sides of 
Farmington River. 15 miles W. by N. from Hart- 
ford, in the town of Canton. 

Colorado County, Ts., c. h. at Columbus. S. 
central. On both sides of the Colorado. 

Columbia, Ct., Tolland co. Taken from Leb- 
anon in 1800. Watered by a branch of the 
Willimantic. The surface is uneven ; the soil 
hard and gravelly, but excellent for grazing. 

Columbia County, Fa., c. h. at Lancaster. N. E. 
part. Watered by the Suwanne River, which 
bounds it on the W., by St. Mary's River, and by 
Randolph Lake, a sheet of water 7 miles long 
and 5 wide. Gadsden's Spring, celebrated for 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



335 



its medicinal properties, is situated on tlie bank 
of Little Suwanee River. It is 60 feet across, 
and .1.5 or 40 deep. The soil is mostly poor. 

Columbia County, Ga , c. h. at Applington. E. 
central. Bordering on the Savannah. It has 
an undnl.itinp; surface and rich soil. 

ColumlMi, Ky., c. h. Adair co. 

Columbia, L.i., c. h. Caldwell co. 27.3 miles N. 
W. from New Orleans. 

Columbia, Me., Washington co. At the head 
of tide water on the W. side of Pleasant River. 
120 miles E. hy N. from Augusta. 

Columbia, Mi., c. h. Marion co. On the E. 
banl< of Pearl River. 113 miles S. S. E. from 
Jackson. 

Columbia. Mo., c. h. Boone co. 

Columbia, N. C., c. h. Tyrrell co. On the E. 
»ide of Scoupemony Creek, a little E. of its en- 
trance into Albemarle Sound, and 200 miles E. 
from Raleigh. 

Columbia, N. C, c. h. Tyrrell co. 200 miles E. 
from Raleigh. 

Columbia. N. H., Coos CO. This town lies on 
the E. bank of Connecticut River. The surface 
is uneven, the mountains of Stratford lying along 
the S. From these a number of streams descend 
into the Connecticut. There are also several 
email ponds here ; on the borders of one, called 
Lime, vast quantities of shells are found, from 
which a species of lime is made. Lime Poml is 
100 rods long, SO wide, and of an irregular ellip- 
tical shape. Its bottom is covered, to the depth 
of 6 feet, with white calcareous marl. It was 
first granted in 1770. 30 miles N. from Lancas- 
ter, and 143 N. from Concord. 

Columbia County. N. Y., c. h. at Hudson. On 
the E. border S , between the Hudson and the 
Massachusetts line. Kinderhook, Clavcrack, 
Copake, and Ancram or Roeliff Jansen's Creeks 
water this county. Surface hilly on the E. ; soil 
greatly diversified. The Hudson and Berkshire 
and the Hudson River Railroads cross this county. 

Columbia, N. Y., Herkimer co. Some of the 
head branches of the Susquehanna and Unadilla 
Rivers, and a few small tributaries of the Mohawk, 
water this town. The surface is hilly ; the soil 
sandy and calcareous loam. 75 miles N. W. 
from Albany. 

Columbia City. On., c. h. Clark co. 

Columbia County, Pa., c. h. at Danville. N. E. 
central. The E. branch of the Susquehanna 
River and Big Roaring, Fishing, and Catawissa 
Creeks water this county. Surface rough and 
uneven ; soil productive. 

Columbia, Pa. A township of Bradford co. 

Columbia. Pa., Lancaster co. On tlie E. bank 
of theSusquehanna River. 30 miles S. E. from 
Harrisburg. It is connected with Havre de 
Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, by a 
canal, and with Philadelphia by railroad. A 
bridge here crosses the Susquehanna, a mile and 
390 feet in length, resting on stone piers. An 
aqueduct supplies the place with water for do- 
mestic and other purposes. The trade with Phil- 
adelphia and Baltimore is large in lumber, coal, 
iron. &c. 

Columbia, S. C. City, capital of the state, and 
seat of justice of Richland co. 73 miles N. E. 
from Augusta, and 120 miles N. N. W. from 
Charleston. Situated on the E. side of the Con- 
garee Kiver, immediately below the confluence 
of the Broad and Saluda Rivers, which unite to 
form the Congaree. The city stands upon an 



elevated plain, about a mile back from the river, 
from which there is a handsome and cxtensivo 
prospect in all directions. It is laid out with 
regularity, the streets crossing each other at right 
angles, 100 or 150 feet in width, and many of 
them ornamented with trees. 

The state house, near the centre of the city, 
is a plain edifice of wood, 170 feet long, 60 feet 
wide, and two stories high. The other ]Hiblie 
buildings are a court house and jail, a town hall, 
a market house, an academy, and a female sem- 
inary, a large lunatic hosjiital, and chinxhes of 
the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Bap- 
tist, and Roman Catholic denominations. The 
edifice of tlie Presbyterian Church is an elegant 
building, with two lofty spires. The buildings 
of the South Carolina College, which is situated 
here, are handsomely located upon a lot of 25 
acres, enclosed by a wall of brick. The build- 
ings, which are of brick, consist of two for 
students, 200 feet long, 25 feet wide, and threo 
stories high, a building for the library and other 
rooms for the use of the college, upon the top of 
which is an astronomical observatory. The 
president's honse is situated at the bead of the 
0|)ening between the two college buildings, which 
are placed opposite to each other. There is also 
a theological seminary at Columbia, founded in 
1831. 

Columbia is a place of considerable business. 
A railroad extends to Branchvillc, 60 miles, 
where it connects with the Charleston and Au- 
gusta Railroad. A steamboat also plies between 
Columbia and Charleston. The Saluda Canal, 
about six miles long, built for the purpose of 
avoiding the falls in the Congaree, passes through 
the city, and boats of large draught ascend to 
this place. 

Columbia, Te., c. h. Maury co. On the S. bank 
of Duck River. Jackson College is located here. 
(See Colleges.) 42 miles S. S. W. from Nashville. 

Columbia, Va., c. h. Fluvanna co. On the N. 
bank of James River, at the mouth of the Ri- 
vanna, and 50 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 

Columbia County, Wn., c. h. at Decorra. S. 
central part. Includes the carrying jdace from 
the water of Fo.x to the Wisconsin. 

Columbiana, Aa., c. h. Shelby co. 

Columbiana County, 0., New Lisbon, shire town. 
Situated in the N. E. section of the state, on the 
Pennsylvania state line, having Mahoning co. 
on the N., JeflFerson co. on the S., and Stark 
and Carroll counties on the W. and S. W. It is 
30 miles in length from E. to W., and 25 miles 
in average breadth from N. to S. A portion of 
its S. E. boundary is on the Ohio River, about 
40 miles below Pittsburg. The Sandy and Bea- 
ver Canal, connecting the Ohio Canal with the 
Ohio River, in the direction of Pittsburg, trav- 
erses the centre of this county. The railroad 
between Cleveland and Pittsburg, Pa., also passes 
near to the whole extent of its northern boundary. 
Most of the S. part of the county is broken and 
hilly, and has a light, but productive soil. The 
central and northern parts are more level, and 
have a soil which, under good cultivation, yields 
the most abundant returns for the labor be- 
stowed. Extensive quarries of lime and sand- 
stone are found in almost every part of the 
county, and the hills and valleys contain ine.x- 
haustible beds of »lay and deposits of bitu- 
minous coal. The principal streams are the 
Little Beaver and its branches. Owing to its 



336 



COUNTIES CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



elevation, the fall on these streams, in their de- 
scent towards the Ohio, is great ; furnishing an 
amount of water power, available for mills and 
manufacturing purposes, which is equalled by 
that of few other parts of the western country. 
The staple commodities arc wheat, horses, aud 
sheep. Population in 1850, about 6000. 

Columbus, Ga. City, and seat of justice of 
Muscogee co. Situated on the eastern bank 
of the Chattahoochee Kiver, at the head of steam- 
boat navigation, 375 miles above Appalachicola, 
at the mouth of the bay, and 124 miles W. S. 
W. from MilledgeviUe, the capital of the state. 
There is a succession of falls, or rapids, in the 
river immediately above Columbus, over which it 
descends about 110 feet in the distance of 4 miles. 
The city stands on a fine elevation above the 
level of the river, and covers about 1200 acres 
of ground. It was laid out in 1828, and has had 
a rapid growth. The two principal streets, run- 
ning N. and S, are 165 feet wide. Six others, 
parallel to these, are 132 feet wide. These are 
intersected at right angles by 12 others, 99 feet 
in width. Many of the buildings of the city, 
both public and private, are large and elegant. 
The court house is one of the finest in the state. 
It is of brick, 60 by 90 feet on the ground, and 
two stories high, having a fine Grecian Doric 
portico on each front. Some of the church edi- 
fices are handsome buildings. The Planters and 
Mechanics Bank is a beautiful building, modelled 
after the Temple of the Winds, at Athens, hav- 
ing an elegant portico of si.>i fluted columns. 
Tlic Oglethorpe House, a fine hotel, is tlie largest 
building in the city, excepting the cotton ware- 
house. This warehouse is one of the most capa- 
cious, substantial, and convenient in the state. 
It stands on the bank of the river, is built of 
brick, fire proof, 133 feet long, and 14S feet wide, 
covering an acre and three quarters of ground. 
The exportation of cotton from Columbus is a 
large business. Steamboats ply between this 
place and New Orleans, and the immbcr running 
to dift'ercnt points upon the river is fifteen or 
twenty. Boats drawing five feet of water can 
come up to the city at all sea.sons. A fine bridge 
here crosses the Chattahoochee, which cost 
$30,000. Population in 1840, 31U ; in 1850, 6000. 

Coluuibus. la., c. Ii. Bartholomew co. On the 
E. side of the E. fork of White Kiver, 41 miles 
S. S. E. from Indianapolis. 

Columbus, Ky., c. li. Hickman co. 

Columbus, Mi., c. h. Lowndes co. On the E. 
bank of the Tonibigbee, at the head of steamboat 
navigation, and is elevated 120 feet above the 
river. A United States land ofiice is here. 141 
miles N. E. tVom Jackson. 

Columb'is Count//, N. C, c. h. at Whitesville. 
In the Routl:ern angle, bordering on South Caro- 
lina. Watered by the Little Pedee and Wac- 
camaw Kivers. Surface level, and partly 
marshy. 

Columbus, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
the Unadilla River and some of its branches. 
The surl'aciMs hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 
14 miles N. E. from Norwich, and 83 W. from 
Albany. 

Coliiuihus. O. City, capital of the state, and 
Beat of justice of Franklin co. 140 miles S. W. 
from Cleveland, and 125 N. E. from Cincinnati. 
It is on the same parallel of latitude with Phila- 
delphia, 450 miles W., and on the same meridian 
with Detroit, 175 miles S. Population in 1840, 



6048; in 1850, 16,634. It is situated on the E. 
bank of the Scioto, upon ground rising gradually 
from the river, and afi'ording an eligible site for 
a large city. This spot was selected by the leg- 
islature as the scat of government' in 1812, 
while it was yet a wilderness, and is do<iLrnat«d 
in the act as " the high bank of Scioto Ilivcr, 
opposite Franklinton." It is laid out, as all 
towns established in such a manner are usually 
laid out, with the most entire regularity ; the 
streets crossing each other at riL'lit angles, and 
forming spacious squares, which arc often divided 
into lesser squares by alleys, or narrower streets, 
intersecting each other in the middle. Broad 
Street, which extends from the bridge, over which 
the national road passes the Scioto, to the east- 
ern limits of the city, is 120 feet wide, and High 
Street, at right angles with this, which is the 
principal seat of business, is 100 feet wide. The 
other streets are 88 feet in width, A substantial 
quay has been constructed along the margin of 
the river, 1300 feet long, which affords every far 
cility for loading and unloading goods, produce, 
and other articles transported upon the river; or 
through the Ohio Canal, which passes 1 1 miles 
S. of this point, and is connected with the Scioto 
at Columbus by a canal, or feeder, of that length. 

In the centre of the town is a public square of 
10 acres, handsomely enclosed, designed origin- 
ally for the public buildings. It has Broad Street 
on the N. side, and High Street on the W. Upon 
tlie S. W. corner of this square, fionting towards 
theW., stands the State House, which is a brick edi- 
fice, 75 feet long by 50 feet wide, two stories high, 
and surmounted with a handsome cupola, from 
the balcony of which a beautiful view of the city 
and the surrounding country is obtained. The 
winding course of the river, the pleasant town 
of Franklinton, on its opposite bank, and many 
features of the more distant pro-pect. give a 
varied and pleasing interest to this viow. The 
representatives' hall is on the lower floor of the 
state house, and the senate chamber is immedi- 
ately above. The public offices are in a separate 
building, 100 feet long by 25 feet wide, standing 
directly N. of the State House, In the same 
line, a little farther N., is the Court House, for 
the United States District Court. There are 
many elegant priv.ate dwellings in Columbus ; 
but the general style of building is characterized 
rather by neatness than display. The churches 
of the dift'ercnt denominations are numerous, 
and many of thcra well sustained. The First 
Presbyterian Church in Columbus was organized 
in 1818, and their neat brick edifice stands near 
the S. E. corner of the public square. The Bap- 
tist Church is a large and handsome building at 
the corner of Third and Ivicli Streets, ami the 
Episcopal Church is a stone edifice on Broad 
Street, opposite the public square. 

The several state institutions, located at Co- 
lumbus, do honor to the state, while they greatly 
adorn the city. The Ohio Lumitic Asylum oc- 
cupies an open area, about I mile E. of the State 
House, and is a truly noble struelnre. The 
buildings present a front of 376 feet, with wings 
on the right and left projecting 1 1 feet forward, 
and running back 218 feet, thus forming a sjia- 
cious court in the rear. They cover an acre of 
ground, and contain 440 rooms. About 30 acres 
of land are attached to the establishment, form- 
ing a quiet and amiile retreat for such patients 
as are able to enjoy it. The cost of erecting 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



337 



the buildings of the Lunatic Asylum was over 
8150,000. 

The Oliio Deaf and Dumb Asylum is located 
about one third of a mile E. of the State House, 
on grounds which are handsomely laid out, and 
adorned with shrubbery. Its site was selected 
in 1829, and it went into operation as soon as 
the necessary arrangements could be made. The 
buildings are of brick, and cost, with the grounds, 
about 525,000. 

The Ohio Institution for the Education of the 
Blind is another of these noble institutions, lo- 
cated at Columbus. It is situated on the national 
road, about three quarters of a mile easterly 
from the .State House. The edifice is a large 
and hand-oine structure, of brick, with a beautiful 
lawn in front. The institution was establislied 
in 1837, and is in a flourishing condition. 

The state penitentiary, which is situated on 
the eastern bank of the Scioto, about half a mile 
N. from the State House, is the largest and most 
imposing of the public edifices at Columlms. 
The main building is constructed of hewn lime- 
stone, and consists of a centre building, 56 feet 
front, and four stories high, with two wings each, 
200 feet long, and three stories high ; presenting 
an entire front of 456 feet in extent. With the 
prison yard in tlie rear, upon the three sides of 
which are the long ranges of workshops for the 
prisoners, the buildings of the penitentiary en- 
close a hollow square of 6 acres. The centre 
building of the main edifice, as .seen in front, 
contains tlie house of the warden, the olfiee, and 
the guard rooms ; and each of the wings contains 
350 cells for prisoners, arranged in 5 tiers, and 
exposed through the whole line to the observa- 
tion of the officers from the guard rooms. A 
railroad, about two miles long, has been laid 
down from the prison to a stone quarry, where 
a portion of the convicts are employed in getting 
out stone. The iliscipline of this ])rison is excel- 
lent. The jirisoners attend divine service on the 
Sabbath, and enjoy the privileges of a Sabbath 
school, and the use of an excellent library, com- 
prising several hundred volumes. They have 
Bibles in their cells, unite in exercises of sa- 
cred music, and are permitted, occasionally, to 
hear temperance addresses, &c., in the chapel. 
Their labor yields to the state, after defraying 
the expenses of the prison, a surjilus of S16,000 
or S18,000 annually. 

On the 1 0th of February, ISIG, Columbus was 
incorporated as a borough. Its present city char- 
ter was granted March 3, 1834. The mayor is 
elected for two years. The city is divided into 
five wards, each of which elects four members 
of the city council, who hold their offices for 
four years, one in each ward being elected annu- 
ally. All other officers are elected annually. 

Columhii.-i, Pa. A township of Warren co. 

Comal Cnnnti/, Ts.. e. h. at New Braumfels. S. 
central. On the head waters of the Guada- 
loupe. 

Concord, ile., Somerset co. 

Concord, ^Ms., Middlesex co. This is one of 
the shire towns, and is situated on a river of the 
same name. This was the first inland settlement 
in the colony of Alassachusetts Bay, and derives 
its name from the harmony in which it was pur- 
chased of the natives. Its Indian title was Mus- 
ketaquid. The surface is quite level ; the soil, 
in some ])arts, is sandy, but generally it is moist 
and fertile. The Concord and Ass'abet Rivers 
43 



water the town, and tlie Fitchbnrg Railroad passes 
through it. It was here that the first British Ufa 
was taken in the war of the revolution. 20 miles 
W. N. W. from Boston, and 30 N. E. from 
Worcester. 

Concord, N. C, c. h. Cabarras co. On the E. 
side of Big Coldwater Creek, a branch of Rocky 
River. 139 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. 

Concord, N. H., c. h. Mcrriniac co. The capital 
of the state. Population in 1840. 4897 ; in 1850, 
8584. It lies on both sides of the Mcrrimac River, 
and contains an area of about 41 ,000 acres. There 
are five ponds in Concord, the largest of which 
are Turkey Pond, in the S. W., and Long Pond, 
in the N. W. parts of the town, on the streams 
passing from which arc some valuable mills and 
privileges. The Contoocook River enters the W. 
comer of the town, and uniting with the Mcrrimac 
on the N. W. line, forms, at its junction, the island 
celebrated in history, where Jlrs. Dustin made a 
desperate escape from a j)arty of Indians, who 
were carrying her into captivity, in 1698. On 
the borders of the Mcrrimac, which is the prin- 
cipal river of tliis region, are rich, well-cultivated 
intervale lands. The business between Boston 
and Concord was formerly conducted by means 
of the Middlesex canal and locks, on the Mcr- 
rimac River ; but since the construction of the 
railroads, the canal h.as been aliandoucd. The 
great increase notwithstanding, botli of travel and 
trade, between these two places, is one of the 
best proofs of the superiority of railroad trans- 
portation. Concord israpidly increasing in busi- 
ness, wealth, and population, by the extension of 
numerous railroads to various points. The 
Concord Railroad has a splendid depot, from 
which start the trains running N., S.. E., and 
W.; they also have an extensive freight de- 
pot 300 feet in length. In connection with 
these buildings, they have a large engine house, 
machine shop. re])air shop, paint shoj). and car 
house, wiili extensive wood sheds. In the centre 
of the building is a large and commodious hall, 
accommodating from 1500 to 2000 pco|ile. The 
buildings belonging to the Northern Railroad are 
not so extensive as those of the Concord ; they 
have a large machine shop, a repair shop, and one 
of the best engine houses in New England. The 
Boston. Concord, and Montreal, the Concord and 
Claremont, and Portsmouth and Concord Rail- 
roads are more or less dependent uj)on the two 
former roads for various accommodations. 

The main village is situated on the westerly 
side of the Mcrrimac River, and extends over a 
surface of about two miles in length, and from a 
half to three fourths in width. Many of the streets 
are handsomely laid out, and are beautifully 
ailorned by shrubbery of various kinds. On Main 
Street, six rods in witlth, is situated the State 
House, in the centre of a beautiful common, with 
a thrifty growth of majilc and elm trees. 

Much of the mercantile business of the place 
is done on Main Street, which runs N. and S. 
from the State House, nearly a mile each way. 
All of the public houses, and a large proportion 
of the manufitctoriesand shops, may here be found. 
Near the northern extremity of State Street, two 
miles in length, also a very handsome street, is 
situated the Methodist Biblical Institute, a theo- 
logical school, commenced in 1847, and now in 
successful operation. The state prison is located 
on this street. On the westerly side of the Con- 
cord and Claremont Railroad is a very extensive 



338 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



iron fuiimlcry, with several mills and sliops, 
with various "kinds of machinery, propelled by 
steam power. There are also several establish- 
ments for the manufaeture of coaches and other 
vehicles. Some are very distini^uished for their 
superior skill and workmanship, and employ a 
large amount of labor and capital. In the Con- 
cord portion of Fishers lille, near the junction of 
the Contoocook Kivcr with the Jlcrrimac. six 
miles N. of the main village, about half of 
which is in Concord and the other lialf in Bos- 
cawen, there are a large cotton factory, various 
other manufacturing establishments, and sites 
for two other factories equal to the one alreaily 
completed. This village, on both sides the Con- 
toocook, has grown up rapidly, and is still increas- 
ing. It is traversed by the Northern and Clarc- 
mont Railroads, which afl'ord great facilities for 
transportation. 

The W. village, better kno^vn as the West Par- 
ish, is situated about half way between Fishers- 
ville and the main village. Here are manufac- 
tured some of the finest flannels and blankets in 
the country. The Concord and Clarcmont Rail- 
road passes through this place. 

The E. village, situated on the easterly side of 
theMerrimae River, distant about 2 miles from the 
State House, is a very thrifty and growing place, 
connected with the main village by Federal 
Bridge; «lso by the Boston, Concord, and Mon- 
treal Railroad. 

Concord, N. Y., Erie co. Situated on the N. 
side of Cattaraugus Creek, and watered by sev- 
eral small streams. Tlie surface is quite hilly, 
the soil favorable to the growth of grass. 282 
miles W. from Alliany, and 2.") S. from Butf'alo. 

Concord, Pa., Delaware CO. Watered by Paint- 
er's Creek, which aflbrds good hydraulic power. 
20 miles W. from Pliihidelphia. 

Concord, Pa., Franklin co. At the head of 
Tuscarora Creek. 12 miles W. from Harrisburg. 

Concord, Pa., Erie co. Watered by branches 
of Frenili and Broken Straw Creeks. Surface 
hillv, and well suited to grazing. 

Concord, Vt., Essex co. Hall's Pond, lying 
near the centre of the town, is about a mile long, 
and about 100 rods wide. Miles's Pond is aliout 
the same size, and lies near the N. E. corner of 
the town. This town is watered by Moose and 
Connecticut Rivers, also by several small streams. 
The surface is uneven, and in the N. E. parts 
very .stony. It is an excellent grazing township, 
and has some good tillage land. The first set- 
tlement was commenced in 1788, by Joseph Ball. 
24 miles S. W. from Guildhall, and 44 N. E. by 
E. from Montpclicr. 

Concordia Parish, La., c. h. at Vidalia, E. part, 
between the Washita and the Mississippi. Sur- 
face fiat, and mostly liable to inundation ; soil 
extremely fertile, producing large crops of cotton. 

CoiKcuh County, Aa., c. h. at Sparta. On the 
S. border. Watered by Conecuh River and its 
tributaries. 

Conemauffh, Pa., Cambria co. Situated at the 
junction of Conemaugh River and Stone Creek. 
Hilly i soil of clay and calcareous loam. 

Conemaugh, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Black- 
leg's Creek and Conemaugli River. Surface hilly j 
soil a rich loam. Salt is found here on the banks 
of the Conemaugh. 

Conefeus, N. Y., Livingston co. Between Cone- 
seus and Hemlock Lakes. Hilly ; the soil hardly 
of the medium ciuality. 221 miles W. from Albany. 



Concsville. N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by 
the Manor Kill, a branch of Schoharie Creek. 
Hilly; the soil sandy loam. 42 miles S. W. from 
Albany. 

ConciCittjo, Pa. A township of Adams co. 

Conewaijo, Pa. A township of York co. 

ConcijuenesHinf/, Pa., Butler co. Conequenessing, 
Breackneck and Yellow Creeks water this to\vn. 
Surface undulating ; soil clay, gravel, and loam. 

Conestoi/a, Pa., Lancaster co. 5 miles S. from 
Lancaster. 

Cunhor.ton, N. Y., Steuben co. Conhocton River 
.and some of its branches water this town, the sur- 
face of which is hilly, aud the soil moist clay 
loam, favorable to the growth of grass. 225 miles 
W. from Albany. 

Conklin. N. Y., Broome co. The Susquehan- 
na River flows through this town. The surface 
is rather hilly, with the exception of a deep val- 
ley on the banks of the river. 5 miles S. E. 
from Bingliampton, and 1.52 S. W. from Albany. 

Conneaut, Pa., Erie co. Surface hilly ; watered 
by Conneaut Lake and Creek ; soil loam and 
gravel. 

Cunneant, Pa., Crawford co.' This town has an 
undulating surface and gravelly soil. 

Conneaut, 0., Ashtabula CO. Township and 
town, formerly called Salem. On the shore of 
L.iko Erie, at the mouth of Conneaut Creek. 

Coiuitllsville, Pa., Fayette co. 1 80 miles W. by 
S. from Harrisburg. 

Connemaufjh, Pa. A township of Somerset co. 

Coniicrsfiile, la., c. h. Fayette co. On the 
W. side of Whitewater River. 60 miles E. S. E. 
from Indianapolis. 

Connewanyo, N. Y., Cattaraugas co. Watered 
by Connewango and Little Conncwango Creeks. 
The surface is high and broken ; the soil fertile. 
302 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Connewango, Pa., Warren co. Bounded on the 
S. by the Alleghany River, and drained by Cone- 
wago Creek. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, es- 
pecially in the S. part. 

Conquest, N. Y., Cayuga CO. On the N. side 
of Seneca River, in which is Howland's Island, 
belonging to this town. It also contains Duck 
Lake. The surface is rolling ; the soil sandy 
and clay loam. 162 miles N. W. from Albany, 
and 1.') N. from Auburn. 

Constable, N. Y., Franklin co. Trout River 
waters this town, which is bounded by Canada 
on the N. The surface is level ; soil sandv loam. 
218 miles N. N. W from Alb.any, and 6 N.from 
Malone. 

Conslantia, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by 
Scriba's Creek and other small streams flowing 
into Oneida Lake, which bounds it on the S. 
Tlic surface is level; soil sandy. .30 miles S. E. 
from Oswego, and 140 N. of W. from All>any. 

Constantine, Mn., St .Joseph co. On St. Joseph 
River, at the mouth of Fall River, 149 miles 
W. S. W. from Detroit. A place of extensive 
business, having excellent water power. Steam- 
boats pass the mouth of the St. Joseph. 

Contoocook Viltai/e, N. H. In the townofHop- 
kinton, Merrimac co. On Contoocook River, 
which artbrds extensive hydraulic power. W. 
from Concord 10 miles. 

Contra Costa County, Ca., c. h. at Martinez. 
In the south angle, between San F'rancisco Bay 
and the outlet of the Sacramento. 

Conway County, As., c. h. at Lewisburg, 
Central. On the N. bank of the Arkansas. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



339 



Surface uneven, and drained by Cadron and Point 
Eeniovc Creeks. 

Cvnu-ay, Ms., Franklin co. South and Bear 
Rivers, tributaries of Deerfield River, give to 
Conway an excellent water power. The surface 
is uneven, and in some parts quite elevated ; the 
soil is strong. The village, in the centre of the 
town, is located in a small valley, between Beal's 
and Billing's Hills; it is very neat and picturesf[ue. 
8 miles S. W. from Greenfield, and 98 W. N. 
W. from Boston. 

Conwai/, N. H., Carroll co. Swift, Pequaukett 
Rivers, and another stream, discharge tliemsclves 
into Saco River, in this town. Saco River here 
is from 10 to 12 rods wide, and about 2 feet 
deep; its current rapid, and broken by falls. 
Walker's, and Little Pequaukett Ponds are in this 
town. There is a detached block of granite on 
the southern side of Pine Hill, the largest per- 
haps in the state. There is a sulphur spring on 
the bank of Cold Brook. The land, when well 
cultivated, produces large crops of corn and rye. 
Daniel Foster, in 1765, obtained a grant of tills 
township, on condition that each grantee should 
pay a rent of one ear of Indian corn annually, 
for the space of ten years, if demanded. Con- 
way is a great resort for travellers from the S. E. 
to the White Mountains, for whom there are 
gooil accommodations. See Fifshioiiable I^'sorfs. 
Settled in 1764, '8 and '9. 76 miles N. N. E. from 
Concord. 

Conii--ai/horo\ S. C, c. h. Horry district. On 
the W. bank of Waccamaw River, at tlie head of 
steamlioat navigation, and 196 miles E. by S. 
from Columbia. 

Cook County, Is., c. h. Chicago. In the N. E. 
corner of the state, on Lake Michigan. Calu- 
met, Cbicago, and Des Plaines Rivers water this 
county. Surface undulating, and in parts marshy. 

Cook County. Ts. New. 

Coulhuur/h's, Pa., Monroe co. 138 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Cool Sprinr/. Pa., Mercer Co. Watered by Cool 
Spring and Otter Creeks, branches of Neshanock 
River. W. N. W. from Harrisburg 17.5 miles. 

Cooper County, Mo., c. h. at Booneville. Central. 
On the S. bank of the Missouri. Watered by La 
Mine and Little Saline Rivers and Manitou Creek. 
Surface undulating ; soil of excellent quality. 

Cooper, Me., Washington co. Denny's River, 
emptying into Meddybemps Lake, and both dis- 
charging into the River St. Croix at Baring, water 
the N. part of this town. It lies 164 miles E. N. E. 
from Augusta, and about 36 miles N. from Machias. 

Cooperstown, N. Y., e. h. Otsego co. Beautifully 
located on a plain at the outlet of Otsego Lake. 
69 miles W. from Albany. There is here a very 
fine water power. 

Coos County, N. H., c. h. at Lancaster. N. part 
of the state. Coos is the largest county in N. H., 
and within its limits are situated most of the un- 
granted lands. Large portions ai-e mountainous 
and cannot be cultivated. It is 76 miles in length, 
and about 20 in width. Besides the stupendous 
pile of the White Mountains, in this county, there 
are several other mountains of no inconsider- 
able height. Three of the principal rivers in New 
England, the Connecticut, Androscoggin, and 
Saco, take their rise in this county. Umbagog 
Lake, the source of the Androscoggin, lies partly 
in this county, though most of it Is in Maine. Lake 
Connecticut is situated N. of lat. 45°, and is one 
of the sources of Connecticut River. 



Coosa County, An., c. h. at Rockford. E. cen- 
tral, between the Tallapoosa and Coosa. Drained 
by Hatchet, Paint, and Wawakee Creeks, branches 
of the Coosa. Surface varied ; soil productive. 

Copeike, N. Y., Columbia co. Drained by An- 
cram Ci'cek, which flows through several small 
lakes. The E. p.art of the town is hilly, and on 
the W. is a broad valley, the soil of which is very 
fertile. 17 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 47 S. 
S. E. from Albany. 

Coj)en/iiiijen, N. Y., Lewis co. On Deer River, 
which, half a mile below this place, has a nearly 
perpendicular descent of 175 feet. 149 miles N. 
vV. from Albany. 

Copiah County, Mi., c. h. at Gallatin. In the S. 
W. ])art of the state, on the W. side of Pearl 
River. Bayou Pierre and the bead branches 
of Homochito River traverse this county 

Copper Harhor, Mn., Houghton co. In lat. 47° 
28' and Ion. 88° 45', near the extremity of Kee- 
waiwona Point, which projects nearly into the 
middle of Lake Superior from its southern shore. 
It is a tolerably safe retreat for small vessels and 
steamboats, and is of importance on that account, 
but it is not sufliciently near to the working mines 
to be supported by any business population. A 
post office, and a tavern, with a few humble 
dwellings, is all that this place can boast of. 
This harhor was well known to the French mis- 
sionaries 230 years ago, and tlie green silicate of 
copper or chrysocolla, which formed the outcrop 
of the black oxide of copper vein, w^as described 
by those missionaries in a work ]uililis!u'd in 
Paris, in 1626. In 1845, this mine wa* opened by 
the Boston and Pittsburg Mining Company, but 
it was soon exhausted of its ore, the lode having 
been cut olf by a bed of fine-grained red sand- 
stone, as had been predicted it would be liy the 
geologist who first surveyed the mining regions 
of Keewaiwona Point. 'The mine was therefore 
soon after abandoned, and no more black oxide 
of copper has been found there. 

The rocks at Copper Harbor are a coarse eon- 
glomerate, a pudding stone, fine red sandstone 
and trap rocks, mostly of an amygdaloidal strtic 
ture, the latter skirting the coast, and forming 
the capes and headlands. Copper Harbor is now 
distinguished from other places on -Keewaiwo- 
na Point for the absence of copper, which is so 
abundant at Eagle River, and Eagle Harbor, 18 
or 20 miles to the westward of it. 

Corinna, Me., Somerset co. Situ,ated 53 miles 
W. N. W. from Augusta, and about 35 N. W 
from Norridgewock. Incorporated 1816. 

Corinth, Me., Penobscot co. 81 miles N. by W. 
from Augusta. Watered by the Kenduskeag. A 
fine township. 

Corinth, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated on the 
W. side of the Hudson River. The surface is roll- 
ing; soil sandy. 16 miles N. from Ballston Spa, 
and 49 N. from Albany. 

Corinth, Vt., Orange co. The surface is gen- 
erally very uneven and broken, and the elevations 
abrupt; yet tlic land is, in almost every part, sus- 
ce[)tib!e of cultivation. The soil consists of a 
dark loam, mixed with some sand. Some miner- 
als are found here. This township is well wa- 
tered by Wait's River and several of its branches. 
On North Branch, in the N. E. corner of the 
town, is East Village, first settlcil in 1777, by 
Ezekiel Colby and family. 20 miles S. E. from 
Montpclier, and 10 N. E. from Chelsea. The 
Central and Passumpsic Railroads pass near. 



340 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Cornintj, N. Y., Steuben co. Au important 
place on the S. siJe of Chemung River, 213 miles 
W. S. W. from Albany. The Erie Railroad 
passes through this place. A canal connects it 
with Seneca Lake, and a railroad with Bloss- 
burg, in Pa. 

Cornish, Me., York co. Bounded N. by the 
Saco and Great Ossipee Rivers. 83 miles S. W. 
from Augusta, 32 W. by N. from Portland, and 25 
N. from Alfred. Incorporated 1 794. Cornish pro- 
duces good crops of wheat and some wool. 

Cornish, N. H., Sullivan co. Connecticut River 
waters the W. part of this town, and a bridge 
connects Cornish with Windsor, Vt. The soil is 
fertile. The town is hilly, except that part which 
lies on the river. Rlow-me-down and Bryant's 
Brooks are the only streams of any magnitude. 
First settlers, emigrants from Massachuscstts. in 
1765. 17 miles N. from Charlestown, and 60 N. 
W. by W. from Concord. The Sullivan Rail- 
road hero connects with a road to Burlington by 
crossing a bridge to Windsor. 

Corn Planter, Pa., Venango CO. 217 miles W. 
N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Cornviile, Me., Somerset co. This town is well 
watered by the Wessaranset River, a branch of 
the Kennebec. There is much choice land in 
Cornviile. 

Cornwall, Ct., Litchfield co. This mountainous 
township lies on the E. side of Housatonic River. 
The scenery about the south village is very beauti- 
ful. The mountains and lofty hills which rise 
immediately on almost every side, shutting out, 
in a sense, the most of the world from this ap- 
parently retired spot, present a bold and most 
striking feature in the landscape. Tliis village 
is the place where a Foreign Mission School for 
educating youth was established in 1818. 38 
miles W. from Hartford. 

Cornwall, Vt., Addison co. This is a hand- 
some township of land, and the surface is gener- 
ally level. Lemonfair River crosses the N. W. 
corner, and Otter Creek washes a part of the east- 
ern boundary. In the S. part of the town is 
a quarry of excellent dark blue limestone, and 
near the centre of the town is a bed of hydraulic 
cement, or native lime. Beautiful calcareous 
spar is found in the western part. Along Otter 
Creek is a large swamp, covering several thou- 
sand acres. The settlement was commenced in 
1774. Distances, 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier, 
and 36 S. from Burlington. 

Cornwall, N. Y., Orange co. Situated on the 
W. bank of (he Hudson River, 100 miles S. from 
Albany. The surface of this town, being chiefly 
within" the Highlands, is hilly, and in a great part 
mountainous, including in its area those well- 
known summits Bare Mountain, Crow's Nest, and 
Butter Hill. The physical features of this whole 
region are highly interesting and romantic. There 
are several localities in this town of interest in 
our revolutionary history ; such are West Point, 
and the sites of the old forts Putnam, Clinton, 
and Montgomery. The two former are situated 
at West Point, and the latter on an eminence in 
the S. part of the town, near the Hudson. The 
landing for Cornwall is at the village bearing the 
same name, 4 miles S. of Newburg, at the north- 
ern termination of the Highlands. See West 
Point. 

Corpus Christi, Ts., c. h. Nueces co. 
Cortland, N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. 
side of the Hudson. Watered by Crotou River 



and several small streams. This town was the 
theatre of many exciting scenes during the revo 
lutionary war. The surface is hilly, and in parts 
mountainous ; a peak of the Highlands, called 
the lower " Anthony's Nose," being situated in 
the N. W. part. 110 miles S. from Albanv, and 
16 N. W. from White Plains. 

Cortland County, N. Y., c. h. at CortlandviUe. 
Central. It was formed from Onondago co. in 
1808. Watered by Tioughnioga and Ostclie 
Rivers, which, with their branches, afford much 
valuable water power. Surface elevated ami 
hilly, with broad fertile valleys ; soil mostly of 
excellent qu.ality. Iron ore and marl are found 
in small quantities, and there arc two or three 
sulphur and Ijriiie s])riugs. 

Cortlandrille, N. Y., c. h. Cortland co. Wa- 
tered by Tioughnioga River, and some of its 
branches. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
very fertile. 140 miles W. from Albany. 

Corunna, Mn., e. h. Shiawassee CO. On Shia- 
wassee River, which affords good hydraulic 
power. N. W. from Detroit 79 miles. Coal, 
sandstone, and lime are found near this place. 

Conjdon, la., c. h. Harrison co. On the E. bank 
of Indian Creek, a branch of the Ohio River. 
126 miles S. from Indianapolis. 

Coshocton Count!/. O., c. h. at Coshocton. E. 
central. Many mounds and burial-places are 
found here. The land is uneven, but rich and 
fertile, and is well watered by Walhonding and 
Killbuck Rivers, and several creeks. The Ohio 
Canal crosses the county. Three salt wells are 
found here, and iron and lead ore, and stone 
coal. 

Coshocton, O., scat o^ justice of Coshocton co. 
30 miles N. from ZaffesviUe, and 83 E. N. E. 
from Columbus. It is at the junction of the 
Tuscarawas and Walhonding Rivers, which here 
unite and form the Muskingum. Steamboats 
come up here occasionally in high water. The 
ground on which the town is built rises beauti- 
fully from the river, by four natural terraces, each 
about 9 feet above the other; tlie lir.-;t three of 
which are about 400 feet in width, and the last 
about 1000. The public square, on which the 
county buildings are located, is about 60 rods 
back from the Muskingum, and contains 4 acres, 
neatly enclosed, and planted with trees. The 
streets are laid out at right angles with each 
other, dividing the town plot into 36 blocks, 
which are more or less built upon. There are 
four or five churches in the place, one or two 
printing offices, and several manufacturing estab- 
lishments. A bridge across the Muskingum con- 
nects this place with Roscoe, on the Oliio and 
Erie Canal, at the point where the Walhonding 
Canal unites with it. 

Cossawago, Pa. A township of Crawford eo. 

Cotton Gin Port, Mi., Monroe co. On the E. 
side of the Tomhigbce River, just below the junc- 
tion of the E. and W. branches. 180 miles N. E. 
from Jackson. 

Council Bluffs, lo., on the Missouri River, 
where the Pottawatamie agency was, is the great 
crossing-place on the Missouri for emigrants by 
the northern route for Utah, Oregon, and Cali- 
fornia. Council Bluffs Indian sub-agency is on 
the opposite side of the river. Port Calhoun, 
often designated on maps as Council Bhitfs, was 
situated 28 miles above, on the Nebraska side. 
The route by Council Bluft's is destined by nature 
for the great thoroughfare to the Pacific. This 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



341 



was Ihc road selected by " nature's civil engineers," 
the buffiilo and the elk, for their western travel. 
The Indians followed them in the same trail ; 
then the traders ; next the settlers came. The 
estimation in which this route is held may well 
be judged by any one who will take the trouble 
to look over the volume of recommendations 
from emi;i:ranls, traders, and Indian agents. 

Coveiilri/, Ct., Tolland co. The Wangombog, 
a beautiful pond, and the Skungamug, Hop, and 
Willimantie Rivers, give Coventry a good water 
power. This town was first settled in 1700. 
The surface is uneven, and tlie soil a gravelly 
loam. 18 miles E. from Hartford. 

Coventry, N. Y., Chenango co. Drained by 
Harper's and Kelsey's Creeks, branches of the 
Susquehanna River. The surface is liilly ; soil 
sandy loam, suitable for the growth of grass. 16 
miles S. from Norwich, and 11 7 S. W. from Albany. 

Cocenlry, Pa., Chester co. On the Tioga River. 
Surfoce hilly, abounding with coal and iron ; soil 
clay and gravelly loam. 

Coventrij, R. I., Kent co. Tliis is a very large 
township, extending to the N. line of Connecti- 
cut, and admirably watered by numerous ponds, 
and by Flat River, an important branch of the 
Pawtueket. Coventry has long been noted for 
the number and variety of its manufactures, par- 
ticularly of cotton and wool. The soil of the 
town is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. 
There are a number of pleasant villages in Cov- 
entry, all of which are flourisiiing. both in manu- 
facturing and trade. 10 miles S. W. from Provi- 
dence. 

Coventri/, Vt., Orleans CO. Barton and Black 
Rivers run nortlierly through this town into 
Memphremagog Lake. There are good mill 
privileges in this town on Black River, and like- 
wise on some of the smaller streams. The other 
waters are the S. bay of Lake Memphremagog, 
and two small ponds. The soil is generally good. 
Its timber is mostly maple and beech. The 
western part of the town i? somewhat broken, but 
not mountainous. The village is situated at the 
falls in Black River, in the S. W. part of the 
town, and is in a flourishing state. The first 
settlement commenced about the year 1800. 4 
miles N. from Irasburg, and 46 N. E. from 
Montpelier. 

Covert, N. Y., Seneca co. On the W. side of 
Seneca Lake, and watered by several small 
streams flowing into the lake. The surface is 
high and level; the soil fertile. 177 miles W. 
from Albany. 

Covington County, Aa., c. h. at Montezuma. On 
the S. border. Watered by Conecuh, Yellow 
Water, and Pea Rivers. Soil rather sterile. 

Covincjton, Ga., e. h. Newton co. About 3 miles 
E. from Yellow River, a branch of Oekmulgee 
River, and 61 miles N. \V. from MilledgeviUe. 
The site of Emery College. See Cullrc/es. 

Covington, la., c. h. Fountain co. On the E. 
bank of the Wabash. 74 miles W. N. W. from 
Indianapolis. 

Covington, Ky. City, Kenton co. Situated on 
the S. hank of the Ohio, at the mouth of Licking 
River, directly opposite Cincinnati. 8,") miles S. 
E. from Frankfin't. It is built upon a beautiful 
plain, .several miles in extent, and the streets are 
BO laid out as to correspond with those of Cincin- 
nati, and appear a contiimation of them, with 
only the river interposed. Many persons doing 
business in Cincinnati are induced, bv the facili- 



ties of crossing the river by steam ferry boats, 
which is here about 600 yards wide, to make their 
residence in Covington ; and this tendency will 
doubtless much increase hereafter with the growth 
of Cincinnati, and the greater difficulty and ex- 
pense of obtaining residences near the centre of 
business. It has, moreover, a large business of 
its own, consisting of various manufacturing es- 
tablishments, and large operations in pork. 

The principal public buildings of Covington 
.are a spacious City Hall, two female academies, 
the Western Baptist Theological Seminary, and 
several handsome church edifices. The Metho- 
dists and Roman Catholics have each two churches 
here ; and the Presbyterians, Baptists, Episco- 
palians, and the Reformed, or Christian Baptists, 
one each. The Theological Seminary is a well- 
endowed institution, and is now in a flourishing 
condition. It is under the patron.age of the West- 
ern Baptist Education Society. The buildings 
are pleasantly located in the centre of a square 
containing 10 acres, upon elevated ground, over- 
looking Cincinnati and the surrounding villages. 
When the plan of constnietion is fully carried 
out, there will be two theological buildings, like 
the one which is now erected, 120 feet long by 46 
feet deep, four stories high, with a large and ele- 
gant chapel between them. Covington is rapidly 
increasing, and is destined, probably, to be the 
largest city in Kentucky. Population in 1840, 
2026 ; in 1850, about 10,000. Newport, with 7000 
inhabitants, adjoins it on the opposite side of the 
Licking, making in fact one town. 

Covington, La., c. h. St. Tammany parish. On 
a small river which flows into Lake Pontchar- 
train. 45 miles N. from New Orleans. 

Covington Cunntij, Mi., c. h. at Williamsburg. 
S. central. Watered by branches of Leaf, a 
tributary of the Pascagoula River. Soil mostly 
of indili'erent quality. 

Covington, N. Y., Wyoming eo. Watered by 
Allen's Creek. The surface is rolling, the soil 
fertile. 241 miles W. from Albany. 

Covington, Pa., Luzerne co. The Lehigh Rivei 
forms the S. E. and S. boundary of this town. 

Covington, Va., c. h. Alleghany eo. Among 
the mountains, on Jackson's River, near the 
junction of Pott's Creek. 196 miles W. from 
Richmond. 

Cowdensport, Pa., c. h. Potter eo. 

Coweta County, Ga., c. h. at Newman. W. cen- 
tral. Between the head waters of Flint River 
and the Chattahoochee. 

Cowpens, S. C, Spartanburg district. This 
place, which lies between Paeolct and Broad 
Rivers, is famous for the battle of Cowpens, 
which was fought in its vicinity, January 11, 
1781. 117 miles N. W. from Columbia. 

CoxsacHe, N. Y., Greene eo. On the W. bank 
of the Hudson River, and watered by several 
small streams. The snrfiicc of the E. part is 
level, and the W. hilly. 22 miles S. trom Albany. 

Croftshnry, Vt., ( Irleans co. This township is 
well watered by Black River, which is formed 
here, and by its several branches, which aff'ord 
numerous mill privileges. The Indian name of 
this river was Elligosigo. Wild Branch p.asses 
through the W. part of this township. There 
are five natural ponds, viz., Elligo, Great Hosmer, 
Little Hosmer, and two smaller ponds. The 
geology of this town is in many resjiects interest- 
ing, and, in some, peculiar. Few areas of tho 
same space, in a region of primary rocks, furnish 



342 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



BO many varieties in situ. Near the centre of the 
township, on an elevated plain, is situated the 
centre village. Craftsbiiry Academy is located 
here. The first settlement was commenced in 
the summer of 1788, by Colonel Elienezer Crafts. 
12 miles S. from Irasburg, and 31 N. E. from 
Montpelier. 

Cranberry, Pa., Butler co. Glade Bun, and 
Breakneck, and Brush Creeks water this town. 
Surface undulating; soil clay and loam. 

Craiiberri/, Pa., Venango co. Bounded on the 
N. and W. by the Alleghany River. 207 miles 
W. N. W. from Ilarrisburg. 

Cranston. R. I., Providence co. The soil of 
this town is more favorable for the production of 
fruits and vegetables than for grain. Some parts 
of the town are very fertile, but considerable of 
the land is rough and uneven. Providence mar- 
ket is supplied with a considerable amount of the 
products of the town. The water power of tlie 
Pawtuxet and Powchasset is constant and 
abundant. Cranston is a very pleasant town, 
and its proximity to Providence (only 5 miles S. 
W.) gives it peculiar privileges. 

Craven Connti/, N. C., c. h. at New Berne. E. 
middle. On Pamlico Sound. Neuse River trav- 
erses this county, the surface of which is level 
and in parts marshy, and the soil mostly fertile. 

Crawford, Aa., c. h. Russell co. 

Crawford County, As., c. h. at Van Buren. On 
the VV. border. On both sides of the Arkansas. 
Surface diversified. 

Crawford County, Ga., c. h. at Knoxville. W. 
central. Flint River and a branch of the Ock- 
mulgee water this county. Soil sandy and rather 
sterile. 

Crawford County, Is., c. h. at Palestine. On 
'the E. border, on the Wabash River. Watered 
by the Wabash and Embarrass Rivers and their 
brandies. The surface consists partly of rich 
prairies. 

Crawford County, la., c. h. at Ercdonia. S. 
part. Touches the Ohio River. Watered on the 
S. E. by Blue River. Surface rough and hilly. 

Crawford, Me., Washington co. Incorjiorated 
1828. This is a good township of land, and was 
formerly called Adams. A large pond in Craw- 
ford and a pai't of another are the sources of a 
branch of East Machias River. 30 miles N. 
from Machias, and 140 E. N. E. from Augusta. 

Crawford County, Mo., c. h. at Steelville. S. 
E. central. The head branches of Maramec 
River water this county. Surface diversified and 
abounding with iron ore ; soil various. A spring, 
discharging 30,000 cubic feet of water per minute, 
propels the Maramec iron works. 

Crawford, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by 
Shawangunk River. The surface is billy ; soil 
clay and sandy loam. 18 miles W. from New- 
burg, and 91 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Crawford County, 0., c. h. at Bucyrus. N. 
central. Watered by Sandusky River, Broken 
Sword and Tymochtec Creeks. 

Crawford County, Pa., c. h. at Meadville. In 
the N. \V. corner, bordering on Ohio. Watered 
by Shenango and French Creeks and their 
branches. Iron ore is ibnnd in this county, and 
a creek affording bituminous oil. 

Crawford County, Wn., c. h. at Prairie du Cbien. 
In the N. angle between the Wisconsin and the 
Mississippi. The rivers afford excellent water 
power. Surface hilly ; soil fertile along the bor- 
lers of the streams. 



Crawfordsville, Ga., c. h. Talliaferro co., lies 
between Ogeechee and Little Rivers. 62 miles 
N. by E. from Millcdgcvillc. 

Crawfordsville, la., c. h. Jlontgomery co. On the 
S. side of Sugar Creek, and is the scat of Wabash 
College. (See Colleges.) 45 miles N. W. by W. 
from Indianapolis. 

Crer-k, Pa. A township of Washington co. 

Crittenden County, As., c. h. at Marion. On 
the E. border, between the Mississippi and the 
St. Francis. Surface level, and in parts liable to 
inundation. Soil very fertile in the more elevat- 
ed portions. 

Crittenden County, Ky.. c. h. at Salem, W. part. 
On the Ohio River. The Cumberland River 
forms ils S. W. boundary. Surface level ; soil 
productive. 

Croghan, N. V., Lewis co. Surface hilly and 
mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys. 141 
miles N. W. from Albany. 

Cromwell, Pa. A township of Huntington co. 

Cromwell, Ct., Middlesex co. On the \V. side 
of Connecticut River, 13 miles S. from Hartford. 
A new town, which embraces that part of 
Middletown formerly known as Upper Middle- 
town. It contains a handsome village, lying on 
an elevated site from which there is a lovely 
view of the river and the sunounding fertile 
country. 

Crown Point, la., c. h. Lake co. On Robinson's 
Prairie, 1.5 miles S. from Lake Michigan, and 158 
miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. 

Crown Point, N. Y., Essex co. On the W. 
border of Lake Champlain. Watered by I'ut- 
nam's Creek, and some other small streams. 
The surface is level on the E., and mountainous 
on the W. This town was the scene of impor- 
tant events during the French and revolutionary 
wars. On a neck of land, in the N. E. part of 
the town, are situated the ruins of the fort of 
Crown Point. 105 miles N. N. E. from Al- 
bany. 

Croydon, N. II., Sullivan co. The N. branch 
of Sugar River waters this town. The soil is 
moist and rocky, and produces valuable crops. 
Croydon Mountain is of considerable elevation, 
on which are two small ponds. First settlers, 
Samuel Chase and others, in 1763. 44 miles 
N. N. W. from Concord, and 8 N. from New- 
port. 

Cuba, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Oil 
Creek, and contains a small lake. Near the W. 
boundary is located the Oil Spring Reservation. 
Surface high and undulating on the E. ; soil 
mostly j>roductive. The Genesee Valley Canal 
and New York and Erie Railroad cross this town. 
12 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 274 I'rom Al- 
bany. 

Cullonia, Ca., e. h. El Dorado co. On the S. fork 
of the .iVmerican River, 45 miles from Sacramento 
city, in the immediate vicinity of the spot where 
gold was first discovered. 

Culpepper County, Va., c. h. at Fairfax. N. pan. 
On the upper waters of the Rappahannock. Sur- 
face agreeably diversified, and soil rich. 

Cul/iepper, Va., c. h. Culpepper co. 93 miles 
N. N. W. from Richmond. 

Cumberland County, Is , c. h. at Greenup. Eastern 
part. Watered by the branches of the Embarrass, 
a tributarv of the Wabash. 

Cumberland Co., Ky., c. b. at Burkcsville. On 
the southern border. On both sides of Cumber- 
land River. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



343 



Cumherlnml Coun/ij, Me., c. h. at Portland. In 
the S. W. part of the state, between Casco Bay 
on tlie S. E. and tlie River Kennebec on the N. 
E. Fertile, and under good cultivation. Several 
railroads pass through it. 

Ciw:bn-laii<l,Me., Cumberland co. Setoff from 
the westerly part of Yarmouth in 1821. 54 
miles S. W. from Augusta, and 10 N. from 
Portland. Cumberland is pleasantly situated on 
Casco Bay, and enjoys many navigable facilities. 

Ciintbcrland. Md., c. h. Alleghany co. On the 
N. bank of the Potom.ac IJiver, at "tlie junction of 
Wills Creek, and ICIJ miles W. N. W. fron> 
Annapolis. The Cumberland or national road, 
and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad pass through 
it, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal terminates 
here. Coal abounds in the neighborhood, and is 
largely exported down the Potomac. 

Cumberland Coiinti/, N. C , c. h. at Faycttcville. 
S. E. central. On both sides of Cape Fear River. 
Surface undulating, and watered by the Cape 
Fear River and branches ; soil light and thin. 

Ciiiiiberlnnil Couiiti/, N. J., c. h. at Bridgetown. 
S. part. On Delaware Bay. ]5rained by Man- 
rice and Tuckahoe Rivers, and Stow and Cohan- 
sey Creeks. A salt marsh of from half a mile 
to a mile in width borders on Delaware Bay. 
f Soil rather light, but fertile in parts. Iron ore 
and marl are found in this county. 

Cumberland Couiiti/, Pa., c. h. at Carlisle. S. E. 
central. Watered by Conedogwinet and Yellow 
Breeches Creeks, branches of the Susquehanna 
Kivcr. Surliice somewhat hilly ; soil very rich. 
Iron ore is found here. 

Cumberland^ Pa., Adams co. Between Marsh 
and Rock Creeks, and drained by Bear and 
Willoughby Runs. 

Cumberland, Pa., Green co. Watered by Muddy 
Creek, a branch of the Monongahcia River. Sur- 
face level ; soil loamy. 11 miles E. from Waynes- 
burg. 

Cumberland VaUei/, Pa., Bedford co. Between 
Evits and Will's Mountains, and watered by 
Evits Creek. 

Cumberland, R. I., Providence co. Pawtucket, 
Mill, and Peter's Rivers, and Abbot's Run, af- 
ford, the town a good hydraulic power. 8 miles 
from Providence. 

Cumberland Countij, Va., c. h. at Cumberland. 
E. central. Between the Appomattox and James 
Rivers. Surface somewhat hilly, and drained 
by Willis River ; soil fertile. 

Cumberland, Va., c. h. Cumberland co. On an 
elevated position between Appomattox and Wil- 
lis Rivers. 52 miles W. by S. from Richmond. 

Cumntliir/, (.la., c. h. Forsyth co. 9 miles W. 
from Chattahoochee River, and 109 N. W. from 
Milledgeville. 

Cummini/x, I'i\. Township, Lycoming CO. Ill 
miles N. fi'om Ilarrisburg. 

Cummiiifflon, Ms., Hampshire co. On the range 
of the Green Mountains, but with a strong and 
productive soil. AVestfield River passes through 
it, receiving many tributaries, which, with the 
main river, afford much water power. 110 miles 
W. from Boston. 

Currituek Caunti/, N. C, c. h. at Currituck. On 
the N. E. shore. This county oomprises Roanoke 
Island, and is divided into two parts by Curri- 
tuck Sound. Surface level, and in parts marshy. 

Cnrrltucl; N. C., c. h. Currituck co. On the 
W. side of Currituck Sound. 242 miles E. N. E. 
from Raleigh. 



Cushing, Me., Lincoln co. Situated on St. 
George's River, opposite to the town of St. 
George. 45 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 
about 12 miles S. from Warren. This place was 
settled by emigrants from Ireland, as early as 
173.3. 

Cussaimi/o, Pa., Crawford co. 24G miles N. 
W. by W. from Harri-;liurg. 

Cnthberl, Ga.. c. h. Randolph co. 153 miles S. 
W. from Milledgeville. 

Cutler, Me., Washington co. Bounded S. by 
the Atlantic Ocean, and about 20 miles S. W. 
from West Quoddy Head. It contains Little 
Machias Bay and Little River, and is bounded 
W. by Machias Bay. Cutler has a good harbor. 
164 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 

Cuijahorja Falls, O., Summit co. So named 
from the fills in the Cuyahoga River, on which 
the place is situated, being about 40 miles S. of 
Cleveland, and 128 N. E. from Columbus. This 
place was laid out in 1837, and had so rapid a 
growth that in 1840 it was the rival of Akron 
for the county scat, from which it is 4 miles 
distant. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal 
passes through this place, .and enters the Ohio 
Canal at Akron. The falls afford .an excellent 
water power, which is already em[)loyed to op- 
erate several large paper mills, flonr mills, and 
other manufactories ; and is available for further 
application to a large extent. 

The falls themselves present many wild and 
romantic features for the admiration of the lov- 
ers of nature. The Cuyahoga has a descent 
here, in the course of a little more than 2 miles, 
of about 200 feet, over stratified rocks, which, 
for a portion of the distance, are worn away, or 
wore originally separated by some convulsion of 
nature, into a chasm of nearly that deptli. The 
ravine thus formed, with the rapids and cas- 
cades of the river jjassing through it, exhibits 
many jioints of bold and picturesque scenery. 
The Indian name for these falls was Cojipacaw, 
which signifies, it is said, shedding tears. 

Cuyaltofja County, O., c. h. Cleveland. N. E. 
part on the shore of Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga, 
Rocky, and Chagrin Rivers arc the jnincipal 
ones, and they all run northwardly into Lake 
Erie. The county takes its name from the prin- 
cipal river. 

Cynthiana, Ky., c. h. Harrison co. On the E. 
side of the S. fork of Licking River. 37 miles 
N. E. from Frankfort. 

Dade County, Fa., c. h. at Key Biscayune 
Bounded N. by Lake Okeechobee, E. by St. Lucia 
county, S. E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and 
W. by Monroe county. This county comprises 
several keys, or islands, lying off its coast ; and 
in the N. part is a tract of land called the Ever- 
glades, covered with water from one to six feet 
deep, and dotted with fertile islands and cypress 
swamps. The Everglades were a celebrated re- 
treat of the Seminole Indians during the Florida 
war. Soil fertile in parts, and especially along 
the sea-coast. 

Dade County, Ga., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded 
N. by Tennessee, E. and S. by Walker co., 
and W. by Alabama. Lookout Creek, a branch 
of the Tennessee River, waters it. Surface 
mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys. 

Dade County, Mo., c. h. at Greenfield. Bound- 
ed N. by Cedar co., E. by Polk and Green 
counties, S. by Lawrence, and W. by Jasper 



344 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



CO. Watered by Pomme dc Terre River and its 
tributaries. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile. 

Dadeoille^ Aa., c. h. Tallapoosa co. 6 miles E. 
from Tallapoosa River, .37 miles N. E. from We- 
tumpka, and 140 E. S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Dahkotah County, Ma., c. h. at Fort Snclling. 
In the angle between the Minnesota and Mis- 
sissippi. 

Daldonivja, Ga., c. h. Lumpkin co. Between 
Chestatee and Etowah Rivers. 140 miles N. N. 
W. from Milledgeville. Tlie site of a branch mint. 

DiUe Cuuntij, Aa., c. h. at Daleville. Bounded 
N. by Pike, E. by Henry co., S. by Florida, 
and \V. liy Coffee co. Watered by tributaries 
of the Choctawhatchee River. Surface mostly 
level ; and soil sterile, with the exception of some 
fertile swamps bordering the river. 

Dallas County, Aa., c. h. at Cahaba. Bounded 
N. by Perry co., E. by Autauga and Lowndes 
Bounties, S. by Wilcox, and W. by Jlarengo 
CO. Watered by the Alabama and Cahaba 
Rivers, which form a junction in this county. 
Surface slightly uneven ; soil rich on the borders 
of the streams. 

Dallas County, As., c. h. at Princeton. S. 
central. Between the Wachita and its Sabine 
Fork. 

Dallas County, lo., c. h. at Adcll. S. central 
part. 

Dallas County, Mo., c. h. at Buffalo. S. W. 
central. Watered by the Miauqua, (a tributary 
of the Osage,) which flows N. through it. 

Dallas, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by Harvey's 
Lake, lying in this town, and by its outlet, and 
some other streams, affording hydraulic i)Ower. 
Surface broken and mountainous ; soil slate, 
gravel, and loam. 133 miles N. E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Dallas County, Ts., c. h. at Dallas. In the N. 
E. angle, on tlie upper waters of the Sabine. 

Dallas, Me., Franklin co. New. 

Dalton, Ms., Berkshire co. Dalton began to 
be settled about the year 1755. It is a good 
grazing, mountain town, finely watered by the 
Housatonic River. The village in the centre 
of the town is curiously and very pleasantly 
situated. It is in the valley of the Housatonic, 
and encircled on three sides by that beautiful 
stream. The Western Railroad passes through it. 
5 miles E. from Pittsficld, and 146 W. from Boston. 

Dalton, N. H., Coos co. On Connecticut 
River. The Great or Fifteen Mile Falls com- 
mence in Dalton, and rush tumultuously along 
its N. W. boundary. The town is also watered 
by John's River and several large brooks. The 
western and southern parts are hilly. On the 
borders of John's River the white pine abounds. 
The soil on the highlands is good, and well 
adapted to grazing. Blake's Pond lies at the S. 
E. corner; it was named for a famous hunter. 
Near Slate Hill is a mineral spring ; it deposits 
a thin crust of iron ore. This town was named 
from Hon. Tristham Dalton. a grantee. First 
settlers, Moses Blake and Walter Blass. 125 
miles N. by W. from Concord, and 8 S. by W. 
from Lancaster. 

Damariscotta, Me., Lincoln co. On the outlet 
of Damariscotta Pond, formed in 1847 from parts 
of Bristol and Nobleboro'. 30 miles S. E. from 
Augusta. 

Damascus, Pa., Wayne co. On the W. bank 
of the Delaware River. 190 miles N. N. E. from 
Harrisburg. 



Dana, Ms., Worcester co. This is a small 
town, taken from Greenwich. Hardwick, and Pe- 
tersham, in 1801. There is some good land in 
the town, but much of it is tit only for pasturage. 
Swift River and one of its tributaries, Fever 
Branch, pass through its northern and western 
section. 30 miles N. W. from Worcester, and 70 
W. by N. from Boston. 

Danhury, Ct., Fairfield co. Danbury, the Pah- 
quioque of the Indians, is one of the shire towns, 
and was first settled in 1684. The soil of the 
town is good, and agreeably diversified by hills 
and valleys. The borough, or village, is very 
pleasantly situated in a valley, and is memorable 
for its sacrifices in the revolutionary war. It was 
nearly destroyed by the British, with a large 
amount of continental stores, April, 1777. 

Danbury, N. II., Grafton co. Danbury lies in 
the form of a diamond ; it is hilly, although there 
are some intervales. In the N. E. part there is si 
large hill. The eastern section is watered by 
Smith's River. The first settlement was made 
in 1771. 16 miles S. by W. from Plymouth, and 
29 N. from Concord, by railroad. The Northern 
Railroad passes through tlic town. 

Danby, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by Cat- 
totoDg Creek and its branches. The surface is 
hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 8 miles S. from Ithaca, 
and 172 S. of W. from Albany. 

Danby, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek runs 
nearly on the line between this townshij) and 
Mount Tabor, but there are no streams of much 
consequence within the township. The most 
considerable are Mill River and Flower Branch. 
These and a branch of Otter Creek, in the north- 
eastern part, are all sufficient for mills. The 
surfiice is uneven, and some parts mountainous. 
South and Spruce Mountains are the principal 
elevations. The soil is well adapted to the pro- 
duction of grass. There are several caverns in 
this township; also several marble quarries in tho 
S. E. ])art. and specimens of galena have been 
found. In the western part of the township is a 
spring, nearly sufficient to carry a mill where it 
issues from the foot of the mountain. The set- 
tlement was commenced in 1765. Distances, 17 
miles S. from Rutland, and 6S S. S. W. from 
Montpelier. 

DandrUlge, Te., c. h. Jefferson co. On the N. 
bank of French Broad River. 229 miles E. 
from Nashville. 

Dane County, Wn., c. h. at Madison. Bounded 
N. by Sauk and Portage counties, E. by Dodge 
and "Jefferson, S. by Rock and Green, and W. by 
Iowa CO. Watered by the Four Lakes, fine 
sheets of water, and by their outlets. Surface 
level ; soil very productive. 

Danielsville, Ga., c. h. Madison co. 91 miles N. 
from Milledgeville. 

Dansi-ille, N. Y., Livingston co. On Canasera- 
ga Creek. 238 miles W. from Albany. There 
is a fall hero of 60 feet in a mile and a half 
Connected with the Genesee Valley Canal by 
a branch which has its terminus here. 

Danseille, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by 
Canaseraga Creek, and some tributaries of Caii- 
isteo River. The surface is somewhat uneven ; 
the soil clay and gravelly loam. 20 miles N. W. 
from Bath, and 234 W. from Albany. 

Danube, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by No- 
wadaga Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, 
which bounds it on the N. The surface is undu- 
lating, and the soil very fertile in the valley of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



345 



the Moliawk. 12 miles E. from Herkimer, and 
70 N. W. from Alliany. 

Duiwas, Ms., Essex co. This ancient town 
adjoins Salem on the N. W., and was formerly a 
part of it. It was incorporated in 1756. There 
are 3 villages here — South Danvers, one at the 
New ^liUs, and another at the Plains. This town 
is well watered by Ipswich River and the sea, 
and possesses a good water power, both salt and 
fresh. The town presents a varied surfece, and 
from the liiffh grouiiils are obtained some of tlie 
most jjicturesque views of sea and shore to be 
found in Massachnsetts Bay. Danvers is abun- 
dantly supplied witli fine sienite, clay, and never- 
failing springs of soft and pure water. It was 
in the family of Mr. Parris, of this place, that 
witchcraft first made its appearance in this coun- 
try, in 1G92. South Danvers is 2 miles from 
Salem, and 14 N. E. from Boston. Danvers is 
very largely concerned in the production of 
leather, boots, and shoes, the annual product ex- 
ceeding two millions of dollars. There are also 
manufactures of iron, wool, &c. 

Danville, As., c. h. Yell co. 

Danville, Is., c. h. Vermilion co., occupies an 
elevated position on the N. side of Vermilion 
River, near the junction of the N. fork. 130 miles 
E. by N. from Springfield. 

Danville, In., c. h. Hendricks co. On the W. 
side of Wliite Lick Creek. 20 miles W. from 
Indianapolis. 

Danville, Ky., Boyle co. The seat of Centre 
College and of the Kentucky Asylum for the 
Deaf and Dumb. On a small branch of Dick's 
River. 41 miles S. by W. from Frankfort. See 
CoUe(]es. 

Danville, Me., Cumberland co. This town, for- 
merly called Pejepsco, was set off from the W. 
part "of Yaraiouth in 1802. It lies 32 miles S. W. 
from Augusta, and 29 N. from Portland. Farm- 
ing is the principal business. 

Danville, Mo., c. ii. JMontgomery co. 47 miles 
N. E. from Jefferson City. 

Danville, N. H., Rockingham co. This town 
was formerly a jjart of Kingston, and known by 
the name of Hawke. Tlic soil is uneven, but 
good. Acchusnut River passes over the N. W. 
corner. Long Pond lies in the E. part, and CuIj 
Pond on the W. side. 33 miles S. E. from Con- 
cord, and 10 S. W. from Exeter. 

Danville, O., Knox co. 65 miles N. E. from 
Columbus. In the midst of a fine agricultural 
country. 

Danville, Pa., c. h. Jlontour co. 

Danville, Vt., c- h. Caledonia co. The eastern 
part of this township is elevated about 200, and the 
western aliout ?00 feet above Connecticut River. 
The soil is free from stone, easily cultivated, and 
is perliaps equal, in I'ichness and adaptation to 
agriculture, to any in the state. It is watered by 
numerous streams of jiure water, which rise in 
the higher lands of Wheelock, Walden, and 
Cabot. Joe's Pond lies mostly in the western 
part of the township, and covers about 1000 acres. 
It discharges its waters into the Passumjisic bv 
Merrill's River. At ils outlet, a large, never- 
failing sheet of water falls over a limestone ledge, 
75 feet in 12 rods. In the N. part of the town 
are Sleeper's River and the Branch. Danville 
village is pleasantly situated, nearly in the cen- 
tre of the township, on elevated land, in the 
midst of a beautiful farming country. Philips 
Academy was incor|iorated in 1840, and named 
44 



in honor of Paul D. Philips, who endowed it 
with $4000. In 1785, or '6, the settlement was 
commenced by about 50 emigrants from N. H. 
and Ms., who entered on the land as " squat- 
ters." 30 miles N. E. from Montpclier 

Danville, Va., Pittsylvania co. On Dan River, 
which affords good water power. S. W. by W. 
from Richmond, 164 miles. The river is naviga- 
ble, for boats, to the falls of the Roanoke. Dan- 
ville is the centre of a lucrative trade. 

Darby, Pa., Delaware co. On Darby Creek, 
and is divided into two parts, the Upj)er and 
Lower. 95 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 

Darien, Ct., Fairfield co. A township of good 
soil. 42 miles S. VV. from New Haven. 

Darien, Ga., c."Ii. Mcintosh co. Situated on 
the northern and principal channel of the Ala- 
tamaha River, 12 miles above the bar, at its 
entrance into Alatamaha Sound, on the Atlan- 
tic coast. The bar has 14 feet of water at low 
tide. The place is situated on a high, sandy blufl", 
on the N. side of the channel. Upon the Oconee 
branch of the river tliere is steamboat navigation 
185 miles, to Milledgeville, the capital of the 
slate ; and upon the Ockmnlgee branch to Macon ; 
tlius bringing a considerable trade from the cen- 
tral portions of the state to the port of Darien. The 
population and business of the place have much in- 
creased since 1810, when there were only about 
200 inhabitants. It has a custom house, a bank, 
an academy, besides the county buildings, 
churches, and many handsome private residences. 

Darien, N. Y., Genesee co. Hilly. Drained 
by EUicott's Creek. The soil consists of clay 
and calcareous loam. 256 miles W. from Albany. 

Darke Countij, O., c. h. Greenville. Situated 
in tlie western part of the state, having Jler- 
ccr CO. on the N., Shelby and Miami on the 
E., Preble on the S., and the boundary between 
Ohio and Indiana on the W. It is 34 by 21 
miles in extent. There is in this county a con- 
siderable proportion of prairie land. The prin- 
cipal streams which drain it arc Stillwater and 
Greenville Creeks. 

Near the N. E. corner of this county is the 
battle ground where the army under St. Clair, in 
I7yi, surt'ered a disastrous defeat in an engage- 
ment with the Indians. The object of the cam- 
paign was the establishment of a line of military 
posts through that country, for the purpose of 
kecjiing the Indians in check, and preventing 
future hostilities. Fort Recoveiy was erected by 
General Wayne, in 1 793, upon the site of this 
battle, and this fort, the next year, sustained a 
desperate attack from the Indians, in which they 
were repulsed with severe loss. 

Greenville, the present county seat, is also a 
place of mucli note in the history of the negotia- 
tions with the Indians which followed these 
events, ilcre, on the 3d of August, 1795, General 
Wayne concluded a treaty of peace with the 
chiefs and representatives of 12 of their most pow- 
erful tribes, who had become determined, not- 
withstanding the untoward influence of the Brit- 
ish agents, to make a permanent peace with the 
" Thirteen Fires," as they called the thirteen fed- 
eral states. This'was also the theatre of another 
treaty with the Indians in 1814, which was nego- 
tiated on the same spot of ground, with the Wy- 
andots, Delawares, Shawnees. Senecas, and Mia- 
mies, by General William Henry Han-ison and 
Governor Lewis Cass, commissioners of the Uni- 
ted States. 



346 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Ddrlinifton Di.slrirt, S. C, c. h. at Darlington. 
Bouiulcii N. E. liy the Great I'erlee Kiver, sepa- 
rating it from Marlboro' CO., S. E. hy Marion Co., 
S.W. by Lynches Creek, separating it from Sinnp- 
ter CO.. and N. W. by Chesterfield co. Surface 
slightly uneven ; soil rather jioor, except on the 
borders of ihc streams, where it is very productive. 

DaiHiifiton, S. C. c. h. Darlington district. Sit- 
uated a little W.of Black Creek, ahrancli ofGrcat 
Pedee Kiver, and 129 miles E. S. E. from Co- 
lumliia. 

Darrtnwn, 0., Butler CO. 109 miles S. W. by 
W. from Columbia. In the neighborhood of this 
place is a mineral spring of some note. 

Dartinoiilh, Ms., Bristol CO. Dartmouth lies 
on Buzzard's Bay, near its mouth, and has a 
number of small inlets from the bay and some 
good harbors. It has some small streams, the 
principal of which is the Pamansat. Its Indian 
name was Apeniganset. The surface is uneven, 
but the soil is good for agricultural purposes. 
There arc three villages in the town — Smith's 
Mills, North Dartmouth, and South Dartmouth ; 
the latter is called Padan Aram, and is situated 
at the head of Apeniganset Bay. Vast quanti- 
ties of fish, principally menhaden, are taken in 
Buzzard's Bay, and brought to this town, for the 
purpose of manuring the land. 5 miles S. W. 
from New Bedford, anil 60 from Boston. 

Dauphin County, Pa., c. h. at Harrishurg. 
Bounded N. by Northumberland and Schuyler 
counties, E. by Lebanon, S. by York, and W. by 
the Susquehanna liiver, separating it from Perry 
CO. Drained by Mahantango, Powell's, and 
Swatara Creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous ; 
soil fertile. The Pennsylvania Canal and the 
Union Canal traverse tliis county. 

DavenjKirt, lo., c. h. Scott co. On the W. side 
of the ^lississippi River, at the foot of the Lower 
Rapids, opposite the flourishing village of Rock 
Island, in Is. Important as the only feasible 
point to bridge the Mississipjji. It is the seat of 
Iowa College. 

Davenport, N. Y., Delaware co. Charlotte 
River, and som&of its tributaries, water this town. 
The surface is hilly ; soil argillaceous loam. \i 
miles N. from Delld, .and 63 W. from Albany. 

Davidson Conntij, N. C, c. h. at Lexington. 
Bounded N. by Stokes county, E. by Guilford 
and Randolph, S. by Montgomery and Rowan, 
and W. by Rowan and Davie counties. Drained 
by several small streams flowing into the Yadkin 
River, which traverses the W. jiart of this county. 
Surface undulating; soil productive. 

Davidson Colleije, N. C, Mecklenburg co. The 
scat of Davidson College. 150 miles W. by S. 
from Raleigh. Sec Colleges. 

Davidson Coiinli/, Tc, c. h. at Nashville. 
Bounded N. by Roi^crtson CO., E. by Sumner and 
Wilson, S. by Rntheiford and Willian^on, and 
W. by Dickson co. Watered by Cuml>erland 
River, which passes through the county from E. 
to W., and by llarpcth, White's, Stone's, and 
Poplar Creeks. Surface slightly uneven ; soil 
of good quality. 

Davie Counli/, N. C, c. h. at Mocksville. Bound- 
ed N. by Surry co., E. by the Yadkin liiver, sepa- 
rating it from Davidson co., S. by Rowan co., and 
W. by Iredell co. Surface undulating, and drained 
by the branches of the Yadkin River; soil ex- 
tremely fertile. 

Davies Count)/, la. c. h. at Washington. In- 
coi-porated in 1816. Bounded N. by Green CO., 



E. by Martin, and S. and W. by the two forks of 
White River, separating it from Dubois, Pike, 
and Knox counties. Drained by the tributaries 
of White River. Surface level or undulating, 
consisting partly of prairies ; soil mostly fertile. 

Daviess Count!/, Ky., c. h. atOwenboro'. Bound- 
ed N. by the Oiiio River, separating it from la., 
E. by Hancock and Ohio counties, and S. and 
W. by Green River, separating it from Muhlen- 
burg, Madison, and Henderson counties. Drained 
by small branches of Ohio and Greene Rivers. 

Daviess Count)/, Mo., c. h. at Gallatin. Bounded 
N. by Harrison co., E. liy Grundy and Livings- 
ton, S. by Caldwell, and W. by De Kalb and 
Gentry counties. Surface undulating, and wa- 
tered by the W. fork of Gr.and River ; soil fertile. 

Davis County, lo., c. b. at Bloomfield. On 
the southern border, E. 

Day, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacandaga River 
passes through this town. The surface is moun- 
tainous, the Kayaderasseraa range extending 
across it. The valley of the Sacandaga contains 
the most fertile soil. 5.5 miles N. from Albany, 
and 25 N. W. from Ballston Spa. 

Dayton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Wtitered by 
Connewango Creek and some of its tributaries. 
The surface is undulating ; the soil favorable to 
the growth of grass and grain. 302 miles W. 
from Albany, and 20 N. W. from EUicottviUe. 

Dayton, O. City and seat of justice of Mont- 
gomery CO. On the Great Miami River, at tha 
mouth of Mad River, 50 miles N. from Cincin- 
nati, and 68 W. by S. from Columbus. Tha 
Miami Canal from Cincinnati to Lake Erie passes 
through this place. Population in 1810, 383; 
1820,1139; 1830,2954; 1840,6067; 1850,10,996. 
Dayton is one of the largest places in the interior 
of the state. There is a large water power with- 
in its corporate limits, and a still greater within 
the immediate vicinity. The principal manu- 
factories in operation here are cotton and woollen 
factories, flouring mills, saw mills, oil mills, paper 
mills, iron founderies, and machine shops, and 
shops for the manufacture of clocks, scythes, 
gun barrels, flooring machines, &e. The amount 
of capital invested in these various operations is 
large. By the assessment of 1846. Dayton was 
the second city in the state in the amount of tax- 
able property. Its progress was very gradual 
from its settlement in 1796 to 1812, when the war 
with Great Britain, making it a thoroughfare for 
troops and military sforcs on their way to tha 
frontier, gave a great im|uilse to its prosperity. 
The construction of the Miami Canal has se- 
cured to it, of late years, a rapid and healthful 
increase. 

The court house in Dayton is the most costly 
and elegant in Ohio, being constructed of cut 
stone, upon a beautiful Gi-ccian model, sur- 
mounted by a handsome cupola. It cost between 
$60,000 and 370,000. The other public build- 
ings arc a jail, of stone, a city hall, two acade- 
mics, several banks, and a number of church 
edifices, which arc elegant specimens of archi- 
tecture. Many of the jirivate residences are 
tasteful, and beautifully situated. The Cooper 
Female Academy has a spacious edilice, three 
stories high, for its accommodation. There .are 
nine turnpike roads centring at Dayton, .and 
connecting it with different parts of the country. 

Deanjield, Me., Hancock co. Between Passa- 
dumkeag River and Olammon Stream. 

Dearborn County, la, c. h. at Lawrenccville. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



347 



Incorporated in 1802. Bounilod N. by Franklin 
CO., E. by Ohio., S. by Oliio cc, and \Y. by Rip- 
ley county. It is watered by Great Miami and 
Whiti'water Rivers, and several small creeks. 
Surface ron^'li and hilly, with fertile bottom lands 
on the liorders of the streams. 

Dcarlicnifille, Mn., Dearborn, Wayne co. On 
the S. branch of Rou<re River. 10 miles W. from 
Detroit. A United States arsenal is located here. 

Dchlois, Me., Washington eo. On the upper 
waters of the Narraguagus. 50 miles S. E. from 
Bangor. 

Decatur Comity, Ga., c. h. at Bainbridge. Wa- 
tered by the Chattahoochee River, separating it 
from Fa. and Aa., on the W. Surface somewhat 
uneven; soil rather barren. 

Decatur, Ga , c. h. De Kalb Co. 90 miles N. 
W. from jNIilledgeville. Situation elevated and 
healthy. It is the point of junction of the lines 
of railroad from. Augusta, and from Savannah, 
via Macon. and the united lino which runs across 
the northern lioundary of the state by Chitta- 
nooga to Nashville, in Te. 

Decatur Cuuiily, la,, c. h. at Greensbnrg. In- 
corporated 1S21. Bounded N. by Rush CO., E. 
by Franklin, S. by Ripley and Jennings, and W. 
by Bartholomew and Shelby counties. It is wa- 
tered by Flat Rock, Clifty, and Sand Creeks, all 
mill streams. Surface slightly undulating; soil 
productive. 

Decatur, la., c. h. Adams co. On the S. W. 
side of Wabash River. 132 miles N. E. from In- 
dianapolis. 

Decniur Counti/, lo., c. h. at Decatur. On the 
southern border, middle. 

Decatur, Mi., e. h. Newton eo. At the head of 
Chickasawha River. 7G miles from Jackson. 

Decatur, N. Y., Otsego co. Elk Creek and some 
other small streams water this town. The sur- 
face is elevated and hilly ; soil sandy loam. 64 
miles W. from Albany, and 12 S. E. from Coo- 
perstown. 

Decatur, Pa., Mifflin co. Watered by Jack's 
Creek, a tributary of the Juniata River. Surface 
mountainous ; soil gravel and slate. 14 miles 
N. E. from Lewistown. 

Decatur Cuunti/, Tc. New. Western part of 
the state. 

Dedham, Me., Hancock co., adjoins Ellsworth. 
Union River passes through its N. W. corner. 

Dedham, Ms.. Norfolk co. This is the shire 
town of the county, and has a varied surface and 
good soil. The court house in this town is a 
beautiful building. It has a Doric portico, with 
four granite columns on each front. This town 
is finely watered by Charles River, on its western 
border, by Ncponset River on the E., and by 
Mother Brook, so called — a canal or raceway 
for a mill of about 3 miles in length, passing 
from the Charles to the Neponsct. This was the 
first canal made in the United States. It was 
commenced and accomplished within ten years 
after the first settlement of Boston. Dedham 
is noted for its good liydraulic power. Dedham 
village is very pleasant. A branch railroad from 
the village meets the Boston and Providence 
Railroad. 10 miles S. W. from Boston, and 35 
N. W. from Plymouth. 

Deep Ulcer, Ct.. Middlesex co. A village of 
Saybrook, on Connecticut liivcr, at the mouth of 
Deep Hi\er. 33 miles S. by E. from Hartford. 

DeerfieJd, Ms., Franklin co., lies on the W. 
bank of Connecticut River. Deerfield River meets 



the Connecticut at this place, and sjireads out 
a large body of fine alluvial land, in the centre 
of the town, eneircling a villageof great beauty. 
This is said to be the oldest town in the county, 
and was called by the Indians Pocunuuck. It 
was granted by the General Court to a company 
at Dedham, in 1669 ; and a settlement was com- 
menced in 1670. From the mountains in this 
vicinity delightful views arc obtained. Deerfield 
Mountain, which separates the Connecticut River 
from the Deerfield Meadows, is 700 feet above 
the plain. Sugar Loaf Mountain, which forms 
the southern termination of the Decrticld Moun- 
tain, rears its conical peak of red saiulstone 500 
feet above the river. Just at the foot of the 
Sugar Loaf, at Bloody Brook, a company of 
young men, fron^ the county of Essex, were 
slain by an ambush of Indians, during Philip's 
war, in 1675. A monument has been erected to 
their memory. Deerfield extends fur several 
miles along the banks of the Connecticut, and 
is traversed through its entire length by the 
Connecticut River Railroad, which crosses the 
Deerfield River by a remarkable viaduct. South 
Deerfield, or Bloody Brook, is a thriving village, 
in which are a variety of miscellaneous manu- 
factures. In the village of Cheapside, north of 
Deerfield River and adjoining Greenfield, is 
a manufactory of cutlery. The railroad from 
Greenfield to Boston passes through this vil- 
lage. 90 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 4 S. 
from Greenfield. 

Deerjield, N. H., Rockingham co. This town 
has a numlKT of jionds which afiurd fisli. Moul- 
ton's is noted for having no visible inlet; also on 
account of having been sounded wiihont discov- 
ering any bottom. A braiicii of Lamprey River 
passes through Deerfield. The surface is uneven ; 
soil durable and fertile, though hard to cultivate. 
The Luekaway, Saddleback, and Fort Mountains, 
are the i>rincipal elevations. In the W. ]>art of the 
town is a inrlural formation in a ridge of rocks, 
designated " Indian Camp." On the E. side of 
this camp is a natural flight of steps. Deerfield 
was once a jdace of resort for deer. While the 
petition for the town was pending, a Jlr. Batch- 
elder killeil a deer, and, presenting it to Govern- 
or Wcntwortb, obtained the act under the name 
of Deer-ficlil. First settlers, John Robertson, Ja- 
cob Smith, Isaac Shephard, Benjaniia B.itchelder, 
and others, in 1756. Distances, 18 miles E. S. 
E. from Concord, and 30 W. by N. from Ports- 
mouth. 

Deerfield, N, J., Cumberland co. Cohansey 
Creek, and Muddy Run, a branch of Maurice Riv- 
er, water this town. Surface level ; soil chiefly 
clay and gravel. 

Deerfield, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by the 
Mohawk, and a ^etw small streams. The surface 
is rather hilly ; the soil very productive in the val- 
ley of the Mohawk. 4 miles N. from Utica, and 
94 N. W. from Albany. 

Deerfield, Pa., Tioga co. Watered by Cowa- 
nesque Creek and Marsh, a branch of Crooked 
Creek. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 

Deer hie. Me., Hancock co., comprises three 
principal islands. Deer, Little Deer, and Isle of 
Haut, containing 17,000 acres. Tfiey have good 
harbors, and arc well located for the shore fishing. 
75 miles E. by S. from Augusta. 

D'erhuj, N. H., IliUsboro' co. This town 
is diversified, well watered, and its soil is favora- 
ble for agriculture. There arc tln'ce ponds, Dud- 



318 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



ley's, Pofkcr's, and Fulton's. The name was 
;,'ivcn it liy Govoniur Jnhn Wcntworlli, in honor 
of his wii'L', whose maiden name was Dcering. 
First settlers, AlcNander Robinson and William 
McKean, in 1765. 25 miles S. W. from Concord, 
and 22 N. W. from Amherst. 

Drrrp'irh. N. Y., Orange co. Watered by Del- 
aware, Neversink, and Bashkill Rivei's. The 
snrlacc is mountainous on the E., and level on 
the W., towards the Delaware. The soil is very 
fertile. 38 miles W. from Newburg, and 108 
S. W. from Albany. 

Di'fiance Comtti/, 0., c. h. at Defiance. In the 
N. W. angle of the state, including the junction 
of the Maumee and the Anglaize. Traversed by 
the Wabash and Miami Canals. Level and fertile. 

Dfjiance, O., c. h. Defiance eo. Very pret- 
tily located at the junction of the Auglaize with 
the Maumee Rivers, on the Wabash and Erie 
Canal. It has great local advantages, having 
the benefit of the navigation of the Maumee, An- 
glaize, and Tiftin Rivers. It is also a central 
point to several state roads. 50 miles W. from 
Perrysburg, and 80 E. from Fort Wayne. 

De Kallj County, Aa., e. h. at Lebanon. Bounded 
N. E. by Georiga, E. by Cherokee co., S. W. 
by St. Clair and Blount counties, W. by Mar- 
shall, and N. W. by Jackson co. Surface 
mostly uneven, and drained by Will's Creek, a 
bran<li of the Coosa River. 

Dc Kiilh Count)/, Ga.. c. h. at Decatur. Bounded 
N. by Forsyth CO., E. by Gwinnett and New- 
ton, S. hy Henry and Fayette, and W. by Camp- 
hell and Cobb counties. Drained by branches of 
the Chattahoochee and Oekmulgee Rivers. The 
Chattahoochee flows along its N. W. boundary. 
Surface elevated tabic land. The Georgia Rail- 
road passes through this county. 

De Kail) Count!/, Is., c. h. at Sycamore. In the 
northern part of the state. Watered hy Kish- 
waukee Creek and a small river. 

fJe Kalh Connti/, la., c. h. at Auburn. Incor- 
porated in 1835. Bounded N. by Steuben co., 
E. by Ohio, S. by Allen, and W. by Noble co. 
It is watered by St. Joseph's, a branch of Mau- 
mee River, and by several creeks. 

De Kalh, Mi., c. h. Kemper co. 2 miles S. 
from Sararnoehce Creek, and 106 E. N. E. from 
Jackson. 

De Kalb County, Mo., e. h. at Marysville. In 
the N. W. angle, on the height of land between 
the I'latte and Grand Rivers. 

De Kalh, N. Y., St, Lawrence co. Osgewatchie 
River and some of its tributaries water this town. 
The surface is hilly, and marble and iron ore are 
found here. The soil is of rather an inditt'erent 
quality. 10 miles S, W, from Canton, and 193 
N, W. from Albany, 

De Kalh Count//, Te,, e. h, at Smithville. In 
the central part of the state. Hilly and broken. 

DcUnvare Citij, De., Newcastle co. On the W. 
bank of the Delaware River, at the mouth of the 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 35 miles N. 
from Dover. 

Delaware Counti/, la., c. h. at Muneietown. 
Bounded N. by Grant and Blackford counties, 
E. by Jay ani^ Randoli)h, S. by Henry, ami W. 
by Madison co. Suifacc mostly level, and wa- 
tered by the Mississinewa and the W. fork of 
White River, and by Bell and Buck Creeks. Soil 
productive. 

Delaware County, lo., c. h. at Delhi. Bounded 
K. byClayton eo., E. by Dubuque, S. by Jones 



and Linn, and W. by Buchanan co. Watered 
by Macoquetais River and its branches. Surface 
undulating; soil fertile. 

Delaware, N. J., Hunterdon co. On the E. side 
of the Delaware River, and drained by Wiek- 
heeheoke Creek. 

Delaware County, N. Y., c. h. at Delhi. Bounded 
on the N. by Otsego and Schoharie, E. by Scho- 
harie and Greene, S. by Ulster and Sullivan, and 
W. by Chenango and Broome counties, and the 
state of Pennsylvania. It was incorporated 
from Ulster and Otsego counties in 1797. Wa- 
tered by the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Char- 
lotte Rivers, and the Beavcrkill. Surfiicc rough 
and hilly, soil fertile, especially in the valleys. 
Bog iron and copper ores are found in small 
quantities, in several places, and there are a num- 
ber of mineral springs in this county. 

Delaware County, 0., c. h. at Delaware. Bounded 
N. by Marion, E, by Knox .and Licking counties, 
S. by Franklin, and W. by Union co. The 
land is valuable for farming and grazing, and is 
well watered by the Scioto and Olentangy Riv- 
ers, and Alun and Walnut Creeks. 

Delaware, 0., e. h. Delaware eo. It was laid 
out hy Moses Byxbe, Esq., in 1808. On the 
western bank of Olentangy River, on rolling 
land. A handsome bridge crosses this river, 
leading from one of the principal streets. A 
very valuable white sulphur spring is found here, 
the waters of which are remarkable for their 
clearness and abundance. Several chalybeate 
springs are also found. The medicinal virtues 
of these springs cause the town to be much vis- 
ited by travellers. It lies 70 miles N. from Chil- 
licothe, and 24 N. from Columbus. 

Delaware County, Pa., c. h.at Chester. Bounded 
N. by Chester co., E. by Phiiadeljjhia co. and 
the Delaware River, separating it from New 
Jersey, S. by Delaware, and W. by Chester 
CO. Watered by Darby, Ridley, and Chester 
Creeks, all fine mill streams. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil fertile. 

Delaware, Pa., Mercer co. The Chenango and 
Lackawannock Creeks water this town. Surface 
uneven j soil clay and loam. 7 miles N. W. from 
Mercer. 

Delaware, Pa., Pike co. Watered by Ding- 
man's and Bushkill Creeks. Surface rough and 
broken ; soil gravelly loam. 148 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Delhi, la., c. h, Delaware co, 

Dellii, N. Y., c. h. Delaware co. Watered by 
several branches of the Mohawks, or W. branch 
of the Delaware. The soil is productive in the 
valleys. 77 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Delnhi, la., e. h. Can-oil co. On "the E side 
of Wabash River, at the mouth of Deer Creek. 
66 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. There is 
a curious spring near this jjlacc, the water of 
which is of a reddish color. 

Demopolis, Aa., Marengo co. On the E. bank 
of Toml.igbee River, a little below the mouth 
of the lilack Warrior River. 64 miles S. S. W. 
from Tuscaloosa. Site of a land office. 

Denmark, Me., Oxford co. Incorporated in 
1807. It lies 85 miles S. W. by W. from Au- 
gusta, about 28 S. W. from Paris, and 47 N. W. 
from Portland. Denmark is finely watered by 
Saco River and several beautiful ponds. The 
principal business of the inhabitants is agricul- 
tural, for which they have a fertile soil. 

Denmark, N. Y., Lewis co. Deer Creek and 



m THE UXITED STATES. 



349 



Black River water this town. The surface is 
somewliat liilly; the soil very productive. 15 
miles N. from Martinsburg, and 141 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Dennis. Ms., Barnstable co. Dennis extends 
across Cape Cod, and is bounded on the E. by 
Brewster and Harwich. Its southern boundary 
is Yarmouth, nearly six miles of which is Bass 
River, one of the most important streams on the 
cape. The Indian name of Dennis was Nobs- 
cusset. The first salt produced by solar evap- 
oration, in this country, was made in this town, 
liy Jolin Scars and others, in 1776. There are 
pleasant villages in the town, on both sides of 
the cape, and near them several fine fresh water 
ponds. From Scargo Hill, the highest land in 
tlie town or county, and a noted landmark for 
.sailor^, a magnificent ocean scene is jiresented. 
Dennis suffered severely in the awful gale of 
Octolier, 1S41 : 26 of its finest young men were 
buried in tlie ocean in a day; IS of wiiora, all 
(■chool-fellows, left their nearest kindred within a 
quarter of a mile of each other ! Tiie town 
was named in honor of its first minister, tlie 
Rev. Josiali Dennis, wlio was settled in 1627. 

Oi-nnis. N. J.. Cape ]May co. Dennis Creek, 
which Hows into Delaware Bay, bounds tliis 
town on the S. W. Tlie N. portion consists of 
santly plains. 85 miles S. from Trenton. 

Denton, Md., c. h. Caroline co. On tlie E. 
bank of Clioptank River. 65 miles E. from An- 
napolis. 

Denton Coiinti/, Ts.. c. h. at Alton. On the 
northern border. Between the head waters of 
the Saliine and the Red River. 

De Pere, \Vn., c. h. Brown co. 15.3 miles N. 
E. from Madison. 

De Pei/ster. X. Y., St. Lawrence co. On the 
£. side of Black Lake, and watered by the Os- 
wegatchie and some of its branches. The sur- 
face is somewhat uneven ; the soil arable and pro- 
ductive. 12 miles W. from Canton, and 180 N. 
W. from Albany. 

Deposit, N. Y.. Tompkins, Delaware co. On 
the N. bank of Delaware River, 118 miles W. S. 
W. from Albany. This is a great dejiot for lum- 
ber, which is taken down the Delaware to various 
markets. 

Dejit/ord. N. J., Gloucester co. Big Timber 
Creek and some branches of Egg Harbor River 
water this town, which has a level, sandy sur- 
face. 

Derby, Ct., New Haven co. Tlie Indian name 
of this town was Paugasset. It was purchased 
of the Indians and incorporated in 1675. The 
surface of the town is uneven, with some fertile 
meadow on the banks of the rivers. Derby is wa- 
tered by the Housatonic and Naugatuek Rivers. 

The Landinij U on the east side of the Housa- 
tonic, just below the junction of that river with 
the Naugatuek. Vessels of 10 feet draught of 
water can jiass to the Landing. 

Derby was tlie birth jjlace of the Hon. David 
Humphreys, a poet, an aid to Washington, and 
a minister to Sj)aiii, distinguished for his efforts 
for the introduction of Jlerino sheep and the 
manufacture of bro.addoths. He died at New 
Haven, February 21, 1818, aged 66. 

Derby, Vt., Orleans co. The surface is very 
level. There are some plains of several hundred 
acres* extent ; and where the land rises, the eleva- 
tions are gradual and moderate, and hardly de- 
serve the name of hills. The land is well tim- 



bered, principally with rock maple and other 
hard wood. Cedar swamps of from one to ten 
acres are found in various parts. The soil is fer- 
tile and abundantly productive. The River Clyde 
passes through the S. part of the township, af- 
fording numerous mill sites. Salem Pond, through 
which Clyde River passes, lies partly in this town, 
and is 4 miles long and 3 broad. Hinman's 
Pond, near the centre of the town, is one mile 
and a half long, and three quarters of a mile 
broad, and empties into Salem Pond. The first 
settlement was made in 1795, by Alexander Mor- 
gan, Henry Burrell, and the Hon. Timothy Hin- 
man. 12 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 52 N. 
E. from Montpclier. 

Derry, N. H., Rockingham co. A fine grazing 
township with a liandsome village, taken from 
Londonderry in 1828. The soil is productive; 
the inhabitants remarkable for their industry, 
general wealth, and longevity. 18 miles W. S. 
W, from Exeter, and 25 S. E. from Concord. 

Derry, Pa., Columbia co. The surface of this 
town is level ; soil calcareous loam and clay. 

Derry, Pa., Dauphin co. Surface varied ; soil 
slate and calcareous loam. 12 miles S. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Deny, Pa., Mifflin co. Kishcoquilla Creek 
waters this town. 

De Riiyter, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by 
the E. branch of the Tioughnioga River. Tha 
surface is elevated and hilly ; the soil sandy 
loam and clay. 14 miles S. W. from Morris- 
ville, and 122 W. from Albany. 

Desha County, As., c. h. at Belleville. Bounded 
N. by Jefferson, Arkansas, and Phillips counties, 
E. by the Mississippi River, S. by Chicot and 
Bradley counties, and W. liy Dallas co. The Ar- 
kansas and White Rivers drain this county. 
Surface level, and in parts liable to inundation ; 
soil fertile. 

Des Moines County, Iowa, c. h. at Burlington. 
Bounded N. by Louisa co., E. by the Mississippi 
River, separating it from Illinois, S. by Skunk 
River, separating it from Lee co., and W. by 
Henry co. Drained by Flint River and its 
branches. Soil fertile. 

De Soto Parish. La., c. h. at Mansfield. On 
the western border, between Red River and the 
Sabine. 

De Solo County, Mi., c. h. at Hernando. Bounded 
N. by Tennessee, E. by Marshall co., S. by Po- 
nola, and W. by Tunic co., and the Mississippi 
River. Drained by Cold Water River and its 
tributaries. 

Detroit, Mn., c. h. Wayne co. City and port 
of entry. On the W. side of Detroit River or 
Strait, 7 miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair, 
and 18 miles above Lake Erie. It is 1.32 miles 
E. from Lansing, the capital of the state. Popu- 
lation in 1810, 770; in 1820, 1442 ; in 1830,2222; 
in 1840,9102; in 1850, 21,028. 

The ground on which Detroit is built has a 
gentle ascent from the river as fiir back as to 
the main street, and thence, westward, it is level. 
The plan of the city is rectangular, extending 
along the river more than a mile, and nearly a 
mile back. The principal street running through 
the most dense portion of it, parallel with the 
course of the river, is Jefferson Avenue. Lead- 
ing from the river, at right angles with this, is 
Woodward Avenue. These streets arc 200 feet 
wide. There are several streets or avenues, 
which are 120 feet in width, and the other streets 



350 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



are GO feet wide, generally crossing each other 
at right angles. Tlierc are several public squares, 
the principal of which are the Campus Mar- 
tius, in the central part of the city ; and the 
Grand Circus, in which five of the great ave- 
nues meet. The wholesale stores, and the ware- 
houses for heavj' goods, are mostly located on 
Atwater Street on the river, and on Woodbridge 
Street, between this and Jefferson Avenue. On 
Jefferson Avenue are located tbe principal dry 
goods and fancy stores, with the public and pri- 
vate offices. This is truly an elegant street, 
compactly built, and imposing in its appear- 
ance. 

Among the public buildings deserving of par- 
ticular notice, is the building lately occupied as 
the state house, built of brick, having a hand- 
some Ionic portico, and a dome 140 feet high. 
The view from the top of this building is at 
once extensive and beautiful ; embracing, with 
tlie entire city, the strait above and below, en- 
livened with shipping and steamboat.s, Lake St. 
Clair, and a wide extent of cultivated country 
around the city and on the Canada .shore. The 
City Hall is a neat brick edifice, 100 feet by 50, 
which cost $20,000. The lower story is occu- 
pied as a market, and the upper for the city 
courts. The Michigan Bank has a costly and 
beautiful edifice of polished stone, in the Grecian 
style, two stories high above the basement. Sev- 
eral of the churches have beautiful buildings, 
among which is St. Paul's, Ejuscopal, in the 
Gothic style ; the First Presbyterian Church, 
with a Grecian portico of six Doric columns ; a 
Baptist CInirch of the Grecian Ionic order; and 
St. Ann's Cathedral, of hewn granite, 116 liy 60 
feet, with two towers in front, and surmounted 
by an octagonal dome 30 feet in diameter and 
30 feet liigh. 

Among the higher literary institutions of the 
city are the Historical Society, founded in 1829; 
the State Literary Institute, founded in 1838 ; 
the State Medical Society ; the Young Men's 
Society for Moral and Intellectual Improvement, 
founded in 1832; a Young Ladies' Seminary; 
a Young Ladies' Institute ; the St. Clair Semi- 
nary for Young Ladies, (Roman Catholic;) and 
several high schools for boys. 

Detroit is advantageou.sly located for trade, 
and is fast becoming a great commercial em- 
porium. Tbe navigation of the river and lake 
is open about ciglit months in the year. The 
Michigan Central Kailro.id now opens a direct 
and speedy communication through the most 
populous portion of tlie state to the opposite 
side of the peninsula ; and thence, by a few 
hours' water passage, to Chicago, Milwaukee, and 
the far west. Other routes of railroad commu- 
nication are in the process of construction. 

Though the history of Detroit, as a place of 
any considerable population and trade, is recent, 
corresponding to that of the whole western coun- 
try, yet as a ])lace of military importance it has 
had an early antiquity among the towns now 
belonging to the United States. It was founded 
by the French in 1683. In 1760 it fell into the 
hands of the British. In 1784 it became by 
treaty n possession of the United States, which 
maintained a garrison there from 179R until with- 
in a few years past. It was first incorporated as 
a city in"l802. In the war of 1812, Detroit was 
captured by the British, and recaptured by the 
Americans the next year. In 1815 it received a 



new charter of incorporation. The city has twice 
been extensively devastated by firo ; first in 1805, 
when it was nearly destroyed ; and afterwards in 
1837, when there was also a great destruction 
of property. 

be Wilt, lo., c. h. Clinton co. 

De Witt Coimlij, Is., c. h. at Clinton. Cen- 
tral part. 

De Wilt, N. T., Onondaga CO. The surface 
of this town is rather imeven, and there is a 
cavern within its limits which has been explored 
for the distance of 100 rods. In this vicinity also 
are immense quarries of water lime, which is 
exported in large quantities. 5 miles E. from 
Syracuse, and 142 N. of W. from Albany. 

De Wilt Coimli/, Ts. S. central. On botli sides 
of the Guadalupe. 

Dextei; Me., Penobscot co. This town was 
first settled in 1801. Incorporated 1815. It lies 
67 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 35 N. W. from 
Bangor. Dexter is a valuable townsliip of land. 
The farmers reap a rich reward for thi^ir labors. 
In this town is a pond covering 500 acres, at the 
outlet of wliieh are mills and a beautiful village. 

Dexter, Mn., Washtenaw co. At the mouth 
of Mill Creek, which affords extensive water 
power. The railroad hetween Detroit and Chi- 
eaj^o passes through it. 

Dexter, N. Y., Brownville, Jefferson co. On 
the N. side of Black River, at its mouth. It has 
extensive hydraulic privileges. The navigation 
of Lake Ontario comes up to the place. 

Diana, N. Y., Lewis co. Tlie S. part of this 
town was setoff in 1841 to form a part of the 
town of Croghan. It is watered by the Oswe- 
gatchie and Indiiin Rivers. The surface is hilly ; 
the soil suitable for grass. 154 miles N. W. from 
from Albany, and 25 N. from Martinsbm-g. 

Dickinson, N. Y., Franklin co. TIjis largo 
town, 40 miles in length, is watered by the head 
branches of Racket and St. Regis Rivers, and by 
numerous lakes. Tbe soil is various, and the 
S. part of the town mostly a wildeniess. 15 
miles S. W. from Malone, and 154 N. N. W. from 
Albany. 

Dickinson, Pa., Cumberland co. Yellow Breeches 
Creek waters this town. Surface hilly, affording 
iron ore ; soil calcareous loam. 

Dickson Cotmti/, Te., c. h. at Charlotte. Bound- 
ed N. by Steward and Montgomery counties, E. 
by Davidson and Williamson, S. by Ilickm.an, 
and W. by Humphreys counties. Its surface is 
elevated table land, sending its streams E. into 
the Cumberland, and W. into the Tennessee 
River. The soil is of tolerably good qnality. 

Di<iIiton, Ms., Bristol co. Was formerly a part 
of Taunton, and lies on the W. side of Taun- 
ton River. Sureganset River affords it a good 
water power. The noted " Dighton Rock," on 
which are curious inscriptions, lies in the limits 
of the town of Berkley, formerly a part of Digh- 
ton. 

Dinwiddie. County, Va. S- E. part. Watered 
by the Nottaway and tributaries, and on tlie N. 
by the Appomattox. Surface gently rolling. 

Dinwiddie, Va., c. h. Dinwiddie co. Ou Stony 
Creek. 37 miles S. by W. from Richmond. 

Dix, N. Y., Chemung co. Catharine's Creek 
waters the E. part of this town. Tbe surface ii 
hilly; soil gravelly loam. 16 miles N. from El- 
mira. and 185 S. of W. from Albany. 

Dixfidd, Me., Oxford co. This is a good farm- 
ing town on the N. bank of the Androscoggin 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



351 



River. 42 miles N. "W. by W. from Aujiista, 
and 25 N. by E. fiom Paris. Incorporated 180'i. 

Dixmoiit, 'Me., Penobscot co. On the lieight 
of land between tlie Kennebec and Penobscot. 
44 miles N. E. from Augusta. 

Dixcille, N. n., Coos co., comprises 31,023 
acres of uneven land. Numerous streams me- 
ander through it. In this town is the celebrated 
Di.Kville Notch, which may be regarded as one 
of the most remarkable exhibitions of natural 
scenery in the state. Near this Notch is a curi- 
ous ravine, called the Flume. First settler, 
Colonel Timothy Di.K, .Jr. 40 miles N. N. E. 
from Lancaster, and 146 N. N. E. from Concord. 

Dodge. Coiinti), Mi. On the N. liordor, middle. 
On head waters of Charitan River and Loenst 
and Maritime Creeks. 

Dodi/e Coiuiti/, Wn., e. h. at Ilustis. Bounded 
N. by Marquette and Fond Du Lac counties, E. 
by Fond Du Lac and Washington, S. by Wau- 
kesha anil Jefferson, and W. by Dane and Por- 
tage counties. Watered by Rock and Beaverdain 
Rivers, and Ruliicon Creek. Surfitco level, and 
in parts swampy. 

jJoddnd</c Counti/, Va., c. h. at West Union. 
N. W. part. On tlie height of land between the 
Monongahela and Oliio. Watered by tributaries 
of the latter. Hilly and rough. 

Domddsonville. La.. Ascension parish. On the 
S. side of the Mississip])! River, just below La 
Fourche Outlet, and 73 miles W. by N. from 
New Orleans. Formerly the state capital. 

Donegal, Pa., Butler eo. Boar Creek and some 
branches of Coneipienessing Creek water this 
town. Surface hilly and uneven, containing iron 
ore and anthracite coal; soil sand, gravel, and 
day. 

DoncqaL Pa., Washington co. Busli and Cas- 
tleman's Runs and the Dutch Fork of Bufl'alo 
Creek water tliis town. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 
Coal abounds here. 

Vonripil, I'a., Westmoreland co. 160 miles W. 
from liarrisburg. 

Donepltan, Mo., c. h. Ripley co. 

Doolei/ Counti/. Ga., c. h. at Vienna. Bounded 
N. by Macon and Houston counties, E. by Pulaski 
and Irwin, S. by Irwin and Lee counties, and W. 
by Flint River, sejiarating it from Sumpter co. 
Surfoce elevated, and drained by branches of 
Ockmulgee and Flint Rivers. 

Dorchester Cofiuti/, Md., c. h. at Cambridge. 
Bounded N. by Talbot and Caroline counties, 
E. by De., S. E. and S. by Nanticoke River and 
Chesapeake Bay, and W'. by Chesapeake Bay. 
Choptank River waters it on the N. and N. W. 
Surface level ; soil in-oductive. 

Dorchester, Ms., Norfolk co. This ancient and 
respectable town lies on Dorchester Bay, in Bos- 
ton Harlior, 5 miles S. from Boston. It was 
first settled by a company of Puritans from Eng- 
land. These Pilgrims landed from the ship Mary 
and John, at Nantasket, on the Ilth June, 16.30; 
and on tlic 17th day of that month they located 
themselves ot the Indian Mattapan, and called it 
Dorchester, in honor of their pious and learned 
friend, the Rev. John White, of Dorchester, in 
England. 

The town included most of the territory of the 
towns of Milton, Canton, Stoughton, Sharon, and 
that part of Boston on which stand the celebrated 
Dorchester Heights. 

Dorchester has furnished pioneers for the set- 
tlement of several important places, in different 



parts of the United States. A party from this 
town, in 163.'), crossed the trackless wilderness by 
a journey of fourteen days, and settled Hartford, 
on Connecticut River. In 1695, another party 
emigrated from this place, and settled Dorches- 
ter, in South Carolina, and afterwards Midway, 
in Georgia. 

The soil of Dorchester is encumbered with 
rocks, l»ut is very fertile, and under a high state 
of cultivation. It is exceedingly productive, par- 
ticularly of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. Its 
surface is greatly variegated, presenting a con- 
tinual succession of picturesque and delightful 
views of the country, city, and sea. Its hill tops 
and valleys arc decked with farm houses and 
tasteful villas, and nowhere can be found the 
union of town and country enjoyments more 
complete. 

Dorchester is literally a town of villages. 
Travel its fine roads which way you will, villages, 
villas, and country scats, ever changing, ever 
beautiful, arc ]>rescnted to view. A ])art of the 
town has already been annexed to Boston, and 
should fire and water continue to make steam, old 
Shawmut, now crowded almost to suflbeation, 
will, ere the lapse of many years, sue for another 
bit of Mattapan. 

The beautiful Neponset washes the whole of 
the sonthei'n border of the town, and besides its 
navigalde j)rivileges, affords a large and valuaiile 
water power. The first water mill in America 
was erected in this town, in 1633 ; and lierc, about 
the same time, the cod fishery, the Itoast of New 
England, was first commenced. The manufac- 
tures of Dorchester consist of cotton goods, boots, 
shoes, hats, paper, cabinet, block tin, and tin 
wares, leatlier, wearing apparel, soap, candles, 
chocolate, and playing cards, the aggicgate 
amount of which, in one year, was about half a 
million of dollars. 

The most important villages for trade in Dor- 
chester are those connected with the tide water. 
Milton Mills, a handsome village, partly in Dor- 
chester and partly in Milton, 6 miles S. by W. 
from Boston, at the head of navigation on the 
Neponset, and at the lower falls of that river, 
contains many manufacturing establishments, 
and commodious wharves for lumber, coal, &e. 

Neponset village is very pleasantly situated on 
the margin of Dorchester Bay, and near the , 
mouth of Neponset River, on the great road lead- 
ing to Qnincy and Plymouth. It is a place of 
considerable trade, and some navigation. It has 
steadily increased in business, population, and 
wealth ; and being located on good navigable 
waters, within 5 miles of the city, it must soon 
become an important outport of the crowded 
metropolis. This village includes a beautiful 
I)eninsula, or neck of land, called Pine Neck. In 
consequence of the Old Colony Railroad passing 
over it, a flourishing settlement has commenced 
on this neck of land, which, by the enterprise of 
its occupants, promises to become an important 
place of business. Already a numlicr of wharves 
and storehouses have been erected here ; also a 
meeting house, a public hall, and several largo 
establishments for mechanical oi>erations. Ne- 
ponset, as well as Commercial Point, and other 
harbors in Norfolk co., has become a port of 
delivery, dependent upon the ]>rineipal harbor of 
Boston. By extending the Dorchester and Mil- 
ton Railroad a mile and a half to the Providence 
Railroad, Neponset soon will become a large do- 



352 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



pository of all kinds of building materials, fuel, 
and of the raw materials for manufacturing pur- 
poses, for a wide extent of country. The Old 
Colony Railroad passes by this and the villages 
of Commercial Point and Harrison Square, two 
places exceedingly pleasant both for business and 
residence. 

The first settlers of Dorchester came a regu- 
larly organized church, with its pastor and officers. 
They soon erected a house of public worship ; but 
it is a singular fact that "none can tell the pre- 
cise spot where the first meeting house was located, 
nor does a single stone remain to designate the 
site of the original burying-ground." The ear- 
liest date in the present ancient cemetery that can 
be drstinctly traced is 1644. 

On the 24th of June, 1852, a new rural ceme- 
tery, lying partly in Dorchester and partly in West 
Roxbury, was consecrated by religious services. 
It is named Mount Hope Cemetery, and is upon 
the same plan as the cemetery at Mount Auburn. 
The grounds include an area of 85 acres, embra- 
cing every variety of hill and dale, forest, glade, 
&C., now sought for in places of this description. 
It is already laid out extensively with avenues 
and paths, beautifully fitting it for its purpose. 
It is about 5 miles distant from Boston, and is 
approachable by many excellent roads from the 
city, on which omnibuses arc running, and also 
very conveniently by the Providence Railroad. 

Among the first' settlers of Dorchester was 
George Slinot, a ruling elder of the church for 
thirty years. He erected a dwelling house in that 
l)art of Dorchester where the pleasant village of 
Neponset now stands. That house is now stand- 
ing, and is doubtless one of the oldest houses in 
the country. It is in good repair, and has ever 
remained in possession of Mr. Minot's lineal de- 
scendants. Mr. Miuot died December 24, 167 1, 
aged 78. This house is even more celebrated for 
the female heroism disjilayed within its walls, 
than for its antiquity. A jiarty of Narraganset 
Indians, hunting on the borders of Neponset 
River, stopped at Elder Minot's house, and de- 
manded food and drink. On being refused, they 
threatened vengeance, and the sachem, or chief 
of the party, left an Indian in amliush to watch 
an ojiportunity to effect it. Soon after, in the 
absence of all the family, except a young woman 
and two small children, the Indian attacked the 
house, and fired at the young woman, but missed 
his mark. The giri placed the children under 
two brass kettles, and bade them be silent. She 
then loaded Mr. Minot's gun, and shot the Indian 
in the shoulder. He again attacked the house, 
and in attempting to enter the window, the girl 
threw a shovelful of live coals into his face, and 
lodged them in his blanket. On this the Indian 
fled. The next day be was found dead in the 
woods. The Indian's name was Cbickataulnit, 
but not the Narraganset sachem of that name. 
The government of Massachusetts Bay presented 
this brave young woman with a silver wristband, 
on which her name was engraved, with this 
motto — " She slew the Narraganset hunter." 

Dorchester, N. H., Grafton eo. Dorchester is 
situated on the highlands between Connecticut 
and Merrimac Rivers, The jjrincipal streams are 
the. S branch of Baker's River, a branch of Mas- 
corny and Rocky Branch. There are two ponds, 
both in the W. part of the town. The soil in 
some parts is very fertile. The highlands are 
uneven and rocky. First settlers, Benjamin Rice 



and Stephen Murch. 23 miles S. by E. from 
Haverhill, "and 40 N. W. from Concord. 

Don; Is., c. h. McHenry co. 

Dan County, Wn. New. Taken from Bro\Tn 
in 1851. 

Dorset, Vt., Bennington co. There are no con- 
siderable streams in this township. Otter Creek, 
Battenkill and one of its branches, and Pawlct 
River, aflTord some mill privileges. This town- 
ship is considerably mountainons. Equinox 
Mountain lies partly in the S. W. corner. In 
this township are several remarkable cavern.s. 
The first settlement was made in 1768. 26 miles 
N. from Bennington, and 91 S. S. W. from 
Montpelier. 

Double Sprinqs, othei"wise called Pleasant Vol- 
lei/, Ca., c. h. Mari])0sa co. 

DoMjlas, Ms., Worcester co., was named in 
honor of Dr. William Douglas, of Boston, a 
Scotch gentleman of some eminence, a benefac- 
tor to the town, and the autlior of a history of 
New England. Douglas was first settled about 
the year 1722, and at first was called Sherburne, 
from which place the first settlers came. The 
town is diversified by hills and valleys, the former 
artording much wood, and the latter a fine soil 
for cultivation. Mumford River passes through 
the E. village, on which are fine tracts of inter- 
vale, and good mill scats. The town abounds 
with springs and small streams. The centre 
village lies 16 miles S, from Worcester, The E. 
village is 2 miles N, E, from the centre, and 42 
S. W. by W, from Boston, 

Doui/ass, Pa,, Berks co. Watered by Mana^ 
tawny Creek, which att'ords mill privileges. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil of (jretty good quality. 

Duuijlass, Pa,, Montgomery co, Perkiomea 
and Swamp Creeks, good mill streams, water this 
town. Surface hilly ; soil reil shale. 

Dover, De, Capital of the state, and scat of 
justice of Kent co. Pleasantly situated on ele- 
vated ground between two ])rincipal branches of 
Jones's Creek, 10 miles above its entrance into 
the W, side Delaware Bay, The town is laid ^ 
out with much regularity, having a large public 
square in the centre, and wide streets intersecting 
each other at right angles. The state house 
stands on the E, side of the square, and other 
public buildings are around it. There is at 
Dover a beautiful monument in honor of Colonel 
John Haslett, who fell in the battle of Princeton. 
Dover lies 50 miles S. from Wilmington, and 120 
from Washington, 

Docer, Me., c. h. Piscataquis. On Piscataquis 
River. 77 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 

Dover, Ms., Norfolk co., was taken from Ded- 
ham in 1784. This town is bounded N. by 
Charles River. The surface is uneven, and a 
large part covered witli wood. Pine Hill, in 
Dover and Medfield, 400 feet above Charles 
River, aflbrdsau extensive prospect. 5 miles W. 
from Dedham, and 14 S. S. W. from Boston. 

Dover, N. H., shire town of Straflx)rd co. 40 
miles E. from Concord, 66 N, from Boston, and 
44 S. from Portland, Me. Population in 1820, 
2871; in 18.30,5449; 1840,6458; 1850,8186. 

This is one of the most interesting and im- 
portant towns in New Hampshire. It i.s situ- 
ated at the head of navigation on the Cocheco 
River, about 12 miles from the ocean, in the 
midst of a peculiarly rich and fertile country, 
on the N, W, and S, ' There are falls in the river 
at this place of about 32 feet descent, which con- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



353 



stituto one of the most valuable water privileges 
in New England. Passing over tliis town in any 
direction tlie traveller finds no rugged mountains 
nor extensive barren plains, but ascending occa- 
sionally some gentle elevation, his eye meets 
some new and pleasing feature of the landscape 
— a winding stream, a well-cultivated farm, or a 
distant village. In the S. part of the town tliere 
is a neck of hind about 2 miles long, and half a 
mile in breadth, lying between tlie Piscataqua 
River on the one side, and the Bellamy River, 
commonlv called by the inhabitants Buck River, 
on the other. The travelled road, from which 
the land gradually descends on cither han<l to the 
rivers, commands a very extensive, variegated. 
and delightful prospect of bays and their adja- 
cent shores, of streams, fields, and distant moun- 
tains. On this neck of land the first settlement 
of the town was commenced in 1623, by a 
company in England, whose design was to plant 
a colony and establish fisheries along the Piscat- 
aqua River. For several years this spot em- 
braced the principal part of the population of 
the town. Here the first meeting house in Dover 
was erected, and afterwards surrounded with an 
intrenchmeiu and flankarts, the remains of which 
are still visible. In process of time the business 
and poinilation began to centre around the falls, 
4 miles N. of the neck, where the beautiful village 
of Dover now is. Subsequently, when this fine 
water power began to be improved for manufac- 
turing purposes, a vigorous impulse was given to 
the pros])erity of the place. 

The Cocheco Mannfacturing Company have 
now in operation liere 4 large cotton mills, which 
manufacture about 7,000.000 yards of print cloths 
per annum ; also, 1 large printery, capable of 
turning out 7000 pieces of prints per week. 
They have also an extensive machine shop. 
This company employs about 1500 persons, 1000 
of whom are females. The Bellamy mills, on 
Bellamy River, about a mile and a half from the 
village, consist of saw mills, and mills for the 
manufacture of machinery, railroad ears, car- 
riages, and axles; and near them are two or 
three flannel manufactories. On this river, also, 
is a paper manufactory. A company at Dover 
have in successful operation machinery for the 
knitting of drawers and shirts. Besides the 
above, a variety of smaller articles of manufac- 
ture are produced. 

These two rivers, the Cocheco or Quocheco, 
and the Bellamy or Blaek River, are the prin- 
cipal streams in Dover. They take a S. E. 
course through the town, and unite with other 
streams to form the Piscataqua, which separates 
Dover on the E. from Elliot, Me. 

Dover is well built, the houses being gener.ally 
neat, and some of them elegant. The houses of 
worship, the court house, and other public build- 
ings are handsome, and the factories massive and 
imposing in their structure. 

A Congregational church was organized here 
in le.SS; and their minister, a Mr. Leverich, was 
probably the first ordained pastor who preached 
the gospel in New Hampshire. Rev. Dr. Bel- 
knap, the historian of New Hampshire, was 
ordained as pastor of this church in 1767. 

<A society of Friends was established here at 
an early period, and at one time comprised about 
one third of the population. 

This town, at its first settlement, was greatly 
exposed to invasions from the Indians, between 
45 



whom .and the inhabitants some unfortunate 
jealousies and suspicions were excited. The 
people experienced many sufferings from their 
repeated attacks. 

Dover is easily approached by the Boston and 
Maine Railroad, which is the upper or inland 
route between Boston and Portland, Me. It ia 
also connected by the Cocheco Railroad with 
Alton Bay on Lake Winnipiseogee, which opens 
a direct, exjjeditious, and delightful route from 
Boston to the White Mountains. Another rail- 
road extends N. from Dover, passing bv Great 
Falls, and reaching to Milton, 15 miles, intended 
to furnish a still more direct route to the moun- 
tains. 

Dover, N. J., Monmouth co. Watered by Tom's 
and Forked Rivers and bi'anches of Cedar and 
Rancocus Creeks, afibrding water power. Sur- 
face mostly level, and soil sandy. 24 miles S. from 
Freehold. 

Dover, N. J., Randolph. Morris co. On both 
sides of Rockaway River. 6.3 miles N. from 
Trenton. It is on the line of the Morris Canal. 

Dover, N. Y., Dutchess co. On both sides of 
Ten Mile Creek. The surface is somewhat 
mountainous ; the soil gravelly loam of good 
quality. Iron ore is found in this town, and 
there arc extensive f[uarries of white and colored 
marble. 93 miles S. S. W. from Albany, and 20 
E. from Poughkeepsic. 

Dover, O., Dover township, Tuscarawas co 
This is a flourishing town, and is situated on a 
level plain 3.^ feet above the water on the Ohio 
Canal, on which it lies. The streets cross each 
other at right angles. A covered bridge, 346 feet 
long, and built in 1833, crosses the canal and 
river. It is 1 10 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 
93 S. from Cleveland by the canal. 

Dover, Pa., York co. The surface of this town 
is hilly ; soil red shale. 

Dover, Te., c. h. Stewart co. On the S. side of 
the Cumberland River. 75 miles W. N. W. from 
Nashville. 

Dover, Vt., Windham co. This town was a 
part of Wardsboro' until 1810. The land is 
high and uneven, more tit for pasturage than til- 
lage. It is the source of several branches of 
West and a branch of Deerfield River. Serpen- 
tine and chlorite slate are found here. Although 
this townshijj is quite mountainous, yet the soil 
is warm, sweet, and jiroductivc. 12 miles N. W. 
from Brattleboro', and 120 S. by W. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Doione, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded E. 
by Maurice River, and S. by Delaware Bay. It 
is also watered by Dividing and other small 
creeks. The land bordering on the bay and 
Maurice River is flat and marshy. 14 miles S. 
E. from Bridgeton. 

Downinylown, Pa., Chester co. On the W. bank 
of the E. fork of Brandywine Creek. 67 miles 
E. S. E. from Harrisburg. The battle of Bran- 
dywine was fought 12 miles below this place, 
September 11, 1777. 

Doi/lestown, O., Wayne co., is situated on the 
road leading from Wooster to Akron, 16 miles 
from the former, and 13 from the latter place, 
and 36 miles S. from Cleveland. 

Doijlestown, Pa., c. h. Bucks co. 100 miles E. 
from Harrisburg. The situation is elevated and 
commanding. 

Dracut, Mass., Middlesex co. Dracut is united 
to Lowell by two handsome bridges over Merri- 



354 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



mac Kivcr. The town is pleasantly situated on 
the N. side, on the line of New Hampshire, 
with a tolerable soil, and some water power by 
Beaver lliver. The proximity of this town to 
Lowell gives it a favorable market for the fruits 
and vegetables which it pleiiiifully yields. There 
is some fine scenery in tlie town, particularly 
around Pawtucket Falls, when the river is high. 
27 miles N. from Boston, and 16 N. by E. from 
Concord. 

Drayton, Ga., c. h. Dooly CO. On Pennehatchie 
Creek, about 1 mile from its entrance into 
Flint River, and 98 miles S. S. W. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Dresden, Is., Grundy co. At the junction of 
Kankakee and Bes Plaines Rivers, 153 miles N. 
N. E. from Springfield. The Illinois Canal 
passes through it. 

Dresden, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. bank 
of Kennebec River, 14 miles S. from Augusta. 

Dresden, N. Y., Washington co. Situated be- 
tween Lakes George and Champlain. The surface 
is hilly and mountainous, Palmertown Mountain 
extending through tlie town, rising, in some 
places, to the height of 1200 feat above the level 
of Lake Champlain. The land is unfit for culti- 
vation, and mostly covered with forests. 28 
miles from Sandy Hill, and 78 N. N. E. from 
Albany. 

Dresden, 0., Jefferson township, Muskingum 
CO. A thriving town on Wakatom-aka Creek, 
on a side cut of the Ohio and Erie Canal, near 
their union with the Muskingum River. 

Dresden, Te., c. h. Weakley co. On one of the 
head branches of Obion River. W. by N. from 
Nashville 122 miles. 

Drew County, As., c. h. at Monticello. 

Dromore, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded S. W. 
by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Con- 
ewago Creek, which afl'ords hydraulic power. 
Surface undulating ; soil clay. S. E. from Lan- 
caster 1 5 miles. 

Drtjden, N. Y., Tompkins co. Fall Creek and 
some other small streams water this town. The 
surface is uneven; the soil productive, consisting 
of gravelly loam. 10 miles E. from Ithaca, and 
160 W. from Allwny. 

Duane, N. Y., Franklin CO. Situated in the 
northern part of the state, about 200 miles from 
Albany. A considerable part of this town is yet 
covered with the native forest. The surface is 
uneven and hilly, with several small lakes. The 
principal settlement is in the northern part. The 
town has become celebrated for its superior 
iron ore, or •' native steel ore," as it has been 
called, which is capable of being cast from the 
ore into the finest edged tools. At Duane 
there are a blasting funiace and a scythe man- 
ufactory. 

Duaneshurg, N. Y., Schenectady co. Watered 
by Schoharie Creek and some other small streams. 
The surface is elevated and hilly ; the soil clay 
loam. 12 miles S. W. from Schenectady, and 
21 N. W. from Albany. 

Dublin, Ga., c. h. Laurens co. On the W. side 
of the Oconee River. 79 miles S. S. E. from 
Milledgeville. 

Dublin, N. H., Cheshire co. On the height of 
land between Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers. 
Its streams are small. Centre Pond is in the 
middle of the town ; it is one mile in length, and 
about the same in breadth. A large portion of 
ihe Grand Monadnock lies in the N. W. part of 



Dublin, and near the centre of the town is Breed's 
Mountain. The land is better for grazing than 
tillage. First settlers, 1762, John Alexander, 
Henry Strongman, and William Strong. 10 
miles E. by S. from Kcene, and 50 S. W. from 
Concord. 

Dublin, 0., Washington, Franklin co. On 
elevated ground, on the W. bank of Scioto River, 
on which there is water power. 12 miles N.N. 
W. from Columbus. 

Dublin, Pa.. Bedford co. Watered by Wooden 
Bridge and Little Augwick Creeks and the head 
branches of Licking Creek. Surface level ; soil 
calcareous loam. 25 miles E. from Bedford. 

Dublin, Pa., Huntingdon co. Shade and Lit- 
tle Augwick Creeks drain this town. Surface 
mountainous ; soil clay. 21 miles S. E. from 
Huntingdon. 

Dubois Count!/, la., c. h. at Jasper. Incorporated 
in 1817. Bounded N. by Davies and Martin 
counties, E. by Orange and Crawford, S. by 
Perry and Spencer, and W. by Pike counties. 
Watered by Strait River, by the E. fork of 
White River, and by Patoka and Huntley's 
Creeks. Surface hilly and undulating; soil fer- 
tile. 

Dubuque County, lo., c. h. at Dubuque. Bound- 
etl N. by Clayton co.. N. E. by the Mississippi 
River, separating it from Wisconsin, and on 
the E. from Illinois. S. by Jackson and Jones 
counties, and W. by Delaware co. Drained 
by Turkey and Little Macoquetais Rivers and 
branches, and by some small creeks flowing into 
the Mississippi. 

Dubuque, lo., shire town of Dubuque co. Situ- 
ated on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, 
about 80 miles N. E. from Iowa City, 454 miles 
above St. Louis, and 338 below theFalls of St. 
Anthony. It is 24 miles, I)y the Mississippi and 
Fevre Rivers, from Galena. Dubuque, like Ga- 
lena, is celebrated for its lead mines, the ore 
being found in abundance within its corporate 
limits, and for many miles around. This is, in- 
deed, the commercial centre of the lead region. 

Dubuque was originally settled by a French 
half-breed of that name, who purchased his title 
from the Indians. The town is built on a fine 
table prairie, with picturesque bluffs in the rear, 
some of which are adorned with princely man- 
sions. The place is laid out with regularity, 
and handsomely buUt. Among the churches, of 
which there are several of the various denomi- 
nations, there is a large stone Roman Catholic 
cathedral. Its spacious brick warehouses, its 
many stores and mechanic shops, its numerous 
steamboats lading and unlading at the qu.tys, 
and the bustling activity of business in its streets, 
sufticiently indicate that this place is now the 
great commercial emporium of the country of 
the Upper Mississippi. The Illinois Central 
Railroad from Cairo, at the mouth of the Oliio, 
will have its northern terminus on the opposite 
side of the river, which will open a communi- 
cation, at all seasons of the year, to the Gulf of 
Mexico. There will soon be a continuous rail- 
road route from this place to Chicago, and thence 
to New York and Boston. 

Dudley, Ms., Worcester co. This town was 
granted by the legislature in 1660. The grantees 
bought it of the Began tribe of Indians. Quinne- 
baug River on the W. and French on the E. give 
to Dudley an excellent water power. The town 
was named in honor of Paul and WiUiam Dud- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



355 



ley, of Eoxbury. who were among the first pro- 
prietors. It is a pleasant town, with a good soil, 
and a surface variegated by hills and vales, 
smiling ponds, and constant streams. There are 
3 villages here, Dudley Hill, Tufts, and Merino. 
The Indian name of a large pond in the town is 
Chahanakongkomam. 55 miles S. W. from 
Boston. 

iJid-es County, Ms., c. h. at Edgartown. This 
county is formed of tlie islands of Martha's Vine- 
yard, Chappequiddick, Elizabeth Islands, and 
No-Man's Land. The latter of which is the S. 
extremity of Massachusetts. These islands were 
discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. 
He landed at No-Man's Land, which he called 
Martha's Vineyard, passed round Gay Head, 
anchored in the Vineyard Sound, and landed on 
Cuttahunk, which he called Elizabeth Island, a 
name since extended to the whole group to which 
it belongs. A small rocky islet in the midst of a 
pond of fresli water on this island, was selected 
as the site of a settlement, and a stockhouse was 
erected on it — the first house built by the English 
on the shores of New England. Gosnold could 
not induce any of his men to remain, yet the 
commencement of efforts for colonizing New 
England dates from his voyage. 

Dumfries, Va., Prince William CO. On the N. 
side of Quantico Creek, a tributary of Potomac 
Kiver, and 86 miles N. by E. from Richmond. 
The best winter harbor on the Potomac is about 
2i miles below this place. 

Dummer, N. H., Coos CO., comprises 2.3,040 
acres. It is watered by the Amonoosuck and 
Androscoggin. This town is rough in its sur- 
face, and cold in its soil. First settlers. Mark 
H. Wcntworth, Nathaniel Haven, and others, in 
1773. Distances 140 miles N. by E. from Con- 
cord, and 30 N. by E. from Lancaster. 

Dummerston, Vt., Windham co. This town- 
ship is watered by West River and several small 
strcam.s, aflbrding a considerable number of good 
sites for mills. The surface is broken. The 
rocks which constitute Black Mountain, near 
the centre of the town, are an immense body of 
granite. A range of argillaceous slate passes 
through it. Primitive limestone occurs in beds. 
This is one of the oldest towns in the state. 90 
miles S. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. from New- 
fane. The Connecticut Kiver Railroad passes 
through this town. 

Dunbar, Pa., Fayette co. This town is bound- 
ed on the E. by the Youghiogeny River, and 
drained by Dunbar Run, a mill stream. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles 
N. E. from Union. 

Dunharton, N. IL, Merriraac co. The situation 
of this town is elevated, though there are but 
few hills. The air is clear, the water good, and 
the town very healthy. The soil is good, and 
well suited for corn, w'heat, and orcharding. Ar- 
senic is found here. The inhabitants are mostly 
descendants of Scotch-Irish, so called, from the 
north of Ireland. It was first called Starkstown, 
in honor of the principal proprietor. Its present 
name is derived from Dunbarton, in Scotland, 
from whence Stark emigrated. First settlers, 
1749, Joseph Putney, James Rogers, William 
Putney, and Obadiah Foster. 10 miles S. W. 
from Concord, and 20 N. from Amherst. 

Dunkirk, N. Y., Chautauque co. An incorporat- 
ed village in Pomfret, situated on Lake Erie, 44 
miles S. W. from Buffalo. This is the western 



terminus of the Erie Railroad, extending from 
Piermont, on the Hudson River, 24 miles from 
New York, to this place, a distance of 445 miles, 
or 469 from New York. There is also a contin- 
uous railroad route to Jersey City, opposite New 
York, leaving the Erie Railroad 18 miles W. of 
Piermont, and passing through Patterson, N. J. ; 
on which the distance between Dunkirk and New 
Y"ork is only 460 miles. 

From its position in reference to this great 
channel of communication, Dunkirk is destined 
to take a rank among the most important pljices on 
Lake Erie. It has one of the best harbors on the 
lake, for the improvement of which the United 
States government has expended large sums of 
money. It is extremely valuable as an anchor- 
age and port of refuge, and is often resorted to 
for that purpose. It is fre<incntly open several 
days, and even weeks, earlier in the spring than 
the harbor of Buffalo. A railroad along the 
lake shore, in continuation of the great western 
route, from Boston, via Troy, Albany, and Buf- 
falo, will make Dunkirk a new thoroughfare be- 
tween the North-Western States and the two most 
important ports on the Atlantic. Distance from 
Dunkirk to Boston, by the railroads now in oper- 
ation, 572 miles; and by the contemplated route 
via Troy and the tunnel through the Hoosic 
Mountain, 545 miles. 

Duklin Counti/, Mo., c. h. at Chillitecunx. In 
the extreme S. E. Between St. Francis and 
White Water Rivers, and largely subject to over- 
flow. 

Dunsiahle, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was 
taken from Dunstable, now Nashua, N. H., in 
1741. The Nashua River passes the W. border 
of the to^vn, but gives it no important water 
power. The soil is s.andy. 12 miles W. N. W. 
from Lowell, and 33 N. W. from Boston. 

Dunstable, Pa., Clinton co. The W. branch of 
the Susquehanna River bounds this town on the 
S. E. and S. The suiface is mountainous, con- 
taining coal ; soil sterile. 

Du Paqe Counti/, Is., c. h. at Napierville. Bound- 
ed N. and E. by Cook co., S. by Will, and W. by 
Kendall and Kane counties. Des Planes River 
and Du Page Creek water this county. 

Duplin County, N. C, c. h. at Keenansville. 
Bounded N. by Wayne county, E. by Lenoir, 
Jones, and Ons'low, S. by New Hanover, and W. 
by Sampson co. Surface level, and drained by 
Cape Fear River and branches ; soil productive. 

Durham, Ct., Middlesex co. This town was 
first settled in 1698. Its Indian name was Co- 
ginchaug. Agriculture is the principal employ-- 
ment of the people of Durham, for which they 
have rather an uneven but fertile soil. " This 
town has been distinguished many years for a 
very fine breed of cattle. Two oxen, presented 
by some of the inhabitants to General Washing- 
ton, furnished a dinner for all the officers of the 
American army at Valley Forge, and all their 
servants." 

Durham, Me., Cumberland co. A good town- 
ship of land on the S. side of Androscoggin River. 
25 miles N. from Portland, and 31 S. W. from 
Augusta. 

Durham, N. H., Strafford co. The situation of 
this town upon the Piscataqua and its branches 
is very favorable, both as to water power and 
transportation. Oyster and Lamprey are the 
two branches ; the latter flows over several falls. 
Upon both sides of Oyster River a deep argilla- 



356 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



ceous loam prevails, which is favorable to the 
procluction of grasses. Extensive ledges of gran- 
ite arc found here. A large block of it, weighing 
60 or 70 tons, was formerly poised so exactly 
between two stones, as to lie visibly moved by 
the wind. It was dislodged from this ])osition 
by the curiosity of .some visitors. Durham was 
originally a part of Dover. Oyster River was so 
called from the abundance of oysters found in it. 
32 miles E. by S. from Concord, and 11 W.N. W. 
from Portsmouth. 

Durluim, N. Y., Greene co. Drained by the 
Catskill and some of its tributaries. The sur- 
face is hilly and uneven ; soil clay and gravelly 
loam. 20 miles N. W. from Catskill, and 34 
S. W. from Albany. 

Durham, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded E. by the 
Delaware River, and drained by Cook's or Dun- 
ham Creek, a mill stream. In this town is the 
Devil's Hole, a large cave, at the bottom of 
which is a basin of pure water, 20 feet wide, and 
having a subterranean outlet. 20 miles N. E. 
from Doylestown. 

Durhamville, N. Y., Oneida co. On both sides 
of Oneida Creek. 125 miles W. N. W. from 
Albany. 

Dutchess County, N. Y., c. h. at Poughkeepsie. 
Bounded by Columbia co. on the N., by the 
state of Connecticut on the E., by Putnam co. 
on the S., and by the Hudson River on the W. 
It was incorporated in 168.3. Wappinger's, Fish- 
kill, and Ten Mile Creeks drain the surface, 
which is somewhat hilly and uneven. Soil chiefly 
fertile. It is rich in mineral productions, the 
principal of which are iron, marble, and lead. 
Peat and marl are also abundant, and there are 
one or two remarkable gas springs. 

Duval County, Fa., c. h. at Jacksonville. Bound- 
ed N. by Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. 
by St. John's and Alachua counties, and W. by 
Alachua and Columbia counties. Watered by the 
Nassau, St. John's, and Black Rivers. 

Duxbury, Ms., Plymouth co. This is an im- 
portant maritime town. The harbor is formed 
by a peninsula called the Gurnet, jutting out in a 
S. E. direction from Marshficld on the N., of 
about 6 miles in length. The soil of Duxbury 
is generally unproductive ; yet there are some 
fertile spots. Its Indian name was Mattakeeset. 
There is an apple-tree here noted for its age, 
size, and fruitfulness. It is upwards of 100 years 
old. It is 40 feet in height, and its circumfer- 
ence, 8 inches from the ground, is 16 feet. Its 
fruit, in 1 year, has made 10 barrels of cider, 
besides 30 bushels for the cellar. The village 
in Duxbury is pleasantly located on elevated 
ground, in full view of the sea. Beyond it, 
about 2 miles distant, is " Standish Ilill," part 
of the farm of the renowtied Captain Miles Stan- 
dish, the military hero of New England. 6 miles 
N. from Plymouth, and 30 S. E. from Boston. 

Duxbury, Vt., Washington CO. The south and 
western parts of this township are mountainous, 
and incapable of settlement. Nearly all the in- 
habitants are confined to the margin of Wi- 
nooski River, and the north-eastern parts of the 
township. This township is watered by Winoos- 
fci River, which forms the northern boundary, by 
Duxbury branch, on which is a considerable 
settlement, and several small branches of Mad 
Kiver. The natural bridge over Winooski River 
is between this town and Waterbury, and near it 
arc some curious caverns. The settlement was 



commenced about the year 1786. 11 miles W. 
from Montpelier. 

Dyer County, Te., c. h. at Dyersburg. Bounded 
N. by Obion co., E. by Gibson, S. by Lauder- 
dale, aiul W. by the Mississippi River. Drained 
by Obion and Forked Deer Rivers. Surface 
uneven, with the exception of the flats on the 
border of the Mississippi. 

Eagle, N. Y., Alleghany co. Caneadea and 
Wiskay Creeks water this town. The surface is 
undulating ; the soil favorable to the growth 
of grass and grain. 264 miles W. by S. from 
Albany. 

Eagle Harbor, Mn., Houghton co. This vil- 
lage, on Keewaiwona Point, has sprung up in 
the immediate neighborhood of several important 
mines of copper and silver. The village takes 
its name from that of the little harbor in the 
bosom of which it is seated. The first house 
erected at this place was put up by Colonel Charles 
Gratiot, for the accommodation of the pioneer 
miners emi»loyed by the Lake Superior Copper 
Company in 1844; and it was at this place that 
the first search for native copper commenced. 
That year some of the veins yielded a promising 
return of copper ; but the ground was not found 
to bo so favorable for mining purposes as that 
of Eagle River, a few miles farther to the west- 
ward. There are now wrought, near Eagle Har- 
bor, several very valuable mines : among them, 
the North-Wcst, Copper Falls, and North- West- 
ern mines are most conspicuous. This harbor is 
the nearest safe shelter for small vessels that 
the miners can avail themselves of, and hence its 
importance. Good hotels and comfortable ac- 
commodations now invite the traveller to this 
spot, which seven or eight years ago was an un- 
broken wilderness. 

By means of gib nets an abundance of large 
lake trout and of white fish is caught off this 
harbor. Trout may also be taken by trolling 
with a long line from a sail boat. Siskowit, a 
fat species of salmon, are also occasionally caught 
at this place, but they are not abundant, their 
range being limited to the coast of Isle Royale, 
40 miles N. of Keewaiwona Point, a few rarely 
straying across this part of the lake. 

The climate of Eagle Harbor is like that of Kee- 
waiwona Point, generally much milder than that 
of the Sault St. Marie, on account of its being 
nearly surrounded by the deep waters of Lake 
Superior, which preserve an invariable tempera- 
ture of about 39i degrees Fahrenheit, and thus 
moderate tlie heat of the air in both summer and 
winter. Potatoes and some early garden plants 
thrive on Keewaiwona Point, but Indian corn 
rarely ripens there. Oats, barley, and summer 
wheat do very well. 

Eagle River Settlement, Mn., Houghton co. 
Eagle River is 8 miles W. of Eagle Harbor, in 
lat. 47° 23' 28" N. The stream enters the lake 
over a sandy bar, and the bay offers no shelter 
for vessels, so that it is only practicable to take 
on board the steamers' cargoes of copper during 
good weather. In case of storms, the vessels 
run to Eagle Harbor for shelter. 

Owing to the discovery of the most valuable 
mines of copper and silver near this river, a con- 
siderable village has sprung up at its mouth, and 
a numerous population of miners and persons 
connected with the mines reside at the mining 
stations up the river, at the Phoenix Cliff and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



357 



North American mines, which are from one to 
four miles from the mouth of the stream, and 
upon its borders. 

The Phffinix, formerly called the Lake Supe- 
rior mine, was the first mine WTought for native 
copper and silver on Lake Superior. It was 
not wrought properly at first, owin^ to want 
of experience in thi.s new kind of mining, liut 
has since been carried on with the most prom- 
isinn; success. The Clift" mine, 3 miles from the 
Phcenix, was the first mine that was opened in 
a truly scientific manner, and has proved the 
model mine of the country, and has given most 
profitable returns to the stockholders. About 
150 men arc employed at this mine in extractin;^ 
metallic copper and silver from the rocks. This 
mine is one of the wonders of the world, and is 
unparalleled in its ])roduce ; masses of solid native 
copper, of from 10 to 100 tons, being extracted by 
mining operations from regular veins of the metal. 
The copper is mixed with variable proportions of 
silver, which is always found free from any alloy, 
and often occurs embedded in the solid copper, 
as if welded to it only at the points of contact. 
This mine produces, on an average, 900 tons of 
fine copper, and about $5000 worth of pure sil- 
ver per annum. The stock is owned mostly in 
Boston and Pittsburg, and is held at a good rate, 
but little of it being oft'ered at the brokers' board. 

The North American Company iiave a mine 
nearly as valuable as the ClitF, vvithin a half mile 
of that celebrated mine, ami the works are ad- 
mirably constructed, and mining is carried on 
with success, both copper and silver being found 
there native. 

Co]ipor Falls mine, which is 4 miles to the E. 
of Eagle River, is situated on a small stream 
cnlled Copper Brook, and has been wrought with 
promising success, but not to the extent of those 
already mentioned. A considerable corps of 
miners are there employed in searching for co|v 
per. and a regular raiu" has been conslrueted, and 
native copper and silver have been raised and 
sent to market. 

All the mines we have named were discovered 
in 1844 and 1845, and are situated in amyg- 
daloidal trap rocks, near their junction with 
sandstone rocks. The veins cross the •■ eounlry," 
or traverse the line of direction of the trap[)ean 
masses and stratified rocks. Hence they are 
called true veins. Stone hammers used by the 
aboriginal inhabitants, in old pits, have disclosed 
the interesting fac-t that these lodes of native 
copper were known probably for thousands of 
years before the white men set foot upon this 
continent. All the tools indicate that the mines 
were wrought by savages, who employed fire to 
cause the rock to crumble away from the copper, 
and then broke ort' masses of the metal. Few of 
these excavations are deeper than 6 or 8 feet, but 
they are of considerable extent. Aged trees 
growing upon the surface soil of these pits prove 
that the mining operations were carried on many 
centuries ago. 

The soil on Eagle Kiver is good, and produces 
oats and potatoes in abundance, and some fine 
esculents and garden vegetables ; but the season 
is short, and tender crops often are overtaken by 
frost. 

There are a good tavern, and store, and post 
office at the mouth of Eagle Kiver. Some fish 
are taken, but the place is not regarded as good 
fishing ground. 



Enrl, Pa., Berks co. Manatawny Creek waters 
this town, the surface of which is broken by 
South Mountain. 

Earl, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Cones- 
tago and Muddy Creeks. Surface undulating ; 
soil gravel and red shale. 1.3 miles N. W. from 
Lancaster. 

Earli/ County, Ga., c. h. at Blakelv. Bounded 
N. by Randolph co., E. by Baker, S. by De- 
catur CO., and W". by the Chattahoochee River, 
separating it from Ga. Surface level, and 
drained by Spring, a branch of Flint, River; soil 
fertile. 

East Amn, N. Y., Livingston CO. 2 miles E. 
from Avon Springs, and 218 W. from Albany. 
The surrounding country is highly cultivateti, 
and the situation of the place is commanding. 

East BithU'hrm, Pa., Washington co. The 
Monongahela River bounds this town on the E., 
and Ten Mile Creek on the S. Surface hilly, 
and abounding with coal mines ; soil loamy. 197 
miles \V. from llarrishurg. 

East Blooiiijirld, N. Y., Ontario co. Drained 
by JIud Creek and some other small streams. 
The surface is undulating; the soil fertile. 8 
miles W. from Canaudaigua, and 203 W. by N. 
from Albany. 

East Bradford, Pa., Chester co. Valley Creek 
and its branches water this town, aftbrding hy- 
draulic power, and Brandywine River forms its 
S. W. boundary. Surface hilly: soil calcareous 
loam. 

East Bridijricater, Ms., Plymouth co. Beaver 
and Satuckct, tiranches of Taunton River, afibrd 
this town a good water power. The settlement 
of this part of Old Bridgcwater was not com- 
menced much before ItJS.'i. There are two 
pleivsant villages in the town, at which consider- 
able business is transacted. A branch of the 
Old Colony Railroad, from South Abington to 
Bridgcwater, passes near the village of .Joppa, 6 
miles from the former, 2 from the latter, and 26 
from Boston. 

East Ciunbridge, Ms., Middlesex co. See Cam- 
hridfje, Ms. 

Easldiesler, N. Y., Westchester eo. Watered 
by Bron.x River and Hutchinson's Creek. The 
surface is hilly and somewhat rocky; hut the 
soil is for the most part very productive. 10 miles 
S. from White Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. 

East Vondico, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by 
Cocalico (.'reck. 

East Drtr, Pa., Alleghany co. Located on the 
W. side of the Alleghany River. 

East Voner/al, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by 
Little Chicques Creek and its branches. 

East FallowJiM, Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
the W. branch of Brandywiiie Creek. 

East Efltciaihi Parish. La., c. h. at Clinton. 
The state of Mi. bounds this parish on the N. 
Watered by Amite River, and Comite and 
Thompson's Creeks. Soil fertile on the streams. 

Eastford. Ct., Windham eo. Taken from 
Ashford. On a head stream cf the Yantic. 14 
in. N. W. from Brooklyn, and 31 E. from Hartford. 

East Goskt'ji, Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
Chester and Ridley Creeks. Surface mostly 
level; soil rich saudy loam. 18 miles W. from 
Philadelphia. 

East Greenwich, R. I., Kent co. This is the 
shire town, and is pleasantly located on Narra- 
ganset Bay. It was incorporated in 1CG7, and 
comprises an excellent harbor for ships of 500 



358 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



tons' burden. A number of vessels arc owned 
here, and the coasting trade and fisheries give 
employment to many of the inhabitants. The 
town is watered by Maskachug and Hunt's 
Rivers, on which are cotton mills and other 
manufactories. The soil of the town is rather 
rough and stony, but it yields good crops of 
corn, barley, and potatoes. East Greenwich 
is noted for excellent fruit and cider. 

The Kentish Guards was established here in 
1774, and proved a nursery of distinguished offi- 
cers, of whicli the celebrated General Nathaniel 
Greene was one. Across the bay, to Bristol, is 
about 8 miles. 14 miles S. from Providence. 

East Iladdam, Ct., Middlesex co. A town of 
considerable trade and manufacturing enterprise, 
on the E. side of the Connecticut, and at the out- 
let of Salmon River. The soil is liilly and rocliy, 
and more tit for grazing tlian tillage. Consider- 
able business is done here in the shad fishery. 
It is supposed that more leatlicr is made in this 
than in any other town in the stale. This place 
has fine water privileges, botli for navigation and 
manufactures. A short distance from the centre 
of the town is a pond covering 1000 acres. On 
the river formed by tile outlet of tliis pond, the 
water is precipitated over rocks nearly 70 feet per- 
pendicular. The scenery around these falls is 
beautiful, and wortliy of particular notice. 

Leesville, on Salmon Kivcr, and Meclianics- 
ville, on Moodus River, a branch of Salmon 
River, are very fiourisliing settlements. 

This place, the Indian -Mackimoodus, is re- 
markable for frequent slight shocks of earth- 
quakes, producing singular noises, which the 
Indians attributed to the anger of tlieir gods 
towards the white men. It is said that some 
valuable geological discoveries have recently 
been made in this quarter. The town was first 
settled in 1683, but not incorporated until 1724. 

Eustham, Ms., Barnstable eo., lies on both 
sides of Cape Cod, which, at this place, is about 
3 miles across. It is the ancient Nausat of 
the Indians, and was purchased of the natives by 
the people at Plymouth, jirior to its grant by 
the court, in 16-44. A settlement commenced 
the year the grant was made. The soil of this 
town was formerly considered as unproductive as 
any on the cape; but by good management it has 
been made to furnish a supply of breadstutfs for 
its own inhabitants, and some for exportation. 
There is a pear tree in this town celebrated lor 
its longevity. It was brought from England by 
Thomas Prince, who was elected governor of the 
colony in 1634. Its fruit is said to be fair and 
good, and yields about 15 bu.shel3 annually. 22 
miles E. N. E. from Barnstable, and 65 S. E. by 
E. from Boston, liy water. 

Eastltaiiipton, Ms., Hampshire co. This is a 
pleasant town, on the W. side of Connecticut 
River, 5 miles S. from Northampton, of which it 
was formerly a part. The Hampshire and Hamp- 
den Canal passes through this town, but has 
been abandoned, and a railroad substituted 
for it. The Mount Tom range of mountains 
commences here, and extends into the state of 
Connecticut. The highest part of the range is 
in this town, and is 1214 feet above the river. 
A largo part of the lands in Easthampton are 
fertile and productive. There is here a flour- 
ishing and richly-endowed English and classical 
seminary, founded and endowed at an expense 
of 550,000, the munificence of the Hon. Samuel 



Williston, under the name of the Williston Semi- 
nary. 

East Hampton, N. Y., SuflFolk co. Situated on 
the E. extremity of Long Island. 114 miles E. 
from New York city, and 267 E. S. E. from Al- 
bany. This town, including land and water, 
embraces a large area, being about 23 miles in 
length, over the narrow strip running up from 
Montauk Point to its western boundary, and 
about 12 miles in breadth, on a line from the 
northern extremity of Gardiner's Island, which 
is connected with it, directly across the town to 
the ocean. The village is built principally on a 
single street, a mile and a half long, and about 
three fourths of a mile from the southern shore. 
The town was settled in 1649, by 30 families from 
Lynu, and the neighboring towns, in Massachu- 
setts. There is a small remnant of the jMontauk 
Indians still remaining, upon a reservation of 
1000 acres, held by them under the conditions of 
their sale of the Montauk tract to the whites, 
about 180 years ago. See Montauk Paint, p. 221. 

East Hanover, Pa., Lebanon eo. 21 miles E. 
from ILirrisburg. 

East Hartford, Ct.. Hartford co. This town is 
situated opposite to Hartford, and connected with 
it by a liridge across Connecticut River. The 
soil of the town is generally fertile, but the allu- 
vial meadows on the border of the river, of which 
there is a large tract, is of a superior quality. 
The agricultural products of this town are very 
considerable. Hackanum River furnishes the 
town with a good water power, on which are val- 
uable manufacturing o^tablishmeiits, particularly 
of paper. East Hartford is noted for its man- 
ufactures in former years. The first powder mill 
in this country, it is said, was erected here, in 
1775. This is a very pleasant town. The main 
street, which is very long and wide, is delight- 
fully shaded by stately elms. East Hartford was 
taken from Hartford in 1784. 

East Haven, Ct., New Haven co. This town 
was taken from New Haven in 178.i, and is con- 
nected with New Haven by a bridge. It has 
good navigable privileges, and is watered by 
Quinnipiac River. This was a great resort for the 
Indians in former years. On Grave Hill were 
an Indian fort and cemetery. Bones of Indians 
of a large size, and domestic and warlike imple- 
ments for savage use, have been found here. 
The Indian Well, in a granite rock, on an island 
in Stony River, is a curiosity. E.ast Haven is 
pleasantly located, and commands a fine prospect 
of Long Island Sound. 

East Haven, Vt., Essex co. The land in this 
township is high, but much of it is very suitable 
for grazing. Passumpsic River crosses the W. 
corner, and the head of Moose River waters the 
eastern part, each being about two rods wide, and 
affording good mill sites. There were five or six 
families in this town as earlv as 1 814. 24 miles 
N. W. from Guildhall, and 69 N. E. from Mont- 
pelier. 

East Hempfield, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered 
on the E- by Little Conestoga Creek. Surface 
principally level. 38 miles E. S. E. from Har- 
risburg. 

East Huntinijdon, Pa., Westmoreland co. Wa- 
tered by branches of Jacob's Creek. 

East Kingston, N. U., Rockingham co. The 
soil is of an excellent quality, and well adapted 
to grain and grass. Powow River crosses the S. 
W. part of this town. First settlers, William 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



359 



and Abraham Smith. 42 miles S. E. by E. fiom 
Concord, and 20 S. S. W. from Portsmouth, and 
by railroad 5 miles S. from Exeter. 

East Lebanon. 0., Wayne co. This village is 
90 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 5 from 
Greenville. 

East Lyme, Ct., New London co. On the 
coast, between the Rivers Thames and Connecti- 
cut. The New Haven and New London Kailroad 
passes through it. Surface diversitied ; soil gen- 
erally good. 

East Livcrmore, Me., Kennebec co. On the E. 
bank of the Androscoggin. 23 miles W. from 
Augusta. 

East Machias, Me., Washington co. On both 
sides of East Machias River 149 miles E. by 
N. from Augusta. It has a great water power, 
and is largely engaged in the lumber trade. 

East Marlboro', I'a., Chester co. Watered by 
Redelay Creek and Poeopsen, a branch of Bran- 
dywine Creek. Surface gently sloping; soil 
sandy loam. 28 miles S.W. from I'hiladelphia. 

East ilontpelifr. Vt., Washington co. This 
town was incorporated November 9, 1S48, and 
comprises the northeni and eastern part of the 
fertile and p.easant town of Montpelier. 

East Nuntmml, Pa., Chester co. The N. and 
S. forks of French Creek water this town, the 
surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly. 
65 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 

East Xotlinijliam, Pa.. Chester eo. Watered by 
Elk and Little Elk Creeks. Surface slightly 
uneven ; soil sandy loam. 

Easton, Md., Talbot Co. On Tread Haven 
Creek. !,■! miles from Chesapeake Bay. and near 
the head of a large estuary. S. E. from Annapo- 
lis 4.T miles. 

Easlon. Ct., Fairfield co. Taken from the E. 
part of Weston. 10 m. N. W. from Bridgeport. 

Easton, Ms., Bristol co. There are two pleas- 
ant villages liere, both well watered by branches 
of Taunton River. From the W. village it is 
about 10 miles to Taunton, and 24 to Boston. 

Easlon, N. Y., Washington eo. On the E. 
border of the Hudson River, and watered by the 
Battenkill, one of its tributaries. The surface is 
slightly uneven ; the soil generally clay and sandy 
loam. Limestone and water lime of superior tpial- 
ity are found here. 2i; m. N. N. W. from Albany. 

Easton, Pa., seat of justice of Northampton eo. 
On the W. side of Dela^vare River, at the junc- 
tion of the Lehigh, 58 miles N. from Philadelphia, 
and 106 E. N. E. from Harrislnn-g. Population 
in 1820, 2370; 1830, 3529; 1840, 4805; 1850, 
9000. The town is built on a point of land 
bounded and shaped by the Delaware and Lehigh 
Rivers, and by Bushkill Creek. It is regularly laid 
out, with streets crossing each other at right an- 
gles, ;ind a jiuhlic square in tlie centre. The 
court house, standing upon this square, was built 
in 1758. The part of the town lying near the 
Delaware, though well elevated above the river, 
is level; but the ground rises gradually as it re- 
cedes to the ^V.. forming a fine acclivity for that 
part of the town which is the most handsomely 
built, and in which are the principal churches 
and other public buildings. Still more elevated, 
in the rear of the town, are the buildings of La- 
fayette College, which arc handsomely located, 
and command a beautiful prospect of the sur- 
rounding country. ( See Colleges.) The fine bridge 
at this point, over the Delaware, 500 feet long, 
was built at an expense of $80,000. The Dela- 



ware, the Morris, and the Lehigh Canals form a 
junction at Easton ; and railroads meet here from 
Philadelphia, via Trenton, from Jersey City, op- 
posite New York, and from Belvidere, an impor- 
tant town a few miles to the N. The maimfac- 
turos of this ])lace are of considerable impor- 
tance. About a mile above Easton, on the right 
bank of the Lehigh, a manufacturing village has 
sprung up, called South Easton, which contains 
large mills ibr the manufacture of cotton goods, 
nails, rifie.s, steel, and various other articles. 

Eastowii, Pa.. Chester co. Surface slightly un- 
even, and drained by Darby Creek ; soil sandy 
loam. 

East Penn, Pa., Northampton co. Watered by 
Mahoning and Lizard Creeks, branches of the 
Lehigh River. Surface mountainous, the Lehigh 
Water Gap, througli Blue Mountain, being in the S. 
part. Soil red sliale and gravel. The streams af- 
ford water power. 91 miles N. E. from HaiTisl>urg. 

East Pennsboro, Pa., Cumberland co. Drained 
by Conedogwinit Creek, a mill stream flowing 
into the Susquehanna River, which bounds the 
town on the E. 10 miles N. E. from Carlisle, and 
about the same distance N. W. from Harrisburg. 

East Pikelaud, Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
Stony, French, and Pickering Creeks, all mill 
streams flowing into the Schuylkill River. 

Eastfiort, Me.. Washington Co., includes four 
islands, on the chief of which, called Moose Isl- 
and, the town is built. It has a fine harlior, and 
has been noted for smuggling adventures, being 
situated on tbe W. shore of Passama(ptoddy Bay. 
The tide is very rapid, and rises 25 feet. Two 
long bridges connect Moose Island with the main 
land. It has still considerable trade in lumber. 

East Roekhiil, Pa., Bucks co. Surface hilly ; 
soil gravel. 

East Union, O., Wayne co., is a flourishing 
towiisliip, a few miles E. from Woostcr. 

Eastrille, Va., c. h. Northampton eo. On tho 
S. side of King's Creek, a small stream which 
empties into Cliesapeake Bay, through a consid- 
erable estuary. E. from Richmond 151 miles. 

East Whitdand. Pa., Chester co. Surface level ; 
soil rich calcareous loam. 

J^ast Windsor, Ct.. Hartford co. First settled 
1080. Taken from Windsor, 1768. This is an ex- 
cellent township of land. Its extensive mead- 
ows onthe E. side of Connecticut River are of un- 
common fertility and beauty. Scantic River, a 
considerable mill stream, passes through the N. 
part of the town, and gives it the name of Scantic. 
The village of Wajiping is in the S. E. section of 
the town. The priueijial street, about a mile back 
of the river, is the village, running the whole 
length of the town, wide, neatly built, and beau- 
tifully shaded. 

East Windsor Hill, Ct., in South Windsor, 
Hartford co. 1 1 miles N. E. from Hartford. Tho 
Theological Institute of Connecticut is located 
here. There is a rich and delightful prospect 
from the liuildings, which are seen at a distance 
in different directions. 

East U'iWsor, N. J., Mercer co. Watered by 
Millstone River, and Assnnpink and Miry Runs. 
Surface level ; soil sandy and rather sterile. 20 
miles S. W. from New Brunswick. 

Eaton County, Mn., c. h. at Charlotte. Incor- 
porated in 1837. Bounded N. by Ionia and Cliu 
ton counties, E. by Ingham, S. by Jackson and 
Calhoun, and W. by Barry co. Watered by Grand 
and Thornapple Rivers and Battle Creek. Sur- 



360 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



face undulating, containinjj quarries of sandstone 
and limestone ; soil very rich. 

Enton, N. H., Carroll co. The soil is moder- 
ately frood, and the plains furnish cxcclle,nt 
pine timhcr. There are several ponds in this 
town. Six Mile Pond is one ; it is 4 miles lonij, 
and from half a mile to a mile in width. Good 
iron ore is found here, and near ,Snell's Pond a 
vein of zinc and lead ores. 64 miles N. E.from 
Concord, and 55 N. N. E. from Dover. 

Eiiton, N. Y., c. h. Madison co. It is wa- 
tered Viv the head branch of Chenango Kiver. 
The surface is rolling ; soil fertile loam, particu- 
larly favorable to the growth of grass. 100 miles 
\V. from Albany. 

Eiilon. O., c. h. Preble CO.. and is located on the 
E. bank of St. Clair's Creek. At this place the 
creek has a fall of about 20 feet in 80 rods, which 
adds to the importance of the town. It was laid 
out in 180(j. and is 80 miles N. from Cincinnati, 
and 9.5 W. from Columbus. 

Eatmi. Pa., Wyoming co. Bounded on the N. 
E. and E. by the Susquehanna Hivcr, and drained 
by Bowman's Creek, one of its tributaries. Sur- 
face broken by the Alleghany Mountains. One 
peak, called the Knob, rises 1150 feet above the 
Susquehanna River. 143 miles N. E. by N. from 
Ilarrisburg. 

Eatontoj), Ga., c. h. Putnam co. 

Ebenslmri/, Pa., c. h. Cambria co., occupies an 
elevated position on the Alleghany ridge. 139 
miles W. by N. from Ilarrisburg. 

Eclford, Mn., Calhoun co. Soil fertile, and 
well suited to grain. 101 miles W. from Detroit. 

Ecoiiomi/, Pa.. Beaver co. On the E. side of the 
Ohio River. This town is settled by a community 
of Swabians. and was founded by Mr. George 
Rapii, ^vllo acted as their temporal and spiritual 
leader. 217 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 

Eddiinitoti. Me.. Penobscot co. This town lies 
on the K. side of Penobscot River, 6 miles aliove, 
and N. N. E. from Bangor, and 70 N. E. by E. 
from AuL'Usta. The village is pleasantly situated 
at the " Bend " of the river. The soil of the town 
is good, and well wooded. 

Kdli/n/k. Ky.. c. h. Caldwell co. On the E. 
side of Cumberland River. 2.37 miles W. S. W. 
from Frankfort. 

Eden, Mc, Hancock co. On the N. part of the 
Island of Mount Desert. 92 miles E. from Au- 
gusta. It has a good soil, good harbors, and 
great conveniences for the shore fishery. 

Eden, N. Y., Erie co. Cauquaga and Big Two 
Sisters Creeks flow through this town into Lake 
Erie. The surface is undulating, the soil remark- 
ably fertile. 14 miles S. from Buffalo, and 287 
W. from Albany. 

Eden, Vt., Lamoille co. The streams in this 
township are numerous. Wild Branch and Green 
River rise in the eastern part. They are both 
considerable mill streams. The Branch, which 
is the outlet of North Pond, runs across the N. 
W. corner of Hyde Park, and falls into the Lii- 
moille, at Johnson, North Pond is 2 miles long, 
and of very unequal width. The township is eon- 
sideralily mountainous. Mount Norris and Ilad- 
Icy Mountain lie on the N. line of the township, 
and partly in Lowell. Bclvidere Mountain lies 
partly in the N. W. corner. In the western part 
of Eden is some good tillage land. The eastern 
part, being the dividing ridge between the waters 
of Lakes Champlain and Mem|)hremagog, is 
moist and cold, hut good for grazing. Rocks, 



principally mica and chlorite .slate. The settle- 
ment was commenced in 1800, by Thomas H. 
Parker, Isaac Brown, and Moses Wentworlh. 
10 miles N. E. from Hydepark, and 30 N. from 
Montpelier. 

Edenlon, N. C, c. h. Chowan co. At the head 
of Edenton Bay, near the mouth of Chowan 
River. 66 miles S. from Norfolk, and 182 E. by 
N. from Raleigh. 

Edqar Count ij. Is., c. h. at Paris. Bounded N. 
by Milton county, E. by Indiana, S. by Clark, 
and W, by Coles county. Watered by Little 
Embarrass River, and Big, Bralette's, and Clear 
Creeks. Soil mostly fertile. 

Edijartown, Ms.. Dukes co. This is the shire 
town, and a port of entry, comprising the eastern 
part of the island of "Martha's Vineyard and 
Chappequiddick. The harbor is safe, easy of ac- 
cess, and is considered one of the best on the 
American coast. The surface of the town is 
generally plain, with a few elevated spots, rising 
from 60 to 120 feet above the sea. Near the 
middle of the island is a pond of fresh water, in 
size of about 20 by 10 rods, and from 5 to 6 feet 
in depth. This pond has never been known to 
be dry. As the island contains few streams 
for a water power, windmills supply their place 
for all domestic purposes. A great variety of 
fish are taken, both from the sea and fresh water 
ponds. Chappequiddick Island lies on the E. 
side of the town, and forms Edgartown Harbor. 
The smface of the island is varied by some 
moderate elevations ; its soil is light, but gener- 
ally productive. 2.5 miles W. S. W. from Nan- 
tucket, and .'!0 S. E. by E. from New Bedford. 

Edyecomb, Me., Lincoln co. Between the Dam- 
ariscotta and Sheepscot Rivers, opposite Wis- 
casset, 26 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. Advan- 
tageously situated for navigation and the fisheries. 

Edejecomhe Countif, N. C, c. h. at Tarboro'. 
Bounded N. by Halifax co., E. by Slarlin and Pitt, 
S. by Wayne, and W. by Nash co. Watered by 
Ncuse River, and by Tar River and its branches. 
Surface level ; soil of tolerably good quality. 

Ed(jefield District, S. C, c' li. at Edgefield. 
Bounded N. E. by the Saluda River, se])arating 
it from Newberry district, E. and S. E. by Lex- 
ington, Orange, and Barnwell districts, S. W. by 
the Savannah River, separating it from Georgia, 
and N. W. by Abbeville district. Drained by 
Little Saluda River and Stephens' Creek. Sur- 
face slightly uneven; soil well suited to the 
growth of cotton. 

Edi/cmont, Pa., Delaware co. Surface hilly, 
and watered by Ridley Creek ; soil loam. 87 
miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 

Edinburgh, Me., Penobscot co. Incorporated 
1835. 

Edinhurgk, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacondaga 
River, and some of its tributaries, flow through this 
town. The surface is slightly uneven on the W.. 
and hilly and mountainous on the E., the Kay- 
aderosseras or Greenfield Mountain stretching 
across it. The soil of the W. part is fertile, par- 
ticularly in the valley of the Sacondaga. 20 miles 
N. W. from Ballston Spa, and 50 N. from Albany. 

Edineston, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by 
Wharton's Creek and the Unadilla River. The 
surface is hilly; the soil sandy loam. 15 miles 
W. from Coopcrstown, and 77 from Albany. 

Edmonds, Me., Washington co. Situated be- 
tween Cobseook Bay and E. Machias. 

Edinonson County, Ky., c. h. at Brownsville. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



361 



Bounded N. by Grayson CO., E. by « Hart, S. 
by Warren, and W. by Butler. Watered by Green 
River and its tributaries, and Nolin and Bear 
Creeks. Soil productive. 

Erliodi-cls County, Is., c. h. at Albion. Bounded 
N. by Richland CO., E. by Bon Pas Creek, 
separalin<r it from Wabasli co., S. by White, and 
W. by Wayne co. Watered on the W. by the 
Little Wabash River. Surface undulating ; soil 
productive. 

Edwards, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Situated at 
the junction of the E. and W. branches of the 
Oswegatchie Riven The surface is uneven ; the 
soil favorable to the growth of grass. 24 miles 
S. from Canton village, and 194 N. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Edicardsville. Is., c. h. Addison co. 

Etfimjhani County, Ga.. c. h. at Springfield. 
Bounded N. by Scriven co., E. by the Savannah 
River, separating it from South Carolina, S. by 
Chatliam co., and W. by the Ogeechee River, sep- 
arating it from Bryan and Bullock counties. 

Ejfiiigham County, Is., c. h. at Ewington. 
Bounded N. by Shelby co., E. by Jasper, S. 
by Clay, and W. by Fayette co. Drained by 
the Little Wabash River and its branches. Sur- 
face slightly uneven ; soil fertile on the margins 
of the streams, but at very higli flood liable to 
inundation. 

EJinifham, N. H.. Carroll co. There are several 
mountains, of considerable elevation, in this town. 
Ossipee River passes through it, over which is a 
toll bridge. Its former name was Leavitt Town. 
There is a large pond near the Ossipee River, and 
Province Pond lies between Eflingham and Wake- 
field. tiO miles N. E. from Concord, and 5 N. 
from Ossipee. 

Eqri Harbor, Great, N. J., Atlantic eo. The 
surface of this town is level, and for several miles 
from the shore marshy ; the remainder is dry and 
sandy. 

Ei/'i Harbor, Little, Burlington co., N. J. Bass 
River, and other streams flowing into Little Egg 
Harbor, drain this town. Surface level and sandy. 
35 miles S. E. from Mount Holly. 

Eijremont, Ms., Berkshire co. Part of this 
township is mountainous, rough, and eragged ; 
some parts are undulating, some level, and most 
of the land is tit for the plough or grazing. Green 
River passes through the N. E. corner of the 
town, and with several brooks and ponds, aflbrds 
it a water power suflScient for domestic uses. 
This town was first settled by the Dutch, and 
afterwiirds by the English, about the year 1730. 
140 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 25 S. bv 
W. from Pittsfield. 

Elba, N. Y., Genesee co. Oak Orchard Creek 
waters this town, the surface of which is undulat- 
ing, and the soil somewhat sandy. 7 miles 
N. from Batavia, and 250 W. by N. from Al- 
bany. 

Elbert County, Ga., c. h. at Elberton. Bounded 
N. by Franklin co., E. by the Savannah River, 
separating it from South Carolina, and S. and W. 
by Broad River, separating it from Lincoln, 
Wilkes, Ijglethorpe, and Madison counties. Sur- 
face hillv: soil mostly productive. 

Elberton. Ga., e. h. Elbert co. Ill miles N. N. 
E. from Milledgeville. 

Elbridge, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by 
the outlet of Skaneateles Lake. The surface is 
slightly uneven, and the soil fertile. Indian an- 
tiquities of considerable interest are found in this 
46 



vicinity. 1.3 miles W. from Syracuse, and 149 
W. by N. from Albany. 

El Dorado County, Ca., c. h. at Antonia. In 
the mountains E. of the Sacramento, between 
Dry Creek of the Moquelumne and Middle Fork 
of American River. 

Elizabeth, As., c. h. Jackson co. On the E. 
side of White River, at the bead of steamboat 
navigation, and a little below the mouth of Big 
Black River. 118 miles N. E. from Little Rock. 

Elizabrlli City. N. C, c. h. Pasquotank co. On 
Pasquotank River, 20 miles from its mouth, and 
has a water communication with Norfolk. Va., 
by means of the Pasquotank River, Di'smal 
Swamp Canal, and Elizabeth River. 215 miles 
E. by N. from Raleigh. It trades with the West 
Indies in pine lumber. 

Elizabeth, N. J.. Essex co. Bounded on the 
E. by Newark Bay and Statcn Island Sound, 
and is drained by Bound and Morss Brooks. 
Soil rich, and partly marshy. 

Elizabeth, Pa., Aileghany co. On the E. side 
of the Monongalicla River, 14 miles S. from 
Pittsburg, and 192 W. from Harrislmrg. Many 
steamboats are built here, and by a slack water 
navigation boats of a large class come up to this 
place. There are manufactures of glass ware, 
woollen goods, flour, &c. 

Elizabeth. Pa., Lancaster co. Between Trout 
Creek on the E., and Hammer Creek on the W.. 
and is drained by Middle and Seglock Creeks. 
Surface hilly ; soil gravel and red shale. 

Elizabeth City County, Va., e. h. at Hampton. 
This is one of the eight shires into which Vir- 
ginia was divided in 16.34. It is bounded N. 
by York eo., E. by Chesapeake Bay, S. by 
Hampton Roads, and W. by Isle of Wight co. 
It has a level surface, and good soil. 

Elizabeth port, N. J., Essex co. On Staten Isl- 
and Sound, near the junction of Newark Bay, and 
47 miles N. E. from Trenton. A railroa<l from 
this place connects with Enston, Pa., on the Del- 
aware River. There is daily communication, by 
steamboats, with New York city. 

Elizabethtown, Is., c. h. Hardin co. 219 miles 
S. S. E. from Springfield. 

Elizabethtown. N. C., c. h. Bladen co. On the 
W. side of Cape Fear River. 40 miles above 
Wilmington, and 99 S. from Raleigh. 

Elizabethtown, N. J., seat of justice of Essex 
CO. On Elizabethtown Creek, 2.J miles from its 
entrance into Statcn Island Sound. This beau- 
tiful place is regularly laid out, with broad streets, 
and has many fine buildings, among which are 
the Court House, the First and Second Presby- 
terian, and the Episcopal Churches. This was 
the third settlement made in New Jersey, and 
for many years was the largest and most flour- 
ishing place in the province. The first public 
buildings of the jurisdiction of East Jersey, 
were here, and the first Gener.al Assembly met 
here from 1668 to 1682. The First Presbyterian 
Church is the oldest congregation in the state 
organized for worship in the English language. 
During the revolution this town was greatly har- 
assed, and its church edifice, standing where the 
noble building of the First Presbyterian Church 
now stands, was fired by the torch of a refugee, 
and burned to the ground. The College of New 
Jersey, afterwards located at Princeton, com- 
menced its existence here. The building in 
which its first exercises were held was also 
burned down during the war. 



362 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Vessels of 30 tons come up to Elizabethtown, 
and vessels of 300 tons to Elizabethport, at the 
mouth of the creek. From this port a railroad, 
passing through Elizabethtown, extends 26 miles, 
to SomervlUe. Elizabethtown is on the New 
Jersey Railroad, between New York and Phila- 
delphia, 15 miles from the former, 72 from the 
latter, and 42 N. E. from Trenton. 

Elizabethtown, N. Y., c. h. Essex co. Watered 
by Boquet River and some of its branches. The 
surface is broken by the Clinton range of moun- 
tains, whidi passes tlirough it from N. to S., 
some of the peaks being elevated about 1500 feet 
above the surrounding plains. Excellent iron 
ore is found here in large quantities. 126 miles 
N. from Albany. 

Elhahethtoicn, Te., c. h. Carter co. On Wau- 
tauga, a branch of Holston River. 301 miles E. 
from Nashville. In the vicinity are large iron 
works. 

Elk, Pa., Warren co. Located between the 
Alleghany River on the E. and S., and Cone- 
wango Creek on the W. The soil on the streams 
is very fertile. 

Elk County, Pa., c. h. at Ridgcway. On the 
height of land between the eastern and western 
waters. N. central part. Watered on the E. by 
Susquehanna Creek and its tributaries, flowing 
into the W. branch of the Susquehanna, and on • 
the W. by the sources of Clarion River, a tribu- 
tary of the Alleghany. Hilly, but fertile in the 
vallevs. Thinlv peopled. 

Ell Creek, Pa., Venango co. The Six Mile 
Run, and Canoe, Beaver, and Dyer Paint Creeks, 
water this town. Surface level ; soil loam. 122 
miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Elk Creek, Pa., Erie co. Drained by Cussa- 
wago and Conneaut Creeks. On the margin 
of llie latter salt springs are found. Surface 
hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 256 miles S. W. from 
Erie, and 16 N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Elkhart Counli/, la., c. h. at Goshen. Bounded 
N. by Michigan. E. by La Grange and Noble 
counties, S. by Kosciusko, and W. by St. Joseijh 
CO. St. Josejph and Elkhart Rivers and their 
branches water this county, the surface of which 
is a mixture of woodland and jjrairie. 

Elkhorn, Wn., c. h. Walworth co. 68 miles 
S. E. from Madison. 

Elkland, Pa., Tioga co. Watered by Cowa- 
nesque and Crooked Creeks, branches of Tioga 
River. Surface hilly ; soil gravel, clay, and loam. 
170 miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Elk Ridge Landing, Md.. Anne Arundel co. 
On the S. side of Patapsco River, at the head of 
tide water. 7 miles W. S. W. from Baltimore, 
and 30 N. N. W. from Annapolis. Connected by 
railroads with Baltimore and Washington ; also 
with Cumberland, on the route to Ohio. Tlic 
Patapsco is crossed at this place by a splendid 
viaduct of granite, 700 feet long, with 8 arches. 
There are here extensive iron works. 

Elkton, Ky., c. h. Todd co. On the E. side of 
Elk Creek, a branch of Red River. 187 miles 
S. W. from Frankfort. 

Elkton, Md., c. h. Cecil co. Situated at the 
junction of the two main branches of Elk River, 
at the head of tide water. On the railroad, 44 
miles from Philadelphia. 

Ellejay, Ga., c. h. Gilmer co. 170 miles N. W. 
from Milledgeville. 

Elleiiburg. N. Y., Clinton co. English River 
and some other streams water this town. 25 



miles N. from Plattsburg, and 188 N. N. E. 
from Albany. 

Ellery, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the N. side 
of Chautauque Lake. Drained by several small 
creeks. The surface is undulating ; the soil good. 
342 miles S. by W. from Albany. 

Eilicott. N. Y., Chautauque co. On the N. 
side of Chautauque Lake. Watered by Cassa- 
daga Creek and the outlet of the lake. The 
surface is undulating, the soil sandy loam. 330 
miles W. by S. from Albany, and 18 S. E. from 
Maysville. 

Ellicolt's Mills, Md., Ann^Arundel co. On 
Patapsco River. 40 miles N. \V. from Annapo- 
lis. There are numerous mills ami mauui'acto- 
ries here, amidst much romantic scenery. 

EUicottville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Wa- 
tered by Great Valley Creek and some of its 
branches. The surface is mostly undulating, 
the soil well adapted to the growth of grass and 
grain. 292 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Ellington, Ct., Tolland co. Ellington was 
taken from East Windsor in 1786, and was that 
pan of East Windsor called tlie Great Marsh. 
The soil is light and dry, but considerably fer- 
tile. It is generally lc\el, but the eastern part is 
hilly and mountainous. The scenery in this 
town embraces considerable variety, and is un- 
commonly interesting and beautiful. The El- 
lington School, for boys, situated in a very neat 
village, is in high repute. 12 miles N. E. from 
Hartford. 

Ellington, N. Y., Chautauque co. Clear Creek 
flows nearly through the centre of this town. 
The surface is undulating; the .soil sandy loam. 
20 miles E. from Maysville, and 320 s! of W. 
from Albany. 

Elliot, Me., York co. On Salmon Falls River. 
A good farming town. 108 miles S. W. from 
Augusta. 

Elliotsnlle, Me., Somerset co. This place is 
81 miles from Augusta. 

Ellisburg. N. Y., Jeft'erson co. The N. and S. 
branches of Sandy Creek flow through this 
town, affording excellent hydraulic power. The 
surface is level ; the soil fertile 4oam. 20 miles 
S. W. from Watertown, and 166 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Ellsworth, Me., c. h. Hancock co. On both 
sides of Union River, at the head of navigation. 
The soil is good, and the situation convenient 
for ship building, which is largely carried on here, 
many ships employed in the freighting business 
being owned by the inhabitants. There are 
some manufactures, and a good deal of trade. 
81 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 

Ellsworth, N. II., Grafton co. This town is 
mountainous. The principal elevation is Carr's 
Mountain. A small stream issues from West 
Branch Pond, and runs into the Pemigcwasset, 
at Campton. The soil, though in some parts 
sterile, produces grain. Maple sugar is inaile 
here. 59 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 
about 1 2 N. from Plymouth. 

Ellsworth, 0., Trumbull co. This township 
is bounded by Jackson on the N., Cantield E., 
Salem S., and Berlin W. It is the lirst in the 
4th range of townships in the Connecticut West- 
ern Reservation. It is 181 miles N. E. from 
Coluiubus, and 15 S. from Warren. 

Elniira, N. Y., c. h. Chemung co. On the N. 
side of Chemung River, and drained by Newton's 
Creek, one of its tributaries. The siuface is 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



363 



rather hilly, and the soil extremely fertile in the 
valleys. 193 miles W. by S- from Albany. 

Elmore, Vt., Lamoille co. Fordway or Elmore 
Mountain lies in the N. W. part of the town- 
ship, and is a considerable elevation. The re- 
maining part of the surface is accessible, and not 
very uneven. It is mostly timbered with hard 
wood, and the soil is of a middling quality. A 
part of the waters of this township pass off into 
the River Lamoille, and a part into Winooski 
River. Mead's Pond lies in the north-western 
part, and covers about 300 acres. Tlicre are 
three other small ponds within the township. 
Iron ore is found in abundance. The settlement 
was commenced in July, 1 790. 8 miles S. from 
Hydepark, and 37 N. from Montpelier. 
El Passo Count;/, Ts. Western ])art. 
Ehinboro\ N. J., Salem co. Alloway's and 
Salem Creeks water this town, the surface of 
which is level and marsliy, and the soil rich 
loam. 3 miles N. E. from Salem. 

Elyria, 0., c. h. Lorain co., was named from 
the Hon. Heman Ely, who laid it out. It is a well- 
built place, situated between the branches of Black 
River, distant from Cohimbus 130 miles N. E. 

Elyton, Aa., c. h. Jefferson co. At the head of 
Catoochee or Valley Creek. 54 miles N. E. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Emanuel County, Ga., 0. h. at Swainsboro', 
Bounded N. by Washington, Jefferson, and Burke 
counties, E. by Bullock co., S. by Tatnall and 
Montgomery, and W. by Laurens co. Surface 
level, and watered by Ogeechee, Cannonchee, and 
Ohoopee Rivers and their branches. Soil sandy 
and barren. 

Emhden, Me., Somerset co. A fine township, 
TOth two villages on the W. side of Kennebec 
River. 46 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. 
Eminence, Mo., c. h. Shannon co. 
Emmaus, Pa.. Lehigh co. A Moravian village, 
at the foot of South Mountain. 87 miles E. by 
N. from Harrisbnrg. 

Emmeltsburii, Md., Frederick co. 80 miles N. 
W. from Annapolis. The site of Mount St. 
Mary's College, and St. Joseph's Female Insti- 
tute. (See CoUeqes.) 

Enfield, Ct., Hartford co. This town was first 
settled, 1681, by emigrants from Salem, Ms. It 
formerly belonged to Massachusetts, and was 
a part of Springfield. The first bridge across 
Connecticut River was built in 1808, connecting 
Enfield with Suftield. The surface is generally 
level, and the soil moist and fertile. The street 
where most of the inhabitants reside is very pleas- 
ant, wide, and well sliaded. The village near the 
river was commenced about 1831. It is watered 
by Scantic River. 18 miles N. from Hartford. 
Enfield, Me., Penobscot co. Inc»rporated 1835. 
Enfield, Ms., Hampshire co. This town was 
formerly part of Belchertown and Greenwich, 
and lies between them. Two branches of Swift 
River meet in this town, and give it a water 
power, which adds much to its beauty and wealth. 
There are two pleasant villages here, and several 
eminences from which fine views may be had of 
this section of country. 15 miles E. from North- 
ampton, and 71 W. from Boston. 

Enfield, N. H., Grafton co. The surface of this 
town is diversified, and watered by ponds and 
streams, stored with fish. Mascomy Pond is a 
beautiful collection of water, four miles in length, 
and of various breadth, interspersed with islands, 
and checkered with inlets. Its eastern banks are 



covered with trees. Along the western bank, 
between the pond and Montcalm, extends the 
turnpike road, the whole distance through a 
beautiful village, shaded to the north, on either 
side, by a growth of trees. Mascomy River 
empties into this pond. On the W. bank is a 
Shakers' settlement. Copper and other valua- 
ble minerals are found here. Mountain Pond, 
on the summit of Montcalm, is 200 rods long, 
and 100 wide. First settlers, Nathaniel Bickucll, 
Jonatlian Paddleford, and Elisha Bingham. 10 
miles S. E. from Dartmouth College, and 42 N. 
W. from Concord. 

Enfield, N. Y., Tompkins co. Tlie surface of 
this town is undulating, and watered «by a few 
small streams. The soil is a productive loam. 5 
miles W. from Ithaca, and 175 W. from Alb.any. 

Enosbtny, Vt., Franklin co. The surface is 
pleasantly diversified with hills andv.allcys; but 
the soil is better adapted to grass than grain. It is 
well watered by Missisco and Trent Rivers, and 
two other considerable streams. These streams 
afford numerous and excellent mill privileges. 
The settlement was commenced in the spring of 
1797, by emigrants mostly from other townships 
in the state. 85 miles N. liy W. from Montpe- 
lier, and 37 N. E. from Burlington. 

Ephratah, N. Y., Fulton co. Zimmerman's 
and Garoga Creeks water this town, the surface 
of which is uneven, and the soil sandy loam. It 
is located 6 miles W. from Johnstown village, and 
51 N. W. from Albany. 

Ephratah, Pa., Lancaster co. This town was 
settled by a religious sect called Tankers, or 
Dunkcrs. (See Hayward's Book of Relii/ions,) 

Ejijn'ng, N. H., Rockingham co. This town 
was formerly a part of Exeter. The soil in gen- 
eral is very good. Lamprey River, at the W., re- 
ceives the Patuekaway, and runs through the 
whole length of the town. Anotlier river runs 
through the N. part, and from that circumstance 
is called North River. 29 miles S. E. from Con- 
cord, and 20 W. from Portsmouth. 

Epsom, N. H., Mcrrimac co. The surface of 
the town is generally uneven. The |irineipal 
eminences are called McCoy's Fort, Nat's and 
Nottingham Mountains. The soil is in general 
good. Great and Little Suncook are the only 
streams deserving the name of rivers. Here are 
3 ponds. Chestnut, Round, and Odiome's. Brown 
oxides, sulphuret of iron, varieties of quartz, 
feldspar, and schorl are found here. Terra de 
senna is found here ; it constitutes a very hand- 
some and durable paint for cabinet work. First 
settlers, Theodore Atkinson and others. 12 miles 
E. from Concord. 

Equalily, Is., c. h. Gallatin co. On the N. 
side of Saline Creek. 187 miles S. S. E. from 
Springfield. Salt is made here. 

Erie County. N. Y., c. h. at Buffalo. Bounded 
on the N. by Niagara, E. by Genesee and Wyo- 
ming, S. by Cattaraugus co., ami W. by Lake 
Erie. It is watered by the Niagara River and 
Buffalo, Cayuga, Cattaraugus, Cazenove, Seneca, 
EUicott's, Cauquaga, and Tonawanda Creeks. 
The surface is somewhat hilly in the S., but is 
mostly level or gently undulating. The soil is 
generally fertile, yielding large crops of grass 
and grain, and abundance of fruit. There are 
no minerals of great value in this county. It 
contains several Indian reservations, which are 
mostly inhabited by the Seneca tribe. Tha 
Eric Canal here communicates with the lake, 



364 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILIiAGES, &c.. 



and a branch extends into the city of BufTalo. 
Tlie Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad is part- 
ly, and the Buffido and Black Rock Railroad 
wholly, within this county. 

Erie County, O., c. h. at Sandusky city. N. 
part on Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie. Drained 
by Huron and Vermilion Rivers. Level and 
fertile. The W. part crossed by three railroads 
running from Sandusky city S. S. W. and W. 

Erii\ O., Sandusky co. Located on the N. 
side of Portage River, near Lake Erie. It was 
organized in 1833, and settled by the Canadian 
French. 16 miles N. E. from Lower Sandusky. 

Erie Coimlij, Pa., c. h. at Erie. Bounded N. 
by Lake lirie ^nd New York, E. by Warren co., 
S. by Crawford co., and W. by Ohio. Surface 
undulating, and watered by Conneaut, Elk, Wal- 
nut, and other creeks flowing into Lake Erie, and 
French Creek, flowing into the Alleghany River. 
Soil mostly sand and clay, well suited to the 
growth of grass. 

Erie, Pa., shire town of Eric co. On the shore 
of Lake Erie, 272 miles N. W. from Harrisburg, 
90 miles, on the lake, S. W. from Buffalo, N. Y., 
and 94 N. E. from Clevel.and, 0. Erie is built 
upon a bluff pleasantly overlooking Presquc Isle 
Bay. the peninsula of which forms it. and the 
broad expanse of the lake beyond. The site is 
level, and the town is regularly laid out with broad 
and handsome streets. Tlie public buildings 
are generally fine specimens of architecture, and 
many of the private residences are elegant, mak- 
ing this one of the pleasantest places in Penn- 
sylvania. The Reed Hotel, after the plan of the 
Astor House, in New York, is a splendid estab- 
lishment. The town contains the usual county 
buildings ; a splendid Doric temple, of marble, 
formerly used by a branch of the U. S. Bank of 
Pa., now by the Erie Bank; an academy; and 
several churches of different denominations. 

This place has good commercial advantages, 
being on one of the best harbors of Lake Erie, 
which is generally free from ice a month earlier 
than that of Buffalo ; and being connected, by a 
canal, with the Ohio River, at the mouth of the 
Beaver, and thence by the river with Pittsburg, 
and, by the Pennsylvania Canal, with Philadelphia. 
The canal basin, connected with the harbor at 
Erie, is 2000 feet long by 1000 feet wide. It is 
connected by railroad with Buffalo on the E., 
and with Cleveland on the W. 

During the war of 1812, Erie was an impor- 
tant military and naval station. Here, with 
most incredible despatch, was built the fleet with 
which Commodore Perry gained his victory on 
Lake Erie, on the 10th of September, 1813. 
Scarcely 70 days from the time the timber was 
standing in the forest, the whole squadron, con- 
sisting of 3 brigs, 5 schooners, and 1 sloop, was 
ready for action. 

Erin, N. Y., Chemung co. Watered by Cayu- 
ta Creek and some other small streams. The 
surface is hilly ; the soil hardly of medium 
quality. 8 miles E. from Elmira, and 190 W. 
by S from Albany. 

Errol, N. H., Coos co. This town is situated 
on the W. of Umbagog Lake. Several streams 
unite here with the Androscoggin. The surface 
is rough ; the soil cold and hard to till. First 
settlers, Timothy Ruggles and others, February 
28, 1774. Distances, 30 miles N. N. E. from Lan- 
caster, and 108 from Concord. 

Erving, Ms., Franklin co. Until 1838, the ter- 



ritory of this town was called "Erving's Grant." 
It is watered on its S. side by Miller's River, a 
beautiful mill stream, and Connecticut River 
washes its N. W. corner. There is much ele- 
vated land in the town, affording excellent pas- 
turage. 10 miles E. by N. from Greenfield, and 
80 W. N. W. from Boston, with which it is con- 
nected by railroad. 

Erwin, N. Y., Steuben co. Situated at the 
junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers. The 
surface is hillv. 20 miles S. E. from Bath, and 
210 W. by S. from Albany. 

Escambia Couniy, Fa., c. h. at Pensacola. It 
is bounded N. by Alabama, E. l>y Escambia Riv- 
er, separating it from Santa Kosa co., S. by 
the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Pcrdido River, 
separating it from Alabama. The surface, near 
the coast, is level, but in the interior more ele- 
vated. The soil is mostly sterile. 

Esopus, N. Y., Ulster co. On the W. bank of 
the Hudson. Watered by Wallkill and Rondout 
Rivers. The surface is rather billy ; the soil 
mostly sandy clay and loam. 7 miles S. from 
Kingston, and 68 S. from Albany. 

Essex, Ct., Middlesex co. On Connecticut 
River, 7 miles from its mouth, in the town 
of Saybrook. 37 miles S. by E. from Hartford. 
It has considerable shipping and trade, and 
something is done at ship building. 

Essex County, Ms. Salem, Ipswich, and Ncw- 
buryport, shire towns. This county is bounded 
N. W. by Rockingham co., N. H., S. W. by Mid- 
dlesex CO. ; S. by SuH'olk co., E. and N. E. by 
the Atlantic Ocean, and S. E. by Massachu- 
setts Bay. There is much good land in this 
county, but its surface is rocky and uneven. 
It has an extensive sea-coast, indented with nu- 
merous bays, inlets, and capacious harbors. It 
is more densely populated than any county of 
its size in the U. S. It has great wealth, and its 
commerce and fisheries are unrivalled by any 
section of country, of its extent, ou the globe. 
It has many beautiful ponds, and commanding 
elevations, and its seaboard is the delight of 
every beholder. The principal rivers are the 
Merrimac, Ipswich, and the Shawsheen. 

Essex, Ms., Essex co. This was formerly a 
part of Ipswich, and is watered by a little river 
called Chebacco, which empties into Squam 
Bay, and gives it some mill privileges, and navi- 
gable accommodations. Essex is a pleasant, 
flourishing town, and contains many fine farms. 
It is a great place for building small vessels em- 
ployed in the fisheries. 

Essex County, N. J., c. h. at Newark. Bound- 
ed N. by Passaic and Bergen counties, E. by 
Bergen and Richmond, S. by Middlesex, and 
W. by Somerset and Morris counties. Watered 
by the Passaic, Rahway, and some other rivers, 
which afford fine water power. Surface moun- 
tainous : soil mostly red shale. 

Essex County, N. Y., c. h. at Elizabethtown. 
Bounded on the N. by Clinton co, E. by Lake 
Champlain, S. by Warren, and W. by Frank- 
lin and Hamilton counties. It contains sev- 
eral small lakes, and is watered by Au Sable, 
Boquet, Saranac, and several smaller rivers, and 
the head waters of the Hudson. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous, much the highest peaks 
in the state occurring in this county. Mount 
Marcy, in the town of Keenc, is elevated 5467 
feet above the level of the ocean. The soil is 
fertile on the borders of the lake, but sterile in 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



365 



the interior. Its principal riches are its mineral 
productions, in which it surpasses any county in 
the state. Iron ore of diiferent kinds, graphite, and 
marble are among the most important deposits. 

Essex. N. Y., Essex co. On the W. border of 
Lake Champlain. Watered by Boquet River. 
The surface is hilly; soil good on the E. part. 
10 miles N. E. from Elizabethtown, and 135 N. 
N. E. from Albany. 

Essex Counti/, V"t., c. h. at Guildhall. This coun- 
ty is bounded N. by Canada, E. and S. by Con- 
necticut River, which separates it from Coos 
CO., N. H., S. W. by Caledonia co., and W. 
by Orleans co. This county is tlie least popu- 
lous in the state, with the exception of Grand 
Isle CO. The .settlements are mostly confined 
to the towns lying along Connecticut River. 
The county is in general very uneven, and the 
soil rocky and unproductive. It comprehends 
that part of the country called Upper Coos, which 
lies on the west side oi' Connecticut River. Nul- 
hegan River is the principal stream, which is 
wholly within the county. This and several 
smaller tributaries of the Connecticut water tlic 
eastern parts. Passumpsic, Moose, and Clyde 
Rivers, and several streams, water tlie other parts. 
Essex CO. presents a great variety of magnifi- 
cent scenery. 

Essex, Vt., Chittenden co. There are no 
mountains, and but few bills in this townsliip. 
The S. and W. parts are timbered principally 
with pine. The soil is dry and sandy, hut pro- 
duces good rye and corn. The remaining part 
of tlie township is timbered with hard wood, and 
is more natural to grass. Winooski River wash- 
es the S. boundary. In this river are two falls. 
The low'cr, called Hubbell's Falls, aftbrd several 
valuable mill privileges. Brown's River, Ste- 
ven's, Alder, and Crooked Brooks are considerable 
streams. On Winooski River are beautiful tracts 
of intervale. The first permanent settlement 
was made in 1783, by Messrs. Smiths, Wincbels, 
and Willard. The settlers were principally from 
Salisbury, Ct. 7 miles N. E. from Burling- 
ton. The Vermont Central Railroad passes 
through the town. 

Esstx Counti/, Va., c. U. at Tappahannock. 
Bounded N. and E. by the Rappahannock River, 
separating it from King George, Westmoreland, 
and Richmond counties, S. Iiy Middlesex eo., 
and W. by King and Queen, and Caroline coun- 
ties. Surface rather uneven ; soil fertile on the 
streams, but elsewhere sandy and sterile. 

Eslill Countjj. Ky., c. h. at Irvine. Bounded N. 
by a l)ranch of the Kentucky River, sc|)arating it 
from Clark co., E. by Montgomery and Owsley 
counties, and S. and W. by Madison co. Drain- 
ed by the Kentucky River and its tributaries. 

Estilliille, Vh., c. h. Scott co. On Moceassin 
Creek, a branch of Clinch River. W. by S. from 
Richmond 344 miles. 

Etna. Me.. Penobscot co. A farming town. 
G3 miles N. E. from Augusta. 

Euqene, la., Vermilion eo. On the S. side of 
Big Vermilion River, U miles from the Waliasli 
River, and 85 miles W. from Indianapolis. The 
river is navigable for steamboats to this place. 

Etitnw, Aa.. c. h. Greene co. 

Eulalia, Pa , Potter co. The E. branch of Sin- 
nemahoning River and its tributaries water this 
town. Surface hilly ; soil vegetable mould and 
loam. 187 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Evans, N. Y., Erie co. On the border of Lake 



Erie. Watered by Big and Little Sister Creeks 
and some other small streams. The surface 
is hilly; the soil very productive. 16 miles 
S. from BuffiUo, and 293 W. from Albany. 

Emnsville, la., e. h. Vanderlmrg co. On the 
N. bank of the Ohio River, at the great North 
Bend, below the mouth of Green River, and 172 
miles S. W. by W. from Indianapolis. 

Eresham, N. J., Burlington co. Watered by 
Rancoeiis and Haines's Creeks and tlie head 
branches of Little Egg Hai'bor. Surface level ; 
soil chiefly good sandy loam. 34 miles S. from 
Trenton. 

Exeter, Me., Penobscot co. A good farming 
town. 65 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 

Exeter, N. H., Rockingham co. The compact 
part of the town lies about the falls, which sep- 
arate the fresh from the tide water of a branch of 
the Piscataqua, known by the name of Exeter 
River. Above tlie falls, tiiis stream assumes the 
name of Great River. At the falls are several 
large manufacturing establishments, and me- 
chanical operations are largely carried on in 
the town. The soil is good, though various. 
Philli]is Academy, in E.xcter, was founded by 
the liberal donations of John Phillips, LL. D., 
in 1781. E.xeter has at all periods of its his- 
tory possessed eminent and useful men. Some 
of tlie first lawyers and jurists, antiquarians and 
scholars, have received their early education at 
its literary institution. The village is handsome, 
and afl'ords a pleasant place of residence. The 
Maine Railroad passes through it. First set- 
tlers, John Wheelwright and cnierSj in 1638. 40 
mile.s S. E. by E. from Concord, and 14 S. W. 
from Portsmouth. 

Exeter, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by Cana- 
deraga Lake, Butternut and Wharton's C^reeks, 
and several other small streams. The surface is 
elevated and hilly ; soil well adapted to grazing. 
10 miles N. W. from Cooperstown, ailckl^ W. 
from Albany. ' 

Exeter, Pa., Berks co. Drained by Manokesy 
and Roush Creeks, tributaries of the Schuylkill 
River. Surface hilly or undulating ; soil tolera- 
bly fertile. 

Exeter, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Gardner's 
Creek and Cascade Run, tributaries of the Sus- 
quehanna River, which boimds it on the N. E., 
and is traversed by the Shawncy Mountains, on 
the E. side of which are found beds of anthracite 
coal. The soil is very fertile. The S. part of 
this town was the scene of the celebrated battle 
of Wyoming, fought in 1778. 129 miles N. N. 
E. from Harrisburg. 

Exeter, 11. 1., Washington co. This is an agri- 
cultural and manufacturing town. The town is 
very large, being 12 by 5 miles. The surface is 
much diversified by hills and valleys ; the soil is 
a gravelly loam, and very productive of all the 
varieties common to the climate. The products 
of the dairy are considerable. Branches of Wood 
River give this town a good water power. 24 
miles S. W. from Providence. 

Ealiius, Mo., Marion eo. 

Fabiiis, N. Y., Onondaga co. This town is 
drained by the head branches of Tionghnioga 
River. The surface is hilly ; the soil favorable 
to the growth of grass. Remains of ancient fortifi- 
cations are found here. 20 miles S. E. from Syra- 
cuse, and 121 W. from Albany. 

Fairfux, Vt., Frankliu co. The surface is 



366 



COTJNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES; &c., 



somewhat uneven, and the soil light and easily 
cultivated, producing good corn and rye. Its 
principal streams are the River Lamoille, Brown's 
River, Parmelee's and Stone's Brooks, all of 
which aflTord good mill privileges. The great 
falls, in the Lamoille, 88 feet in 30 rods, are situ- 
ated in tlie S. E. part of the town. In this town 
are 2 pleasant villages. Broadstreet Spafford 
and his two sons, Nathan and Asa, came into 
this township from Piermont, N. H., in 1783. 
They soon after removed their families here. 37 
miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 S. E.from 
St. Albans. 

Fairfax Count!/, Va., c. h. at Fairfax. Bound- 
ed N. E. and S. E. by the Potomac River, sepa- 
rating it from Maryland, E. by the District 
of Columbia, S. W. by Ocoquan River, separ- 
ating it from Prince William co., and N. W. 
by Loudou co. The interior is watered by Dif- 
ficult Creek, a branch of the Potomac. Surface 
rough and hilly ; soil mostly of poor quality. 

Fairfax, Va., c. h. Fairfax co. 121 miles N. 
from Richmond. 

Fairfield County, Ct. Fairfield and Danbury 
are the shire towns. This county is bounded N. 
by Litchfield co., N. E. and E. by Housatonic 
River, S. E. and S. by Long Island Sound, 
and W. by the state of New York. This is a fine 
farming section of country, agreeably diversified 
in regard to surface, with a strong fertile soil, 
and possesses great natural agricultural resources. 
Fairfield co. extends nearly 40 miles on Long 
Island Sound, and enjoys great facilities for navi- 
gation and the fisheries. The beautiful Housa- 
tonic washes its N. E. boundary, and the Sauga- 
tuck, Norwalk, Mill. Pequonoc, and other rivers 
afford it an ample water power. It contains 
many villages of superior beauty, and abounds 
in scenery of an interesting character. First set- 
tled 1639. 

Fairjidd, Ct., Fairfield co. This is the shire 
town, and comprises three parishes, Fairfield, the 
seat of justice, Green's Farms, and Greenfield. 
Its Indian name was Unquowa. The surface of 
the town is undulating and very pleasant. The 
soil is fertile, well cultivated, and productive of 
wheat and rye, and a great variety of fruits and 
vegetables for New York market. Black Rock 
Harl)or is safe and easy of entrance for vessels 
drawing 19 feet of water at common tides. There 
is but little water power in Fairfield, except that 
produced by the tide. 

In the year 1637, the tract of country which 
now forms the town of Fairfield was discovered 
by Captain Mason and the troops of Massachu- 
setts and Connecticut under his command, when 
they pursued the Pequots to the swamji in this 
town bearing the name of " Pequot Swamp." 
This is the spot made memorable by the great 
fight that took place there between those troops 
and the Pequots, terminating in the almost en- 
tire destruction of that once powerful and warlike 
nation of savages. There are no Indian marks 
left by which this swamp can be traced as the 
place of their extermination, except a mound of 
earth in the centre of it. considered as a place of 
safety, evidently the effect of art, with a raised 
footpath leading from it to the surrounding high 
grounds. 21 miles S. W. from New Ilaven, 
on the New Haven and New York Railroad. 

Fairfield, N. J.. Cumberland co. Watered by 
Cohansey, Nantuxet. and Cedar Creeks. Sur- 
face level and sandy, with a marshy strip border- 



ing on Delaware Bay. 12 miles S. by W. from 
Trenton. 

Fairfield, N. Y., Herkimer co. Drained by 
West Canada Creek. The surface is hilly, and 
somewhat rocky ; the soil fertile, and well adapt- 
ed to grass. 10 miles N. from Herkimer, and 81 
N. W. from Albany. 

Fairfield, Me., Somerset co. On the W. side of 
Kennebec River, watered bv a small stream run- 
ning into the Kennebec, and by a branch of Wa- 
terville River. This is a fertile township of land, 
with a pleasant village. 26 miles N. from Augus- 
ta, to which the Kennebec is navigable. 

Fairfield, 0.. Greene co. On a spacious plain 
.surrounded by hills on the S. E. side of Mad Riv- 
er. 57 miles W. bv S. from Columbus. 

Fairfield, Pa., Westmoreland co. Drained by 
streams flowing into Coneraaugh River, which 
bounds it on the N. E. Surface mostly level ; 
soil calcareous loam. 

Fairfield District, S. C, c. h. at Winnsboro'. 
Bounded N. by Chester district, E. by Lancaster 
and Kershaw districts, S. by Richland district, and 
W. by Broad River, separating it from Lexing- 
ton, Newberry, and Union counties. Watered by 
Wateree, Little, and Broad Rivers. Soil very 
productive. 

Fairfield, Vt., Franklin co. Black Creek and 
Fairfield River cross this to.wnship, and afford 
good mill privileges. Smithfield Pond, in the 
westerly part of the town, is about 3 miles long and 
14 broad. The township was originally covered 
with hard wood. The surface is uneven, but very 
little of it is so broken as to be unfit for cultiija/- 
tion. The soil is generally good. The first set- 
tler of this town was Mr. .Joseph Wheeler. He 
moved into it with his family in March, 1788. 45 
miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 27 N. N. E. 
from Burlington. 

Fairfield County, O., c. h. at Lancaster, situ- 
ated a little S. E. of the centre of the state, on 
the height of land between the Muskingum and 
Scioto Rivers, having Licking co. on the N., 
Perry on the E., Hocking on the S. E. and S., 
and Pickaway and Franklin on the W. The prin- 
cipal streams are the head waters of the Hock- 
hocking River, which runs S. E. into the Ohio 
The western and northern parts are mostly level, 
and the soil highly fertile. The middle and east- 
ern portions are more undulating, but still with a 
good soil; while the southern becomes hilly and 
broken, with a thin soil, composed, in many jilaces, 
of sand and gravel. The staple productions of 
the county are wheat and the various grains, 
potatoes, and tobacco. 

Among the physical features of this county is 
one which is worthy of notice, consisting of 
abrupt, precipitous, and conical ledges of rock, 
covered with little or no vegetation, interspersed 
in a promiscuous manner in every direction. 
One of these, about a mile N. E. from Lancaster, 
is very remarkable, rising to the height of about 
200 feet. A writer on the geology of the state 
says, " What is properly called the sandstone 
formation terminates, near Lancaster, in immense 
detached mural precipices, like the remains of 
ancient islands. One of these, called Jlount 
Pleasant, seated on the border of a large plain, 
aftbrds, from its top, a fine view of the adjacent 
country. The base is a mile and a half in cir- 
cumference, while the apex is only about 30 by 
ion yards, resembling, at a distance, a huge pyr- 
amid. These lofty towers of sandstone are like 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



367 



so many monuments to point out the boundaries 
of tliat lineicnt Wcstcni Mediterranean which once 
covered the present rich prairies of Oliio." Mount 
Pleasant is toIeral)Iy easy of ascent from the N. E., 
and is mucli resorted to by tourists and parties 
of ]>leasure for the extensive prospect of the sur- 
roundini; country wliieh it commands. Lancaster 
is supplied from tliis mountain with abundance 
of building stone and sand. 

Tlie main trunk of tlic Ohio Canal traverses 
the N. W. section of this county, and the Hock- 
hoeking Canal, which is a branch from the same, 
passing S. E. through Lancaster to Logan, on 
the Hockhocking River, opens a channel of 
transportation directly through the centre of the 
county. 

Fairtield co. was constituted, by proclama- 
tion of Governor St. Clair, December 9, 1800. 
Lancaster, which had been laid out, in the fall of 
the same year, by Ebenezer Znne, was designated 
as the county seat ; and, as the tiiie of emigra- 
tion was at this time setting in with great force, 
the town experienced a rapid growth. It is re- 
lated of the early inhabitants, tlurt, in the absence 
of temperance statutes, they met and enacted the 
following : " That any person of the town found 
intoxicated should, for every sucli offence, dig a 
stump out of the streets, or else suifer personal 
chastisement " — a law which either in the keep- 
ing or breaking must happily have enured to the 
benefit of the town. 

Fairharen, Ms., Bristol co. Previous to 1812, 
this town was a part of New Bedford. The vil- 
lages of Fairhaven and Bedford, at the head of 
Buzzard's Bay, were laid out about the year 1764, 
on opposite sides of the Aeushnet River, which 
expand.' between the two villages, and forms a 
safe and commodious harbor of nearly a mile in 
breadth. At Aeushnet village, in tliis town, is a 
good water power. Fairhaven is connected with 
New Bedford by a bridge across the Aeushnet ; 
also bv a steam ferry. This is, indeed, a fair 
haven; from the circumstance of its beauty it 
was thus justly named. 

Fair Haven, Vt., Rutland co. The surfiice of 
the township consists of swells and vales. The 
soil is various, consisting of gravel, sand, and 
marl Along the rivers the soil is alluvial, and 
very productive. There is a variety of timber. 
The principal streams are Poultney and Castle- 
ton Rivers. About one mile above Fair Haven 
village, Castleton River receives the waters of 
Lake Bombazine, and one mile W. of the village, 
it joins Poultney River, and, after running 3 miles 
farther, falls into the lake. Between the junc- 
tion of these streams and the lake are two con- 
siderable falls. The settlement commenced in 
1779, by people from Connecticut and Massa- 
chusett.s. 16 miles W. from Rutland. 

Fairmonnt, Va., c. h. Marion co. On the Mo- 
nongalicla and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Fairpurt, ()., I'ainesville township. Lake co., 
was called Grandon for a shorjtime after it was 
laid out. The town is situatctf on the southern 
shore of Lake Erie, also on the E. bank of Grand 
Kivcr, at its mouth. Considerable business is car- 
ried on here. There is an excellent harbor, and it 
is a regular place of landing and embarkation for 
passehgers between the western country and the 
state of New York. Distances 170 miles N. E. 
from Columbus, and 32 N. E. from Cleveland. 
This is the port of Painesville, and connected 
with it by a railroad 3 miles long. 



Fairlee, Vt., Orange CO. This is a rough and 
mountainous townsiiip, with very little produc- 
tive land, on the W. side of Connecticut River, 
and connected with Orford, N. II., by a bridge 
across that river. Fairlee Pond is 2 miles in 
length, and about three fourths of a mile wide. 
The settlement was commenced in 1766, Iiy Mr. 
Baldwin. Distances 17 miles E. S. E. from Chel- 
sea, and 31 S. E. from Montpelier. 

Fairvieu; Pa., Erie co. On Lake Erie, and 
drained by Walnut and Elk Creeks. Surface 
hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 267 miles N. W. from 
Harrisburg. 

Fuiri-iew, Pa., York co. Surface somewhat 
hilly, and watered by Yellow Breeches, Fishing, 
and Newberry Creeks ; soil gravel and calcareous 
loam. 17 miles N. W. from York. 

Falrview, O., Guernsey co. 105 miles E. from 
Columbus. 

Fall River, Ms., Bristol co. Port of entry. 
54 miles, by railroad, S. from Boston, 18 S. E. 
from Providence, R. I., and 18 N. N. E. from 
Newport. Population in 1810, 1296 ; 1820,1594; 
18.30,4158; 1840,6738; 1850,11,522. 

This nourishing town lies at the head of the 
eastern arm of the Narraganset Bay, called 
Mount Hope Bay, where it receives the Taunton 
River. It has taken its name from another river 
which here falls into the bay from the E., by a 
descent over its rocky bed, in less than half a 
mile, of over 130 feet. This river forms the oat- 
let of Watuppa Ponds, which lie about 2 miles 
E. of the village. The area of these ponds is 
about 5000 acres ; and their principal sujiply for 
the fine water power which they create is from 
perpetual internal springs. The town of Fall 
River is almost without a parallel in respect to 
the imion of an extensive hydraulic power, with 
a position immediately upon navigable waters. 
The river, for almost its entire length, flows from 
the ponds upon a granite bed, and for much of 
the distance it is confined between high granite 
banks. This water power, therefore, has all, or 
nearly all, to be occupied between these banks ; 
and the wheels, upon which it is brought to act, 
are placed directly in the bed of the river. The 
whole of this fiill is now occupied by large man- 
ufacturing establishments, generally occupying 
each a separate dam, and some of them extend- 
ing entirely across the river, from hank to bank ; 
and so rajiidly do they succeed each other, that 
there is scarcely left between the buildings suf- 
ficient room for light and air. 

It is a characteristic of this river, that while it 
aflbrds an almost uniform and constant supply 
of water, it is never subject to excess ; and tiiere- 
fore no injury or inconvenience has ever been 
experienced from so peculiar a location of the 
mills. The great business of Fall River, and 
that mainly which has given to it its ])resent 
importance, is manufacturing. The hydraulic 
power of the river, although comparatively the 
volume of water is not large, is, nevertheless, 
owing to the steadiness of the supply and the 
certainty with which it can be controlled, avail- 
able to a much greater extent than usual. Sfcara 
power has also been introduced and ap|)lied to 
the carrying on of some large operations. 

The principal manufactures are of cotton, 
wool, and iron, with the printing of calico and 
the making of machinery. From 50,000 to 
75,000 spindles are employed in the cotton man- 
ufacture. The calico printing works turn out 



368 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



about 300,000 yards a week. At the woollen 
factory, satinets and cassimeres arc made in 
large quantity. Tlie machine shop employs over 
100 hands, and turns out machinery of the best 
quality, and of every description, but principally 
for the cotton manufactories. But the largest 
establishment, and that which excites the most 
curiosity here, is one for the manufacture of iron. 
These works are operated wholly by steam, and 
employ between 400 and 500 hands, working up 
into nails, hoops, rods, castings, &c., from 10,000 
to 12,000 tons of iron annually. Fall River has 
also its full share of shop manufactures. There 
is likewise a manufactory of sperm oil and 
candles. 

The interests of navigation at this place are 
also considerable. The harbor has a sufficient 
depth of water for ships of the largest class, and 
is capacious enough almost to accommodate the 
ships of the whole world. It is one of the places 
which was formerly examined, and received fa- 
vorable consideration, by the govcriment, as an 
eligible site for a naval depot, especially with a 
view of constructing a dry dock under the old 
system. A number of vessels from this port are 
engaged in the whale fishery. Those owned 
here, and engaged in tlie coasting trade, are nu- 
merous : besides a large number, some of them 
of a large class, which are employed to bring 
lumber, coal, iron, and other articles consumed 
by the manufacturers and others in the place. 

Fall River is well built. The surface being 
elevated and uneven, affords fine situations for 
dwellings ; and, for a manufacturing town, the 
location is pleasant and healtliy. The churches, 
10 or 12 in number, are all of them neat, well 
situated, and commodious. Several of them are 
large and elegant. 

This place has within its immediate vicinity 
an abundance of fine granite, equal in quality to 
any in the country. This granite is extensively 
wrought, giving employment to numerous per- 
sons. The immense fortifications at Newport 
have been mainly constructed with granite ob- 
tained at this place. It is also extensively used 
for building purposes in the village. Some very 
extensive granite buildings, particularly one for 
a market and town hall, have been erected of 
this material, which would sufter but little in 
comparison with buildings for like purposes in 
the city of Boston. 

Fall River was formerly a part of Freetown, 
and was incorporated by its present name about 
the year 1802. Soon after, the name was changed 
to Troy, and by this name the place wa.s desig- 
nated for about 30 years. But the village, which 
continues to be called Fall River, becoming at 
length the point of cliief importance, this name 
was again given to the town, by act of the legis- 
lature. 

On Sunday, July 2, 1843, this place was visit- 
ed by one of the most destructive fires, in pro- 
portion to its size, which has ever occurred in 
this country. About 200 buildings, including 
1 factory, 1 large hotel, and 3 churches, were 
consumed. The energy and resources of the 
citizens have been evinced by the rapidity with 
which the place rose from its aslies, and attained 
an increase even upon its former extent. 

Fall River is on one of the great daily routes, 
by railroad and steamboat, between Boston and 
New York, and is variously connected with that 
beautiful network of railroads by which all the 



most important points in New England are 
brought , into easy communication with each 
other. 

Falls, Pa., Bucks co. On the Delaware River, 
opposite Trenton, and drained by Scott's and 
Penn's Creeks. Surface undulating; soil loam 
and sand. 

Falls, Pa., Wyoming co. Bounded W. by the 
Susquehanna River, and drained by Buttermilk 
Falls Creek, which has a perpendirubir descent 
of 30 feet. Surface uneven or mountainous ; 
soil well adapted to grass and grain. 153 miles 
S. E. from Harrisburg. 

Falls County, Ts. New. 

Fallsburg, N. Y., Sullivan co. Neversink 
River and some of the head branches of Rondout 
Creek water this town. The surface is liilly; 
soil mostly gravelly loam. 8 miles N. from 
Monticello, and 108 S. W. from Albany. 

Fallston, Pa., Beaver co. Situated on the W. 
bank of Beaver River, and has good mill privi- 
leges. 229 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 

Falmouth, Ky., c. h. Pendleton co. At the junc- 
tion of the main branch of Licking River with its 
S. W. fork. 60 miles N. E. from Frankfort. 

Falmouth, Me. See Appeudix, No. 4. 

Falmouth, Ms., Barnstable co. It is a pleasant 
town on Vineyard Sound. Two streams afford 
the to'vvn water power ; also 40 j)onds, some of 
fresh and some of salt water, which are well 
stocked with fish. The scenery around some of 
these ponds is delightful; one of them is of 
sufficient depth of water for ships of any class. 
The Indian name of this place was Saccanesset. 
Wood's Hole, in this town, lies about 4 miles S. 
W. from Falmouth village. It is a good harbor, 
and is much frequented by vessels, and by inva- 
lids in search of sea air and bathing. 22 miles S. 
W. from Barnstable, and 70 S. S. E. from Boston. 

Falmouth, Va., Staft'ord co. On the N. side of 
the Rappahannock River, just below the falls, 
and 64 miles N. from Ivichmond. There are 
large flouring establishments here. 

Fannet. Pa., Franklin co. Tuscarora Creek 
waters this town. Surface mountainous, having 
Tuscarora Mountain on its W. border ; soil cal- 
careous loam and slate. 16 miles N. from Cham- 
bersburg. 

Fannin Counti/. Ts., c. h. at Bonham. On the 
north-eastern border of the state. 

Farmersville, La., c. h. Union parish. On the 
N. side of Bayou d'Arbonne. 333 miles N. W. 
from New Orleans. 

Farmersville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained 
by tlie head waters of Genesee River. Elevated 
and hilly. 274 miles W. from Albany. 

Farm'cille, Va., Prince Edward co. On the S. 
side of Appon\attox River. 70 miles W. S. W. 
from Richmond. A large capital and many 
hands are employed in the manufacture of to- 
bacco. The river is navigable for steamboats to 
Petersburg. 

Farmingdak, 5fc., Kennebec co. Formed in 
1852, from parts W Gardiner, West Gardiner, and 
Hallowell. 

Farminijlon, Ct., Hartford co. The first set- 
tlers of this town were from Hartford, being 
emigrants from the neighborhood of Boston, 
Ms. They located themselves, in 1640, on the 
luxuriant meadows of the Tunxis, or Farming- 
ton River, 10 miles W. from Hartford. The 
township was purchased of tlie Tunxis Indians, 
a numerous and warlike tribe. At its incorpo 



W THE UNITED STATES. 



369 



ration, in 1645, the township comprised 15 miles 
square ; since wliich the pleasant towns of Sonth- 
ington, Ikrlin, Bristol, Burlington, and Avon 
have been taken from the original territorj' of 
Fannington. 

Farmington River rises in the highlands in the 
N. part of Berkshire co., Ms,, and after meander- 
ing delightfully through the towns of New Hart- 
ford and Burlington, iu a S. E, direction, it 
chiinges its course at Farmington to the N., and 
passing Avon and Simsbury to the border of 
Granby, it again turns abruptly to the E., and 
meets the Connecticut at Windsor. This is a 
beautiful and fertilizing stream, and gives to the 
towns through which it passes, but particularly 
to Farmington, large tracts of rich alluvial 
meadows. 

Farmington village is a delightful place, on an 
elevated plain, suiTounded by high hills. It is 
connected with New Haven by railroad. 

Round Hill, in the meadows, near the village, 
is a natural curiosity. It rises abruptly to the 
height of 60 feet, is nearly circular in its form, 
ajid covers 12 acres. 

Farmin(]ton, lo.. Van Buren co. On the Des 
Moines River. Iron ore, coal, and building stone 
abound in this vicinity. 

Farmington, Me.. See Appendix, No. 6. 

Farmington, Mo., c. h. St. Francis co. S. E. 
from Jefterson City 139 miles. 

Farmington, N. H. See Appendix, No. 8. 

Farmington, N. Y., Ontario co. Mud Creek 
»nd a small branch of Canandaigna outlet water 
this town. The surface is level, and the soil fer- 
tile, but diflicult to till. The Anburn and Roch- 
ester Railroad crosses the S. W. angle. 7 miles 
N. from Canandaigua. 

Fauquier Countij, Va., c. h. at Warrenton. 
Bounded N. by Warren, Clarke, and Loudon 
counties, E. by Prince William, S. by Stafford 
and Culpepper, and W, by Rappahannock co. 
Watered by the Oeoquan and the head branches 
of the Rappahannock River. Surface agreeably 
diversified ; soil tolerably fertile. 

Fayette Connti/. Aa., c. h. at Fayette Court 
House. Bounded N. by Marion and Walker 
counties, E. by Walker, S. by Tuscaloosa and 
Pickens counties, and W. by Mississippi. Sipscy 
and Battahatchy Rivers and Luxapatilla Creek 
water this county. Surface slightly uneven ; soil 
fertile. 

Fayette Court House, Aa., c. h. Fayette co. 2 
miles W. from Sipsey River, and 40 N. W. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Fayette County, Ga., c. h. at Fayetteville. 
Bounded N. by be Kalb co., E. by Henry, 'S. bv 
Pike, and W. by Flint River, separating it from 
Coweta, and partly from Campbell co. The sur- 
face is level, and soil fertile, 

Fayette Oninty. Is., c. h. at Vandalia. Bounded 
N. by Montgomery and Shelby counties, E. by 
Effingham and Clay, S. by Marion and Clinton 
counties, and W. by Bond and Montgomery 
counties. Watered by Kaskaskia River and its 
tributaries. Surface level, consisting partly of 

firairies, and on the borders of the Kaskaskia, 
iable to inundation. 

Fayette County, la., c. h. at Connersville. 
Bounded N. by Henry and Wayne counties, E. 
by Union, S. by Franklin, and W, by Rush co. 
Watered by White River and its head' branches, 
which afford extensive hydraulic power. 
Fayette County, lo., c. h. at West Union. In 



the N. E. angle. Watered by Turkey River and 
its branches. 

Fayette County, Ky.. c. h. at Le.\ington. 
Bounded N. by Scott and Harrison counties, E. 
by Bourbon and Clark, S. by the Kentucky 
River, separating it from Madison co., and W. 
by Jessamine co. Siirfitce an elevated table 
land, watered by the head branches of Elkhoni 
River and other streams flowing into the Ken- 
tucky. Soil of excellent quality. 

Fayette, Me., Kennebec co. A good township 
of land. 1 7 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. 

Fayette, Mi., c. h. Jefferson eo. 80 miles S. W. 
from Jackson, and 25 N. E. from Natchez. 

Fayette, Mo., c. h. Howard co. On the E. side 
of Bonne Femme Creek. 61 miles N. W. from 
Jefferson City. Fayette College is located here^ 
See Colleges. 

Fayette, N. Y., Seneca eo. Bounded on the 
E. by Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lake, Seneca 
River and some of its branches water the town 
on the N. The surface is level ; soil fertile. 178 
miles W. from Albany. 

Fayette County, O., c. h. at Washington. Clin- 
ton and Green counties bound it on the AV., Pick- 
away and Ross on the E., Highland on the S., 
and Madison co. on the N. The land is level, 
and of a good (juality, and is watered by Deer 
and Paint Creeks, Emigrants from Virginia 
and Kentucky settled here about the year 1805. 

Fayette County, Pa., c. h. at Union. Bounded 
N. by Westmoreland eo., E. by Somerset co., S. by 
Virginia, and W. by the Monongahela River, 
separating it from Greene and Washington coun- 
ties. Drained by the Youghiogeny River, and 
Dunlap, Brown's, Redstone, and Cook's Creeks. 
At the Ohiopile Falls the Youghiogeny River 
descends 60 feet within the space of a mile. 
The surface of this county is partly mountain- 
ous, Laurel Hill and the Chestnut Ridge lying 
iu the E. part. The soil is fertile. 

Fayette, Pa., Alleghany eo. Watered by 
branches of Chartier's Creek. Surface hilly, 
abounding with coal; soil loam. 214 miles W. 
from Harrisburg. 

Fayette County, Tc, c, h. at Somerville. Bound- 
ed N. by Tipton and Haywood counties, E. by 
Hardeman co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by 
Shelby co. Watered by Loosahatchy and Wolf 
T .^£r3. Soil fertile. A railroad e.vtends from 
La Grange, in this county, to Memphis, on the 
Mississippi River, and a side branch extends to 
Somerville. 

Fayette County, Ts., c. h. at La Grange. S. 
central. On both banks of the Colorado. 

Fayette County, Va., c. h. at Fayetteville. 
Bounded N. by Nicholas co., E. by Greenbrier, 
vS. by Mercer and Logan, and W. by Logan and 
Kanawha counties. Watered by New and Gau- 
ley, head branches of the Great Kanawha River, 
and by Clear and March, branches of Coal 
River. The surface is mountainous, and on New 
River, 2 miles from Fayetteville, is a projection 
called Long Point, the top of which, consisting 
of a flat rock covering 2 acres, is elevated 1 500 feet 
above the water of the river. At another ])lace, 
a perpendicular rock, called Hawk's Nest, or Mar- 
shall's Pillar, rises 1100 feet above the surface of 
the same river. Some interesting remains of 
ancient fortifications are also found in this county. 

Fayetteville, As., c. h. Washington co. Situated 
on the N. W. side of White River. 196 miles 
N. W. from Little Rock. 



370 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Fai/etteville, Ga., c. h. Fayette co. On a branch 
of Flint River. 85 miles W. N. W. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Fayetteville, N. C, seat of justice of Cumljer- 
land CO. On the W. side of Cape Fear Kivcr, 
at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 
60 miles S. from Raleigh. The town is pleasantly 
situated about a mile from the river, and is reg- 
ularly laid out, with streets 100 feet in width. 
An arsenal of construction has been established 
hsre by the government. There is a good water 
power, on which, besides the shops of the arsenal, 
there are a number of cotton factories, flouring 
mills, grist mills, and saw mills. It has an ac- 
tive trade in grain, flour, naval stores, and tobacco. 

A considerable portion of this place was de- 
stroyed by fire in 1831. An appeal was made, 
with much success, to the sympathies of the peo- 
ple throughout the United States, and about 
$90,000 were contributed for the relief of the 
sufferers. 

Fai/etteville, 0., Perry township, Brown co. 25 
miles N. from Georgetown. 

Fayetteville, Te., c. h. Lincoln co. On the N. 
side of Elk River. 80 miles S. from Nashville. 

Fayetteville, Vt., c. h. Windham co. In the 
town of Newfane. 115 miles S. from Montpelier. 

Fayetteville, Va., c. h. Fayette co. 2 miles W. 
from New River, a little above its junction with 
Gauley River, and 289 miles W. from Richmond. 

Fayston, Vt., Washington co. Fayston is gen- 
erally too mountainous to be much cultivated. 
Along the borders of some of the branches of 
Mad River, which rises here, is some arable land. 
The town was settled in 1 798, by Lyndo Wait, 
Esq. 16 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, and 
25 S. E. from Burlington. 

Fenner, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by Cliitte- 
nango and Canaseraga Creeks. The surface is 
undulating ; soil of good quality. 8 miles N. W. 
from Morrisville, and 115 W. by N. from Albany. 

Fentress County, Te., c. h. Jamestown. Bounded 
N. by Kentucky, E. by Campbell co., S. by Mor- 
gan and Putnam, and W. by Overton co. Wa- 
tered by Obey's River and White Oak Creek, 
branches of Cumberland River. 

Ferdinand, Vt., Essex co. This town was 
chartered in 1761. Paul's Stream aflbrds it a 
good water power, but the land is so mountain- 
ous, rocky, cold, and swampy, that people do not 
choose to cultivate it. 

Ferguson, Pa., Centre co. Spring Creek and 
its branches water this town. Surface mountain- 
ous, and abounding with iron ore ; soil calcareous 
loam in the valleys. 1 1 miles S. from Bellcfonte. 

Ferrisbury, Vt., Addison co. This township is 
watered principally by Otter, Little Otter, and 
Lewis Creeks. In Little Otter Creek are 4, and 
in Lewis Creek 3 commodious falls, on which 
mills and other machinery are erected. Lake 
Champlain is on the western boundary. In this 
township is one of the hcst harbors on the lake, 
called Basin Harbor. The surface of the north 
eastern part is somewhat hilly. The remaining 

fiarts, especially the western, are remarkably 
evel. No township in the state has afforded 
more or better timber for market than this. The 
soil is various. It is a good grazing township. 
A part of this town was annexed to Panton in 
1847. The first permanent settlement was made 
in 1784 and 1785, by emigrants from Bennington, 
in this state, and from Connecticut. 16 miles N. 
W. from Middlebury, and 34 W. from Montpelier. 



Fincastte, Va., c. h. Botetourt co. On the S. E. 
slope of Catawba valley, 175 miles W. from 
Richmond. 

Fimllay, Pa.. Alleghany co. Watered by Mon- 
ture's Run, and branches of Racoon Creek. Sur- 
face hilly ; soil loam. 15 m. N. W. from Pittsburg. 

Finley, 0., c. h. Hancock co. 

Fishing Creek, Pa., Columbia co. Drained by 
Fishing Creek. Surfiice mountainous ; soil gravel 
and clay. 101 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. 

Fis/ikill, N. Y., Dutchess co. This is one of 
the largest and wealthiest inland towns in tho 
state. It is situated on the E. bank of the Hud- 
son River, and drained by the Fishkill and Wap- 
pinger's Creek. The surfiice is undulating on the 
N., and on the S. hilly and mountainous. There 
are several quan'ies of iron ore, marble, and black 
lead. The soil is uncommonly fertile. 10 miles 
S. from Poughkeepsie, and 88 S. from Albany. 

Fishkill Landing, N. Y., in Fishkill, Dutchess 
CO. On the Hudson River, at the mouth of Fish- 
kill Creek, 90 miles S. from Albany. A steam 
ferry connects this jilace with Newburg, on tho 
opposite side of the Iludsou. 

Fishkill, N. Y., King's co. The surface of this 
town is mostly level ; the soil productive when 
properly tilled. 4 miles S. E. from Brooklyn, 
and 149 S. from Albany. 

Fitchhurg, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly a 
part of Luneidjurg. A large branch of the 
Nashua, and two smaller streams, pass through 
the town, and afford it an extensive and con- 
stant water power. Over the Nashua are a 
large number of dams, and the river in tho 
course of two miles puts in motion a number of 
cotton and other factories. This is a very flour- 
ishing and growing town, having received a 
great impulse since the completion of the rail- 
roads by which it is connected with Boston, 
Worcester, Lowell, and the valley of the Con- 
necticut. Near the principal village is an im- 
mense quaiTy of excellent granite. The surface 
is uneven ; the soil strong and fertile. In some 
parts the hills are large, high, and steep. Roll- 
stone and Pearl Hills are the principal ones. 49 
miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 24 N. from 
Worcester. 

Fitzwilliam, N. H., Cheshire co. Camp and 
Priest Brooks are the principal streams. South 
Pond, 230 rods long, and of various width ; Slip's 
Pond, 200 rods long and 100 wide ; Rockwood's 
Pond, and Collin's Pond, are the only natural 
collections of waters. The surface is hilly ; soil 
rocky, and suitable for grazing and tillage. There 
is very valuable meadow land found hero. Near 
the centre of the town is a large hill, noted for 
its romantic prospect. Gap Mountain, on which 
are found various stones suitable for whetstones, 
lies partly in this town. First settlers. James 
Reed, John Fassett, Benjamin Bigelow, and 
others, in 1760. 13 miles S. E. from Keene, and 
60 S. W. from Concord. The Cheshire Railroad 
passes through it. 

Flathush, N. Y., King's CO., L. I. 8 miles S. E. 
from New York city. The seat of justice for 
King's CO. was here until 1832, when it was re- 
moved to the city of Brooklyn. It is a small but 
pleasant town, containing two churches, and an 
academy of long-established reputation. The 
Dutch Reformed Church is of gray stone, with 
tower, bell, and spire. From its vicinity to New 
York, this is a pleasant place of resort in the 
warm season. Prospect Hill, half a mile N. W. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



371 



of the village, about 200 feet in height, overlooks 
four of the adjacent towns, and affords an exten- 
sive prospect out to sea. 

Near the N. W. boundary is the battle ground 
where the battle of Long Island was fought in 
1770. under the imraediate command of Generals 
Putnam and Sullivan ; which, issuing unfavor- 
ably for the Americans, led to the masterly retreat 
of the troops, under Washington, from Long 
Island. 

F/atlands, N. T., King's eo., embraces Barren 
and some other small, marshy islands. The sur- 
face is level ; soil productive, when properly cul- 
tivated. 8 miles S. E. from Brooklyn, and 153 
S. from Albany. 

Fleming County, Ky., c. h. at Flemingsburg. 
Bounded N. by Slasonand Lewis counties, E. by 
Carter, S. by Morgan and Licking River, separ- 
ating it from Bath co., and W. by Nicholas eo. 
Surface mountainous in the E. and S. portions ; 
soil fertile, being based upon limestone. 

Fleming, N. Y., Cayuga eo. On the W. border 
of Owasco Lake. Drained by Crane Brook and 
some other small streams. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil clay loara of good quality. 4 miles 
S. from Auburn, and 160 W. from Albany. 

Flemingsburg, Ky., c. h. Fleming co. On Stock- 
ton Run, 1 mile from its junction with Fleming 
Creek, and 95 miles E. by N. from Frankfort. 

Flemington, N. J., e. h. of Hunterdon co. This 
town, 25 miles N. by W. from Trenton, is very 
pleasantly situated on an undulating plain, one 
mile N. of which is a high eminence which over- 
looks the village and surrounding country, and 
affords a delightful view of it. The village is 
mostly built on one street, which has many hand- 
some dwellings, and is" marked by a general ap- 
pearance of neatness and thrift. The court house 
is a spacious stone building, with a Doric portico, 
in the basement of which is the county prison. 
There are two copper mines near this place. The 
soil of the surrounding country is red shale, and 
tolerably productive. 

Fletcher, Vt., Franklin co. The River La- 
moille just touches upon the southern extremity 
of this township. Metcalf Pond is about one mile 
long from N. to S., and one third of a mile wide 
from E. to W. It discharges its waters at the S. 
end, forming one of the head branches of Black 
Creek. This stream, I'airfield River, and Stone's 
Brook are the principal waters. The surface of 
this township is considerably broken. The town 
was chartered to Moses Rolinson, John Fay, and 
others, in 1781. The settlement was commenced 
in 1784. 22 miles N. N. W. from Montpclicr, and 
about 18 S. E. from St. Albans. 

Florence, Aa. Shire town of Lauderdale co. 
On the N. side of the River Teimessec, imme- 
diately below the Muscle Shoals. It is situated 
on an elevated plain, 100 feet above the river. 
The streets are 100 feet wide, and cross each other 
at right angles. Except when the water is low, 
steamboats ascend from the Ohio to this place ; so 
that it carries on some trade with New Orleans. 
Above Florence, there is a railroad from Tuscum- 
bia, nearly opposite, on the river, to Decatur, a 
distance of 46 miles, to avoid the sho.als ; above 
which the river is again navigable as far as Knox- 
ville, Te. At Chattanooga, near the S. border of 
Tennessee, the boats connect with an extensive 
railroad route through the N. part of Georgia to 
Augusta, and thence to Charleston, S. C, a dis- 
tance, in the whole, of about 440 miles. For an in- 



terior location, Florence is well situated for basi- 
ness. 

Florence, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by trib- 
utaries of Fish Creek. The surface is slightly 
uneven. 33 miles N. W. from Utica, and 127 
from Albany. 

Florida, Ms., Berkshire co., comprises a part 
of Zo.tr, an unincorporated district. This town- 
ship is situated on the height of the Green Moun- 
tain range ; its surfiice is broken, and its climate 
severe. Hoosic Mountain, 1448 feet above Deer- 
field River, which washes its eastern boundary, 
and other mountains in the town, offer to the be- 
holder some of the finest Alpine scenery in the 
state. 125 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 22 
N. N. E. from Pittsfield. 

Florida, N. Y., Montgomery co. The Mohawk 
River and Schoharie Creek water this town. Sur- 
face tmdulating ; soil favorable to the growth of 
wheat. 8 miles S. E. from Fonda, and 34 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Flogd County, Ga.. c. h. at Rome. Bounded N. 
by C'hatooga and Walker counties, E. by Murray 
and Cass, S. by Paulding co., and W. by Aa. 
The Oostanaula and Etowah unite to form the 
Coosa, in this county, which is also watered by Ce- 
dar and Chatooga Creeks. Surface uneven ; soil 
rich on the borders of the streams. 

Floyd County, la., c. h. at New Albany. In- 
corporated in 1819, and bounded N. by Washing- 
ton and Scott counties, E. by Clark co., S. E. by 
the (Jhio River, separating it from Ky., and S. 
and W. by HaiTison eo. Watered by Silver, and 
the head branches of Indian Creek. Surface 
hilly ; soil rich. 

Floyd County, Ky., c. h. at Prestonburg. Bound- 
ed N. by Morgan and Johnson counties, E. by 
Pike, S. by Letcher, and W. by Perry and Brea- 
thitt. Watered by the head branches of Kentucky 
and Licking, and the W. fork of Big Sandy Riv- 
er. Surface high and hilly. 

Floyd, N. Y., Oneida co. On the N. side of 
the ftiohawk. Watered on the E. by Nine Milo 
Creek. The surface is rolling ; the soil fertile, 
and particularly suitable for grass. 8 miles N 
from Utiea, and 100 N. W. from Albany. 

Floyd County, Va., c. h. at Jacksonville. Bound- 
ed N. by Montgomery, E. by Franklin, S. by 
Patrick and Carroll, and W. by Pulaski co. Sur- 
face mountainous, and watered by Little River 
and its tributaries ; soil suitable for grazing. 

Floyd, Va., c. h. Floyd co. 2 1 5 miles W. S. W 
from Richmond. 

Flushing, N. Y., Queen's co. Bounded on the 
N. by Long Island Sound. Flushing and Littlt 
Neck Bays, with the streams flowing into them, 
also water this town. The surface is mostly level ; 
soil well tilled and productive. 6 miles W. from 
North Hempstead, and 156 S. from Albany. 

Fluvanna County, Va., c. h. at Palmyra. In- 
corporated in 1777, and bounded N. by Albe- 
marle and Louisa counties, E. by Goochland eo^ 
S. by James River, separating it from Cumber- 
land and Buckingham counties, and W. by Albe- 
marle CO. It is traversed by the Ravenna River. 
Surface mostly rough ; soil good on the rivers. 
Gold is found in this region. 

Fonda, N. Y., c. h. Montgomery co. On the 
N. side of Mohawk River, and on the railroad 
from Albany to Buffalo, 42 miles W. from Alba- 
ny. This is a prosperous manufacturing place. 

Fond du Lac County, Wn,, c. h. at Fond do 
Lac. Bounded N. by Winnebago and Cal- 



872 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



umet counties. E. by Sheboygan, S. by Washing- 
ton and Dodge, ami W. by Marquette co. Wa- 
tered on the N. E. by Lake Winnebago, and 
drained by Roclc and Milwaukee Rivers, and 
Crocodile and Martin's Creeks. Surface mostly 
level, and in parts swampy. 

Fond du Lac, Wn., Fond du Lac co. At the 
head of Winnebago Lake. 98 miles N. E. from 
Madison. 

Fordham, N. Y., Westchester co. On the line 
of the Haerlem Railroad, 12j miles from New 
York City Hall. The site of St. John's College. 
See Colleges. 

Forest County, Pa. New. Had but 561 in- 
habitants by the census of 1850. 

Foroithurg, N. Y., Sullivan co. Drained by 
Neversink River and some other streams. The 
surface is hilly ; soil sandy loam. 8 miles S.from 
Monticello, and 127 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Forks, Pa., Northampton co. Located near the 
junction of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, and 
drained by Bushkill Creek and its branches. Sur- 
face level ; soil loam. 

Forsyth, Ga., c. h. Monroe co. A little S. from 
the Toweiagge, a branch of Ockraulgee River, and 
55 miles W. from Milledgeville. Connected with 
Macon by railroad, 45 miles distant. 

Forsyth County, Ga., e. h. at Cumming. Bound- 
ed N. by Lumpkin co., E. and S. by the Chat- 
tahoochee River, separating it from Hall and 
Gwinnett counties, and W. by Cherokee co. 
Drained by Chattahoochee and Etowah Rivers 
and branches. 

Forsyth, Mo., c. h. Taney co. On the E. side 
of White River, at the mouth of Swan Creek, 
and 201 miles S. from Jefferson City. 
Furst/th County, N. C. New. 
Fort Ann, N. Y., Washington co. Bounded 
by Lake George on the N. W., and is watered by 
Wood Creek ; the Champlain Canal also passes 
through this town. Surface diversified with hills, 
mountains, valleys, and plains ; soil varied as 
the surface. 12 miles N. from Sandy Hill, and 
60 N. N. E. from Albany. 

Fort Bend County, Ts., c. h. at Richmond. In 
the S. middle part of the state, on both banks 
of the Brazos. 

Fort Covington, N. Y., Franklin co. Salmon 
and Little Salmon Rivers water this town, the 
surface of which is level, and the soil of good 
quality. The Canada line bounds it on the N. 
14 miles N. W. from Malone, and 223 N. N. W. 
from Albany. 

Fort Des Moines, lo., c. h. Polk co. At the 
junction of Racoon and Des Moines. It is a 
beautiful place, at the head of navigation of the 
Des Moines River, within 30 miles of the geo- 
graphical centre of the state, of which it will 
probably be the capital at no distant day. The 
valley of the Des Moines is unsurpassed in fer- 
tility, and Fort Des Moines is already the seat of 
a large inland trade. 120 miles W. from Iowa 
City. 

Fort Edward, N. Y., Washington co. On the 
E. bank of the Hudson. Drained by the Moose- 
kill and some other small streams. The surface 
is somewhat undulating ; soil of good quality. 
4 miles S. from Sandy Hill, and 47 N. N. E. 
from Albany. 

Fort Hamilton, N. Y., King's co. Situated 
at the western extremity of Long Island, on 
the E. side of the Nan-ows, through which is the 
main entrance into New York Harbor. There is 



a small village here connected with the Fort, 
which enjoys a fine view of the lower bay and of 
the ocean, and is one of the many places of re- 
sort for the people of New York in the summer 
season. See New York. 

Fort Madison, lo., Lee co., on the W. bank 
of the Mississippi River, contains the rnins of a 
fortification, now hardly visible, erected in 1808, 
as a defence against the Indians, who compelled 
the garrison to burn the fort in 1813. 

Fort Miller, N. Y., Washington co. On the 
E. side of the Hudson River, where is a descent 
of about 20 feet, also a dam for feeding the 
Champlain Canal. 

Fort Plain, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. 
bank of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. 

Fort Smith, As., Crawford co. 165 miles W. 
N. W. from Little Rock, and 66 miles S. E. from 
Fort Gibson. This place is situated on the S. 
side of the Arkansas River, at the entrance of the 
Poiteau, a small river from the S., on the ex- 
treme W. border of the state. It is the site of an 
extensive fortification, erected by the govern- 
ment for the protection of their western frontier 
settlements. 

Fort Wayne, la., c. h. Allen co. In a fertile 
region, on the S. side of Maumee River, and on 
the Wabash and Erie Canal. 131 miles N. N. 
E. from Indianapolis. 

Foster, R. I., Providence co. This is a large ag- 
ricultural and manufacturing town, finely watered 
by Hemlock Brook, Ponongansett and Moosup 
Rivers. The surface of the town, in many parts, 
is rough and uneven, but the soil is well calculated 
for the productions of the dairy. In the western 
part are extensive forests of valuable timber. 
There are a number of pleasant villages on the 
borders of the numerous streams. First settled 
in 1717 ; incorporated in 1781. Foster was named 
in compliment to the Hon. Theodore Foster, 
formerly a senator of the United States. 15 
miles S. W. from Providence. 

Fountain County, la., c. h. at Covingtoti. In- 
corporated in 1825. Bounded E. by Tippecanoe 
and Montgomery counties, S. by Park co., and 
W. and N. by the Wabash River, separating it 
from Vermilion and Warren counties. Drained 
by Coal and Shawnee Creeks, branches of the 
Wabash River, and good mill streams. Surface 
slightly uneven; soil of excellent quality. The 
Wabash and Erie Canal traverses this county. 

Fowler, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Drained by the 
Oswegatchie River and some of its tributaries. 
The siuface is slightly uneven ; soil mostly good. 
22 miles S. from Canton, and 186 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Foxboro\ Ms., Norfolk co. In this town are a 
number of pleasant ponds, and several small 
streams which empty into Taunton River. These 
all produce considerable water power. The Bos- 
ton and Providence Railroad passes througli the 
town. The depot is 2l4 miles S. S. W. from 
Boston, and 19j N. by E. from Providence. 

Foxcrqft, Me., Piscataquis co. On the N. side 
of Piscataquis River, opposite Dover. 77 miles 
N. N. E. from Augusta. 

Foxville, Va., Fauquier CO. On the Rappahan- 
nock River. 30 miles above Fredericksburg, and 
116 miles N. by W. from Richmond. Here is a 
white sulphur spring, and a quarry of slate. The 
manufactures are considerable. 

Framingham, Ms., Middlesex eo. This beau- 
tiful town is distinguished for its agricultural, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



373 



manufacturing, and mechanical progress. The 
soil is various, hut generally strong and fertile. 
The surface is not very uneven, though there 
are several elevated and pleasant hills. Nobscot 
and Bare Hills command extensive and rich views. 
In the S. and S. E. parts are several pleasant 
ponds. The principal stream is Sudbury River. 
Saxonville, in this town, is one of the most beau- 
tiful and flourishing villages in New England. 
Long Pond, which supplies Boston with water, 
lies partly in this town. The Framinghara 
Academy, in the centre village, is a useful and 
popular seminary. 21 miles W. from Boston, 
and 2-3 E. from Worcester. 

Francestoirn, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The two S. 
branches of the Piscataquog rise in this town. 
Pleasant and Haunted Ponds are considerable 
collections of water. The land is uneven, and 
in many parts stony, hut the soil is warm and 
moist. The highest land is Crotched Mountain, 
the summits of which are more than 600 feet 
above the level of the Common, in the centre of 
the town. One of the summits is covered with 
wood ; the other is almost a solid ledge of rocks. 
There is in the easterly part of this town a very 
extensive and valuable quarry of soapstone. re- 
sembling, when polished, verd antique marble. 
In the N. part good black lead, and in the S. 
rock crystal have been found. Garret and soap- 
stone are also found here. The local situation 
of this town is very eligible for business. It 
derived its name from Frances, the wife of the 
last Governor Wontworth. 12 miles N. W. from 
Amherst, and 28 8. W. from Concord. 

Franconia, N. H., Grafton co. This town is 
mountainous. Its streams are branches of the 
Lower Amonoosuck River. Here are several 
ponds ; one of which, called Feri'in's, is the source 
of the mid<lle branch of Pemigewasset River. 
The mountains adjoining the Notch are called 
Mounts Lafayette and Jackson. On the latter is 
the celebrated " Profile," or '■ Old Man of the 
Mountain." It is situated on a peak of solid 
rock, 1000 feet high, and almost perpendicular. 
On this peak. Nature, in her wildest mood, ex- 
hibits the profile of the human face. See Fashion- 
able liesorls. The village in this place, lying in a 
hollow, is remarkable for its cold weather. It 
owes its rise and prosperity to the discovery and 
working of a rich vein of granular magnetic iron 
ore. First settlers. Captain Artemas Knight, 
Lemuel Barnett, Zebedee Applebee, and others, 
in 1774. 28 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 
N. from Concord. 

Fruncotiia, Pa.. Montgomery co. This town 
is watered by Indian, Pike, and Shippnck Creeks, 
and the N. E. branch of the Perkioraen Creek. 
Surface level ; soil red shale. 88 miles E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Fmnhfurd, N. Y., Su.ssex co. Papakating 
Creek, a branch of the VVallkill River, waters 
this town. Surface hilly on the W., but else- 
where level ; soil very productive, being based 
upon lime and slate. 

Frankfurd, Pa., Cumberland co. Watered Ity 
Conedogwinit Creek and its branches. Blue 
Mountain lies i)artly in the N. part of this town, 
and McClure'.s Gap on the E. boundary ; it 
has also a sulphur .spring near the centre. 

Frankford, Pa., Oxford, Philadelphia co. On 
Tacony Creek, which afl^ords water power. .5 
miles N. E. from Philadelphia, and 104 E. by S. 
from Harrisburg. 



Frankfort, la., c. h. Clinton co. On the S. 
fork of Wildcat Creek, N. N. W. from Indianap- 
olis, 42 miles. 

Frankfort, Ky., c. h. at Franklin co. Capital of 
the state. 

Frankfort, Me., Waldo co. An excellent town- 
ship with two villages on the W. side of Penob- 
scot River. It is the highest point to which ves- 
sels can ascend during the icy season of the year. 
12 miles below Bangor. 

Frankfort, N. Y., Herkimer co. Situated 7 
miles W. from Herkimer, and 87 W. N. W. from 
Albany. The surface on the S. is broken and 
hilly, but upon the N., in the valley of the Mo- 
hawk, are fertile meadows. The principal village 
is situated on the S. side of this river, on »the 
line of the Erie Can.al. There are manufacto- 
ries here for making cotton and woollen goods, 
and machinery, under a company incorporated in 
1834, with a capital of $200,000. 

Frankfort, 0., Wells township, Guernsey, lies 
on the old road leading from Zanesville to 
Wheeling, in Virginia, about 15 miles E. from 
Cambridge. 

Frankfort, 0., Concord township, Koss co. 
This town is pleasantly located on the N. fork of 
Paint Creek, on elevated land, and occu|iies the 
same spot of the old Indian town of Chillicothe. 
Near here are several large mounds. 

Franklin County, Aa.. Russellville, shire town. 
Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separat- 
ing it from Lauderdale co., E. by Lawrence co, 
S. by Marion co., and W. by Mississippi. Sur- 
face hilly, and drained by Cedar, Bear, Littla 
Bear, and Spring Creeks ; soil fertile. 

Franklin Comity, As., c. h, at Ozark. Bound- 
ed N. by Washington and Madison counties, E. 
by Johnson, S. by Scott, and W. by Crawford co. 
The Arkansas River traverses the middle of 
this county, from E. to W. Surface rough and 
hilly ; soil" fertile on the borders of the streams. 

Franklin, Ct., New London co. Shetucket 
River separates this town from Lisbon. The sur- 
face of Franklin is uneven ; the soil a gravelly 
loam, more fit for grazing than tillage. There is 
a woollen factory on Beaver Brook, a branch of 
the Shetucket; but the chief business of the peo- 
ple is rearing sheep, and other agricultural pur- 
suits. 34 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. 

Franklin County, I'a., c. h. at Appalachicola. 
Incorpor.atcd in 1832. Bounded N. and E. by 
Gadsden co., S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. 
by Calhoun co. The Appalachicola River forms 
part of its W. boundary. The land is low and 
swampy, interspersed with numerous ponds. Soil 
very fertile on the margins of the rivers. This 
county embraces the islands of St. George and 
St. Vincent. 

Franklin County, Ga., c. h.at Carnesville. This 
county was incorporated in 1788, and is bounded 
N. E. by the Tugaloo, a he.ad branch of the Sa- 
vannahRiver, separating it from S. C, S. E. and S. 
by Elhcrt and Madison counties, and W. by H.all 
and Il.abersham counties. Drained by the N. 
fork of Broad River. Surface hilly ; soil pro- 
ductive. 

Franklin County, Is., c. h. at Frankfort. This 
county was incorporated in 1818, and is hounded 
N. by Jetferson co., E. by Hamilton and Gal- 
latin, S. by Williamson, and W. by Jiickson and 
Perry counties. Watered by Big Muddy River 
and its tributaries, and the S. fork of Salina 
Creek. Soil of good quality. 



374 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Franklin County, la., c. h. at Brookville. Bound- 
ed N. by Fayette and XJnion counties, E. by Ohio, 
S. by Dearborn and Ripley counties, and W. 
by Decatur co. Drained by branches of the 
Wliite Water River, which aitbrd fine mill privi- 
leges. Surface level or undulating ; soil fertile. 
The White Water Canal crosses this county. 

Franklin, la., c. h. Johnson CO., occupies a 
high bluft', on the E. side of Young's Creek, 
20 miles S. from Indianapolis. 

Franklin C'ounti/, Ky., c. h. at Frankfort. Bound- 
ed N. by Henry and Owen counties, E. by Scott, 
S. by Woodford and Anderson, and W. by Shelby 
CO. Surfoce hilly, and watered by Kentucky and 
Elkhorn Rivers ; soil fertile. 

Franklin, Ky., c. h. Simpson co. On the W. 
side of Drake's Creek, a branch of Barren River. 
164 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 

Franklin Parish, La., c. h. at Winnsboro'. N. 
E. central. Between Bayou Bceuf of Red River, 
and Bayou Macon, the W. branch of the Tensas. 

Franklin, La., c. h. St. Mary's parish. Located 
on the W. side of the Bayou Teche. 144 miles 
W. by ,S. from New Orleans. 

Franklin Count//, Me., c. h. at Farmington. In 
the W. part of ttie state, including the height of 
land between the Androscoggin and Kennebec. 
Undulating, witli mountainous tracts, with nu- 
merous ponds and mill streams. Soil generally 
good. Tile northern part bordering on Canada 
is still unsettled. 

Franklin, Me., Hancock co. At the head of 
Taunton Bay, the most northerly part of French- 
man's Bay. 15 miles E. from Ellsworth. 

Franklin County, Ms., c. h. at Greenfield. Tliis 
was a part of Hampshire co. until 1811. The 
surface is elevated ; the Green Mountain range 
intersects it from N. to S., presenting some of the 
wildest and most picturesque scenery in the 
state. The soil is exceedingly fertile ; its rich 
alluvial valleys produce the finest crops of grain 
and grass, while its mountain sides allbrd rich 
pasturage. Few sections of our country equal 
thff county of Franklin in the extent and value 
of its hydraulic power. The noble Connecticut 
pierces its centre from N. to S., the romantic and 
powerful Deerfield pours its volume of water 
from the W., while Miller's River comes in from 
the E., withfits rapid current, joins the two former 
near the heart of the county, and passes to the 
ocean. These rivers, combined with their nu- 
merous tributaries, watering every section of the 
county, produce a water power of great extent 
and usefulness. 

Franklin. Ms., Norfolk co. Charles River and 
several of its branches meander through this 
town, and give to it fine mill seats and a con- 
stant flow of water. This town was a part of 
Wrentham until 1778. There are in the town 
some very pleasant villages, and some eminences 
from whicli are fine views of the surrounding 
countr)-. This town was named in honor of the 
celebrated Dr. Franklin. Soon after its incorpo- 
ration, a hint was given to the doctor, then in 
France, that a present of a bell would be accept- 
able to the town for the honor conferred. The 
doctor sent the town some valuable books, and 
observed that he presumed the people of Frank- 
lin were more fond of sense than sound. 27 
miles S. W. from Boston, and 17 S. W. from 
Dedham. 

Franklin County, Mi., c. h. at Mcadrille. 
Bounded N. by Jefferson and Copiah counties, 



E. by Lawrence and Pike, S. by Amite and Wil- 
kinson, and W. by Adams co. Watered by tribu- 
taries of the Homochitto and the head branches 
of Amite River. Surface undulating; soil ster- 
ile, except on the margins of the rivers. 

Franklin County, Mo., c. h. at Union. The 
Missouri River bounds this county on the N., 
separating it from Warren and St. Charles coun- 
ties. St. Louis and Jefferson counties bound it 
on the E., Washington and Crawford on the S., 
and Gasconade on the W. Drained by the Ma- 
ramee and Bourbeuse Rivers, the latter bemg a 
good mill stream, and by some smaller tributaries 
of the Missouri. Surface undulating; soil mostly 
fertile. 

Franklin County, N. C, c. h. at Louisburg. 
Bounded N. by Warren co., E. and S. E. by 
Nash, S. W. by Wake, and W. by Granville co. 
Tar river traverses the middle of this county, 
and Fishing Creek forms part of its N. boundary. 
Surface level ; soil productive. 

Franklin, N. H., Merrimac co., is a place of 
considerable and increasing business. The junc- 
tion of the Winnipiseogee and Pcmigewasset 
Rivers, in this town, form the Merrimac, creating 
on both streams an extensive and valuable water 
power. 

A famous peat bog is in this town. Plumbago, 
&c., has been found here. The Northern Rail- 
road passes through the centre. This town was 
taken from the towns of Salisbury, Andover, 
Sanbornton, and Northfield. 19 miles N. by N. W. 
from Concord by the Northern Railroad. 

The descent of the Winnipiseogee branch, from 
the lake to its junction with the Pcmigewasset, 
is 232 feet. The confluent stream bears the name 
of Merrimac, and pursues a S. course, 78 miles, 
to Chelmsford, Ms. ; thence an E. course, 35 
miles, to the sea at Newburyport. On the N. 
line of Concord, the Contoocook discharges its 
waters into the Merrimac. The Soucook be- 
comes a tributary in Pembroke, and the Suncook 
between Pembroke and Allenstown. The Pis- 
cataquog unites in Bedford ; the Souhegan in 
Merrimac ; and a beautiful river, called Nashua, 
in Nashua. The tributaries which enter in Mas- 
sachusetts are the Concord at Lowell, the Spiggot 
at Methucn, the Shawsheen at Andover, and 
the Powow, between Amesbury and Salisbury. 
The princijial tributaries are on the W. side of 
the river, all, except the Concord, rising in the 
highlands between the Connecticut and Merri- 
mac. There are numerous falls in this river, the 
most noted of which are Garven's in Concord, 
Bow Falls in Hooksett, Amoskeag Falls iu Gott's- 
town and Manchester, Pawtucket Falls at Low- 
ell, and the falls at Lawrence. The river was 
formerly much used for boat navigation, in con- 
junction with the Middlesex Canal, aided by 
canals round the principal falls ; but since the 
introduction of railroads, this method of trans- 
portation has been abandoned, and the water is 
now employed solely for propelling machinery. 
Already upon the banks of this river have risen 
the flourishing and fast-gro\ving cities of Man- 
chester, Lowell, and Lawrence, and there is still 
a large amount of water power unemployed. 
The Lake Winnipiseogee, the outlet from which 
is under the control of the water power compa- 
nies, furnishes an inexhaustible reservoir for keep- 
ing up the supply of water in the driest seasons. 
See Pemigeioasset River. 

The Merrimac, whose fountains are nearly on 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



375 



a level mth the Connecticut, being much shorter 
in its course, has a far more rapid descent to tlie 
sea than the latter river. Hence the intervales 
on its borders arc less extensive, and the scenery 
less beautiful, than on the Connecticut. It is, 
howevei", a majestic river. Its width varies from 
.•iO to \'M rods. The tide flows up to Haverhill, 
a distance of 16 miles from the sea. and the 
moutli of the river forms the harbor of Newbury- 
port. the bar of which prevents the entrance of 
vessels drawing more than l.'i or 16 feet of water. 
The name Meriimac signifies, in the Indian lan- 
guage, a sturgeon, a species of fish which abounds 
ill the tide water. 

Franklin, N. J., Gloucester co. Drained by 
branches of Maurice and Great Egg Harbor 
Rivers, and by Kaccoon Creek. Surface level ; 
soil mostly sandy and poor. 15 miles S. E. from 
Woodbury. 

Franklin, N. J., Bergen co. The surface of 
this town is undulating ; tlie soil mostly fertile, 
being composed of gravel, sand, and loam, b.ased 
upon sandstone. 13 miles N. W. fiom Hack- 
ensack. 

Franklin, N. J., Somerset co. Millstone and 
Raritan Rivers, and Six Mile Run water this 
town. Surface somewhat uneven, and on the 

5. W. hilly. 7 miles S. E. from Somerville. 
Franklin, N. J., WaiTen co. Watered by Po- 

hatcong and Musconetcong Creeks. 

Franklin County, N. Y., c. h. at Malone. Formed 
from Clinton co. in 18US. Bounded N. by Lower 
Canaila, E. by Clinton and Essex, S. by Essex 
and Hamilton, and W. by St. Lawrence co. Wa- 
tered by numerous lakes and jjonds, the prin- 
cipal of which are the Upper and Lower Saranac 
Lakes, and by Chateangay, Salmon, Trout, Deer, 
St. Regis, and Racket Rivers, flowing into the 
St. Lawrence, which washes its N. W. corner, 
and also by the Saranac, flowing into Lake 
Cliamplnin. Surface chiefly level on the N., but 
hilly and mountainons in the middle and S. 
The soil is diversified, but much of it very fertile. 
The mountains abound in the best of iron ore, and 
iie surface is heavily timbered in some parts. 

Franklin, N. Y., I)elaware co. Oleout Creek 
*nd its branches water this town. The soil is 
fertile loam. 12 miles W. from Delhi, and 9.3 

6. W. from Albany. 

Franklin, N. Y.. Franklin co. Drained by 
Salmon and Saranac Rivers and some of tlieir 
tributaries. It also contains several small lakes. 
The surface is hilly and mountainous ; soil vari- 
ous. 25 miles S. E. from Malone, 187 N. from 
Albany. 

Franklin County, O., c. h. Columbus. Situ- 
ated nearly in the centre of the state, having 
Delaware co. on the N., portions of Licking and 
Fairfield on the E., Pickaway on the S., and 
Madison on the W. It is 23 miles scjuare. The 
eurfaoc is generally level, and in many parts low 
and wet, better aila])tcd to grazing tiiau to rais- 
ing grain. The county is drained, however, by 
several streams, upon the banks of which is much 
arable land and many finely-cultivated farms. 
The Scioto Kiver passes through the centre of 
the county, from N. to S. The Whetstone River, 
and otlier small streams and creeks, running 
nearly in the same direction, drain other portions 
of the county. 

This county was first settled in 1797. It was 
constituted a county, being taken from the then 
existing county of Ross, March 30, 1803. Some- 



thing has since been taken from its area, in con- 
stituting the surrounding counties, reducing it to 
its present limits. The Ohio Canal passes across 
the S. E. corner of the county, and a branch 
from it is brought to the centre at Columbus. 
The national road passes through it from E. to 
W. This tract was once the residence of the 
Wyandot Indians, who had a large town on the 
site of the city of Columbus, and cultivated ex- 
tensive fields of corn on tlie river bottoms on the 
opposite side of the Scioto. 

Franklin, 0., a township of Portage co., in the 
N. part of the state. The Cuyahoga River passes 
diagonally through it, affording much valuable 
water power, which is improved for manufactur- 
ing purposes at the two villages of Franklin 
Mills and Carthage. The Mahoning Can.il 
passes through the township, falling into the 
Cuyahoga for a part of the distance. Brady's 
Pond, so called, is a small but beautiful sheet 
of water, about 2A miles from Franklin Mills, 
from the fine white sand on the shores of which 
glass is manufactured. About 30 miles S. E. 
from Cleveland. 

Franklin Mills, 0., Portage co. At the falls 
of Cuyahoga River, and on the Pennsylvania 
and Ohio Canal. At these falls there is a great 
water jiower. Much business is done here. 134 
miles N. E. from Columbus. 

Franklin Cuunttj, Pa., c. h. at Chambersburg. 
Incorporated in 1784. Bounded N. by Perry 
and Cumberland counties, E. by Adams co., S. 
by Maryland, and W. by Bedford co. It is 
drained by Conecocheague and Conedogwinit 
Creeks and their branches, affording great hy- 
draulic power. South and Tuscarora or Cove 
Mountains are the only considerable elevalions. 
Soil very fertile, being based upon limestone. 
White marble is found here, and iron ore is 
abundant. 

Franklin, Pa., c. h. Venango co. On the S. 
side of French Creek, at its junction with Alle- 
ghany River. Steamboats come up to this place 
from the Ohio. There is a communication by 
river and canal to Lake Erie. 210 miles W. N. 
W. from Harrisburg. 

Franklin, Pa., York co. Drained by a branch 
of Bcrmudian Creek. 4 miles S. from Har- 
risburg. 

Franklin, Pa., Adams co. Conewago and 
Conecocheague Creeks, and some branches of 
Marsh Creek, water this town. Surface level ; 
soil red shale. 

Franklin, Pa., Fayette co. Watered by the 
Youghiogeny River and Redstone Creek. It has 
a hilly surface and loamy soil. 9 miles N. from 
Union. 

Franklin, Pa., Greene co. Ten Mile Creek 
and its branches water this town. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil loam. 

Franklin, Pa., Huntingdon co. Watered on 
the S. boundary by the W. branch of the Little 
Juniata River, and drained by Warrior's Run and 
Spruce Creek. Surface mountainous; soil cal- 
careous loam. 

Franklin Coun(^, Te., c. h. at Winchester. Bound- 
ed N. by Bedford and Coffee counties, E. by Marion 
CO., S. by Alabama, and W. by Lincoln co. Wa- 
tered by Duck River, and Rock, Elk, and Paint 
Creeks. Surface rough and uneven, having Cum- 
berland Mountain on its S. E. border ; soil fertile. 

Franklin, Te., c. h. Williamson co. On the S. 
side of Harpeth River. 1 8 miles S. from Nashville. 



376 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



FranUm County. Vt., c. li. at St. Albans. This 
county IS bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. bv Or- 
leans CO., S. E. and S. by Lamoille co., ti. by 
Chittenden co., and W. by Lake Chamnlain. The 
Mlssisco Kiv-er passes through the northern part 
of the county, and the Lamoille its most southern 
section. Although the surface is somewhat 
broken, and m some parts mountainous, yet the 
■soil IS productive of wheat and grass. In this 
county marble and iron ore, of excellent qualities 
are found. ^ ' 

/•™nW,n, Vt., Franklin co. The Riyer Rocher 
Tn.i « ^}'^"iJ'^<'^ in this township, and falls 
nto Missisco Bay ,n Highgatc. It is also wa- 
u^, ':>■ '"'■'''■''' >*">»" I'l-anches of Missisco and 
I-ikc Kiycrs. A large pond lies near the centre, 
3 mdes long and about 1 wide. The settlement 
was commenced in 1789, by emigrants mostly 
from Massachusetts. 60 miles N. W. from Mont- 
peher, ami 1 7 N. xN. E. from St. Albans. 

V. "A^'l'^rV^^ ^''■' <•• ''• Rof^ky Mount. 
Bounded N by Roanoke and Bedford counties 

W^fv w "^^ ''",'^V'^- ^y ^""'y """^ ^'^"-i^k, and 
W. by Floyd and Montgomery counties. Watered 
by streams flowing into Staunton Riyer, which 
forms Its N. E. boundary. 

Fran!clinvi/le tJ. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained 
by Is Ima and Great Valley Creeks. The surface 
IS undulating ; soil ycry fertile loam. 8 miles E 
from LlKottvillc, and 279 W. by S. from Albany. 
_ Jranksloivn, Pa., Huntingdon co. This town 
13 watered by the Frankstown branch of the Ju- 
niata Riyer which passes through the Franks- 
town Gap of Dunning's Mountain, and by Beayer 
Dam Creek. 116 miles W. from Harris-bur- 

Frderwa, Ga., Glynn co. 0,1 the W. side of 
bt Simons Island, and contains the ruins of a 
fort built by General Oglethorpe in 1736. S E 
from MiUedgeyille 229 miles 

fral'-nck Cou,,ly, Md., c. h. at Frederick. 
Bounded N. by Pcnnsylyania, E. by Carroll co., 
.&. by Montgomery co. and the Potomac River 
separating it from Virginia, and W. by Wasliin<r- 
ton CO. Surface mostly level, and drained by 
Monococy River and Cotoctin Creek and their 
branches. Soil chiefly fertile, being well adapted 
to grazing and the growth of grain. 

Fredmck, Md. City, and seat of justice of 
Frederick eo. Situated on CaiToll Creek, 3 miles 
above Its entrance into Monococy Creek, 43 miles 
W. from Annapolis, and 61 W. by N. from Balti- 
more. It lies on the old travelled road between 
Baltimore and Wheeling, and a short distance N. 
pt the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, with which 
It IS connected by a branch 3 miles long at a 
point near the Monococy Viaduct. Frederick is 
laid out with regularity, in broad streets crossincr 
each other at right angles, and contains a numbc? 
of elegant public and private buildings, amon^^ 
which are the edifices of 12 or 14 churches of diK 
forent denominations. The buildings are mostly 
of stone or brick. Many of the streets are paved 
1 he trade of this place is quite extensive, render- 
ing It one of the most important towns in the 

Frederick Pa., Montgomery eo. 77 miles E 
from Harrisburg. 

Fralmrk County, Va., c. h. at Winchester. 
Bounded N. by Hampshire, Morgan, and Berke- 
ley counties, E by Clarke, S. by Warren and 
Shenandoah, and W. by Hardy and Hampshire 
counties. The Shenandoah River bounds this 
county on the S. and S. E., and Opequan, Sleepy 



and Back Creeks, branches of the Potomac, rigo 
here. The surfa« is much diversified, being moun- 
tainous on the W. ; the soil is mostly very fertile. 
I-rcderick^burg, Va. City, and seat of justice 
of Spottsylvania eo. Situated in a pleasant valley 
°"i""l^,- ^\ ''"^^ "f Rappahannock Ri ve 6^ 
miles E. by N. from Richmond, and 56 S S W 
from the city of Washington. It is at the head' 
of tide water on the river, about 150 miles from 
its mouth, and just below the falls, from which it 
denves a good water power. The Rappahannock 

these falls, and vessels come up and lie at the 

\—'' a"'"° f •'■''" -^'y^^ °*' '^^ I"''''i'= ™>-o- 
frn?. ;..■ '■'""' 'l,Pa"ly completed to extend 
from this pomt to Fox's Mills on the river 35 
miles above. ' 

Fredericksburg is regularly laid out, and com- 
pactly built. The principal public bu Idings are 
a court house, a market house, an orphan asylum 
and eliurches of the Episcopal, Presbyteria"; 
Mehodis, and Baptist denominations. ^^ Man^ 
of the bmld.ngs are of brick; others are of ston^ 
from the extensive quarries in the vicinity Thi^ 
city possesses a prosperous trade, which is chiefly 
m he various kinds of grain, fiour, and tobacco 
Gold IS among the valuable exports of this port, 
considerable quantities of which are mined in 
his region of country. Fredericksburg was 
founded m 1727, and named in honor of Princo 
Frederick, the father of Georo-e III 

Frederick-town, O., Knox co. A thriving yfl- 
lage on the W. bank of Vernon River, and sur- 
roimdcd by fertile and beautiful land 
^m/o«m, la. c. h. Crawford co., occupies a 
igh bluft on the N. side of the Ohio River, at 
tlie Great Horseshoe Bend, and 122 miles S 
from Indianapolis. 

Fredonia,N Y., Chautauque co. 2 miles E. 
from Lake Lne, and 323 W. by S. from Albany. 
An inflammable spring at this place furnishes gtis 
foi lighting the streets and dwellinn-s 

Freedom, N H., Carroll co. Freedom is an 
uneven township, but has some good farms. It 
IS bounded in part by the Ossipee Lake and 
Kirer. I his town was formerly called North 
Ethingham. 60 miles N. N. E. from Concord 

J-reedom, Me., Waldo co. A good tovvnship of 
land. 25 miles N. E. from Augusta 

Freedom N. Y., Cattaraugus co., contains sev- 
eral small lakes, and is drained by Clear Creek 
and some other small streams. The surface ii 
chiefly level ; soil fertile, and well adapted to 
grass. 269 miles W. from Albany. 

Freedom, Pa., Beaver co. On the E. bank of 
tlie Ohio. 2 miles from the mouth of Beaver 
River, and 224 W. by N. from Harrisburg. Here 
are large manufactories of steam engines and 
Ijoi ers, and steamboats of the largest size are 
built. 

Freehold, N. J., c. h. Monmouth co. Soil good 
sandy loam. The battle of Monmouth was fought 
111 this town, June 28, 1778. 35 miles S. E. from 
Irenton. 

Freehold, Upper, N. J., Monmouth co. FerUle 
in the W., sandy and sterile in the S. E. 

Freeman, Me., Franklin co. 62 miles N. W 
from Augusta. 

Freejmrt, Me. See Appendix, No. 5. 
Freeport, Is., c. h. Stephenson co. On Peeka- 
tonica River. 200 miles N. from Springfield. 

Freeport, O., Harrison co., lies on Bi" Still- 
water Creek, 100 miles from Columbus. Thero 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



377 



is a railroad from this place. to Bridgeport, on 
the Ohio River. 

Freeport, Pa., Armstrong CO. At the junction 
of Buffalo Creel;^ with Alleghany River. 196 
miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. The Penn- 
sylvania Canal here crosses the creek by an 
aqueduct. 

Frtestone Count)/, Ts. New. 
Freetown, Ms., Bristol co. Its Indian name 
was Assonet, and it was first settled in 1659. 
This town lies on the E. side of Taunton River. 
The New Bedford and Taunton Railroad passes 
about .3 miles N. E. from Assonet village, at the 
head of a small hay of tliat name, and the prin- 
cipal place of business in the town. Assonet 
Eiver falls into the bay at the village, which, 
with tlie bay and Taunton River, affords the vil- 
lage good mill seats and navigable facilities. 
The soil is liglit. It is the seat of various man- 
ufactures in iron, leather, and cabinet furniture. 
12 miles N. N. W. from New Bedford, and 43 
S. from Boston. 

Fremont, Ca.. c. h. Yolo co. On the W. bank 
of the Sacramento, opi)Osite the mouth of Feather 
Uiver. 

Fremont, lo., c. h. Benton co. 
Frcemont Coinily, lo., c. h. at Sidney. In the 
S. W. corner of the state. 

Freeniont, (.)., e. h. Sandusky co. Connected by 
railroad with Sandusky City. 

French Creek, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered 
by a creek of the same name. The surface is 
hilly; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 18 
miles S. W. from Mayville, and 355 W. by S. 
from Albany. 

French Creek, Pa., Mercer co. French and 
Sandy Creeks drain this town, the surface of 
which is level, and the soil clay and loam of in- 
different quality. 223 miles W. N. W. from 
Harri-sburg. 

Ffiendxhip. Mc, Lincoln CO. On the coast, at 
the head of Muscongus Bay. 48 miles S. E. from 
Augusta. 

Frienckhip, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by 
Campan's Creek, a branch of the Genesee River 
Surface undulating; soil argillaceous mould, 
yielding large crops of grass. 10 miles S. W. 
from Angelica, and 266 W. from Albany. 

Frostbuni, Md., Alleghany co. 176 miles N. 
W. from Annapolis. Hereabouts are extensive 
beds of semi-bituminous coal, largely wrought, 
and connected l)y railroad with the Chesapeake 
and Oliio Canal, and Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road at Cumberland. 

Fri/elmn/. Me., Oxford co. On both sides of the 
Saco, which, from its very winding course, runs 
between .30 and 40 miles in its limits. The 

fjrincipal village is in a plain, surrounded by 
ofty hills. Lovewell's Pond, famous in the 
history of the Indian wars, lies a short distance 
from the viUage. 75 miles W. N. W. from 
Augusta. 
Fulton Count)/, As., e. h. at Pilot Hill. 
Fulton Count)/, Is., c. h. at Lewiston. Bounded 
N. by Knox co., E. by Peoria co., S. E. and S. by 
the Illinois River, separating it from Mason co., 
and W. by Schuyler, McDonough, and Warren 
CBunties. Drained by Spoon River and Copperas 
Creek. Surface undulating, consisting partly of 
prairies ; soil very fertile. 

Fulton Count)/, la., c. h. at Rochester, shire 
town. Bounded N. by Marshal co., E. by Kos- 
ciusko and Miami, S. by Cass, and W. by Pulas- 
48 



ki CO. Surface level, and watered by the Tip- 
pecanoe River. 

Fulton County, Ky., c. h. at Hickman. In the 
S. W. corner of the state. Level. 

Fulton, Mi., c. h. Itawamba co. On the E. fork of 
Tombigbee River. 210 miles N. E. from Jackson. 
Fulton Co)inti/, N. Y., c. h. at Johnstown. This 
county is bounded on the N. by Hamilton co., 
E. by Saratoga, S. by Montgomery, and W. by 
Herkimer co. It was incoqiorated from Mont- 
gomery co. in 1838. The surface is hilly and 
mountainous, being crossed by the " Klips," or 
Mayficid Mountains, a branch of the Clinton or 
Adirondack range. It is drained by the Sacan- 
daga River, and numerous tributaries of tlie Mo- 
hawk and West Canada Creek. The soil Is 
generally strong and productive. 

Fulton, N. Y.^ Oswego co. On the E. side of 
Oswego River. 190 miles W. N. W. from Al- 
bany. The river here has a fall of about 20 feet, 
producing a good water power. 

F)ilton. N. Y., Scholiaric co. Watered by 
Sclioharie Creek and some of its branches, on 
one of which there is a fall of 100 feet. The sur- 
face is rather billy; the soil fertile in the valleys. 
9 nules S. W. from Sclioharie, and 42 W. from 
Albany. 

Fulton, 0; Hamilton eo. Situated on the 
Ohio Uiver, above and adjoining CincinnatL 
The township lies in the form of a crescent, fol- 
lowing the bend of the river aliont two miles and 
a half, and extending inland only about half a 
mile to the top of the river liill. The town is 
built principally on one street, being se|iarated 
only by an interval of about a mile between its 
western limits and the suburbs of Cincinnati 
There are extensive lumber yards in Fulton, and 
several steam saw mills, by wliicli a ))rofitable 
business is done. But the greatest business of 
the place is that of steamboat building. A large 
pro|:portion of the Cincinnati built boats are the 
product of the yards in tliis industrious village. 
The turnpike through this town is a great 
thoroughfare of travel, and of transportation by 
wagons, to and from the city. The Little Miami 
Railroad, and the Cincinnati, Columbus, and San- 
dusky Railroad, both enter Cincinnati through 
this town. Population in 1840, 1506; in 1850, 
3223. 

Fulton Ctiitnt)/, 0. New. Taken from the W. 
part of Lucas. ( )n the N. W. border of the state 

Noble Count)/, O. New. 

Fulton Count)/, Pa. New. Taken from Bed- 
ford, E. part. On the S. line of the slate, in 
a valley between two ranges of the Alleghauies. 
Watered by tributaries of tlie Potomac. 

Fultonvillc, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. 
side of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal 
43 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 

Gaehden Count;/, Fa., c. h. Quiney. Georgia 
bounds this county on the N., the Ocklockony 
River separating it from Leon and Wakulla 
counties on the E., the Gulf of Mexico and 
Franklin co. on the S., and the Appalachicola 
River, separating it from W.ashington and Jack- 
son counties, on the W. Surface mostly low, 
and in parts marshy ; the soil bordering on 
some of the streams is of good quality. Dog 
Island, lying off' the coast, belongs to this county. 

Gdines, N. Y., Orleans co. Drained by somo 
small tributaries of Oak Orchard Creek. The 
surface is chiefly level ; the soil of good quality 



378 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



3 miles N. from Albiou, aud 254 W. by N. from 
Albany. 

Gaimxhoro\ Te., e. h. Jackson co. On the S. 
side of Cumberland River. 73 miles E. N. E. 
from Nashville. 

Gainesville, Ga., c. h. Hall co. 3 miles E. from 
the Chattahoochee River, and 118 N. N. W. from 
Milledgeville. 

Gainesville, N. Y., Wyoming co. Allen's 
Creek and a branch of the Genesee River water 
this town. The surface is somewhat hilly and 
uneven ; soil very favorable to the growth of 
grass. 7 miles S. from Warsaw, and 248 W. 
from Albany. 

Galen. N.'Y., Wayne CO. Clyde River and the 
Erie Canal pass through this town. The surface 
is hilly ; soil sandy loam. .') miles E. from Lyons, 
and 172 W. by N. from Albany. 

Galena, Is. City, and scat of justice of Jo. 
Daviess co. 180 miles W. from Chicago, and 
230 N. W. from Springfield. Pleasantly situated 
on Fever River, about 5 miles, by the course of 
the river, above its confluence with the Missis- 
sippi ; though not more tlian 2^ miles from the 
Mississippi in a direct line. The Fever River, 
which has the resemblance of a canal, 100 feet 
wide, is navigable to Galena for large steamboats 
at all stages of the water. This is the commer- 
cial emjjorium of the great lead region lying in 
Northern Illinois aud Wisconsin. The city was 
laid out in 1826. It has a court house, j.ail, 
an academy, and churches of the Presbyterian, 
Methodist, Baptist, Episcoixilian, and Roman 
Catholic denominations. Tlic Galena and Chi- 
cago Union Railroad, under contract to be finished 
in 1852, will terminate at Galena. This will 
bring Galena within 72 hours of Boston and New 
York. Tlie Illinois Central Railroad, when built, 
will connect with tlic Chicago and Galena road ; 
thus opening a railroad communication S. to 
the Oliio River, at tlie mouth of the Illinois. 
Population in 1840, 1500; in 1850. COOO. 

Gallatin C'uunti/, Is., c. h. at Eipiality. Incor- 
porated in 1812, and bouniled N. by Hamilton 
and White counties, E. by tlie Wabash and 
Ohio Rivers, separating it from Kentucky, S. 
by Hardin and Pope, and W. by William and 
Franklin counties. Soil cliicfly sandy, and un- 
derlaid witli slate. Salt sjirings are found here. 

Gallatin County, Ky., e. li.at Warsaw. Bound- 
ed N. by tlie Ohio River, separating it from 
Indiana, and by Boone co., E. by Grant co., S. 
by Owen, and W. by Carroll co. It has an un- 
dulating surface and fertile soil. 

Gallatin, JIo., c. h. Daviess co. On the W. fork 
of Grand River. 1 89 miles N.W. from Jefferson 
City. 

Gallatin, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by 
Charlotte Lake and Roeliff Jansen's and Dove 
Creeks. The surface is rather hilly ; soil various. 
15 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 44 S. from Al- 
bany. 

dallaiin, Te., c. h. Sumner co. 3 miles N. from 
the Cumberland River, and 26 N. E. from Nash- 
ville. 

Gallia Cou7ity, O., c. h. at Gallopolis. Athens 
and Meigs counties bound it on the N., the Ohio 
River on the E., and Lawrence and Jackson 
counties on the S. and W. It was settled in 1790, 
by people from France, from which circumstance 
it derives its name, France anciently being called 
Gaul. The Ohio River, Racoon Creek, and 
several smaller streams supply this county with 



water. In the northern part the land is good, 
but elsewhere it is hilly, and has a poor soil. 

Gallopolis, O., c, h. Gallopolis co., meaning French 
cili/, because settled by French, is sitnatctl pleas- 
antly on a western eminence of the Ohio River. 
It is remarkable for containing within its bounds 
a large semi-globular mound, 18 or 20 rods in 
circumference at its base. From Columbus it 
is distant 102 miles S. E. 

Galloway, N. J., Atlantic co. Nacote Creek 
drains this town. Surface level, the S. part con- 
sisting of a sandy salt marsh. 
_ 6'a/i,'fstoi, Ts. City. 200 miles S. E. from Aus- 
tin, the capital of the state. Situated on the eastern 
extremity of an island upon the S. side of Gal- 
veston Bay, near the entrance to the bay from 
the Gulf of Mexico. This flourishing city, the 
commercial metropolis of the state to which it 
belongs, is now beginning to take rank among 
the places of first importance in this respect upon 
the southern coast of the United States. Tba 
harbor is one of the best on the Gulf coast, hav- 
ing about 14 feet of water on the bar at low tide. 
It enjoys the best facilities for communication 
with the interior, and with all the principal places 
on the coast. There are regular lines of steam- 
boats plying between Galveston and New Orleans, 
also to other ports along the coast, and up th£ 
bay and river to Houston, from which it is dis- 
tant about 80 miles. This city, settled no longer 
ago than 1837, has rapidly increased in trade and 
population; and, from the superiority of its har- 
bor, and the enterprising spirit of its capitalists 
and merchants, is destined to attain an early pre- 
eminence in wealth and influence. 

Galveston County, Ts., c. h. at Galveston. In 
S. E. angle, on the coast. 

Galway, N. Y., Saratoga co. Chuctenunda 
and a branch of Kayaderosseras Creek water this 
town. Surface hilly; soil clav loam. 12 miles 
W. from Ballston S{)a, and 3*6 N. W. from Al- 
bany. . 

Gambler, O., Knox co. Pleasant. 56 miles 
N. E. from Columbus. Kenyon College is situ- 
ated here. See Colleges. 

Gardiner, Me., Kennebec co. On the W. sids 
of the Kennebec River, at the head of ship navi- 
gation. 4 miles below Hallowell, and 6 below 
Augusta. It was incorporated in 1802, and 
named after Dr. S. Gardiner, one of the proprie- 
tors of the old Plymouth patent. The Cobbesse- 
contee, which enters the Kennebec at this place, fur- 
nishes an extensive water power, which is largely 
employed in sawing timber, and for some other 
purposes. The business part of the city is full 
of activity and enterprise. The buildings, some 
of them very handsome, on a gentle rise from the 
river, are beautifully located, and command a 
fine prospect. Gardiner is one of the largest and 
most thrifty places in the state. It is connected 
by railroad with Augusta, Bath, and Portland. 
Population in 1850, 8231. 

Gardner, Ms., Worcester eo., took its name 
in memory of Colonel Thomas Gardner, of Cam- 
bridge, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. 
It was formerly parts of Westminister, Ashburn- 
ham, Winchendon, and Templcton. The face of 
the town is uneven ; but though rocky, the soil is 
strong and fertile, producing in abundance all 
the grasses and grains common to the climate. 
Bakersville and Gardnerville are pleasant vil- 
lages. The former lies near a delightful pond. 
Otter River, a branch of Miller's River, several 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



379 



smalloi- streams, and some springs, give the town 
good mill privileges, and produce much good 
meadow. 10 miles W. from Fitchburg, and 60 
W. by N. from Boston, hy the Fitch Inirg Kailroad. 

Garland, Me., Penobscot co. On the head wa- 
ters of the Kcnduskeag. 74 miles N. E. by N. 
from Augusta, and 27 N. W. from Bangor. 

Garrard C'ouHry, Ky., c.h. at Lancaster. Bound- 
etl N. by the Kentucky River, separating it from 
Jessamine co., E. by Paint Lick Creek, separat- 
ing it from Madison co., S. by Laurel and 
Rock counties, and W. by Dicks River, .sep- 
arating it from Lincoln and Doyle counties. 
The soil is very fertile. 

Gasconade County. Mo., c. h. at Hermon. 
Bounded N. by Grand River, separating it from 
Montgomery co.. E. by Franklin and Crawford 
counties, S. by Crawford, and W. by Osage co. 
Drained by Gasconade and Bourbcuse Rivers, 
and their branches. Surfiice mostly rough and 
uneven ; soil very fertile on the streams. Iron 
ore, sulphur, saltpetre, limestone, and other min- 
ei'als are found here. 

Gaslou County, N. C. New. Taken from Lin- 
coln. On the southern horder of the state. In- 
cludes the height of land between the Yadkin and 
Catawba. 

Gaston, N. C, Northampton co. On the N. 
side of the Roanoke River, 87 miles N. E. from 
Kaleigh. The railroad from Petersburg to Ra- 
leigh crosses the Roanoke here. 

Gales County, N. C, c. h. at Gatesrillc. Bound- 
ed N. by Virginia, E. by Camden and Pasquo- 
tank counties, S. by Perquimans and Chowan, 
and W. by Chowan and Blackwater Rivers, 
separating it from Hertford co. 

.Gales, N. Y., Monroe co. Surface undulating ; 
soil chiefly sandy. 3 miles W. from Rochester, 
and 220 VV. by N. from Albany. 

Gauley Bridc/e, Va., Nicholas co. At the falls 
of the Great Kanawha River, and junction of 
the Gauley, 277 mdes W. from Richmond. The 
Kanawha is navigable to this place, where it has 
a fall of 22 feet perpendicular, giving a great 
water power. 

Geuuija County, 0., c. h. at Chardon. Bound- 
ed N. by Lake Erie, E. by Ashtabula and Trum- 
bull counties, S. by Portage, and W. by Cuya- 
hoga CO. The name of this county signifies 
GVnHf/, in the Indian language, and that is the 
name of the principal river ; there arc several 
emaller ones besides. The soil is good, well wa- 
tered, and covered with timber. Iron is found in 
great almndance. 

Geddes, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the Eine 
Canal, 2 miles W. of Syracuse, in the township 
of Salina, incorporated as a village in 18.32. It 
is pleasantly situated at the head of Onondaga 
Lake. The village has grown up rapidly, in con- 
sequence of the discovery at this place of saline 
springs, from which large quantities of salt are 
made by solar evaporation. See Salina. 

Genesee County, Mn., c. h. at Flint. Bounded 
N. bv Saginaw and Tuscola counties, E. by La- 
pier, S. by Oakland and Livingston, and W. by 
Shiawassee co. Watered by Flint and Shia- 
wassee Rivers, the former affording good hy- 
draulic power. Surface undulating ; soil rich 
sandy loam. 

Genesee County. N. Y., c. h. at Batavia. Taken 
from Ontario county in 1802, and itself divid- 
ed in 1841, the S. part forming Wyoming co. 
Bounded on the N. by Orleans, E. by Monroe 



and Livingston, S. by Wyoming, and W. by Erie 
counties The surface is undulating, and watered 
by Allen's, Black, and Tonawanda Creeks. On 
each side of the last-named stream is an Indian 
reservation lying mostly in this county. The soil 
is chiefly rich, sandy and gravelly loam, pecu- 
liarly adapted to the growth of wheat. The 
Tonawanda Railroad crosses the W. part of this 
county to Batavia. 

Gei'ii'.'see Falls, ti. Y., Wyoming co. Incorpo- 
rated in 1846. Situated a't tlie falls of the Gene- 
see River, and rontains some of the most beau- 
tiful and romantic scenery in the W. part of the 
state. 

Genesee, N. Y., Alleghany co. Swan and Lit- 
tle Genesee Creeks waterthis town, the surface 
of which is elevated and broken ; the soil sandy 
loam. 20 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 280 
W. by S. from Albany. 

Gencseo, N. Y., c. b Livingston co. Watered by 
some small tributaries of the Genesee River. 
The surface is diversified ; the soil remarkably 
ricli and fertile in the valley of tlie Genesee. 226 
miles W. from Albany. 

Genera, N. Y., in "Seneca township, Ontario 
CO. Beautifully situated at the N. W. extremity 
of Seneca Lake. 199 miles W. from Albany, and 
126 E. from Buffalo. The ground on which it is 
built rises gradually from the lake shore, until 
it attains to an elevation of about 100 feet. The 
business part of the place lies at the foot of this 
declivity, near to the lake shore. That which is 
chiefly occupied for residences by the inhabitants 
lies upon the more elevated ridge, and tlie plain 
above it, parallel to the border of the lake ; af- 
fording a fine view of this lovely sheet of water, 
which is one of the largest and most beautiful 
lakes of New York, and is here about two miles 
wide. The land W. of the village rises in a suc- 
cession of terraces, as though formed at different 
periods by the lake shore, when this body of wit- 
ter may have been more elevated, and covered 
more ground than it now does. These slopes 
are highly cultivated, and ornamented here and 
there with handsome buildings. The village 
itself, in its natural situation, in the picturesque 
and charming scenery which surrounds it, and 
in the accessories which art, culture, and wealth 
have added to its embellishments, combines al- 
most every feature of attractiveness that can ba 
desired as a place of resilience. 

The following, from the notes of a traveller 
through this part of the country in 1800, while 
it will add something to our description, illus- 
trates the taste and judgment which were exer- 
cised in laying out the place : " Geneva," he says, 
" is divided into upper and lower to^vIl. The 
first estaldishments were on the margin of the 
lake, as best adapted to business ; but Captain 
Williamson, struck with the pecidiar Iieauty of 
the elevated plain which crowns the high bank 
of the lake, and the many advantages wliich it 
possesses as a site for a town, Iiegan here to lay 
out his building lots parallel with and facing the 
lake. These lots are three (juartcrs of an acre 
deep, and half an acre in front. One article in 
the agreement with Captain Williamson is, that 
no buildings shall be erected on the east side of 
the street, that the view of the lake may be kept 
open. Those who purchase a lot have also the 
option of purchasing such land as lies between 
their lot .and the lake, — a convenience and ad- 
vantage which I suppose few will forego, — the 



380 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



quantity not being great, and consisting princi- 
pally of the declivity of the bank, which, for the 
most part, is not so steep as to unfit it for pastur- 
age or gardens." 

This wise forecast of the proprietor, not to 
mention any thing else, has secured to Geneva 
one of its most beautiful ornaments, in those ter- 
raced gardens, or hangmg gardens, as they have 
sometimes been called, which, in the south part 
of the upper street, extend, in front of the dwell- 
ings, quite down to the margin of the lake. Few 
places in (his country afford such beautiful situa- 
tions for residences as this part of Geneva. 

The village was incorporated in 1812. It has 
from l.'i to 20 streets, a beautiful public square 
enclosed, and many large and elegant buildings. 
The buildings of Geneva College are situated on 
the summit of the elevation which rises from the 
lake, at the southern extremity of Main Street, 
a site rarely surpassed for all the purposes of 
such an institution. The buildings are three in 
number, besides a building on the same street 
for the medical department. See CuHcijcs. 

There are churches in Geneva of the Presbyte- 
rian, Dutch Reformed, Associate Reformed, E|:iis- 
copal, Methodist, Baptist, Universalist, and Ro- 
man Catholic denominations. There are several 
excellent hotels, banking and insurance offices, 
numerous stores, a steam flouring mill, furnaces, 
breweries, and many other mechanic and manu- 
facturing establishments. 

A steamboat plies regularly upon the lake, 
running up and down daily to Jefferson, at its 
southern extremity. At that end the lake is con- 
nected by a canal with Crooked Lake, and thence 
by the Chemung Canal and feeder with the rail- 
road at Corning, leading to Blossburg, Pa. By 
this channel of communication a large quantity 
of coal from the Blossburg mines passes through 
Geneva to market. The Cayuga and Seneca 
Canal unites the waters of the lake at Geneva 
with Cayuga Lake, and with the Erie Canal at 
Montezuma, a distance of 20 miles. The railroad 
from Albany to Buffalo passes through the N. 
part of the village, near the canal basin. Such 
are the facilities of business and travel by which 
this beautiful spot is rendered accessible from all 
parts of the country. See Seneca Lake. 

Gentry, Mo., e. b. Gentry co. 

Gentry County, Mo., c. h. at Gentry. On the 
N. W. border of the state, on the head waters of 
Grand River. 

Georgetown, "D.C. City and port of entry. On 
the N. E. side of the Potomac, 200 miles from its 
mouth, and 2 E. of Washington, from which it 
is separated by Rock Creek. It is the seat of 
Washington College, and has also a nunnery, 
attached to which is a private academy. George- 
town is situated at the head of navigation, on 
the Potomac, and communicates with the interior 
by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. It has con- 
siderable trade and navigation, but has been 
nearly stationary for the past 30 years. Popu- 
lation in 1850, 8366. 

Georgetown, De., c. h. Sussex co. Between 
the sources of Nanticoke and Indian Rivers. 41 
miles E. of S. from Dover. 

Georgetown, Ky.. c. h. Scott co. On the N. 
branch of Elkhorn River. 17 miles E. from 
Frankfort. Georgetown College is here. See 
Colleges. 

Georgetown, Me., Lincoln co., comprises two 
Islands at the mouth of the Kennebec, between 



that and the Sheepscot. It has an excellent 
harbor. 46 miles S. from Augusta. 

Georgetown, Ms., Essex co. On a branch of 
Parker River. 31 miles N. by E. from Boston, 
with which it connects by railroad. Noted for 
the manufacture oi' boots and shoes. 

Georgetown, Mo., c. h. Pettis co. On the B. 
side of the S. fork of La Mine River. 67 miles 
W. from Jefferson City. 

Georgetown, N. Y., Madison co. AVatered by 
the head branches of Ostelic River. The surface 
is hilly ; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 
10 miles S. W. from Morrisville, and 108 W. 
from Albany. 

Georgetoion, 0., c. h. Brown co. I mile from 
White Oak Creek, about 7 from the Ohio River, 
and 107 S. S. W. from Columbus. 

Georgetown LHstrict, S. C, c. h. at Georgetown. 
Bounded N. by Williamsburg and Horry dis- 
tricts, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Charleston 
district, and W. by Williamsburg district. Wa- 
tered by Great Pedce and Waccamaw Rivers, 
and the Santec River, which flows along its S. 
boundary. Surface level, and in parts marshy ; 
soil fertile. 

Georgetown, S. C, c. h. Georgetoivn district. 
A port of entry on the W. side of Winyaw Bay, 
at the mouth of Sampit Creek, and 152 miles 
E. S. E. from Columbiii. Vessels drawing 11 
feet of water come into the harbor, and it receives 
the trade of an extensive back country by tha 
rivers flowing into Winyaw Bay. 

Georgia, Vt., Franklin co. On Lake Cham- 
plain. 40 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 

German, N. Y., Chenango co. Surface hilly. 
126 miles from Albany. 

German Flats, N. Y., Herkimer co. On the 
S. side of the Mohawk River. The surface is 
undulating, except on the borders of the river, 
where are extensive alluvial flats. The Erie 
Canal passes through this town. 3 miles S. from 
Herkimer village, and 83 N. W. from Albany. 

Germanton, N. C, c. h. Stokes co. On the S. 
side of the Town Fork of Dan River. 123 miles 
N. W. from Raleigh. 

Germantown, N. Y., Columbia co. The surface 
of this town is undulating ; soil clay loam of 
good quality. 10 miles S. from Hudson, and 39 
from Albany. 

Ga-mantown, Pa., Philadelphia co. Watered 
by Wissihickon and Wingohocking Creeks. Sur- 
face hilly; soil alluvial and loamy. A battto 
took pl.aee here in October, 1777. in which 700 
Americans and 500 British were killed. 6 miles 
N. W. from Philadelphia, and 104 E. S. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Germany, Pa., Adams co. Watered by Piney 
and the head branches of Concwago Creek 
Surface level ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 
10 miles S. E. from Gettysburg. 

Gerry, N. Y., Chautauque co. Cassadaga 
Creek and some of its branches flow through 
this town. Surface undulating; soil gravelly 
loam. 13 miles E. from Maysville, and 326 W. 
by S. from Albany. 
' Getli/sburg, Pa., seat of justice of Adams co. 
35 miies E. N. E. from Harrisburg, 52 N. W. 
from Baltimore, and 114 AV. from Philadelphia. 
It is situated on elevated ground, in the midst 
of a fertile and well-cultivated country, and at 
the intersection of several important turnpike 
roads. It is a plain town, but neatly and well 
built. The public buildings, besides the usual 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



381 



county buildinf;?, arc a bank, an academy, the 
edifices of the Pennsylvania College, and of the 
tlieological seminary of the German Lutheran 
church, and churches of tlie Presbyterian, Lu- 
ttieran, Secedcrs', and Methodist denominations. 
These buildings are all of brick, except the 
county prison. Considerable business is done 
here in the various mechanical pursuits. The 
place was formerly celei)ratcd for the manufac- 
ture of carriages of all kinds, but this branch 
of business has very much declined with the 
changes in the mode of travelling. For an ac- 
count of the college and theological seminary at 
Gettysburg, see Colhges, 

Ghent, N. Y., Columbia co. Drained by Clav- 
erack Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven ; 
soil gravelly loam. 8 miles N. E. from Hudson, 
and 26 S. E. from Albany. 

Gihson Count!/, la., c. h. at Princeton. Incor- 
porated in 1813. Boimded N. by White Hiver, 
separating it from Knox co., E. by Pike and 
Warrick counties, S. by Vanderburg and Posey, 
and W. Ipy the Waliash River, separating it 
from Illinois. Surface undulating, and drained 
by Patoka and Big Pigeon Creeks. 

Gibson, Pa., Susquehanna eo. This is a hilly 
town, drained by Tunkhannock and Laekawan- 
Dock Creeks. .Soil gravel and clay. 177 miles 
N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Gibson Cutinty, Te.. e. h. at Trenton. Bounded 
N. by Obion and Weakley counties, E. by Car- 
roll, S. by Madison and Haywood, and W. by 
Dyer co. Surface undulating, and watered by 
branches of Obion and Forked Deer Creeks. 
Soil fertile. 

Gilead, Me., Oxford co. Between two moun- 
tains, on both sides of Androscoggin Kiver. 
There is some good land on tlie river, but the 
cliief part of the township is fit only for grazing. 
The expense of transportation of fuel down the 
mountains, in a slippery time, is very trifling. 
Gilead lies 71 miles W. from Augusta, and 2b 
S. S. W. from Paris. Incorporated 1804. 

Gilead, 0., Wood co. On the S. E. bank of 
Maumee River. 136 miles N. N. W. from Co- 
lumbus. There is great water power obtainable 
here. The river is navigable for small steam- 
boats aljove this place to Fort Wayne, though 
between this and PcriTsburg below it is not navi- 
gable. The Maumee Canal passes by it. 

Gi/cs C'onnli/, Te., e. h. at Pulaski. Bounded N. 
by Maury anil Marsliall counties, E. by Lincoln 
CO., S. by Alabama, and W. by Lawrence co. Wa- 
tered by liichland and some other branches of Elk 
Greek. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile. 

Giles Cuuntij, Va., c. h. at Parishurg. Incorpo- 
rated in 1806. Bounded N. by Botetourt and 
Monroe counties, E. by Montgomery, S. by Pu- 
laski. Wythe, and Tazewell, and W. by ftJcrccr 
CO. Watered by New River, on the banks of 
which arc some celebrated white sul|jhur 
•prings. The surface is elevated and mountain- 
ous ; soil rocky and sterile on the high lands, but 
fertile in the valleys. 

Giles, Va., 0. h. Giles co. On the S. bank of 
New River, just above its passage through Peter's 
Mountain, and 240 miles W. by S. from Rich- 
mond. 

Gilford, N. H., c. h. Belknap co. The soil is 
generally productive. There are two ponds here, 
Little and Chattleboro'. Gunstock and Miles 
Eivers, rising in Suneook Mountains, and flowing 



N. into Lake Winnipiseogec, arc the principal 
streams. There are two islands in the lake, be- 
longing. to Gilford, one of which has been con- 
nected to the main land by a bridge 30 rods in 
length. Four bridges across the Winnipiseogee 
connect the town with Meredith. First settlers, 
James Ames and S. S. Oilman. The Concord 
and Montreal Railroad passes through this town. 
25 miles from Concord. 

Gill, Ms., Franklin co. Gill was taken from 
Grcenlield in 1793, and is separated from it by 
Fall River, a good mill stream. It is 0)iposito to 
Montague, whicli lies on the E. side of Connecti- 
cut River, and between which and Gill are 
Turner's Falls, alike celebrated for their beauty 
and nuignitude. The town was luimed in com- 
pliment to Moses Gill, lieutenant-governor of 
the state. The Connecticut at this place turns 
abruj)tly in its course, and spreads out a large 
tract of intervale of great value. Around this 
town arc lofty elevations, from which. s|)lendid 
landscapes are obtained. 5 miles N. E. from 
Greenfield. 

Gilles/ne Counti/, Ts., c. h. at Fredericksburg. 
A central county. 

Gilmer C'uunti/, Ga., c. h. at Ellijay. Bounded 
N. by Tennessee and North Carolina, E. by 
Union and Lumpkin counties, S. by Cherokee, 
and W. by Cass and Murray counties. The 
Coosawatee and Aquokee Rivers and their 
branches water this county. 

Gilmer County, Va., c. h. at Glenvillc. In the 
W. part of the state. Rougli and hilly. Drained 
by the Little Kcnliawa and its confluents, which 
pass through it from E. to W. 

Gilnianton, N. H., Belknap co. Besides the 
Winnipiseogee, this town is watered by the Sun- 
cook and Soucook Rivers. The Suneook rises 
in a ]iond near the top of one of tlie Suneook 
Mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. 
Tlie water of this jiond falls into another at the 
foot of the mountain, of 1 mile in length and half 
a mile wide. Passing from this it falls into an 
other, covering about TiOO acres, from which it me- 
anders through the town. This town is hilly and 
rocky ; soil hard, but fruitful. There are several 
mineral springs here. An academy was found- 
ed here October 13, 1762. Porcupine Hill, in 
this town, exhibits a romantic precipice. First 
settlers, Benjamin and John Mudgelt, Orlando 
Weed, and others, in 1771. 20 miles N. N. E. 
from Concord, and 8 S. S. W. from Gilford. 

Gilnian, N. Y., Hamilton co. This town con- 
tains several small lakes. Mount Emmons is 
situated in the N. part. A large part of the town 
is wilderness. 6 miles E. from Lake Pleasant, 
and 68 N. VV. from Albany. ' 

Gilsum, N. II., Chesliirc co., is a small town- 
ship, 10 miles E. from the Connecticut. The soil 
is lerlile, and produces good crops of grass and 
grain. Ashuclot River allbrds a good water 
power. Gilsum was granted to Messrs. Gilbert, 
Sumner, and others. From the combination of 
the first syllabic of the names of those men, it 
derives its name. First settlers, Josiah Kilbuni, 
Pelatiah Pease, Obailiah Wilco-x, Ebenezcr Dew- 
ey, and Jonathan Adams, in 1764. 80 miles S. 
W. by W. from Concord, and about 9 N. from 
Keenc. 

Glasgow, Ky., c. h. Barren eo. A little E. of 
the Beaver branch of Green Biver, and 123 
miles S. W. from Frankfort. 



\ 



882 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, «c.. 



Glastenbunj, Ct., Hartforil co. This town, pre- 
vious to its incorporation in 1690, had been at- 
tached to Wethersfield. It lies on the E. side of 
Connecticut River, opposite to Wetliersfield. It 
has some fine land on Connecticut River; and the 
river road, thronfrh its entire extent, from East 
Hartford to Portland, is one thickly-settled and 
pleasant street. Tlie face of the uplands is 
rough, but generally productive. About a mile 
and a half from Connecticut River, and 8 miles 
from Chatham Freestone Quarry, in a romantic 
spot between the hills, is a beautiful village con- 
nected with the Hartford Manufacturing Com- 
pany. Roaring Brook, at this place, passes 
tlirough a very narrow defile, affording a great 
and constant water power. From the hills 
around this village a great variety of delightful 
Bcenery is observable. 

" In the eastern part of the town there is a pond 
of about a mile in circumference, called Diamond 
Pond, from the circumstance of there being small 
pebbles or stones around its margin having a 
peculiar brilliancy. Near the centre of the towa 
tliere is a mineral si)ring, which, though it has 
acquired no celebrity abroad, has been thought, 
by men of science who have examined it, to pos- 
sess valuable medicinal qualities ; and for more 
than 100 years has been known by the name of 
the ' Pool of Neipseic' 

Eastbury is an ancient ecclesiastical parish, 
embracing the eastern portion of the town. 

Glastonbury, Vt., Bennington co. Tliis is a 
townsliip of mountainous land, more fit for the 
residence of wild beasts than human beings. Its 
waters flow both into Decrfield River and Wal- 
loom's Creek. The town was chartered in 1761. 
9 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 25 N. W. 
from Brattleboro'. 

Glen Cove, N. Y., Queen's co. On the E. side 
of Hempstead Harbor, at the head of Glen Cove. 
176 miles S. by E. from Albany. A place of re- 
sort from New York city in the summer months. 

Glenn, N. Y., Montgomery co. Bounded on 
the N. by the Mohawk River, and E. by Scho- 
harie Creek. The surface is hilly ; soil mostly 
clay loam. 3 miles S. from Fonda, and 44 N. 
W. from Albany. 

Glenburn, Me., Penobscot co. Formerly called 
Dutton. On both sides of the great bend of the 
Kenduskeag, which affords water power. Soil 
good. 10 miles N. N. W. from Bangor. 

Glenn's Falls, N. Y., Warren co. On the N. 
side of the Hudson River, 54 miles N. from Al- 
bany. The falls here have a descent of 50 feet, 
affording a great water power, which is improved 
for mills and manufactories of various kinds. 
The scenery at the falls is very picturesque. A 
bridge, 500 feet in length, crosses the Hudson at 
this point, affording a fine view of the water 
tumbling over the rocks. An abundance of the 
finest black marble is found here. 

Glenville, N. Y., Schenectady co. On the N. 
side of the Mohawk River. Watered on the E. 
by Aelplass Creek. The surface is rather hilly ; 
soil sandy loam. 4 miles W. from Schenectady. 

Glenville, Va., c. h. Gilmer co. On the Little 
Kenhawa, about 40 miles S. W. from the Ohio. 

Gloucester, Ms., Essex CO., is an important 
maritime to\vn. The Indians called it Winga- 
ersheek. This was the first spot inhabited by 
English settlers on the N. side of Massachusetts 
Bay, its harbor having been improved as a fish- 



ing station as early as 1624. Gloucester Harbor 
is capacious, easy of access at any season of the 
year, and of sufficient depth of water for the lar- 
gest merchantmen. Nautical men pronounce it 
one of the best harbors on the coast. Until the 
incorporation of Rockport in 1840, this town 
comprised the whole of Cape Ann, which was 
named by Prince Charles out of respect for his 
mother. There are a number of small islands at 
its eastern extremity, on one of which, Thatcher's 
Island, are two light-houses. The village of 
Anfsquam, or Squam, lies on the N. side of the 
cape ; it has a safe harbor. Near this village is a 
beach of between 2 and 3 miles in length, com- 
posed of white sand, which is mucli used, and 
makes a beautiful appearance as you approach the 
shore. The village of Gloucester Harbor is 
beautifully located on the S. side of the cape, 33 
miles N. E. from Boston by water, 14 from Sa- 
lem, and 28 from Boston by land, with both 
which places it is connected by railroad. Glou- 
cester is rapidly becoming a fashionable resort 
in summer months. The sea views from the 
village are very extensive. The cod and 
mackerel fisheries, particularly the latter, are 
extensively carried on from this town, which 
takes the lead in this business. It has also an 
extensive trade with the southern ports, with 
Suiinam, and with the British provinces. 

Gloucester Countij, N. J., c. h. at Woodbury. 
Bounded N. E. by Camden, S. E. by Atlantic, S. 
W. by Salem co., and N. W. by the Delaware 
River, separating it from Pennsylvania. Drained 
by Cooper's, Mantua, Big Timber, and Racoon 
Creeks, and the head branches of Great Egg 
Harbor River. The soil is sandy and un])roduc- 
tive, except on the borders of the Delaware, 
where it is very fertile. 

Gloucester, N. J., Gloucester co. Cooper's and 
Big Timber Creeks drain this town. Surface 
level; soil sand and loam, the N. part yielding 
good harvests of vegetables and fruit, io milei 
S. E. from Woodbury. 

Gloucester, R. I,, Providence co. The surface 
of the town is somewhat broken by hills, but the 
soil is well adapted to agricultural purj>oses, par- 
ticularly to grazing. Gloucester furnishes large 
supplies of various products for market. There 
are fine forests in several parts of the town, and 
large quantities of ship and other timber are con- 
veyed to Providence and other places. The Che- 
pachet and some smaller streams give Gloucester 
a good water power. 

Gloucester Countij, Va., c. h. at Gloucester. In- 
corporated in 1652, and bounded N. by Middlesex 
CO., E. by Matthews co. and Chesapeake Bay, S. 
W. by York River, separating it from York and 
James City counties, and N. W. by King and 
Queen co. 

Gloucester, Va., c. h. Gloucester co. 85 miles 
E. from Richmond. 

Glover, Vt., Orleans co. This town is hilly, 
and the soil is more fit for grazing than tillage. 
There are in the town branches of Barton's, Pas- 
sumpsic, Lamoille, and Black Rivers, and several 
ponds. The settlement was commenced about 
the year 1797, by Raljih Parker, James Vance, 
Samuel Cook, and Samuel Conant. 10 miles 
S. E. from Irasburg, and 38 N. E. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Glynn County, Ga., c. h. at Brunswick. Bounded 
N. by the Alatamaha River, separating it from 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



383 



Mcintosh CO., E. by tho Atlantic Ocean, S. by 
Scilla River, separating it from Camden co., and 
W. by AVayne co. Drained by Turtle Kiver and 
Buffalo Creek, its main branch. Surface flat, and 
in some parts marshy. St. Simon's and Jykill 
Islands belong to this county. 

GtmdenhiitiFn, O., Tuscarawas co. Some Mo- 
ravian missionaries first established this town. It 
lies on the eastern bank of Tuscarawas River. 50 
miles N. K. from Zanesville, and 90 E. by N. from 
Columbus. Lock No. 17 of the Ohio and Erie 
Canal is one mile above this town, on tho W. side 
of the river. 

Gojfstown, N. H. Hillsboro' co. Piscataquog 
is the jjrincipal river. Large quantities of lum- 
ber are Hoated down this river to the Merrimae. 
There are two considerable elevations in the 
town, named by the Indians Un-can-nu-nuc. On 
the rivers are tracts of ^•aluahle intervale. Back 
from them are extensive plains, producing abun- 
dant crops. The village of Araoskeag is in this 
town, on the W. side of Merrimae River, opposite 
Manchester, to which it is connected by a bridge. 
At this place are the celebrated Anioskeag Falls. 
Amoskeag is a jilacc of considerable business, 
and must eventually become the mart of large 
manufacturing operations. 12 miles N. by E. 
from Amherst, and 15 S from Concord. 

Giilaiisuille, Va., Caroline co. 33 miles N. from 
Richmond. In the neigliborhood of this place 
ai-e two mineral springs. 

Golconda, Is., c. h. Pope co. On the S. side of 
Lu.sk Creek. 215 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. 

Goklsljoro\ Me. See Appcmli.r, No. 7. 

Goliad County, Ts., c. h. at Goliad. Soutliern 
part. On both sides of the St. Antonio. 

Gonzales Count!/, Ts., c. h. at Gonzales. S. cen- 
tral. On both sides the Guadalupe. 

Gon-ales, Ts., c. h. Gonzales eo. 

Goochland Counli/, Va., c. h. at Goochland. 
Bounded N. by Louisa and Hanover counties, E. 
by Henrico, S. by the James River, separating it 
from Powhatan and Cumberland counties, and 
W. by Fluvanna eo. Drained by Tuckahoe, Do- 
ver, and Byrd Creeks, and several other small 
streams, ati'ording hydraulic power. The surface 
ia diversified, and much of the soil of good qual- 
ity. Coal of superior quality and gold exist here. 

Goochland, Va., c. h. Goochland co. 1 mile N. 
from James River, and 30 VV. N. W. from Rich- 
mond. 

Goodhope, 0., Hocking co. A township in the 
northern part of the county. 

Gordon County, Ga. New. In the N. W. angle. 

Gordonsville, Va., Orange co. At the E. base of 
South-West Mountain, on a head branch of North 
Anna River, N. W. from Richmond 74, and S. 
W. by W. from Fredericksburg 50 miles. The 
Louisa Railroad passes through it. 

Gorham, Me., Cumberland co. 9 miles W. N. 
W. from Portland, and 63 S. W. from Augusta. 
The Cumberland and Oxford Canal passes 
through it. The soil is superior, and it has man- 
ufactures of cottons, woollens, leather, stoves, and 
gunpowder. Connected with Portland by railroad. 

Gorham, N. H., Coos CO., is a rough and unpro- 
ductive township, lying on the northerly base of 
the White Mountains. Several streams descend 
from the mountains through this town into the 
Androscoggin. It was formerly called Shelburne 
Addition. 96 miles N. E. from Concord, and 20 
£. from Lancaster. 

Gorham, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Flint 



Creek, and some sm.all tributaries of Canandai- 
gua Lake. The surface is gently undulating; 
soil fertile. 8 miles S. E. from Cauandaigua, and 
187 W. from Albany. 

Goshen, Ct., Litchfield co. First settled 1738 ; 
incorporated 1749. Ivy Mountain, in Goshen, 
is considered the most elevated point of land in 
the state ; its summit presents an extensive and 
delightful prospect. " Goshen is tho nrost ele- 
vated township in the state, but not generally 
mountainous ; the surface being undulating, af- 
fording an interesting diversity of hills and vales. 
The soil is a gravelly loam, deep, strong, and fer- 
tile, admirably adapted for grazing. This is one 
of the best towns for the dairy business in the 
state. Large quantities of cheese are annually 
made, the fame of wliich is widely and justly 
celebrated, and the inhabitants are generally in 
prosperous circumstances. In neatness, in and 
about their dwellings, and in the appearance of 
general comfort and prosperity, they arc not ex- 
ceeded, if equalled, by any town in the state." 
32 miles W. from Hartford. 

Goshen, la., c. h. Elkhart co. On the E. side of 
Elkhart River. 1 52 miles N. I>y E. from Indian- 
apolis. 

Goshen, Ms., Hampshire co., is a small moun- 
tainous township, from which several branches of 
the Westfield River take their rise. There is much 
fine timber land in the town. Although the sur- 
face is rough, the soil is excellent for grazing. 12 
miles N. W. from Northampton, and 102 W. from 
Boston. 

Goshen, N. H., Sullivan co. From Sunapee 
Mountain, in the E. part of this town, spring many 
small streams, whicli unite in forming Sugar Riv- 
er. Rand's Pond is in the N. E. part of the town. 
The soil is good for grass. The crops of the first 
settlers were sometimes entirely destroyed by ear- 
ly frosts. At a certain time of scarcity. Captain 
Rand went to Walpole after grain, and lieing de- 
tained by a violent snow storm, liis family were 
obliged to live, without provision, for 6 days, dur- 
ing which time Mrs. Rand sustained one of his 
children, 5 years old, by the milk from her breast, 
having a short time before buried lier infant child. 
First settlers. Captain Benjamin Rand, William 
Lang, and Daniel Grindle in 1769. From Concord 
42 miles W. by N., and about 10 S.E.from New- 
port. 

Goshen, N. Y., c. h. Orange co. It is watered 
by a few small streams, and contains the 
" Drowned Lands," lying on the banks of the 
W.allkill. The surface is hilly in some parts, with 
extensive flats in others. The soil is favorable to 
the growth of grass, and this vicinity is celebrated 
for its fine dairies. 104 miles S. S. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Goshen, Vt., Addison CO. Leicester and Phila- 
delphia Rivers supjdy this town with mill privi- 
leges. The lands along the rivers are very good, 
but in general they are too mountainous for prof- 
itable cultivation. Some minerals are found in 
this town. A part of Goshen was annexed to 
Rochester, in 1847. No permanent settlement 
was commenced here till 1800. 31 miles S. W. 
from Montpelier. 

Gosport, N. H., Rockingham co. See Isle of 
Shoals. 

Gouverneur, N. Y., St. Lawrence eo. Watered 
by the Oswegatchie River, which makes a great 
bend in this vicinity. The surface is generally 
level; soil mostly of a good quality. 18 miles 



384 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWTNS, VILLAGES, &o. 



S. TV. from Canton, and 180 N. W. from Al- 
banv. 

Grafton, Me.. Oxford co. A new town. In- 
corporated in 1852. 

Grafton, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly an 
Indian reservation, and until 1735 was called 
Hassanamisco. The surface is uneven, and in 
most parts rocky. The most prominent hills are 
Chestnut, near the centre, Georpe, on the E., and 
Bri<;ham Hill, on the W. part of the town. The 
soil is moist, strong, and very productive of all 
sorts of grain and grass. This is one of the best 
townships of land in the county. Grafton has an 
hydraulic power of great extent and value. The 
Blackstone River and Canal pass through the 
southern section of the town. The Quinsiga- 
mond, the outlet of a pond of that name, in 
Shrewsbury, passes from N. to S. through the 
town, with a descent of between 50 asd 60 feet. 
On this stream, in the N. part of the town, is New 
England Village ; and at its junction with the 
Blackstone, at the S. part of the town, is the vil- 
lage of Farnumsville. These villages are distant 
from each other about 4 miles ; they possess an 
abundant water power, and are very neat and 
flourishing manufacturing vill.iges. The central 
village is on elevated ground, and very pleasant. 
It lies 3 miles S. E. from New England Village, 
through wliich the Millbury Branch Railroad 
passes. From New England Village, about a 
mile from the Grafton depot, on the Boston and 
Worcester Railroad, to Worcester, is 7 miles N. 
W., and to Boston 37 miles E. N. E. 

Grafton County, N. H. Haverhill and Plym- 
outh, county towns. It is 58 miles iu length, 
and its greatest breadth is 30 miles. Bounded N. 
by the county of Coos and the Connecticut River, 
E. by Coos, Carroll, and Belknap, S. by Memmac 
and Sullivan, and W. by the state of Vermont 
and Connecticut River. " Grafton co. is watered 
by Connecticut, Pemigewasset, Lower Amonoo- 
»uck Rivers, and many smaller streams. Squam 
and Newfound Lakes arc the largest collec- 
tions of water. There are numerous elevations, 
the principal of which are Gardner's, Peaked, 
Mooschillock, Cushman's, Blue Mount, Carr's, 
Morse, and Cardigan. A large portion of this 
county is mountainous and hilly, but it is produc- 
tive. The first settlement was made at Lebanon. 
It received its name in honor of Augustus Henry 
Fitzroy. Duke of Grafton. 

Grafton, N. H., Grafton co., is watered by 
branches of Smith's and Mascomy Rivers, also by 
Heard's River. There are 5 ponds. The largest is 
from 200 to 300 acres, and is called Grafton. Two 
are named Mud Ponds. The surface is hilly, and 
in some parts mountainous ; the soil rocky. In 
this town is a remarkable ledge, called the Pin- 
nacle. At Glass Hill, a valuable quarry of isin- 
Slass or mica is found. First settlers. Captain 
oseph Hoyt, and Captain Alexander Pixly and 
wife, in 1772. 

Grafton, N. Y., Rensselaer co. The Poeston 
Kill, and some other small streams, water this 
town. The surface is hilly ; soil clay loam. 14 
miles E. from Troy, and 20 N. E. from Albany. 
Grafton, Vt, Windham co. Grafton is finely 
watered by Saxton's River, which is formed in 
the town "by the union of several streams, and by 
a branch of Williams River. Soapstone of an 
excellent quality is very abundant in this place 
This town contains two pleasant and flourishing 
Tillages, and a great variety of mineral treasure. 



It is 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. 
from Newfane. The Rutland Railroad passes 
through this town. 

Granhy, Ct., Hartford co. 16 miles N. N. W. 
from Hartford. It was formed from Simsbury, 
in 1786, and comprises that part of it which coiV 
tained the famous Simsbury mine, the old state 
prison of Connecticut. This cavern once occu- 
pied as a prison is again worked, as formerly, as 
a copper mine. 

Granby, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly tJio 
second parish of South Hadley. From a pond in 
theN. E. corner of the town originates a pleasant 
stream, passing the foot of Mt. Holyoke on tho 
S., and empties into the Connecticut at South 
Hadley. The surface is pleasant, and the soil pro- 
ductive. There is a pleasant village near its cen- 
tre. 85 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 12 N 
by E. from Springfield. 

Granhy, N. Y., Oswego co. Oswego River, and 
some other small streams, water this town, the 
surface of which is undulating, and the soil sandy 
loam. 15 miles S. from Oswego, and 158 W. by 
N. from Albany. 

Granhy, Vt., Essex co. Granby is nearly allied 
to Ferdinand, both in location and the character 
of the soil ; it lies the next town S. of il. This 
town was settled a few years previous to 1800, 
12 miles W. from Guildhall, and 68 N. E. from 
Montpelier. 

Granger, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by the 
Genesee River and several small tributaries 
Surfece undulating ; soil sandy and clay lonm. 10 
miles N. from Angelica, and 250 W from Albany. 

Granger County, Te., c. h. at Rutledge. Bound- 
ed N. by Clinch River, separating it from Clai- 
borne CO., E. by Hawkins co., S. by Holston Riv- 
er, separating it from Jeft'erson Co., and W. by 
Knox and Anderson counties. Surface rough and 
hilly ; soil of superior quality on the margins of 
the rivers. 

Grand Gulf Mi., Claiborne co. On a bend in 
the Mississippi River, called Grand Gulf 360 
miles by river above New Orleans, and 65 mile3 
S. by W. from Jackson. 

Grand Haven, Mn., Ottawa co. On Grand Riy- 
er, 80 rods from its entrance into Jlicliigan Lake. 
Steamboats touch here. 213 miles W. by N. from 
Detroit. 

Grand Isle County, Vt., c. h. at North Hero. 
This county comprises a group of islands in 
Lake Champlain, and a point of land jutting into 
the N. part of that lake, on the S. side of the Can- 
ada line, on which Alburg is situated. Most of 
the land is level, and excellent for grazing and til- 
lage. Grand Isle has no considerable streams, but 
its navigable facilities are very great. It was first 
settled about the close of the revolutionary war. 

Grand Isle, Vt., Grand Isle co. The soil is very 
fertile ; it produces fine crops of grain, and an 
abundance of fruit and cider. Marble, limestone, 
rock crystals, &c., are found here. Grami Isle 
contains the only water mill in the county. This is 
a fine place for fishing and fowhng. The settle- 
ment was commenced about the year 178.3, by 
emigrants from New Hampshire and the south- 
ern part of Vermont. 50 miles N. W. from Mont- 
pelier, and 18 N. by W. from Burlington. 

Grant County. la., e. h. at Marion. Incorpo- 
rated in 1831, and is bounded N. by Wabash and 
Huntington counties, E. by Wells and Blackford, 
S. by Delaware and Madison, and W. by Rich 
ardvillo and Miami counties. The surface u 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



395 



level, and drained by the Missisinewa and its 
brandies. 

Grant County, Ky., c. h. at Williamstown. 
Bounded N. by Boone and Kenton counties, E. by 
Pendleton, S. by Pendleton and Owen, W. by 
Owen and Gallatin. Watered by Eagle Creek, a 
branch of the Kentucky River. 

ilrant Counti/, \Vn., c. h. at Lancaster. Bound- 
ed N. by the Wisconsin River, separating; it from 
Crawford and Richland counties, E. by Iowa and 
La Fayette counties, S. by Illinois, and S. W. and 
W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from 
Iowa. Drained by Blue, Platte, and Grant Rivers. 
The soil is very fertile, and lead ore abundant. 

Grantham, N. H., Sullivan co. There are 7 or 
8 ponds here, the largest of which is called East- 
man's, and contains nearly 300 acres ; another 
contains nearly 200. Croydon Mountain is in 
this town ; on its summit is a natural pond, of 
about 80 acres. On the E. side is a medicinal 
spring, visited by hundreds in the summer season. 
The soil is productive, especially on tlie W. of 
the mountain, and is most favorable for wheat. 
First settlers, William Symmes and 63 others. 
12 miles S. E. from Dartmouth College, and 40 
N. W. from Concord. 

GrariviUe, Ms., Hampden co., is quite moun- 
tainous. In the valleys are some tracts of good 
land for cultivation, and the highlands produce 
good pasturage. Valley Branch and Hubbard's 
River unite in this town, and form an important 
tributary to Farmington River. This township 
was sold to James Cornish, in 1686, by Toto, an 
Indian chief, for a gun and 16 brass buttons. It 
was first settled in 1738. Granville East village 
is neatly located on elevated ground, 17 miles W. 
S. W. from Springfield, and 115 W. S. W. from 
Boston. 

Granville County, N. C, Oxford shire town. 
Bounded N. by Va., E. by Warren and Franklin 
counties, S. by Wake, and W. by Orange and 
Person counties. Drained by Tar, and branches 
of Neuse and Roanoke Rivers. 

Granville, N. Y., Washington eo. Watered by 
Pawlet River. The surface is uneven ; soil of 
good quality. 16 miles N. from Salem, aud 63 
N. E. from Albany. 

Granville, Pa., Bradford co. 147 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Granville, Pa., Mifflin co. 

Granville, Vt., Addison co. White River is 
formed here, by the union of several considerable 
branches. One of these has a fall of 100 feet. 
A considerable part of the surface of the town- 
ship is mountainous. The settlement was com- 
menced soon after the close of the revolution, by 
Reuben King and others. 22 miles S. W. from 
Montpelier, and 1 6 S. E. from Middlebury. 

Graves Coiinlij, Ky., c. h. at Mayfield. Bound- 
ed N. by McCraken co., E. by Marshall and Cal- 
loway counties, S. by Tennessee, and W. by Hick- 
man and Ballard counties. Surface level, and 
drained l)y Mayticld Creek ; soil productive. 

Grave.scncl. N. Y., King's co. Surface level and 
marshy, broken near the shore by some barren 
sand hills. Coney Island, which forms a part of 
the town, is much resorted to for sea bathing and 
fishing during the summer. 8 miles S. from 
Brooklyn, and 153 from Albany. 

Grai/, Jle., Cumberland co. This is a fine farm- 
ing town, watered by branches of North Yarmouth 
and Presumpscut Rivers, and containing a large 
part of Little Sebago Pond. It lies 17 miles N. 
49 



by W. from Portland, and 44 S. W. from Augus- 
ta. Incorporated 1778. Gray is a pleasant town, 
and a place of considerable trade and some manu- 
factures. , 

Grayson County, Ky., c. h. at Mayfield. Bounded 
N. by a branch of Green River, separating it from 
Brec'kenljridge co., E. by Hardin. Laurel, and Hart, 
S. by Edmon.son and Butler, and W. by Ohio co. 

G'rai/son, Ky., e. h. Carter CO., lies half a mile 
W. from Little Sandy River, and 128 miles E. 
from Frankfort. 

Grayson County, Ts. On the northern border, 
on Red River, opposite the mouth of the Lower 
Wacliita. 

Grayson County, Va., c. h. at Greenville. Bound- 
ed N. by Smythe and Wythe counties, E. by Car- 
roll CO.,' S. by N. C, and W. by Washington co. 
Drained by New River and its branches. Surface 
elevated and mountainous. 

Grayson, Va., c. h. Grayson co. On the S. bank 
of New River, 261 miles S.from Richmond. 

Great Barringlon, Ms.. Berkshire co. This large 
and ancient town was the scat of the county 
courts from 1761 to 1787, and was once known by 
the name of Housatonnock. It is finely watered 
by the Housatonic, Williams, and Green Rivers. 
Nearthc N. W. corner of the town lies Long Pond, 
whose outlet, joined with Seeknonk Brook, makes 
a good mill stream. The surface is uneven ; some 
parts are mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. 
But the greater part of the township is under cul- 
tivation, and its soil is strong and fertile on the 
banks of the rivers and brooks. Good iron ore 
is found in the town, and beautiful v.ariegated 
marble. There are many mountains in this town, 
which render its general features higldy pic- 
turesque and romantic. Monument Mountain has 
a greater interest than the rest, on account of a 
beauti/ul Indian maiden having thrown herself 
from a cliti' of it, through the influence of a pas- 
sionate love for a cousin, whom the religion of 
the natives would not allow her to marry. By 
the Housatonic and Western Railroad, it is 50 
miles to Albany, and 174 to Boston. 

Great Bend, Pa., Susquehanna CO. At the junc- 
tion of Salt Lick Creek with the Susquehanna 
River. 191 miles N. E. of Harrisburg. 

Great Crossings, Ky., Scott co. On the S. side 
of Elkborn Creek, 15 miles N. E. from Frankfort. 
The Choctaw Academy is here, sustained by the 
United States out of the Indian annuities for the 
instruction of Indians. 

Great Falls, N. H., Straflibrd co. In the town 
of Somersworth. 34 miles E. from Concord. A 
large and beautiful manufacturing village. Sea 
iSo7ncrsu}orth. 

Great Valley, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered 
by the Alleghany River, and Great Valley and 
Tunangwant Creeks. The surface is somewhat 
diversified; soil various. Rock City, a great nat- 
ural curiosity, is situated in the N. W. part of this 
town. It is crossed by the New York and Erie 
Railroad. 6 miles S. from Ellicottville, and 299 
W. by S. from Albany. 

Greece, N. Y., Monroe co. Bounded on the N. 
by Lake Ontario, E. by the Genesee River, and 
watered by several small streams. The surface 
is undulating; soil mostly sandy. 6 miles N. 
from the city of Rochester, and 255 N. of W. 
from Albany. 

Greene County, Aa., c. h. at Eutaw. Bounded 
N. by Pickens and Tuscaloosa, E. by Perry, S. 
by Marengo co., and W. by tlie Tombigbec River, 



386 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



•eparating it from Sumptcr co. Surface hilly, 
«lid drained hy the Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa 
Eivcr. Soil bordering on the rivers verv fertile. 
Greene County, As., c. h. at Gainsville.' Bound- 
ed N. hv Missouri, E. hy St. Francis River, sepa- 
rating it from Missouri and Mississippi co., S. 
by Poinsett co.. and W. hy Lawrence and Ran- 
dolph counties. Surface "level, and watered on 
the W. hy Cache River and its branches. 

Greene County, Ga., c. h. at Greenslioro'. Bound- 
ed N. by Clarke and Oglethorpe counties, E. by 
Taliaferro, S. by Hancock co., and W. by the 
Oconee River, separating it from Putnam and 
Morgan counties. Surface slightly uneven ; soil 
fertile. 

Greene County, Is., c. h. at Carrollton. Incor- 
porated in 1821. Bounded N. by Scott and Mor- 
gan counties, E. by Macoupin, S. by Jersey co., 
and W. by the Illinois River, separating it 'from' 
Calhoun and Pike counties. Surface mostly 
level, and drained by creeks flowing into the 
Illinois River Soil fertile. 

Greene County. la., c. h. at Bloomfield. Bounded 
N. by Clay and Owen counties, E. by Monroe 
and Lawrence, S. by Martin and Davies. and W. 
by Sullivan co. Drained hy Eel Riven the W. 
fork of White River, and Richland Creek. Sur- 
face mostly level ; soil fertile. 

Greene County, Ky., c. h. at Greensburg. Bound- 
ed N. by Laurel and Marion counties, E. by Ca- 
sey and Adair, S. by Adair and Barren, and W. 
by Hart co. Surface undulating, and watered 
by Green River and its branches ; soil fertile. 

Greene, Me., Kennebec co. Greene has several 
ponds, but no good mill privileges. It lies on 
the E. side of Androscoggin River. 6 miles 
above Lewiston, and 22 .S. W. from Augusta. 
It IS an excellent farming town. Incorporated 
m 1788. "^ . 

Greene Count:/, Mi., c.h.at Leakesville. Bound- 
ed N. by Wayne co., E. by Alabama, S. by Jack- 
son, and W. by Perry co. Drained by Pascagoula 
River and its branches. Soil sandy and sterile. 
• Greene County, Mo., c. h, at Springlield. Bound- 
ed N. by Polk and Dallas counties, E. by Wright, 
S. by Taney, and W. by Lawrence and Dade 
counties. Watered by branches of Osage and 
White Rivers. Surface hilly ; soil chiefly fertile. 
Greene, N. J., Sussex co. 'Watered by branches 
of Pcqucst Creek, and by Hunt's and Grass 
Ponds. Surface hilly and mountainous. 7 miles 
S. W. from Newton. 

Greene County. N. Y., c. h. at Catskill. Taken 
from Albany and Ulster counties in 1800. It is 
bounded N. by Albany co., E. bv the Hudson 
River, S. by Ulster, and W. by Delaware and 
Schoharie counties. Watered by Catskill, Cox- 
saekie and Schoharie Creeks. Surface hilly and 
mountainous on the S. and W., being covered by 
the Catskill Mountains, the highest peaks of 
which arc in this county. The soil of the moun- 
tains is sterile, that of the lower lands and val- 
leys very fertile. 

Greene, N. Y., Chenango co. Chenango River 
and some of its branches water this town, the 
surface of which is hilly, and the soil mostly of 
good quality. 20 miles S. W. from Norwich 
and 126 from Albany. ' 

Green Cmmly, O., 'c. h. at Xenia. Clark co. 
bounds it on the N., Fayette on the E., Clinton 
and Warren on the S., and Montgomery co. on 
the W. Yellow Springs, a fashionable watering- 
plaee, is fotuid in this county. Little Miami and 



I Mad River, and numerous small streams, furnish 
it with an abundant supply of water. It is set- 
tled mostly by farmers, and "is a very prosperous, 
healthy county. 

Greene County. Pa., c. h. at Waynesburg. Bound- 
ed N. by Washington CO., E. by the Monongahela 
River, separating it from Fayette co., and S. and 
W. hy Virginia. Drained by 'J'en Mile, Drunk- 
ard's, Fish, and Wheeling Creeks. Surface rou"-h 
and mountainous ; soil fertile. " 

Greene County, Te., c. h. at Greenville. Bound- 
ed N. by Hawkins and Sullivan counties, E. by 
Washington co., S. by North Carolina and Union 
CO., and W. by JeH^erson co. Watered hy No- 
lachucky River and Licking Creek. Surface 
high and much diversified. 

Greene County. Va., c. h. at Stanardsyille. 
Bounded N. E. bv Madison, S. E. by Orange 
S. W. by Albemarle, and N. W. by Rockingham 
CO. Surfiiee hilly ; soil productive. 

Greene County. Wn.,e.h. at Monroe. Bounded 
N. by Dane and E. by Rock co., S. by Illinois, 
and W. by Lafayette co. Drained by Peckaton- 
akee River and Sugar Creek. A considerable 
part of the surface is prairie land. Copper and 
lead ores arc found here. 

Greenbrier County, Va., c. h. at Lewisburg. 
Bounded N. by Nicholas and Pocahontas coun- 
ties, E. by Alleghany, S. hy Monroe, and W. by 
Fayette co. Watered by" Greenbrier and the 
branches of Gauley River. Surface rough, ele- 
vated, and mountainous. 

Greenbush, township and village, N. Y., Rens- 
selaer CO. On the E. side of the Hudson, oppo- 
site Albany. The village is the terminus of the 
Western Railroad from Boston to Albany, with 
which it connects by ferry. There is also' a rail- 
road communication with the city of New York 
and with Troy. The township is hilly, with a 
soil of clay loam, gravel, and sand. 

Greentiurg. N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. 
side of the Hudson, and watered bv Bronx and 
Saw Mill Rivers. The surface is hilly ; soil of 
good quality. 5 miles W. from Whi'te Plains, 
and 130 S. from Albany. 

Green Castle, la., c. h. Putnam co. On high 
table land. 1 mile E. from the Walnut Fork 
of Eel River, and 47 miles W. from Indianapolis. 
Greenfield, la., c. h. Hancock co. Half a milo 
W. from Brandywine Creek, and 20 miles E. from 
Indianapolis. 

Greenfield, Me., Hancock co. This town was 
incorporated in 1834. It was No. 33 on the 
Bingham Purchase. 

Greenfield, Ms., c. h. Franklin co., is de- 
lightfully situated on the W. bank of Con- 
necticut River. It was formerly a part of 
Deerlield, and was taken from it in 1753. Pre- 
vious to that time it was called Green River. 
Fall River passes the eastern border of the town 
from the N., and falls into the Connecticut ; 
Green River also, from the N.. passes through 
the town, and meets the Dccrfield. These rivers 
afford the town a fine hydraulic power. The 
surface is generally plain ; it has some rising 
grounds, but none abrupt. There are large inter- 
vales on Green River, of superior excellence. 
The other lands produce good crops of "rain 
and afford excellent pasturage. The village of 
Greenfield is situated on an elevated plain, oti 
the margin of Green River, and surrounded' by 
beautiful intervale. The Greenfield Institute, a 
seminary for young ladies, is in this town. 90 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



387 



miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 41 N. from 
Springfield. 

Greenjidd, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Contoocook 
Biver forms part of tlie W..l)oundary, and sepa- 
rates this town from Hancock. The soil is fer- 
tile. The hills atford excellent pasturage ; the 
valleys and plains are favorable for grain. Hops 
are raised in great abundance. Part of Crotched 
and Lvndeboro' Mountains are in this town. 
There are 5 ponds : the largest is about 1 mile 
in length and half of a mile in width. First set- 
tlers. Captain Alexander Parker, Major A. Whit- 
temore, Simeon Fletcher, and others, in 1771. 
14 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and 38 S. W. 
from Concord. 

Gieaijield, N. Y., Saratoga co. Drained by 
Kayaderosseras Creek. Tlie surface is broken 
by ridges of the Kayaderosseras and Palmcrton 
Mountains. The soil is generally fertile. 10 
miles N. from Ballston Spa, and 40 N. from 
Albany. 

Greenfield, 0., Highland co. Situated on ele- 
vated land, on the W. bank of Paint Creek, and 
is considered a healthy place. Near the town 
limestone quarries are found. 17 miles from 
Hillsboro', and 55 S. by VV. from Columbus. 

Greenfield, Pa., Bedford co. This town is 
drained by Bob's and Uunning's Creeks, and the 
Frankstown branch of the Juniata River. Sur- 
face hilly and broken, having some spurs of the 
Alleghany range on the N.E., Dunning's Moun- 
tain on the E., and the Alleghany on the W. 
Soil loam and clay. 23 miles N. from Bedford. 

Greenfield, Pa., Erie co. Watered by the N. 
fork of French Creek. 352 miles N. from Har- 
risburg. 

Greenfield, Pa., Luzerne co. On the S. bank 
of the Susquehanna River, and drained by Elk- 
wood Brook and the branches of Tunkhannock 
and Lackawannock Rivers. Soil fertile, and 
well adapted to grazing. 30 miles N. E. from 
Wilkesbarre. 

Greenland, N. H., Rockingham CO. The soil 
is remarkably good. The orchards, farms, and 
gardens are valuable. 5 miles W. S. W. from 
Portsmouth, and 45 E. S. E. from Concord. The 
Eastern Railroad passes through this town. 

Greenport, N. Y., Suffolk co. It is near the 
N. E. end of Long Island. There is a railroad 
from this place to Brooklyn, opposite New York. 
It has a good harbor, and is engaged in the 
whaling and coasting trade. 246 miles S. E. 
from Albany. 

Greenport, N. Y., Columbia co. The Hudson 
River waters this town, the surface of which is 
hilly, and the soil clay, gravel, and loam. It 
partly environs the city of Hudson. 30 miles 
from Albany. 

Greensboro' . Ga., c. h. Greene co. 44 miles N. 
by E. from Mlledgeville. 

Greensboro , la., c. h. Decatur co. 

Greensboro', Ky., c. h. Greene co. 89 miles 
S. S. W. from Frankfort. 

Greensboro'. La., c. h. St. Helena. 

Greensboro', Mi., c. h. Choctaw co. Watered 
by a head branch of Big Black River. 110 miles 
N. E. from Jackson. 

Greensboro', N. C, Guilford CO., lies between 
the N. and S. forks of Butl'alo Creek. 82 miles 
W. N. W. from Raleigh. 

Greensburg, Pa., e h. Westmoreland co. 168 
miles W. from Harrisliurg. 

Greensboro', Vt., Orleans CO. The surface is 



uneven, but the elevations arc not generally 
abrujit. The land is well timbered ; the soil of 
a middling quality. The River Lamoille is formed 
by t!ie union of several streams in this town. 
Caspian Lake, or Lake Beautiful, lies in the S. 
part, and discharges its waters to the E. into the 
Lamoille, affording a number of valuable mill 
privileges, around which has grown up a beauti- 
ful little village. This pond is about 3 miles 
long and l4 broad. EUigo Pond, lying mostly 
in the western part of Greensboro', is about I 
mile long, and forms the head waters of Black 
River. These ponds produce abundance of fine 
trout. There are several other small ponds in 
the north part of the town, which, at present, 
form the head waters of the Lamoille. The first 
settlement was begun in the spring of 1789, when 
Messrs. Abbcl and Aaron Shcpard removed, 
with their families, from Newbury to this place. 
15 miles S. from Irasburg, and 27 N. E. from 
Montpelier. 

Greensville Count//, Va., c. h. at Hicksford. In- 
corporated from Brunswick co. in 1784. Bounded 
N. by Dinwiddie and Sussex counties, E. by 
Sussex and Southampton. S. by North Carolina, 
and W. by Brunswick co. Watered by Notto- 
way, Brunswick, and Meherin Rivers. 

Greennp Count//, Ky., c. h. at Greenupsburg. 
Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from 
Ohio, E. by the Big Sandy, separating it from 
Virginia, S. by Carter co., and W. by Lewis 
CO. Surface hilly, and watered by Little Sandy 
and Tyger's Creeks. The soil bordering the 
streams is fertile, and coal and iron ore abound 
among the hills. 

Greenup. Ky., c. h. Greenup co. 

Greeiifille, Aa , c. h. Butler co. On the W. 
side of Sepulgah River. 141 miles S. S. E. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Greenville, Ga., c. h. Meriwether co. 102 miles 
W. from Milledgeville. 

Gree/tville, Is., c. h. Bond co. On the E. fork 
of Shoal Creek. 74 miles S. from Springfield. 

Greenville. Ky., c. h. Muhlenburg co. On a 
branch of Green River. 105 miles W. S. W. 
from Frankfort. 

Greenville, Mi., c. h. Washington co. 

Greenville, N. C., c. h. Pitt co. On the S. side 
of Tar River, 35 miles from its mouth, and 102 
miles E. by S. from Raleigh. 

Greenville. N. Y., Greene co. Drained by Pro- 
vost and Catskill Creeks. The surface is broken 
and hillv; soil clay loam, suitable for grass. 15 
miles N. W. from Catskill, and 26 S. W. from 
Albany. 

Gree/iville, 0., c. h. Dark eo. On a creek of 
the same name, just below its junction with Mud 
Creek, on the site of old Fort Greenville, where 
General Wayne concluded the Indian treaty of 
August 3, 179.5, which insured trancjuillity on the 
western frontier. It is 93 miles \V. from Colum- 
bus, and 75 N. from Cincinnati. 

Greenville, S. C. c. h. Greenville district, lies 
near the source of Reedy River. 107 miles W. 
N. W. from Columbia. 

Greenville District, S. C. N. W. part. Drained 
by branches of the Saluda, which washes it on 
the W. It contains the sources of many of the 
north-western tributaries of the Congaree. Soil 
undulating and fertile. 

Greenv/lle. Te., c. h. Greene CO., is the scat of 
Greenville College, and lies 258 miles E. from 
Nashville. See Colleges. 



388 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Greenwich, Ct., Fairfield co. The settlement 
of this town commenced in 1640. It was incor- 
porated by Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor at 
New York, in 1665. It comprises tlirec parishes 
or villages — West Greenwich, Greenwich on the 
E., and Stanwich on the N. West Greenwich, 
on Horse Neck, so called from a peninsula on 
the Sound formerly used as a horse pasture, is 
the largest and most important part of the town. 
Greenwich is watered by Byram lliver. the boun- 
dary line between the town and the stiite of New 
York, and the most southern part of New Eng- 
land. At the outlet of Byram River, on the 
New York side, is a place called Sawpits, a noted 
landing-place on the Sound, 28 miles N. E. from 
New York. Miannus Creek and other smaller 
streams water the town. 

" Putnam's Hill is situated in West Greenwich, 
about 5 miles W. from Stamford, on the main 
road to New York. This place is celebrated for 
the daring exploit of General Putnam, who de- 
scended this precipice when pursued by the Brit- 
ish dragoons.'' 

Greenwich is a rough and uneven township, 
with a productive soil. It presents some wild 
scenery along the road, and many beautiful views 
of Long Island Sound. 

Greenwich, Ms., Hampshire CO. There arc 
some elevated lands in this town, and the surface 
generally is rugged and uneven, but the soil is 
strong and fertile. Two branches of Swift River 
■water the town abundantly. Its Indian name 
was Quabin. The first settlers were from the 
north of Ireland. 20 miles E. N. E. from North- 
ampton, and 73 from Boston. 

Greenwich, N. J., Cumberland co. Newport, 
Stow, Mill, Cohansey, and Pine Mount Creeks 
water this town, the surface of which is level, 
and the soil of excellent quality. 73 miles S. S. 
W. from Trenton. 

Greenwich, N. J., Gloucester co. Mantua, Re- 
paupo, Clonmel, Raccoon, and Crab Creeks 
drain this town. 7 miles S. W. from Woodbury. 

Greenwich, N. J., Warren co. On the E. side 
of the Delaware River, and drained by Lopat- 
cong, Pohatcong, and Musconetcong Creeks, and 
crossed by the Morris Canal. Surface hilly, 
containing marble, soapstone, and iron ; soil fer- 
tile. South Mountain lies in this town. 10 
miles S. from Belvidere. 

Greenii'ich, N. Y., Washington co. On the E, 
bank of the Hudson. Watered on the S. by the 
Battenkill. The surface is rather hilly; soil fer- 
tile, gravelly loam. 10 miles W. from Salem, 
and 35 N. N. E. from Albany. 

Greenwich, Pa., Berks co. Saconcy, Mill, and 
other small creeks, aff'ording water power, drain 
this town. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 
18 miles N. E. from Reading. 

Greenwood, Me., Oxford co. A township of 
good land. 58 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 

Greenu'ood, N. Y., Steuben co. Bennett's Creek 
waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, 
and the soil well adapted to grass. 30 miles 
S. W. from Bath, and 251 from Albany. 

Greenwood, Pa., Columbia co. Drained by 
branches of Fishing Creek. 92 miles N. N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Greenwood, Pa., Perry co. 10 miles N. E. from 
Bloomfield. 

Gregg, Pa., Centre co. Drained by Sinking 
Creek. Surface mountainous ; soil calcareous 
loam. 



Greig, N. Y., Lewis co. Drained by Otter and 
Fish Creeks, and Moose River, all tributaries of 
Black River. The surface is broken and hilly ; 
soil various. 12 miles S. E. from Martinsburg, 
and 123 N. W. from Albany. 

Griggslown. N. J., Somerset co. It is on the 
E. side of Millstone River. 20 miles N. N. 
E. from Trenton. The Delaware and Raritan 
Canal passes here. A copper mine has been 
wrought in the vicinity. 

GrigqsviUe, Is., Pike co. Near Illinois River. 4 
miles VV. from Phillips Ferry, and 61 miles W. 
from Springfield. 

Grimes County, Ts. 

Griswold, Ct., New London co. This town 
was taken from Preston in 1815, and is separated 
from Lisbon by Quinncbaug River. The Po- 
chaug, a sluggish stream, passes through the 
town. The principal village, which is very neat 
and pretty, containing about 900 inhabitants, is 
called Jewett City. The city lies on the E. sido 
of the Quinnebaug, at this place a very power- 
ful stream. This little city is said to be very 
prosperous in its manufacturing and commer- 
cial concerns. Surface hilly ; soil a gravelly 
loam. 46 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. 

Groton, Ct., New London Co., lies at the 
mouth of the River Thames, in the harbor of New 
London, and opjiosite to that city, on the E. 
The lands are generally hilly and rocky, with 
some fertile tracts on the margin of the Thames. 
There are several villages — Groton Bank, oppo- 
site New London, Portersville, on Mystic River, 
and Pequonnuck. The Pequonnuck and Mystic 
Rivers pass through the town, and empty into 
Long Island Sound. Previous to its incorpora- 
tion, in 1705, Groton was a part of New London. 

On Groton Heights is Fort Griswold, one of 
the defences of New London Harbor. A granite 
monument, placed 130 feet above tide water, and 
127 feet high, commemorates Colonel Ledyard 
and the other brave defenders of this place, m:issa- 
cred in 1781, after its surrender to the traitor 
Arnold. 

Groton, Ms., Middlesex co. This beautiful 
town, watered by the Nashua, is pleasantly va- 
riegated ; the soil is fertile, and excedingly pro- 
ductive. There are valuable paper mills in the 
town, and a fine quarry of soapstone. The vil- 
lage, in the centre of the town, is handsomely 
situated on one principal street, which runs from 
S. E. to N. W. It is on an extensive and regular 
swell of land, and commands delightful views of 
the surrounding country. The Groton Academy, 
in this place, was incorporated in 1793. 32 miles 
N. W. from Boston, 14 W. by S. from Lowell, and 
34 N. from the depot of the railroails which pass 
through the S. part of the town, afiording com- 
munication with Boston, Lowell, Worcester, and 
Nashua. 

Groton, N. H., Grafton co. Bakef s River and 
several small streams, which fall into Newfound 
Lake, water this town. There is but one pond 
of any consequence lying wholly in this town. 
First settlers, James Gould, Captain K. Mellcn, 
Jonas Hobart, Phineas Bennett, and Samuel 
I"arley, in 1779. Groton was granted, in 1776, 
to George Abbott and others, by the name of 
Cockermouth. 10 miles S. W. from Plymouth, 
and 45 N. W. from Concord. 

Groton, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by Fall 
Creek and some other small streams. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil gravelly loam of good 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



389 



qnality 13 miles N. E. from Ithaca, and 100 
W. from Albany. 

Grolon, Vt.. Caledonia oo. On Wells River, 
and some of its liranehes, which aft'ord mill privi- 
leges. The surface is uneven, rough, and stony. 
16 miles E. by S. from Moutpelier. 

Gron, N. Y., Alleghany co., is watered by 
Cashaque and Canaseraga Creeks. Surface un- 
dulating: soil chiefly .sandy loam. 13 miles N. 
from Angelica, and 257 W. from Alliany. 

Grotelatid, Ms. Incorporated in 1S32. Taken 
from Bradford. 

Groreland, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered on 
the N. E. by Coneseus Lake, and S. by Canase- 
raga Creek. The surface is high and uneven ; 
soil various. 6 miles S. from Geneseo, and 232 
W. from Albany. 

Gitdidy Counli/. Is., c. h. at Morris. Bounded 
N. by Kendall co., E. by Will, S. by Livingston, 
and W. by Lasulle co. Surfiicc level, and watered 
by the Illinois Kiver and its branches; soil of 
excellent quality. 

Grundi/ Coiinlij, Mo., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded 
N. by Mercer co., E. by Sullivan and Linn, S. by 
Livingston, and W. by Davies and Harrison 
counties. This county consists mostly of fertile 
prairie land, and is watered by the E. fork of 
Grand River, Medicine and Muddy Creeks. 

Gruudtj Vornttif, Te.. c. h. at Altamonta. 

Guadalujie County, Ts., e. h. at Sequin. S. cen- 
tral. On the Upper Gu.adalupe. 

Gnernsei/ Coniifi/. O., c. b. at Cambridge. Tus- 
carawas bounds it on the N., Belmont on the E., 
Morgan on the S., and Muskingum and Co- 
ehoiton counties on the W. It was settled by 
some emigrants from the Island of Guernsey, 
from which place it derives its name. The land ' 
is of good quality, but hilly, and is watered by 
Wills Creek and its brandies; it has a variety 
of soil. 

Guilderland, N. Y., Albany Co. Drained on 
the E. by Norman's Kill. The surfiice is mostly 
level ; soil sandy, and rather sterile. 10 miles 
W. from Albany. 

Guildhali Vt., c. h. Essc.\ co. On the W. side 
of Connecticut River, and is united to Lancaster, 
N. H., by two bridges across the river. The town 
is watered by several small streams, and the sur- 
face is quite uneven and stony, except a tract 
of intervale on the river. Cow and Burnside 
Mountains are considerable elevations. There 
is a pleasant village in the N. E. part of the town. 
The settlement was commenced in 1764. 68 
miles N. E. from Montpelier. 

Guilford, Ct., New Haven co. This town, the 
Menunkatnc of the Indians, was first settled in 
1639. The town was settled by a party of Non- 
conformists from England, at the head of which 
was the Rev. Henry Whitfield. Guilford Ijoroui/h 
was incorporated in ISI.i. It is handsomely lo- 
cated, two miles from Long Island Sound, on a 
tract of alluvial plain, and near a small stream 
called the Menunkatuc. Guilford is a place of 
resort for sea air and bathing. The accommoda- 
tions are very good. The scenery in the vicinity 
of Sachem's Head is wild and picturesque. The 
Boil of Guilford is well adapted to agricultural 
pursuits. 16 miles E. from New Haven. 

Guilford, Me., Piscataquis co. Watered by the 
Piscataquis and some of its upper branches. 71 
miles N. E. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from 
Bangor. 

Guilford Count!/, N. C, c. h. at Greensboro'. 



Bounded N. bj' Rockingham, E. bv Orange, S. by 
Randolph, and W. by Davidson and Stokes 
counties. Watered by the head branches of 
Deep and Haw Rivers. Hero was fought, in 1 781, 
the eelelirated battle of GuMford Court House. 

Guilford, N. Y., Chenango co. Bounded on 
the E. by Unadilla River. The surface is hilly 
and broken ; soil generally productive. 10 miles 
S. E. from Norwich, and 105 W. by S. from Al- 
bany. 

Guilford, Pa., Franklin co. Bounded on the 
W. by the E. branch of Conecocheague Creek, 
and drained by several mill streams. Surface 
level ; soil based upon limestone .and slate. 6 
miles S. E. from Chambcrsburg. 

Guilford, Vt., Windham co. The soil is warm 
and fertile. There are in this town good mill 
sites on Green Kiver, and branches of Broad 
Brook, a medicinal spring, and various kinds of 
minerals. This town was chartered April 2, 
1754, to 54 proprietors, principally of Massachu- 
setts. The first settlement was made by Micah 
Rice and family, in Septemlicr, 1761. 50 miles 
S. from Windsor, and 31 S. E. from Bennington. 

Gui/iuidoHe, Va., Cabell co. On the point of 
land at the junction of Ohio and Guyandotte Riv- 
ers, 359 miles W. N. W. from Richinond. 

Gwi/iinrd, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by 
Wissahickon .and Towamensing Creeks. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil sandy loam. 95 miles E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Gwinnett Count;/, Ga., c. h. at Lawrenceville. 
Bounded N. E. by Hall and Jackson counties, S. 
E. by Walton aiid Newton, S. W. by De Kalb, 
and N. W. by the Chattahoochee River, separat- 
ing it from Forsyth co. Drained by branches of 
Chattahoochee, Ockmulgee, and Oconee Rivers. 

Hahersham Count//, Ga., c. h. at Clarksville. 
Bounded N. by Union co., N. E. by South Car- 
olina, .S. E. and S. by Franklin and Hall coun- 
ties, and W. by Lumpkin co. Watered on the 
N. E. boundary by the Turoree, a branch ot 
Tugaloo River, and drained by the head bnanehes 
of the Chatahooehee River. Surface moun- 
tainous. 

HacXvnmrk, N. J., Bergen co. On the W. side ot 
Hackensack River. 76 miles N. E. from Trenton. 

Haddam. Ct, Middlesex co. Incorjjorated 
166S. This is one of the county towns, and lies 
on both sides of Connecticut River. Haddam 
Society, on the W. side, is the largest part of the 
town, and is the seat of justice. That part of 
Haddam on the E. side is called Haddam Neck. 
There is but little alluvial land in U.iddam 
The principal part of the township is hilly and 
stony, with considerable forests There art 
valuable quarries of flagging stone on both sides 
of the river. There are many vessels built al 
Haddam. The timber in this quarter of tho 
county is well adapted for that purpose. Tha 
village of Haddam is pleasant, and has a good 
prospect of the river. 23 miles S. from Hartford 

Hadlei/, Ms., Hampshire co., is a pleasant towr< 
on the E. bank of Connecticut River, and united 
to Northampton by a handsome bridge, lOSC 
feet in length. The village is situated on a 
peninsula formed by a bend of the river. It ha» 
a wide street of about a mile in length, well buiU 
and shaded by beautiful elms. Hadley contain* 
extensive tracts of the finest land in the state 
Its meadows, which are annually overflowed bj 
the river, are very fertile, and exceedingly pro 



390 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



ductive. Two small streams afford the town 
Bome water power. Its Indian name was Nor- 
nottock. Hadley was a retreat for llie celebrated 
Goffe and Whalley, two of the judges who con- 
demned Charles I. 88 miles W. from Boston. 

Hadley, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated at the 
junction of Sacandaga and Hudson Rivers. A 
branch of the Kayaderosscras Mountains crosses 
this town. 26 miles N. from Ballston Spa, and 
56 N. E. from Albany. 

llaerlem, N. Y., New York co. 74 miles N. 
from New York. See New York City. 

Hageistown, Md., c. h. Washington co. On the 
W. bank of Antictam Creek. 101 miles N. W. 
from Annapolis, and 26 N, W. from Frederick. 

Hatjue, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the E. 
by Lake George. The surface is broken by the 
Kayaderosseras Mountains, which cover a large 
part of the town. 28 miles N. from Caldwell, 
and 90 N. N. E. from Albany. 

Hains, Pa., Centre co. Watered by 2 small 
creeks, which disapj>ear among the crevices of 
Limestone Rock. Surface mountainous ; soil 
calcareous loam in the valleys. 19 miles E. from 
Bellefonte. 

Half Moon, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on 
the E. by the Hudson River. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil sandy loam and clay of good 
quality. 15 miles S. E. from Ballston Spa, and 
18 N. from Albany. 

Half Moon, Pa., Centre co. Bald Eagle Creek 
and Half Moon Run water this town. Surface 
mountainous, a ridge of the Alleghany Moun- 
tains forming the W. boundary ; soil calcareous 
loam in the valleys. 99 miles N. W. from Har- 
risburg. 

Halifax, Ms., Plymouth co. Halifax was for- 
merly part of Plympton, Middleboro', and Pem- 
broke. Its Indian name was Monponsit. Two 
branches of Taunton River, the Winetuxet and 
another, give this town a water power. There 
are 2 villages in the town, and several ponds, 
■which cover about 1700 acres. The Monponsit, 
a small part of which lies in Hanson, is a beau- 
tiful sheet of water, more than 2 miles long, and 
half a mile wide. Pickerel have been taken 
from this pond weighing more than 7 pounds 
each. The Old Colony Railroad passes through 
the town. 28 miles S. S. E. from Boston, and 9 
N. W. from Plymouth. 

Halifax County, N. C, c. h. at Halifax. Bounded 
N. and E. by the Roanoke River, separating it 
from Northampton and Bertie counties, S. by 
Edgecombe and Nash, and W. by Warren co. 
Watered by Roanoke River and Fishing Creek 
and branches. Soil fertile. 

Halifax, N. C, c. h. Halifax co. Situated on 
the W. bank of Roanoke River, at the head of 
sloop navigation, and 6 miles below the great 
falls. 80 miles N. E. from Raleigh. A canal 
round the falls renders the river navigable for 
boats 130 miles above this place. 

Halifax, Pa., Dauphin co. Located on the E. 
bank of the Susquehanna River, and drained by 
Armstrong Creek. Surface hilly, having Peter's 
Mountain on the S. ; soil red shale. 23 miles 
N. from Harrisburg. 

Halifax, Vt., Windham co. This township is 
watered by North and Green Rivers. They are 
Doth large and commodious mill streams. In 
the branch of North River is a succession of cas- 
cades, extending about 100 rods. The falls are 
from 15 to 20 feet each. The surface is uneven. 



hut there are no mountains worthv of notice. 
On the margin of North River is a cavern, called 
Woodward's Cave, or Dun's Den. The soil is 
generally of a good quality, well adapted to the 
production of grass. The settlement was com- 
menced in 1761, by Abner Rice, from Worcester 
CO., Ms. 125 miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 
S. fiom Newfane. 

Halifax Coimly. Va., c. h. at Halifax. Bounded 
N. by Staunton River, separating it from Camp- 
bell and Charlotte counties, E. by Mecklenburg 
CO., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Pittsylva- 
nia CO. Watered by Dan and Bannister Rivers 
and their tributaries. Soil fertile. 

Halifax, Va., c. h. Halifax co. On the S. sido 
of Bannister River. 127 miles S. W. from 
Richmond. 

Hall County, Ga., c. h. at Gainesville. Bounded 
N. by Habersham co., E. by Habersliam and 
Jackson, S. by Gwinnett, and W. by Forsyth and 
Lumpkin counties. Watered on the W. border 
by the Chattahoochee River, and N. W. by its 
two head branches, the .Sooque and Chestatee. 
Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil very fertile 
in some portions. 

Hallowell, Me., Kennebec co. This city is situ- 
ated on both sides of the Kennebec River, between 
Augusta and Gardiner, 2 miles below the former, 
and 4 miles above ihe latter. The hou.ses are 
mostly on the W. side of the river. The streets 
run parallel with the river, and the ground ascends 
200 feet from the lower street or business part of 
the city. On this street are numerous stores, con- 
structed jn-iiicipally of brick. Most of the dwell- 
ing houses are on the back, or elevated streets; 
they are built, as are the churches, with good taste, 
and being surrounded by beautiful groves, make 
a tine appearance. The varied views of the river, 
of the neighboring towns, and of a fertile country 
of hills and vales, presented from the high grounds 
on each side of the village, furnish an exhibition 
of scenery of uncommon beauty. Hallowell is 
about 3 miles in width, and extended back, on each 
side of the river, 5 miles, but the part on the 
eastern bank became, in 1850, the town of Chelsea. 
Incorporated in 1771, and then included all the ter- 
ritory of Augusta, and a part of Gardi[ier. From 
this place the brave but traitorous Arnold inarched 
on an expedition against Canada, in 1776. 

There are 6 or 7 churches in Hallowell, of as 
many different denominations. There exists a 
flourishing academy here, which has held a pr^'cm- 
inent rank ever since it was incorporated, in 1791. 

About 4 miles from the village, and on the E. 
side of the river, is the " Togus Mineral Spring," 
which, within a few years past, has become much 
frequented by invalids and others seeking health, 
or amusement and relaxation. The waters, 
which are impregnated with sulphur, have been 
found very efficacious. A spacious house of en- 
tertainment has been erected near the spring, 
which is often thronged in the summer months. 
The principal public house, in the centre of Hal- 
lowell, is the Hallowell House, which is a larga 
and elegant granite building, furnishing ever/ 
desirable accommodation. 

Steamboats ply from this place to Portland and 
Boston during the season of navigation. Tho 
Eastern Railroad, from Boston and Portland, 
extends through it as far as Augusta. A num- 
ber of vessels, owned here, are engaged in tha 
freighting business, and others run as packets 
to various places. Vessels drawing 9 feet of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



391 



water can come to the wharves, in the centre of 
the viUage. Tlie frrnnite quarries at Hallowell 
have been worked fur twenty years or more, with 
great success. The granite is of a li^ht color, 
and easily wrought. In some years $100,(100 
worth of it liave been transported. The Hall 
of Justice, in New York, familiarly known as 
" the Tombs." is constructed of this stone. 

As Hallowell and Augusta arc so closely united 
in all their various interests and pursuits, what 
we have said uf the favorable position of Au- 

fusta, and of its future prospects, is applicable 
ere. With common success in our national 
affairs, and with a continuation of that spirit of 
enterprise, every dav manifested ou^ the banks 
of the Kennebec, it is safe to predict that within 
a very few years there will be a continuous vil- 
lage from the Kennebec dam to the mouth of 
the Cobbessecontee, at Gardiner, i'opulation in 
1820, 2919; 1850,4769. 

Humliiirff, As., c. h. Ashley eo. 

Uamburq. N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Smokes, 
Bush, and Cayuga Creeks, tributaries of Lake 
Erie, which bounds it on the W. The surface is 
undulating ; soil fertile, yielding large crops of 
grass, grain, and fruit. 8 miles S. from the city 
of Buffalo, and 281 W. from Albany. 

Homlmni. I'a., Berks co. Near ihe Schuyl- 
kill Water Gap. 68 miles E. N. E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Humhurt), S. C, Edgefield district. On the E. 
side of Savannah River, opposite Augusta, Ga., 
with which it is connected by a bridge 1000 feet 
long. It is divided into the upper and lower 
towns. The upper is on an abrupt acclivity. 60 
or 70 feet in height, and the lower part, where 
most of the business is done, is on the bank of 
the river. It is regularly laid out, handsomely 
built, and has a large business. 79 miles S. W. 
from Columbia. 

Hamden^ Ct., New Haven co. This town was 
taken from New Haven in 1786. It is situated 
between the E. and W. Rock ranges of moun- 
tains, the southern tcrrainus of the Green Moun- 
tain range. The soil in many ]>arts is easy of 
cultivation, but in general it is more adapted to 
grazing than tillage. Minerals are found here, 
among which are specimens of very pure copper. 
Will River affords numerous sites for water 
works. Wliitne\sville, about 2 miles from New 
Haven, is admirably located for manufacturing 
operations. Mount Carmel, a noted elevation, 8 
milei N. from New Haven, affords an extensive 
prospect. 

Hatiulen, N. X.^ Delaware co. Drained by the 
W. branch of the Delaware River. A broken 
and mountainous town, with quite a variety of 
soil. 7 miles S. from Delhi village, and 85 
S. W. from Albany. 

Hamilton Counti/, Fa., e. h. at Jasper. Bound- 
ed N. by Georgia, E. and S. by the Little Su- 
wannee River, separating it from Columbia co., 
and W. bj' the Withlacoochee River, separating 
it from Madison co. Watered, through the in- 
terior, by the AUapahaw River. Soil fertile. 

Hamilton, Ga., c. h- Harris co. At the W. ex- 
tremity of Oak Mountain. 126 miles W. S. W. 
from Milledgcville. 

Hamilton Connti/, Is., c. h. at MeLeanshoro'. 
Incorporated in 1821, and bounded N. by Wayne 
CO., E. by White, S. by Gallatin, and W. by 
Franklin and Jefferson counties. Drained by 
tiranches of Little Wabash River and Saline 



Creek. In the N. part is a swamp of some size. 
Soil of rather poor quality. 

Hamilton Conutij. la , e. h. at Noblesville. It is 
bounded N. by Richardville, E. by Madison, S. 
by Hancock and Marion, and W. bv Boone co. 
Drained by the W. fork of White liiver and its 
branches. The surface consists partly of prairies. 

Hamilton, Ms., Essex co.. was formerly a part 
of Ipswich, and called Ipswich Hamlet. Ips- 
wich River passes its western ami northern bor- 
der, and Milcs's River, running N., pas.ses into it. 
The town was named in honor of Alexander 
Hamilton. The people of this town are mostly 
agriculturists, and they culti\"nte an excellent 
soil, with a pleasant surface. Hamilton lies, by 
the Eastern Kadroad, 20 miles N. by E. from 
Boston, and 14 S. from Newburyport. 

Huniilton, Mi., c. h. Moiu'oe co. About a mile 
E. from Tombigbce River, and 156 miles N. E. 
from Jackson. 

Hamilton, N. J., Atlantic co. This town ii 
watered by Great Egg Harbor. Surface level ; 
soil sandy. .30 miles S. E. from Woodbury. 

Hamilton County, N. Y., c. h. at Lake Pleasant. 
Incorporated in 1 838. Bounded N. by St. Law- 
rence and Franklin, E. by Essex and VVarren, S. 
by Fulton, and W. by Herkimer eo. Its princi- 
pal lakes are Indian, Racket, Long, Piseco, and 
Lake Pleasant ; its rivers. Indian, Sacandaga, 
Moose, an<l Racket. Surface elevated, and ia 
parts hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile along 
the borders of the rivers and lakes. 

Hamilton, N. Y., Madison eo. Drained by the 
head branches of Chenango River. The surface 
is somewhat hilly; soil fertile, calcareous loam. 
10 miles S. E. from Morrisville, and 96 W. from 
Albany. 

Hamilton County, 0., c. h. at Cincinnati. It is 
bounded N. by Butler, E. by Clermont co., S. by ' 
the Ohio River, and W. by the state of Indiana. 
It is a small but populous county, and is watered 
by the Little and Big Miamies and Whitewater 
Rivers, Mill and Deer Creeks, and their branches. 
The land is of a good quality, and well adapted 
for the cultivation of grain. 

Hamilton, O., c. h. Butler eo. On the S. E. 
bank of the Great Miami River. 102 miles 
W. S. W. from Columbus. Connected with 
Cincinnati by the Miami Canal, which passes 
through it. A large and flourishing place. 

Hamilton, 0., Franklin co. On the E. side of 
the Scioto River, S. of, and adjoining, Mont- 
gomery. It is a rich farming township. The 
Columbus lateral eainil and the stage road t« 
Cbillicothe pass through it from N. to S. 

Hamilton, Pa., Adams co. Bounded N. and 
W. by Conewago Creek, and drained by Beaver 
Run. Surface level ; soil reddish gravel and 
flint. 12 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. 

Hamilton Ban, Pa., Adams co. Bounded E. 
by Marsh Creek, and N. by its S. branch, and is 
drained by Toms and Middle Creeks and Muddy 
Run. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam and 
gravel. Iron and copper ores and a few mineral 
springs are found here. 

Hamilton, Pa., Monroe eo. Drained by McMi- 
chael, Cherry, and Pokon Creeks, branches of 
the Delaware River. Surface much diversified; 
soil gravelly. 

Hamilton, Pa., Franklin eo. Watered by the 
main branch of Coneeocheague Creek and id 
tributary Black Creek. Surface hilly j soil cal- 
careous loam and slate. 



392 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



JIamilton, Pa., MiKcan co. 

Hamilton County, Te., c. h. at Dallas. Bound- 
ed N. by Bledsoe and lliiea counties, E. by 
Bradley co., S. by Georgia, and W. by Marion 
CO. Watered by tiie Tennessee River and sev- 
eral small tributaries, the largest of which is 
Chickamauga Creek. 

Hammond. N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded 
on the W. by the St. Lawrence Biver, and wa- 
tered on the E. by Black Lake. The surface is 
level ; soil very productive. 26 miles S. W. 
from Canton, and 1S4 N. W. from Albany. 

Hampden, Me., Penobscot co. On the W. 
bank of Penobstot River, below and adjoining 
Bangor. A flourishing town, 62 miles E. N. E. 
from Augusta. 

Hampden County, Ms., c. h. Springfield. This 
county, until 1812. was the southern part of 
Hampshire co. It is bounded N. by Hampshire 
CO., E. by Worcester co., S. by Tolland and 
Hartford counties, Ct., and W. by Berkshire co. 
Connecticut River passes from N. to S. through the 
centre of the county; the Wcsltield from the W., 
the Chickopee from the E., with the Quinnebaug 
and other rivers in ditt'erent parts of the county, 
afford it an immense water power. The West- 
em Railroad and Connecticut River Railroad 
pass each other in this county, nearly at right 
angles. With these facilities, the county of 
Hampden takes a high stand among the manu- 
facturing and agricultural districts in New Eng- 
land. Some parts of this county are mountain- 
ous, but the principal part is rather undulating 
than hilly. Its highlands produce excellent food 
for cattle, and its intervale lands are very supe- 
rior in fertility and production. 

Hampshire Counti/, Ms., c. h. at Northampton. 
This ancient county, although its limits have 
been greatly reduced by the erection of Frank- 
lin and Hampden counties, is still increasing 
in agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing 
strength. Located in the centre of the alluvial 
basin of the noble Connecticut, blessed with a 
rich and variegated soil, and great water power, 
this must ever remain one of the most independ- 
ent counties in New England. The Western 
Railioad passes the western boundary of the 
county, and a series of railroads, extends from 
its centre to Long Island Sound. This county 
is bounded S. by Hampden, W. by Berkshire, N. 
by Franklin, and E. by Worcester counties. 

Hampshire County, Va., c. h. at Bomney. It is 
bounded N. by the N. branch and main stream 
of the Potomac River, separating it from Mary- 
land, E. by Morgan and Frederick counties, and 

5. and W. by Hardin co. Drained by the S. 
branch and some other tributaries of the Potomac 
River. Surface mountainous, particularly in 
the E. part ; but the soil in the valleys is of ex- 
cellent quality. 

Hampstead, N. H., Rockingham co. This town 
lies partly on the height of land between Mcrri- 
mac and Piscataqua Rivers. Wash, Argly, and 
Island Ponds are in this town. In Island is a 
valuable farm, containing 300 acres. This town 
was granted by Governor Benning Wentworth, 
and named by him after a village 5 miles N. of 
London, England. First settlers, Messrs. Emer- 
•on, Ford, Heath, and others, in 1728. 30 miles 

6. E. from Concord, and 12 S. W. from E.xeter. 
Hamilton, Ct., Windham co. This town was 

taken from Windham and Pomfret in 1786. The 
people are generally agriculturists, with a good 



strong soil of an uneven surface. The village is 
pleasantly situated on high ground. Hampton 
has good mill scats on a branch of Shetucket 
River. 35 miles E. of Hartford. 

Hamilton. N. H., Rockingham co. The soil is 
well adapted lo tillage and mowing, and about 
one fifth of the territory is a salt marsh. Hamp- 
ton is plcas.intly situated ; many eminences atTord 
romantic views of the ocean, Isle of Shoals, and 
sea-coast from Cape Ann to Portsmouth. Its 
beaches have long been the resort of invalids and 
parties of pleasure. Boar's Head is an abrupt 
eminence, extending into the sea. The Indian 
name of this town was Winnicumct. First set- 
tlers, emigrants from the county of Norfolk. 10 
miles S. W. from Portsmouth, and 46 S. E. from 
Concord. 

Hampton Falls, N. H., Rockingham co. The 
soil is generally good. This town was originally 
a part of Hampton. First settlers, see Hampton. 
.'jO miles S. E. from Concord, and 6 S. E. from 
Exeter. 

Hampton, N. Y., Washington co. Separated 
on the N. from the state of Vermont by Poultney 
River. The surface is somewhat hilly ; the val- 
leys fertile. 26 miles N. from Salem,' and 73 N. 
E. from Albany. 

Hampton, Va., c. h. Elizabeth City co. Situated 
on the W. side of Hampton River, about 1 mile 
from its mouth, and 94 miles E. S. E. from Rich- 
mond. 

Hamptonburg, N. Y., Orange co. Bounded ou 
the W. by the Wallkill, and watered by Murder- 
er's Creek. The surface is undulating ; soil very 
fertile. 4 miles N. E. from Goshen, and 100 S. S. 
W. from Albany. 

Hancock County, Ga., c. h. at Sparta. Bounded 
N. by Greene and Taliaferro counties. E. by the 
Ogeechee River, separating it from Warren co., S. 
by Washington and Milledgeville counties, and 
W. by the Oconee River, separating it from Put- 
nam CO. Drained by branches of the Oconee and 
Ogeechee Rivers. 

Hancock County, Is., c. h. at Carthage. Incor- 
porated in 1825, and bounded N. by Henderson 
CO., E. by McDonough and Schuyler, S. by Mar- 
quette and Adams, and W. by the Mississippi 
River, separating it from Mississippi and Iowa. 
Watered by Bear and Crooked Creeks and 
branches, the former a triliuiary of the Mississip- 
pi, and the latter of the Illinois River. Soil rich 
in the W. part. 

Hancock County, la., c. h. at Greenfield. Incor- 
porated in 1828, and bounded N. by Hamilton 
and Madison counties, E. by Henry and Rush, S. 
by Shelby, and W. by Marion. Watered by Blue 
River and Sugar and Brandywine Creeks, good 
mill streams. Surface mostly level ; soil fertile. 

Hancock County, Ky., c. h. at Hawesville. 
Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it 
from Indiana, E. by Breckenridgc CO.. S. by Gray- 
son and Ohio counties, and W. by Owen co. 
Watered on the S. boundary l>y Rough Creek, a 
branch of Green River, and W. by Blackford's 
River. Surface hilly, containing coal and iron 
ore. 

Hancock County, Me., c. h. at Ellsworth. E. 
part of the state bordering on Penobscot Bay and 
River, and tlie coast to the eastward, which is 
deeply indented with many islands and e.xcellent 
harbors. Union River flows S. through the mid- 
dle of it. 

Hancock, Me., Aroostook co. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



393 



Hancock, Mc, Hancock co. On the heail waters 
of Frenchman's Bav. 85 miles E. from Augusta. 

Hancock, JW., Washington co. On tlie N. 
bank of tlie Potomac River. 125 miles N. W. 
from Annapolis. 

Hancock, Ms., Berkshire CO., is a mountainous 
town ; anil in some parts of it the mountains 
are so abrupt that the inhabitants, In passing 
from one end of it to the other, are obliged to 
travel out of the town, and even througli a part 
of the state of New York. Although the surface 
of the town in many parts is too rough for culti- 
vation, yet there is" much good grazing on the 
tides of the mountains. There is a narrow val- 
ley in Hancock, about 7 miles in length, of great 
beauty and fertility. Here are some of the best 
farms' in the county, and here are seated, in a 
delightful village, a family of more than 200 
Shakers. 10 miles N. W. from Pittsfield, whence 
to Boston is 151 miles, by the railroad. 

Hancock County, Mi., "c. h. at Shieldsboro'. 
Bounded N. by Marion co.. E. by Harrison, S. 
by the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Borgne, and 
W. by Pearl River, separating it from Louisiana. 
Surface undidating on the N., and level on the 
S. ; soil of poor quality. 

Hancock, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The soil is 
various, but generally productive. The land is 
diversilied, and affords many good farms. Con- 
toocook and its branches furnish this town with 
water. There are two ponds here, which furnish 
A variety of fish. This town was named after 
Governor Hancock, of Boston, who was one of 
the original proprietors. First settler, John 
Grimes, in May, 1764. 36 miles S. W. from 
Concord, and 22 N. W. from Amherst. 

Hancock, N. Y., Delaware co. A large town, 
situated at the junction of the Papacton branch 
with the main stream of the Delaware River. 
The surface is broken and mountainous. 24 
miles S. from Delhi, and 129 S. \V. from Albany. 

Hancock Counli/, O., c. h. at Findlay. Seneca 
and Crawford counties bound it on the E., Wood 
on the N., Hardin on the S., and Putnam co. on 
the W. It has a good soil, which is well watered 
by tributaries from Blanchard's River. 

Hancock, Vt., Addison co. Emerson's branch 
of White River, the sixth branch of tlic same, and 
Leicester River, all rise near the S. W. corner of 
this township. Middlebury River also heads in 
the western part. These streams atlbrd several 
very good mill privileges. The whole of the 
township lies upon the Green Mountains, but 
the principal ridge is on the western side. The 
surface of Hancock is high and broken, and bitt 
a small portion of it suitable for tillage ; it, how- 
ever, produces good grass. The settlement was 
commenced in the year 1778. 15 miles S. E. 
from Middlebury, and 30 S. W. from Montpelier. 

Hancock County. Aa. New. 

Hancock Connti). Te. New. Taken from Clai- 
borne. On the N. E. border of the state. 

Hancock County, Va. New. Taken from 
Brooke. In the extreme N. W. corner of the 
state, between the Ohio and the Pennsylvania 
line. 

Hannibal, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by 
several small creeks, which flow into Lake On- 
tario. The surface is undulating ; soil fertile. 
12 miles S. from Oswego, and 168 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Hanover, Ms., Plymouth CO. The North River 
teparates this town from Pembroke, oa the S., 
50 



and affords it a good water power. The surface 
is quite level, with gentle swells, affording white 
oak and pine timber; the soil is diluvial, and 
with good management is made quite productive. 
The anchors of our favorite ship, " Old Iron- 
sides," were made in this place. " Hanover Four 
Corners," a handsome village on the banks of 
tlie river, is quite a business place, and lies 22 
miles S. E. from Boston, and 14 N. W. from 
Plymouth. The Old Colony Railroad passes 
near it. 

Hanover, N. H., Grafton co. The Connecticut 
River separates Hanover from Norwich, Vt., to 
which place it is connected by a briilge across 
the river. This is the principal stream ; there 
are, besides. Mink, Slate, and Goose Pond 
Brooks. In the Connecticut River are several 
islands ; the largest is called Parker's. The sur- 
face is diversified, well improved, and the greatest 
part suitable for farms. There is but a small 
proportion of waste land, less, perhaps, than in 
any other town in the county. It is estimated 
that nearly one half is under improvement. 
Moose Mountain is a considerable elevation, ex- 
tending across the town from N. to S. The prin- 
cipal village is in the S. W. corner of tlie town, 
on a beautiful and extensive plain, half a mile 
from Connecticut River, and 180 feet above the 
level of its waters. Vegetable substances arc 
found in this plain from 50 to 80 feet deep. 
Most of the houses of the villages are built 
round a square, level area of 12 acres, upon 
which, also, the buildings of the college front, 
making together a very handsome appearance. 
See Colleges. First settlers. Colonel Edward Free- 
man, Benjamin Davis, Benjamin Rice, Gideon 
Smith, and Asa Parker, in 1765. 69 miles N. 
from Concord, and 30 S. from Haverhill. 

Hanocer, N. J., Burlington co. Watered by 
Black's, Crosswick's, and a branch of Rancocns 
Creeks. Surface level ; soil sand and sandy 
loam. 12 miles N. E. from Mount Holly. 

Hanover. N. J., Morris co. Watered by Whip- 
pany and Parsipany Rivers, flowing into the 
Rockaway, which bounds it on the N. Surface 
hilly on the N. W. ; soil clay, gravel, and loam 
5 miles N. from Morristown, and 57 N. N. E. from 
Trenton. 

Hanover, N. Y.. Chautauque co. Bounded on 
the N. by Lake Erie and Cattaraugus Creek, and 
is drained by Silver and Black Walnut Creeks. 
The surface of the S. part is elevated and hilly ; 
the soil in the valleys and on the borders of the 
lake is rich alluvion. This vicinity is celebrated 
for its large forest trees. 26 miles N. E. from 
Maysville, and 315 W. by S. from Albany. 

Hanover, Pa., Northampton co. Bounded on 
the S. E. by Manokissy Creek. Surface level; 
soil fertile calcareous loam. 

Hanover, Pa.. Washington co. Drained by 
Herman's and Indian Creeks, branches of the 
Ohio River. Surface hilly, abounding with coal J 
soil loam. 22 miles N. W. from Washington. 

Hanover County, Va., e. h. at Hanover. Bound- 
ed N. and E. by North Anna River, sep.irating it 
from Caroline and King William counties, S. by 
New Kent and Henrico counties, and W. by 
Goochland and Louisa counties. Watered on 
the S. by a branch of James River. Surface 
hillv ; soil much diversified. 

tianover, Va., c. h. Hanover co., occupies an 
elevated position near Pamunky Kiver, and 20 
miles N. from Richmond. 



394 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Hanover, Pa., Beaver oo. Drained bv Big and 
Little Traviss, branches of Raccoon Creek. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil calcareous loam. 

Hanover, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded W. by 
Beaver Creek, and drained by Manaday Creek 
and Bow Run. branches of Swatara Creek. Sur- 
face undulatin{,' ; soil argillaceous loam and 
Bandstone. 15 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. 

Hanover, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Nanti- 
coke and Soloman's Creeks, mill streams flow- 
ing into the Susquehanna River, which bounds it 
on the N. W. Surface mountainous, abounding 
with anthracite coal. 

Hanover. Pa,, Lehigh co. Drained by Cale- 
soque Creek, a branch of the Lehigh River. 
Surface level ; soil rich calcareous loam. 

Hanson, Ms., Plymouth CO., was taken from 
Pembroke in 1820. There are several large and 
handsome ponds in the town, and several small 
streams, which give it some water power. Part 
of Monponset Pond lies in Hanson, from which, 
and other ponds in the town, a variety of fish are 
taken. In these ponds are large beds of bog iron 
ore. 244 miles S. E. from Boston, and 12| N. 
W. from Plymouth by the Old Colony Railroad. 

Harbor Creek, Pa.. Erie co. Drained by a num- 
ber of small streams flowing into Lake Erie. 
which bounds it on the N. 6 miles N. E. from 
Erie, and 219 N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Hardeman County, Te., c. h. at Bolivar. Bound- 
ed N. by Haywood and Madison counties, E. by 
McNairy co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Fayette 
CO. Watered by the Big patchy River and its 
tributaries. Surface mostly level ; soil sandy and 
sterile. 

Hardin County, Is., e. h. at Elizabethtown. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by Gallatin co., S. E. and 
S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken- 
tucky, and W. by Pope co. Drained by Big 
Creek, a mill stream flowing into the Ohio River. 
Surface rough and elevated. Iron and lead are 
abundant. 

Hardin, Is., c. h. Calhoun co. 

Hardin County, Ky., c. h. at Elizabethtown. 
Bounded N. by the Ohio River from Indiana. E. 
by the Rolling Fork of Salt River, separating it 
from Jefferson and Bullitt counties, S by Laurel 
and Grayson, and W. by Breckenridge and 
Meade counties. Drained by branches of Green 
Kiver. 

Hardin County, O., c. h. at Kenton. Bounded 
N. by Hancock. E, by Crawford and Marion, S. 
by Union and Logan, and W, by Allen counties. 
It was organized in 18,33, and has much valuable 
laud, which is watered by the Scioto, Miami, and 
Tymochtee Rivers, and Blanchard's and Hoy 
Creeks. 

Hardin, 0.. c. h. Shelby CO. 85 miles W. N 
W. from Columbus. 

Ilardinshnrc], Ky., e. h. Breckenridge co. Half 
a mile E. from Hardin's Creek. 10 miles from 
the Ohio River, and 1 1 5 W. S. W. from Frankfort. 

Hardin County, Te., c. h. at Savannah. Bound- 
ed N. by Henderson and Perry counties, E. by 
Wayne co.. S. by Alabama and Mississippi, and W. 
by McNairy co. Watered by White Oak River, 
Swift Creek, and other small streams flowing into 
the Tennessee River, which traverses this county 
from N. to S. 

Hardwick, Ms., Worcester CO. Although the 
face of this town is rough, it has no vcj-y high 
lands, and its soil is deep, loamy, moist, and very 
fertile. This is one of the best grazing townships 



in the county. It was settled in 1 736, and was first 
called Lambstown, from the name of one of its 
first proprietors. Its Indian name was Wom- 
bemesisecook. There are a number of small 
streams in the town. Ware River washes its E. 
and S. boundaries, and 2 large ponds, one of 
which is called Pottabong, 2 miles in length, is 
well stored with fish. From Furnace village, in 
Hardwick, to the Brookfield depot, on the Western 
Railroad, is about 8 miles S. ; from thence to Bos- 
ton is 67 miles. 

Hardwick, N. J., Warren co, Pelinskill, Beaver 
Brook, and the Bear branch of Pequcst Creek 
water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and 
the soil fertile. 15 miles N. E. from Belvidcre. 

Hardwick, Vt., Caledonia co. Hardwick is 
finely watered by Lamoille River, which gives the 
town valuable mill sites. The soil is generally 
very good, and produces a variety of^ exports. 
There are in this town 3 small villages, called the 
Street, or Hazen's Road, Stevensville, and La- 
nioillevillc; the latter is the largest. There is a 
mineral spring in the S. part of the town. About 
the year 1790, the first permanent settlement was 
made, by several families of the name of Norris, 
from New Hampshire. 12 miles N. W, from 
Danville, and 28 N, E. from Montpelier. 

Hardy County, Va., c. h. at Moorefield. Bound- 
ed N. by the N. branch of the Potomac River, 
separating it from Maryland, and by Hampshire 
CO., E. by Frederick and Shenandoah counties, S. 
by Rockingham and Pendleton counties, and W. 
by Randolph co. Watered by the N. and S. 
branches of the Potomac River, and by streams 
flowing into them. Some of the land bordering 
the streams is fertile, but the greater part is rough, 
rockv, and sterile. 

Har^dyston, N. J., Sussex co. Watered by the 
Wallkill River, and two of its branches rising in 
ponds in this town. Surface mountainous, being 
crossed by the Hamburg or Wallkill Mountains. 

Harford County, Md., c. h. at Belair. Bounded 
N. by Pennsylvania, E. I>y the Susquehanna 
River and Chesapeake Bay, separating it from 
Cecil CO., S. by Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Bal- 
timore CO. Watered by Deer Creek, Binum's 
and Winter's Runs, and the Little Falls of Gun- 
powder. Some of these streams afford good 
mill sites. The soil is diversified, and on Deer 
Creek the scenery is very beautiful and singular, 
the banks being formed of perpendicular rock 
from 200 to 300 feet in height. Limestone, iron, 
and chromate of iron are abundant in some por- 
tions of this county. 

Harford, Pa., Susquehanna co. Watered by 
Martin's, Partner's, and Van Winkle's Creeks, 
all mill streams, and branches of Tunkliaimock 
Creek. N. E. from Harrisburg 175 miles. 

Harlan County, Ky,, c. h. at Mount Pleasant. 
Bounded N. by Perry and Letcher counties, R 
and S. by Virginia, and W. by Knox co. Wa- 
tered by the Cumberland River and its branches. 
Surface very high, and broken by the Laurel 
Ridge on the N. VV., and the Cumberland Mout>- 
tains on the E. and S. 

Harlan, Ky., c. h. Harlan co. 

Harmar, O., Washington co. It is on the 
site of old Fort Harmar, on the S. bank of tbo 
Muskingum River. 16+ miles E. S. E. from Co- 
lumbus. The first fortification erected by tha 
Amei'icans in Ohio. 

Harmony, Me,, Somerset co. A fertile towit- 
ship, 53 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



395 



Harmony. N. J., Warren co. 58 miles N. by 
W. from Trenton. 

Harmoiii/, N. Y., Chiiutauque co. Bouniled on 
the N. E. Iiy Cliaut:uu|ue Lake, anJ drained l)y 
Goose and Little Broken Straw Creeks. The 
surface is rolliiifj;; soil sandy loam and clay. 10 
miles S. from Maysville, and 338 VV. by S. from 
Albany. 

Huniicmji, Pa., Susi|nehanna Co. The Susque- 
hanna Kivcr. and Starucca and Conewanta 
Creeks, its tributaries, water this town. Sur- 
face hillv, having Oquaga Mountam on the 
N. W. 

Harper's Fern/, Va., Jefferson co. At the pas- 
sage of Potomac River through the Blue Ridge. 
173 miles N. from Richmond. See Fashioiia- 
hle Resorts. 

Harpersjieltl. N. Y., Delaware co. Delaware 
and Charlotte Rivers water this town, the surface 
of which is hillv and broken, and the soil rich 
loam. 18 niiles"N. E. from Delhi, and 62 S. W. 
from Albany. 

Harpsweli, Me.. Cumberland co., comprises a 
promontory in Casco Bay, and several islands 
surrounding it. The soil is fertile, and in sum- 
mer the town is resorted to by invalids and par- 
ties of pleasure. 22 miles N. E. from Portland 
by water, and 4 S. E. from Brunswick. 

Harwich, Ms., Barnstable co. This town is 
situated upon the S. side of the t'ape. and formerly 
inclutlcd the town of Brewster, from which it was 
separated in 1803. It was settled hy emigrants 
from Eastham and Plymouth in 1647. Harwich 
is most abundantly supplied with pure fresh 
water, having within its limits no less than 8 
ponds, of from 1 to 6 miles in circumference, be- 
sides a considerable number of inferior ones. 
Long Pond, which divides Brewster from Har. 
wich, is the source of Herring River. It is 3 
miles long, and abounds with lish, and is on an 
elevation of 10 feet above the sea. All these 
ponds arc of the greatest purity. The surface is 
gently undulating, more level than that of other 
towns on the cape, and is mostly covered with 
oak and pine wood. The soil is light, and well 
adapted to fruit trees. Harwich contains 3 hand- 
some and thriving villages. The academy in the 
central village is a beautiful specimen of archi- 
tecture, of the Doric order. 30 miles N. from 
Nantucket Harbor, from which island it is sepa- 
rated by the " Shoals "' and the Vineyard Sound 
Channel. 14 miles E. fiom Barnstable. 

Harrietstown, N. Y., Franklin co. This town 
contains Lower Saranac and several other small 
lakes, which are the sources of Racket and Sar- 
anac Rivers. It was incorporated from Duane 
in 1841. and a large part of it is a wilderness. 
35 miles S. from Malone, and 190 N. by W. from 
Albany. 

Harrimilon, N. J., Bergen co. Bounded on the 
E. by Hudson River, and drained by the Hack- 
ensack and its branches. Along the Hudson ex- 
tend the Palisades, which are here elevated 400 
feet. The surface elsewhere is level, and the 
toil rich loam. 

Harris Count;/, Oa., c. h. at Hamilton. Bound- 
ed N. tiy Tr(ju|>, E. by Talbot, S. by Muscogee 
CO., and W. by the Chattahoochee River, separat- 
ing it "from Alabama. Drained by Long, Flat 
Shoal, Mulberry. Pine, and other creeks flowing 
into the Chattahoochee. Pine Mountain trav- 
erses the N. part of this county. 

Harris Cuunly, Ts., c. h. at Houston. S. E. 



part. Touches Galveston Bay. Watered by 
San Jacinto and Budalo Bayou. 

Harrishuri/, N. Y., Lewis co. Drained by 
Deer Creek, and has a productive soil. 1*2 miles 
N. W. from Martinsburg, and 140 from Albany. 

Hnrrisbnr;/, capital of the state of Pennsyl- 
vania, and scat of justice for Dauphin <'o., is 
situated on the E. bank of the Snsi|uehanna 
River, about 100 miles N. W. by W. from Phila- 
delphia. Population in 1800,' 1472; in 1810, 
2287; in 1820, 2990; in 1830, 4311 ; in 1840, 
6020; in 1850, 8000. The town is built on a 
|ieninsula formed by the Susquehanna on the W. 
side, and Paxton Creek on the E. The northern 
part of the site is a gently-swelling hill, while the 
southern gradually sinks to a level plain, extend- 
ing towards the junction of the creek with the 
river. It is regularly laid out, with several 
streets running parallel to the river, aiul others 
crossing them at right angles. The situation 
commands a tine view of the river and of the 
surrounding country. The Pennsylvania Canal 
passes along the vale of the Paxton Creek, E. of 
the town. 

The Susquehanna is here divided into two 
channels by an island called Foster Island ; and 
a tine bridge, nearly a mile in length, inelutling 
the crossing of the island, connects Harrisburg, 
from the foot of Market Street, with Cumberland 
CO., on the opposite side of the river. Tins bridge 
was Hnisheil in 1817, at a cost of $192,000. An- 
otlier bridge over the Susquehanna, built in 1837 
for the Cumberland Valley Railroad, but having 
also a way for ordinary travel, enters the town 
two stjuarcs below. This is an immense struc- 
ture, nearly 4000 feet in length, having 23 spans, 
averaging 173 feet, and two ai'cbed viaducts, one 
53 and the other 84 feet wide. The railroad 
track passes upon the top of the bridge, and a 
double carriage way is beneath. The cost of this 
bridge was but a little short of §100,000. This 
railroad connects Harrisburg with Chambers- 
burg, 56 miles, VV. by S., and there unites with 
the Franklin Railroad, extending to Ilagerstown, 
in Maryland. Harrinburg is also connected by 
lines of railroad communication willi Philadel- 
phia on the E., and with Pittsburg on the W. It 
is brought into connection with a large portion 
of the interior of the state, as well as of the ad- 
joining states, and of the west, by the great Penn- 
sylvania Canal, with its various branches. 

The State House at Harrisburg is a building 
of imposing appearance, having the advantage 
of a fine situation in the most elevated part of 
the town, facing towards the river, to which the 
ground gradually descends. The ediliee consists 
of a main building, and two wings which were 
intended to be connected with the centre by walls, 
and are so placed that their porticoes arc all in a 
range upon the front. The main building is 180 
feet front by 80 feet deep, and two stories high. 
The chambers of the legislature arc in the lower 
story, and the upper is appropriated to the Gov- 
ernor's room, and two rooms for the state library, 
which contams about 10,000 volumes. The 
wings are appropriated to the public olHces. 

7'he front of the main building is decorated 
with a circular portico of si.x Ionic columns, 4 
feet in diameter and 36 feet high. The eililico is 
surmounted by a beautiful dome, the top of which 
is 108 feet from the ground. From the cupola it 
presented one of the finest prospects in the state. 

The other i)ublic edifices are the Court House, 



396 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



formerly occupied as a State House; the Ma- 
Bonie Hall, wliieh is a lart;e and handsome build- 
ing ; two Banks ; the new Penitentiary, which is 
one of the most substantial and elegant buildings 
in the state, built in the style of a Norman castle ; 
the Lancaslerian School House, a large two-story 
brick edifice, erected by the state ; and several 
handsome church edifices. Of religious denomi- 
nations in Harrisburg there are the Lutheran, 
Presbyterian, Episcopalian, German Reformed, 
Methodist, Baptist, Unitarian, and Itoman Cath- 
olic. 

There is an aqueduct for supplying the town 
with water from the Susquehanna River, called 
the Mount Airy Waterworks. The water is 
forced into the reservoir by a steam engine, and 
distributed over the town in iron pipes. The 
reservoir is on a hill N. of the capital, 90 feet 
above the river, and will contain 1,532,195 gallons. 
These works cost about $120,000. 

Harrisburg was laid out, to be the shire to^vn 
of Dauphin co., in 1785. The original proprietor 
of the soil- was John Harris, from whom the town 
is named. The ground on which the Capitol now 
stands was given by him for the public use. It 
was established as the seat of government for the 
state February 21, 1810. 

Harrison County, la., c. h. at Corydon. Bound- 
ed N. by Washington co., E. by Floyd, S. E. and 
S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken- 
tucky, and W. by Crawford co. Drained by 
Blue River, and Big and Little Indian and Bucks 
Creeks. Surface hilly or uneven ; soil tolerably 
good, and on the streams quite rich. 

Harrison County, Ky., c. h. at Cynthiana. 
Bounded N. by Pendleton and Bracken counties, 
E. by Nicholas, S. by Bourbon, and W. by Scott 
CO. Watered on the N. E. by Licking River, and 
drained by its S. fork and branches. Soil mostly 
fertile. 

Harrison, Me., Cumberland co. Crooked River 
passes the E. side of this town, and the waters 
of Long Pond are its western boundary. This 
is a good township of land. Incorporated 1805. 
Harrison has Otisfield on •he E., and is 75 miles 
W. S. W. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from 
Portland. 

Hairison County, Mi., c. h. at Mississippi City. 
Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Jackson, S. by 
the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Hancock co. 
Drained by Wolf and Red Rivers, and the Beloxi 
and its branches. Surface level; soil sandy. 

Harrison, N. J., Hudson co. Situated between 
the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers. Has a 
level and marshy surface. 

Harrison, N. Y., Westchester co. Drained by 
Mamaroneck Creek and Blind Brook. The sur- 
face is generally level, and the soil productive. 
3 miles E. from White Plains, and 134 S. from 
Albany. 

Harrison County, 0., c. h. at Cadiz, is bounded 
on the N. by Carroll, Tuscarawas, and Jefierson, 
E. by Jefferson, S. by Belmont and Guernsey, 
and W. by Tuscarawas. The land is elevated, 
and has no large streams of water. 

Harrison County, Ts., c, h. at Morchall. Near 
the E. border, on the Upper Sabine. 

Harrison, Te., c. h. Hamilton co. 

Harrison County, Va., c. h. at Clarksburg. 
Bounded N. by Tyler and Marion counties, E. 
by Barbour, S. by Lewis, and W. by Ritchie and 
Tyler counties. Drained by the W. fork of the 
Monongahela River and its branches, and by the 



head branches of Middle Island Creek. Surfice 
uneven ; soil fertile. 

Harrisonburg, La., c. h. Catahoola parish. On 
the W. side of Ouchitta River. 236 miles N. W. 
from New Orleans. 

Harrisonville. Is., c. h. Monroe co. On the E. 
bank of the Mississippi River. 127 miles S. S. 
W. from Springfield. 

Harrisonville, Mo., c. h. Cass CO. 

Harrodsburg, Ky., c. h. Mercer co. On a small 
branch of Salt River, 8 miles S. from Kentucky 
River, and is the seat of Bacon College. S. from 
Frankfort 31 miles. See Harrodsburg Springs, 
and Colleges. 

Hart County, Ky., c. h. at Mumfordsville. 
Bounded N. by Laurel Co., E. by Greene, S. by 
Barren, and W. by Edmonson. Surface level, 
and watered by Green River and Bacon Creek ; 
soil of excellent quality. 

Hartford County, Ct., c. h. at Hartford. This 
county is bounded N. by Hampden co., Ms., 
E. by Tolland co., S. by the counties of Mid- 
dlese.<c and New Haven, and W. by the coun- 
ty of Litchfield. This is considered the most 
important and valuable county in the state, in 
regard to the variety and richness of its soil, and 
the high state of culture it has attained. It 
was constituted in 1666, since which, Tolland 
CO. and parts of Middlesex, Windham, Litch- 
field, and New London have been detached. Its 
present limits comprise an area of about 727 
square miles. Besides the Connecticut, which 
traverses its whole length, the Farmington, Hack- 
anum, Podunk, Scantic, and other streams, water 
the county in almost every direction. On these 
streams important manufacturing establishments 
have sprung up, and unite with the agricultural 
interest and river trade in rendering this county 
the centre of a large and flourishing business. 

Hartford, Ct., city, c. h. Hartford co. On the 
W. side of Connecticut River, 50 miles above 
its mouth, at the head of steamboat and coasting 
navigation. The river is navigable as far as 
Hartford by steamboats of 1000 tons' burden, 
and other coasting and sea-going vessels of light 
draught. It is 34 miles N. N. E. from New Haven, 
44 N. W. from New London, 73 W. from Provi- 
dence, R. I., 124 W. S. W. from Boston, 128 S. E. 
from Albany, and 118 N. E. from New York. It 
is one of the capitals of the state, the legisla- 
ture meeting here and at New Haven alter- 
nately, in May of eacli year, the odd years at 
Hartford and the even years at New Haven. 
The state offices and records are kept at Hart- 
ford. The corporate limits of the city extend 
along the river from N. to S., over a mile, and 
from the river W. three fourths of a mile, em- 
bracing about 700 acres. In 1810, the popula- 
tion was 3955; in 1820, 4726; in 18.30, 7076; 
in 1840, 9468; in 1850, 17,966. It is pleasantly 
situated upon a gently-rising eminence, sloping 
eastwardly to Connecticut River, and broken 
into graceful undulations on its western limits. 
It contains 73 streets and lanes, a portion of 
them running nearly parallel to the river, and 
others generally crossing them E. and W. Main 
Street, which extends from N. to S. quite through 
the city, and divides it into nearly equal divis- 
ions, is" the great thoroughfare, and the ^eat of 
the principal retail trade. It is broad and nearly 
straight, and for more than a mile presents an 
almost unbroken range of brick and stone edi- 
fices, many of which arc elegant. On this street 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



397 



are the principal public buildings and churches. 
State Street, also a broad avenue extending from 
Main Street E. to Connecticut Kiver, contains 
many elegant buildings, and is the seat of an 
active business. Near its junction with Main 
Street, it divides into two branches, enclosing 
the State House and the Public Square. Com- 
merce Street runs along the bank of the river, 
is connected by a branch track with the several 
railroads entering the city' and has a large and 
commodious freight depot upon the wharf, at the 
terminus of the branch track, substantially built 
of brown freestone and brick. Asylum Street, 
extending W. from Main Street to the general 
railroad depot, is compactly occupied by large 
brick and freestone editices, and is the seat of a 
very extensive and heavy business, chiefly in 
cotton and woollen domestic fabrics. The city, 
as a whole, is substantially and compactly built, 
of brick and stone, and exhibits a larger number 
of elegant edifices and more elaborate architect- 
ure than most cities of its size. 

Hartford Bridge, which connects the city with 
East Hartford from the foot of Morgan Street, 
is a substantial wooden structure, 1000 feet in 
length. 

Among the public buildings, the State House 
is conspicuous. It stands in the centre of the 
city, enclosed in a beautiful park surrounded 
by an ornamental iron railing, and adorned with 
fine shade trees. It is built of stone and brick ; 
order Roman Doric, length 114 feet, width 76 
feet, height of walls 54 feet, with two porticoes 
each 38 by 17 feet. On the basement a hall ex- 
tends through the building from E. to W., having 
on the N. side a court room, and on the S. the 
public oflices of the comptroller, treasurer, and 
school commissioner, and the governor's room. 
On the second floor, on the N. side of a cor- 
responding hall, is the House of Representatives 
chamber, on the S. the Senate chamber, and in 
the western portico the office of the state secre- 
tary. In the .Senate chamber is one of the best 
original paintings of Washington ever executed, 
painted by Stewart. The State House was 
erected in 1792. The cupola of this building 
commands one of the richest and most e.xten- 
Bive landscape views in the country, embracing 
the scenery of the Connecticut River with its 
broad alluvial valley, crowned with luxuriant 
■vegetation for many miles in every direction, and 
terminating only with the far distant blue high- 
lands. 

The City Hall, on Market Square, is an ele- 
gant structure of Grecian architecture ; the base- 
ment occupied as a city market, the second floor 
as the city and police court rooms and other 
public offices, and the third floor as the public 
city hall. 

Wadsworth AtheniEura, standing on the W. 
side of Main Street, is a noble building, of light- 
gray granite, in the castellated Gothic style of 
architecture, devoted to historical and literary 
purposes. The north compartment is occupied 
by the " Young Men's Institute," the basement 
as lecture rooms, and the second floor for their 
library, containing some 10,000 volumes; the 
centre compartment contains a gallery of paint- 
ings, and other rooms devoted also to the fine 
arts and sculpture ; the south compartment is 
appropriated to the use of the Connecticut His- 
torical Society, and contains in its archives a 
large and highly interesting collection of histori- 



cal antiquities, besides some 5000 volumes, and 
multitudes of ancient documents, pamphlets, and 
manuscripts. This building derives its name 
from the late Daniel Wadsworth, Esq., who 
gave the site upon which it stands. 

Trinity College is situated on a gentle emi- 
nence in the S. W. part of the city. See CoUeges. 

The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb 
is in the immediate vicinity of the city, though 
outside of the corporate limits, as is also the 
Retreat for the Insane. The Asylum was the 
first institution for the instruction of deaf mutes 
ever established in this country. It was founded 
in 1817, chiefly through the instrumentality of 
the late Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, LL. D., its 
first principal, who visited Europe for the pur- 
pose of obtaining the requisite information. On 
his return in 1816, he was accompanied by Mr. 
Laurent Clerc, a deaf mute, who had been a suc- 
cessful teacher for several years in Paris, under 
the Abbe Sicard. He was at once secured as an 
associate instructor with Mr. Gallaudet, and the 
institution rose rapidly into public fiivor and 
confidence — the number of 7 deaf mutes, with 
which it commenced, soon increasing to 140, 
from all sections of the Union. Congress, in 
1819, granted to the Asylum a township of land 
in Alabama, which has since been invested in a 
permanent fund. The main building was erect- 
ed in 1820. It is 130 by 50 feet, and 4 stories 
high. Several other buildings, workshops, &c., 
have been since erected. The number of pupils 
averages about 200. This institution is an orna- 
ment to the city, the state, and the country, and 
an enduring monument of the Christian philan- 
thropy and wisdom of its now departed founder. 

The Retreat for the Insane, but little less 
interesting in the scale of human benevolence, 
stands on a commanding but easy eminence 
half a mile S. W. of the city. The site is admi- 
rably chosen, overlooking one of the most serene 
and lovely landscapes which can any where be 
found. In one direction, the eye embraces the 
city, with its spires, turrets, and towers ; in others, 
extensive views of the Connecticut Valley and 
River, with its floating burden of steamers and 
other vessels ; in others still, a number of thriv- 
ing farming villages, embowered amid orchards 
and deep foliage, from whence the numerous 
white cottages and farm houses seem to peep 
forth ; and in the immediate foreground the 
scenery is enriched by the ornamental and taste- 
ful lawns and gardens of the institution, embra- 
cing some 17 acres, beautifully adorned with 
shrubbery and trees, and diversified with serpen- 
tine walks and carriage ways. The main build- 
ing is about 410 feet long, consisting of a centre 
building 50 feet square, 3 stories above the base- 
ment, flanked with wings extending N. and S. 
2 and 3 stories high, 144 by 30 feet, and tcnni- 
nating with two angular end buildings or halls, 
one at each end, 120 by 36 feet. Tlie males 
occupy the north, and the females the south 
wings and halls, exclusively, except such patients, 
of both sexes, as have separate attendants, and 
rooms in the centre building. The institution 
accommodates 200 patients, and is considered a 
model one of its highly-beneficent class. It was 
founded in 1822. 

The celebrated " Charter Oak " is among the 
objects of interest in Hartford. The original 
charter which it concealed and saved is still in a 
good state of preservation, in the office of the 



398 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



state secretary. Within the ample scope of the 
capital C with wliich the manuscript diarter com- 
mences, there is a spirited lil^eness of Cliarles II., 
executed by the original scribe, entirely with a 
pen. 

There were, in 1852, 21 churches of the various 
denominations, and one Jewish synagosue. 

There are 2 savings institutions, with a joint 
capital and deposits of over $2,000,000 ; 5 fire 
insurance companies, with an aggregate capital 
of $1,750,000: 5 life insurance companies, with 
an aggregate original and accumulated capital 
of $2,138,100. The railroads which centre here, 
and whose stock is to a great extent owned in the 
city, are the Hartford, New Haven, and Spring- 
field, and the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill ; 
the former connecling at New Haven with the 
New York and New Haven Railroad, and at 
Springlicld with the Connecticut River Rail- 
road, and the Western Railroad between Boston 
and Albany. The junction or main depot of 
these roads is an elegant structure of brown free- 
stone, in the Italian Campenilli style of archi- 
tecture ; length from N. to S. 360 feet ; width, 
fronting S. on Asylum Street, 94 feet ; cost, 
$60,000. For Banks, See Banks. 

There are also 18 other incorporated com- 
panies, having an aggregate capital of about 
$2,000,000, engaged in manufacturing and com- 
mercial enterprises, besides a vast number of 
heavy manufacturing and mechanical establish- 
ments, unincorporated, among which the pistol 
factory of Samuel Colt, Esq., for the manufac- 
ture of his world-renowneJ " revolver," Sharp's 
celebrated rifle factory, Tracey and Fales's ex- 
tensive car factory, and WoodrufiF and Beach's 
mammoth iron foundery, stand conspicuous. The 
amount of articles manufactured within the city, 
for the year ending June 1, 1850, as appears 
from the last census returns, was $3,619,389; 
and from the rapid increase of this interest in 
the city it is now (1852) estimated at one quarter 
more. The book trade is also very extensive. 

The city is divided into six wards, and is 

der the corporate government of a mayor, 
chosen once in two years, six aldermen, twenty- 
four common councilmen, a clerk, treasurer, au- 
ditor, collector, judge, and two sheritt's, chosen 
annually. The Court of Common Council, 
which is the municipal legislative body, is com- 
posed of the mayor, aldermen, and councilmen, 
who meet in one assembly semi-monthly. 

The Indian name of Hartford was Suckiaitg. 
It was first settled by the English in the autumn 
of 1635, who gave it the name of Newtown, 
after the town of that name in Massachusetts, 
(now Cambridge,) from whence they migrated. 
In February, 1637, the General Court gave it 
the present name of Hartford, in honor of Mr. 
Stone, one of the principal settlers, who was 
born in Hartford, England. The Dutch had, 
however, explored the river, and had erected a 
rude fort on what is still called " Dutch Point," 
in the S. E. part of the city, prior to 1633. It 
was incorporated as a city in 1784. 

Besides its college, it has the best system of 
public schools in the state, entirely free to every 
resident pupil, emi)racing every grade from the 
little '' Primary," uj) to the noble " Free High 
School,' furnished with an ample scientific and 
pliilosophicul ajiparatus, and prepared to advance 
Btudents of either sex to a high grade of seien- 
tifical or classical educational attainment ; all 



supported partly from the public fund, and part- 
ly by a general ta.x on property. 

A project is on foot for bringing to Hartford 
the water of the Connecticut from Enfield, 13 
miles above, where the river has a rapid of 32 
feet descent, as well to supply the city with water 
as for hydratdic use. This would give to the city 
immense advantages for 'manufacturing pur- 
poses. See IVimtsor Locks. 

Hartford, Ky., c. h. Ohio co. On the S. side 
of Rough Creek, near the junction of Mead 
Creek, and 154 miles W. .S. W. from Frankfort. 

Hartford, Me., Oxford co. This excellent 
township is watered by ponds and sm.all streams. 
It lies 31 miles W. from Augusta, and 15 N. E. 
from Paris. 

Hartford, N. Y., Washington co. Drained by 
some small branches of Wood Creek. The sur- 
face is mostly hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 
14 miles N. from Salem, and' 56 N. N. E. from 
Albany. 

Hartford, Vt., Windsor co. Hartford is wa- 
tered by White and Qucchec Rivers, which are 
the only streams of consequence. They both 
afford very valuable privileges for mills. The 
surface is broken, but the soil is rich and warm. 
The timber is principally white pine, beech, ma- 
ple, and birch. The gulf formed by the passage 
of Quechee River, through a considerable hill, is 
a curiosity. There are several villages in the 
town ; the largest are White River village and 
Quechee village. The former is pleasantly situ- 
ated on the banks of White River, about 1 mile 
from its mouth. The river is here crossed by a 
handsome bridge. Quechee village is situated 
around a considerable fall in Otta-Quechee Riv- 
er, about 5 miles from its mouth. The first 
settlers were Elijah, Solomon, and Benajah 
Strong. They emigrated from Lebanon, Ct., 
and came into this township with their families 
in 1764. 42 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 
14 N. from Windsor. The railroad from Boston 
to Burlington, via Montpelier, crosses the Con- 
necticut here, and is crossed by the road up and 
down the river. 

Hartland, Ct., Hartford co. It lies in a moun- 
tainous part of the state ; most of the land is 
cold, and fit only for grazing. A branch of 
Farmington River passes through the town, and 
forms what is called Hartland Hollow, a deep 
ravine, presenting some bold and picturesque 
scenery. 22 miles N. W. from Hartford. 

Hartland, Me., Somerset co. A good town- 
ship. 42 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 

Hartland, N. Y., Niagara co. It is drained by 
Johnson's and Eighteen Mile Creek. The sur- 
face is level ; soil calcareous and sandy loam. 
8 miles N. E. from Lockport, and 272 W. by N. 
from Albany. 

Hartland, Vt, Windsor co. This is a rich 
farming township. Surface pleasantly diversi- 
fied with hills and valleys. Connecticut River 
washes the eastern boundary, and at Quechee 
Falls, on this stream, are several mills. Quecheo 
River runs across the N. E. corner, and Lull's 
Brook through the sonthcrn part of the town, 
and afibrd some of the best mill privileges in the 
state. A valuable bed of paint has been discov- 
ered here. The settlement of the township was 
commenced in May, 1763, by Timothy Lull, 
from Dummerston, Vt. 50 miles S. S. E. from 
Montpelier, and 9 N. from Windsor. The Con 
neeticut River Railroad passes through the town. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



399 



Bartsrilh. Mo., c. h. Wright co. On the N. 
side of Woods Fork of Gasconade River. 

Hartwick. N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehan- 
na River and Otsego Creek water this town, the 
surface of which is hilly, and the soil sandy loam, 
very fertile in the valleys. 5 miles S. W. from 
Cooperstown village, and 75 W. from Alliany. 
In the E. part of the town, on the bank of the 
Susfiueluinna, 73 miles W. from Albany, is the 
Beat of a literary and theological seminary under 
the care of the Lutherans. Sec Theological Schools. 

Harcard, Ms., Worcester CO., was taken from 
Stow, Lancaster, and Groton in 1732, and re- 
ceived its name in honor of the founder of Har- 
vard College. The town has a warm, strong, 
and fertile soil, but its surface is somewhat 
rocky and broken by hills. The Nashua washes 
its western boundary. The town is also watered 
by a small stream called Still River, and some 
ponds. Bare Hill Pond, a tine sheet of water, 3 
miles in circumference, containing 2 small islands 
and affording some water power, lies a little to 
the eastward of Still River village. Hell Pond, 
BO called from its great depth, 90 feet, and Rob- 
bin.s's Pond lie at the N. part of the town. 
These ponds contain fine perch and pickerel. 
A fine blue slate is found here. Still River vil- 
lage, in Harvard, lies 6 miles W. from the Little- 
ton depot, on the Fitehburg Railroad, and 31 i 
miles from Uoston. A society of Shakers reside 
in the N. part of tlie town. 

Harwinton, Ct., Litchfield co. Har-win-ton 
derived its name from 3 syllables taken from the 
names of Hartford. Windsor, and Farmington. 
It was first settled in 1731, incorporated 1737. 
Harwinton is situated on high ground, abounding 
with granite rocks, and more fit for grazing than 
tillage. 

Hiistinris^ N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by 
Salmon Creek and several small tributaries of 
Oneiila Lake. The surface is level ; soil favor- 
able to the growth of grass. 20 miles S. E. from 
Oswego, and 1.50 N. W. from Albany. 

Ilutjield, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly 
a part of the town of Hadley. It lies on the W. 
side of Connecticut River. The surface is level, 
with a soil of an excellent quality, a good part 
of which is choice intervale. Haydensville. at 
the S. W. part of the town, is a neat village, 
watered by Mill River. 5 miles N. from North- 
ampton. 

Ilalfietd, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by 
Neshaming and Towamensing Creeks. Surface 
undulating ; soil sandy loam. 

Iliimna, Is., c. h. Mason co., occupies a high. 
Bandy ridge on the E. l)ank of Illinois River, 
opposite the mouth of .Spoon River, and 4.') miles 
N. N. W. from Springfield. 

Iliinrford, Pa.. Delaware eo. Watered by 
Cobb's and Darby Creeks. Surface hilly; soil 
rich sandy loam. 9.5 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. 

Haverhill^ Ms., Essex co., is a town of uncom- 
mon beauty. It is situated on the N. side of 
Merrimac River, over which are two handsome 
bridges. It is at the head of navigation on the 
Merrimac River. Little River and other streams 
give Haverhill a fine hydraulic power. The soil is 
very good and highly cultivated. From " Gold- 
en Hill," and " Silver's Hill," two of the most 
commanding eminences in the town, the land- 
scape scenery is delightful. Near the centre of 
the town are Plug. Round, and Great Ponds ; 
and, in the W. parish, Creek Pond. The two 



latter are celebrated for their beautiful scenery 
and fine fish. These ponds cover an area of 780 
acres. At the N. part of the town, on the brow 
of a hill, is a large rock called the ■' Corner 
Stone," located at the corner of 4 towns. 16 
miles N. E. from Lowell, and 32 N. from Boston, 
by the Boston and Maine Railroad. 

Ifanerhill, N. H., Grafton co. This is one of 
the shire towns, and is watered by Oliverian and 
Hazen Brooks. The soil is suited to every spe- 
cies of cultivation common to the climate. There 
is a quarry of granite suitable for mill stones 
and bnildings, and a bed of iron ore, on the W. 
side of Benton, bordering this town. The prin- 
cipal village is called Haverhill Corner ; in it is 
a beautiful common, of an oblong scjuare ; the 
situation is elevated, overlooking the adjacent 
country for many miles. There is also another 
village, on a street nearly a mile in length, 
straight and very level. Several of the early 
settlers were from Newbury and Haverhill, Ms., 
from which latter place this town derived its 
name. Fine crystals are found here. First 
settler. Captain John Hazen. in 1764. Distances 
31 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 99 N. N. W. 
from Concord, by railroad. It also has railroad 
connection with New York, Montreal, and Boston. 

Havcrstraw, N. Y'., Rockland co. Watered by 
2 or 3 small tributaries of the Hudson River, 
which bounds it on the E. Stony Point, an im- 
portant military post during the revolutionary 
war, is in this town. The surface is hilly and 
mountainous, being partly covered by the Dun- 
derberg Mountain. The soil in the valleys is 
chiefly clay loam of good quality. 7 miles N. 
from New City, and 116 S. from Albany. 

Havre de Grace, Md., Hartford co. On the W. 
bank of Susquehanna River, at its entrance into 
Chesapeake Bay. It is on the railroad between 
Wilmington and Baltimore, and at the termina- 
tion of the Susquehanna Canal. 

Ilmclcins Coiiuti/, Te., c. h. at Rogersville. It 
is bounded by Virginia, E. by Sullivan CO., S. 
by Greene and Jefferson, and W. by Grainger 
and Claiborne counties. Surface mountainous, 
and drained by Holston and Clinch Rivers and 
branches. 

Hau'lei/, Ms., Franklin co. This town lies on 
the Green Mountain range, and is the source 
of some of the head waters of Deerfield River. 
The surface is rough, but the soil good. There 
is good iron ore in the town. 14 miles W. by S. 
from Greenfield, and 104 W. by N. from Boston. 

Huijicood Couiiti/, N. C., c. h. at Waynesville. 
On the western border. A highly-elevated tract; 
in its lowest portions 1.500 feet above the ocean. 
Separated from Tennessee by the .Smoky ridge. 
Touches the Blue Ridge on the S. Drained by 
the Big Pigeon branch of the French Broad, one 
of the south-eastern tritiutarics of the Tennessee. 
Among the inhabitants are 710 Cherokee Indians. 

Haywood County, Te , e. h. at Brownsville. 
W. part watered by the Forked Deer and 
Hatchee, tributaries of the Mississippi, which 
How through it. Flat and fertile. 

Hays County, Ts., c. h. at San Marcus. 

Heard County, Ga., c . h. at Franklin. Bounded 
N. by Carroll co., E. by Coweta, S. by Troup, 
and W. by Alab.ama. The Chattahoochee River 
traverses this county. Surface level; soil tolera- 
bly good. 

Heath, Ms., Franklin co. Heath is a moun- 
tainous township. Some of the head waters of 



400 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



the W. branch of Decrficid River flow through 
it. 1.3 miles N. W. by W. from GreenBeld, and 
103 N. W. liy \V. from Boston. 

Hmtlisrille, Va., c. h. Northumberland co. Near 
the head of Coan River. 98 miles E. by N. from 
Richmond. 

Hebron, Ct., Tolland co. Hop River, a branch 
of the Williniantic, waters this town. The vil- 
lage of Hebron, with its Gothic church, is pleas- 
ant and commands a good prospect. The sur- 
face of the town is hilly, but fertile. North Pond, 
in the S. part-of the town, is a handsome sheet 
of water. Hebron was first settled 1704 ; incor- 
porated 1707. 20 miles S. E. from Hartford. 

Hebron, Me., 0-xford co. This is a good farm- 
ing town, lying S. E. from Paris about 7 miles, and 
42 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1792. 

Udiron, N. H., Grafton co. A considerable 
part of Newfound Lake lies in the S. E. part of 
this town. It has no river, nor any important 
streams. Nearly one half of the town was in- 
cluded in the grant of Cockermouth, now Gro- 
ton. The remaining part was taken from 
Plymouth. 9 miles S. W. from Plymouth, and 
40 N. W. from Concord. 

Hebron, N. Y., Washington co. Watered by 
Black Creek. The surface is hilly ; soil sandy 
loam, yielding good crops of grass and grain. 
8 miles N. from Salem, and .52 N. E. from Albany. 

Hebron, O., Licking co. At the intersection of 
the Ohio Canal with the national road. It is 9 
miles from Newark, and 27 from Columbus. 

Hector, N. Y., Tompkins co. On the S. E. 
border of Seneca Lake. Drained by several 
small creeks. The surface is high and somewhat 
uneven; soil suitable for grass. 14 miles W. 
from Ithaca village, and 186 W. from Albany. 

Heidelburg, Pa., Berks co. Tulpehocken, Spring, 
and Cacoosing Creeks water this town. Surface 
hilly in some portions ; soil rich calcareous loam 
and gravel, well suited to the growth of grass 
and grain. 

Heidelburg. Pa.. Lebanon Co. Drained on the 
N. E. by Mill, a branch of Tulpehocken Creek, 
and on the S. W. by Hammer Creek, a branch of 
the Conestoga River, both mill streams. Surface 
level; soil good. 

Heidelburg. Pa., Lehigh co. Bounded on the 
E. by the Lehigh River, and drained by Trout and 
Jordan's Creeks. The Blue Ridge crosses the 
N. part of this town, and at the N. E. extremity 
is the Lehigh Water Gap. Soil gravelly. 

Heidelburg. Pa , York co. Codorus and Ham- 
mer Creeks water this town, the surface of which 
is level, and tlic soil a rich calcareous loam. 15 
miles S. W. from York. 

Helena, As., c. h. Philips co. On the W. bank 
of Mississippi River. 122 miles E. from Little 
Eock. 

Hellam, Pa., York co. Bounded N. W. by Co- 
dorus Creek, and N. E. by the Susquehanna' Riv- 
er, and drained by Grist Creek. Surface level ; 
soil fertile, being based upon limestone. 29 miles 
S. from Harrishurg. 

Hemlock, Pa., Columbia co. Mahoning, Great 
and Little Fishing, and Hemlock Creeks drain 
this town, and along its S. border run the Sus- 
quehanna River and State Canal. Surface va- 
ried ; soil clay and loam. 

Hempfip.ld, Pa., Westmoreland co. Bush, and 
Big ami Little Sewickly Creeks water this town. 
Surface billy ; soil gravel and loam. 

Hempstcud Count;/, As., c. h. at Washington. 



Bounded N. by Pike co., E. by Clark and Wash- 
ita, S. by Lafayette, and W. by Sevier co. Wa- 
tered on the N. E. by the Little Missouri and 
branches, and W. by Rod River. Soil mostly poor. 

Hempstead, L. I., Queen's co., N. Y. Situated 
22 miles E. from the city of New York, and 167 
miles S. by E. from Albany. The township is 
large, extending across Long Island, including 
several villages, and an extensive heath of 15,000 
acres, called Hempstead Plains, which lies un- 
tiUed, and is occupied as a common pasturage 
ground. The surface is level, and the soil light, 
but cap.able of being rendered highly productive 
by cultivation. It is drained by several streams 
running S. into Hempstead Bay, Jamaica Bay, 
and the Atlantic. There arc several islands be- 
longing to this town, the largest of which are 
Hog Island and Great Island, near the Atlantic 
shore. On the same shore are Rockaway Beach 
and Long Beach, which are places of much re- 
sort from the cities of New York and Brooklyn 
during the summer months. 

The principal village, and that which bears the 
name of the town, is delightfully situated on the 
southern margin of the great Hempstead Plains. 
It contains a Presbyterian, an Episcopal, and a 
Methodist church, an academy and a femalo 
seminary. A branch railroad, 2 miles long, con- 
nects this place with the Long Island Railroad- 
It is a most agreeable and healthful place of resi- 
dence in the summer season. 

North Hempstead is another village in this 
town, situated at the head of Hempstead Harbor, 
on the N. side of Long Island, where there is a 
small population, and considerable business in 
manufacturing, and in sloop navigation on the 
Sound. 

Henderson Count;/, Ky., c. h. at Henderson. 
Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from 
Indiana, E. by Owen co., S. by Madison, and W. 
by Union. Green River traverses the N. E. part 
of this county, and forms a part of the E. boun- 
dary. Canoe River waters the central portions, 
and Highland Creek waters its S. W. border. 

Henderson, Ky., c. h. Henderson co. On the 
S. bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above the 
mouth of the Wabash, and 197 miles from Frank- 
fort. 

Henderson County, N. C, c. h. at Hcnderson- 
viUe. Bounded N. by Buncombe, and E. by 
Rutherford co,, S. by South Carolina, and W. by 
Macon and Haywood counties. Watered by 
French Broad River and tributaries. Surface 
mountainons ; soil good, and particularly well 
adapted to grazing. 

Henderson, N. Y., Jeflerson co. This town 
comprises Stony, Gallop, and Little Gallop 
Islands, in Lake Ontario. It is drained by Stony 
and Little Stony Creeks. The surface is level ; 
soil rich sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from Wa- 
tertown, and 162 N. W. from Albany. 

Henderson, Pa., Huntingdon co. The Juniata 
River forms the S. W. and W. boundary of this 
town. 

Henderson Count;/, Te., c. h. at Lexington. 
Bounded N. by Carroll, E. by Perry, S. by Hardin 
and McNairy, and W. by Madison co. Drained 
by Big Sandy River, the head lu-anches of Beech 
River, and the S. fork of Forked Deer River. 
Surface mostly level ; soil fertile, yielding good 
crops of grass, grain, and grapes. 

Henderson County, Ts., c. h at Buffalo. In the 
N. E. angle. On the upper waters of Trinity. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



401 



Henderson Courtly^ Is., c, h. at Oquaka. On the 
N. W. borik'r. Washed by tlie Mississippi. 

Hendersonrille, N. C-, c. h. Henderson co. On 
French Broad River. 490 miles W. of Raleigh. 

flt'iidrichs Co»«?y, Ta,, c. h. at Danville. Bound- 
ed N. by Boone, K. by Marion, S. by Morgan, 
and W. by I'litnam and Montgomery counties. 
Drained l>y Kcl River, and Wliite Lick and 
Mud Greeks, affording good hydraulic power. 
Surface undulating; soil fertile. 

Hetinepiit, Is., Putnain eo. On the E. hank of 
Illinois River, at the great bend, and on the bor- 
der of De Pru prairie. N. from Springfield US 
miles. At a moderate stage of water, steamboats 
go up to this place. 

IJcnniker. N. H., Merrimac co. Few places af- 
ford better prospects for the successful operation 
of water machinery than this to\\'n. Contoocook 
River passes through its centre. There arc sev- 
eral ponds of considerable size. Long Pond is the 
largest, being between 1 and 2 miles in length, 
and from 40 to 80 rods wide. Craney Hill is the 
principal elevation. It is mostly in a state of 
cultivation. The soil of the hills is favorable for 
wheat ; the valleys produce good crops of corn. 
Henniker received its present name from Gov- 
ernor Wentworth. in honor of his friend Henniker, 
probably John Henniker, Esq., a merchant in 
London, and a member of the British Parliament. 
First settler. James Peters, in 1761. Distances, 
23 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 15 W. from 
Concord. 

Henrico Coiinlij, Va., c. h. at Richmond. Bound- 
ed N. and N. E. by the Chickahominy River, sep- 
arating it from Hanover and New Kent counties, 
S. E. by Charles City co., S. and S. W. by James 
River, separating it from Chesterfield CO., and N. 
W. by Goochland co. Surface undulating; soil 
various. 

Henrietta, Mn.. Jackson co. 

Henrietta, N. Y., Monroe eo. Watered on the 
W. by the Genesee River. The surface is roll- 
ing ; soil very fertile. 10 miles S. from Roches- 
ter, and 228 W. by N. from Albany. 

Henrietta, 0., Lorain co. This township is 
situated on the great E. and W. mail road. 35 
miles W. from Cleveland, and 13.3 N. E. from 
Columbus. 

Henry County, Aa., c. h. at Abbeville. Bound- 
ed N. by Barbour co., E. by the Chattahooehee 
River, separating it from Georgia, S. by Florida, 
and W. by Dale co. Soil sterile, and watered 
by branches of the Chattahoochee River. 

Henry County, Ga.,c. h.at McDonough. Bound- 
ed N. by De Kalb, E. by Newton and Butts, S. 
by Pike, and W. by Fayette co. The Oekmnlgee 
River fomts its N. E. boundary. Drained by 
branches of Oekmulgee and Flint Rivers. 

Henry County, Is., c. h. at Morriston. Bound- 
ed N. by Whitesides, E. by Bureau, S. E. by 
Stark, S. by Kno.x, and W. by Mercer and Rock 
Island counties. Watered by Rock, Green, and 
Edwards Rivers. The N. part of this county is 
low and marshy, but in some portions the soil is 
fertile. 

Henry County, la., c. h. at New Castle. Bound- 
ed N. by Delaware co., E. by Randolph and 
Wayne," S. by Fayette and Rush, and W. by 
Haiicock and' Madison counties. Drained by 
Flat Rock and Blue Rivers and Fall Creek, af- 
fording some water power. Surface slightly un- 
even in some parts, but mostly level. 

Henry County, lo., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. 
51 



Bounded N. by Washington and Louisa cotmties, 
E. by Dcs Moines, S. by Lee, and W. by Van Bu- 
ren and Jefl-'erson counties. Watered by Che- 
cauque or Skunk River and its branches, and 
Big Brush and Little Cedar Creeks. Surface 
high and rolling ; soil \'ery fertile. 

Henry County, Ky.. c. h. at New Castle. Bound- 
ed N. by Carroll co., E. by Owen and Franklin, S. 
by Shelby, and W. by (Hdhani and Trimble coun- 
ties. The Kentucky River forms its N. E. boun- 
dary, and its branches, with those of the Little 
Kentucky, drain the surface of this county. 

Henry t'ounty. Mo., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded 
N. by Johnson co., E. by Benton, S. by St. Clair, 
and W. by Bates and Van Buren counties. 
Drained by Grand, a branch of Os.age River. 

Henry County, 0., e. h. at Napoleon. This coun- 
ty is in the north-western part of the state, and is 
well watered by several small streams and the 
Maumee River, which passes through its centre 
from W. to E. In some parts, the soil is very 
rich and productive. It is a flourishing county, 
and has the Wabash and Erie Canal passing 
through it. 

Henry County, Te., e. h.at Paris. Bounded N. 
by Kentucky, E. by the Tennessee River, sepa- 
rating it from Steward co., and by Benton Co., S. 
by Carroll, and W. by AVeakley co. Drained by 
the Big and Little Sandy Rivers, and the middle 
and S. forks of Ooion River. 

Henry County, Va., e. h. at Martinsville. Bound- 
ed N. by Franklin, E. by Pittsylvania co., S. by 
North Carolina, and W. by Patrick co. Drained 
by Smith's and Mary's, and branches of Dan 
River. 

Henry Clay, Pa., Fayette co. The Yiough- 
iogeny River and branches water this town. Sur- 
face mountainous ; soil gravel. 

Hepburn, Pa., Lycoming co. Watered on its 
boundaries by Plunket's, Loyalsock, and Lyco- 
ming Creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous; 
soil gravel and slate. 9 miles N. from Williams- 
port. 

Herculaneum, Mo., Jefferson co. On the W. 
bank of Mississippi River. 30 miles below St. 
Louis, and 160 miles from Jcii'erson City. A 
great mart of the surrounding lead region. There 
are several shot factories here. 

Hereford, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Perkio- 
men Creek and its W. branch. On the N. E. is 
Shroub's Mountain. 80 miles E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Herkimer County, N. Y., c. h. at Herkimer. 
This county was incorporated in 1791, but has 
since been enlargeil. It is bounded N. by St. 
Lawrence, E. by Hamilton, Fulton, and Mont- 
gomery, S. by Otsego, and W. by Oneida and 
Lewis counties. It contains numerons lakes and 
ponds, whch are the sources of Black, Moose, In- 
dependence, and Beaver Rivers, and West Cana- 
da Creek. The Mohawk Rives also crosses its 
S. p.art. Surface hilly and mountainous, being 
traversed by Adirondack range ; soil extremely 
fertile in the valley of the Mohawk, and in the 
N. parts well adapted to the growth of grass. 
This county affords iron ore, gypsum, leail, and 
in the vicinity of Little Falls are found most 
exquisite specimens of rock crystal. The Utica 
and Schenectady Railroad here follows the N., 
and the Erie Canal the S. shores of the Mohawk 
River. 

Herkimer, N. Y., c. h. Herkimer co. On the 
N. bank of the Mohawk River, and watered 



402 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



by West Canada Crook. The surface is Iiilly on 
the N., and the soil extremely fertile alonfj the 
valley of the Mohawk. 80 rniles N. W. from 
Albany. 

Harmon, Me , Penobscot CO. A good township 
of land, 7 miles W. from Bangor. A large pond 
and the Sowadabscook River water its S. W. 
corner. Incorporated 1814. 

Herman, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The surface 
of this town is rolling, and drained by a few 
small streams ; the soil clay loam, favorable to 
the growth of grass. 15 miles S. from Canton, 
and 199 N. W. from Albany. 

Hernando, Mi., c. h. De Soto co. 18 miles E. 
of Mississippi River, and 202 from Jackson. 

Herricic, I'a., Susqnehanna co. Drained by the 
head branches of Lackawannock River. Surface 
hilly. Elk Mountain lying in the S. W. part ; soil 
clay and gravel. 20 miles S. E. from Montrose. 
Hertford t'ouii/y,N. C, c. h. at Winton. Bounded 
N. and E. by the Chowan River, separating it 
from Gates and Chowan counties, S. by Bertie, 
and W. hy Northampton co. Drained by branches 
of the Chowan River. 

Hertford, N. C, c. h. Perquimans co. On the 
S. side of Perquimans River, near its entrance 
into Perquimans Bay. 1 94 miles N. E. by E. from 
Raleigh. 

Heuvelton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. On Os- 
wegatehie River. 7 miles from Ogdensburg, and 
203 N. W. from Albany. 

Hickman Counli/. Ky., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded 
N. by Ballard, E. hy Graves CO., S. hy Ten- 
nessee, and W. Iiy the Mississippi River, separat- 
ing it from Missouri. Watered hy Little Obion 
River and branches, and Bayou Desha Creek. 

Hickman County, Te., c. h. at Centreville. 
Bounded N. by Dickson CO., E. by Williamson 
and Maury, S. by Lawrence and Wayne, and W. 
by Pen'y and Humphrey counties. Watered by 
Duck River and its tributaries. 

Hickory County, Mo., c. h. at Hermitage. S. W. 
central. Pomme de Terre River, a tributary of 
the Osage, runs N. through it. 

Hicksford, Va., c. h. Greenville co. On the 
S. W. of Meherin River, 62 miles S. from Rich- 
mond. The Petersburg Railroad here crosses 
the Meherin, on a magnificent stone viaduct. 

High Falls, N. Y., Ulster co. On Rondout 
Creek, 69 miles S. from Albany. It has a good 
water power. The Delaware and Hudson Canal 
passes here. 

Hifjhgate, Vt., Franklin co. The Missisco River 
passes through the township. About 6 miles 
above Swanton Falls is a fall in the river of about 
40 feet, affording some excellent mill privileges. 
Rock River is in the N. part of the township. 
The soil is mostly sandy, and covered with pine, 
except along the course of the Missisco River, 
where the timber is hemlock, ash, &c., and in the 
S. E. corner, which constitutes a part of what is 
called Hog Island, and is marshy. Bog iron ore 
is found in great abundance. The first settlers 
were Germans, mostly soldiers who had served 
in the British army during the revolution, but 
the time of their settlement is not known. The 
town was chartered in 1763. 70 miles N. W. 
from Montpelier, and 12 N. from St. Albans. 

Highland County. 0., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Clinton 
and Fayette counties bound it on the N., Ross 
and Pike on the E., Adams and Brown on the S., 
and Brown co. on the AV. It takes its name 
from its elevated position, and has rolling land, 



well watered by permanent springs and the head 
waters of Paint, Brush, and Whiteoak Creeks, 
and the E. fork of Little Miami. 

Highland Coiinti/, Va., c. h. at Monterey. North- 
ern central part. On elevated table land, rough 
and sterile, containing the interlocking head 
springs of the Potomac, (S. branch,) and of the 
James River. 

Hill, N. II., Grafton co. Watered by Peraige- 
wasset and Smith's Rivers, and several small 
streams. Eagle Pond is the only one of note. 
Ragged Mountain is of considerable elevation. 
Tlie soil in some parts is rich and fertile ; it is gen- 
erally good. At the S. E. section is a flourishing 
village, situated on a spacious street, 1 mile in 
length. This town was granted, September 14. 
n.*)!!, to 87 proprietors, who held their first meet- 
ing at Chester. As most of the inhabitants be- 
longed to that place, it was called New Chester, 
until January, 1837. First settlers: Captain 
Cushing Favor and Carr Huse, Esq., settled in 
1768. 24 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 44 
S. S. E. from Haverhill. 

Hillsboro' County, Fa., c. h. at Tampa. Bounded 
N. by Benton, E. by Musqueto, S. by Munroe 
CO., and W. by the "Gulf of Mexico. Watered 
in the N. interior by Tampa Bay, and drained 
by Hillsboro', Alafia, and Asterual Rivers. Soil 
various, being very fertile in some parts. 

Hillsboro', Is., c. h. Montgomery co. 64 miles 
S. from Springfield. 

Hillsboro', ili., e. h. Scott co. 

Hillsboro', Mo., c. h. Jefterson co. On the E. 
side of Big River. 132 miles E. from Jeft'erson 
City. 

Hillsboro', N. C, e. h. Orange co. On the Eno, 
a branch of Nense Eiver. 40 miles N. W. from 
Raleigh. 

Hillsboro' County, N. H., c. h. at Amherst. 
Merrimac co. is on the N., Rockingham on the 
E., the state of Massachusetts on the S., and 
Cheshire co. on the W. The surface is generally 
uneven, though there are but few lofty mountains. 
Lyndeboro', Unconconock, and Crotched arc of 
considerable altitude. This county is well wa- 
tered by Merrimac, Nashua, Souhegan, and Pis- 
cataquog Rivers. Massabesiek Lake lies on the 
E. boundary of Manchester. There are numer- 
ous ponds here ; the largest are Gregg's, Pleas- 
ant, Babboosuck, and Potanipo. This county 
possesses many advantages for manufacturing 
establishments. Its settlement was made at 
Nashua, lately Dunstable, some years before the 
war with King Philip, in 1665. It received its 
name from the Earl of Hillsboro', one of the 
privy council of George III. 

Hillsboro', N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town is 
well watered by Contoocook and Hillsboro' Riv- 
ers, which streams form a junction on the S. 
line of the town. The land is uneven, but afi'ords 
many good farms. Fine plumbago is found here. 
Four pleasant villages are in this town. The 
largest is called Hillsboro' Bridge, is situated on 
both sides of Contoocook River, and has con- 
siderable trade. First settlers, Jas. Jl'Calley, 
Sam. Gibson, Robt. M'Clure, Jas. Lyon, and 
others, in 1741. 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, 
and 30 W. S. W. from Concord. 

Hillsboro', N. J., Somerset co. Bounded N. by 
the S. branch of the Raritan, and E. by Millstone 
River, and drained by Roy's Brook, a branch of 
Millstone River. Surface level on the E., and 
hilly on the W ; soil red shale and clay loam. 



IN THE traiTED STATES. 



403 



Eilhhoro\ 0., c. h. Higliland oo. Near the 
source of Eocky Fork of Paint Creek, and is 
noted for its elevated and healthy situation. 62 
miles S. W. from Columbus, and 36 W. by S. 
from Cliillicothe. 

HillsUiro'. Va., Washington co. 20.3 miles W. 
from Ilarrisburj;. On the national road on the 
hi<:h land, 1002 feet above the Ohio River at 
WhceUng. 

Hillsdale County, Mn., c. h. at Joncsville. In- 
corporated in 1835. Bounded X. by Calhoun 
and Jackson counties, E. by Lenawee co., S. by 
Ohio, and W. liy Branch co. Drained liy St. 
Joseph River, of Lake Michigan, St. Joseph, a 
branch of Maumee River, Hog and Sandy Rivers, 
Little St. Joseph, Goose and Tiffin's Creeks, and 
the S. branch of the Kalamazoo River. Surface 
high and undulating ; soil fertile sandy loam. 
This county contains iron ore, and sandstone 
suitable for grindstones. 

Hillsdale, Mn., e. h. Hillsdale co. This village 
is on the outlet of St. Joseph, or Baubese Lake, 
near tljc mouth of French Creek, on the Southern 
Michigan Railroad, and 98 miles W. S. W. from 
Detroit. It has extensive water power. 

Hillsdale, N. Y., Columbia co. Copakc and 
Ancram Creeks water this town, which is partly 
covered by the Taghkanic Mountain. The soil 
consists chiefly of clay and gravelly loam. 13 
miles E. from Hudson, and 4.3 S. E. from Albany. 

Hilllown, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by branches 
of Nishaminy Creek. 100 miles E. from Har- 
risburg. 

Hinds County, Mi., c. h. at Raymond. Bounded 
N. by Madison co., E. by Pearl River, separating 
it from Franklin co., S. by Copiah, and W. by 
Claibonie and Warren counties. The Big Black 
River forms the N. W. boundary. Surface level ; 
soil mostly fertile. 

Hineshwg, Vt., Chittenden co. There is in the 
N. part of the town a high ridge of rough land, 
called Richard Mountain. The W. part has gen- 
erally a level surface, interspersed with small 
hillocks. In the eastern part the land is hilly 
and broken, containing, however, a good share 
of feasible, fertile, and valuable land. The for- 
ests consist of hard timber, generally. There 
were some beaver meadows, one of which con- 
tained between 100 and 200 acres. The princi- 
pal streams are Lewis Creek, Laplat River, and 
Pond Brook, which aft'ord an abundant water 
power. The first inhabitants were a Mr. Isaac 
Lawrence and family, from Canaan, Ct. They 
came here before the revolutionary war, left 
when the war commencen, and returned in 1783. 
12 miles S. S. E. from Burlington, and 36 W. 
from Montpelier. The Rutland Railroad passes 
through this town. 

Hinesville, Ga., c. h. Liberty co. 14 miles 
N. E. from Riceboro', and 196 S. E. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Hingliam. 51s., Plymouth co. Hingham is a 
pleasant town on Boston Harbor. It was first 
settled in 16,33, and named after a town in Eng- 
land. This town is remarkable for the health 
and longevity of its inhabitants. There is a 
well-endowed academy here, named, from its 
founder, Derby Academy. An elegant steam 
packet plies between Hingham and Boston for 9 
months of the year. The passage among the 
islands is truly delightful. Turkey, Baker's, 
Otis, Pleasant, and Squirrel Hills present ex- 
tensive and delightful views of the bav and sur- 



rounding country. 12 miles S. E. from Boston 
by water, and 14 by land, over the South Shore 
Railroad. 

Hinsdale, Ms., Berkshire co. This town lies 
on the west side of the Green Mountain range, 
and is watered by a branch of IIous.atonie River. 
On the banks of this stream and its tributaries is 
excellent meadow land. This town was formerly 
a part of old Partridgefield, now Peru, and was 
first settled about tlie year 1762. It was named 
after the worthy and Rev. Theodore Hinsdale, 
who came and gathered a church in 1795. 143 
miles W. from Boston, and 8 E. by S. from Pitts- 
field. 

Hinsdale, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by 
Ischua and Olean Creeks, and contains a small 
lake, called the Reservoir. The surface is hilly ; 
soil favorable to the growth of grass. 1 5 miles 
S. E. from Ellicottville, and 281 W. by S. from 
Albany. 

Hinsdale. N. H., Cheshire co. This town is 
well w'atered with springs and rivulets of the 
purest water. The Connecticut washes its west- 
ern border, and the Ashuelct runs through the 
centre, forming a junction with the Connecticut 
a little below the bend called Cooper's Point. 
Kilburn and Ash Swamp Brooks are found here. 
There are several islands in the Connecticut in 
this town. On the N. line of Hinsdale is West 
River Mountain ; in it are found iron ore and 
some other minerals. S. of Ashuelct is Stebbin's 
Hill, a tract of excellent land. On the point of 
a hill not far from the Connecticut River are to 
be seen the remains of an Indian fortification. 
Hinsdale was originally a part of Northfield, and 
received its name from Colonel Ebenezer Hins- 
dale, one of the principal inhabitants. 75 miles 
S. W. by W. from Concord, and about 15 S. W. 
from Keeue, with which it is coimected by a 
railroad. 

Hiram, Me., Oxford CO. This town lies on 
both sides of a branch of Saco River, 86 miles 
W. S. W. from Augusta, and 40 S. W. from 
Paris. The township is fertile, and productive of 
wool and wheat. Incorporated 1807. 

Hiram, 0., Portage co., is a fertile, well-eul- 
tivated township, having Geauga on the N. It is 
148 miles N. E. from Columbus. 

Hitchcockville, Ct., Litchfield co. On the W. 
branch of Farmington River, which affords good 
water power. N. W. from Hartford 26 miles. 
An enterprising manufacturing place. 

Hohoken, N. J., Hudson co. This fine summer 
resort lies on the W. bank of Hudson River, 
opposite New York city, and 60 miles N. E. from 
Trenton. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Hocking County, 0., c. h. at Logan. Fairfield 
and Perry counties bound it on the N., Athens on 
the E., Jackson on the S., and Ross co. on the 
W. Part of the land is hilly and broken, but 
that which lies on the Hockhocking River is fer- 
tile and valuable. The head waters of Raccoon 
and Salt Creeks are found here. The county 
was established in 1818. 

Holmesville, Ga., c. h. Appling CO. 177 miles 
S. S. E. from MilledgeviUe. 

Holmesville, Mi., e. h. Pike co. On the W. side 
of Bogue Chitto River. 87 miles S. from Jack- 
son. 

HoneybrooK; Pa., Chester co. Drained by 
branches of Brandywine River. Surface gently 
sloping ; soil sandy loam. 38 miles N. W. from 
Philadelphia. 



401 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



lloiIqdon,lSl^., Aroostook 00. liu-orjioratcil 1832. 
170 miles fi'oni xVui^u.sta. 

Ilnldrn, Me., Oxford eo. A new town. Taken 
from Brewer in IS.ia. 

Holdeit, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly a 
part of Worcester, and was called North Worces- 
ter until 1740. The surface of this town is 
broken hy liills ; the soil is very good, producing 
a variety of hard wood and some pine. There 
are several beautiful ponds in the town, some of 
which are the sources of Quinepoxet River, and 
which, united, form the S. branch of the Nashua. 
These waters, with branches of the Blackstone, 
give the town a good hydraulic power. 6 miles 
N N. W. from Worcester, and 50 from Boston. 

Jloklemess, N. H., Grafton co. Tlie soil is 
hard, and not easily cultivated, but when subdued 
is quite productive. The Pcmigewasset and 
Squam Kivers, and several other streams, fertilize 
the soil. There are three ponds here ; also beau- 
tiful scenery and fine fishing. First settler, 
William Piper, in 1763. 6 miles N. E. from 
Plymouth. The Concord and Montreal Kailroad 
passes through the town. 3G miles from Concord. 
Holland, JIs., Hampden co. This is a small, 
mountainous, well-watered town, and was for- 
merly a part of Brimfield. The Quinebaug 
Kiver passes nearly through the centre of the 
town, and receives the waters of Mil! and Stevens's 
Brooks. Gould and Holland Ponds are hand- 
some sheets of water, and add much to the high- 
land scenery of the town. The soil is strong. 
23 miles E. by S. from Springfield, and 70 S. W. 
by W. from Boston. 

Holland, N. Y., Erie co. Drained by Cazenove 
and Seneca Creeks. The surface is elevated ; 
soil sandy loam and moist clay. 24 miles S. E. 
Irom Buffalo, and 2Sl W. from Albany. 

Uolleif, N. Y., Orleans co. The Erie Canal 
passes over Sandy Creek at this place, by means 
of an embankment 75 feet above the bed of the 
stream. W. N. W. from Albany 240 miles. 

ijollidai/dmrg. Pa., c. h. Blair eo. The termi- 
nation of the eastern section of the Pennsylvania 
Canal. 

Holland, Vt., Orleans co. This is an excellent 
township of land, producing in great abundance 
all the varieties common to the climate. There 
is a large pond situated in tlie N. E. part of the 
town, and several small ponds. The streams are 
small, part flowing N. into Canada, and part S. 
into Clyde River. The settlement was com- 
menced' in 1800, by Edmund Eliot and Joseph 
Conal. 18 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 58 
N. E. from Montpelier. 

Hollis, Me., York co. This town lies on the 
W. bank of Saco River, and contains numerous 
mill sites. It lies 30 miles N. from York. It is 
bounded on the W. by Waterboro', and on the 
N. by Limington and Buxton. Quantities of 
lumber of various kinds, and wood, annually pass 
to market from this place by the Saco River. 

Hollis, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Nashua and 
Nisitissit Rivers water this town. There are four 
ponds, named Flint's, Penichork, Long, and 
Rocky Ponds. There is a pleasant village near 
the centre of the town. The original name of 
Hollis was Nisitissit. its Indian name. It has a 
variety of soils. First settler, Captain Peter 
Powers, in 1731. 8 miles S. from Amherst, and 
38 S. fiom Concord. 

Holliston, Ms., Middlesex co. Tho surface is 
pleasantly diversified ; the soil good and well cul- 



tivated. A number of small streams give the 
town some water power, and Winthrop's Pond 
some pleasant scenery. This town was formerly 
the western parish of Sherburne. It was first 
settled in 1710, and named, at its incorporation 
in 1724, after Thomas Hollis, of London, a patron 
of Harvard College. 20 miles S. from Concord, 
and 23 S. W. by S. from Boston. 

Holmes Counli/, Fa. New. 

Holmes Coimtij, Mi., c. h. at Lexington. Bound- 
ed N. by Carroll co., E. by the Big Black River, 
separating it from Attala co., S. by Yazoo co., and 
W. by the Y''azoo River, separating it from Wash- 
ington CO. 

Holmes, Ml., c. h. Pike co. 

Holmes Hole, Ms., Dukes co. A safe and 
spacious harbor on the N. side of Martha's Vine- 
yard, in the town of Tisbury, much rcsorteil to by 
ships passing between New York and the east- 
ward. There is a sufficient depth of water for 
vessels of the largest class. S. S. E. from Bos- 
ton 89 miles. 

Holmes Counli/, O., c. h. at Millcrsburg. Wayne 
CO. bounds it on the N., Stark and Tuscarawas 
on the E., Coshocton on the S., and Knox and 
Richland on the W. The soil is good. It was 
organized in January, 1823, and is watered by 
the Killbuck, Lake Fork of Mohican, Paint 
Creek, Salt Creek, Martin's Run, Double Eyes 
Fork, Honey Run, Casey's Run, Indian Creek, 
Rush Run, Shrimlin's Run, Wolf Creek, and 
Crab Apple. Iron ore and coal stone abound. 

Hohnesville, Ga., c. h. Appling eo. 

Holi/oke, Ms., Hampden co. Situated on the 
right bank of Connecticut River, 9 miles above 
Springfield, and 107 miles W. from Boston. 

This flourishing place h.as been created from 
nothing, within a few years past, by the enter- 
prise of a number of capitalists, who projected, 
and have brought to an advanced stage of its 
execution, a magnificent scheme for the founding 
of a manufacturing city on the falls in the Con- 
necticut at this spot, long known as the '■ Hadley 
Falls." The village of South Hadley Falls, in 
the town of South Hadley, is on the opposite side 
of the river, where some application of this in- 
comparable privilege has been in use, for manu- 
facturing purposes, for several years. It was not, 
however, until 1848, that any thing was done of 
all which is now to be seen on the Holyoke side. 
Up to that time, this spot, which lay within the 
precincts of the rural parish of Ireland, in the 
N. part of West Springfield, was one of the 
most retired and quiet spots on the banks of the 
Connecticut. The Hadley Falls Company, act- 
ing under a charter granted by the Massachusetts 
legislature, April 28, 1848, with an authorized 
capital of S4, 000, 000, has here developed the most 
extensive water power which has ever been 
brought into operation in the United States. 
This company owns about 1200 acres of land, 
and by the erection of a dam 30 feet in height, 
and placed at the head of natural rapids, com- 
mands a head and fall of about 60 feet within the 
distance of three fourths of a mile. The power 
which is thus rendered available for manufactur- 
ing purposes is estimated to be sufficient to drive 
1,250,000 spindles for No. 14 cotton yarn, with 
looms and preparatory machinery. So that 56 
mills of the first class, each containing 18,500 
spindles, may be supplied with land and water 
power, besides machine shops and other works. 
The dam across the Connecticut Kiver is 1018 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



405 



feet in length between the abutments, and 30 feet 
high. Throu;:ch suitable guard gates the water 
is admitted lo the eanals, which arc 140 feet wide 
and 15 feet deep. The power being divided be- 
tween two levels, the whole water may be used 
twiee. The length of the two canals, when fully 
extended, will be about 7000 feet each, with a 
raceway of the same dimensions ; and every 1000 
feet of the canals will supply convenient location 
for four mills. 

The Hadley Falls Company have erected two 
large mills, each 268 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 
5 stories in height ; one of which contains about 
19,000 spindles, with looms for the manufacture 
of heavy cotton goods ; and the other about 
30,000 spindles, with looms for tlie manufacture 
of fine lawns and muslins. Their machine shop 
is 448 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 3 stories high, 
besides a large furnace and blacksmith's shop, and 
is filled with machinery and tools of the best 
description. A large number of brick boarding 
houses of the first class, offices, storehouses, &c., 
have been erected by the company, besides nu- 
merous dwelling houses and stores by the increas- 
ing population of the place. 

On a finely-elevated portion of the plot, lying 
W. of the canals and mills, and exempt from all 
annoyance by the business operations of the 
place, i,s tliat portion of the town which is oceu- 
pi»d with dwellings, hotels, churches, and other 
pubHe luiildiiigs. This is laid out, with beautiful 
regularity, into public squares and streets, at right 
angles with each otiier. A hotel has been erected 
162 feet in length, and 4 stories high, well ar- 
ranged and conveniently situated for the accom- 
modation of visitors ; and houses, stores, churches, 
and buildings of every description required by 
the inhabitants, are being rapidly multiplied. 

The town is supplied with water for the use of 
the inhabitants, from a reservoir constructed on 
the most elevated ground, into which the water 
is raised by a forcing pump, operated by a w'atcr 
wheel at the dam. The reservoir has a capacity 
of two and a half millions of gallons. 

The Connecticut River Railroad passes through 
the place, and the greatest part of it is built at 
such an elevation as to allow the avenues of the 
town to pass beneath ; thus avoiding the danger 
and inconvenience of a railroad on the same grade 
with the streets. A continuous railroad com- 
munication is open through this place to Mon- 
treal on the N. and New York on the S., to Boston 
on the E., and to the great lakes on the W. 

The great amount of water power here avail- 
able, the convenience of its development and 
application, and the admirable situation of the 
town, are advantages which render Ilolyoke one 
of the most desirable locations for the establish- 
ment of manufactures in the country. 

//fw^r. La., c. h. at Claiborne. 

Homer, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by 
Tioughnioga River and some of its branches. 
The surface is level ; soil fertile sandy and clay 
loam. 5 miles N. from Cortland, aiid 141 W. 
from Albany. 

lluncoiji' luills, N. Y., Monroe co. On Honeoye 
Creek, which has a perpendicular descent of 30 
feet in the centre of the village. W. by N. from 
Albany 214 miles. Here are numerous manu- 
factures, and an extensive quarry of fine building 
stone. 

Honesdale, Pa., Wayne co. A flourishing place 
on Lackawaxen Creek. 172 miles N. E. from 



Harrisburg. At the junction of the Lackawaxen 
Railroad with the Delaware Canal. 

Hooksett, N. H., Merrimac co. The River Mer- 
rimac passes through this town. Hooksett Falls 
are here ; the descent of water is about 16 feet in 
30 rods. From an eminence called the Pinnacle 
there is a delightful landscape. There is a pleas- 
ant vill.ige on the W. side of the river. Over 
the river, at this place, are two bridges, one of 
which is for the Concord Railroad. Hooksett 
Canal is in this town. It i.s a quarter of a mile 
in length. 8 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and 9 
N. from Manchester by the Concord Railroad. 
It is already a flourishing manufacturing place, 
though much of the water power remains unem- 
ployed. 

Hoosic, N. Y"., Rensselaer co. Drained by 
Hoosic River and some of its branches. The 
surface is hilly; soil well adapted to grazing. 22 
miles N. E. from Troy, and 28 N. E. from Albany. 

Hoosic Falls, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On both 
sides of Hoosic River, which falls 40 feet at this 
place, afli'ording fine privileges. N. E. from Al- 
bany 35 miles. 

&pe. Me., Waldo co. A good township. 44 
miles E. S. E. from Augusta. 

Hope, N. J., Warren co. Watered by a branch 
of Beaver Brook. 60 miles N. by W. from Tren- 
ton. 

Hope, N. Y., Hamilton co. The Sacandaga 
River flows through this town, the surface of 
which is somewh.at hilly, and the soil rather 
sterile, except in the valley of the Sacandaga. 
15 miles S. E. from Lake Pleasant, and 60 N. N. 
W. from Albany. 

Hopewell, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded on 
the E. and S. by Cohansey Creek, and drained 
by Mount's and Mill branches of Cohansey 
Creek. Surface undulating ; soil clay loam. 

Hopewell, N. Y'., Ontario CO. The outlet of 
Canandaigua Lake and some of its tributaries 
water this town. Surface rolling ; soil clay loam 
upon a basis of lime. 5 miles E. from Canandai- 
gua, and 190 E. by N. from Albany. 

Hopewell, Pa., Cumberland co. A hilly town, 
with a slaty .soil. 21 miles W. from Carlisle. 

Hopewell. Pa., Bedford co. Watered by the 
Rayston branch of the Juniata River and its 
tributaries Surface mountainous, containing 
abundance of bituminous coal ; soil calcareous 
loam in the valleys. 15 miles N. E. from Bed- 
ford, anil 104 W, from Harrisburg. 

Hopewell, Pa., Huntingdon co. A mountain- 
ous town ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys 
13 miles S. W. from Huntingdon. 

HojiewcU, Pa., Washington co. Brushy Run, 
and Buttalo aiul Cross Creeks, water this town. 
Surface hilly ; soil loam. 12 miles N. W. from 
Washington. 

Hopewell, Pa., Y'ork co. Watered by the head 
branches of Deer Creek. Surface undulating ; 
soil a rich loam. 14 miles S. E. from York. 

Hopkins County, Ky., c. h. at Madisonvillc. W. 
part of the state. Has the Green River on its 
northern border. 

Hopkins Cotuifi/, Ts., e. h. at Tarrant. 

Hopkinsville, Ky., c. h. Christian co. On the 
E. side of Little River. 204 miles S. W. from 
Frankfort. 

Hopkinton, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was 
first settled about 1710, and named in honor of 
Edward Hopkins, a donor to the funds of Harvard 
University. Its Indian name was Maguneook. 



406 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.,- 



The soil is verj- good, and tlic surface variegated 
and elevated. Branches of the Charles, the Con- 
cord, and tlie Blackstone rise in this town, and, 
althougli their streams here are not large, tliey 
atlord the town a good water power. The min- 
eral springs in tliis town have become celebrated. 
They contain carbonic acid, and carbonate of 
lime and iron. These are 3 iu number, each dif- 
fering in its properties from the other. They are 
situated near White IJall Fond, wliich abounds 
in fine fish of various kinds. 30 miles W. S. W. 
from Boston, and 14 E. by S. from Worcester. 

Uiilikinton, N. H., Merrimae co. Contoocook 
River and its branches, Warner and Blackwater, 
pass through tlie town. On these streams are 
valuable intervale and meadow land. The prin- 
cipal village is 7 miles from the State House in 
Concord. In the W. part of the town is a thriv- 
ing village, on Contoocook River, known as Hill's 
Bridge or Contoocookville, where is a valuable 
water power. First settlers, emigrants from 
Hopkinton, Ms., in 1740. 28 miles N. from Am- 
herst, and 7 W. from Concord. 

Hopkinton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered 
by the Racket and St. Regis Rivers. The sur- 
face and soil are extremely varied, the S. part 
being the most level, and having the best soil. 
25 m. K. from Canton, and 234 N.W. from Albany. 

Hopkinton. R. I., Washington CO. Wood River, 
a valuable mill stream, passes through tliis town. 
The soil of tlie town is generally well adapted 
for grazing and tlie cultivation of grain. It pro- 
duces large quantities of fruit and excellent cider. 
Shad and alewives are taken in Paucatuck River. 
Tliere are several ponds within the town. Con- 
siderable wood and timber are sent to market 
from this place. 

Hopkinton City, at the S. part of the town, on 
the Tonimaquag branch of Charles River, is very 
pleasant and flourishing. 

Horicon, N. Y., Warren co. On the E. side of 
the Hudson. Watered on the N. by Schroon 
Lake, which lies mostly in this town. It con- 
tains also Brant, and several other small lakes. 
The- surface is hilly and mountainous, a large 
part being waste. 2S miles N. from Caldwell, 
and 90 N. from Albany. 

Hornbfi, N. Y.. Steuhen co. Drained by Mead's 
Creek and some smaller streams. Surface hilly; 
soil well adapted to grazing. 18 miles S. E. 
from Bath, and 196 W. by S. from Albany. 

Hornellsville, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by 
Canisteo River and some of its branches. The 
surface is somewhat hilly and broken. 20 miles 
W. from Bath, and 23G W. by S. from Albany. 

Horn/ District, S. C, e. h. at Conwaysboro'. 
Little Redee forms its W. boundary, and the 
Waccainaw, a branch of the Great Pedee, drains 
the S. and E. portions. Surface level; soil sandy 
and wet. 

Horsham, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by 
Pennypack and a branch of Neshaminy Creek. 
Surface level; soil calcareous loam. 118 miles 
E. from Harrisburg. 

Hot ."^printjs Count!/, As., c. h. at Hot Springs. 
Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Saline, S. by 
Dallas and Clark, and W. by Montgomery. Sur- 
face rough and hilly. Watered by the Wachita 
Eiver and branches. 

Houghton County, Mn., includes the mining 
district on Keewaiwona Point, projecting into 
Lake Superior. The principal settlement is at 
Eagle River. 



Houlton, Me., c. !i. Aroostook co. About 90 
miles W. of N. from Calais, witli which it is con- 
nected by a good road, and 120 N. N. E. from 
Bangor. It is on tlie boundary of New Bruns- 
wick, and is a U. S. military station. The dis- 
tance to Fredericton, N. B., is 75 miles W.N. W. 
The land is fertile, and tlie town thriving. 

Houma, La., e. h. Terre Bonne parish. On the 
W. side of Bayou Terre Bonne. 132 miles S. 
W. from New Orleans. 

Honnclsjietd, N. Y., Jefferson co. Bounded on 
tlic N. by Black River, and W. by Lake Ontario. 
Surface mostly level ; soil clay and sandy loam. 
6 miles W. from Watertown, and 160 N. W 
from Albany. 

Houston County, Ga., c. h. at Peny. Bounded 
N. by Bibb co., E. by the Ockmulgee River, sep- 
arating it from Twiggs co., and by Pulaski co., 
S. by Dooley, and W. by Macon and Crawford 
counties. Drained by branches of the Ockmul- 
gee River. 

Houston, Mi., c. h. Chickasaw eo. On the head 
branches of Octibbeha Creek. 145 miles N. E. 
from Jackson. 

Houston, Mo., c. h. Texas co. 

Houston County, Ts., c. h. at Crockett. E. cen- 
tral, between Triuity and Neehes Rivers. 

Houston, Ts., c. li. Harris co. This flourishing 
place is situated on the Buffalo Bayou, which 
opens into the N. W. arm of Galveston Bay, and 
about 80 miles from the city of Galveston, ^Rth 
which it is connected by regular steam communi- 
cation. Being in the centre of an extensive cot- 
ton-growing region, it has a large and increasing 
business as a depot for this important article of 
commerce. 

Howard County, la., c. li. at Kohomo. 

Howard County, Mo., c. h. at Fayette. Bounded 
N. by Chariton and Randolph counties, E. by 
Boone co., S. and W. by the Missouri River, 
separating it from Cooper and Saline counties. 
Drained by Groat Manitou and Bonne Feinmo 
Rivers, and Salt Creek. 

Howard, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by sev- 
eral small branches of Canisteo and Conhoeton 
Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil clay loam, well 
adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 10 
miles W. from Bath village, and 228 W. by S. 
from Albany. 

Howard, Pa., Centre eo. Watered by Bald 
Eagle Creek and its brandies, and by Marsh and 
Beach Creeks. The main ridge of the Alleghany 
Mountains passes through this town. Soil cal- 
careous loam in the valleys. 97 miles N. W. 
from Harrisburg. 

Howell, Mn., c. h. Livingston co. 51 miles W. 
by N. from Detroit. 

Howell, N. J., Monmouth co. Drained by 
Shark, Mettecunk, and Manasquan Rivers. Sur- 
face level ; soil cliiefly sandy loam and clay. 

Howland, Me., Penobscot co. This is a large 
township of good land, in which the Piscataquis 
and Seboois Rivers form a junction. At tlie 
mouth of the former, about 50 rods from the Pe- 
nobscot, are several saw mills. The banks of the 
river are low and very beautiful. Howland was 
incorporated in 1826. 'it lies 117 miles N. E. from 
Augusta, and 34 N. from Bangor. 

Huhbardslon, Ms., Worcester co. Formerly 
a part of Rutland, named after Thomas Hub- 
bard, of Boston, a principal proprietor. Hub- 
bardstou is pleasantly situated on the height 
of ground between Connecticut River and the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



407 



sea, anil uliout 1000 feet above them. Tlie surface 
is varied liy hills and valleys, commanding wide 
and bcjuidful prospects. There is probalily no 
town in New England, so elevated, which i)0s- 
sesscs so great a water power. There arc 
springs, brooks, and rivers in almost c\'ery 
direction. Meadow and Canneystone Brooks, 
Burnshirt and Otter Rivers, are good mill streams. 
There is some choice meadow laud in the town, 
and the soil is generally good. About a mile 
and a lialf S. E. from the handsome village, near 
the centre of the town, lies Great Asnaconcomick 
Pond, covering about 300 acres. About a mile 
N. E. from this is Moose Horn Pond, circular in 
form, and around wliieli there are appearances 
of an ancient wall. 20 miles N. N. W. from 
Worcester, and 52 W. liy N. from Boston, by 
the old niad. 

HuU»irihton. Vt., Rutland co. .'JO miles S. W. 
from Mont|ielier, and 10 N. Vf. from Rutland. 

Uiiihim. N. H., Hillsboro' co. The land is 
easy of cultivation. (.)n the Merrimae are tine 
intervales, vi' a deep, rich soil. Distant from the 
river, the land is hilly and broken. There are 2 
ponds. Little Massabesiek and Ottcrnick. The 
Merrimae Kiver forms its western boundary, and 
on its baidis the Hrst settlements were made. 
This town was formerly called Nottingham West. 
First settlers, Messrs. Blodgett, AVinn, Lovewell, 
Colburn, Hill. Greely, Cross, Cumings, Pollard, 
Marsh, and JlerriU. 17 miles S. E. from Am- 
herst, and 40 S. from Concord. 

Hudson. N. Y. City and seat of justice for Co- 
lumbia CO. Situated on the E. bank of Hudson 
River, on line navigable waters, 116 miles N. 
from New York city, and 29 S. from All)anv. 
Population in 1S20, 2900; in 1830, 5392; in 
1840, 5672; in 1850, 6289. The ground on 
which tlic city stands is elevated about 60 feet 
above the river, terminating in a bold promon- 
tory in front, u'pon the brow of which a beautiful 
puldic ground has been laid out, and ornamented 
with trees and shrubs, commaiiding a fine view 
of the river, of Athens ojiposite, and of the dis- 
tant landscape, extending to the Catskill Moun- 
tains on tlie N. and W. Ujion either side of 
this promontory, which is formed of a silicious 
slate rock, the river makes up, and forms the two 
considerable bays called South Bay and North 
Baj-, and which have a sufficient depth of water 
for large vessels. Around the margins of these 
bays, and at the foot of the pi'oinoiLtory along 
tlie river bank, are tlje i|uays, which are carried 
out on a line with the base of the hill. 

From the promenade on the lofty bank of the 
river, the city extends back, by a gradual ascent, 
about one mile, to a smoothly roumled liill, called 
Prospect Hill, about 200 feet high, which com- 
mands an entire view of the place. The streets 
are straight, and cross each other at right angles. 
The central and principal street, running S. E. 
from the iiromcnade, is Warren Street, wliicli is 
closely and liandsomcly built upon, and near 
its upper end, upon the N. side, has an extensive 
public sipKU'c. The court house in Hudson is 
a spacious and handsome structure, situated on 
a small public square near the centre of the S. 
side of the city. This building, including the 
wings, presents a front of 116 feet. The main 
edifice, 40 feet by 60, and 60 feet high, is sur- 
mounted by a dome 40 /cet Iiigh, towering above 
the other buildings of the city. The front en- 
trance is decorated by a portico with 6 Ionic 



columns. The material used f(jr tlic front is the 
Stockbridge marble ; and for the other |)arts the 
blue limestone of tlie neigldiorhood. which fur- 
nishes here a fine material for ornamental ar- 
chitecture. There are a numljer of handsome 
church edifices, of which the Presbyterians, the 
Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Baptists, and 
the Universalists have one each. There are 2 
markets, 2 banks, an academy, a female scmina- 
rv, and 3 or 4 extensive pul)lie houses, besides 
others of less note. The city is well supplied 
with pure water, which is brought in iron pipes 
from a fountain at the foot of Becraft's Moun- 
tain, 2 miles distant. 

Hudson was founded in 1784, by a company 
of 30 enterprising emigrants from Providence, 
E. I., and from Nantucket and Martha's Vine- 
yard, in Massachusetts. It had a rapid growth, 
and great prosperity in business, for many years, 
until the interests of commerce, and especially 
of the whale fishery, in which it had a large 
capital invested, experienced a cheek ; after 
which its prosperity declined for a time, until its 
enterprise had found new channels to some ex- 
tent. It is now rising again by a gradual and 
healthful advancement. 

The construction of the Hudson and Berkshire 
Railroad, which connects this place with the 
Western Railroad between Boston and Albany, 
34 miles long, has opened new facilities of travel 
and trade to this pleasant city. The resources 
of Berkshire co., in irou, lime, and marble, are 
abundant, and are in demand in all the Atlantic 
cities. By this road .an eligible route of travel 
is opened from New York to the New Lebanon 
Springs, and to many of the most inijiortant 
places in Massachusetts. Hudson was incorpo 
rated as a city in 1785, the year after its settle 
ment was commenced, with a mayor, aldermen 
and recorder ; but the charter has been repeated 
ly amended since that time. 

Hull, Ms., Plymouth co. This town comprises 
the peninsula of Nantasket, which forms the S. 
E. side of Boston Harbor. It extends N. by W. 
from Cohasset, nearly 5 miles, and is celebrated 
for its beautiful beacli 4 miles in length, and for 
its shell fish and sea fowl. The town lies be- 
tween two hills of fine land, near Point Alderton, 
opposite Boston light-house. On one of the hills 
in this place is a well, 90 feet deep, which is fre- 
cpiently almost full of water. Hull was a mart 
of commerce, and the residence of eminent men, 
six years before Boston bore its present nanre, and 
four years before Salem became a town. The 
steamer which plies between Boston and Hiug- 
hara stops at this place. 9 miles E. S. E. from 
Boston by water, and 21 by land. 

Hume, N. Y'., Alleghany co. Watered by the 
Genesee Kiver and some of its branches. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil clay loam, producing large 
crops of grass and grain. 14 N. from Angelica, 
and 26 W. from Albany. 

Humphrey, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Fire 
Mile Run and Great Valley Creek water this 
town, the surface of which is undulating, and the 
soil suitable for grass. 8 miles S. E. from Elli- 
cottville, and 300 W. by S. from Albaiiy. 

Humphnys Counly, Te., c. h. at Reynoldsburg. 
Bounded N. by Steward, E. by Dickson and 
Hickman, S. by Perry co., and W.'by the Tennes- 
see River, separating it from Benton co. Drained 
by Duck Creek and its branches. 

Hunt County, Ts., c. h. at Grenville. 



408 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Hunter, N. Y., Greene co. Drained by some 
of tlic head branches of Schoharie Creek. The 
surface is mountainou.^. bcinj^ covered by the 
Catsliill ranye of mountains. The highest peak, 
called Round Top, is elevated 380+ feet above 
the Hudson. Soil mostly sterile. 18 miles W. 
from Cat.skill, and 55 S. \V. from Albany. 

rinnlerdon Count;/, N. J., c. h. at Flemington. 
Bounded N. by Warren and Morris counties, 
K. by Somerset, S. by Mercer co., and W. by the 
Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylva- 
nia. Drained by the S. branch of the Raritan 
and its tributaries, and by small creeks flowing 
into the Delaware. Surfiice mountainous iu the 
N. and level in the S. portions ; soil mostly of 
excellent ([uality. 

Ihintinrjilim Counti/, Pa., c. h. at Huntingdon. 
Incorporated in 1787, and bounded N. by Cen- 
tre CO.. E. by Mifflin, .Juniata, and Perry, S. by 
Bedford, and W. by Blair co. Watered by the 
main and Raystown branch of the Juniata River. 
The Pennsylvania Canal runs parallel to the Ju- 
niata River through this county. Surface moun- 
tainous in some parts ; soil mostly fertile. Iron 
ore, lead, bituminous coal, alum, and salt e.^ist here. 

Huntinijdon, Pa., c. h. Huntingdon co. On 
the W. side of the Frankstown branch, at its en- 
trance into Juniata River, anil 92 miles W. N. W. 
from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal and 
the Pennsylvania Railroad pas's through it. 

Huntingdon, Pa., Adams co. Bounded W. by 
Bermudian Creek. Surface level , soil gravel and 
calcareous loam. 12 miles N. E. from Gettsyburg. 

Huntingdon, Pa., Luzerne co. North Mountain 
lies in the N., and Knob Mountain in the S. E. 
part of this town. The rest of tlif surface is un- 
dulating, and the soil fertile. 

Huntingdon, Te., e. h. Carroll co. On the S. 
fork of Obion River. 98 miles W. from Nashville. 

Huntington, Ct., Fairfield eo. This is a town- 
shi|) of uneven surface, but well adapted to agri- 
cultural purposes, to which the inhabitants are 
principally devoted. 

Huntington County, la., c. h. at Huntington. In- 
corporated in 18.32, and is bounded N. by Whit- 
ley CO., E. by Allen and Wells, S. by Grant, and 
W. by Wabash. Watereil by the Wabash and 
its branches, Salmaina and Little Rivers. The 
Wabash and Eric Canal also traverses this coun- 
ty. Surface level or undulating. 

Huntington, la., c. h. Huntington eo. On the N. 
side of Wabash River. 105 miles N. N. E. from 
Indianapolis. 

Huntington, N. Y., Suffolk co. A large town, 
extending across the widest part of Long Island, 
and including Oak Island Beach. It is indented 
by several large bays on the N., and watered on 
the S. by some small streams flowing into the Great 
South i3ay. The surface is somewhat hilly ; the 
soil various. 35 miles W. from Riverhead, and 
198 S. S. E. from Albany. 

Huntersvitle, Va., c. h. Pocahontas co. On 
Knapp's Creek. 6 miles from its mouth, at an ele- 
vation of 1800 feet above the Atlantic. W. N. 
W. from Richmond 190 miles. 

Huntsville, Aa., shire town of Madison co. 
About 180 miles N. by W, from Montgomery, 
and 150 N. by E. from Tuscaloosa. It is a neat 
and thriving place, situated in the northern part 
of the state, about 10 miles N. of the Tennessee 
River, and 30 miles from the railroad at Decatur, 
which runs to Tuscumbia. It is principally built 
of brick, and many of the liouscs are elegant and 



costly. Among the public buildings, it contains 
a court house of Grecian architecture, which cost 
S45,000 ; a banking house of hewn stone, with an 
Ionic portico, built at a cost of $80,000 ; a hand- 
some market house ; a U, S. land office ; an acad- 
emy ; and several churches. The streets arc 
McAdamized, and kept remarkably clean. The 
town is abundantly supplied with pure and cool 
water from a spring, which breaks out at the foot 
of a rock with force sufticient to drive a forcing 
pump for elevating and distributing it to all the 
dwellings. A fine McAdamized road, commen- 
cing 4 miles N. of the town, passes through it, 
and extends to the Tennessee River. 

Hurley, N. Y., Ulster co. Eso|nis Creek wa- 
ters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and 
the soil fertile. 6 miles W. from Kingstown vil- 
lage, and 60 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Huron, N. Y., Wayne co. Bounded on the N. 
by Lake Ontario. Port Bay lies wliolly, and 
East and Sodus Bays partly, within this town. 
Surface level ; soil sandy and'gravelly loam. 14 
miles N. from Lyons, and 195 N.W. from Albany. 

Huron Count;/. O., c. h. at Norvvalk. It is 
bounded N. by Lake Erie, is very fertile, and is 
watered by the Huron and Vermiiion Rivers, La 
Chapelle, Old Woman's, Pipe, ami Cold Creeks. 
Sandusky Bay is on the northern boundarv, and 
it has two excellent harbors on the shore of Lake 
Erie. Emigrants from Connecticut and other 
N. E. States were the first settlers. All the tract 
catted fire land lies within this county. The rail- 
road from Cincinnati to Lake Erie passes through 
the county, and it is a rising, prosperous region. 

Huron County, Jin., includes the projection be- 
tween Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. 

Huron, 0., Huron co. The situation of this 
town causes it to be a place of great importance ; 
it is located on the shore of Lake Erie, at the 
mouth of Huron River, aud has an excellent ar- 
tificial harbor. Commercial business is carried 
on here to a large extent ; it has improved rapid- 
ly for a few years past. 47 miles W. from Cleve- 
land, and 120 from Columbus. 

Hgannis, Ms., Barnstable CO., in the town of 
Barnstable. 5 miles S. E. from Barnstable court 
house, and 77 S. E. from Boston. 

Hgde County, N. C, c. h. at Lake Landing. 
Bounded N. by Washington and Tyrrell counties, 
E. and S. by Pamlico Sound, and W. by Beau- 
fort CO. Surfiice flat and marshy. 

Hyde Piirk, N. Y., Dutchess co. On the E. 
bank of the Hudson. Watered by Crum Elbow 
Creek and some other small streams. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly and uneven, and the soil 
of a good quality along the border of the river. 
6 miles N. from Poughkeepsie village, and 68 S. 
from Albany. 

Hydepark, Vt., c. h. Lamoille co. The La- 
moille, Green, and other rivers give this town 
a great water ]jowcr. The soil is generally of 
a good quality, and easily cultivated. There 
are in the N. E. part of the town 12 ponds, 
containing from 1 to 50 acres, besides sever- 
al smaller ones. Some of them have names, 
such as Great, Clear, George's, Zack's, Mud 
Pond. Hydepark village is situated in the S. W. 
part of the town, on a beautiful elevated plain. 
This town has a valuable water power, and 
is surrounded by a country rich in agricultural 
and mineral productions. The settlement was 
commenced by John McDanicl, Esq., who re- 
moved his family here July 4, 1787. He cmi- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



409 



grated from NorthficlJ, N. II. The town was 
named Hyde's Park in the charter, as a compli- 
ment to Captain Jedediah Hyde, the first named 
in that instrument. 27 miles N. from Montjjelier. 

Iben'ille Parish, La., c. h. at Plaqueminc. 
Bounded N. by Point Coupee, East and West 
Baton Rouge parishes, E. and S. E. I)y Ascension 
parish, and S. and W. by tlie Atchafal.iya River, 
separating it from St. Martin's and St. Landry 
parishes. Drained by outlets of the Mississippi 
River, which flows through the E.part. Surface 
level, and too low for cultivation, except on the 
borders of the streams, where the soil is fertile. 

Iberville, La., c. h. Iberville parish. 92 miles 
W. N. W. from New Orleans. 

Independence Count//, As., c. h. at Batesville. 
Bounded N. E. liy Lawrence Co., E. by Big Black 
and White Rivers, separating it from Jackson co., 
S. by White co.. W. by Van Buren, and N. W. 
by Izard co. AVTiite River crosses this county 
from N. W. to S. E. 

Independence, la., c h. Buchanan. 
Independence. Ky., c. h. Kenton co. 82 miles 
N. N. E. from Frankfort. 

Independence, Mo., e. h. Jackson co. It is 
situated 6 miles S. from the Missouri River, 
near the W. bound.ary of the state, 1.34 miles W. 
from Jefferson City, the capital, and 264 miles, 
by the nearest land route, W. from St. Louis. 
The distance from St. Louis, by the river, is about 
370 miles. This is the place of departure for 
the Santa Fe traders, .and a point from which 
many of the emigrants to California start on 
their overland route, through the S. pass in the 
Rocky Mountains ; and many of their supplies, 
of course, are obtained here. 

The distances from St. Louis, by Independence, 
oil this entire route, to Astoria, at the mouth of 
tlio Columbia River, on the Pacific Ocean, as 
given in Appleton's United States Traveller's 
Guide, published in 1850, iire as follows : — 

St. Louis, Miles. Miles. 

To Jefferson Citt, 156 

Independexce, 214 370 

Kansas River L<anding, 12 382 

By Land. 
Kansas River Crossing, 75 457 

Piatt River, 220 677 

Forks of River, 15 692 

Chimney Rock, 155 847 

Scott's Bluff, 22 869 

Fort Laramie, 60 929 

Red Butter, 155 1084 

Rock Independence, 50 1134 

South Pass, (Fremont's,) 110 1244 

Green River, 69 1313 

Beer Springs, . 191 1504 

Fort Hall, 50 1554 

American Falls, 22 1576 

Fishing Falls, 125 1701 

Lewis River Crossing, 40 1741 

Fort Boisse, 130 1871 

Burnt River, 70 1941 

Grand Rond, 68 2009 

Fort Wala Wala, 90 2099 

Umatilla River, 25 2124 

John Day's River, 70 2194 

Falls River, 20 2214 

The Dalles, 26 2234 

Cascades, 45 2279 

Fort Vancouver, 55 2334 

Astoria, 100 2434 

52 



Independence, N. J., Warren co. Watered by 
Pequest Creek, and its tributary Bacon Creek. 
Surface hilly on the E. and W., witli a valley be- 
tween. 14 miles N. E. from Belvidere. 

Independence, N. Y., Alleghany co. Cryder's 
and Independence Creeks water this town, the 
surface of which is elevated and rolling; soil 
clay loam. 20 miles S. E. from Angelica, and 
258 W. by S. from Albany. 

Independence, Va., e. h. Grayson co. 

Indian Kei/, Fa., Dade co. This village is sit- 
uated on a pleasant island containing about 7 
acres. The foundation is entire Madrepore rock, 
but it has been covered with rich mould from the 
channel, and is cultivated with good success. It 
lies 75 miles N. E. from Key West, and 75 S. W. 
from Cape Floriila. 

Indian Riccr, Fa., St. Lucie co. The only post 
office in the county is here. 

Indian Sjirini/.^, Ga., Butts co. This favorite 
watering-place is situated 10 miles W. from the 
Ockmulgee River, at the confluence of two small 
streams, which form one of its tributaries. W. 
from Jlilledgcville 52 miles. The waters are 
impregnated with sulphur, and arc efficacious in 
cutaneous complaints. 

Indiana, Pa., c. h. Indiana co. 155 miles W. 
N. W. from Ilarrisburg. 

Indiana Counttj, Pa., c. h. at Indiana. Bounded 
N. by Jefferson, E. by Clearfield and Cambria, 
S. by Westmoreland, and W. liy Armstrong co. 
Drained by the lieail waters of the W. Ijranch of 
the Sustjuehanna and by branches of Conc- 
maugh River. Surface hilly, containing abun- 
dance of coal and salt, and small quantities of iron 
ore. The soil is mostly very fertile, being com- 
posed of loam, gravel, sand and clay. 

Indiana, I'll., Alleghany co. Drained by Deer, 
Long, Squaw, and Pine Creeks. Surface hilly ; 
soil loam. 10 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. 

Indianapolis, capital of the state of Indiana, 
and seat of justice for Marion co. It is situated 
very near the geographical centre of the state, 
on the E. side of the W. fork of White River, 
which is navigable, except at low water, for steam- 
boats from the Ohio and Wabash Rivers to this 
place. The ground on which it is built, together 
with tlie subm-bs, embracing, all together, four 
sections of land, according to the government 
surveys, was secured to the state of Indiana by 
a compact with the United States, in 1820, when 
it was covered with a dense forest, as a perma- 
nent se.at of government. In the spring of 1821, 
the town was laid out and surveyed by commis- 
sioners appointed for that purpose. The original 
plat of the town, which is on an extended plain, 
was a mile square ; but it has since been extended 
in different directions beyond these limits. It 
was laid out into regular four-acre squares, each 
to contain 12 lots ; aiul these squares were divid- 
ed through the middle by alleys, from E. to 
W, 30 feet wide, and from N." to S. 15 feet 
wide. The streets, in general, were laid out 90 
feet in width. Washington Street, which passes 
through the centre, and is the great business 
street, is 120 feet in width. Through this street 
the great national road passes. Near the centre 
of the town a square has been approjiriated, as a 
site for the mansion of the governor of the state. 
In the centre of this square stands the Governor's 
House, on ground slightly elevated, 60 feet square, 
and having four elegant fronts. A circular street, 
80 feet wide, cnconqja.5SCs this enclosure, and four 



410 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



streets extend from it diafionally, towards the 
four corners of the city. The streets, with the 
exception of these four, all intersect each other at 
right an(;Ies. They hear the names of the differ- 
ent states of the Union. 

The State Ilouse at Indianapolis is beautifully 
located, in the centre of one of the 40 acre squares, 
handsomely laid out and enclosed. It is one of 
the most splendid buildings in the west. It is 
180 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 40 feet high, to 
the top of the cornice, and is surmounted with a 
handsome dome. It is on the model of the Par- 
thenon at Athens, with the omission of the eol- 
amns on the sides ; for which pilasters, 13 in 
number, are substituted. On each front there is 
a beautiful portico, with 10 Doric columns. The 
two halls for the legislature are in the second 
story, to which the entrance is through a hall and 
rotunda in the centre. The Court Ilouse, which 
■was formerly occupied as the State House, is also 
a handsome building. Some of the church edi- 
fices are large and of fine appearance. 

Indianapolis is the centre of a number of stage 
routes from different sections of the west, and 
is fast becoming a place of extensive business. 
It is connected by railroad with Madison, on the 
Ohio Kiver, a distance of 86 miles ; being by 
this route about 150 miles from Cincinnati, and 
about tlie same distance from Louisville, Ky. 
The railroad will soon be completed to connect it 
with Peru, on the Wabash and Erie Canal. 

Indiaiiola, la., c. h. Warren co. 

Iiidustri/. Me., Franklin co. Tliis town borders 
N. W. on Sandy River, and is a valual)le tract of 
land. It lies .32 miles N. W. from Augusta, and 
is bounded S. W. by Farmington. Industiy was 
incorporated in 1803 : it lias a pleasant village. 

Irujham County, Mn., c. h. at Vevay. Incorpo- 
rated in 1838. Bounded N. by Clinton and 
Shiawassbe counties, E. by Livingston, S. by 
Jackson, and W. by Eaton co. Watered by Pine, 
Swampy, and Portage Lakes, and Red Cedar, 
Willow, !Mud, and Sycamore Creeks. Surface 
mostly level, and soil fertile. 

Ionia C'unnti/, Mn., c. h, at Ionia. Bounded N. 
by Montcalm, E. by Clinton, S. by Eaton and 
Barry, and W. by Kent co. Drained by Grand 
River and its tributaries. Surface slightly undu- 
lating ; soil of excellent quality, 

Ionia, Mn,, c. h. Ionia co. On both sides of 
Grand River. 136 miles W. N, W. from Detroit, 

Iowa City, lo. Capital of the state, and seat 
of justice of Johnson co. It stands on the E. 
bank of Iowa River, 88 miles N. by W. from Bur- 
lington, and 50 miles W. from Daven])ort, tliese 
towns being on the Mississippi. This place was 
hunting ground for the Indian until 1839, when 
it was selected by the legislature to be the scat 
of government. Within one year from that 
time it contained between 500 and 700 in- 
habitants, with two hotels, stores, mechanics' 
shops, &c., and it has continued ever since rapidly 
to increase. The first plateau from the river, 
about 100 yards in width, is reserved as a public 
promenade. There is then an elevation of about 
12 feet, and a second elevation of about 18 feet, 
upon which the city is built. Upon the brow of 
this second natural terrace, Capitol Street is laid 
out, 120 feet in width, and is intersected at right 
angles by Iowa Avenue, of the same width. The 
State House, on Capitol Street, and fronting Iowa 
Avenue, is an elegant building, constructed of 
'birdscye marble," at a cost of about $120,000 j 



and is every way worthy of being the capitol of 
a great and wealthy state, such as Iowa in the 
future must become. It is 120 feet long by 60 
feet wide, and two stories high above the base- 
ment. It is of the Grecian Doric order of archi- 
tecture, and is surmounted with a dome resting 
on 22 Corinthian columns. Among the other 
public buildings are the court bouse and jail, 
and academy, and seven very handsome church 
edifices. The location is a beautiful and healthy 
one. By an act of the Iowa legislature, the 
State University is to be located here. 

The Davenport and Council Bluffs, and the 
Dubuque and Keokuk Railroads will pass through 
Iowa City. Steamboats frequently ascend the 
river to this place. About a mile above the city 
there is an excellent water power, wliich is im- 
proved to drive a large merchant and custom 
flouring mill, a saw mill, and other machinery. 

Iowa County, lo,, c, h. at Marengo. S. E. part. 
Watered by the Iowa and branches. 

Iowa County, Wn., c. h. at Mineral Point 
Bounded N. by the Wisconsin River, separating 
it from Ricldand and Sauk counties, E, by Dane 
CO.. S. by Lafayette, and W. by Grant co. The 
N. part is drained by small tributaries of the 
Wisconsin, and the S. part by Pekatonokee and 
Fever Rivers. There are some fertile prairies in 
this county, and lead and copper ores abound. 

Ipswich, Ms., Essex co. This town was bought 
by John Winthrop, Jr. in 1638, of an Indian sag- 
amore, named Masconnomet, for 20 ))ouuds. It 
was first settled in 1633, and named after the 
town of Ipswich, in England. Its Indian name 
was Agawam, signifying a fishing station. Ipswich 
is one of the shire towns of tlie county, a port of 
entry, and a place long noted for its enterprise in 
commerce and manufactures. I])swich River pass- 
es through the town, and flows into a bay of the 
same name. The river affords a good water pow- 
er, and at its mouth is an excellent harbor. The 
surface is pleasantly interspersed with hills and 
vales ; the soil is of a good quality. The village 
of Ipswich is very pleasant. It lies on both sides 
of the river, which is crossed by a stone bridge, 
with two arches, built in 1764, at a cost of 1000 
pounds. The Ipswich Female Seminary is situ- 
ated in the centre of the village. Distances, 23 
miles E, from Lowell, and 25 from Boston by the 
Eastern Railroad. 

/;■(!, N. Y., Cayuga co. The surface of this town 
is undulating, and watered by a few small streams ; 
soil mostly sandy loam of good quality. 20 miles 
N. from Auburn, and 1 60 \V. by X. from Albany. 

Ira, Vt., Rutland co. This township is ele- 
vated ; it contains good land for rearing cattle. 
Castleton River and Ira Brook wash a part of the 
town, but afl'ord no valuable mill privileges. The 
town was organized in 1779. From Montpelier 
40 miles S. W.. and 8 S. W. from Rutland. 

Irasburr/, Vt., Orleans co. Irasburg is some- 
what diversified with gentle hills and valleys. 
The soil is easy to cultivate, and; in general, pro- 
duces good crops. Black River passes through 
tlie township in a north-easterly direction, and 
Barton River just touches upon the eastern cor- 
ner. Nearly in the centre of tlie township is a 
small village. The settlement was commenced a 
little previous to the year 1800. Distance from 
Montpelier, 42 miles N. E. 

Iredell County, N. C, c. h. at Statesvillc. Bound- 
ed N. by Wilkes and Surry counties, E. by Davie 
and Rowan, S. by Mecklenburg, and W. by Ca- 



IX THK UNITED STATES. 



411 



tawba and Caldwell couutics. Watered on the S. 
W. border by Catawba River, and drained by 
branches of the South Yadkin. 

Iromkijiioit, N. Y., Monroe co. Bounded on 
the N. liy Lake (Ontario, E. by Irondequoit Bay, 
and W. hy the Genesee River. The surface is 
chiefly level ; soil pjravelly and sandy loam. 5 
miles N. from the city of Rochester, and 220 W. 
by N. from Albany. 

Iroquoix Cwmti/, Is., c. h. at Slontgomery. 
Bounded N. by Will eo., E. by Indiana, and S. and 
W. by Vermilion co. Watered by the Iroquois 
River and branches, Kankakee River, and Sujjar 
and Spring Creeks. Much of the land is fertile 
prairie. 

Irvine, Ky., c. h. Estill co. On the N. side of 
Kentucky River. 68 miles S. E. from Frankfort. 
Irwin C'oiinti/, Ga., c. h. at IrwinviUe. Bounded 
N. by Dooly, Pulaski, and Telfair, E. hy Telfair 
and Ware, S. by Lowndes, and W. by Baker and 
Lee counties. Watered by the head brandies of 
Santilla, Alapaliaw, Withlacooehee, and Oclock- 
ony Rivers ; the Oekmulgee River also runs along 
its N. E. boundary. 

Irwin, Pa., Venango co. This is a level town, 
watered by Scrub Grass Creek; soil loam. 12 
miles S. W. from Franklin. 

IrioinsL'ilk, Ga., e. h. Irwin co. On the E. side of 
Alapahaw River. 105 miles S. from Milledgeville. 
Irwintun, Ga., c. li. Wilkinson co. 4 miles W. 
from the Oconee River, between Commissioner's 
and Big Sandy Creeks, and 20 miles S. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Isle La Mvtte, Vt., Grand Isle co. An island 
in Lake Champlain, in the western part of the 
county. It was cliartered by this name to Ben- 
jamin Wait and others, October 27, 1789. The 
settlement was commenced about the year 1785, 
and the town was organized about the year 1790. 
There are no streams ou the island. A marsh 
extends across it, which abonnds with excellent 
cedar. The rocks arc limestone. 28 miles N. W. 
from Burlington, and 13 nearly W. from St. Al- 
bans. 

Isle of Wight County, Va., c. h. at Isle of Wight. 
Bounded on the N. by Surry, and on the E. by 
Nausemond counties, on the N. E. by James Riv- 
61", separating it from Warwick, and W. by Black- 
water River, separating it from Southampton. 

Isleshoro\ Me., AValdo co., comprises several isl- 
ands in Penobscot Bay. 56 miles E. from Augusta. 
Islip, N. Y., Suftblk CO. Washed on the S. by 
the Great South Bay. Surface level ; soil hght 
and sandy. 28 miles W. from Riverhead, axxA 

197 S. S.'E. from Albany. 

Issaquena Counli/, Mi., c. h. at Tallulah. New. 

Itali/, N. Y., Yates co. Watered by Flint 
Creek, and on the N. W. by Canandaigua Lake. 
Surface somewhat hilly ; soil clay loam upon a 
basis of slate. 15 miles W. fromPenn Yan, and 

198 from Albany. 

Itasca C'minti/, Ma., includes the sources of the 
Mississippi. 

Itau-dniha Counli/, Jli., c. h. at Fulton. Bounded 
N. by Tisiiamingo co., E. by Alabama, S. by Mon- 
roe CO., and W. by Pontotoc. Surface slightly 
uneven, and watered by the head branches of the 
Tombigbee River ; soil fertile. 

Ithaca, N. Y., shire town of Tompkins co., lies 
at the head of Cayuga Lake, 170 miles W. by S. 
from Albany, and 277 miles, by railroad, N. W. 
from New York. The lake extends S. into the 
town about 2 miles. Around its head are fine 



alluvial tlats, containing aljout 3000 acres. Back 
of these flats the hills rise gradually, on three 
sides, to an elevation of about 500 feet, exhibiting 
some of tlie most magnificent scenery, csjK'cially 
as the landscape presents itself to the eye u])on 
the lake. Back of the hills the surface is undu- 
lating, and the soil of excellent quality. Several 
considerable streams, which drain the townsliip, 
pour their waters over the hills in tiicir coarse 
towards the lake ; and by their beautiful cascades 
and stupendous cataracts, add much to tlic pic- 
turesque features of tlie scenery. The largest of 
these are the Cascadilla, Fall Creek, and Six 
Mile Creek. The Cascadilla, in one pUtce, tum- 
bles over a succession of ledges, in the form of a 
gigantic stairway, through a descent of 100 feet. 
Near the N. end of the village, Fall Creek de- 
scends over rocks, within a distance of one mile, 
438 feet; in the course of which the whole sheet 
of water is at once jirecipitated over a perpendic- 
ular fall of 116 feet. 

The village of Ithaca, founded .about 1800, by 
Simeon De Witt, surveyor general of the state, 
and incorporated in 1821, is very beautifully sit- 
uated, about a mile and a half above the head 
of the lake. Small vessels and steamboats can 
come u]) to the village by the Cayuga Inlet. It 
lies partly on the alluvial plain, and partly on the 
rising acclivities behind it. It is handsomely laid 
out, having two or three fine avenues running 
from the lake to and through the village, and 
forming a part of the streets, which are numerous, 
and cross each other at right .angles. The houses 
are tastefully and neatly built ; and many of the 
streets arc lined with beautiful sliade trees, form- 
ing vistas which open charming views of the ad- 
jacent hills. That portion of the place which 
lies ujion the hill commands a fine view of the 
lake, the valley, tlie inlet, and the surrounding 
country, which is highly cultivated. 

Witldn the chartered limits of Itliaea, there ex- 
ists hydraulic power equal to any in the state, for 
extent and facility of application. The water 
power on Fall Creek alone, it is said, is capable 
of operating 133,000 spindles, at .all seasons of the 
year. There are at present on this and the other 
streams which pass by Ithaca into the lake, sev- 
eral large manufacturing establishments, among 
which are cotton .and woollen mills, flouring mills, 
furnaces and machine shops, ])laster mills, and 
mills for the manufacture of paper, sashes and 
blinds, oil, tobacco, &c. 

This place is very advantageously situated for 
trade. By means of Cayuga Lake, and the Cayu- 
ga and Seneca Canal, it communicates with the 
Erie Canal. A beautiful steamboat for conveying 
passengers, runs daily on the lake, from Ithaca to 
Cayuga Bridge, a distance of 42 miles, where it 
meets the railroad from Albany to Buflalo. A 
railroad extends S. 29 miles to Owego, on the 
Susquehanna River, where it intersects the Great 
Erie Railroad, and thus opens a continuous rail- 
road communication from Ithaca to Jersey City, 
opposite New York. 

Izard Count!/, As., c. h. at Atlicns. Bounded 
N. by Fulton co., E. and S. by Lawrence, Inde- 
pendence, and Van Buren, and W. by Searcy co. 
Watered by White River and its tributaries, and 
by some streams flowing into the Big Black. 

Jacinto, Mi., c. h. Tishamingo co. At the head 
of Tuscumbia Creek. 233 miles N. N. E. from 
Jackson. 



412 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TO\VNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Jackshoro', Te ". h Can:pbell co. 

Jackson Covnii/, Aa., c. li. at Bcllcfonte. Bound- 
ed N. by Tennessee, E. by De Kalb co., S. by 
Marshall, and W. by Madison. Tennessee River 
flows near its E. and on its S. border, and Flint 
River on its S. W. It is also watered by Rac- 
coon Creek and Paint Rock Creek and branches. 
Surfiicc mountainous. 

Juckson County, As., c. h. at Elizabeth. Bound- 
ed N. by Lawrence, E. by Poinsett, S. by St. 
Francis co., and W. by White and Bifj Black 
Rivers, separatiiii; it from White and Independ- 
ence counties. Cache River runs nearly through 
the centre of this county. 

Jackson Counli/, Fa., c. h. at Marianna. Bound- 
ed N. by Alabama, E. by the Chattahoochee and 
Appalachicola Rivers, separating it from Georgia 
and Gadsden co., S. by Washington co., and W. 
by tlie Choctawhatchee River, separating it from 
Walton CO. Drained by Spring, Holmes, and 
Sandy Creeks. Surface somewhat uneven on the 
W., but elsewhere level ; soil rich on the margins 
of the streams, and of excellent quality in some 
other portions. 

Jackson Counii;, Ga., c. h. at Jefferson. Bounded 
N. E. by Madison co., S. E. by Clarke, S. W. 
by Gwinnett, and N. W. by Hall. Branches of 
Oconee and Appalachce Rivers traverse its surface. 

Jackson, Ga., c. h. Butts co. A few miles W. 
from Ockmulgee River, and 67 miles W. from 
Milledgeville. 

Jackson Counli/, Is., c. h. at Brownsville. In- 
corporated in 1816, and bounded N. by Perry, E. 
by Franklin and Williamson, S. by Union co., 
and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it 
from Missouri, and by Randolph co. Drained 
by Muddy River and its branches, on the bor- 
der of which, near Brownsville, salt is found. 
The N. E. portions arc partly prairie land. 

Jackson Count//, la., c. h. at Brownstown. In- 
corporated in 1815, and bounded N. by Brown 
and Bartholomew counties, E. by Jennings, S. by 
Washington, and W. by Lawrence co. Surface 
undulating, and drained by Muscatauck River 
and the Driftwood Fork of White River, and Salt 
and White Creeks. Soil fertile. 

Jackson Counii/, lo., c. h. at Bellevue. Bounded 
N. by Dubuque co., E. by the Mississippi River, 
S. by Clinton, and W. by Jones co. The Maco- 
quetais River and branches drain the surface, 
which is rich in mineral products, the chief of 
which arc iron, tin, copper, zinc, gypsum, and 
porcelain clay. The water in this county is re- 
markably pure, and the soil very fertile. 

Jackson, Ky., c. h. Breathitt CO. 

Jackson Parish, La. Northern central. On 
the height of land between the Wachita and 
Dugdemona. 

Jackson, La., c. h. East Feliciana parish. On the 
E. side of Thompson's Creek, and is the scat of 
Louisiana College. 124 miles N. W. from New 
Orleans. 

Jackson, Me., Waldo co. An interior township 
of good land. 49 miles N. E. from Augusta. 

Jackson Counli/, Mn., c. h. at Jackson. This 
county was incorporated in 1832, and is bounded 
N. by Eaton and Ingham counties, E. by Wash- 
tenaw, S. by Lenawee and Hillsdale, and W. by 
Calhoun co. Grand River and branches, Kala- 
mazoo and Raisin Rivers, and Portage, Goose, 
and Sandstone Creeks, besides several small 
lakes, water the surface, which is chiefly undu- 
.ating. Limestone abounds here. Soil fertile. 



Jackmn, Mn., c. h Jackson co. On Grand 
River, which affords a good hydraulic power. 
79 miles W. from Detroit. 

Jackson County, Mi., c. h. at Jackson. Bounded 
N. by Greene co., E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf 
of Mexico, and W. by Harrison and Perry coun- 
ties. It is well watered by the Pascagoula River 
and branches, but the soil is sterile, producing 
little but pine trees and cotton. 

Jackson, Mi., capital of the state, and seat of 
justice of Hinds co. It stands on the W. side 
of Pearl River, which is navigable for boats to 
this place It is about 45 miles E. of Vieksburg, 
on the Mississippi River, with which point it is 
connected by a railroad. The town is regularly 
laid out, upon a level spot about half a milcsquare, 
and distant about a quarter of a mile from the 
river. The State House is an elegant structure, 
which is said to have cost $600,000. Besides 
this the .State Penitentiary, a large and hand- 
some building, the Governor's House, the United 
States land office, the Court House, the Method- 
ist and Baptist Churches, are public buildings 
which are ornamental to the place. A railroad 
extends E. to Brandon 14 miles. 

Jackson Counli/, Mo., c. h. at Independence. 
Bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating it 
from Clay co., E. by Lafayette and Johnson, S. 
by Van Buren co., and W. by Indian territory. 
Surface undulating, and drained by Big and Lit- 
tle Blue Rivers, and Fire Prairie Creek j soil 
productive. 

Jackson, Mo., c. h. Cape Girardeau co. 10 miles 
W. from Mississippi River, on a branch of White- 
water River. 

Jackson, N. C, c. h. Northampton co. 108 miles 
N. E. from Raleigh. 

Jaclcson, N. H., Coos co. On the E. side of the 
White Mountains. The surface is uneven, but 
the soil rich and productive. Ellis's River is the 
principal stream. The principal elevations are 
Black, Baldface, and Thorn Mountains. Jack- 
son was formerly called Adams. Excellent tin 
ore is found in this town. First settler, Benja- 
min Copp, in 1779. 90 miles N. E. from Concord, 
and 40 S. E. from Lancaster. 

Jackson, N. Y., Washington co. The surface 
of this town is somewhat hilly ; soil clay and 
sandy loam. 5 miles S. from Salem, and 42 
N. E. from Albany. 

Jackson County, O., c. h. at Jackson. Hock- 
ing and Athens bound it on the N., Athens and 
Gallier on the E., Lawrence and Scioto on the 
S., and Pike and Ross counties on the W. It 
was established in February, 1816. The laud is 
well adapted for farming, although it is hilly and 
uneven. Little Raccoon, Little Scioto, Salt and 
Symmes Creek, are the most important streams. 
Millstone grit and stone coal are found in great 
jjlenty. Iron ore is also found in some parts. 

Jackson, O., c. h. Jackson co. 63 miles S. S. 
E. from Columbus, and 28 S. E. from Chillicothe. 

Jackson, Pa., Cambria co. Surface undulating; 
soil calcareous loam and clay. 

Jackson, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by branches 
of Fishing Creek. 

Jackson, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by Pow- 
ell's and Armstrong's Creeks, branches of the 
Susquehanna River. Surface diversified with 
hills and valleys, having Berry Mountain on the 
N., and Peter's on the S. ; soil gravelly on the 
hills, and sandy loam in the valleys. 

Jackson, Pa., Lebanon co. Tulpehocken and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



413 



Swatara Creeks water this town, and the Union 
Canal crosses it from E. to W. Surface level ; 
soil calcareous loam. 7 miles E. from Lebanon. 

Jackson, Pa., Susquehanna co. Lackawannock 
and Tunkhannock Creeks water this town, tlic 
surface of wliieh is hilly ; soil gravel and clay. 
1 81 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Jackson, Pa., Tioga co. Surface hilly, and 
watered hy Secly's and Mill Creeks ; soil loam 
and gravel. 

Jarkson County, Te., c. h. at Gainesboro'. 
Bounded N. hy Kentucky, E. by Overton co., S. 
l>y Putnam, and W. by Smith and Macon coun- 
ties. Cumberland River and its branches water 
tliis county. 

Jackson, Te., c. h. Madison co. On the N. side 
of Forked Deer River. 134 miles W. S. W. 
from Nashville. 

Jackson County, Ts., c. h. at Texana. On La 
Vacca River. 

Jackson County, Va., c. h. at Ripley. Bounded 
N. E. by Wood co., S. E. by Kanawha, S. W. by 
Mason, and N. W. by the Ohio River. Big Sand 
and Big Mill Creeks, and a tributary of Little 
Kanawha River, drain tliis county. 

Jackson, Va., c. h. Jackson co. 33G miles 
\V. N. W. from Riclimond. 

Jacksonboro', Ga., c. h. Scriven co. On the W. 
side of Brier Creek. 116 miles E. S. E. from 
Milledgeville. 

Jackson rille, Aa., c. h. Benton co. 2 miles E. 
from Tallassechatchee Creek, and 139 }i. N. E. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Jacksonuille, Fa., c. h. Duvall co. On the N. W. 
bank of, St. John's River. 252 miles E. from 
Tallahassee. 

Jacksonville. Is., c. h. Morgan co. 33 miles W. 
from Springfield, in the midst of a fertile prairie, 
the seat of Illinois College. See Colleges. One 
of the largest inland towns in the state, and con- 
nected with the Illinois River and with Spring- 
field by railroad. 

Jaffrey, N. H., Cheshire co. The Grand Mo- 
nadnock lies in the N. W. part of this town, and 
in Dublin. Innumerable streams of water issue 
from it ; the largest rises 100 rods from the sum- 
mit, and descends in a S. E. direction. The soil 
of Jatfrey is uneven, affording numerous meail- 
ows and rich pastures. There are several ponds 
in Jati'rcy. Out of 3 issue streams sufficient to 
carry mills. In the largest, which is 400 rods 
long, and 140 wide, is an island comprising about 
10 acres. About l4 miles S. E. from the moun- 
tain is the " Monadnock Mineral Spring." It 
preserves so uniform a temperature as never to 
have been known to freeze. The spring is slightly 
impregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate 
of soda, and where it issues from the earth yellow 
ochre is thrown out. Jaffrey received its name 
from George Jaffrey, Esq., of Portsmouth, one 
of the original proprietors. First settlers, Mr. 
Grant and John Davison, in 1758. 46 miles 
S. W. by S. from Concord, and about 15 S. E. 
from Keene. 

Jamaica Plains, Ms., in the town of West Rox- 
burv, Norfolk co. Sj miles S. W. from Boston, 
by railroad. Has many beautiful country seats. 

'Jamaica, N. Y., Queen's co. This town con- 
tains the greater part of Jamaica Bay, into which 
flows several small streams. The surface is hilly 
on the N., and on the S. are extensive salt 
marshes. The soil is chiefly sandy loam of good 
quality. Its W. part contains the Union Race 



Course. Smiles E. from Brooklyn, and 158 S 
from Allianv. 

Jamaica. Vt., Windham co. West River passes 
through this township, and, together with its trib- 
utaries, affords excellent mill privileges. The 
surface is broken and mountainous, and the ele- 
vations rocky ; but the soil is in general warm 
and productive. A range of primitive limestone 
passes through the township. There is a pleasant 
and Hourishing village near the centre of the 
town. The settlement was commenced in 1780, 
by people from Mcndon, Ms., and its vicinity. 
90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 14 N. W. from 
Newfane. 

James City Count;/, Va,, c. h. at Williamsburg. 
Bounded N. E. by York River, separating it from 
Gloucester co., S. E. by Y'ork co., S. and W. by 
James and Chiekahominy Rivers, separating it 
from Surry and Charles City counties, and N. W. 
by New Kent co, 

Jamestown, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the 
S. E. end of Chautauque Lake, at its outlet. 331 
miles W. by S. from Albany. A manufacturing 
place, ill the shops of which are produced almost 
every variety of fabrics, wares, agricultural im- 
plements, and household utensils. A steamboat 
runs to Maysville, 21 miles, at the western end 
of the lake. 

Jame9on'n, R. I., Newport co. This town com- 
prises Connanicut, a beautiful island in Narra- 
ganset Bay, about 8 miles in length ; its average 
breadth is about a mile. The soil is a rich loam, 
and peculiarly adapted for grazing, and the pro- 
duction of Indian corn and barley. The inhab- 
itants of this island are remarkable for their in- 
dustry and agricultural skill, which, united with 
the fertility of the soil and the location of the 
island, renders it a delightful place. The dis- 
tance from the town or island to Newport and 
South Kingston is about a mile each way ; to 
each of those places a ferry is established. 'The 
island was purchased of the Indians in 1657. 

Jamestown, Va., James City co. This is the 
oldest English settlement in the United States, 
having been made in 1608. It was located on a 
point of land extending into James River, 3? 
miles above its mouth, and is now in ruins, con- 
taining the remains of a church steeple and grave- 
yard, some ancient fortifications, and 2 or 3 old 
houses. 8 miles S. W. from Williamsburg, and 
65 E. S. E. from Richmond, 

Janescille, Wn,, c, h. Rock co. On Rock River. 
A flourishing place, 30 miles S. W. from Madison. 

.Tasper County, Ga.. c, h, at Monticcllo, Bounded 
N, by Newton and Morgan counties, E. by Put- 
nam, S, by Jones co,, and W, by the Ockmulgee 
River, 

Jasper County, Is,, c, h, at Newton. Bounded 
N. by Cumberland, E. by Crawford, S. by Rich- 
land, and W. by Clay and Effingham counties. 
Surface flat, and rather low, two thirds being 
prairie. Embarrass River drains this county. 

Jasper Counti/, la., c, h. at Rensselaer. Bounded 
N. by the Kankakee River, separating it from 
Lake and Porter counties, E, by Stark, Pulaski, 
and White counties, S, by Benton co,, and W. 
by Illinois. Drained by the Iroquois River, and 
Pine and Sugar Creeks. 

.Jasper, la., e. h. Dubois co. On the N. W. 
side of Patoka Creek. 124 miles S. S. W. from 
Indianapolis. 

Jasper County, lo., c. h. at Newton. S. centraL 

Jasper County, Mi., c. h. at Paulding. Bounded 



414 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



N. by Newton co., E. by Clarke, S. by Jones, 
and "W. by Smith. Drained by tributaries of 
Leaf River. 

Jasper Comif^, Mo., Jasper shire town. Bounded 
N. by Bates co., E. by Cedar, Dade, and Law- 
rence, S. by Newton co., and W. by Indian terri- 
tory. Surface undulating, and watered by a 
branch of Neosho River ; soil fertile. 

Jasper, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Ben- 
nett's and Tuscai-ora Creeks. Surface undulat- 
ing ; soil gravelly loam and clay. 18 miles 
S. W. from Bath, and 240 W. by S. from Albany. 

Jasper, Te., e. h. Marion co. On the W. side of 
Sequatchy River. IHmilesS.E. from Nashville. 

Jasper County, Ts., c. h. at Jasper. On the 
middle E. border, between the Sabine and Naches. 

Java, N. Y., Wyoming co. Drained by Sen- 
eca and the head branches of Cattaraugus Creek. 
The surface is rolling ; soil clay loam. 15 miles 
S. W. from Warsaw, and 26.3 W. from Albany. 

Jay County. la., c. h. at Jay. Bounded N. by 
Wells and Adams counties, E. by Ohio, S. by 
Randolph, and W. by Delaware and Blackford 
counties. Drained by Salamie River Soil chief- 
ly fertile. 

Jay, la., c. h. Jay co. On the N. side of Salamie 
River. 100 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 

Jay, Me., Franklin co. Jay lies at a ♦end of 
Androscoggin River, 29 miles W. by N. from 
Augusta, and 12 S. S. W. from Farmington. 

Jay, N. Y., Essex co. The E. branch of the 
An Sable River waters this town, the surface of 
which is broken by the Adirondack range of 
mountains. Along tlie borders of the river are 
some extensive and fertile plains. 18 miles N. 
from Elizabeth, and 153 N. from Albany. 

Jay, Vt., Orleans co. A part of this town is 
very mountainous — Jay's Peak, lying in the S. 
W. part ; the other part is good arable land, and 
would ])roduoe good crops if well cultivated. A 
number of streams issue from the mountain, and 
produce an ample water power. Previous to the 
last war with Great Britain, 5 or 6 families had 
settled in this township, but during the war they 
nearly all left it. A few families have since re- 
turned, and the settlement has been advancing. 
16 miles N. W. from Irasburg, and 50 N. from 
Montpelier. 

Jefferson City, Mo. Capital of the state, and 
seat of justice of Cole co. 130 miles W. of >St. 
Louis. It is situated on the S. side of the Mis- 
souri River, about 9 miles above the mouth of 
Osage River. The distance to St. Louis by 
steamboat is 154 miles. It is built on elevated 
and uneven ground, offering many handsome 
situations for private residence. The public build- 
ings are 'the State House, a spacious and elegant 
house for the governor, the state penitentiary, 
an academy, and churches of various denomina- 
tions. The place is rapidly growing in popula- 
tion, business, and wealth. 

Jefferson County, Aa., c. h. at Elyton. Bounded 
N. by Blount co., E. and S. by St. Clair and Shel- 
by, and W. by Tuscaloosa and Walker counties. 
Drained by Locust Fork of Black Warrior River 
and its tributaries. 

Jefferson County, As., c. h. at Pine Bluffs. 
Bounded N. by Pulaski, E. by Arkansaw, S. by 
Desha and Dallas, and W. by Dallas and Saline 
counties. The Arkansas River flows nearly 
through the centre of this county, which is also 
watered by branches of Bayou, Bartholomew, and 
Saline Rivers. 



Jefferson County, Fa., c. h. at Monticello. 
Bounded N. by Georgia, E. by Oscilla River, sepa- 
rating it from Madison co., S. by Appalachec 
Bay, and W. by Wakulla and Leou counties. 
Mickasuky Lake lies in the W. part, and its out- 
let, united with several other streams, and afford 
ing some water power, sinks into the earth, and 
disappears 2 miles S. E. from the lake. Soil fer- 
tile in many portions. 

Jefferson County, Ga., c. h. at Louisville. 
Bounded N. and E. by Warren, liicbmond. and 
Burke counties, S. by a branch of Ogeechee 
River, separating it from Emanuel co., and W. 
by Washington co. Brier Creek runs on its N. 
E. border, and Ogeechee River and branches. 
Reedy and Mill Creeks, drivin the interior. 

Jefferson, Ga., e. h. Jackson co. On the W. 
side of Oconee River. 95 miles N. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Jefferson County, Is., c. h. at Mount Vernon. 
Bounded N. by Slarion, E. by Wayne and Ham- 
ilton, S. by Franklin, and W. by Berry and 
Washington counties. Branches of Big Muddy 
and Little Wabash water this county, of which 
one third of the surface is prairie, and the soil 
tolerably fertile. 

Jefferson County, la., c. h. at Madison. Incor- 
porated in 1S09, and bounded N. by Jennings 
and Ripley, E. by Switzerland co., S. by the 
Ohio River and Clark co., and W. by Scott eo. 
Surfitce diversified and drained by branches of 
Muscatauck River, by Indian Kentucky, and 
Big and Lewis Creeks. Soil fertile. 

Jefferson County, lo., c. h. at Fairfield. Incor- 
porated in 1839, and bounded N. by Keokuck and 
Washington counties, E. by Henry, S. by Van 
Buren, and W. by Warello co. Drained by 
Checauque or Skunk River and tributaries. Soil 
fertile. Limestone and anthracite coal are found 
here. 

Jefferson Count)/, Kv.. c. h. at Louisville. 
Bounded N. by O'ldhani co., E. by Shelby, S. by 
Bullitt CO., and W. by Salt River, separating it 
from Hardin co., and the t)hio River, separating 
it from Indiana. Floyd's Fork and Pond Creek, 
branches of Salt River, water this county, opposite 
which arc the rapids of the Ohio, having a canal 
around them. 

Jefferson Parish, La., c. h. at Lafayette. 
Bounded N. by the Mississipjji River, separating 
it from Orleans parish, E. by Plaquemine parish, 
S. by Barrataria Bay, and W. by La Fourclie In- 
terior and St. Charles parishes. The surface is 
mostly too low for cultivation, e.xcept on tho 
borders of the rivers. 

Jefferson, Me., Lincoln co. Jeff"erson lies at 
the head of Damariscotta River, and embraces a 
large body of water. It is otherwise watered by 
several ponds, producing streams for mill scats, 
which give to Jetferson great facilities for sawing 
and transporting lumber. This is a flourishing 
town in its trade and agricultural pursuits. It is 
bounded N. by Washington, and S. by New- 
castle. 28 miles E. S. E. from Augusta. 

Jefferson County, Mi., c. h. at Fayette. This 
county is bounded N. by Claiborne, E. by Copiah, 
S. by Franklin and Adams counties, and W. by 
the Mississippi River, separating it from Louis- 
iana. Drained by Bayou Pierre and Uomochitto 
Rivers, and Fairchild's and Colo's Creeks and 
branches. Soil poor in the E., but fertile in the 
W. portions. 
Jefferson County, Mo., c. h. at Ilillsboro'. 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



415 



Bounded N. !>y St. Louis CO., E. by the Missis- 
sippi River, S. hy St. Genevieve and Franeois, 
and W. by Wa-sliington and Franlilin counties. 
Drained l>y Big River and Joaciiim Creelv. Sur- 
face rougli anci hilly ; soil diversified. Minerals of 
difl'ercnt kinds and mineral springs are abundant. 

Jcffurson BuiracLt, Mo., St. Louis co. This 
U. S. military station lies 142 miles E. from 
Jeftcrson Citv. 

Jeffirsun, 'S. C, c. h. Ashe co. On the W. side 
of Kew River. 202 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 

Jffferson, N. H., Coos co. Pondicherry Pond, 
in this town, is about 200 rods in diameter. Pon- 
dicherry Bay is about 200 rods wide and 100 
long. Around the base of Mount Pliny is excel- 
lent grazing and tillage land, and on its S. W, 
side are several tine farms, which command a 
delightful view of tlie White Mountains. Israel's 
River passes througli Jefferson, and here receives 
a considerable branch. First settlers. Colonel 
Joseph Whipple, Samuel Hart, and others, in 
1773. 98 miles N. from Concord, and 10 S. E. 
from Lancaster. 

Jeffeison, N. J., Jloms eo. This town is drained 
by Uockaway River, a good mill stream, and 
contains Ilurd's Pond, which is Li miles long 
and 1 mile wide, and enters Hopatcong Lake, 
which is from 3 to 4 miles long and 1 rhile wide, 
covering about 3000 acres. This lake is a feeder to 
the Morris Canal. Iron ore abounds in the moun- 
tains. 15 miles N. W. from Morristown. 

Jefferson Couiiti/, N. Y., c. h. at Watertown. 
Incorporated in 1805. Bounded on the N. by St. 
Lawrence, E. by Lewis, S. by Oswego co., and W. 
by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and 
is watered by Black, Chaumont, and Perch Riv- 
ers, and .Sandy and Stony Creeks, besides several 
small lakes. The surface is generally level, or 
slightly uneven, and the soil mostly a rich sandy 
loam. This county is one of the richest in the 
state in mineral productions, containing immense 
quantities of iron ore, besides several localities of 
lead and copper. 

Jefferson, >f. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by 
the branches of Schoharie Creek, and some of 
the head branches of the Delaware River. Sur- 
face hilly and mountainous ; soil sandy loam of 
indifferent ijuality, except in the valleys. 20 miles 
S. W. from Schoharie village, and 57 from Albany. 

Jefferson Counli/, 0., e. h. at Steubenville, is 
bounded N. by Carroll and Columliiana counties, 
E. by the Ohio River, S. by Belmont, and W. by 
Harrison and CaiToll counties. It has a fertile 
soil, which produces fine crops of wheat, and is 
watered by Yellow, Cross, and Short Creeks. 

Jefferson, 0., Scioto co., borders on the Scioto 
River, and is a townshi]) well adapted to raising 
grain and timber. In the early settling of the 
country, a .sycamore tree, on the farm of Abra- 
ham Miller, admitted at one time within the hol- 
low of the trunk 14 horses, all mounted. 

Jefferson, (>., c. h. Aslitabula co. 10 miles from 
Lake Eric, nnd 20i N. K. from Colmnbus. 

Jefferson Crnmty, Pa., c. h. at Brookville. It is 
bounded N. and N. E. by Warren and Elk coun- 
ties, E. by Clearfield, S. by Indiana, and W. by 
Armstrong and Clarion counties. Watered by 
Toby's and Clarion Rivers, Manoning and Big 
and Little Sandy Creeks. Surface hilly, abound- 
ing with iron and coal ; soil mostly fertile in the 
valleys. 

Jefferson, Pa., Greene co. On the W. side of 
the Monongahela River, and watered by Ten 



Mile Creek. Surface undulating ; soil loam. 
204 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. 

.hfferson Coaiiti/, Te., c. h. at Dandridgo. 
Boimded N. by Hawkins co., E. by Greene and 
Union, S. by Sevier co., and W. by Holston River, 
separating it from Grainger eo. The French 
Broad River runs on its S. W. border. Surface 
rougli and uneven ; soil rich in some portions. 

Jefferson Cminti/, Ts., e. h. at Beaumont. In 
the S. E. corner. 

Jefferson County, Va., c. h. at Charleston. 
Bounded N. E. by the Potomac River, separating 
it from Maryland, S. E. by Shenautloali River, 
separating it from Loudon co.. S. W. by Clarke, 
and N. W. by Berkely co. Watcreil on the W. 
boundary bv- Opequan Creek. Surface rough and 
hilly ; soil various. 

Jefferson Count)/, AVn., c. h. at Jefferson. 
Bounded N. by Dodge, E. by Waukesha, S. hy 
Walworth and Rock, and W. by Dane co. 
Drained liy Rock River. Surface marshy in 
some portions. 

Jeffersonton, Ga., c. h. Camden co. On tlie S. 
bank of St. Ilia River, at the bean of naviga- 
tion. 270 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. 

Jeffersonton, Va., Culpepper co. On the W. 
side of Rappahannock River. 112 miles N. N. 
W. from Richmond. Lee's Sulphur S])rings are 
near this ])lace. 

Jeffersonville, la., Clark co. On the N. bank of 
Ohio River, just above the rapids, and opposite 
Louisville, Ky. S. by E. from Indianapolis 117 
miles, with which it is connected by railroad. 

Jenner, Pa., Somerset co. Surface undulating, 
and drained l)y Beaver Dam Run, on the borders 
of which co.al is found; soil clay. 12 miles N. 
W. from Somerset. 

Jennini/s County, la., e. h. at Vernon. Incorpo- 
rated in 1816, and bounded N. by Bartholomew 
and Decatur, E. by Ripley, S. by .Jefferson and 
Scott, and W. by Jackson co. Watered by Gra- 
ham's and the N. fork of Muscatauck River and 
Sand Creek, which afford valuable hydraulic 
jiowcr. Surface hilly ; soil calcareous loam. 
The Madison and Indianapolis RaUroad passes 
through this eo. 

JericJio, Vt., Chittenden co. Jericho is watered 
with springs and brooks. Winooski River washes 
the S. W. boundary, and Brown's River, Little 
River, and Mill Brook are within its limits. The 
soil and timber are various indifferent parts. It 
is a good fanning town, and w-ell adaj)ted to rais- 
ing most kinds of grain and grass. There is a 
village at the centre of the town, and another at 
the corner, in the W. part of the town. The set- 
tlement of Jericho was commenced in 1774. by 
Messrs. Messenger, Rood, and Brown, with their 
families, from the western part of Massachusetts. 
25 miles N. W. from Monipelier, and 12 E. from 
Burlington. 

Jersey County, Is., c. h. at Jerseyville. Bounded 
N. by Greene and E. by Jlacoupin co., S. by 
Madison co. and the Mississippi Kiver. separating 
it from Missouri, and W. by the Illinois Kiver, 
separating it from Calhoun co. Watered on the 
N. by a branch of the Illinois River. 

Jersey City, N. J. City and seat of justice for 
Hudson CO., situated on the W. bank of Hudson 
River, opposite the city of New York. The 
ground on which it is built ]»rojects into the river, 
having a bay both N. and S. of it. This penin- 
sula, or point of land, was called by the Indians 
Arese-heclc, by the Dutch, sometimes, Areseck- 



416 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Bouck, and afterwards Paulus-HoecJc, from which 
comes Pou'les Hook. From a remote period, this 
territory belonged to the Van Vorst family. In 
1801 the title was conveyed to the -'Association 
of the Jersey Company," which received an act 
of incorporation that year, and on the 28th of 
January, 1820, an act was passed to incorporate 
the " City of Jersey," under which, with various 
alterations and amendments, it still continues 
with a city government. At the time of its in- 
corporation it was a mere village, with about 300 
inhabitants. Since that time various causes have 
contributed rapidly to increase the business and 
population of the place. This is now the prin- 
cipal starting-point of the great line of southern 
travel. The New Jersey Railroad commences 
here, which connects with other railroads to 
Philadelphia. The Ramapo Railroad also com- 
mences here, uniting with and making a con- 
tinuous line with the Erie Railro.ad. This 
also is the terminus of the Jlorris Canal, which, 
after a circuitous route of 101 miles, and a total 
rise and fall of 1669 feet, unites the waters of 
the Delaware with the harbor of New York. 

The city, though small, is well laid out, with 
wide and convenient streets, crossing each other 
at right angles, and has many liandsome build- 
ings. It contains five or si.x churches, of differ- 
ent denominations ; a high school for boys, and 
a female academy, both of which have an ex- 
cellent reputation. Several branches of manu- 
facture are carried on in Jersey City and its sub- 
urbs, upon an extensive scale. There is a pot- 
tery, where the beautiful Delft ware is made ; a 
flint glass factory, employing not less than 100 
hands ; a ropcwalk, a starch factory, two or three 
iron founderies, and two or three steam mills for 
the manufacture of carpets. Being closely con- 
nected with the city of New York, with which it 
has communication by steam ferry boats every 
15 minutes, it is, in fact, though in a difterent 
state, a suburb of that city. It is connected 
with the collection district of New York, as a 
port of entry, together with all that part of New 
Jersey lying N. and E. of Elizabethtown and 
State'n Island. The British line of ocean steam- 
ers, running between New York and Liverjiool, 
have established their dock at Jersey City. 
Population in 1840, 3050; in 1850, 6856. 

Jersei/ Shore, Pa., Mifflin, Lycoming co. On 
the N. side of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. 
99 miles N. N. W. from Ilarrisburg. This place 
is on the western branch of the Pennsylvania 
Canal, and has considerable business. 

Jenisale?n, N. Y., Yates co. Watered by a part 
of Crooked Lake and a small stream flowing into 
its W. branch. Bluff Point lies in this town, 
the surface of which is rather hilly, and the soil 
productive. 5 miles W. from Penn Yan, and 
192 from Albany. 

Jessamine Comity, Ky., c. h. at Nicholasville. 
Bounded N. and E. by Fayette co., S. and S. W. 
by the Kentucky River, separating it from Madi- 
son and Garrard counties, and W. by Woodford 
CO. Drained by Jessamine, Hickman, and 
branches of Clear Creek. Surface somewhat 
uneven ; soil productive. 

Jewett City, Ct., in the town of Griswold, New 
London co. On the E. side of Quinebaug, at its 
junction with Patchaug River, and on the Nor- 
wich and Worcester Railroad. 47 miles E. by 
S. from Hartford. There is a fine water power 
here, and an active business in manufacturing. 



Jo. Daviess County, Is., c. h. at Galena. Named 
from an officer who fell in the battle of Tippeca- 
noe. The county is bounded N. by Wn., E. by 
Stephenson eo., S. by Carroll co., and W. by the 
Mississippi River, separating itfrom Iowa. Sur- 
fitee undulating or hilly, and drained by Fever 
River and Rush's, Apple, and Pine Creeks : soil 
productive. Lead and copper ores are abundant. 

Johnson County, N. C, c. h. at .Smithfield. 
Bounded N. E. by the Moccason River, sepa- 
rating it from Nash co., E. by Wayne co., S. by- 
Sampson, S. W. by Cumberland, and N. W. by 
Wake CO. Watered by the Neuse River and iw 
tributaries. 

Johnson County, As., c. h. at Clarksville. Bound- 
ed N. by Newton co., E. by Pope, S. by Yell, and 
W. by Franklin co. Watered by the Arkansas 
River and some of its branches. Surface rough 
and hilly ; soil fertile on the borders of the streams. 

Johnson County, Is., c. h. at Vienna. Incorpo- 
rated in 1812, and bounded N. by Williamson 
CO., E. by Pope, S. by Massac and Alexander, 
and W. by Union eo. It is well watered. Sur- 
face generally level ; the soil in some parts fertile, 
but, being low, is rather unhealthy. 

Johnson County, la., c. h. at Franklin. Incorpo- 
rated in 1822, and bounded N. liy Marion, E. by 
Shelby, S. by Bartholomew and Brown, and W. 
by Morgan co. Surface undulating, and drained 
by Sugar, Young's, Stott's, and Indian Creeks. 
Soil of excellent quality. The Madison and In- 
dianapolis Railroad passes through it. 

Johnson County, lo, c. h. at Iowa City. 
Bounded N. by Linn co., E. by Cedar and Mus- 
catine, S. by Louisa and Washington, and W. 
by Iowa co. Surface uneven, and watered by 
Iowa River and branches ; soil fertile. 

Johnson County, Ky., c. h. at Paintville. In the 
E. part of the state. Drained by affluents of 
the W. fork of Big Sandy, which flows through 
its eastern border from S. to N. Hilly. 

Johnson County, Mo., c. h. at Warrensburg. 
Bounded N. by Lafiiyette, E. by Pettis, S. by 
Henry, and W. by Van Bureii and Jackson 
counties. Watered by Blackwatcr River and it3 
branches, and a branch of La Maine River. 

Johnson County, Te., c. h. at Taylorsville 
Bounded N. by Virginia., E. and S. E. by North 
Carolina, S. W. and W. by Carter and Sulli 
van counties. Watered by Watauga, a tribu- 
tary of Holston River and its branches. It con- 
sists mostly of valley land, having mountain 
ridges on its N. W. and S. E. borders. 

Johnson, Vt., Lamoille co. The River La 
moille enters this township near the S.E. corner, 
and running westerly about 2 miles, through a 
rich tract of intervale, falls over a ledge of rocks 
about 15 feet in height into a basin belosv. This if 
called McConnell's Falls. Thence it runs north 
westerly over a bed of rocks about 100 rods, nar- 
rowing its channel and increasing its velocity,whcn 
it forms a whirlpool, and sinks under a barrici 
of rocks which extend across the river. The 
arch is of solid rock, about 8 feet wide. The 
surface of this township is uneven ; the soil is a 
dark or yellow loam mixed with a light sand, is 
easily tilled, and very productive. In the north- 
eastern part, soaps'tone has been discovered. 
The village in Johnson is very pleasant. It was 
first settled in 1784, by a revolutionary hero of 
the name of Samuel Eaton. 5 miles N. W. from 
Hydepark, and 32 N. W. from Montpelier. 

Johnston, R. I., Providence co. This town 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



417 



lies 5 miles W. from Providence, from wliicli 
it was talven in 1759. It is pleasantly varie- 
gated by hills and vales, with a soil adapted 
to the culture of corn and barley, and particu- 
larly to all sorts of vegetables and fruits, of 
which large quantities are annually sent to Prov- 
idence market. The quarries of freestone in 
Johnston are valuable ; they supply the wants, 
not only of the city and immediate vicinity, but 
distant places, with that useful material. The 
Wonasquatucket and Pochasset Rivers, with their 
tributary streams, give this town a good hydraulic 
power. Beautiful manufacturing villages arc scat- 
tered along the banks of these waters, present- 
ing to the eye of the traveller the pleasant union 
of our agricultural and manufacturing interests. 

Johtstoivn. N. Y., Fulton co. Garoga and Cay- 
ndutta Creeks water this shire town. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil argillaceous loam. 45 miles 
N. W. from Albany. 

Johnslow?!, Pa., Conemaugh, Cambria co. At 
the entrance of Stony Creek into Little Cone- 
maugh River. 150 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
This is the western terminus of the Portage Rail- 
road, running to Hollidaysburg. It connects 
here with the W. division of the Pennsylvania 
Canal, which has a large basin in the centre of 
the village. 

Jmies County, Ga., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded 
N. by Jasper and Putnam counties, E. by Bald- 
win and Wilkinson, S. by Twiggs, and W. by 
Bibb and Monroe. Tiic Ockmulgee River runs 
on its W. border. Drained by Cedar Creek and 
its branches, a tributary of the Oconee River, and 
Falling and Walnut Creeks, tributaries of the 
Ockmulgee River. 

Jones Count;/, lo., c. h. at Edinburg. Bounded 
N. by Delaware and Dubuque counties, E. by 
Jackson. S. by Cedar, and W. by Linn. Wa- 
tered by Wapsipinecon and Makoqucta Rivers 
and branches. Surface slightly undulating, com- 
prising extensive prairies ; soil fertile. 

Jones County, Jli., c. h. at Ellisville. Bound- 
ed N. by Smith and Jasper counties, E. by 
Wayne, S. by PeiTv, and W. by Covington. Wa- 
tered by branches of Leaf River. 

Jones County, N. C, c. h. at Trenton. Bounded 
N. and E. by Craven co., S. by Carteret and 
Onslow, and W. by Duplin and Lenoir counties. 
Trent River and its branches water this county. 
Surface level, and marshy in many parts. 

Jonesftoro\ Is., c. h. Union co. 

Jonesbofo\ Me., Washington co. This town 
has Chandler's River and the head of English- 
man's Bay on the E., Jonesport on the S., and 
the town of Addison on the W. Incorporated 
1809. It lies 134 miles E. by N. from Augusta, 
and 1 2 S. W. from Machias. 

Jonesboro', Te.. c. h. Washington co. On Little 
Limestone Creek, 1 mile from its source, and 283 
miles E. from Nashville. 

Jonexport, Jle., Washington CO., includes the 
promontory and several islands on the W. side of 
Englishman's Bay. It has an excellent harbor. 
138 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 16 S. W. 
from Machias. 

Joncsrille, Mn.. Hillsdale co. On the E. bank 
of St. Joseph River, of Lake Michigan. 92 miles 
W. S. W. from Detroit. The Michigan Southern 
Railroad passes through it. 

Jonesiille, Va., c. h. Lee co. On a branch of 
Powell's River. 384 miles W. by S. from Rich- 
mond. 

53 



Jordan^s Saline. Ts., c. h. Vanzanl co. 

.Juniata County, Pa., c. b. at Milllin. Incorpo- 
rated in 1831. and boun.led X. by Mifflin and 
Union counties. E. and S. by Northumberland 
and Perry, and W. by Huntin;;don and Mifflin. 
Surface hilly and mountainous, and watered by 
Juniata River, Licking, and Tusearora Creekj ; 
soil fertile in the valleys. 

.hmiata. Pa., Perry co. Raccoon, Buffalo, and 
Little Buffalo Creeks water this town. Surface 
mountainous ; soil, in the valleys, slate, gravel, 
and calcareous loam. 39 miles W. N. W. from 
Harrisburg. 

Junius, N. Y., Seneca co. The surface of thi» 
town is diversified, and the soil very fertile in 
some portions. 8 miles N. from Waterloo, and 
173 W. by N. from Albany. 

Kalamazoo County. Mn., c. h. at Kalamazoo. 
Incorporated in 1830, and is bounded N. by Alle- 
gan and Barry counties, E. by Calhoun, S. by 
St. Joseph, and W. by Van Buren co. Surfaco 
level, or slightly uneven, and drained by Kalama- 
zoo and Portage River, and Four Mile, Bear, and 
Gull Creeks ; soil rich black loam. 

Kalamazoo, Mn.. shire town of Kalamasioo co. 
143 miles W. from Detroit, and about 132 E. by 
S. from Lansing, the capital of the state. It is a 
flourishing place, on the great route of the Michi- 
gan Central Railroad, between Detroit and Chi- 
cago. The village contains a court house, jail, a 
branch of the Bank of Michigan, a branch of the 
Michigan University, the Huron Literary Insti- 
tute, and churches of several denominations. An 
active business is done here, by one flouring mill, 
several saw mills, distilleries, and t.anneries, and 
by a considerable number of mercantile estab- 
lishments. 

Kalida, 0., c. h. Putnam co. 

Kanawha County. Va., c. h. at Kanawha Court 
House, otherwise called Charleston. Bounded N. 
by Jackson and Lewis counties. E. by Braxton 
and Nicholas. S. by Fayette and Logan, and W. 
by Cabell and Mason. Watered by Kanawha 
River and its liranchcs. Elk and Coal Rivers, 
and numerous creeks. This county contains 
valuable saline springs and large quantities of 
coal. 

Kanawlm,\&., c. h. Kanawha CO.. otherwise called 
Charleston. On the N. bank of Great Kanawha 
River, at its junction with Elk River. 313 miles 
W. N. W. from Richmond. The river is here 300 
yards wide and 20 feet deep, and is navigable 
for steamboats to this place. There are larga 
steam flouring mills and other mills here. 

Kanawha Saline, Va., Kanawha co. On the 
N. W. side of Kanawha River. 307 miles W. N. 
W. from Richmond. This village is connected 
with the salt trade in the vicinity. 

Kane County. Is., c. h. at Geneva. Formed from 
De Kalb, in 1836. Bounded N. by McHes.y C„., 
E. by Cook and Du Page, S. by Kendall, and 
W. by De Kalb. Fox River and its branches 
aft'ord hydraulic power. 

Kanesoille, lo., c. h. Potawatomie co. Found- 
ed by the Mormons after their expulsion from 
Illinois, and the point from which they despatch 
their emigrant trains to the Great Salt Lake 
valley. It was formerly the seat of a Catholic 
mission. 

Karthaus. Pa., Clearfield co. On the N. bank 
of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. 1 14 miles 
N. W. from Harrisburg. Salt springs in the 



418 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, Ac, 



Ticinity, iron works, and coal give this place 
eonsiderable trade. 

Kaslcask-ia, Is., c. h. Randolph co. On the 
river of the same name, 11 miles from its junc- 
tion with the Mississippi, and 142 S. from 
Springfield. This is one of the oldest places 
in the valley of the Mississippi, having been 
settled by the French in 1683. It contained as 
many as 100 families when it was ceded to Great 
Britain in 1763. In the early times of the coun- 
try this was a place of great importance. A 
more beautiful site for a town can hardly be im- 
agined. It is on an extensive plain, in the centre 
of a gently-sloping basin, drained by a fine navi- 
gable stream, and surrounded by a country of 
fertility and beauty unsurp.assed. The Kaskaskia, 
at this point, approaches within about 6 miles of 
the Mississippi, and afterwards recedes again ; so 
that the territory of this town occupies a sort of 
neck between the two rivers. The Roman Cath- 
olics have a nunnery here, and a church, and 
the inhabitants are mostly of the French descent 
to this day. 

Kaufman County, Ts., c.''h. at Kaufman. In 
the N. E. angle of tlie state. On the head 
waters of the Sabine. 

Kmting, Pa., McKean co. Traversed by the 
Alleghany River and its tributary. Potato Creek. 
Surface liilly and uneven, with broad, fertile al- 
luvial bottoms. 

Keene, N. H., c. h. Cheshire CO., is one of the 
most flourishing towns in the state. The soil is 
various and gener.ally good. Ashuelot River has 
its source in a pond in Washington, and dis- 
charges itself into the Connecticut at Hins- 
dale, 20 miles distant from Keene. The ])rincipal 
village is situated on a flat, E. of the Ashuelot, 
nearly equidistant from that and the upland. It 
13 particularly entitled to notice for tlie extent, 
width, and uniform level of its streets. The 
main street, extending one mile in a straight line, 
is almost a perfect level, and is well ornamented 
with trees. Keene has ever been an important 
site for inland trade ; but since the construction 
of the Cheshire Railroad, great additions to its 
business must be the consequence. First set- 
tlers, Jeremiah Hall, Elisha Root, Nathaniel 
Rockwood, Josiah Fisher, and Nathan Blake, in 
1734. From Concord, by stage, .'jS miles, and 
about four hours' ride from Boston by rail- 
road. 

Keene, N. T., Essex co. This large town is 
watered by the E. and W. branches of the Au 
Sable River, which afl'ord immense water power, 
also by Placid and several smaller lakes. The 
highest peaks of the Adirondack Mountains are 
in this town, Mount Marcy being elevated 5467 
feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. Iron 
ore is found among these mountains in great 
quantities. 12 miles W. from Elizabeth, and 138 
N. from Albany. 

Kcesvil/e, N. Y., Essex and Clinton counties. 
On both sides of Au Sable River, in the towns of 
Au Sable and Chesterfleld. 4 miles W. from 
Lake Champlain. Here is an extensive water 
power, on which are large manufactories of 
iron. 

Kelhj, Pa., Union co. Buffalo Creek and its 
branches water this town, the surface of which is 
»lightly uneven, and the soil calcareous loam. 9 
miles N. from New Berlin. 

Kemper County, Mi., c. h. at De Kalb. Bound- 
ed N. by Winston and Noxubee counties, E. by 



Pennsylvania, S. by Lauderdale co., and W. by 
Neshoba. The Sookanitchie and a branch of 
Oktibbeha River water this courMy. 

Kendall (.'ounty, Is., c. h. at Yorkville. The sur- 
face is nn<iulating, and watered by Fox River. 

KendusL-e<ti/, Me., Penobscot co. A new town, 
taken from Levant in 1852. 10 miles N. W.from 
Bangor. 

Kenitall, N. Y., Orleans co. On the shore of 
Lake (_)ntario. 250 miles W. by N. from Albany. 

Kennebec County, Me., c. h. at Augusta. South- 
eastern central, extending from the Androscoggin 
across the Kennebec, which flows S. through the 
middle of it. Surface undulating ; soil excellent. 

Kennebec, Me., Kennebec co. A new town, 
formed from parts of Hallowell, Augusta, Bed- 
field, &c., m 1850. 

Kenneinink, Me., York co. On the S. W. side 
of Kennebunk River, which aflTords some water 
power. It is a port of entry, but the harbor is 
barred, and its commerce, once considerable, has 
greatly declined.. 80 miles S. W. from Augus- 
ta, and 25 S. W. from Portland. 

Kennebunk Port, Me., York co. On Kennebunk 
River opposite Kennebunk, and distant from it 4 
miles N. E. 

Kennet, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Red Clay 
Creek. Surface hilly ; soil rich calcareous loam. 
28 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. 

Kenosha County. Wn., c, h. at Kenosha. In the 
S. E. corner of the state. 

Kenosha. Wn., c.h. Kenosha co. Formerly called 
Southport. A flourishing place, with considera- 
ble trade. 

Kensinyton, N. H., Rockingham co. This town 
has no streams of any note ; its surface is pretty 
even. There is much good land fit for grazing 
and tillage. It is a pleasant place, and was for- 
merly a part of Hampton. 44 miles S. E. from 
Concord, and 6 S. of Exeter. 

A'eii*, Ct., Litchfield co. First settled 1738; 
incorporated 1739. This is a mountainous town- 
ship, with some fine land on the banks of the 
Housatonic, which passes through its western 
border. Good iron ore is found here. The Hou- 
satonic, calm and still, winding gracefully at the 
foot of a high and rugged mountain, renders the 
scenery from the neat and quiet village highly 
picturesque and beautiful. 

" There is in this town," says Dr. Trumbull, 
•'convincing evidence that it was a grand seat of 
the native inhabitants of this country, before In- 
dians, who more lately inh.abited it, had any res- 
idence in it. There are arrow heads, stone pots, 
and a sort of knives, and various kinds of uten- 
sils, frequently found by the English, of such 
curious workmanship as exceeds all the skill of 
any Indians since the English came into this coun- 
try, and became acquainted with them. These 
were not only found when the town was first set- 
tled, but they are still found on the sides of Hou- 
satonic River." 50 miles W. from Hartford. 

Kent County, Do., c. h. at Dover. Bounded N. 
by New Castle co., E. by Delaware Bay, S. by 
Sussex CO., and W. by Maryland. Surface slight- 
ly uneven, and drained by Jones, Little Duck, 
and Mother Kill Creeks ; soil fertile. 

Kent County, Md., c. h. at Chester. Bounded 
N. by an arm of Chesapeake Bay, separating it 
from Cecil co., E. by Delaware, S. by Chester 
River, separating it from Queen Anno co., and 
W. by Chesa])eake Bay. Surface somewhat un- 
even : soil diversified. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



419 



Kftit Coiitit;/. Mn., c. li. at Grand Rnpicls. 
Bounded N. bv Ncewatrpo and Mecooosta counties, 
E. liy Montcalm and Ionia, S. I)y Barry and Al- 
legan, and W. liy Ottawa co. Grand River and 
its branches water tliis county, affording good wa- 
ter power. Surface hilly or uneven ; soil rich vege- 
table loam. It contains limestone and salt springs. 

Kent, N. Y., Putnam co. Croton River waters 
this town, the surface of which is hilly and moun- 
tainous, and the soil favoralile to the growth of 
grass. 4 miles N. from Carmel, and 101 S. from 
Albany. 

Kent County, R. I., c. h. at East Greenwich. 
Extending from Narraganset Bay to the Con- 
necticut line. E. part level ; W. part rough and 
hilly ; fertile. Traversed by the Stonington Rail- 
road. 

Kenton County, Ky., c. h. at Independence. 
Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from 
Ohio, E. by the Licking, separating it from Camp- 
bell CO., S. by Pendleton and Grant counties, and 
W. by Boone co. Surface slightly uneven ; soil 
fertile. 

Kenton, O., c. h. Hardin co. On the W. side of 
Scioto River. 71 miles N. W. of Columbus. 

Keohufh County. lo., c. h. at Lancaster. In the 
S. E. part of the state. Skunk River flows 
through it from W. to E. 

Keohtck, lo., Lee co. On the W. side of Mis- 
sissippi River, just below the lower rapids. 

Keosauqua. lo., c. h. Van Buren co. 

Kershaw District, S. C, e. h. at Camden. Bound- 
ed N. by Lancaster co., E. by Chestei*ficld and 
Darlington, S. by Sumpter and Richland, and 
W. by Fairfeld co. Watered by Waferee River 
■ and branches, and Lynch and Little Lynch 
Creeks. The soil of the uplands is sandy, but 
productive, while that bordering on the rivers is 
remarkably fertile. 

Keytesvitte, Mo., c. h. Chariton co. 2 miles W. 
from Grand Chariton River, and 15 miles from its 
mouth. N. W. from Jeflerson City 91 miles. 

Key West, Fa., c. h. Monroe co. On the N. W. 
end of Key West, or Thompson's Island, which 
is one of the Florida keys. The island is about 
4 miles in length by 1 mile in width. This place 
has a good harbor, admitting vessels requiring 27 
feet of water. The village was incorporated in 
1829, and has considerable trade. Salt is manu- 
factured here in large quantities by solar evapo- 
ration. Many of the inhabitants are employed 
as " wreckers," in saving the effects of the nu- 
merous vessels which are wrecked every year on 
the Florida Reef For services thus rendered, 
these persons receive from 80,000 to 100,000 dol- 
lars annually. The entire island rests upon a 
bed of limestone, which is but a foot or two be- 
neath the surface. 

Kilkenny, N. H., Coos co. This place was 
granted in 1744. It is a poor town. 120 miles N. 
from Concord, and about 15 N. E. from Lancaster. 

Killbuch, O., Holmes co. A township on Kill- 
buck Creek, adjoining Coshocton eo., S. from 
Millersburg. 

Kitlingly, Ct., Windham co. This town is 
rough and hilly, but there is a great deal of beauty 
about it, and its history is full of romantic stories 
relating to the first settlers and the red men. 
The town is well watered by the Quinebaug and 
its branches. There are three villages. Pleasant 
Valley, Daysville, and Danielsonviiie. all pleas- 
ant and flourishing manufacturing places. Kil- 
lingly contains excellent quarries of freestone, and 



of a slate rock, soft, and easily wrought ; also of 
a slate rock composcil of granular quartz, almost 
white. A rich bed of porcelain clay is found on 
Mashentuck Hill, said to equal French or Chineso 
clay. 45 miles E. from Hartford. 

'Killin;pcortli, Ct., Middlesex co. This town, 
the Indian Ilammonnassct, was first settled in 
1GC.3. It lies on Long Island Sound, with a har- 
bor for small vessels. Many vessels are built at 
this place. There are 1000 acres of good salt 
meadow in Killingworth. and the soil of the up- 
lands, although haid and uneven, is rendered 
productive by industry and skilful management. 
The village is very pleasant, with a wide street a 
mile and a half in length, crossed about midway 
by Indian River, a small stream which enters the 
harbor. Killingworth is a healthful, interesting 
place. 38 miles S. E. from Hartford. 

Kilmarnoeh, Me., I*iscataquis co. This town is 
well watered by Piscataquis River and the outlet 
of Scootum Lake. It lies 10.3 miles N. E. from 
Augusta, and 22 N. N. E. from Dover. Incor- 
porated 1824. 

Kinderliook, N. Y., Columbia co. About 18 
miles S. by E. from Albany. The surface of this 
township is agreeably diversified, with a soil of 
sandy loam and clay, generally fertile and well 
cultivated. It is drained by Kinderhook Creek, 
which is a large and important mil! stream. 

The village of Kinderhook is delightfully sit- 
uated on a plain, 5 miles E. of the Hudson, and 
20 S. from Albany. It was incorporated as a 
village in 1838. No place in the vicinity of the 
Hudson exceeds this fur the beauty of its location 
and salubrity of its climate. This is the birth- 
place and residence of Ex-President Van Buren. 
His country seat is handsomely situated, about 2 
miles S. of the village. 

Kings County, N. Y., c. h. at Brooklyn. It is 
bounded on the N. by the East River and New 
York Harbor, E. by Queens CO., S. by the Atlan- 
tic Ocean, and W. by New York Bay and the 
" Narrows." Surface chiefly level ; soil very pro- 
ductive when well tilled. It is watered by a few 
small streams, and contains a number of bays, of 
which Gravesend and Jamaica are the principaL 
The Long Island Railroad crosses the N. part of 
this county. 

King and Queen County, Va., c. h. at King and 
Queen. Bounded N. W. by Caroline, N. E. by 
Esse.K and Middlesex, S. E. by Gloucester, and 
S. W. by New Kent and King William coun- 
ties. Piankatank and Matta)iony Rivers, branch- 
es of York River, form the N. E. and S.W. boun- 
daries. 

King ami Queen, Va., c. h. King and Queen co. 
On a plain three quarters of a mile from Matta- 
pony River, and 53 E. N. E. from Richmond. 

Kijig George Countij, Va., c. h. at King George. 
Incorporated in 1 720, and bounded N. and N. E. 
by the Potomac River, separating it from Mary- 
land, E. by Westmoreland co., S. by the Rappa- 
hannock, separating it from Essex and Caroline 
counties, and W. by Staftbrd co. Surface hilly ; 
soil diversified. 

King George, Va., c. h. King George co. 

Kingjield, Mo., Franklin co. A fine farming 
township, E. of Mount Abraham, and watered by 
Seven Mile Brook and one of its tributaries. It 
lies 55 miles N. W. by N. from Augusta, and 25 
N. from Farmington. Incorporated 1808. 

Kingsbury, Me. Piscataquis co. 70 mile3 E. 
of N. from Augusta. 



420 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c^ 



Kingsburi/^ N. Y., Washinj;ton co. Half sliire 
town wiili Salem. Watered by the lludsoii 
River and a brancli of Wood Creek. The surfaec 
is mostly level ; soil generally fertile. 55 miles 
N. fiom Albany. 

Kiii(/'s Bridt/e, N. T., New York co. At the 
N. end of Manhattan Island, near a bridge cross- 
ing Spnytcn Duval Creek, which connects the 
East and North Rivers. N. from City Hall 13 
miles, and S. from Albany 13B. The Hudson 
River Railroad passes through it. 

Kint/sessinij, Pa., Philadelphia co. This town 
comprises several islands lying in the Delaware 
River, which bounds it on the S. E. The Schuyl- 
kill River also runs on its E.. and Darby Creek 
on its W. border. Mud Island, in the Delaware, 
was the site of Fort Mifflin, which made an ob- 
stinate defence against tlic British in 1777. Bor- 
dering on the Schuylkill is a fine botanical garden, 
founded by the celebrated naturalist Bartram. 
The surface of tlie town is level; soil alluvial. 
7 miles S. W. from Philadelphia, and 98 E. by S. 
from Harrisburg. 

Kiiif/ston, Aa., c. h. Autauga co. On the W. 
side of Autauga Creek. 86 miles from Tusca- 
loosa. 

Kinr/ston, Ms., Plymouth co., was formerly a 
part of Plymouth, and set off and called Jones's 
River Parish, in 1717. The harbor of Kingston, 
in common with that of Duxbury, lies within the 
Gurnet, which forms the northern boundary of 
Plymouth Harbor. Jones's River, a small stream, 
the outlet of several ponds, gives the town good 
mill privileges. Monk's Hill, near the line of 
Plymouth, commands delightful views on every 
side. The village, whicii is elevated, presents fine 
views of the harbor and sea. 4i miles N. N. W. 
from Plymouth, and 33j S. E. from Boston by the 
Old Colony Railroad. 

Hhtgston, Mo., c. h. Caldwell co. 

Kingston, N. H., Rockingham co. There are 
several ponds in this town. The largest. Great 
Pond, contains upwards of 300 acres, with an 
island of 10 or 12 acres, covered with wood. 
There are no high hills ; Great Hill and Roek- 
rimmon Hill are the highest. The soil is gener- 
ally loamy. First settled in 1694. 38 miles S. 
E.from Concord, and 6 S. from the railroad depot 
at Exeter. 

Kingston, N. J., Middlesex and Somerset coun- 
ties. On Millstone Creek, midway between 
Philadelphia and New York, and 14 miles N. E. 
from Trenton. The Delaware and Raritan Ca- 
nal passes through it. 

Kingston, N. Y., c. h. Ulster co. Bounded on 
the E. by the Hudson, and watered by Esopus 
Creek. Surface rolling ; soil fertile sandy loam 
upon a basis of lime and slate. 58 miles S. S. W. 
from All>any. This is a landing place for visit- 
ors to the CatskiU Mountains. 

Kingston, Pa., Luzerne co. Bounded on the 
S. E. by the Susquehanna River. Surface un- 
eren; soil productive. 127 miles N. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Kingston, R. I., c. h. Washington co. 32 milea 
S. by W. from l*rovidence. 

Kingston, Te., c. h. Roane co. At the junc- 
tion of Clinch and Tennessee Rivers. 143 miles 
E. by S. from Nashville. 

Kingstree, S. C c. h. Williamsburg district. On 
Black River. 105 miles E. S. E. from Columbia. 
King William County, Va., c. h. at King Wil- 
liam. Tliis county lies between Mattapony River 



on the N. E., separating it from King and 
Queen co., and the Pamuuky on-thc S. W., sep- 
arating it from New Kent and Hanover coun- 
ties. Caroline co. bounds it on the N. W. 
Drained by tributaries of Mattapony and Pa- 
raunky Rivers. 

King William, Va., c. h. King William co. 33 
miles N. E. by E. from Richmond. 

Kingwood, N. J., Hunterdon co. Watered by 
Loakatong Creek. Surface hilly and undulat- 
ing ; soil fertile, consisting of red shale, clay, 
and loam. 29 miles N. W. from Trenton. 

Kinston, N. C., c. h. Lenoir co. 

Kirbg, Vt., Caledonia co. There are some 
tracts of good land in Kirby, but the township 
is generally cither wet and cold or too moun- 
tainous for cultivation. It has a number of 
springs, brooks, and a good fish pond. The 
settlement was commenced about the year 1799, 
by Phineas Page and Theophilus Grant. 15 
miles N. E. from Danville, and 45 N. E. from 
Montpelier. 

Kirkland, Me., Penobscot co. 1 5 miles N. N. W. 
from Bangor. 

Kirkland, N. Y., Oneida co. Oriskany Creek 
waters this town, the surface of which is varied, 
and the soil fertile calcareous loam. 10 miles 
S. W. from Utica, and 105 W. by N. from Al- 
bany. 

Kirkseille, Mi., c. h. Adair co. 

Kiskiminitas, Pa., Armstrong co. Bounded 
on the S. E. by the Kiskiminitas or Cone- 
maugh River. Salt is found in this town, and 
the Pennsylvania Canal traverses a part of it. 
187 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Kittaning, Pa., c. h. Armstrong co. On the ' 
Alleghany River. 187 miles W. N. W. from 
Harrisburg. 

Kitterij, Me., York co. A seaport town on the 
N. E. bank of the Piscataqua River, being the 
extreme south-western boundary of the state, on 
the Atlantic, adjoining York on the N. E., and 
Elliot on the N. W. It is one of the earliest 
settlements in the province, or state, and had its 
share of trial and suffering with others of their 
days, from repeated incursions of the Indians. 
The river, or inlet, called Spruce Creek, affords 
a convenient harbor for vessels usually employed 
in the coasting trade and fishery, and formerly 
considerable trade was carried on with the West 
Indies from this place ; but at present there is 
little done in the way of navigation, except in 
ship building and the fishery. Kittery is divided 
from Portsmouth, N. H., by the Piscataqua. A 
bridge connects it with that place. Another 
bridge connects it with Badger's Island, on which 
is the United States navy yard. Kittery lies 50 
miles S. W. from Portland. 

Knowlton, N. J., Warren co. Paulin's Kill, Bea- 
ver Brook, and Shawpocussing Creek water this 
town, and on its N. border lies Blue Mountain, 
where is the celebrated Water Gap. Surface 
hilly ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys, and 
slaty in the elevated portions. 66 miles N. by 
W. from Trenton. 

Knox Countg, Is., c. h. at Knoxvillc. Bounded 
N. by Henry, E. by Stark and Peoria, S. by Ful- 
ton, and W. by Warren and Mercer counties. 
Watered by Spoon and Henderson Rivers and 
branches. A large part of the surface is prairie ; 
soil fertile. 

Knox Counti/, la., c. h. at Vineennes. Incorpo- 
rated in 1802, and bounded N. by Sallivan and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



421 



Greene counties, E. and S. by White River, sepa- 
rating it from Daviess and Pike counties, and 
W. 1)}' the Wabash, separating it fiom Illinois. 
Soil very fertile. 

Kno.T Countij, Ky., c. h. at BarbourviUe. It is 
bounded N. by Laurel and Clay counties, E. by 
Harlan co.. S. by Tennessee, and W. by Whitcly 
CO. The Cumberland River traverses tliis county 
from E. to W., and with its branclios waters tlie 
surface. " 

Knox, Me., Waldo co. 32 miles N. E. by E. 
from Augusta. A good farminf; town. 

Knox Comili/. Mo., c. h. at Edina. In the N. 
E. angle of the state, crossed by the Norih, Middle, 
and South Fabius, and the N. fork of Salt River. 

Knox, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by the Boz- 
akill and a branch of Foxes Creek. Surface 
broken and hilly, being partly covered by tlic 
Helderberg limestone ridge, in which there is 
quite a large cavern. Soil mostly productive. 
18 miles W. from Albany. 

Knox Cotinfi/, O., c. h. at Mount Vcmon. Rich- 
land bounds it on the N., Coshocton and Holmes 
on the E., Licking on the S., and Delaware and 
Marion counties on the W. The eastern part is 
uneven, and the soil rather poor ; the western is 
level, and both are watered by fine streams. The 
central part has a pleasant variety of hills and 
vales, and the beautiful Vernon River, with its 
streams, waters the whole of it. In this and tlie 
western part is found a vegetable mould, based 
upon yellow clay mixed with sand. 

Knox County, Te.. c. h. at Knoxville. Bounded 
N. by Anderson and Grainger counties, E. by Se- 
vier, S. by Blount, and W. by Roane. Watered 
by the Tennessee River, and Holston and French 
Broad Rivers, its head branches, and by Beaver 
Creek, a branch of Clinch River. Surface mostly 
mountainous ; soil very fertile on tlie streams. 

Knoxville, Te. City and seat of justice of 
Knox CO. This fine city is located on the N. 
bank of Holston River, at the head of steamboat 
navigation, and 4 miles below the entrance of 
French Broad River. It is laid out with regu- 
larity, and handsomely built. The court house 
is a fine building. This is the seat of East Ten- 
nessee College. (See Colleges.) There are also 
two academies here, one for males and one for fe- 
males. A railroad route from Charleston, S. C, 
through Augusta. Ga., has nearly reached this 
place. 183 miles E. by S. from Nashville. 

Knoxrille, Ga., c. h. "Crawford co. 50 miles S. 
W. by W. from Milledgeville. 

Knoxville, Is., e. h. Knox co. On an elevated 
prairie. 100 miles W.N. W. from Springfield. 

Kohomo, la., c. h. Howard Co. 

Kortrifiht, N. Y., Delaware co. The surface 
is hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile loam, 
yielding large crops of grass. 15 miles N. from 
Delhi, and 68 S. W. froin Albany. 

Kosciusko County, la., c. h. at Warsaw. Tippc- 
eanoe Kiver and other streams aft'ord hydraulic 
power. 

Kosciusko, Mi., c. h. Attala eo. 67 miles N. E. 
from Jackson. 

Lackawannock, Pa., Mercer co. Uneven. 6 
miles S. W. from Mercer. 

Luckawaxtn, Pa., Pike co. Watered by the 
Delaware River and Lackawaxen and other 
Creeks. 182 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 

La Clerk County, Mo. S. central. Crossed 
from S. to N. by the head waters of Gasconade. 



The N. W. part is drained by tribut.tries of the 
Osage. 

Lncon, Is., e. h. Marshall co. On the E. side 
of Illinois River. 99 miles N. from Springfield. 

La Crosse County, Wu. <}n the Mississippi. 
Drained by tlie La Crosse. 

Lnfayeltc County, As., c. h. at Lewisville. Wa- 
tered by Red River and tributaries. S. W. corner. 

Liifayette, la., c. h. Tippecanoe co. On the 
E. side of Wabash River. ;it the head of steam- 
boat navigation. The Wabash Canal connects 
this growing place with Lake Erie. 10 miles 
below the mouth of Tippceannoe Uiver, and 70 
N. W. from Indiana|iolis. 

Lafayette Parish. La., c. h. at Vcrmilionville. 
Bounded N. by St. Landry co.. E. by St. Mar- 
tin's and St. Mary's countios. S. by Vermilion 
Bay. and W". by Vermilion co. Surface fiat, 
anil mostly too wet for agriculture. 

Lafayette. La., city and seat of justice of Jef- 
ferson parish. This city borders on the Missis- 
sippi River, and is a suburb of the city of New 
Orleans. It is crossed by the New Orleans and 
CarroUton Railroad, and lies 2 mil* W. by S. 
from New Orleans 

Lafayette County, Mi., c. li. at Oxford. Bound- 
ed N. by Tallahatchie River, separating it from 
Marshall co., E. by Pontotoc co., S. by Chickasaw 
and Yalabusha, and W. by Ponola eo. Watered 
by Tallahatchie and Yocanapuafa Ilfc'crs and 
branches. Surface undnlaling ; soil productive. 

Lafayette County, .Mo., c. h. at Lexington. 
Bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating it 
from Bay and Carroll counties, E. by Saline eo., 
S. by Johnson, and W. by Jackson co. Drained 
by several mill streams flowing into the Mis- 
souri. Surface slightly undulating ; soil rich. 

Lafayette, N. Y., Onondaga co. Onondaga 
Creek waters this town, the surface of which is 
hilly, and the soil clay loam. 10 miles S. from 
Syracuse village, and 134 N. of W. from Albany. 

Lafayette, O., Williams co. Pleasantly situ- 
ated on Beaver Creek; the land is rolling, and 
of an excellent quality. 22 miles from Napoleon, 
and 21 from Defiance. 

Lafayette, O., Deer Creek township, Madison 
CO., is located on the national road, about 214 
miles W. from Columbus. 

Lafayette County, Wn. On the southern border 
of the state. Watered by the head streams of 
the Pictouiea. 

La Fonrehe, Interior Parish, La., c. h. at 
ThibodeauxviUe. Bounded N. by Assumption, 
St. James, and St. .John Baptist parishes, E. by 
St. Charles and Jetterson parishes, S. by the 
Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Terrebonne parish. 
Watered by the Bayou La Fourche and other 
streams. The surface is flat, and mostly too wet 
for cultivation, except on the borders of the 
streams, where the soil is rich, producing sugar 
and cotton. 

Layada, Te., Wilson co. 30 miles E. from 
Nashville. 

La Grange, Aa., Franklin co. On high ground. 
16 miles S. from Tennessee River, and 136 N. by 
W. from Tuscaloosa. Site of La Grange Col- 
lege. See Colleges. 

La Orange, Ga., c. h. Troup co. 6 miles E. 
from Chattahoochee River, on one of its small 
tributaries. 121 miles W. from Milledgeville. 

La Grange County, la., c. h. at Lima. It ia 
bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Steuben eo., 
S. by Noble, and W. by Elkhart co. Watered 



432 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



by Pigeon, Fawn, and Little Elkliart Uivers, 
and several small lakes. Surface iinciulatinL.', 
consisting of prairius on tlie N. ; the soil is fertile. 

La Giamje, la., c. li. La Grange co. 

La Grimije, Me.. I'enobscot co. This town 
is watered by Birch Stream and its branches. 
95 miles N. E. from Augusta. 

La Grattf/e, N. Y., Dutchess co. Sprout and 
Wappingers Creeks water this town, the surface 
of which is somewhat hilly and uneven, and the 
soil productive gravelly loam. 7 miles E. from 
Poughkcepsie, and 80 .S. from Albany. 

L<de County, Is., c. h. at Little Fort. Bounded 
N. by Wisconsin, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by 
Cook, and W. by McHenry co. Watered by 
Des Plaines and Fox Rivers. Surface undu- 
lating, being mostly prairie land. 

Lulce Counly, la., c.h.at Crown Point. Bounded 
N. by Lake Michigan, E. by Porter CO., S. by 
the Kankakee River, separating it from Jasper 
CO., and W. by Illinois. Drained by Deep 
River and Cedar and Eagle Creeks. Surface 
mostly level, and in parts marshy ; along the 
lake is a rid^e of blufts and sand hills. 

Lule County, O., c. h. at Painesville. N. E. 
part of the state. Has Lake Erie on the N. W. 
Watered by Grand and Chagrin Rivers. 

Lake Pleasant, N. Y., c. h. Hamilton co. This 
is a large township, about 50 miles in length. It 
is watera(^by Sacandaga and Indian Rivers, and 
other branches of the Hudson. It also contains 
Lakes Emmons and Pleasant, and Round Lake, 
besides several smaller ones. The surface is 
greatly diversified, being mostly a wilderness. 
72 miles N. W. from Alliany. 

Lake Providence. La., Carroll parish. The sheet 
of water from which this village takes its name 
was formerly the bed of the Mississippi River, 
and its outlet, flowing to the S., now forms Tensas 
River. 366 miles N. N. W. from New Orleans. 

iMmar, Pa.. Clinton co. Watered by Big 
Fishing and Cedar Creeks. Surface mountain- 
ous ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. 

I^Mmar County, Ts. In the N. E. angle of the 
state, bordering on Arkansas. 

Lamoil/e Counly, Vt., c. h. at Hydepark. This 
county was established in 1836. It is bounded 
N. bvFranklin and Orleans counties, E. by Or- 
leans and Caledonia counties, S. by Washing- 
ton CO., and W. by Chittenden and a part of 
Franklin counties. This county lies on the 
Green Mountain Range, and is the source of 
many streams. The River Lamoille passes nearly 
through its centre, and, with its tributaries, gives 
the county a great hydraulic power. The eleva- 
tion of the county renders the soil more adapted 
for grazing than "for tillage; yet there are large 
tracts of excellent meadow bordering its streams. 

Lampeter, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded S. E. 
by Pecquea Creek, N. W. by Conestoga River, 
and drained by Mill Creek, a branch of Cones- 
toga River. 

iMncaster, lo., c. h. Keokuck co. 
Lancaster, Ky., c. h. Garrard co. Located a 
few miles E. from Dick's River, and 57 miles S. 
bj E. from Frankfort. 

Lancaster, Mo., c. h. Schuyler co. 
iMncaster, Ms., Worcester co. This is the 
Wesluikim, or Wnshou-ay, of the Indians, and is 
the oldest town in the county. Lancaster lies 
on both sides of Nashua River, and has a re- 
markably fine alluvial soil, in a high state of 
cultivation. The village is very beautiful ; it is 



neatly built on an alluvial jilain, shaded by elms, 
surrouufleil by hills, ami watered by a large and 
placid stream. The N. and S. brandies of the 
Nashua meet near the centre of the town, and 
produce a valuable water power. George Hill, 
on the westerly side of the town, comprises some 
good farms. Turner's, Spectacle. Fort, Sandy, 
and other ponds, add much to the scenery of 
this delightful town. 34 miles W. N. W. from 
Boston, and 25 S. W. from Lowell. A railroad 
passes in the neighborhood. 

Lancaster, N. H., c. h. Coos eo. On the south- 
eastern bank of Connecticut River, which forms 
and washes its N. W. boumlary. a distance often 
miles. Besides this the town is watered by Is- 
i-ael's River, and several brooks. Across thi.'i 
river a bridge and several dams are thrown, 
forming a valuable water power. There are 
several ponds ; the largest is called Martin 
Meadow Pond, from Martin, a hunter. Tlii.s 
eommunieates witli Little Pond. Lancaster is 
situated near lofty mountains, but is not itself 
mountainous. There are 3 hills in the S. 
part, called Martin Meadow Hills. The soil 
along the Connecticut is alluvial, the meadows 
extending back nearly three fourths of a mile. 
The village lies on a street extending from the 
bridge across Israel's River northwardly. It is 
pleasant, and is the site of considerable trade. 
First settlers. Captain David Page, Emmons 
Stockwell, and Edward Bucknam, in 1763. 95 
miles N. from Concord, and about 40 N. E. from 
Haverhill. 

lAincaslnr, N. Y., Erie co. Seneca, EUicott's, 
and Cayuga Creeks water this town. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil fertile, yielding large 
crops of grass and grain. 12 miles E. from Buf- 
falo, and 272 W. from Ali)any. 

Lancaster, O., c. h. Fairfield co. This town was 
laid out in 1800. It is a thriving place, pleasant- 
ly located near the source of Hocking River, in a 
fertile valley, surrounded by very valuable land. 
This town is connected with the Ohio Canal by the 
Lancaster Canal, 8 miles distant : it is also con- 
nected with it by the Hocking Canal. 34 miles N. 
E. from Chillicothe, and 28 S. E. from Columbus. 

Lancaster County, Pa., e. h. at Lancaster. It is 
bounded N. by I)auphin, Lebanon, and Berks 
counties, S. E. by Chester eo.. and S. W. by tho 
Susquehanna River, separating it from York eo. 
This was the 4th county formed in the state, 
and is admirably located, the Susquehanin* Riv- 
er running more than 40 miles on its border. It 
is also drained by Conestoga, Pecquea, Cone- 
wago, and other creeks, aftbrding fine water 
power. Iron ore and sulphate of magnesia, or 
epsom salts, are the principal minerals. 

Lancaster, Pa. City, and seat of justice for 
Lancaster co. Situated near the right bank of 
the Conestoga Creek, 12 miles E. of where it 
empties into the Susquehanna, at Columbia. It 
is 70 miles W. from Philadelphia, and 37 miles 
S. E. from Harrisburg. the capital of the state. 
Population in 1820, 6663; in 1830, 7704; in 
1840, 8417 ; in 1850, 12,382. 

This jilaee was for many years the seat of 
government of Pennsylvania, until the capital 
was removed to Harrisburg, in 1812. It was first 
chartered as a borough in 1754, and incorpo- 
rated as a city in 1818. It is located on elevated 
ground, aljout a mile and a half W. of the creek, 
and is handsomely laid out with broad streets, 
crossing each other at right angles, which aro 



IN THE imiTED STATES. 



423 



chiefly paved and curbed, and are ncatlv kept. 
The two principal streets are King and Queen 
Streets, at the intersection of whieli, in the cen- 
tre of the city, is a handsome square, eontaininj; 
the court liouse. Many huiklin^'s still remain 
in the ancient style, as built by the German 
settlers, which are principally one story bi-ick 
houses, with wide roofs and dormer windows ; 
but the houses of more recent date are lofty, and 
many of them elegant, with every modern con- 
venience and embellishment. Besides the pecu- 
liarities above mentioned, whicli had their oriijin 
in the fashions of the olden time, a stranger is 
struck with the number and character of the 
tavern sign.s which are hung out in the principal 
streets, and which, as one writer remarks, '-form 
a sort of out-door picture gallery," in wliich " may 
be seen half the kings of Euro|)e — the king of 
Prussia, of Sweden, and the prince of (_)range ; 
then the warriors — Washington, Lafayette, 
Jackson, Napoleon. William Tell, and a whole 
army of others ; and then the statesmen — Jef- 
ferson, Franklin, and others ; and then comes the 
Ked Lion of England, leading a long ]irocession 
of lions, bears, stags, bulls, horses, eagles, swans, 
black, white, dun, and red ; not to mention the 
inanimate emblems, the globe, the cross-keys, 
the plough, the wheat slieaf, the comijass and 
square, and the hickory tree." These numerous 
inns were ibrmerly much more in demand than 
at present ; when the whole business of trans- 
portation was carried on in wagons, over the 
great Western Turnpike, passing through this 
place from Pittsburg to Philadelphia. 

Lancaster is an illustration of the change 
made in the prospects of many an inland town 
in our country by the inlroduclion of railroads. 
When spoken of by Governor Pownal, who vis- 
ited it in 1754, as already a '' growing town," with 
fair ]>romisc of increase, some one, in alluding 
to this opinion, remarked, that " from its local 
situation, remote from water, Lancaster was not, 
nor could it ever jtossiblt/ become, a place of busi- 
ness." Sueh, until recent times, would have 
been the natural conclusion from the fact that a 
place had not been located u|ion a large navi- 
gable river. But the era of internal improve- 
ments, especially the construction of railroads, 
bas changed all this. Speaking of Lancaster as 
it now appears, a descriptive author observes, 
" This place well deserves the title of a city ; 
there is nothing rural in its aspect. The streets, 
laid off at right angles, are paved and lighted ; 
the houses, generally of brick, are coiujiactly ar- 
ranged ; and those of modern date are lofty and 
well built; . . . the place is supplied with wa- 
ter by an artificial basin and waterworks; stores, 
taverns, and shops abound in every quarter; 
railroad cars, stages, canal boats, and wagons 
are constantly arriving or departing; and all 
together there is that rattle ami din that remind 
one of city life." 

Among the manufactories of this place are 
two for cotton fabrics, which employ about 900 
persons. 

Lancaster has had the benefit of every species 
of internal improvement in the order in which 
they have arisen. The turnpike from this phu'c 
to Philadelphia, completed in 1794. at a cost of 
S465.00O. paved at tirst with stone, and since 
MeAdamized, was the first road of the kind 
built in the United States. The splendid stone 
bridge over the Conestoga Creek, built by in- 



dividual enterprise, in 1799, was a work of which, 
at that early period, the state might have been 
proud, and whicli contributed, in no small meas- 
ure, to the prosperity of the place. Then fol- 
lowed, in 1829, the improvements for rendering 
the Conestoga Creek navigable from Lancaster 
to the Susquehanna River, a distance of 18 
miles, which was accomplished by means of a 
series of 9 locks, creating slack water pools, at a 
cost of about $7.5,000. By means of this work, 
in connection with a tide water canal to Port 
Deposit, a navigable communication was opened 
to Baltimore. lu 1834, the Philadelphia and 
Columbia Raili-oad, passing by Lancaster, was 
opened; and, in 1838, the railroad from Lancas- 
ter to Harrisburg, since extended to Pittsburg, 
and in another direction to Ilagarstown, iu Ma- 
ryland. 

A college was established at Lancaster in 
1787, called "Franklin College," for which spa- 
cious buildings were erected ; hut it afterwards 
declined to the rank of an academy or high 
school. 

lAinraxicr District, S. C, e. h. at Lancaster. 
Bounded N. by North Carolina, E. by Lynche's 
C'reek, separating it from Chester district, S. by 
Kershaw district, and W. by Catawba River, 
separating it from Chester district. Drained bj 
branches of Catawba River and Lynche's Creek. 

Lancaster, S. C, e. h. Lancaster district. On a 
small lirancli of Catawba River. 72 miles N. N. 
E. from Columbia. 

Lancaster Cviinti/, Va., c. h. at Heathville. It 
Is bounded N. by Richmond co., E. by Northum- 
berland CO. and Chesapeake Bay, ami S. and W, 
by the Rappahannock River, separating it from 
Middlesex co. 

Lancaster, Va., c. h. Lancaster co. 38 miles 
E. by N. from Ifichmond. 

Landijrore, Vt., Beniungton co. This town 13 
on elevated land, at the N. E. corner of the coun- 
ty. Some of the head branches of West River 
have their sources here. The lands are too rough 
and high for much improvement. The settlement 
was commenced by William Utlcy and family, 
in June, 1 769, emigrants from Ashford, Ct. 33 
miles N. E. from Bennington, and 70 S. from 
Montpelier. 

Landaff, N. H., Grafton co. Wild and Great 
Amonoosuck Rivers pass through this town. 
Landaft' Mountain, Cobble and Bald Hills are 
the principal elevations. The farmers here are 
very industrious, and the soil well rewards them 
for their labor. The town of Landaff was 
granted, in 1764. to James Avery and others. 
12 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 N. by W, 
from Concord. 

I^anesburo\ Ms., Berkshire CO., was incorpo- 
rated on the 20th of June, 1765, and then includ- 
ed a large part of the ijresent town of Cheshire. 
The soil is of an excellent ipiality, mostly clay 
loam. The S. branch of the Uoosic rises in the 
S. E. corner of the town, the W. liranch of the 
Housalonic passes by the centre and runs through 
Lanesboro' Poml into Pittsficld. This pond is 
partly in the latter town. It abounds with fish. 
The scenery, from various ])oints. is picturesque 
and delightful. This town artbrds iron ore, and 
extensive beds of beautiful white and clouded 
marble, and graphic slate. There is in Lanes- 
boro' a large rock, so e(pKilly balanced upon 
another that it can be easily moved. The set- 
tlement of this town commenced iu 1754. S 



424 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o.. 



miles N. from Pittsfii-lil, from which, by the 
Western Kailroaii, is 151 miles to Boston. 

Lanytion, N. II., Sulliviin co. The principal 
Tillttge is 3 miles E. from Connecticut River, and 6 
from Bellows Falls. A branch of Cold River 
passes S. W. through the town, and unites with 
the main branch, near tile S. line. Langdon was 
named in honor of Governor Langdon. First 
settlers, Seth Walker, Nathaniel Rice, and Jona- 
than WiUiard, in 1773. 18 miles S. S. W. from 
Newport, and 36 W. by S. from Concord. 

Lanier, G.I., c. h. Macon co. On the W. side 
of Flint River. 76 miles S. W. from Milledge- 
TiUe. 

Lanier, 0., Preble co., was named for a citi- 
zen of the county, Alexander C. Lanier, Esq. 
The township was organized in 1811, and has 
well-cultivated, well-watered lands. 

iMiisini/, JAn. Capital of the state. Situated on 
Grand River, about 5.i miles N. from Jackson, 
which is on the Michigan Central Railroad, and 
132 miles W. by X. from Detroit, via Jackson. 
In 1847 the place upon which it stands was 
covered with a thick forest. Now there are 
about 400 buildings, including sever.al large 
hotels. Both steam and water power are used 
for driving several flouring mills and saw mills. 
The state house is finely situated upon an emi- 
nence about 50 feet above tlie river, overlooking 
the town. It is a large and handsome edifice, 
and is surrounded by an ample enclosure, to be 
tastefully laid out and ornamented. Many things, 
in a town so recent, must be yet rough and in- 
complete ; but their outline is sufficiently de- 
veloped to indicate the beauty which will speedi- 
ly adorn the new capital of this rich and enter- 
prising state. 

Laiisinif, N. Y., Tompkins co. Drained by 
Salmon Creek and its branches. Surface hilly ; 
Boil productive. 8 miles N. from Ithaca, and 166 
W. from Albany. 

Lansiiujbury, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On the E. 
bank of the Hudson ; the surface is hilly, ex- 
cept on the border of the river, where is an ex- 
tensive plain ; the soil mostly gravelly and clay 
loam, of good quality. 3 miles N. from Troy, 
and 9 N. N. E. from Albany. 

Lapeer Counli/, Mn., c. h. at Lapeer. Bounded 
N. by Tuscarora and Sanilac counties, E. by St. 
Clair, S. by Macomb and Oakland, and W. by 
Genesee co. Watered by Flint River and 
branches. Belle River and Mill Creek. Surface 
slij'btly uneven ; soil fertile. 

Lapeer, Mn., c. h. at Lapeer co. Sitnated 
at the junction of Flint River and Farmers 
Creek. 61 miles N. from Detroit. 

La Poinle Counti/, Wn. In the N. W. corner 
of the state, on the S. shore of Lake Superior 

La Porie Conntij. la., c. h. at La Porte. Bound- 
ed N. W. by Lake Michigan, N. by Michigan, E. 
by St. Joseph CO., S. by Stark, and W. by Porter 
eo. Drained by Kankakee, Little Kankakee, 
and Gallien Rivers and Trail Creek. 

Laredo, Ts., c. h. Webb co. 
Larissa, Ts., Cherokee co. This pleasant and 
thriving town is situated in Eastern Texas, 25 
miles N. from Rusk, in the same county, and 30 
miles E. from Palestine, in Anderson eo. It is 
decidedly the most prosperous inland village in 
Eastern Te.xas. It is situated in the centre of 
a large body of fertile lands, well watered and 
densely populated by thrifty farmers. The state 
of society is one of the chief attractions of the 



place. In a population of about 400, there are 
three regularly-organized churches — a Presby- 
terian, a Cumberland Presbyterian, and a Baptist. 

Larue Connti), Ky. Central part. Washed on 
the N. by the Rolling Fork of Salt River. 

La Salle Coun/i/, Is., e. h. at Ottawa. Incorpo- 
rated in 1831. Bounded N. by Lee an.l De Kalb 
counties, E. by Kendall and Grundy, S. by Liv- 
ingston and Woodford, and W. byPutnain and 
Bureau counties. Drained by Illinois, Fox, and 
Vermilion Rivers, and their branches, which 
atlbrd water power. Land mostly fertile prairie 
The Illinois and Jliehigan Railroad traverses 
this county. 

La Salle, Is., La Salle co., at the head of navi- 
gation on the Illinois River, 213 miles from its 
mouth, where the Illinois and Michigan Canal ter- 
minates by a conjunction with the river. This is a, 
new place, created entirely by its being made the 
terminus of the canal, and is destined from this 
circumstance to become a place of considerable 
importance. Steamboats on the river, and canal 
boats from the lake, are continually arriving and 
departing ; and a number of steamers arc almost 
always lading and unlading at the wharves. The 
distance on the canal, from this place to Chica- 
go, on Lake Michigan, is 102 miles. 

Latimore, Pa., Adams co. This is a level town, 
watered by Bermudian Creek and branches. Soil 
red shale. About two miles S. from the village 
are York Sulphur Springs. 15 miles N. E. from 
Gettysburg. 

Lauderdale County, Aa., c. h. at Florence. 
Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Limestone co^ 
and S. and W. by the Tennessee River, separating 
it from Lawrence and Franklin counties and Mis- 
sissippi. Drained by Blaekwater, Shoal, Sec- 
ond, Cypress, and other creeks flowing into the 
Tennessee. Surface uneven ; soil of excellent 
quality. A canal here extends around the Mus- 
cle Shoals in the Tennessee River. 

Lauderdale County, Mi., c. h. at Marion. Bound- 
ed N. by Kemper co., E. by Alabama, S. by Clarke, 
and W. by Newton co. Watered by Oktibbeha 
River and branches. 

Lauderdale County, Te., c. h. at Ripley. Bound- 
ed N. by Dyer CO., E. by Gibson, S. by Hay- 
wood and Tipton counties, and W. by the Mis- 
sissippi River. Soil very fertile, and watercil by 
Forked Deer and Big Hatchee Rivers and Coal 
Creek. 

Laurel County, Ky., c. h. at Loudon. Bounded 
N. by Sladison co., E. by Clay, S. by Kno.x and 
Whitely, and W. by Rockcastle Creek, a head 
branch of Cumberland Uiver. In the S. E. part 
of the state. Watered by several tributaries of 
the Cumberland, namely. South Fork. Little 
Koekcastle, and Laurel Creeks. The surface is 
hilly. 

Ijaurens County, Ga.. c. h. at Dublin. Boimded 
N. E. by Emanuel. S. E. by Montgomery, S. W. by 
Pulaski, and N. W. by VVilkinsoii and Washing- 
ton counties. 

Laurens, N. Y., Otsego co. AVatered by Oto- 
go Creek. The surface is elevated and hilly ; 
soil rich sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from 
Cooperstown, and 84 W. from Albany. 

Laurens District, S. C, e. h. at Laurensville. 
Bounded N. E. by Ennoree River, sc]>arating it 
from Spartanburg and Union districts, S. E. by 
Newberry district, S. W. by Saluda River, sepa- 
rating it from Abbeville district, and N. W. by 
Greenville district. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



425 



Zaurens, S.C., c. h. Laurens district. On the 
rid^e wliicii separates the waters of Ennorce 
and Saluda llivers. 70 miles N. W. by W. from 
Columbia. 

Lnusanne. Pa., Northampton co. Watered by 
Lehigh River and Laurel Run. Surface moun- 
tainous ; soil gravelly and sterile. The Beaver 
Meadow coal mine is in Spring Mountain, in this 
town. lOU miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

La Vacca County, Ts. S. central part of the 
state. 

Lawrence Count)/, Aa., c. h. atMoulton. Bound- 
ed by the Tennessee River, separating it from 
Lauderdale co-, E. by Morgan, S. by Walker, 
and W. by Franklin co. Watered by Big Nance 
and Town Creeks and branches, and by the head 
branches of Black Warrior River. 

Ltiwrem-e Count//, As., c. h. at J.aekson. Bound- 
ed N. by Missouri and Randolph co., E. by Cache 
River, separating it from Greene co., S. by Jack- 
son and Independence, and W. by Izard and Ful- 
ton counties. Drained by Big Black, Current, 
and Strawberry Rivers. Surface level in the E. 
and uneven in the W. portions. 

Lawrence County, Ky., c. h. at Louisa. Bound- 
ed N. by Carter co., E. by Big Sandy River, sep- 
arating it from Virginia, S. by Johnson, and W. 
by Morgan co. Little Sandy River and Btane's 
Creek drain this county, affording important wa- 
ter power. Soil fertile. 

Lawrence County, Is., c. h. at Lawrenceville. 
Incorporated in 1821. Bounded N. by Ci'awford 
CO., E. by the Wabash River, separating it from 
Indiana, S. by Wabash co., and W. by Richland 
CO. Watered by Fox and Embarrass Rivers and 
Raccoon Creek. The land is excellent in some 
portions, but that on the borders of the streams is 
liable to inundation. 

Lawrence County, la., e. h. at Bedford. Bound- 
ed N. by Monroe, E. by Jackson and Washing- 
ton, S. by Orange, and W. by Martin and Greene 
counties. White river. Salt, Guthrie's, Leather- 
wood and Beaver Creeks water the surface, 
which is mostly hilly. The streams afford wa- 
ter jjower. 

Lawrence, Ms., Essex co. 26 miles N. J W. 
from Boston. Population, 1850, 8500. Pro- 
jected by the Essex Company, in 1844, and in- 
corporated as a town in 1847. It contains 1980 
acres on the S. side of Men-imac River, taken 
from Andovcr, and 2050 acres on the north side, 
taken from iMethuen. The Essex Company was 
organized in April, 1845, and the following offi- 
cers <'onstitutcd its first board ; lion. Abbott Law- 
rence, president ; Messrs. Patrick T. Jackson, 
William Sturgis, Nathan Appleton, John A. 
Lowell, and Ignatius Sargent, directors ; and 
Charles S. Storrow, treasurer and chief engineer. 
The Essex Company have created a water power, 
by the erection of a stone dam, laid in cement, 
35 feet thick at base, 12 feet 6 inches at crest, 900 
feet long between abutments, with wings respec- 
tively .'>24 feet and 405 feet, giving an ctfeetive 
bead and fall of 28 feet for the whole Merrimae 
River, and a water power equal to that at Low- 
ell, which is about 10 miles above, on the same 
river. Cost of dam, S250,000. From this dam 
they convey water for manufacturing purposes, 
by a canal on the N. side of the river, 5.330 feet 
in length, loo feet wide at the upper end, 60 feet 
wide at the lower end, and 12 feet deep in the 
centre. This canal is parallel with the river, at 
a distance of 400 feet, giving that S[>ace for mill 
54 



sites. The following manufacturing companies 
are in operation: — 

Atlantic Cotton Mills. Capital, 81,800,000. 
Manufacture coarse sheetings and shirtings. 
45.000 spindles, 1200 looms, employ 1000 oper- 
atives, and consume 13,000 bales of cotton per 
annum. 

Bay State Mills. Capital, Sl,800,000. Manu- 
facture woollen goods of all kinds. 98 sets of 
cards, 379 broad, 213 narrow looms, employ 2100 
operatives. Amount of wool consumed equal to 
12,000 lbs. American fleece per day. 

Essex Company's Machine Shop. Make steam 
engines, locomotives, cotton and woollen ma- 
chinery of all kinds ; employ 500 to 800 hands. 

Charter Pajjcr Company. Manufacture printed 
paper hangings. 

Besides these concerns, there is a mill of the 
Plymouth Duck Company, which contains about 
5000 spindles. 

The Paeilie Mills, for the manufacture of tine 
lawns and barege de laines for printing. 50,000 
spindles, 1000 looms. 

The Essex Company are still the owners of 
the principal part of the land and water power. 
Cajiital, 81,500,000. 

The Lawrence Gas Light Company furnish 
gas for lighting the mills and public buildings. 
Present capital^ $55,000. 

Other smaller manufactures, of various kinds, 
are in operation, the most prominent of which 
are a steam saw mill, card factory, Hie slioj), a 
piano-forte factory, a carriage factory, and a steam 
planing mill. 

The school department consists of 1 high 
school, 2 grammar, 2 mixed, 6 middle, and 
7 primary schools. 28 teachers are employed, 
and 1700 scholars are enrolled. Annual cost 
$10,000. The Town Hall is a handsome brick 
edifice, 121 feet by 64 feet, and 55 feet high, 
containing the town offices on the lower floor, 
and the town hall above, with seats for 1500 
people. 

Ten religious societies have been organized ; 
seven of which have built handsome churches. 
A reservoir has been constructed, at a height of 
150"feet above the level of water in the canal, 
containing 1,395,000 gallons, to supply water in 
case of fire. This reservoir is kept filled by the 
force pumps of the different mills. 

Six lines of railway diverge from this place 
to Boston, Salem, Newburyport, Dover, Portland, 
Manchester, N. H., and Lowell, affonling unsur- 
passed facilities for intercourse and business. 

A common, of 18 acres, in the centre of the 
town, has been presented to it by the Essex 
Company, and trees have been planted, and walks 
laid out, for the benefit of future inhabitants. 

A generous donation of 4 acres of land, in the 
centre of the town, has been made by the Hon. 
Daniel A. White, of Salem, the j>roceeds to be 
applied to the maintenance of a course of public 
lectures, and also of a public library, for the 
benefit of the citizens. 

This town received its name in honor of the 
Lawrence family, well-known merchants of Bos- 
ton, originally from Groton. to whose intelligence 
and enterprise the progress of Massachusetts in 
manufactures has been greatly indebted. The 
Hon. Abbott Lawrence, one of its members, ha« 
ably represented the country at the court of St. 
James, and, as well as his elder brother, Amos, 
the founder of the family, has been greatly dis- 



426 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



tinguished for a liberal, philanthropic, and public- 
spirited omploymeut of liis ample income. 

Luwrmcc Cuunli/, Jli,, c. h. at Monticello. 
Bounded N. by Coiiiah and Simpson counties, 
E. by Covington, S. by Marion and Pike, and 
W. by Franlclin co. Soil various, and watered by 
Pearl River and branches, and the head branches 
of Horaoehitto liiver. 

Laicrence County, Mo., c. h. at ilount Vernon. 
In the S. W. angle of the state, on the height of 
land between the Sac, Neosho, and White liivers. 

Lawrence, N. J., Mercer co. Assunpink Creek 
and Stony Brook drain this town. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil clay and loam. 6 miles N. E. from 
Trenton. 

Lawrence, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Drained 
by Deer and St. Regis Rivers. Surface uneven; 
soil of good quality. 25 miles N. E. from Can- 
ton, and 230 N. N. W. from Albany. 

Lawrence Countij, 0., e. h. at Burlington. Jack- 
son CO. bounds it on the N., Gallia on the E., Scio- 
to on the VV., and the Ohio River on the S., which, 
with Symmes and Indian Guyandot Creeks, are 
the principal streams. The land is barren and 
hilly. Irish and Dutch emigrants from Pennsyl- 
Tania and Virginia tirst settled here about the 
year 1800. 42 miles of this county are bounded 
by the Ohio River. The land near it is good and 
productive. Iron ore and stone coal are found 
here iu great abundance. There has also been 
found a valuable bed of clay for stone ware. 

Lawrence County, Pa., c. h. at New Castle. On 
the western border of the state. Watered by 
Chenango Creek, (the E. branch of Beaver liiver,) 
which passes througli it from N. to S- Hilly. 

Lawrence County, Tc., c. h. at Lawrenceboro'. 
Bounded N. by Hickman and Maury counties, 
E. by Giles co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Wayne 
CO., Shoal Creek and its branches, some branches 
of Sugar Creek and Buffalo River, drain this 
county. 

Lawrencehurg, la., c. h. Dearborn co. On the 
N. bank of Ohio River, 1 mile below the mouth of 
Great Miami river, and 86 miles S. E. from In- 
dianapolis. 

Lawrencdmrg, Te., c. h. Lawrence co. On the 
E. side of Shoal Creek. 75 miles S. S. W. from 
Nashville. 

Lawrencecllle, Ga., c. h. Gwinnett co. Near the 
sources of Yellow River. 84 miles N. W. from 
Millcdgeville. 

Lawrenceville, Is., c. h. Lawrence co. 

Lawrencevil/e, Va., c. h. Brunswick co. Wa- 
tered by a branch of Meherin River. S. S. W. 
from Richmond 73 miles. 

Lawsville Centre, Pa., Susquehanna co. On 
Snake Creek. 187 miles N. N. E. from Har- 
risburg. Ou a branch of the creek is a salt 
spring. 

Liacoch, Pa., Lancaster co. Pecquea Creek 
forms the S. 15., and Conestoga River the W. 
boundary of this town, which is also watered by 
Mill Creek. Surface level; soil clay and calca- 
reous loam. Distant 44 miles E. S. E. from Har- 
risburg. 

Leake County, Mi., c. h. at Carthage. Bounded 
N. by Atala co., E. by Neshoba, S. by Scott, and 
W. by Madison. Watered by Pearl River and 
tributaries. 

Lebanon, Aa., c. h. De Kalb co. On the N. 
side of Big Wills Creek. 112 miles N. E. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Lebanon, As., c. h. Searcey co. On the S. side 



of the Buftalo Fork of White River. 95 miles 

N. by W. from Little Rock, 

Lebanon, Ct., New London co. First settled 
about 1700. The surface of the town is luieveu 
— moderately hilly. The soil is of a chocolate 
color; — a ricli deep mould, very fertile, and well 
adapted for grass. Husbandry is the principal 
business of the inhabitants. The village is on a 
street more than a mile in length, wide, pleasant, 
and interesting. .30 miles S. E. from Hartford. 

Lebanon, Is., St. Clair co. 71 miles from Spring- 
field. The seat of McKendree College. See C«- 
leges. 

Lebanon, la., c. h. Boone co. 25 miles N. W. 
from Indianapolis. 

Lebanon, Ky., c. h. Marion co. On a small 
branch of Salt River. S. W. by S. from Frank- 
fort 59 miles. 

Lebanon, Me., York co. This town is bounded 
W. by Salmon Fall River, on the line of New 
Hampshire. It is a large agricultural township, 
with some trade and manufactures. It lies 50 
miles S. W. by W. from Portland, and is bound- 
ed S. E. by North Berwick. 

Lebanon, N. H., Grafton co. The Connecticut 
and Mascomy Rivers water this town, and atford 
many valuable mill sites. The principal village 
is situated on a plain at the head of the falls of 
Mascomy River. It is a pleasant village, and has 
become an important place in consequence of the 
Northern Railroad passing through it. Olcott's 
Falls, in the Connecticut, in this town, ati'ord a 
great water power, — 40 feet fall iu one mile. 
These have been locked and canalled by the 
White River Company. Lyman's Bridge con- 
nects this town with Hartford, Vt. A medicinal 
spring, a lead mine, and a vein of iron ore have 
been discovered here. Lebanon was the tirst 
town settled on Connecticut River to the north of 
Charlestown. First settlers, Wm. Downer, Wm, 
Dana, Levi Hyde, Charles Hill, Silas Waterman, 
and Nathaniel Porter. 4 miles S. from Dart- 
mouth College, and 05 N. W. from Concord by 
the Northern ijailroad. 

Lebanon, N. J., Hunterdon co. The south 
branch of Raritan River and Spruce Run wa- 
ter this town. Surface hilly and mountainous ; 
soil rich clay and loam. 40 miles N. by W. from 
Trenton. 

Lebanon, N. Y., Madison co. Chenango River 
and some of its branches water this town. The 
surface is hilly ; soil clay loam. 10 miles S. from 
Morrisville, and 103 W. from Albany. 

Lebayion, O., c. h. Warren Co. Between two 
branches of Turtle Creek, on a branch of Little 
Miami River, and 85 miles W. S. W. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Lebanon Comity, Pa., e. h. at Lebanon. Bound- 
ed N. E. by Schuylkill and Berks counties, S. E. 
by Lancaster, and S. W. and N. W. by Dauphin 
CO. Drained by Swatara Creek and branches. 
Surface slightly uneven ; soil rich. The Union 
Canal passes through this county. 

Lebanon, Pa., Wayne co. Watered by branches 
of Dyberry Creek. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly 
loam. 

Lebanon, Te., e. h. Wilson co. On a branch of 
Cumberland River. 32 miles E. from Nashville. 
Cumberland University is located here. (See 
Colleyes.j There is a large steam cotton factory 
near this place. 

Lebanon, Va., c. h. Russell co. On a branch of 
Clinch Ri,ver. 325 miles W. by S. from Richmond. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



427 



Ledijard, Ct.. Nevf London co. This town was 
taken from Grolon in 1836. It was t'ormcrly 
called North Groton. There is a pretty villa!,'e, 
of some thirty houses, at Gale's Ferry, on the 
Thames. This town was named in honor of two 
brotlier.s, natives of Groton — Colonel Lcdyard, 
the hrave defender of Groton Heiijhts, in 1781, 
and John Ledyard, the celebrated traveller, who 
died at Cairo, in Egypt, in 1789, aged 38. John 
Ledyard was probably as distinguished a travel- 
ler as ean be found on record. 7 miles N. by E. 
from New London. 

Lt;dijard, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the 
W. by Cayuga Lake, and watered by several 
small streams flowing into it. Surface rolling; 
soil fertile clay loam and marl. 12 miles S. W. 
from Auburn, and 168 W. from Albany. 

Lee County, Ga., c. h. at Starkville. Bounded 
N. by Sampler co.. E. by Dooly, S. by Irwin and 
Baker, and W. by Randolph co. Flint River and 
branches water this county. 

Lee Counlij, Is., c. h. at Dixou. Bounded N. 
by Ogle CO., E. by De Kalb, S. by Lasalle and 
Bureau, and W. by Whitesides. Drained by 
Rock, Green, and Bureau Rivers. 

Lee Coiiiili/, Iowa, e. h. at Fort Madison. In- 
corporated in 1837. Bounded N. by Henry and 
Des Moines counties. E. and'S. E. by the Mis- 
sissippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. W. 
by Dcs Moines River, separating it from Missouri, 
and W. by Van Buren co. Skunk River runs 
on its N. E. border, and vSugar, Halfbreed, and 
Lost Creeks drain the interior. Surface undulat- 
ing ; soil productive. 

Lee, Me., Penobscot CO. It lies 120 miles N. E. 
from Augusta. 

Lee. Ms., Berkshire co., was settled by Mr. 
Isaac Davis, in 1760. The town was named for 
General Lee, of the revolutionary army. It pre- 
sents a diversified appearance, and forms part 
of the intervale between the Taconic and Green 
Mouixtain ranges. The Green Mountain range 
runs partly within the eastern limits of the town ; 
these mountains are for the most p.art of gentle 
acclivity, and are cultivated, in some places, (luite 
to their summits. From the base of these moun- 
tains the surface is rather uneven, occasionally 
rising into hills of considerable height, but gen- 
erally descending, until it reaches the plain upon 
the banks of the Housatonie. At the N. E. 
corner of the town enters the Housatonie, and it 
passes out at the S. W. corner, dividing the town 
into two nearly equal parts. It receives, in its 
passage, the w-aters of Washington Mountain, 
Scott's Pond, Greenwater Pond, and Goose I'ond, 
also, on the summit of the mountain, the waters 
of Hop Brook, as well as several other streams 
of less size. On each side of the Housatonie are 
extensive plains of rich alluvial land. The soil 
of the uplands is a loam, interspersed with gravel 
and stones. Limestone and white and clouded 
marble are found here. This is one of the most 
flourishing towns in the county or state : its vil- 
lages are neat and handsome. 10 miles S. from 
Pittsfield. 

Lee, N. II.. Stafford co. In the N. part of this 
town lies Wheelwright's Pond, containing about 
16.5 acres, and forming the principal source of 
Oyster River. This pond is memorable for the 
battle which was fought near it, in 1690, between 
a scouting party of Indians and two companies 
of rangers, under Captains Floyd and Wiswall. 
Lamprey, Little, North, and Oyster Rivers water 



this town. 31 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and 
12 S. W. from Dover. 

Lee, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by Canada 
and Fish Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil 
sandy loam and clay. 22 miles N. W. from 
Utica, and 11.5 from Albany. 

Lee Coantij, Va., c. h. at "Jonesville. Bounded 
E. by Russell and Scott counties, S. by Ten- 
nessee, and W. and N. by Kentucky. This coun- 
ty is situated in the valley between Cumberland 
and Powell's Mountains, and is drained by Pow- 
ell's River and branches. 

Leeds, Me., Kennebec co. This is a large and 
flourishing agricultural town, finely watered by a 
large and beautiful pond. The outlet of this 
pond into the Androscoggin gives the town a 
good water power, for saw mills and other manu- 
factories. The villages in Leeds are very neat 
and pleasant. The soil is fertile and productive. 
Leeds was incorporated in 1802. It lies 30 miles 
W. S. W. from Augusta. 

Leeshnrij, Va., e. h. Loudon co. On an ele- 
vated plain at the base of Kittoctan Mountains. 
l4 miles N. from the Potomac River, and 153 N. 
from Richmond. 

Lehigh Counly. Pa., c. h. at Allentown. Bound- 
ed N. E. by the Lehigh River, separating it from 
Northampton CO., S. E. by Bucks co.. S. W. by 
Berks, and N. W. by Carbon. It lies mostly in 
the valley between South and Blue or Kittany 
Mountains. Surface diversified, and watered by 
branches of the Lehigh River ; soil very fertile in 
some portions. 

Lehhjh, Pa., Northampton co. Bounded W. 
by the Lehigh River, and drained by Indian 
Creek. In the N. W. corner of this town is the 
Lehigh Water Ciap. Surface hilly in parts ; soil 
calcareous loam and gravel. 

Lehirjh Gap, Pa., Carbon co. At the passage 
of Lehigh River through Blue Mountain. 104 
miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. The chasm 
through which the river here passes is 1200 feet 
deep, and the scenery of the most romantic de- 
scription. 

LeJii;fhton, Pa., Carbon co. On an elevated 
table land, on the W. bank of Lehigh River, half 
a mile above Mahoning Creek, and 9B miles N. 
E. by E. from Harrisburg, at the point of junc- 
tion of tlie Lehigh Canal with the railroail lead- 
ing to the coal miles. The old Moravian vil- 
lage of Gnadcnhntten stood about three (piarters 
of a mile from this place, near the mouth of 
the Mahoning Creek, and an old church is still 
standing on the spot. 

Lehman, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by Har- 
vey's, Bowman's, and Mahoopeny Creeks, all 
fine mill streams, and by Lehman's Lake, and 
its outlet Lehman's Creek. Surface uneven. 121 
miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Leicester, Ms., Worcester co., was first settled 
about the year 1713. It was at first called Straw- 
berry Hill. Its Indian name was Towtaid. This 
town is situated on the height of land between 
the ocean and Connecticut River, and is famed 
for its hills. These hills are of a strong, deep 
soil, rather cold and wet, but well adapted to the 
cultivation of the various grains, grasses, and 
fruits common to the climate. The most noted 
elevations are Strawberry, Indian. Balil, Moose, 
and Gary's Hills, and Jlount Pleasant. The 
town is watered by springs, rivulets, and several 
large brooks, which take their rise in this town, 
and empty into the Chieopee, the Quinebaug, and 



428 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



the Blackstone. These, with the aid of several 
large reservoirs wliich have been constructed, 
afford valuable mill sites. The village on Straw- 
berry Hill, near the centre of the town, is very 
pleasant, and commands delightful views for 
many miles around. Hero is situated an 
academy, founded in 1784. Clappville, a busy, 
pleasant village, on the Western Railroad, lies 4 
miles S. from Strawberry Hill village, and 53 
W. S. W. from Boston. 

Leicester, N. Y., Livingston co. On the W. 
side of the Genesee River. The surface on the 
W. is elevated, sloping towards the river ; soil of 
ijood ipiality. 5 miles W. from Genesee, and 2.32 
from Albany. 

Leicester, Vt., Addison co. Leicester is wa- 
tered by a river of its own name, by Otter Creek, 
and by a part of Lake Dunmorc. These waters 
are too sluggish to afford the town much water 
power. The soil is of a sandy loam, interspersed 
with some flats of clay. Along the rivers the 
soil is rich and productive. The highlands are 
hard and tit for grazing. There are in thi.s town 
several beautiful ponds, which abound in trout 
and other Hsh. The first settlement was com- 
menced in 1773. by Jeremiah Parker, from Mas- 
iachusetts. 36 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 
10 S. by E. from Middlebury. The Rutland 
Railroad passes through this town. 

Leiniiujton, Vt., Esse.x co. This is a mountain- 
ous township, on the W. side of Connecticut 
River, with a small portion of intervale. There 
are several brooks in tlie town, and a beautiful 
cascade of 50 feet. There is a mountain in the 
town called the " Monadnock of Vermont." 
Generally not adapted to cultivation. 25 miles 
N. from Guildhall, and 64 N. E. from Montpelier. 
Lempster, N. H., Sullivan co. The surface is 
uneven, and the eastern part mountainous. The 
soil is moist, and better suited for grass than 
grain. The town is well watered, although its 
etreams arc small. One branch of Sugar, and 
the S. and W. branches of Cold River, afford 
conveniences for water machinery. Near tlie 
W. boundary line is a pond, 320 rods long, and 
80 wide. Sand Pond lies in this town and Mar- 
low. First settlers, emigrants from Connecticut, 
in 1770. 42 miles W. from Concord, and about 
12 S. E. from Newport. 

Lenawee County, Mn., c. h. at Adrian. Bound- 
ed N. by Jackson and Washtenaw counties, E. 
by Monroe co., S. by Ohio, and W. by Hillsdale 
CO. Surface slightly undulating, and watered by 
Raisin and Ottawa Rivers ; soil fertile, consist- 
ing of sand and argillaceous loam. Iron ore is 
found here. 

Lenoir County, N. C, c. h. at Kingston. Bound- 
ed N. by Greene co., E. by Pitt and Craven, S. 
by Jones, and W. by Duplin and Wayne counties. 
Watered by Neuse River and tributaries. 

Lenoir, N. C, c. h. Caldwell co. On the S. 
side of Yadkin River, near Its head. 

Lenox, Ms., c. h. Berkshire co. It was first set- 
tled In 1750, and received the f^imily name of the 
Duke of Richmond. The land in the N. and W. 
parts Is hilly, in some parts stony, and in some 
broken. The soil is more favorable to grass than 
grain. The town abounds in limestone, also 
various kinds of marble, and an abundance of 
iron ore. The Housatonie passes through the 
town from N. to S., and furnishes a small water 
power. The centre of the town Is very hand- 
some. It is built upon a hill, on two streets, 



intersecting each other nearly at right angles. 
Lenox has fine mountain air, and is surrounded 
by equally fine mountain scenery. 6 miles S. 
from PIttsfield, and 157 W. from Boston, by 
Piitsfield and the Western Railroad. 

Lenox, N. Y., Madison co. Partly bounded otj 
the N. by Oneida Lake, and is watered by 
Cowasalon and Oneida Creeks. The surface is 
level, or slightly uneven ; tlie soil mostly fertile. 
12 miles N. from Morrlsville, and 125 W. by N. 
from Albany. 

Lenox, Pa,, Susquehanna co. Drained by 
Tunkhannock Creek and branches. Surface 
hilly; soil gravel and clay. 170 miles N. N. 
W. from Harrisburg. 

Leominster, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly a 
part of the town of Lancaster. The first house 
was built by Gorham Haughton, in 1725. The 
surface Is rather plain than hilly ; the greatest 
elevation is Wauhnoosnook Hill, In the westerly 
part of the town. The soil is clayey, and gen- 
erally of a good quality. The town is well 
watered in every part by springs and rivulets. 
The Wauhnoosnook, a branch of the Naslma 
River, and the N. branch of the Nashua jiro- 
duce fine mill privileges. A rich alum rock has 
been found In this town. The village in the 
centre of tlie town makes a fine appearance. It 
lies about a mile and a half S. from the Fitch- 
burg Railroad ; from thence to Boston is 43 
miles. 

Leon County, Fa., c. h. at Tall.ahassee. Bounded 
N. by Georgia. Some of the land is fertile. 

Leon, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Concwango 
Creek waters tills town, the surface of which Is 
elevated, but chiefly level, and the soil produc 
live. 310 miles W. by S. from Albany. 

Afon County, Ts., c. h. at Leoiia. E. central 
part of the state, between the Navasota and Trin- 
ity Rivers. 

Leonardlown, Md., e. h. St. Mary's co. On a 
small branch of the Potomac. 87 miles S. from 
Annapolis. 

Le Ray, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by In- 
dian and Black Rivers. Surface undulating; 
soil easily cultivated and very productive. 158 
miles N. W. from Albany. 

Le Boy, N. Y., Genesee co. Drained by Allen's 
Creek. Mostly a level town, with a fertile soil, 
yielding large crops of grain. 10 miles E. from 
Batavia, and 234 N. of W. from Albany. 

fjetcher County, Ky., c. h. at Whitesburg. 
Taken mostly from Perry co.. and incorporated 
in 1842. Bounded N. and N. E. by Perry and 
Floyd counties, S. E. and S. by Virginia, and W. 
by the head branch of Kentucky River, separat- 
ing it from Harlan and Perry counties. 

Ltlterkenny, Pa., Franklin co. Surface chiefly 
level, and watered by Conedogwinit and Raccoon 
Creeks. Soil slaty. Blue Mountain covers the 
W. part of this town, which lies 7 miles N.-W. 
from Chambersburg. 

Levant, Me., Penobscot co. A fertile township 
on the Kenduskeag. 10 miles N. W. from 
Bangor. 

Leverett, Ms., Franklin CO., was formerly a |)art 
of Sunderland. The surface is somewhat moun- 
tainous ; the soil is strong and well ailaj>lcd for 
pasturage. The town is watered by Roaring 
Brook, and several small streams. Roaring 
Brook is a rapid stream, on which is a cascade, 
and some wild scenery. 10 miles S. E. from 
Greenfield, and 80 W. by N. from Boston. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



429 



Lewis County, Ky., c. h. Clarksburj. Bounded 
N. liy the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio, E. 
by Greenup co., S. by Craven and Flemint;, and 
W. by Mason co. Drained by Salt Lick and 
Kinnic'onick Creeks, branches of the Ohio River. 

Leicis Count!/, Mo., c. h. at Waterloo. Bounded 
N. by Clark co., E. by the Mississippi River, 8. 
by Marion and Shelby counties, and W. by Kiio.x 
CO. Drained by Fabius and Wyaconda Rivers. 
Surface undulatin<; ; soil excellent. 

Lewis County, N. Y., c. h. at Martinsburg. 
Bounded on the N. by Jefferson and St. Law- 
rence. E. by Herkimer, S. by Oneida, and W. by 
Oswcfro and Jefferson counties. It is watered by 
Black, Beaver, Independence, Moose, Indian, 
Oswegatcbie, and Salmon Rivers, and Salmon 
and Fish Creeks. Surface hilly and broken ; soil 
diversified, being very fertile on the borders of 
Black River. Iron ore and galena are mined to 
a consideraVjle extent. 

Lewis, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by Boquct 
River and its branches. The surface is diversified 
with hills and mountains ; the soil lolerablv 
good. 10 miles N. from Elizabeth, and 141 from 
Albany. 

Lewis County, On. N. of the Oregon River. 

Letvis County, Te., c. h. at Newbnrg. New. 

Lewis, Vt., Essex co. Lewis is an uninhabited 
township in the N. part of Essex co. It was 
chartered June 29, 1762. It is mountainous, and 
has no streams of consequence excepting the N. 
branch of Nulhegau River, which crosses the N. 
E. corner. 

Lewis County, Va., c. h. at Weston. Bounded 
N. by Ritchie, Harrison, and Barbour counties, 
E. by Randolph, S. by Braxton and Kanawha, 
and W. by Wood co. Watered by the Little 
Kanawha River and branches, and by the W. 
and branches of the E. fork of the Monongahela 
River. Surface rough and broken. 

Lewisboro\ N. Y., Westchester co. Watered on 
the W. by Croton River and some of its branch- 
es. Surface rather broken ; soil clay and sandy 
loam. 18 miles N. from White Plains, and 119 
8. from Albany. 

Lewisburg, Pa., Union co. On the W. bank of 
Susquehanna River, just below the entrance of 
Buffalo Creek, on the West Branch Canal, and 
67 miles N. from Harrisburg. A place of much 
manufacturing business. 

Lewisburg, Te., c. h. Marshall co. 54 miles S. 
of Nashville. 

Lewisburg, Va., c. h. Greenbrier co. 9 miles 
W. from the White Sulphur Springs, and 214 
miles W. from Richmond. Here arc the cele- 
brated White Sulphur Springs of Virginia. See 
Mineral Sprinqs, 

Leu-iston, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. side of 
the Androscoggin, which here descends 47 feet in 
the distance of 12 or 15 rods, producing a great 
water power, which is already availed of for cot- 
ton factories, and which promises to render Lcw- 
iston one of the gre.at manufacturing towns of 
New England. The Waterville Railroad, branch- 
ing from the Portland and Atlantic, passes through 
it. The town extends along the river 13 miles, 
and at the foot of the falls is connected with Mi- 
rot by a bridge 1000 feet long. 33 miles W. of 
N. from Portland. 

Lewiston, N. Y., Niagara co. On the Niagara 
River, opposite Queenstown, U. C, at the head 
cf navigation, 7 miles from Lake Ontario. The 
surface is level, with the exception of a high ridge 



extending from E. to W. 15 miles W. from 
Lockporl, and 10 by railroad from Niagara Falls. 

Lewistown, Pa., c. h. Mifflin co. C)n the N. side 
of Juniata River, at tlie entrance of Kishco- 
quillns Creek. 57 miles N. W. from Harrisl)urg. 
A large and handsome place, witli streets cross- 
ing each other at right angles. The Pennsyl- 
vania Canal passes here. 

Lewisville, As., c. h. Fayette co. A few miles 
E. of Red River. 

Lexington, Ga., c. h. Oglethorpe co. 70 miles 
N. from' Milledgeville. 

Lexington, la., c. h. Scott co. 1 1 miles W. from 
the Ohio River, on the head branches of the Mus 
catauck Fork of White River. S. by E. from 
Indianapolis 89 miles. 

Lexington. Ky., city, and seat of justice for Fay 
ette CO.. is situated on the Town Fork of Elkbom 
River, 24 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort, and 74 
miles E. from Louisville. Population "000. 

It is one of the handsomest places in Ken- 
tucky, and was formerly the capital of the state. 
The city is laid out two miles square, with broad 
streets intersecting each other at right angles, 
many of them paved and well built. The main 
street is about a mile and a half in Icngtli, with a 
width of 80 feet. There are upon this street many 
splendid buildings. In the centre of the city is 
a public square, upon which is a market house, 
richly supplied from the surrounding country. 
Tiic district of country in which Lexington is 
situated is highly fertile and beautiful. Few towns 
have in this respect a more delightful location 
th.an this. It has also, within itself, an air of neat- 
ness, opulence, and repose, which is grateful to 
the eye and to the heart of a stranger. The 
churches and public edifices are built mostly of 
brick, as are a great number of the stores and 
private dwellings. Besides the court house and 
county prison, the city contains the buildings of 
several literary and philanthropic institutions, 
wiiich are highly ornamental in their architectu- 
ral effect, as well as indicative of intelligence and 
refinement in the citizens. Tr.insylvania Univer- 
sity was established here by the legislature of 
Kentucky, in 1798. .and continued, until within a 
few years, to be a state institution. It has lately 
passed into the hands of the Methodist Episcopal 
church. The " Transylvania Seminary." which 
preceded the university, and which, with the Ken- 
tucky Academy, was merged in that institution 
when the state took it up, was established by the 
legisl.ature of Virginia in 1780, and was the first 
literary institution of the kind established in the 
west. The university has a medical department, 
whose graduates are more numerous than those 
of any other institution in the country, excepting 
two in Philadelphia. The University Hall and 
the Medical Hall are both beautiful buildings. 
The Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, is one of the 
noblest institutions in the state. The buildings 
are very extensive and commodious, with grounds 
embracing 30 acres, handsomely improved and 
ornamented. Another handsome edifice is tliat 
of the Masonic Hall. In the vicinitv of ilie c-ity 
are numerous country seats, including that of 
our late distinguished statesman Henry Clay. 
Ashland, as the late domicile of Mr. Clay is 
named, is on the turnpike road leading to 
Richmond, a mile and a half S. E. of the court 
house in Lexington. The house is a spacious 
brick mansion, with wings, surrounded with lawns 
and pleasure grounds, which are planted with 



430 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



almo'it every variety of American shrubbery and 
forest trees. The whole estate consists of 500 or 
eoo acres of the best land in Kentuclcy, upon 
wliicli its distinguished proprietor, as a recreation 
amidst the cares of public life, bestowed much skil- 
ful and successful husbandry. 

In the year 1775, a party of hunters, whde 
tempor-arify encamped on one of the branches ot 
the Elkho"rn, received intelligence of the hrst 
blood shed in the war of the revolution, at the 
battle of Lexington. As expressive of their deep 
interest in this event, they gave this name, ever 
after to be memorable in their country s nistory, to 
the place of their encampment. Upon this spot 
has arisen one of the most beautiful cities westot 
the Alleghany Mountains. The settlement com- 
menced al;out four years later, by the erection of 
a block house, and three rows of cabins, the two 
outer serving as the walls of the fortification. It 
was first incorporated by Virginia, in 1782. It 
received its charter as a city from the legislature 
of Kentucky, in 1831. A railroad, by way ot 
Frankfort, connects Lexington with Louisville, 
on the Ohio River, thus establishing an easy com- 
munication with the great channels of business 
and travel in the west. Several fine McAdam- 
ized roads diverge from this city towards ditterent 
sections of the state. „ . , . . 

In 1798 9 years before Fulton's experiment 
upon the Hudson, a Mr. West, an ingenious me- 
chanic of Lexington, having constructed a steam- 
boat upon a small scale, tried it in the presence 
of hundreds of persons, upon the Towniork ot 
the Elkhorn, which had been dammed up for the 
purpose; when it is said to have " moved through 
ihe water with great velocity." This is believed 
by manv to have been the hrst successful illus- 
tration bf the application of steam to navigation. 
Several of the identical parts of Mr. West s min- 
iature engine are now to be seen in the museum 
of the Adelphi Society, in the Transylvania Uni- 

"^''uiington, Ms., Middlesex cc, was formerly a 
part of Cambridge, and is watered by several 
branches of the Shawsheen River. The surface 
is varied by hills and valleys, and the eoil is ren- 
dered productive by the industry and skill of its 
proprietors. There is considerable woodland in 
Ihe town, and extensive meadows Lexington 
will ever be an interesting place, as here the hrst 
blood was shed in the cause of American inde- 
pendence. A monument is erected on the village 
green, and on the site of the batt e. 1 1 miles by 
railroad N. W. from Boston, and 15 b. b. L. trom 

Lowell. ^ .. XT 

Lexh,qto«, Mi., c. h. Holmes co. On the N. 
side of a branch of Yazoo River. 62 miles N. 
from Jackson. ., „ 

Lexi,:ylo„, Mo., c. h. Lafayette oo. 1 mile S. 
from the Missouri River, and 132 W. N. W.from 
Jetlerson City. „ . , t. „„ 

Lexmqton, N. C, c. h. Davidson co. It is on 
the W side of Abbott's Creek, a branch of Yad- 
kin River. 117 miles W.from Raleigh. 

Lexviqton, N. Y., Greene co. Watered by Sdio- 
liarie Creek and some of its head branches. The 
surface is broken by the CatskiU range of moun- 
fiins 28 miles W. from CatskiU, and 50 S. W. 

''Xt'X'AVn-c.,S^C.,c.h. at Lexington. 
Bounded N. and E. by Broad and Congaree Riv- 
ers, separating it from Fa.rheld and 1 icMand 
dis ricts, S. l.y Orangeburg district, and W. by 



Edf'cfield and Newberry districts. Drained by 
Saluda, which unites with Broad River on the 
W border of this district to form the Congaree. 
The E. fork of Edisto River also runs on its S. 
W. border. ,. . „ 

Lexinnton, S. C, c. h. Lexington district. On 
a small branch of Saluda River. 12 miles W. 
from Columbia. , ., -riT 

Lexinqhm, Va.. Rockbridge co. 146 miles W. 
of Richmond, on an elevated bank of the \V side 
of North River, the seat of Washington College, 
and of the Virginia Military Institute. See Loir 

leges. . ^ . 

Leuckn Ms., Franklin Co., is a mountainons 
township, on the line of the state. It was for- 
meriy a part of Bernardston. Two branches of 
Deerfield River, Green River, and Budmgton 
Creek pass through the town, on which are good 
sites for mills. There is some good aralde land 
in the town, but the greater part is ht only for 
grazing. On Green River is a narrow, rocky pas- 
lace called the " Glen," a curious place, much 
admired for its romantic scenery. Distances, 9 
miles N. by W. from Greenfield, and about lOO 
W. N. W.'from Boston. 

Leuden, N. Y., Lewis co. Black and Moose 
Rivers water this town, the surface ot which is 
hilly and the soil productive. 15 miles b. trom 
Martinsburg, and 1 1 6 N. W. from Albany. 

Libertq County, Ga., c. h.at Hincsville. Bound- 
ed N. aiid N. E. by Bryan co., S.E.by the Atlan- 
tic Ocean, S. by Mcintosh co. andtho Ahitamaha 
River, separating it from Wayne co., and W. by 
Tatnall co. Surface level, and watered by Little 
Cannonchee River and Taylor's Creek. 

Liberty, la., c. h. Union co. On the E. side of 
Silver Creek. 72 miles E. by S. from Indian- 

^'^'iTherty, Me., Waldo co. 29 miles E. from Au- 
gusta, and 18 W. S. W. from Bangor. 

Libertii, Mi., c. h. Amite co. On the E. side of 
the W. fork of Amite River. 101 miles S. b. 
W. from Jackson. 

Libertii, Mo., c. h. Clay co. 159 miles W. N. 
W. from Jetlerson City. , , .. 

Lihertii, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by the 
Callicoo'n and other small tributaries of the Del- 
aware River, which bounds this town on the b. 
W Surface mountainous ; soil mostly gravelly 
loam. 15 miles N. W. from Monticello, and 128 
S. W. from Albany. 

Lihertii Pa., Columbia co. Watered by Chil- 
isquaque and Mahoning Creeks. Surface mostly 

level ; soil clay. „, ^ r .u- 

Liberty, Pa., Tioga co. Tlie surf-ace of this 

town is hilly; soil clay and gravel. 123 miles 

N. by W. from Harrisburg. 

Llhertii County, Ts., c. h. at Liberty. In the b. 

E. angle of the stale. On Galveston Bay ana 

both banks of the Trinity. 

Libert,,, Va., c. h. Bedford co. On a branch of 

Otter River. W. by S. from Richmond 142 mi es 



Licking Couniy, 0.,c. h.at Newark. Bounded 
N by Knox, E. by Muskingum, S. by Perry and 
Fairfield, and W. by Franklin and Delaware 
counties The soil is fertile, and is finely watered 
by Licking Creek, which runs through every 
part of tlie county. Emigrants froin 1 ennsyl- 
vania and Virginia settled here m 1800, and they 
were soon followed by people from New England. 
Large beds of iron ore are found here. 

Ligonier, Pa., Westmoreland CO. his town 
lies in a vaUey watered by Loyahanna Creek ami 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



431 



branches. Soil calcareous loam. 149 miles W. 
from Harrisburg. 

Lima, N. T., Livingston co. Honeoye Creek 
and one of its branches water this town. Surface 
rolling; soil fertile. 12 miles N. E. from Gene- 
seo, and 213 N. of W. from Albany. 

Lima, O., c. h. Allen co. t)n Ottawa River, 
20 miles from its mouth, and 100 miles N. W. 
by W. from Columbus. 

Limerick, Me., York co. Little Ossipee River 
waters this town. It lies 28 miles W. from Port- 
land, 85 S. W. from Augusta, and 15 N. by W. 
from Alfred. This is a good farming town, with 
a pleasant village, and an academy, incorporated 
in 1812. The town was incorporated in 1787. 

Limerick; Pa., Montgomery co. Bounded S. 
by the Schuylkill River. 78 miles E. from Har- 
risburg. 

Limestone County, Aa., c. h. at Athens. Bound- 
ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Madison co., S. by the 
Tennessee River, separating it from Morgan and 
Lawrence counties, and W. by Lauderdale co. 
Elk River and its branches. Swan River, and 
I'iney and Limestone Creeks drain this county. 

Limestone, Pa., Columbia co. A level town, 
watered by Chiliscjuaque Creek and Limestone 
Run. Soil calcareous loam. 10 miles N. W. 
from Danville. 

fJmestone Coimtij, Ts., c. h. at Springfield. A 
central county. Between the Brazos and Trinity 
Rivers. 

Limington, Me., York co. This town is bound- 
ed on the S. by Limerick, and is watered by Saco 
River on the S. and W. The ton'n has a good 
soil, very productive of hay, wheat, and other 
grain. It lies 28 miles W. N. W. from Portland. 

Lincoln County, Ga., c. h. at Lincolnton. 
Bounded N. by Broad River, separating it from 
Elbert co., E. by the Savannah River, separating 
it from South Carolina by Little River, sepa- 
rating it from Columbia co., and \V. by Wilkes co. 
Drained by Fishing and Soap Creeks, branches 
of the Savannah. 

Lincoln County, Ky., c. h. at Stanford. Bounded 
N. by Doyle, E. by Garrard and Rockcastle, S. 
by Pulaski, and Vf. by Casey co. Watered by 
Dick's River and branches, and the head branches 
of Green River. Surface elevated table land. 

Lincoln County, Me., Topsham, Wiscasset, and 
Warren shire towns. In the S. W. part of the 
state. Bounded S. by tlie Androscoggin and the 
coast between the Kennebec and the Penobscot, 
comprising many rivers, inlets, and excellent har- 
bors. The Kennebec, Muscongus, Damariscotta, 
Sheepscot, and St. George's Rivers flow S. 
through it. The soil is tolerably fertile, but 
commerce and llie fisiieries chiefly engross atten- 
tion. The Kennebec Railroad passes N. and S. 
through it. 

Lincoln, Me.. Penobscot co. A large township 
on the E. side of the Penobscot, at the mouth of 
Matanawcook, where is a pleasant village. 45 
miles N. by E. from Bangor. 

Lincoln.'ils.. Middlesex co. Though rough, it 
contains some of the best farms in the county. 
Flint's or Sandy Pond, containing about 197 
acres, derived its name from its being situated 
on the farm of Ephraim Flint, one of the ori- 
ginal owners of Lincoln. It is a favorite resort 
for pickerel. From the depot of the Fitchburg 
Railroad, in this town, to the centre village, 
is about a mile and a half; to Boston I6.i 
miles. 



Lincoln County, Mo., c. h. at Troy. Bovnidcd 
N. W. and N. by Pike co., E. by the Mississippi 
River, S. by St. Charles and Warren counties, 
and W. by Montgomery co. Watered by Cuivre 
River and branches. 

Lincoln County, N. C, c. h. at Lincolnton. 
Bounded N. by Catawba co., E. by Grcnt ('Mtmvlia 
River, separating it from Iredcil and Meiklcn- 
burg counties, S. by South Carolina, and W. by 
Cleavcland co. Drained by Little Catawba 
River and branches, Dutchman's Creek, and 
Burt'alo Creek, a branch of Broad River. 

IJncoln, N. II., Grafton co., is a mountainous 
township. The middle branch of tlie Pemige- 
wasset passes through the town. Bog, Fish, and 
Loon Ponds are here. Tliere are many eleva- 
tions, of which Kinsman's Mountain is the 
largest. In the N. part of the town are two 
large gulfs, made Ipy an extraordinary disuliarge 
of water from the clouds, in 17 74. The numer- 
ous" slips'' from the mountain commence near 
the summit, and proceed to its base, forcing a 
passage through all obstructions. The soil here 
is poor. Wild animals are very numerous. 
First settlers : this town was granted, in 1 764, 
to James Avery and others. 80 miles N. from 
Concord, and aiiout 20 E. from Haverhill. 

[Jncoln County, Te., c. h. at Fayctteville. 
Bounded N. by Marshall and Bedford' counties, 
E. by Franklin CO., S. by Alabama., and W. by 
Giles CO. Watered by Elk River and branches. 

Lincoln, Vt., Addison co. Lincoln is consider- 
ably uneven. The western part is watered by 
New Haven River, which is formed here ; and 
several small branches of Mad River rise in the 
eastern part. The timber is principally hard 
wood, with some tracts of spruce. The .settle- 
ment was commenced about the year 1 790. The 
first settlers were mostly Quakers. 21 miles S. \V. 
from Montpelier, and 15 N. E. from Jliddlcbury. 

Lincolnton, N. C, c. h. Lincoln co. On the 
E. side of Little Catawba River. 172 miles W. 
by S. from Raleigh. 

IJncolnville, Me., Waldo co. On the W. side 
of Penobscot Bay. 10 miles S. from Belfast and 
51 E. from Augusta. 

Linden, Aa., c. h. Marengo co. 8 miles E. from 
Tombigbee River, on the S. side of Chickasaw 
Bogue Creek. S. by W. from Tuscaloosa SO miles. 

Lindley, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Tioga 
River. Surface hilly ; soil sandy loam aiul clay. 
The Coming and Blossburg "Railroad passes 
through the centre of this town. 25 miles S. E. 
from Bath, and 221 from Albany. 

Linklean, N. Y., Chenango co. AVatereil by 
some tributaries of Ostclie River. Surface slight- 
ly uneven; soil argillaceous loam. IS Tuilcs N.AlT. 
from Norwich, and 110 W. from Albany. 

Linn County, lo., c. h. at Marion. Incorporated 
in 18.37. Bounded N. by Buchanan and Dela- 
ware, E. by Jones, S. by Johnson, and W. by 
Benton co. Watered by Wabcsipinica River, 
Burt'alo Creek, .and the CeilarFork of Iowa River. 
Surface slightly undulating ; soil excellent. 

Liun County, Mo., c. h. at Linneus. Bounded 
N. by Sullivan, E, by Macon, S. by Chariton, 
and W. by Livingston and Grundy counties 
Watered by Locust and Yellow Creeks. 

Linn, Mo., c. h. Osage co. 

Linneus. Mo., e. h. Linn co. 

Lisbon. Ct.. New London co. This town is 7 
miles N. from Norwich, from which it was taken 
in 1786. It is watered by Quincbaug and She- 



432 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o. 



tucket Rivers, which unite in the S. part of the 
town. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, 
with some alluvial meadow. This is an excellent 
farming town. 

Lisbon, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. side of 
the Androscoggin, 6 miles below Lewiston Falls. 
There are also falls here, called the Five Miles 
Falls. There arc some manufactures of cotton 
and wool, and many saw mills. 30 miles S. 
S. E. from Augusta. 

Lisbon. N. H., Grafton CO., is watered by Amo- 
noosuck River and several smaller streams. Here 
are several ponds ; the most noted is called Mink, 
and aft'ords mill sites at its outlet. The meadows 
on Amonoosuck are generally very productive ; 
the plain land has alight, thin soil, requiring con- 
siderable manure to make it productive; and the 
uplands have a strong, good soil, which affords 
many good farms. Blueberry Mountain is the 
principal elevation. Large quantities of iron ore 
and of limestone are found here. Franconia 
Iron Works receive their supply- of ore from this 
town. This town was called Concord until 
1824. First settlers : Lisbon was granted, in 
1763, to Joseph Burt and others. 20 miles N. E. 
from Haverhill, and 95 X. W. from Concord. 

Lisbon, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded on 
the N. W. by the St. Lawrence River ; and wa- 
tered by Grass River and several small streams. 
Surface undulating ; soil fertile and heavily tim- 
bered. Isle au Gallope, lying in the St. Law- 
rence, belongs to this town. 10 miles N. W. 
from Canton, and 211 from Albany. 

Lisle, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Tiough- 
nioga River and some of its branches. Surface 
undulating; soil well adapted for grazing. 18 
miles N. from Binghampton, and 140 S. of W. 
from Albany. 

Litchfield County, Ct., c. h. at Litchfield. 
This is the largest and most elevated county in 
the state. The surface is hilly, and in some 
parts mountainous ; the soil is chiefly a gravelly 
loam, under good cultivation, and very produc- 
tive of butter, cheese, beef, and pork. It abounds 
in iron ore, which is extensively manufactured. 
This county is watered by numerous ponds, by 
the beautiful Housatonic, and by many rivers 
rising in the high grounds. The streams give a 
valuable water power, and flourishing manufac- 
turing establishments are found in almost every 
town. Litchfield county was incorporated in 
1751. It is bounded N. by Berkshire co., Ms., E. 
by Hartford and New Haven counties, S. by the 
counties of New Haven and Fairfield, and W. by 
the state of New York. 

Litchfield, Ct.. c. h. Litchfield co. This 
town, the Indian Bantam, is elevated, and ita 
surface presents a diversity of hills and valleys. 
Bantam was first settled in 1720, and incorpora- 
ted by its present name in 1734. The soil is 
a gravelly loam, deep, strong, and admirably 
adapted for grazing. Great Pond is a beautiful 
sheet of water ; it comprises an area of 900 acres, 
and is the largest pond in the state. The wa- 
ters of the Naugatuck, Shepung, and Bantam 
give the town a good water power. 

Litclilield village, on " Litchfield Hill," is a 
delightful place. It is situated on an elevated 
plain, surrounded by interesting scenery, and 
affords extensive prospects. In the W. part of 
the town. Mount Tom rears a front of 700 feet 
above the Naugatuck, presenting a panoramic 
landscape of great beauty and vast extent. Near 



this town is a mineral spring " which is saturated 
with iron and sul|)hur." A law school of great 
respectability was established in this town, by 
the Hon. Tapping Reeve, in 1784. 30 miles W. 
from Hartford. 

Litchfield, Kv., c. h. Grayson co. 109 miles 
S. W. by W. from Frankfort. 

Litchfield, Me., Kennebec co. A good farming 
township. 16 miles S. S. W. from Augusta. 

Litchfield, N. H., Hillsboro' CO., is a small, fer- 
tile township on the E. bank of Merrimac River. 
It has an excellent soil. There are 2 ferries — 
Thornton's, on the post road from Amherst to 
Portsmouth, and Read's, 3 miles above. This 
town was originally known by the Inilian name 
of Natticotl, and by the English one of Brenson's 
Farm. 8 miles E. from Amherst, and 30 S. by E. 
from Concord. The Concord Railroad passes 
on the opposite bank of the river, where there is 
a station. 

Litchfield, N. Y., Herkimer co. Drained by 
one of the head branches of the Unadilla, an3 
several small tributaries of the Mohawk River. 
.Surface hilly; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles 
S. W. from Herkimer, and 83 N. W. from Albany. 

Litchfield, Pa., Bradford co. Surface hilly, and 
drained by branches of Wepassining Creek; soil 
gravelly loam. 1.56 miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Little Compton. R. I.. Newpoi-t co. This very 
pleasant town, the Indian ^^eaconnet, lies on the 
ocean, at the eastern entrance into Narraganset 
Bay. The soil of the town is uncommonly fertile. 
Seaconnet Rocks, at the south-eastern extremity 
of the town, where a breakwater has been erected 
by government, are well known to sailors, and 
memorable as the place where a treaty was made 
between the English and the queen of the power- 
ful Seaconnet tribe in 1674. That tribe is now 
extinct. Seaconnet Rocks are their only monu- 
ment. Little Compton is becoming celebrated 
as a place of resort, in summer months, for sea 
air and bathing, and very justly so, for very few 
parts of our coast exhibit a more interesting 
location. 9 miles E. by N. from Newport. 

Little Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. A branch of 
Little Beaver Creek waters this town. Surface 
undulating ; soil rich calc.ireous loam. 

Little Falls, N. J., Passaic co. The Passaic 
River has a fall of 33 feet at this place, affording 
great hydraulic power. The Morris Canal passes 
here. 79 miles N. E. by E. from Trenton. 

Little Rock, As. Capital of the state, and scat 
of justice of Pul.aski co. On the S. side of the 
Arkans.is River, about 150 miles from its mouth, 
where it enters the Mississippi. The river is 
navigable for steamboats to this place at all 
stages of the water. The town is built ujwn a 
high bluff, from 150 to 200 feet above the river. 
It is said to be the first place above the mouth 
of the river in which rocks are found, it >' iaid 
out upon a regular plan, and contain." vue state 
house, court house, jail, and other public offices 
for the state and county, a United States arsenal, 
a United States land office, a penitentiary, and 
churches of all the principal denominations. 
This place was laid out and settled in 1820. 

Littleton, N. H., Grafton co. Littleton extends 
on the Connecticut River about 14 miles. There 
are 3 bridges over the river. The beautiful Con- 
necticut, in passing down the rapids called Fif- 
teen Mile Falls, extending the whole length of 
Littleton, runs in foaming waves for miles to- 
gether, which renders it impossible to ascend or 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



433 



descend with boats in safety. The Amonoosuck 
waters the S. part, having on its banks small 
tracts of excellent intervale. The principal vil- 
lage is on this river, and is called (ilynvillc. 
Kasphcrry, Black, Palmer's, and Iron Mountains 
are the most prominent elevations. Near Amo- 
noosuck Hiver is a mineral spring, the water of 
which is said to be similar to the Congress Spring 
at Saratoga. Hone slate is found here in great 
abundance and purity. Littleton is an important 
point for travellers passing from the Connecticut 
River to and from the White Mountains. First 
settler. Captain Nathan Caswell, about 1774. 30 
miles N. by E. from Haverhill, and 100 N. N. W. 
from Concord. 

Littleton, Ms., Middlesex co. This township 
was granted in 1714, and named for George Lit- 
tleton, a memhcr of the British parliament. Its 
Indian name was Nashobah. The surface is pleas- 
antly variegiited, containing a number of beauti- 
ful ponds ; the soil is not very strong. There are 

2 pleasant villages in the town. The Fitchburg 
Bailroad passes through the town. 13 miles N. W. 
from Concord, and 31 4 N. W. from Boston. 

Livermore, Me., Oxford co. A good township 
of land on both sides of the Androscoggin, with 

3 pleasant viU.iges and falls on the river, produ- 
cing a large water power. 25 miles W. from 
Augusta. 

Liverpool, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the E. side 
of Onandaga Lake, in the township of Salina, 5 
miles N. of Syracuse. Incorporated as a village 
in 1830. The principal business of the village 
is the manufacture of fine salt from the saline 
springs situated here, and belonging to the state, 
from which vast quantities are produced. See 
Salina. The Oswego Canal passes through this 
place. 136 miles W. by N. from Albany. 

Liverjwol, 0., Medina co. 125 miles N. E. by N. 
from Columbus. A flourishing place, with salt 
springs, a petroleum spring, and iron ore. 

Liverpool, Pa., Perry co. Bounded E. by the 
Susquehanna River, and watered by a small 
creek flowing into it. Surface hilly ; soil slate 
and gravel on the hills, and calcareous loam in 
the valleys. 29 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. 

Livinrislon, Aa., c. h. Sumpter co. On the N. 
side of Sucarnachee River. 68 miles S. W. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Livingston County, Is., c. h. at Pontiac. Bounded 
N. by Lasalle and Grundy counties, E. and S. by 
Vermilion and McLean, and W. by Woodford 
CO. Watered by Vermilion Kiver and tributa- 
ries. Surface slightly undulating ; soil fertile. 

Livingston County, Ky., c. h. at Salem. 
Bounded E. by Crittenden and Caldwell, S. by 
Marshall and McCracken counties, and W. and 
N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Illinois. 
Tennessee River runs on its S. border, and Cum- 
berland River passes through it. Surface mostly 
level ; soil fertile. 

Livingston Parish, La., c. h. at Springfield. 
Bounded N. by St. Helena parish, E. by St. 
Tammany, S. by St. John Baptist and Ascen- 
sion, and W. by East Baton Rouge parish. Wa- 
tered on its S. E. border by Lakes Maurepas and 
I'onichartrain, and on its S. and W. by Amite 
River, flowing into Lake Maurepas. Drained by 
email rivers llowing into the lakes. 

LivingstonOninti/, Mn., e. h. at Howell. Bounded 

N. by Shiawa-ssee and Genesee counties, E. by 

Oakland, S. by Washtenaw, and W. by Ingham 

CO. Watered bv Shiawassee, Cedar, and Huron 

55 



Rivers. Surface slightly undulating ; soil fertile. 
Iron ore is found in the S. E., and salt in the 
central portions. 

Livingston Conntij, Mo., c. h. at Chillicothe. 
Bounded N. by Grundy, E. by Linn and Chariton, 
S. by CarrolI,'and W. by Caldwell and Daviess 
counties. Watered by Grand River and tribu- 
taries. Surface level ; soil of fine quality. 

Livingston, N. J., Essex co. Bounded on the 
W. by Passaic River, and drained l>y small 
streams flowing into it. Surface mountainous 
and uneven, except on the border of the Passaic. 
9 -miles N. W. from Newark, and 58 N. E. from 
Trenton. 

Livingston County, N. Y., e. h. at Gencseo. 
Formed from C)ntario and Genesee counties in 
1821. It is bounded N. by Monroe, E. by On- 
tario, S. by Alleghany and Steuben, and W. by 
Genesee and Wyoming counties, and watered by 
Genesee River, Canaseraga Creek, and Coneseus 
and Hemlock Lakes, with tlieir outlets. Suiface 
much diversified ; soil mostly of good quality, 
and in the Genesee valley very fertile. Gypsum 
and bog iron ore e.Kist here in large quantities, 
and the Avon Sulphur Springs have long been 
celebrated. The Genesee Valley Canal and a 
side branch pass through this county. 

JJvingston, N. Y., Columbia co. On the E. 
side of the Hudson, and watered by Ancrara or 
Roelilf Jansen's Creek. The surface is varied ; 
soil gravel, clay, and loam, based upon lime and 
slate. 10 miles 8. from Hudson. 

Livingston. Tc., c. h. Overton co. 100 miles E. 
by N. from Nashville. 

Livonia, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by 
the outlet of Hemlock Lake and a few small 
streams flowing W. into Coneseus Lake. Surface 
slightly uneven ; soil productive. 8 miles E. 
from Gencseo, and 217 W. from Albany. 

Locke. N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by the 
inlet of Owasco Lake. The surface is hilly; 
soil gravelly loam, based upon slate. 20 miles 
S. from Auburn, and 153 W. from Albany. 

Lovkiiaven. Pa., c. h. Clinton co. On the S. 
side of Susquehanna River. 107 miles N. W. 
by N. from Harrisburg. 

Lockport, Is., Will co. On the Illinois and 
Michigan Canal. 34 miles W. from Chicago, 
and 170 N. E. by N. from Springfield. It is at 
the termination of the lake level, and here the 
canal has a fall of 20 feet, by two locks. From 
the surplus water of the canal, and likewise of the 
Des Plaines River, wliich has a fall of 15 feet at 
this place, a large amount of hydraulic power is 
obtained. 

Lockport, N. Y., c. h. Niagara co. It is watered 
by Toniiwanda and a branch of Eighteen Mile 
Creek. The surface is liilly ; soil sandy and cal- 
careous loam. This town contains several large 
quarries of fine building stone. 277 miles W. 
by N. from Albany. 

Lodi, N. J., Bergen co. This town is bounded 
E. and S. E. by the Hackensack, and W. and 
S. W. by the Passaic River. Surface level. 5 
miles S. W. from Hackensack. 

Lodi, N. Y., Seneca co. On the E. shore of 
Seneca Lake. Watered by several streams flow- 
ing into Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Surface 
rolling; soil clay loam, based upon lime and 
slate. 20 miles S. from Waterloo, and 175 W 
from Albany. 

Logan County, Is., c. h. at Postville. Bounded 
N. by Tazewell and De Witt counties, E. by Da 



434 



COLTsTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o., 



Witt and Macon, S. liy Sangamon, and W. hy 
Menard an<l Mason counties. Drained by Snear 
Creek and otiier liranehcs of San;;amon River. 
Surface level, including much prairie land. 

Logan Couuti/, Ky., c. h. at Russclville. Bounded 
N. by Muhleuliurg .and Butler counties. E. by 
Simpson co., S. by Tennessee, and W. by Todd 
CO. Watered by brandies of Green and Cum- 
berland Rivers. Surfiice table land. 

Logan Count//, O., c. b. at Bellefontaine. Hardin 
CO. bounds it on the N.. Union on the E., Cham- 
paipjn on the S , and Shelby on the W. Miami 
and Mad Rivers, Boqucs, Mill, and Darby Creeks 
rise here, and w.atcr the land, which is level and 
fertile. This county was named for General 
Logan, of Kentucky, and was organized in 1818. 
The first settlers came from North Carolina, 
Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, about the year 
1806. 

Logan, O., c. h. Hocking co. On the N. bank 
of Hockhocking River, 1 mile below the Great 
Falls. It was laid out in 1816, and is 46 miles 
S. E. from Columbus, and 18 S. E. from Lan- 
caster. 

Logan, Pa., Clinton co. Watered by Big Fish- 
ing Creek. Surface mountainous ; soil calcare- 
ous loam in the valleys. 20 miles N. E. from 
Bellefontaine. 

Logan Covntij, Va., c. h. .at Logan. Bounded 
N. by Cabell and Kanawh.i counties, E. by Fay- 
ette and Mercer, S. by Tazewell, and W. by the 
Tng Fork of Sandy River, separating it from 
Kentucky, and by Wayne co. Drained by Guy- 
andottc and Coal Rivers. Surface rough and 
uneven. 

Logan, Va., c. h. Logan co. On the E. side of 
Guvandotte River. .351 miles W. from Richmond. 

Logansport, la. City, and seat of justice of Cass 
CO. .Situated on the Wabash River, at the junc- 
tion of Eel River. 68 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
The Wabash and Eric Canal passes through it, 
giving it a fine advantage of position for busi- 
ness. It has a valuable water power, on which 
are several flouring mills and saw mills. The 
site of the town is on ground gradually rising 
from the junction of the rivers, where it is about 
10 feet above high-water mark, for the distance 
of 100 rods, to an elevation of 30 or 40 feet, 
which is about the altitude of the highest bluffs 
along the Wabash River. Bridges here cross 
both the Wabash and Eel Rivers. The town 
contains a court house, jail, an academy, and 
churches of the leading Christian denominations. 
It promises to become one of the principal towns 
in northern Indiana. 

London, O., c. h. Madison co. 27 miles W. by 
S. from Columbus. 

Lonflonderry, N. II., Rockingham co., adjoins 
the Yj. line of the county of Hillsboro'. This 
town has a very fertile soil, and contains but 
little waste land. TIic |>rineipal stream is Beaver 
River, issuing from ]5eaver Pond, a beautiful 
body of water, nearly circular in form, and about 
.300 rods in diameter. 3 miles N. W. from this 
pond are 3 other sm.all ponds, Scoby's, Upper, 
and Lower Shields. Small streams issuing from 
these unite and fall into Beaver River, on which 
are extensive and valuable meadows. There arc 
several other ponds in the town. Londonderry 
was settled in 171U, by a colony of Presbyterians 
from the vicinity of the city of Londonderry, in 
the north of Ireland. 16 families, accompanied 
bj Rev. James McGregor, on the day of their 



arrival performed religious services under an 
oak. on the E. shore of Beaver Pond. They in- 
troduced the culture of the potato, a vegetable 
till then unknown in New Engliind ; also the 
manufacture of linen cloth. In 1828 part of this 
town was taken to form Derry. 26 miles S. S. E. 
from Concord, and Xi S. W. from Portsmouth. 

Londondern/. Pa . Chester co. Surface level, 
and watered by Doe Run, a bramh of Brandy- 
wine River, and by the head branches of Elk and 
White Clay Creeks. Soil sandy loam. 

Lomlondeny, Pa.. Dauphin co. Watered by 
Conewago and Spiing Creeks, the latter afTord- 
ing water power. .Surface somewhat hilly ; soil 
gravel and calcareous loam. U miles S. E. from 
Ilarrisburg. 

Londondemj, Pa., Lebanon co. Bounded N. 
by Swatara Creek, and drained by Conewago 
and Quitap.ahilla Creeks and Klingcr's Run. Sur- 
face hilly on the N. and S., but more level in 
the central portions. Soil gravel and calcareous 
loam. 8 miles .S. W. from Lebanon. 

Londonderry, Vt., Windham co. West River 
passes through this town, and receives several 
tributaries in it. The land on the streams is rich 
and fertile ; the uplands are good for grazing, 
except those parts that are mountainous. There 
are in this town 2 pleasant villages. The settle- 
ment was commenced in 1774, by people from 
Londonderry, N. H. 28 miles S. W. from Wind- 
sor, and 30 N. E. from Bennington. 

London Grove, Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
White Clay Creek and branches. .Surface un- 
dulating; soil calcareous loam. 71 miles E. by 
S. from Harrisburg. 

Long Branch, N. J., Shrewsbury, Monmouth 
CO. A long beach, on the Atlantic, .TO miles E. 
from Trenton, a place of fashionable resort for 
persons seeking the recreations of sea air and 
bathing. 

Long Lake. N. Y., Hamilton co. The territory 
of this large town is mostly a wilderness, wa- 
tered by numerous streams and lakes. The sui^ 
face is somewhat uneven ; soil tolerably fertile. 
35 miles N. from Lake Pleasant, and 100 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Longmeadow, Ms., Hampden co. This town 
was formerly the second parish of Springfield. 
It was first settled .about 1644, and derived its 
name from the long meadow within the town. 
Its Indian name was Massax_'sich. Longmeadow 
is finely located on tlie eastern bank of Connecti- 
cut River, and has some rich meadow land. The 
town is watered by some small streams. The 
village is delightfully situated about a mile 
from the river ; it is built on one wide, level street, 
beautifully shaded by tall native elms. The 
Hartford and Springfield R.ailroad passes through 
here, about 21 miles from Hartford : to Spring- 
field it is 4 miles, and from Springfield to Bos- 
ton, by the Western Railroad, it is 98 miles. 

Long Swamp, Pa.. Berks co. Drained by Lit- 
tle Lehigh River. Surface hilly ; soil gravel and 
calcareous loam. 72 miles E. by N. from Harris- 
burg. 

Lorain County, O., is bounded N. by Lake 
Erie, E. by Cuyahoga and Medina counties, S. 
by Wayne and Richland, and W. by Huron co. 
The branches of Black River and Beaver Creek 
rise in the county. Itwis organized in 1824. and 
has a rich, productive soil. The fall in Black 
River furnishes the county with an immense wa- 
ter power. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



435 



Lorraine, N. Y.. Jefferson co. Watered by 
Sandy Creek and its branches. Surface hilly ; 
soil sandy loam and clay. 13 miles S. from Wa- 
tertown, and 14.5 N. W. from Albany. 

Lox Angelofi Comity, Ca.. c. h. at Pucbla de Los 
Anjrelos. In the S. part of the state. 

Los Anijelos, Ca.. c. h. Los Angelos co. Former 
Mexican capital of California. 

London, N. H., Mcrrimac co. Suncook River 
passes through Loudon, furnishing valuable mill 
privileges. There is some pood intervale on its 
borders. Loudon was originally a part of Can- 
terbury, and lies on the E. side of Mcrrimac liiv- 
er. First settlers, Abraham and Jethro Batchel- 
der*nd Mo<ies Ordway. About 10 miles N. E. 
from the state house in Concord. 

fjoufton County, Va., c. h. at Leesburg. Bound- 
ed N. E. by the Potomac Hiver, separating it from 
Maryland, S. E. by Fairfax co., S. W. by Prince 
William and Fauquier, and N. W. by Clarke and 
Jefferson counties. Drained by Killoctan and 
Goose Creeks, and branches, which afford good 
water power. Surface mountainous, the Blue 
Ridge lying on the N. W. border. Soil of vari- 
ous qualities. 

Louisa County, lo., c. h. at Wappello. Bound- 
ed N. by Johnson and Muscatine counties, E. by 
the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, 
S. by Des Moines and Henry, and W. by Wash- 
ington CO. Drained by Iowa River and branches, 
which afford hydraulic power. Soil of fine quali- 
ty, especially on the borders of the rivers. 

Zx}uisa, Kv., c. h. Lawrence co. Located on 
the W. side of Big Sandy River. 158 miles E. 
from Frankfort. 

Louisa County, Va.. c. h. at Louisa Court 
House. Bounded N. and N. E. by Pamunky 
River, separating it from Orange and Spottsylva- 
nia counties, S. E. by Hanover, S. W. by Gooch- 
land and Fluvanna, and N. W. by Albemarle co. 
Loulsburrj, N. C., c. h. Franklin co. On the N. 
side of Tar River. 36 miles N. E. from Raleigh. 
Louisi-ille, As., c. h. Lafayette co. 
Louisville, Ga., c. h. Jefferson co. On Rocky 
Comfort Creek, just above its junction with 
Ogeechee River, and 53 miles E. from Milledge- 
ville. 

Louisville, Ky. City, port of entry, and seat 
of justice of Jefferson co. It is 52 miles W. by 
N. from Frankfort, the capital of the state. The 
population in ISOO was 800; 1810, 1357; 1820, 
4012; 1830, 10,336; 1840, 21,210; 1850, 43.000. 
Louisville is situated on the S. side of the Ohio 
River, at the he.ad of the rapids. Opposite to the 
city the river is a mile wide, and for many miles 
above spreads out into a most beautiful sheet of 
water. The city is built on a gradual ascent from 
the river, about 75 feet above low-water mark, 
with streets running parallel to the river, nearly 
E. and W., from 60 to 120 feet wide, intersected 
at right angles by streets running up from the 
river, which are uniformly 60 feet wide. The 
areas enclosed hy the intersecting streets are 
420 feet square; which, however, are in most in- 
stances subdivided by narrower streets and alleys. 
The public buildings of Louisville are, many of 
them, of the most convenient and elegant 'con- 
struction. The City Hall, for the accommodation 
of the municipal ccjurts and ofiices, is a spacious 
and magnificent building. The city and countv 
prison is constructed on the most approved mod- 
el of modern improvements, combining health, 
convenience, and security. 



The Marine Hospital is a fine building, erected 
in 1820, by a grant of S40,00i) from the state ; a 
donation for the site, containing about 7^ acres of 
ground, having been made by two noble-minded 
citizens. The establishment is well endowed, 
admirably regulated, and abundantly sufficient 
for all the purposes of its design. There is in 
Louisville a Medical Institute, which is well fur- 
nished with books and apparatus, and has been 
in very successful operation for a number of 
years. There is here a school for the blind, en- 
dowed by the state. There are two orphan asy- 
lums, and a Magdalen asylum ; a city workhouse, 
a hospital, a prison, several markets, and banking 
houses. It has several spacious hotels, which are 
among the best in the country. Some of the 
church edifices arc fine specimens of architecture, 
of which there are in the city 3 Presbyterian, 6 
Methodist, 4 Baptist, 1 Canipbellite Bapti.st, 2 
Episcopal, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Friends, 1 Uni- 
tarian, 1 Universalist, several colored churches, 
1 free church, and a Jews' synagogue. The 
Mercantile Library Association has a library of 
between 4000 and 5000 volumes. The Kentucky 
Historical Society has accumulated a large and 
valuable collection of books, pamphlets, and man- 
uscript documents, connected with the settlement 
and history of the state. An Agricultural and 
a Horticultural Society have been organized. 
The system of free schools was introduced 
into Louisville earlier than any where else 
west of the mountains ; and the city is well 
provided with the means of education, which 
are open to children of every age, and of all 
classes. Large banking facilities have been 
provided. 

The principal business of Louisville is foreign 
and domestic commerce. It is extensively re- 
sorted to by merchants from the river towns 
above and below, and from the interior of the 
adjacent states, as an eligible wholesale market 
for dry goods and groceries. In this commerce 
are employed more than 300 steamboats, besides 
boats of other descriptions with which the western 
rivers are navigated. The import and export 
trade of Louisville, in 1850, amounted to near 
$50,000,000. The exports consist of tobacco, bag- 
ging, and bale rope, pork, lard, bacon, flour, whis- 
key, feathers, flaxseed, beeswax, and live stock ; to 
which should be added steam engines, sugar mills, 
and various kinds of machinery manufactured 
here. There are several large founderies and ma- 
chine shops, in which engines and machinery of 
the best description are produced. Many steam- 
boats of the largest class, every year, are built 
at Louisville and the adjoining towns, and fur- 
nished with engines from these establishments. 
Two extensive steam bagging factories are in 
full operation, and several ropewalks, converting 
tons of raw hemp daily into bagging, cordage, 
and bale rope. There are manufactories of cot- 
ton and woollen ; a number of flouring mills, 
breweries, and distilleries. White lead, linseed 
and lard oil, starch and hydraulic cement, tobac- 
co, snuff, cigars, &c., are manufactured here in 
large quantities. The book trade, printing, bind- 
ing, and paper making, are carried on with great 
energy and success. All, or nearly all, these 
branches of manufacture are rapidly extending 
their business. 

The city is abundantly supplied with excellent 
water, and gas works have been established for 
lighting the city 



436 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TO^VNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



The greatest falls in the Ohio River are those 
just below this city ; which are caused by a bed of 
limestone extendini; across the river, over which 
the waters pour with a broken and irregular 
current, for a distance of 2 miles, making a de- 
scent of 22 feet, and, excepting one or two months 
during the period of the highest flood, entirely 
intercepting the passage of loaded boats up and 
down the river. To overcome this obstruction to 
the important commerce of the Ohio, the Louis- 
ville and Portland Canal was constructed, ex- 
tending from the city to Portland, a village lying 
at the foot of the falls, which was formerly the 
port at which the boats and shipping from below 
were obliged to stop and discharge their cargoes. 
The length of the canal is between 2 and 3 miles, 
50 feet wide at the surface, and overcoming 224 
feet of fall by 4 locks, sufficiently capacious to ad- 
mit steamboats of the largest size. Almost the 
entire line is excavated out of the solid limestone 
rock, to the average depth of 10 feet. This great 
and useful work was finally completed in 1833, 
in a most thorough and substantial style of exe- 
cution. The cost was $1,000,000. The United 
States are stockholders to the amount of $290,000. 
The amount of business done upon this river is so 
great, that this large outlay has proved a most 
judicious and profitable investment. In 1843, 
the tolls received, since the canal began to be 
used in 1830, had amounted to $1,225,350. It is 
believed that these falls may be made available 
for the purpose of obtaining an incalculable 
amount of water power ; and that, at some future 
period, Louisville may become one of the great- 
est manufacturing cities in the Union. 

In 1778, a fort was built at this place, and a 
settlement commenced. For several years the 
inhabitants were harassed by Indian hostilities. 
In 1780, the legislature of Virginia authorized 
the laying out of a town at the falls of the Ohio, 
to which they gave the name of Louisville, in 
honor of Louis XVI., of France, the first ally of 
the republic. The next year a fort was built, and 
the place was made secure against the assaults of 
the Indians. For many years, owing to the mias- 
mata arising from several surrounding swamps 
and ponds, Louisville continued to be exceedingly 
unhealthy. But, in 1823, these local causes were 
eflfectually removed ; since which time, it is be- 
lieved that no large city in the country has been 
more uniformly healthy than Louisville. 

Louisville, Mi., c. h. Winston co. On the head 
branches of Pearl River. N. E. from Jackson 92 
miles. 

Louisville, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded 
on the N. W. by the St. Lawrence, and watered 
S. by Grass River. Several islands lying in the 
St. Lawrence River belong to this town. The 
surface is undulating ; soil fertile loam, based 
upon limestone. 20 miles N. from Canton, and 
231 N. W. from Albany. 

Lovell, Me., Oxford co. This town embraces 
Kezer Pond, a large sheet of water, and other 
ponds whose outlet is into the Saco, at Frye- 
burg. Lovell lies 10 miles N. from Fryeburg, 
20 W. S. W. from Paris, and 67 W. S. W. from 
Augusta. Incorporated 1800. "In this town 
are Lovell's Falls, a great natural curiosi- 
ty. Where the water makes over into the tre- 
mendous basin below, it falls perpendicularly 
40 feet. Above the falls, there is a chain of 
8 ponds, partly in Lovell and partly in Water- 
ford, connected by small natural dams, 1 or 2 



rods in width, through which there are sluice- 
ways, which will admit the passage of a common 
sail boat. The scenery of the mountains and 
ascending lands in the vicinity is rural and beau- 
tiful." 

Lovington, Va., c. h. Nelson co. 105 miles W. 
by N. from Richmond. 

Lowell, Me., Penobscot co. Formerly called 
Huntsville. Incorporated by its present name 
in 1838. 30 miles E. of N. from Bangor. 

Lowell, Ms. City, and one of the seats of jus- 
tice of Middlesex co. Situated on the Meirimac 
River, at the point where it receives the Concord 
River. 26 miles N. W. from Boston, 45 N. N.E. 
from Worcester, 13 S. W. from Lawrence^and 
50 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H. The rapid 
growth of this city, the variety and richness of 
its manufactures, and the peculiar character of 
its population, have rendered it an object of 
interest and inquiry througliout the world. In 
these respects, it stands unrivalled in this country, 
and is well entitled to the appellation of the 
" Manchester of America." 

The township was taken from Chelmsford in 
1826, and embraces a territory, including the vil- 
lage of Belvidere, on the opposite side of the 
Concord River, which has since been annexed to 
Lowell from the corner of Tewksbury, of about 
5 square miles. The number of inhabitants on 
this territory in 1820 was less than 200; and 
the whole valuation of i)roperty did not exceed 
$100,000. The first purchases, with a view to 
the establishment of manufactories here, were 
made in 1821. The Memmac Company, which 
was the first incorporated, was established in 
1822, with a capital of $1,,500,000; and the first 
cloth woven was in one of their mills, in 1823. 
There are now 12 incorporated compaiiies in Low- 
ell, employing a capital of nearly $14,000,000, 
besides about $500,000 more of other manufac- 
turing and mechanical investments, which is em- 
ployed bv individual enterprise. The population 
in 1830 was 6477; in 1840, 20,796; in 1850, 
33,385; and at the present time, (1852,) not less 
than 35,000. 

All the principal water privileges at Lowell 
are owned by a company called '■ The Proprie- 
tors of the Locks and Canals on Merriraac 
River." This company was incorporated in 
1792, for the purpose of constructing a canal 
from the head of Pawtucket Falls, so called, 
in the Merrimac River, to the Concord River, 
near its junction with the Merrimac, for the 
purpose of affording a passage to boats and 
rafts navigating the river. This canal is a mile 
and a half long, 60 feet wide, and 6 or 8 feet 
deep. It is still used to some extent for the 
purpose originally intended. But when the de- 
sign was entertained of applying the immense 
water power thus created to manufacturing pur- 
poses, this company, having secured the title to 
a considerable area on the south side of the 
river, sold out to other companies the sites for 
mills, agreeing to furnisli them with a certain 
amount of water for a stipulated annual rent. 
They also erected an extensive shop for the 
manufacture of machinery, from which, in as 
short a time as three months, they can furnish 
the machinery complete for a cotton mill of 
6000 spindles ; and in the same time, if rei|uired, 
they also build the mill itself, to the orders of a 
new company, and furnish it ready to be oper- 
ated. The facilities thus allbrded contributed 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



437 



rapidly to hiiild up the place, and the energy and 
foresight of these enterprising capitalists were 
largely rewarded. 

This old canal ha^^ng, of late years, proved 
in some degree insufficient, a new one was con- 
structed in 1847, of great capacity and superior 
workmanship, costing $640,000. Tlii.s canal is 
nearly 1 mile in length, averaging 100 feet wide 
and 15 feet deep; and for size, solidity, and the 
completeness of all its arrangements, is said to 
exceed any thing of the kind in the United States. 
The whole nunihcr of mills belonging to the 
12 manufacturing corporations of Lowell, on 
the 1st of January, IS.'il, was 50; containing 
325,500 spindles and 9906 looms ; the number 
of males employed, 3702 ; females, 8274; pounds 
of cotton consumed per week, 575,400 ; pounds 
of wool consumed per week, 69.000 ; making of 
cotton cloth, per week. 2.190,000 yards; of 
woollen cloth, 20,477 yards ; and of carpeting, 
15,000 yards. The average wages earned by 
males, clear of board, is 80 cents per day ; and 
by females, clear of board, $2 per week. — 
These mills are .all now lighted with gas, and 
warmed by steam. Besides these there are ex- 
tensive powder mills, paper mills, and mills for 
making batting, the Lowell bleachery, a foun- 
dery and planing mill, with a variety of other 
manufactures, carried on by individual proprie- 
tors of large means, which together employ as 
many as 1500 hands. 

The public buildings of Lowell are a Court 
House, City Hall, Market House, a Hospital, a 
Mechanics' Hall, the houses for public worship, 
which are generally handsome, and tlie edifices 
for the public schools. The Mechanics' Hall 
was erected by an associ,ation of mechanics, in- 
corporated as early as 1825. It is a spacious 
and expensive building, in the heart of the city, 
furnished with a fine library and reading room, 
with philosopliical apparatus and a mineralogi- 
cal cabinet. Courses of lectures, literary and 
scientific, are delivered here. There is also a 
valuable library of 7000 volumes belonging to 
the city, which is open to all persons for the 
small fee of fifty cents per annum. The Hospi- 
tal was established in 1839, by the several manu- 
facturing companies, for the convenience and 
comfort of persons employed by them, when 
sick ; where, for a very small price, an experi- 
enced physician and nurses are provided. 

Perhaps nothing has contributed more to en- 
courage industry, frugality, and thrift, among the 
operatives, than the Institutions for Savings, of 
which there are now two in Lowell. The labor- 
ers are the princi)ial depositors in these banks, 
the greater part being females. The number 
of depositors November 1, 1851, was 6224; and 
the amount of deposits $812,598.63. 

The fire department in this city is very effi- 
cient and well organized. A reservoir of great 
capacity has been constructed on the high ground 
in Belvidere, for the jmrpose of furnishing a 
ready supply of water to any part of the city in 
case of fires. The water is carried into the res- 
en-oir by forcing pumps from the Lowell Ma- 
chine Shop, and thence distributed through pipes 
to the hydrants in the city. 

The number of churches in Lowell of all de- 
nominations is 23. The population, although so 
largely composed of young persons but recently 
removed from the counsels and restraints of the 
parental roof, is superior to that of most cities, 



for general intelligence, sobriety and correct de- 
portment 

For nothing, perhaps, does Lowell deserve 
more credit than for her liberal provision for the 
public schools. This wise policy was early 
adopted, and has perseveringly enlarged its op- 
erations with the growth of the city. From 
$1200, the amount appropriated for the support 
of the public schools in 1827, the annual appro- 
priation in 1850 had risen to $43,000. These 
schools consist of a high school, 10 grammar 
schools, .and 46 primary schools. The total ex- 
penditures of the city for 1850 was $178,614. 

The place where Lowell stands was known 
in the early annals of the conntry as one of the 
best fishing grounds of the Indians in .all New 
England. The "Apostle Eliot " speaks of one 
or two excursions which he made to " Pawtucket 
Falls," to become .acquainted with tlie tribes of 
Indi.ans from the interior, and to teach them the 
principles of Christianity. They continued even 
to a late day, after the country around began to 
be settled, to retain their title to a right at this 
fishing ground. There are still evident marks, 
it is said, of a trench which once enclosed a 
large area, about the junction of Merrimac and 
Concord Rivers, which was expressly reserved 
for the use of the Indians. How altered now 
the scene ! How diti'erent the enterprise, which 
brings such multitudes to sojourn at these falls ! 

Lowell must be considered as a magnificent 
and most successful experiment of an American 
manufacturing city, upon which our countrymen 
look with pride and foreigners with admiration. 
To its founders, a few Boston capitalists, be- 
longs the credit of establishing a wise system of 
means to produce at once the most successful 
pecunhary, social, and moral results ; in a great 
measure precluding the evils of ignorance, degra- 
dation, and vice, which were once thought insep- 
arable from large manufacturing towns. No 
community, for the period of its existence, has 
enjoyed more of the substantial comforts of life, 
or possesses better intellectual and moral advan- 
tages, than Lowell. It has become an honor to 
the state in which it is located, and a model to 
the manufacturing cities springing up around it, 
and in other parts of the land. Slay this great 
and industrious city always continue to be wor- 
thy of the title given it by the Hon. Edward 
Everett, in his Memoirs of Fkancis C. Lowell, 
from whom it derives its name — "The noble 
City of the Arts." 

Lowell, Vt., Orleans co. The Missiseo River 
originates in a small pond, nearly on the line 
between this township and Eden," and taking a 
northerly course, and receiving a number of 
considerable tributaries, enters Westfield neai 
its S. E. corner. Although encompassed bj 
mountains on all sides, except the N. E., muel. 
of the township is handsome land, easy to till 
and generally productive. At the grist mill, 
near the centre of Lowell, the whole river passe« 
through a hole in the solid rock. This naturaJ 
bridge is situated at the foot of a fall in the rivei 
of about 10 feet. The first permanent settle 
ment was made in 1806, by Major William 
Caldwell. 9 miles S. W. from li-asburg, and 
40 N. from Montpelier. 

Lower Cliiclifster, Pa., Delaware co. Surface 
level, and watered by Hook, a branch of Naa- 
man's Creek ; soil loam. 

Lower Dublin, Pa., Philadelphia co. Penny 



438 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



pack Creek and Saw Mill Run flow through 
this town, afFoiiiiiif; water power. Surface gently 
uneven ; soil sandy loam. 

Lvvvr Macum/i/, Pa., Lehigh CO Surface level ; 
aoil calcareous loam. 

Lower Mahantaftt/o, Pa., Schuylkill Co. Deep 
and Swatara Creeks water this town, which is 
crossed by Broad and Sharp's Mountains. Soil 
red shale, and fertile in the valleys. Anthracite 
coal exists here. 55 miles N. E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Lower MakejieM, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded on 
the E. by Delaware River. Surface undulating ; 
soil clay and sandy loam. 

LMwer Mejuoii, Pa.. Montgomery co. Schuyl- 
kill River and Mill and Cobb's Creeks water this 
town, which has an undulating surface and rich, 
loamy soil. It lies 93 miles E. from HaiTishurg. 

Lower Nazareth, Pa., Northampton co. Wa- 
tered by Manookisy Creek. Surface level j soil 
calcareous loam. 

Lower Oxford, Pa., Chester co. Drained by 
branches of Octarara and Elk Creeks. Surface 
somewhat uneven ; soil loam. 

Lower Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Beaver and 
Paxton's Creeks water this town, and Blue 
Mountain lies on its N. border. 6 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Lower Providence, Pa., Montgomery co. Per- 
kiomen Creek, on the borders of which lead is 
found, and Shippack Creek, water this town. 
Surface hilly ; soil red shale. 

Lower Halford, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered 
by branches of Perkiomen and Shippack Creeks. 
Surface undulating ; soil loam and red shale. 

Lower i'liHcoH, Pa., Northampton CO. Watered 
by Lehigh River and Saucon Creek and branches. 
Surface hilly; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 
99 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Lower St, Clair, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded 
on the N. by Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, and 
drained by Chartier's Creek and Saw Mill River. 
Surface hilly ; soil loam. Coal is abundant. 

Lower Swatara, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded 
S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained 
by Spring and other creeks. Surface hilly ; soil 
slate and calcareous loam. 5 miles S. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Low Hill, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface hilly ; soil 
gravel. 88 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Lowndes Coiiiiti/, Aa., c. h. at Haynesville. It 
is bounded N. by Alabama River, separating it 
from Autauga co., E. by Montgomery and Pike 
counties, S. by Butler, and W. by Wilco.x and 
Dallas counties. Drained by branches of Ala- 
bama River. 

Loiviides County, Ga., c. h. at Troupsville. It 
is bounded N. by Irwin Co., E. by Ware, S. by 
Indiana, and W. by Thomas and Baker counties. 
Alai)aha and Withlacoochee Rivers, branches of 
the Suwannee, flow through this county. 

Lowndes County, Mi., c. h. at Columbus. It is 
bounded N. by Monroe CO.. E. by Alabama, S. 
by Noxubee, and W. by Oktibbeha co. Wa- 
tered by Tombigbce River and branches. Sur- 
face undulating; soil productive. 

Lowville, N. Y., Lewis co. On the W. side of 
Black River. Surface rolling; soil good, and, 
on the banks of the river, very fertile. 7 miles N. 
from Marlinsburg, and 132 N. W. from Albany. 

Lubec, Me., Washington co. In the N. E. cor- 
ner of the state, at the entrance of Passama- 
quoddy Bay. It has an e.xcellent harbor, easy 



of access, and never obstructed by ice. The 
princi]ial village occupies a point of land jutting 
into the harbor, and makes a fine appearance. 
It is largely engaged in navigation, and has a 
thriving business. 3 miles S. from Eastport, 31 
S. E. from Calais, and 173 E. by N. from Augusta. 
Lucas County, lo., c. h. at Chariton. Southern 
central. 

Lucas County, 0., c. h. at Maumce City. Sit- 
uated in the N. W. part of the state, 'having 
the Maumee River for its S. E. boundary, and 
for its N. boundary the state line, dividing it 
from Michigan. It has been recently constituted 
a county, being a part of the former territory of 
Wood and Henry couniies. The surface is gen- 
erally level, a portion of it covered by the Black 
Swamp, and a portion of the northern part dry 
and sandy. In this county, not far from the 
present locality of Maumee City, was fought, 
August 20, 1794, the " Battle of the Fallen Tim- 
bers," in which the Americans, under General 
Wayne and General Scott, gained an important 
victory over the Indians, assisted by Canadian 
militia and volunteers. This part of the Mau- 
mee valley was also the theatre of important 
operations in the war of 1812. This county is 
at present but sparsely settled, but is destined, at 
no distant day, to become populous and wealthy. 
Ludlow, Ms., Hampden co. This was formerly 
a part of Springfield, and called Stony Hill 
The town is watered by branches of Chicopefl 
River, and by that river itself, at the S. part of 
the town, where is situated a flourishing manu- 
facturing village. 'The surface of the town is 
pleasant, with some elevations on its eastern 
section. The soil is good and productive. The 
North V^^ilbraham depot, on the Western Rail- 
road, is near the village in Ludlow. 9 miles 
from Springfield, and 89 from Boston. 

Ludlow, Vt., Windsor co. Black River passes 
through the centre of the town, and has many valu- 
able mill sites. In the upper part of its course it 
widens into 4 large basins, the largest in Ludlow 
being nearly circular, and 1 mile in diameter, 
known as the Ludlow and Plymouth Ponds. In 
the N. W. corner of the town is the '' Tiney Pond," 
several hundred feet above the level of the river, 
and nearly half a mile in diameter. There is 
another large collection of water in the western 
part of the town, and several extensive bogs upon 
both sides of the river. The soil upon the river 
is alluvial, and throughout the town is fertile. 
The prevailing rock is mica slate. The settle- 
ment was commenced in 1784-5, by emigrants 
from Massachusetts. 61 miles S. from Montpo- 
lier, and 18 S. W. from Windsor. 

Liidlowvitle, N. Y., Tompkins co. On Salmon 
Creek, which has a fall of nearly 100 feet at this 
place. W. by S. from Albany 172 miles. 

Lumherland, N. Y., Sullivan co. Bounded on 
the S. W. by the Delaware River, and watered by 
Mongoup liiver and several other tributaries of 
the Delaware. The surface is hilly, and heavfly 
timbered; soil gravelly loam. 12 miles S. W. 
from Monticello, and 125 from Albany. 

Lumberton, N. C, c. h. Robeson co. On the E. 
bank of Lumber River. 91 miles S. by W. from 
Raleigh. 

Lumpkin County, Ga., c. h. at Dahlonega. It 
is bounded N. by Union, E. by Habersham and 
Hall, S. by Forsyth, and W. by Cherokee and 
Gilmer counties. Watered by Etowah and Ches- 
tatee Rivers and branches. Surface hilly ; soil 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



439 



very rich on the streams. Gold dust of a superior 
quality is found here. 

Lunenbuvy, Ms., Worcester co. This was 
originally apart of "Turkey Hills;' or Fitch- 
burg, and was so called in compliment to George 
II., or to his title of Duke of Lunenburg. Many 
of the first settlers were emigrants from Scot- 
land and Ireland. The soil is fertile. Though 
the land is generally high, yet by reason of its 
cohesive texture, and having a clayey stratum 
within a few feet of its surface, it retains moisture 
sufficient for vegetation through the whole sum- 
mer, unless in seasons of severe drought. There 
are 3 handsome ponds, but the town is singularly 
destitute of water ])Ower. Lunenburg is a flour- 
ishing town, with a pleasant village near its cen- 
tre. This village is 5 miles N. W. from Shirley 
depot, on the Fitcliburg Railroad, and 37 from 
Boston. 

Lumiihurg. Vt., Essex co. On the W. side of 
Connecticut River, and watered by NeaPs Branch 
and Pond, and Catbow Branch, good mill 
streams. Some of the land is very good, but the 
most of it is stony. It is good for grazing. 
This town was probablv settled as early as 1770. 
13 miles S. from Guildhall, and 55 N. E. by E. 
from Montpelier. 

Lunenburg Couiittf, Va., c. h. at Lewistown. It 
is bounded N. by Nottoway Kiver, separating it 
from Prince Edward and Nottoway counties, E. 
by Dinwiddle and Brunswick counties, S. by 
Meherin River, separating it from Mecklenburg, 
CO., and W. by Charlotte co. Drained by small 
streams flowing into Nottoway and Meherin 
Kivers. 

Lunenburg^ Va., c. h. Lunenburg co. 78 miles 
S. W. from Richmond. 

Lurgan, Pa., Franklin co. AVatercd by the N. 
and S. branches of Conedogwinit Creek. Sur- 
face mostly slaty valley land. 13 miles N. from 
Chambersburg. 

Luray, Va.. c. h. Page co. It is situated 
on IlawksbiU Creek. 130 miles N. W. from 
Richmond. 

Luzerne^ N. Y., Warren co. On the E. side of 
the Hudson River, and watered by a chain of 
small lakes extending from Lake George to the 
Hudson. It is a hilly town, the E. i)art being 
covered by t!ie Palniertown Hills. 6 miles S. W. 
from Caldwell, and 55 N. from Albany. 

Luzerne County, Pa., c. h. at Wilkesbarre. 
Bounded N. Iiy Wyoming and Susquehanna 
counties, E. by Wayne and Monroe, S. by Car- 
bon and Schuylkill, and W. by Northumberland, 
Columbia, and Lycoming counties. Watered by 
Susquehanna and Lehigh Rivers. The surface 
is much diversified, and anthracite coal is abun- 
dant; soil fertile in the valleys. 

Luzerm. Pa., Fayette eo. In the great bend of 
the Monongahela River, which bounds it N. and 
W. It is also watered by Dunlap's Creek. Sur- 
face level : soil calcareous loam. 12 miles N. W. 
from Uniontown. 

Lycoming Cnunttj, Pa., e. h. at WiUiamsport. 
Bounded N. by Tioga and Bradford counties, E. 
by Wyoming and Luzerne, S. by Columbia, 
Northunberland, and Union, and W. by Clinton 
CO. Watered by the W. branch of the Susque- 
hanna and its tributaries. A canal passes 
through this county, and unites with the Penn- 
sylvania Canal at the mouth of the Juniata. 
Surface rougli and mountainous ; soil fertile in 
the valleys. 



T^ycoming, Pa., Lycoming co. Watered by 
Lycoming Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna 
River. Surface mostly mountainous ; soil rich 
calcareous loam in the valleys. 

LykenA, Pa., Dauphin co. Wiconiseo, Little, 
and Mahantango C^reeks water this town. Sur- 
face mountainous, containing coal ; soil red shale. 
26 miles N. from Uarri.-*burg. 

Lyman, Me., York co. This is a pleasant town, 
watered by several ponds, which empty, some 
into the Saeo, and others into the Kennebunk 
and Mousum. It lies 87 miles S. W. from Au- 
gusta, 5 E. from Alfred, and 6 N. N. W. from 
Kennebunk. 

Lyman, N. H., Grafton co.. is situated on Con- 
necticut River. Lyman's Mountain is in thii 
town : from it the N. W. branch of Burnham's 
River has its source. There are several ponds 
in the E. part of Lyman, through the largest of 
which Burnham's River has its course. The 
lower bar of Fifteen Mile Falls is in this town. 
Carleton's Falls are several miles below ; and 
below these is Stevens's Ferry, which communi- 
catcs with Barnet. The scenery in this town is 
wild and romantic. Lyman was granted, in 1761, 
to a number of proprietors, of whom was Daniel 
Lyman, from whom it probably received its name 
1.3 miles N. from Haverhill, and 100 N. E. from 
Concord. 

Lyme, Ct., New London co. Lyme is situated 
at the mouth of Connecticut River, on the E. 
side, opposite to Saybrook. It is a pleasant 
town, generally of good soil, but greatly diversi- 
fied in regard to surface ; some parts are moun- 
tainous and rocky, while others are level, with 
large tracts of salt meadow. The town is watered 
by several streams and ponds, and tlie shores on 
the sound and river are indented by small bays 
and harboi'S, which afford the town some naviga- 
ble privileges. There are several neat villages in 
the town. Incorporated 1667. Its Indian name 
was Nehautic. Among the first settlers was Mat- 
thew Griswold, the ancestor of two governors, and 
of a numerous and highly respected family in the 
state. 40 miles S. E. from Hartford. 

L^yme, N. H., Grafton co. The soil here is 
similar to that of other towns on Connecticut 
River, with this ditl'ercnce, that there is a less 
proportion of intervale, and a less difference be- 
tween that directly adjoining the river and the 
other parts of the town. Three small streams 
pass through the town. There are two small 
ponds ; the largest is called Port's. Here is an 
elevation called Smart's Mountain. The town 
received its name from Lyme. Ct. First settlers, 
Walter F'airtield, John and William Sloan, and 
others, from Connecticut. 20 miles S. from 
Haverhill, and 55 N. W. from Concord. 

Lyme, N. Y., Jefi'erson co. Watered by Chau 
mont and St. Lawrence Rivers, and comprises 
F'o.x and Grenadier Islands, lying in Lake On- 
tario, which bounds the town on the S. Surface 
slightly uneven ; soil fertile sandy and marly 
loam. 12 miles W. from Watertown, and 172 
N. W. from Albany. 

Lynclihurg, Va.. Campbell eo. On the S. side of 
James River, 20 miles heluw its passage through 
the Blue Ridge, and 1 16 W. from Richmond. The 
James River and Kanawha Canal is in operation 
between this place and Richnioml, with live pack- 
et boats for passengers, leaving and arriving every 
day except Sundays. The town is handsomely 
situated, on ground ascending from the river in 



440 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



the midst of bold and beauliful scenery, within 
view of the Blue Ridge and the Peaks of Otter. 
It was incorporated in 1805, and has risen to the 
rank of a flourishing eommercial mart. The 
bnildings, lioth public and private, are substan- 
tial and elegant, indicative of the wealth, intelli- 
gence, and taste of the inhabitants. Seven or 
eight of the prevailing religious denominations 
have churches here. There are six or seven 
large hotels, a large cotton factory, an iron 
foundery, several extensive flouring mills, and 
about thirty tobacco factories, in which from 
35,000 to 40,000 boxes of tobacco are manufac- 
tured annually. Lynchburg has an extensive 
trade witli the N., the N. W., and S. parts of Vir- 
ginia, and with-the adjacent parts of Ohio, Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. A bridge 
crosses the James Uiver in front of the town ; 
and by a dam, some distance above, water is 
taken out of the river, and raised, by machinery, 
through an ascending pipe 2000 feet long, to an 
elevation 253 feet above the stream, for the sup- 
ply of the inhabitants. A water power is also 
created by this dam which is capable of extensive 
application to manufacturing purposes. 

Lyndeboro', N. H., HiUsboro' co. This is an 
elevated township, having a considerable moun- 
tain, which divides it from E. to W. There is 
below the mountain a plain, where there is a 
small village, pleasantly situated near Piscata- 
quog River. The soil, though stony, is deep and 
strong, and excellent for grazing. The streams 
are small. In 1753, Benjamin Lynde, Esri,, of 
Salem, purchased a large part of the township 
and adjoining lands. From him the place took 
the name of Lyndeboro'. First settlers ; the 
earliest names were Putnam, Chamberlain, and 
Cram. 10 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and 
30 S. S. \V. from Concord. 

Li/ndon, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by 
Ischua and Oil Creeks. Surface undulating ; 
soil sandy loam and clay. 18 miles E. from 
EUicottvil'le, and 274 S. of W. from Albany. 

Lyndon, Vt., Caledonia co. Lyndon is one of 
the best townships in the state ; its surface is un- 
dulating, with a soil of rich loam, free from 
stone, and easy to cultivate. It is well watered 
by the Passumpsic and some of its tributaries. 
Two important falls of that river are in the town, 
one of 05 feet in the distance of 30 rods, the other 
of 18 feet. These are called Great and Little 
Falls, and afford a water power of great extent. 
Agaric mineral, used for chalk, and a good sub- 
stitute for Spanish white, is found here. The 
principal village is very pleasant, and the seat of 
considerable business. The settlement was com- 
menced by Daniel Cahorn, Jr., in 1 788. 14 miles 
N. E. from Danville, and 44 N. E. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Lynn, Ms., Essex co. This city lies on the N. 
shore of Massachusetts Bay, 9 miles, by the 
Eastern Railroad, N. N. E. from Boston, and 5 
miles S. from Salem. It extends 6 miles on the 
sea, this portion of the township being a plane, 
bounded on the N. by a chain of bold, rocky 
hills, chiefly composed of porphyry. Beyond this 
rocky barrier lies an extensive tract of woodland, 
into which Lynn extends about 5 miles. Its In- 
dian name was Saugus. It is surrounded al- 
most by water, having the River Saugus on the 
W., the harbor on the S., the ocean on the S. E., 
•and a chain of large ponds, called the " Lakes of 
Lynn," on the N. From the S. side a peninsula. 



with a splendid beach, extends four miles into tho 
ocean, at the extremity of which is the celclirated 
watering-place Naliant. Sec Fashionahle ilciyorts. 
On another projection of this romantic shore, is 
Phillips's Point, which also is a place of fashiona- 
ble resort in the summer season. A mineral 
spring in the N. part of the town is also a jjlace of 
much celebrity. 

The city is neatly built, on wide and jileasant 
streets, and is one of the most flourishing and 
beautiful places in New England. The ]jopula- 
tion in 1790 was 2291 ; 1800, 2837; 1810, 4087; 
1820,4515; 18.30.6138; 1840.9367; 1850, 14,257. 

There are in Lynn 15 churches of various de- 
nominations, nine or ten principal school houses, 
an academy, hanks, insurance offices, and a large 
number of literary, social, and hencHcent so- 
cieties. This place has risen to wealth and im- 
portance by the industry and enterprise of its 
people in the manufacture of shoes, for which 
it has been longer celebrated than any other 
town in the country. The manufacture of ladies' 
shoes was commenced here before the revolution- 
ary war. Previous to the war, the market for 
Lynn shoes was principally confined to New 
England, except that a few were sent to Phila- 
delphia. Many individuals with small capital 
carried on the business in their own families ; 
fathers, sons, apprentices, with one or two jour- 
neymen perhaps, all in one small shop, forming 
the whole establishment. After the revolution, 
the business assumed a different aspect. Enter- 
prising individuals emi>arked in it on a more 
enlarged scale, building large shops, and em- 
ploying a great number of journeymen. Master 
workmen exported their shoes to the south, and 
to other paits of the country, so tliat the shoes 
from Lynn soon took the place of the English 
and other imported shoes. 

There are in Lynn upwards of 130 jirincipal 
shoe manufacturers and merchants, giving em- 
ployment in this species of industry to about 
10,000 persons, of both sexes. More than 
3,000,000 pairs of ladies' and misses' shoes are 
made there annually. From 300,000 to 400,000 
pairs besides are purchased from other towns for 
the trade, making an annual business, in this 
article alone, of nearly 82,500.000. 

The other principal business of Lynn is the 
cod and mackerel fishery, which is often very 
productive. 

From the eminences back of the city a most 
enclianting prospect is presented to the eye, com- 
prehending the harbors of Boston and Salem, 
with their numerous islands ; the spires and 
domes of those cities, and nearly the whole com- 
pass of Massachusetts Bay, with the Blue Hills 
and the outline of Cape Cod stretching along 
the southern horizon. Jutting out into the sea, a 
few furlongs on the S., appear the rugged cliflTs 
of Nahant, and the hard, polished beach leading to 
it, like a narrow footpath of sand upon the waters. 

Lynn County, On. In the valley of the Willa- 
mette. 

Lynnjie/d, Ms., Essex CO. This was formerly 
the N. pari.sh of Lynn, and called Lynn End. 
The town is watered by Ipswich and Saugus 
Rivers and two very handsome ponds. The sur- 
face is uneven, but the soil is strong and fertile. 
Lynnfield contains large tracts of woodland, and 
no town, so near the city, presents more wild and 
romantic scenery. 13 miles N. from Boston, and 
8 W. by N. from Salem. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



441 



Lyons, Mil , Ionia co. On both sides of Grand 
River, 100 miles from its mouth, and at the head 
of steamboat navigation. The river has a fall at 
tliis place, affording good hydraulic power. 134 
miles \V. N. W. from Detroit. 

Li/oiis, N. Y., c. h. Wayne co. At the junc- 
tion of Mud Creelv and the Canandaigna outlet, 
which form Clyde River. Surface hilly; soil 
fertile sandy and calcareous loam. 171 miles 
N. of W. from Albany. 

Lysavdi'r, N. Y., <^)nondaga co. Bounded on 
the S. by Seneca River. Surface chiefly level, 
and soil of good (|Uiility. 15 miles N. \V. from 
Syracuse, and 158 from Albany. 

McArtharsiow}^^ 0., c. h. Vinton co. 71 miles 
S. E. from Columbus. 

McConnehville, 0., e. h. Morgan co. On the E. 
bank of Muskingum River, on a pleasant spot, 
from 10 to 30 feet above high water. 75 miles S. 
E. from Columbus, and 38 N. W. from Marietta. 

AfcCraken Coiinti/, Ky., c. h. at Paducah. 
Bounded N. by tlie Oliio River, separating it 
from Illinois, E. by Marshall, S. by Graves, and 
W. by Ballard co. Drained by Clark's River 
and branches. Surface level ; soil fertile. 

McDonald, Mo., c. h. Barry co. On the N. 
side of a small branch of White River. 200 miles 
S. W. from Jefferson City. 

McDonald County, Mo. In the S. W. corner 
of the state. Watered by branches of Elk River, 
a trilnitary of the Neosho. 

McDonouijh, Ga., c. h. Henry co. Between 
Towclagga and South Ockmulgee Rivers. 65 
miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. 

McDonouyh Cuuntij, Is., c. h. at Macomb. Incor- 
porated in 1829. Bounded N. by Henderson and 
Warren counties, E. by Fulton, S. by Schuyler, and 
W. by Hancock co. Watered by Crooked River 
and branches. Most of the land is fertile prairie. 

McDowell County, N. C, c. h. at Marion. In 
the W. part of the state. On the eastern slope 
of the Blue Ridge. Contains the westernmost 
sources of the Catawba. 

McHcnry Connti/, Is., c. h. at McHenry. 
Bounded N. by Wn., E. bv Lake co., S. by 
Kane and De Kalb, and NV. by Boone co. 
Watered by Des Plaines and Fox Rivers and 
branches, and the N. branch of Chicago River. 
The soil on the E. side of Fox River is clay, and on 
the W. rich sandy loam. Limestone is abundant. 

Mclndoes Falls, Vt. In the town of Barnet, 
Caledonia co. At the head of n,avigation on the 
Connecticut, and on the Passumpsic Railroad. 46 
miles E. by N. from Montpelier. 

Mcintosh County, Ga., c. h. at Darien. Bounded 
N. W. and N. E. by Liberty co., S. E. by the At- 
lantic Ocean, and S. W. by the Alatamaha River, 
separating it from Glynn and Wiiyne counties. 
Soutli Newport River runs on its N. E, border, 
and Sapcio River, Jones and Doctor's Creeks 
drain the interior. Surface level ; soil produc- 
tive. Sapelo, Black Bend. Wolf, and several 
other islands, belong to this county. 

McKnin County, Pa., c. h. at Smithport. In- 
corporated in 1804. Bounded N. by New York, 
10. liv Potter and Clinton counties, S. by Elk, 
and W. by Warren co. Watered by Alleghany 
River and branches, and by Sinnemahoning 
Creek, a head branch of theW. fork of the Sus- 
quehanna. Surface hilly, abounding with iron, 
eoal, and salt; soil suitable for grazing. 

McKean. Pa., I^rie co. Watered by Walnut 
56 



Creek and branches, and by Elk Creek. Surface 
hilly; soil gravelly loam. 9 miles S. from Erie, 
and 265 N. W. by'W. from Harrisburg 

Machias, Me., c. h. Washington co. On Ma- 
chias River. It contains numerous saw mills, and 
has an extensive trade in lumber. It is also a 
place where ship building is largely carrieil on, 
and the falls of the river above the tide water 
afford considerable water power. It formerly 
included Machias Port and East Machias. 143 
miles E. N. E. from Augusta. 

Macliius Port, Me., Washington co. 146 miles 
E. N. E. from Augusta, and 3 S. of Machias. It 
has an excellent harbor, and a great number of 
saw mills. 

Mackinac County, Mn., c. h. at Mackinac. This 
county embraces the whole upper peninsula of 
Michigan lying beyond the Straits of Mackinac, 
and between parts of Lakes Michigan and Supe- 
rior, containing about 13, .500 squ.are miles, and 
likewise several islands in the str.aits, which are 
about 40 miles long, between Lake Michigan 
and Lake Huron, and 4 miles wide, in the nar- 
rowest part. Mackinac Island is elevated about 
300 feet above the lake. A settlement was com- 
menced here in 1764. The interior is yet, to a 
great extent, a wilderness. 

Mackinac, Mn., c. h. Mackinac co. This vil- 
lage, 300 miles N. N. W. from Detroit, occupies 
the S. E. extremity of an island of the same 
name, at the W. extremity of Lake Huron. It 
has a fine, spacious harbor, is the centre of an 
extensive fur trade, and exports large quantities 
of fish. Fort Mackinac stands on a rocky emi- 
nence, 150 feet above the village, commanding 
the passage of the straits. This has long been a 
station of the Roman Catholic missions. The 
Protestant mission of the A. B. C. F. M. have 
also established schools here. 

Mci/^an County, Is., c. h. at Bloomington. 
Bounded N. by Woodford and Livingston coun- 
ties, E. by Vermilion and Champaign, S. by 
Piatt, De Witt, and Logan, and W.'by Taze- 
well CO. Watered by Mackinaw River and 
Kickapoo and Salt Creeks. Surface slighlly un- 
dulating, a large part being prairie ; soil fertile. 

McLcanshoro\ Is., c. h. Hamilton co. On a 
head branch of the N. fork of Salina Creek. S. S. 
E. from Springfield 156 miles. 

McMinn County, Te., e. h. at Athens. HiwasseB 
River and its br.auches water this county. 

McMinnville, Te., c. h. Warren co. 75 miles S. 
E. from Nashville. 

McNniry County, Te., c. h. at Purdy. Bounded 
N. by Madison and Henderson, and E. by Hardin 
CO., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Hardeman co. 
Drained by tributaries of Big Hatchee. 

McNutt, Mi., c. h. Sunflower co. 

Macomb County, Mn., c. h. at Mount Clemens 
Incorporated in 1818. Bounded N. by Lapeer 
and St. Clair counties, E. bv St. Clair co. and 
Lake St. Clair, S. by Wayne, and W. Ijy Oakland 
CO. Drained by Clinton River and its branches 
Surface level in the E., but more hilly and un- 
even in the W. ]jortions. Soil mostly very fertile, 
and well adapted to grass and grain. Saline 
springs are found here. 

Macon County, Aa., c. h. at Tuskegee. Bounded 
N. by Tallapoosa and Chambers, E. by Russell, 
S. by Barbour and Pike, and W. by Montgomery 
CO. Watered bj' Tallapoosa River anil branches, 
and by branches of Chattahoochee and Choctaw- 
hatchie Rivers. 



443 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Macon County, Ga., c. h. at Lanier. Bounded 
N. by Talbot and Crawford counties, E. by Hous- 
ton, S. by Dooly and Sumpter, and \V. by Mari- 
on CO. Flint River traverses this county from 
N. to S., and with its branches waters the sur- 
fa.ce. 

Macon, Ga. City, and scat of justice of Bibb 
CO., at the head of steam navigation on the 
Ockmulijee River, .30 miles S. W. from Milledge- 
ville. The town is built on both sides of the 
river, over which there is a bridge, about 400 
feet in length. This place has had a very rapid 
growth since 1822, when there was but a single 
cabin on the site where it now stands. By its 
population it now ranks among the largest places 
in the state. Besides the county buildings, which 
are large and handsome, there is an elegant mar- 
ket house, and 5 or 6 churches. A great amount 
of cotton is shipped from this place, employing 8 
or 10 steamboats on the Ockmulgee, besides tow 
boats and pole boats. There are 10 or 12 foreign 
commission houses, with a large capital em- 
ployed, and many stores occupied with an exten- 
sive retail trade. This city is connected by rail- 
roads with Savannah, 191 miles; Augusta, 165 
miles, and Charleston, 300 miles ; with Mont- 
gomery, on the navigable waters of the Alabama, 
276 miles ; and with other important points on 
the Chattahoochee and Tennessee Rivers. 

Macon County, Is., c. h. at Decatur. Bounded 
N. by De Witt, E. by Piatt and Moultrie, S. by 
Shelby and Christian, and W. by Christian, San- 
gamon, and Logan counties. Watered by Kas- 
kaskia River, by the N. fork of Sangamon River, 
and by Salt Creek. The surface is chiefly level, 
and soil fertile. 

Macon County, Mo., c. h. at Bloomington. 
Bounded N. by Adair and Knox, E. by Shelby, 
S. by Randolph and Chariton, and W. by Linn 
CO. Chariton and East Chariton Rivers, and the 
branches of Salt River, water this county. 

Micofi County, N. C, c. h. at Franklin. Bounded 
N. by Tennessee, E. by Haywood and Henderson 
counties, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and 
W. by Cherokee co. Watered by the head 
branches of Tennessee River. Surface elevated, 
and in parts mountainous. 

Macoupin County. Is., c. h. Carlinville. Incor- 
porated in 1829. Bounded N. by Morgan and 
Sangamon counties, E. by Montgomery, S. by 
Madison, and W. by Jersey and Greene counties. 
Watered bv Macoupin Creek and branches, and 
by the head branches of Cahokia and Wood 
Creeks. Surface gently undulating ; soil mostly 
of excellent quality. 

Macungy, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface level, and 
watered by Jordan and Little Lehigh Creeks. 
Soil fertile calcareous loam. 83 miles E. N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Madawasica Plantation, Me. Aroostook co. 
On tlie St. John's, opposite the mouth of the 
Madawaska. 

Madbury, N. H., Strafford co. The soil is gen- 
erally productive. In some parts of the town, 
bog iron ore and red and yellow ochre have been 
found. Bellamy Bank River is the only stream 
of anv magnitude, and Barbadoes Pond the only 
considerable body of water. This pond lies be- 
tween Dover and Madbury, and is 120 rods 
long and 50 wide. Madbury was formerly a 
part of Dover. 36 miles E. S. E. from Con- 
cord, and about 3 miles from the railroad depot 
at Dover. 



Madbury, N. H., Strafford co. 36 miles E. S 
E. from Concord. 

Madison C'oun/y, Aa., c.h. at Huntsville. Bound- 
ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Jackson co., S. by the 
Tennessee River, separating it from Marshall 
and Morgan counties, and W. by Limestone co. 
Watered by Flint River and other branches of 
the Tennessee. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil 
very fertile. 

Madison County, As., c. h. at Sevierville. It ii 
bounded N. by Missouri, E. by Carroll and New- 
ton, S. by Franklin, and W. by Wasliington and 
Benton counties. Watered by Wliite River and 
branches. 

Madison, Ct., New Haven co. This town was 
taken from Guilford in 1826. The soil is stony, 
and naturally hard to cultivate ; but it is made 
quite productive by the use o^ white fish, ploughed 
in. These fish appear in the Sound about the 
1st of June, and continue 3 or 4 months. They 
are taken in great quantities, and are considered 
an excellent manure. They were first thus used 
about the year 1798. This place has a small 
harbor and some navigation. Ship building is 
the most important mechanical pursuit. ISmilea 
E. by S. from New Haven. 

Madison County, Fa., c. h. Madison. Bounded 
N. by Georgia, E. by Suwance River, separating 
it from Columbia, Alachua, and Levy counties, 
S. and S. W. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by 
Oscilla River, separating it from Jefierson co. 
This county contains numerous small lakes, 
and has good water. Surface undulating; soil 
sterile in the central portions, but fertile elsewhere. 
Madison, Fa., c. h. Madison co. 
Madison County, Ga., c. h. at DanielsviUe. It is 
bounded N. by Franklin, E. by Elbert, S. by Ogle- 
thorpe and Clarke, and W. by Jackson co. 

Madison. Ga., c. h. Morgan co. 41 miles N. N. 
W. from Milledgeville. 

Madison County, Is., c. h. Edwardsville. It is 
bounded N. by Jersey, Macoupin, and Montgom- 
ery counties, E. by Bond and Clinton, S. by St. 
Clair CO., and W. by the Mississippi River, sep- 
arating it from Missouri. Drained by Cahokia, 
Silver, and Wood Creeks, and their branches. 

Madison County, la., c. h. at Andersontown. 
Bounded N. by Grant, E. by Delaware, S. by 
Hancock, and W. by Hamilton and Richardville 
counties. Watered by White River and its trib- 
utaries, which afford hydraulic power. Surface 
level ; soil productive. 

Madison, la. City, and seat of justice of Jef- 
ferson CO. On the N. side of the Ohio River. 86 
miles S. from Indianapolis, 92 W. from Cincin- 
nati, and 41 E. from Louisville. Tliis place is 
well situated on a bend of the river, above tha 
reach of the highest floods. In the rear of the 
city the hills rise abruptly to the height of 250 
feet. This is the S. terminus of the Madison 
and Indianapolis Railroad, which extends by 
branches in different directions beyond Intlian- 
apolis, N. and W. M.idison is handsomely built, 
mostly with brick. The streets arc broad and 
straight, and several of them arc paved. The 
principal public buildings are a court house, 
jail, a branch of the State Bank, and 5 or 6 
church edifices. It is a place of much enterprise 
and success in business. Large manufacturing 
operations are carried on here by steam power, 
among which are iron founderies, cotton facto- 
ries, a steam-engine factory, flouring mills, oil 
mills, &c. A great business is done here iu tha 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



443 



Blaaghtcring and packing of hogs, which iire 
driven in large droves from the interior. The 
advantages for commerce which this place pos- 
sesses must secure to it, as the resources of the 
state are more and more developed, a steady in- 
crease of prosperity and wealth. 

Madison Cvutily, lo., c. h. at Wiutcrset. S. 
central part of the state. 

Madison County, Ky., c. h. at Richmond. It is 
bounded N. by Kentucky River, separating it 
from Jessamine and Fayette counties. E. by 
Estill CO., S. by Laurel, and W. by Rockcastle 
and Garrard counties. Drained by branches of 
the Kentucky River. 

Madison Parish, La., c. h. at Richmond. It is 
bounded N. by Carroll parish, E. by the Missis- 
sippi River, separating it from Missouri. S. by 
Tensas parish, and \V. by the Bayou Macon, 
separating it from Franklin and Carroll parishes. 
Drained by Roundaway Bayou. 

Madison. Me.. Somerset eo. On the E. side 
of Kennebec River. 34 miles N. from Augusta. 

Madison Connttj, Mi., c. h. at Canton. Bound- 
ed N. by Atala, and E. by Leake co., S. E. by 
Pearl River, separating it from Franklin co., S. 
by Hinds co., and W. by the Big Black River, 
separating it from Yazoo co. 

Madison Conntij, Mo., c. h. at Fredericktown. 
Bounded N. by Francois, E.by Cape Girardeau, S. 
by Wavne, ajid W. by Reynolds co. Watered by 
St. Francis and Whitewater Rivers and branches. 

Madison Countj, N. Y., c. h. at Eaton. Formed 
from Chenango co. in 1806. It is bounded on 
the N. by Oneida, E. by Oneida and Otsego. S. 
by Chenango, and W. by Onondaga co. Wa- 
tered by Oneida Lake, which lies on the N. 
boundary, and by the streams flowing into it, 
and S. by the head branches of Unadilla, Che- 
nango, Ostelic, and Tioughnioga Rivers. Surface 
rather level in the N. parts, but more hilly in the 
S., being crossed by an elevated ridge. Soil fer- 
tile, especially in the valleys. Gypsum and wa- 
ter limestone are the most important mineral 
productions, and marl and bog iron ore are found 
in several places. Near Chittenango village are 
2 celebrated sulphur springs. The Erie Canal, 
and Syracuse and Utica Railroad pass through 
the N. part of this county. 

Madison County, 0., c. h. at London. Union 
bounds it on the N., Franklin and Pickaway on 
the E., Fayette on the S., and Greene, Clark, and 
Champaign counties on the W. It was settled 
in the year 1815; the land is excellent for grazing, 
and is watered by Darby and Deer Creeks. 

Madison, I'a,, Columbia co. Watered by Lit- 
tle Fishing and Mahoning Creeks. Surface quite 
uneven; soil loam and clay. 10 miles N. from 
Danville. 

Madison Count:/. Te., c. h. at Jackson. Bonnded 
N. by Gibson and Carroll, E. by Henderson, 
S. by McNairy and Hardeman, and W. by Hay- 
wood CO. Drained by the S. fork of Forked 
Deer and its branches. 

Madison County, Va., c. h.at Madison. Bound- 
ad N. E. and E. by Rappahannock and Culpep- 
per, ,S. E. by Orange. S. W. by Madison, and N. 
W. by Page CO. Watered by Robertson's, and 
other branches of Rapid Ann Rivers. Surface 
somewhat uneven ; soil of medium quality. 

Madison, Va., c. h. Madison co. 97 miles N. 
W. from Richmond. 

Madison, Wn. Capital of the state, and seat 
of justice of Dane co., 80 miles W. from Milwau- 



kie. and 90 miles N. E. from Galena, Illinois. It 
is pleasantly situated between two small lakes, 
which constitute the third and fourth of the chain 
denominated " the Four Lakes," which are among 
the sources of the Rock River. There is a regu- 
lar and gentle descent each way from the site on 
which the town is built to the lakes on either side, 
affording a delightful prospect of the water. The 
town is regularly laid out, with a handsome cen- 
tral square, 914 feet on a side, and streets inter- 
secting each other at right angles. The first 
improvements here were made by the general 
government, when Wisconsin was organized as a 
ten-itory. Having selected this spot as the ter- 
ritorial seat of government, appropriations were 
made for laying out the town, enclosing the pub- 
lic square, and erecting a capital in its centre. 
This handsome edifice is of stone, two stories 
liigh above the basement, surmounted with a 
dome, which can be seen at the distance of 10 
miles in every direction. In 18;37. the contractor 
with the government for building the cai)ital, with 
40inenand5 females, started from Milwaukie, 
and cut their way through the wilderness in a te- 
dious journey of II days, to commence their un- 
dertaking. The growth of the place has been 
rapid, and its prosperity substantial. It has now 
churches for several of the principal religious de- 
nomimttions. many handsome hotels, stores, and 
public buildings, and is a great thoroughTare of 
travel between important points on Lake Michigan 
and Green Bay on the E. and N., and the Upper 
Mississippi on the W. 

Madison .S/)i'/h(7S, Ga., Madison co. 99 miles 
N. from Milledgeville. The chalybeate waters here 
are efficacious in the cure of many complaints ; 
and good accommoilatioiis are provided to render 
a residence at the springs agreeable. 
- Madisonvi/le. Ky., c. h. Hopkins co. On high 
land between Green and Tradewater Rivers. 127 
miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. 

Madisonvillf, La.. St. Tammany parish, A sea- 
port on Chcfonte River, a northern tributary of 
Lake Pontchartrain. 35 miles N. from New Or- 
leans. 

Madrid, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by 
Grass River and several small streams flowing 
into the St. Lawrence, which bounds it on the N. 
W. The Isle au Rapid Plat and some smaller 
Islands are attached to this town. Surface slight- 
ly undulating; soil fertile loam. 12 miles N. 
from Canton, and 227 N. N. W. from Albany. 

Mahaska, lo.. c. h. at Askaloosa. S. central. 

Muhoninri County, {)., e. h. at Enfield. On the 
N. E. border. The N. E. corner is traversed by 
the W. fork of Beaver River and the Ohio and 
Pennsylvania Canal. 

Mahoning, Pa., Mercer co. Bounded S. by the 
Susquehanna River, and drained by Mahoning 
Creek. Surface varied ; soil gravel and clay. 

Mahoning, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Great 
and Little Mahoning Creeks, and on the borders 
of the latter iron ore is found. Surface hilly ; 
soil clay. 17.'t miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 

Maiden Creek, Pa., Berks co. Watered by the 
Schuylkill River and its tributary. Maiden Creek. 
Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. 60 miles K 
from Harrisburg. 

Maidstone, Vt., Essex co. Watered by Paul's 
Stream and Maidstone Lake. The settlement 
here is mostly conffned to the margin of Connec- 
ticut River, along which a road passes through 
the township. The settlement was probably com- 



444 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



mcnced about the year 1770. 3 miles N. from 
Guildhall, and 71 N. E. from Montpelier. 

Maiden, Ms., Middlesex co. This town is con- 
nected with Charlestown by a bridge across Mys- 
tic River, of 2420 feet in length, built in 1787. 
It was formerly a part of Charlestown, and called 
Mystic Side. Maiden has a rich soil, varied sur- 
face, and good water power. There are two de- 
lightful and flourishing villages in the town, 
through both of which the Maine railroad passes. 
5 miles from Boston. 

Maiden, N. Y., Ulster eo. On the W. bank of 
Hudson Kiver, 43 miles S. by W. from Albany. 
Leather and flagging stone pavements are export- 
ed from this place in large quantities. 

Ma/ane, N. Y., c. h. Franklin co. It is bounded on 
the N. by Canada, and is drained by Salmon and 
Trout Rivers. The Ogdensburg Railroad passes 
through it. 61 miles E. from Ogdensburg, and 
212 miles N. N. W. from Albany. 

Malta, N. Y., Saratoga co. Drained by the 
outlet of Round and Ballston or Long Lakes, 
and by Anthony's Kill. Saratoga Lake also lies 
on the N. E. boundary. Surface undulating ; soil 
clay loam and sand. 6 miles S. E. from Balls- 
ton Spa, and 24 N. from Albany. 

Mamakating, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by 
Bashe's Kill, nearly parallel to which runs the 
Delaware and Hudson Canal. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous, Shawangunk Mountain 
lying in the E., and a high ridge in the W. part. 
12 miles E. from Monticello, and 101 S. S. W. 
from Albany. 

Mamaroneck, N. Y., Westchester co. Bounded 
on the S. by Long Island .Sound, and drained by 
Mamaroneck Creek. Surface hilly ; soil clay 
and sandy loam. 7 miles S. from White Plains, 
and 138 S. from Albany. 

Manayunk, Pa., Philadelphia CO. On the 
E. bank of the Schuylkill River. 7 miles N. 
N. W. from Philadelphia, and 99 miles E. by S. 
from Ilarrisburg. The waste water of the Schuyl- 
kill Canal makes a large water power. The 
Norristown Railroad passes through this place. 
There is a large amount of manufacturing and 
other business done here. 

Manchester, Ct., Hartford CO. An important 
manufacturing town on the Hockanum. The 
first cotton mill in this state was built here in 
1794. The face of the town is uneven, but the 
soil, a sandy and gravelly loam, is quite produc- 
tive. 9 miles E. from Hartford. 

Manchester, Ky., e. h. Clay co. On the W. side 
of Goose Creek," a branch of Kentucky River, and 
il9 miles S. E. from Frankfort. 

Manchester, Ms., Essex co. This town was for- 
merly a part of Salem, called JeftVey's Creek, 
and was settled by William Jeffrey, as early as 
1628. The surface of the town is rocky, but 
pleasantly diversified ; the soil is various, but 
generally good. Massachusetts Bay is on 
the S. of this town. The harbor here is well 
protected. The village is pleasantly situated on 
a southern declivity towards the harbor. Slan- 
chcstcr is celebrated for producing the magnolia, 
a beautiful flowering tree, rarely found in New 
England. It is about a dozen feet in iieight, with 
deep-green leaves and white flowers. It possesses 
a delicious fragrance, and flowers about the first 
of July. 8 miles N. E. from Salem, and 22 N. E. 
from Boston. The railroad between Beverly and 
Gloucester passes through the town. 

Manchester, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town lies 



on'the E. side of Merrimae River, on which iti> 
bounded, 9 miles ; it is otherwise bounded N. by 
Hooksett, E. by Chester, and S. by Litchfield. 

Massabesick Lake lies at the E. of the town. 
It is a fine sheet of water, with many islands, and 
presenting some of the finest prospects in this 
part of the state. This lake or pond is divided 
into two nearly equal parts by a narrow strait 
crossed by a bridge ; each of these parts is about 
3 miles long by 1 mile wide. Its outlet, the Cohas 
Brook, is a fine mill stream, and the only con- 
siderable stream rising in the town. 

The soil of a considerable part of the town is 
light and sandy. The intervales on the river are 
inconsiderable, but of easy cultivation and pro- 
ductive, and the swells afford some fine farms. 

The Amoskeag Falls, between Manchester and 
Golfstown, are the largest on the Merrimae. At 
an ordinary stage of the water, the fall to the 
foot of the locks is 47 feet, and the whole fall in 
the distance of a mile is 54 feet. A permanent 
stone dam is erected across the river at the head 
of the falls, and on the E. side, guard gates of 
most substantial masonry are constructed, through 
which the water passes into a spacious basin con- 
nected with the upper canal for the use of the 
mills, and with the Amoskeag Canal for pur- 
poses of navigation. 

The upper canal is 4950 feet long, 75 feet wide 
at the basin, from which it is gradually narrowed 
to 45 feet, is 10 feet deep, and walled throughout 
with stone. The lower canal, which occupies the 
place of the Amoskeag Canal, is 7500 feet long, 
of a size and depth corresponding with the upper 
can.al, and constructed in a similar manner. The 
fall from the upper into the lower canal is 20 
feet, and from the latter into the river varies from 
20 to 30 feet. The water power is estimated by 
competent engineers to be suHicient to drive 
216,000 spindles, with all the machinery to com- 
plete the manufacture of the cloth. The rapid 
tall of the river below prevents any obstruction 
from back water. 

There are now in operation at this place 7 
large cotton mills, 4 owned and operated by 
the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, and 3 
by the Stark Mills Corporation, containing 105,000 
spindles and 3000 looms, employing 640 males 
and 3500 females, consuming annually 36,000 
bales cotton, 635,000 pounds potato starch, 
31,000 gallons sperm oil, 6700 cords wood, 1200 
tons anthracite coal, and producing 39,500,008 
yards of sheeting, shirting, ticking, denims, me- 
rino stripes, and cotton flannel. 

There are connected with these mills an ex- 
tensive blue dyeing establishment, long ranges 
of cotton warehouses and buildings for repair 
shops and counting houses, numerous blocks of 
boarding houses for the operatives, containing 
166 tenem^its, all of which buildings are built of 
bricks in the most substantial manner, with slated 
roots, and well adapted for the purposes for 
which they are used. 

There is a large machine shop and foundery 
owned by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Com- 
pany, in which are employed 500 hands, and con- 
sumes 350 tons bar iron and steel, 400 tons an- 
thracite coal, 3000 tons pig iron, 30,000 busliels 
charcoal, and can furnish annually 25 locomo- 
tives and the machinery necessary for a 25,000 
spindle mill. There are blocks of houses con- 
taining 66 tenements for the help employed in the 
shop and foundery, and more in contemplation. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



445 



The mousseline de lainc works owned by the 
Manchester Print Works Corporation include two 
large mills, print works, dye house, and bleach 
house, with the necessary appurtenances. These 
mills contain 48,000 spindles, 1230 looms, and to- 
gether wiih the print works connected therewith 
give employment to 600 males and H50 females, 
and consume annually about 600,000 pounds of 
cotton, 1,100,000 pounds of wool, 4000 cords of 
wood, 1000 tons of coal, 10.000 };allons of olive 
oil, 8000 gallons of sperm oil, 6000 gallons of 
whale oil, 60.000 pounds of oil soap, and 60,000 
pounds of starch, and produce about 10,000,000 
yards of mousseline de laines and fine prints, that 
are celebrated for the brilliancy of their colors 
and the taste displayed in the patterns. 

Since the beginning of the year 1839, a large 
village has grown up near the mills, in which arc 

8 meeting houses erected at an expense of 
more than $50,000, for the use of the Congrega- 
tionalists. Baptists, TJniversalists, Methodists, 
Freewill Baptists, Episcopalians, and Unitarians. 
Several of these are large and hand.some buildings. 

9 school houses afford accommodations for 15 
schools, and upwards of 900 scholars. There are 
4 large hotels, 75 stores, and more than 400 pri- 
vate dwellings. A town house 90 by 68 feet, 2 
Btories high, with a spacious town hall, cupola, 
clock, bell, &c., erected in 1841, at an expense of 
$23,000, was destroyed by fire in August, 1842, 
and is now rebuilt. 

The village is beautifully situated on a plain 
about 90 feet above the river, the boarding 
houses of the corporations occupying the slope 
towards the canals. It is laid out upon a plan 
at once neat and convenient. The principal 
street is 100 feet wide, .and extends more than a 
mile N. and S., and from 60 to 100 rods dist.aut 
from the river; 10 other streets intersect this at 
right .ingles, and 4 others run parallel to it. These 
streets are about 50 feet wide. Four large 
squares have been laid out for public use, some 
of which are enclosed and planted with trees. 

A public cemetery, called the Valley, contain- 
ing 20 acres, at a short distance i'rom the village, 
is a beautiful spot. It is intersected by a deep 
valley and a running stream, and is laid out with 
winding paths ami avenues. It is always a place 
of great resort, and of just pride to the citizens. 

An Athenaeum was established in January, 
1844, which has a library of 2200 volumes, and 
a reading room for periodicals and newspapers ; 
and a law library has been commenced, which has 
now about 400 volumes. 

Two free bridges across the Merrimac connect 
this town with Goffstown and Bedford. These 
are new and handsome structures, erected at an 
expense of more than 828,000. 

The villages of Piscataquog and Amoskeag, on 
the W. side of the river, are connected by these 
bridges with Manchester, and, in fact, constitute 
with it but one place of business. 

At the mouth of the Cohas is a thriving vil- 
lage growing up around the mills on that stream. 

The growth of the city of Manchester is 
unrivalled by .any place in this country except 
Lowell, and is a magnificent specimen of the en- 
terprise and skill of the New England people. 
The population within the limits in 1838 was 
about .50 ; in 1848, it contained 12,000 inhal)i- 
tants ; in 1850, 13,933. Manchester was incor- 
porated as a city in 1846. 

Manchester is on the great Northern Railroad, 



58 miles from Boston and 17 from Concord. It 
is also connected by railroad with the Boston 
and Maine Railroad, direct to Lawrence, Ms., 27 
miles, and thence to Salem, Ms., 23 miles, where 
it is connected with the Eastern Railroad. 

Manchester, N. J., Passaic co. Incorporated in 
1836. It is watered by Ramapo, Pompton, and 
Passaic Rivers, which afford extensive water priv- 
ileges. Surface hilly and mountainous. 

Manchester, N. Y., Ontario co. Drained by the 
Canandaigua outlet. Clifton Springs, situated in 
the E. part of this town, are quite celebrated. 8 
miles N. E. from Canandaigua. 

ilaiichester, Te.. c. h. Coffee co. On the head 
waters of Duck liiver. 68 m. S.E. from Nashville. 

Manchester, Vt., Bennington co. One of the 
county towns. Situated between the Green Moun- 
tains on the E., and Equinox Mountain on the 
W. There are two neat villages in this valley. 
The town is watered by the Battenkill and its 
branches, and affords good mill sites. The soil 
along the watercourses is good, but the principal 
part of the town is better for grazing than tillage. 
Here are large quarries of beautiful marble, and 
a curious cavern ; also a variety of minerals. 25 
miles N. by E. from Bennington, and about 40 
W. from Bellows Falls, across the mountains. 

Manchester, Va., Chesterfield co. On the S. 
side of James River, opposite Richmond. There 
are numerous manufactories here, among which 
are those of cotton seed oil, tobacco, and Hour. 

Manhattanville, N. Y., New York co. On the 
E. side of Hudson River, and has a good landing. 
8 miles N. from the City Hall, New York. The 
New York Lunatic Asylum is located near this vil- 
lage. There is an extensive white lead factory here. 
The Hudson River Railroad passes through it. 

Manhciin. N. Y., Herkimer co. Bounded on the 
S. by the Mohawk River, and drained by East 
Can.ada Creek, one of its tributaries. This is a 
hilly town, with a fertile soil. 10 miles E. from 
Herkimer, .and TON. W. from Albany. 

Manheim, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Great 
Conestoga on its E., and Little Conestoga Creek 
on its S. W. border. Moravia Creek also traverses 
its N. E. corner. Surface undulating ; soil cal- 
careous loam and clay. 33 miles E. S. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Manheim, Pa., York co. Watered by Hammer, 
a branch of Codorus Creek. Surface undulating; 
soil rich loam. 16 miles S. W. from York. 

Manheim, Pa., Schuylkill co. Watered by the 
Schuylkill and tributaries; gravelly and barren. 

Manitowoc County, Mw., c. h. at Manitowoc. On 
the W. shore of Lake Michigan, opposite Lake 
Winnebago. 

Manlius, N. Y., Onondaga co. Chittenango and 
Limestone Creeks water this town, the surface of 
which is somewhat rolling, and the soil uncom- 
monly fertile. U) miles E. from Syracuse, by 
railroad, and 120 N. of W. from Albany. 

Mannington. N. J., Salem co. Surface level, 
and watered by Salem River and Mannington 
Creek ; soil rich loam. 6 miles N. E. from Salem. 

Manny, La., c. h. Sabine parish. 30 miles S. 
W. from Natchitoches. 

Manor, I'a., I,ancaster co. Drained by streams 
flowing into Conestoga River, which forms its S. 
E. boundary. 6 miles S. W. from Lancaster. 

Mansfield, Ct., Tolland co. Mansfield, the In- 
dian Nawbrsetuck, was taken from Windham in 
1703. The face of the town is uneven, and some 
of the hills have considerable elevation. The 



44t> 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



town is watered by Willimantie Kiver, and the 
Natchaug and its tributaries — Mount Hope and 
Fenton. A larger quantity of silk is manufac- 
tured here than in any other place in the United 
States. This branch of industry was introduced 
into the country by Dr. Aspinwall, of this place, 
above 70 years since, who established the rais- 
in;; of silk worms in New Haven, Long Island, 
and Philadelphia. 27 miles E. from Hartford. 

Mansjield, La., c. h. De Soto eo. 

Mansfield, Ms., Bristol CO., was originally the 
north parish of the town of Norton. Mansfield is 
watered by several branches of Taunton River. 
The soil is thin, and the surface level. About 
the year 1836, a mine of anthracite coal was dis- 
covered here in digging a well. Among a varie- 
ty of berries, which flourish in Mansfield, is the 
white whortleberry, rarely known to exist in any 
other place. The New Bedford and Taunton 
Railroad meets the Boston and Providence Rail- 
road in the centre of the town. 1 1 miles N. W. 
from Taunton, and 24 S. from Boston. 

Mansfield, N. J., Burlington co. Drained by 
Black's, Craft's, and Assiscunk Creeks, branches of 
the Delaware River. Along the river is a kind of 
clay which makes superior fire bricks. Surface 
level ; soil sand, clay, and loam of good quality. 
7 miles N. from Mount Holly. 

Mansjield, N. J., Warren co. Musconetcong 
and Pohatcong Creeks water this town, which is 
also traversed by the Morris Canal. Surface 
mountainous, containing iron ore and a chalybe- 
ate spring. Soil rich calcareous loam. 48 miles 
N. N. W. from Trenton. 

Mansjield, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered 
by branches of Cattaraugus Creek and of the Al- 
leghany River. Surface undulating ; soil sandy 
loam, yielding good crops of grass and grain. 
5 miles' W. from Ellicottville, and 297 S. of W. 
from Albany. 

Mansjield, O., c. h. Richland co. Pleasantly 
situated on elevated ground. 63 miles N. E. 
from Columbus. 

Muralhon, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by 
Tioughnioga River and some of its branches. 
Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam. 15 miles 
S. E. from Cortland, and 145 W. from Albany. 

Marblehead, Ms., Essex co., was originally a 
part of Salem, and for some time after its settle- 
ment was called Marble Harbor. It is bounded 
on the N. by Salem Harbor, E. and S. by Mass.a- 
chusetts Bay, and W. by Salem and Salem Har- 
bor. The surface is exceedingly irregular and 
rocky, and considerably elevated. The harbor, in 
front of the town, a mile and a half long, and 
half a mile wide, formed by a narrow neck at the 
S. W., wliich separates it from Lynn Bay, and 
connects the town with Great Neck, is deep and 
excellent, capable of being entered at all times 
by ships of the largest size, and by a breakwater, 
constructed in 1845, for the protection of Little 
Harbor, will be rendered a safe retreat from 
storms. This harbor is protected by Fort Sew- 
all, near its entrance. Marblehead has always 
been noted for the enterpri.se of its people in the 
fisheries. The village is very pleasant in summer, 
and an excellent place to witness the raging of 
the ocean in a storm. A railroad passes from this 
town to Salem, 4 miles, and to Boston, 16 miles. 

Marhletown. N. Y., Ulster co. Drained by Esopus 
and Rondout Creeks, aiul iscros.sed l)y theShawan- 
gunk Mountain. The soil is productive. 7 miles 
S. W. from Kingston, and 65 S. S. W. from Albany. 



Marcellus. N. Y., Onondaga co. Drained by 
Nine Mile Creek. A hilly town, with a fertile 
soil. 10 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and 140 N. 
of W. from Albany. 

Marcy, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Nine 
Mile Creek, a bran<'h of the Mohawk River, which 
forms its S. boundary. Surface hilly, the ijassen- 
cleaver Mountain partly covering it ; soil chiefly 
clay and sandy loam. 6 miles N. from Utica, 
ami 100 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Marengo County, Aa., c. h. at Linden. Bound- 
ed N. by Greene, E. by Perry, Dallas, and Wil- 
cox, S. by Clarke Co., and W. by tlie Tombig- 
bee River, separating it from Washington and 
Sumpter counties. The Warrior River runs on 
its N. W. border. Soil sterile. 

Marengo, lo., c. h. Iowa co. 

Marianna, Fa., c. h. Jackson co. On the W. 
side of Chipola River. 77 miles W. N. W. from 
Tallahassee. 

Marietta, lo., c. h. Marshall co. 

Marietta, O., c. h. Washington co. On both sides 
of the Muskingum, at its entrance into the Ohio. 
It is regularly laid out with wide streets, and neatly 
and compactly built. It is the oldest town in 
the state, having been laid out in 1788, and named 
after the unfortunate Marie Antoinette, queen of 
Louis XVI. After 50 years of very slow prog- 
ress, it has recently taken a decided start, and the 
arrangements for railroad communication with 
Cincinnati, Wheeling, Pittsburg, Baltimore, and 
Philadelphia promise to enhance its importance 
104 miles E. S. E. from Columbus, and 300 by 
the river above Cincinnati. 

Marietta, Pa., Lancaster co. On the N. E. bank 
of Susquehanna River, above the junction of 
Little Chiques Creek, and 27 miles S. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Marion County, Aa., c. h. at Pikeville. Bounded 
N. by Franklin co., E. by Walker, S. by Fayette 
CO., and W. by Mississippi. Watered by Bear 
Creek, a branch of the 'Tennessee River, and by 
Buttahiitchie River and branches. 

Marion, Aa., c. h. Perry co. 58 miles S. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Marion County, As., c. h. at Yellville. Bound- 
ed N. by Missouri, E. by Fulton co., S. by Searcy, 
and W. by Carroll co. Drained by White River 
and its branches. 

Marion, As., c. h. Crittenden co. 6 miles W. 
from the Mississippi River, and 140 E. N. E. from 
Little Rock. 

Marion County, Ca. In the N. peninsula, be- 
tween the Bay of San Francisco and the Ocean. 

Marion County. Fa. In the centre of the pen- 
insula. 

Marion County, Ga., c. h. at Tazewell. Bounded 
N. by Talbot, E. by Macon, S. by Sumpter and 
Stewart, and W. by Muscogee co. Drained by 
branches of Flint River. 

Marion, Ga., c. h. Twiggs co. 41 miles S. S. 
W. from MiUedgeville. 

Marion County, Is., c. h. at Salem. Incorpo- 
rated in 1823; and is bounded N. by Fayette, 
E. bv Clay and Wayne, S. by JeflTcrson, and W. 
by ■(Vashi'ngton, Clinton, and Fayette counties. 
Watered by Kaskaskia River and branches, ami 
the Skillet Fork of Little Wabash River. A 
large part of the surfiice is prairie land. 

Marion, Is., c. h. Williamson co. 172 miles 
S. S. E. from Springfield. 

Marlon County. la., c. h. at Indianapolis. 
Bounded N. by Boone and Hamilton counties, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



447 



E. by Hancock and Shelby, S. by Johnson and 
Morf;an, and W. by Hendricks co. Drained by 
the W. folk of White River, and by Fall and 
Eagle Creeks. Surface level ; soil of excellent 
quality. 

Marion, la., c. h. Grant co. On Missisinewa 
Kiver, 25 miles from its junction with the Wa- 
bash, and 7.3 N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 

Marion, lo., c. h. Linn co. 4 miles E. from 
Cedar River. 

Marion. lo., c. h. at Knoxville. S. central. 

Marion Connli/. Ivy., c. h. at Lebanon. A cen- 
tral county. Watered by the Rolling Fork of 
Salt River and its tributaries. 

Marion, Ky., c. h. Crittenden co. 

Marion, As., c. h. Crittenden co. 

Marion. Ms., Bristol co. A new town, taken 
from Rochester. 

Marion County, Mi., c. h. at Columbia. Bound- 
ed N. by Lawrence and Covington, E. by Perry, 
S. by Harrison and Hancock counties, S. W. by 
Loui-iiana, and W. by Pike co. Drained by 
Pearl and Leaf Rivers and Black Creek. Soil 
fertile on the horder.s of the streams. 

Marion, Mi., c. h, Lauderdale co. On the 
head branches of Oktibbeha Creek. E. from 
Jackson 1 10 miles. 

Marion County. Mo., c. h. at Palmyra. Bound- 
ed N. by Lewis co., E. by the Mississippi River, 
separating it from Illinois, S. by Ralls and Mon- 
roe, and W. by Shelby co. Drained by South 
Fabius and North Rivers, branches of the Missis- 
sippi. Surface undulating ; soil very rich. 

Marion, Mo., c. h. Cole co. On the S. bank of 
Missouri River. 15 miles N. W. from Jeflferson 
City. 

Mitrion City, Mo., Marion co. The landing for 
the town of Palmyra. It extends li miles along 
the W. bank of the Mississippi. 

Marion County, N. C., c. h. at Monroe. Mid- 
way of the southern border. 

Marion, N. C, c. h. McDowell co. 

Marion. N. Y., Wayne co. Surface uneven ; 
watered by a branch of Mud Creek ; has a soil 
well adapted for grain. 14 miles N. W. from 
Lyons, and 1 95 N. of W. from Albany. 

Marion County. 0., c. h. at Marion. Cranford 
is on the N., Richland on the E., Hardin on the 
W., and Delaware and Union counties on the S. 
It was constituted in February, 1820, and settled 
the same year ; but it wa.s not organized until 
January, 1824. The principal waters are the 
Scioto, Little Scioto, and Whetstone Rivers. 
The land is ricli and fertile, and part of it is 
an open plain ; it is well improved. 

Marion Comity. On. In the valley of the Wil- 
lamette. 

Marion District, S. C, c. h. at Marion Court 
House. Bounded N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. 
by the Little Pcdee River, separating it from 
Horry district, ,S. W. by Great Pedee River and 
Lynch's Creek, separating it from Georgetown 
and Williamsburg districts, and N. W. by Dar- 
lington and Marlboro' districts. Surface level, 
and in some portions marshy. 

Marion. S. C. c. h. Marion district. On the E. 
side of Catfish Creek, a Ijranch of the Great Pe- 
dee River, and 146 miles E. from Columbia. 

Marion County. Te.. c. h. at Jasper. Bounded 
N. by Warren and Bledsoe, and E. by Hamilton 
CO., S. by Georgia and Alabama, and W. by 
Franklin and Coffee counties. Drained by Ten- 
nessee and Sequatchie Kivcrs and branches. 



Marion County, Te. New ; taken from Smith 
CO. In the N. central part of the state. 

Marion County, Va,, c. h. at Fairmonnt. N. 
W. part. Includes part of the valley of the Up- 
per Monongahela, the two forks of which unite 
in the S. part of the county, and thence How N. 
through it. Hilly. Crossed from E. to W. by the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Marion, Va., c. h. Smyth co. On the Middle 
Fork of Holston River. W. by S. from Richmond 
275 miles. * 

Mariposa County, Ca. About the banks of the 
San Joaquin. 

MarksviUe, La., c. h. Avoyelles parish. 

Marlboro', Ct., Hartford co. Marlboro' was 
taken from 3 towns which belonged to .3 ditfcrcnt 
counties, in I8U.'3. The surface of the town is 
hilly and stony, and the lands best adapted for 
grazing. Dark Hollow, in the western part of 
the town, presents some wild scenery of more 
terror than beauty. 14 miles S. E. from Hart- 
ford. 

Marll>oro\ Ms., was granted to some people at 
Sudbury in 1655. Its Indian name was Okom- 
makamesitt. The town is remarkable for its tine 
undulating surface and fertile soil. The Assa- 
bet River waters the western part of the town, 
and affords Feltonvillc, a flourishing manufactur- 
ing village, a fine water power. The town is 
otherwise watered by se^■eral small streams, and 
a number of beautiful ponds. The villages are 
handsome, and largely engaged in the shoe trade, 
and other manufactures. 27 miles W. from Bos- 
ton, and 14 S. W. from Concord. 

Marlboro', N. H., Cheshire co. There are sev- 
eral ponds in this town, which are the sources 
of some of the branches of Ashuelot River. 
The soil is rocky, but good for grazing. 6 miles 
S. ¥j. from Kecne, and 58 S. W. from Concord. 
The Cheshire Railroad passes through the town. 

Marllioro. N. Y., Ulster co. Bounded on the 
E. by the Hudson River, and is watered by the 
Old Man's Kill, one of its branches. Surface 
hilly ; soil clay loam, based upon slate. 20 miles 
S. from Kings'ton, and 88 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Marlboro', Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by 
Perkiomen and Swamp Creeks. Surface undu- 
lating, containing iron ore ; soil red shale. 

Marllioro' District, S. C. c. h. at Benncttsville. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. 
by Marion district, S. W. and N. W. by the Yad- 
kin River, separating it from Darlington and 
Chesterfield districts. 

Marlboro', Vt., Windham co. The town is 
well watered by the W. branch of West River, 
Whetstone Brook, and Green River. It has a 
good soil, and is very productive in grain. Hero 
are a pleasant village, several fine trout ponds, 
various kinds of minerals, and medicinal springs. 
The settlement was commenced in the spring of 
1763, by Abel Stockwell. from West Springfield, 
Ms., and Thomas Whitmore, from Middleton, 
Ct. 8 miles S. from Nowfane, and 24 E. from 
Bennington. 

Murlow, N. H., Cheshire ct^ Ashuelot River 
passes through almost the whole length of this 
town. There are no ponds of note, nor any 
mountains. The soil is wet, but productive. 
There are excellent tracts of meadow land on 
Ashuelot River, and other streams. The laml is 
uneven, and produces the various kinds of grain. 
First settlers. Josepli Tubbs, Samuel and John 
Gustin, N. Koycc, N. Miller, Nathan Huntley, 



44S 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



and others. 15 miles N. from Kecne, and 50 
W. by S. from Concord. 

Marquette County, Wn., c. h. at Marquette. 
Bounded E. by Winnebago and Fond du Lac, 
and S. by Dodge and Portage counties, and W. 
and N. by Puckaway Lalce and Fo.x River, sep- 
arating it from Portage co. 

Marshall Count//, Aa., c. h. at Warrenton. 
Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separating 
It from Madison and Jackson counties, E. by Ue 
Kalb CO., S. by Blount, artS W. by Morgan co. 
Drained by small streams flowing into the Ten- 
nessee River. 

Marshall County, Is., c. h. at Lacon. Illinois 
River runs on the W. border of this county. 

Marshall, Is., c. h. Clarke co. 123 miles" E. S 
E. from Springfield, on the national road. 

Marshall County, la., c. h. at Plymoutli. Bound- 
ed N. by St. Joseph co., E. by Kosciusko, S. by 
Fulton, and W. by Stark co." Watered by Yel- 
low and Tippecanoe Rivers. 

Marshall, lo , c. h. at Marietta. Central. 

Marshall County, Ky., o. h. at Benton. W. 
part of tlie state. Washed on the N. E. by the 
Tennessee River. 

Marshall, Mn., c. h. Calhoun co. 105 miles 
W. of Detroit. On the Northern Michigan 
Railroad. 

Marshall County, Mi., c. h. at Holly Springs. 
Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Tippah and 
Pontosoc counties, S. by the Tallahatchie River, 
separating it from Lafayette co., and W. by Po- 
nolo and De Soto counties. Watered by the 
head branches of Tallahatchie and Coldwater 
Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil productive. 

Marshall, Mo., c. h. Saline co. 87 miles N. W. 
from Jefi'erson City. 

Marshall. N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by the 
Oriskany Creek, and is also crossed by the Che- 
nango Canal. The surface is rolling ; soil rich 
sandv lo.am. 12 miles S. W. from Utica, and 
106 N. of W. from Albany. 

Marshall County, Te., c. h. at Lewisburg. 
Bounded N. by Williamson co., E. by Bedford, 
S. by Lincoln and Giles, and W. by Maury co. 
Watered by Duck River and tributaries. Surface 
undulating ; soil productive. 

Marshall County, Va., c. h. at. Elizabctlitown. 
Bounded N. by Ohio co., E. by Pennsylvania, S. 
by Tyler co., and W. by the Ohio River, separat- 
ing it from Ohio. Drained by Grave Creek and 
other small branches of the Ohio. Surface hilly; 
soil well adapted to grazing and the growtli of 
grain. 

MarshfieJd, Ms., Plymouth co. Until its in- 
corporation in 1641, this town was a part of 
Duxbury, and was called Green's Harbor, or 
Rcxham. Its Indian name was Missancatacket. 
North River separates Marshfield from Scituate 
on the N., and Massachusetts Bay bounds it on 
the N. E. The surface is pleasantly diversified. 
South and North Rivers give to Marshfield a 
good water power. The lamented Wkuster's 
country seat was situated in the S. part of the 
town, about 12 miles N. from Plymouth. 

Marshfield, Vt., TfVasbington co. The surface 
of tliis towruship is very uneven. That part of it 
W. of the river is timbered with hard wood, and 
tile soil is good. E. of the river the timber 
consists principally of evergreens, and the sur- 
face is broken, wet, and stony. The town is wa- 
tered principally by Winooski River. Here in 
this stream is a fall, said to be 500 feet in the 



distance of 30 rods. In the N. E. part of the 
town is a considerable natural pond. The rocks 
are principally slate and granite. In the N. part 
of the town is a pleasant village. The town was 
granted to the Stockbridge tribe of Indians Oc- 
tober 16, 1782, and chartered to them June 22, 
1790. The township was purchased of the In- 
dians by Isaac Marsh, Esq., of Stockbridge, Ms., 
from whom the town derives its name, for JEUO, 
and was deeded to him July 29, 1789. The im- 
provements were commenced here in the spring 
of 1790, by Martin and Calvin Pitkin, frotn East 
Hartford, Ct. 15 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 

Marshpee District, Ms., Barnstable co. A tract 
of 22 square miles, reserved for the Marshpeo 
Indiaits. It was incorporated in 1834 as a dis- 
trict, the people having the privilege of choosing 
their own officers, and managing their own atiairs. 
assisted by a commissioner appointed by the 
state. The land cannot be sold without the con- 
sent of all the inhiibitants, who are only 102 by 
the census of 1850, — the largest remnant of New 
England Indians west of the Penobscot, — and of 
these only five or six are of pure blood. 

The land is good for grain, and is well watered 
by Marshpee and Qnoshmet Streams, and numer- 
ous ponds. It lies on the ocean, 12 miles S. W. 
from Barnstable. 

Martic, Pa., Lancaster co. Beaver, Muddy, 
and Pecquea water this town, affording good 
hydraulic power. The Susquehanna River also 
runs on its S. W. border. Surface hilly ; soil 
calcareous loam. 10 miles S. from Lancaster. 

Martin County, la., c. h. at Mount Pleasant, 
Bounded N. by Green, E. by Lawrence and (Jr- 
ange, S. by Dubois, and W. by Daviess co. The 
E. fork of White River drains this county, its 
branches affording water power. The surface E. 
of White River 'h rough and hilly, and W. level, 
or slightly uneven. 

Martin County. N. C, c. h. at Williamston. Bound- 
ed N. by the Roanoke River, separating it from 
Bertie co., E. by Washington Co., S. by Beaufort 
and Pitt, and W. by Edgecombe co. Surface 
level, and some portions marshy. 

Martinez, Ca., c. h. Contra Costa Co. 

Martinsburg. N. Y., c. h. Lewis co. Watered by 
Martin's Creek, a branch of Black River, which 
bounds it on the E. Surface undulating ; soil 
rich loam, well adapted to the growth of grain. 
142 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Martinsburg, Va., c. h. Berkley co. 21 miles 
N. W. from Harper's Ferry, anil 169 N. by W. 
from Richmond. 

Martinville, la., c. h. Morgan co. On a beau- 
tiful plain about half a mile E. from the E. 
branch of White River. 

Martinville, Va., c. h. Henry co. On Smith's 
River, a branch of Dan River. 194 miles S. W. 
from Richmond. 

Maryland, N. Y., Otsego co. Schenevas Creek 
waters this town, the surface of which is billv. 
Crumhorn Mountain lying in the W. part. Tho 
soil, consisting of clay loam, is fertile in the val- 
leys. 12 miles S. from Cooperstown, and 66 W. 
from Albany. 

Marysrille, Ca., c. h. Yuba CO. On the Ynha, 
just above its confluence with the Feather 
River. 

Marysville, 0., C. h. Union co. On the S. 
side of Mill Creek, a brancli of Little Scioto 
River. 30 miles N. W. from Columbus. 

Maryville, Te., Blount co. On a branch 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



449 



of Pistol Crock, a tributary of Little River. 18 
miles S. S. AV. from Knoxville. This is the seat 
of the Southwestern Theological Serninury. See 
Jlieolofjical Seminaries. 

Mason Coimti/, Is., c. h. at Bath. AV. central 
part of the state. In the an^le formed hy the 
junction of the Sanf^atnon with the Illinois. 

if'ison Count!/, Ky., c. h. at Washiniiton. 
EoundcJ N. by the Ohio River, E. by Lewis, S. 
by Fleming, and W. by Nicholas and Bracken 
counties. Drained by North Lick, a In-anch of 
Licking River. 

Mason C'onnli/, Mn. On the E. shore of Lake 
Michigan, halfway from the head to the foot. 

Mason, N. II., Ilillsboro' co. Tlie surface is 
uneven ; the hills arc chiefly large swells, with 
narrow valleys between them. The streams are 
rapid. There .are no natural ponds. Souhegan 
is the principal stream, affording many fine mill 
sites. The soil in the E. part is light ; in tlie W. 
is a strong, deep soil, but stony. 15 miles S. W. 
from Amherst, and 45 S. S. W. from Concord. 

Mason Couiifi/, Va., c. h. at Point Pleasant. 
Bounded N. E. by Jackson co., S. E. by Kana- 
wha. S. W. by Cabell co., and N. AV. and N. by 
the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio. Great 
Kanawlia River and its branches, and some 
email branches of the Ohio, water this county. 
Surface rough ; soil mostly fertile. Salt is found 
near the Kanawlia. 

Masonville, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by 
Borne small branches of the Delaware and Sus- 
quehanna Rivers. The surface is hilly and 
mountainous. 2.3 miles AV. from Delhi, and 
105 S. AV. from Albany. 

Massanullon, Va.. Page co. 183 miles N. AV. 
from Richmond. Near this village is a stream 
from Massanutton Mountain, which h.a.s an un- 
broken fall of nearly 50 feet, presenting a most 
beautiful spectacle. 

Massena, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Racket and 
Grass Rivers water this town, which comprises 
2 large islands, lying in the St. Lawrence River, 
ftnd contains a sulphur spring of some celebrity. 
Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile loam, based 
upon lime. 28 miles N. from Canton, and 236 
N. N. AV. from Albany. 

Massi/lon, O., Stark co., is on the Ohio Canal 
85 miles S. from Cleveland, and 116 N. E. from 
Columbus. This place was laid out in 1826. 
It is now one of the most flourishing and in- 
viting places in the interior of Ohio. It is the 
teat of a large commercial and manufactur- 
ing business, contains iron works and flouring 
mills extensive business blocks, good hotels, 
fine churches, a model Union School, splendid 
private residences, and all the adornments of 
shrubbery, shade, and good taste, which charac- 
terize an intelligent, enterprising, and prosperous 
people. The location of tlie town on the Tus- 
carawas River is a beautiful one, and afl^ords 
good soil and a variety of landscape, with elioicc, 
sightly building spots in abundance. Many of 
these are occupied and improved with rare taste. 
Superior building stone abounds in the immedi- 
ate vicinity of Massillon, and the public and 
private improvements are of the most durable 
character. A substantial stone bridge has re- 
cently been finished over thi^Tuscarawas. 

The Union School at Massillon is deservedly 

the pride of all the citizens. It was one of the 

first established in Ohio, and stands first in site, 

building, and good management. All the chil- 

S7 



dren of the to:vn arc free scholars, and may 
advance from the primary to the highest depart- 
ment. Over 500 attend regularly. 

Massillon is known as the AVheat City, and 
justly so. No town in the state, or in the Union, 
it is saiil, is the market of such large quantities 
of wheat, direct from tlie hands of the producers, 
as Massillon. The receipts from wagons alone 
some days have been as high as thirty thousand 
bushels. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad 
running from this place to Pittsburg, Pa., and 
connecting witli the railroad from Cleveland 
to Pittsburg, brings Massillon into connection 
with all the great lines of steam communication 
through the east and west. 

Matagorda Cuitnti/, Ts.. c. h. at Matagorda. 
S. part. On the coa.st and includes both banks 
of the Lower Colorado. 

Malli'aumn, N. A'., Dutchess co. On Fishkill 
Creek, a mile and a half from the landing on the 
Hudson River. The creek falls 40 feet, and gives 
a great water power, improved for the manufac- 
ture of stnft's for hats, machinery, &c. 

Matlheirs Counti/, Va.., c. h. at Matthews. Thij 
county consists of a peninsula situated between 
Piankatauck Bay on the N., Chesapeake Bay on 
the E., MobjackBay on the S., and Gloucester 
CO. on the AV. 

Mauch Chunk, Pa., Carbon co. Township and 
village. In the midst of the Schuylkill coal fields. 
The surface is mountainous, the soil gravel. 
The village is on the AV. bank of the Lehigh 
River, at the head of the Lehigh Canal, in a 
deep and romantic ravine, between rocky moun- 
tains, which rise precipitously 800 or 1000 feet 
An inclined plane and a railroad 1) miles long ex- 
tend to the coal mines. 

Maunife Citij, O., c. h. Lucas co. On the AV. 
side of Slaumee River, and at the head of navi- 
gation, which is here interrupted by the rapids. 
The place has considerable trade, for which its 
location on the river, and on the AVabash and 
Erie Canal, gives it good facilities. The canal 
is here connected with the river by a side cut 
The water power at this place is very extensive, 
and is jjartially improved for several flouring 
mills and factories. 8 miles S. from Toledo, and 
124 miles N. N. AV. from Columbus. 

Maurice Rirer, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded 
S. by Delaware Bay. and AV. by Maurice River, 
and drained by Tuckahoe and TarkiU Creeks, 
tributaries of Maurice River. Surface level; 
soil clay and loam on the streams, and sandy 
elsewhere. 20 miles S. E. from Bridgeton. 

Maurij, La., c. h. Sabine parish. 

Maury Counti/, Tc, c. h. at Columbia. Bounded 
N. by Williamson CO., E. by Marshall, S. by 
Giles and Lawrence, and AV. by Hickman CO. 
AVell watered by Duck River and branches. 

Maxatawnti, Va., Berks co. Drained by Maiden 
Creek and its tributary Sacony Creek, both mill 
streams. Surface level ; soil rich calcareous 
loam and gravel. 74 miles N. E. from Ilarrisbnrg. 

MayfiM, N. Y., Fulton co. AVatered by sev- 
eral streams flowing into the Saeandaga River. It 
is a hilly and mountainous town, the N. part 
being traversed by a range of hills called the 
Mayfield Mountains ; soil chiefly sandy and clay 
loam. 8 miles N. E. from Johnstown, and 52 
N. W. from Albany. 

May's Landinij, N. J., c. h. Atlantic co. Situ- 
ated on both sides of Great Egg Harbor 'River, 
at the head of sloop navigation. 16 miles from 



450 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



the ocean, and 73 miles S. from Tienton. It 
has a considerable wooil and lumher trade. 

Mai/seilk, Is., c. h. Clay co. Near tlie Little 
Wabash River, on the margin of Twelve Mile 
Prairie. 122 miles S. E. from Springfield. 

ilaysville, Ky., Mason co. This city is located 
on the S. bank of the Ohio River, and is enclosed 
in the rear by a ridge of high hills. It has 
3 streets running parallel with the river, and 
others crossing them at right angles. The har- 
bor for boats is good ; and a large part of the 
goods imported into the N. E. section of the 
state arc landed here. There are some manu- 
factures of leather, cotton, tiour, &c. 81 miles 
N. E. by E. from Frankfort. 

Maysville, Mo., c. h. De Kalb co. 

ilai/sville, N. Y., c. h. Chautauque co. At the 
N. end of Chautauque Lake. 344 miles W. by 
S. from Albany. A steamboat plies on the lake 
between this place and Jamestown, at the other 
end of the lake. 

Mead County, Ky., c. h. at Brandenburg. Bound- 
ed N. W. and N. E. by the Ohio River, separat- 
ing it from Indiana, E. by Hardin co., and S. and 
W. by Breckenridge co. Drained by Otter and 
Spring Creeks, and other small branches of the 
Ohio. 

Meadi'iUe, Mi., c. h. Franklin co. On the W. 
bank of Homochitto River. 80 miles S. W. from 
Jackson. 

Meadvilte, Pa., seat of justice of Crawford co., 
37 miles S. from Erie, and 234 N. by W. from 
I Harrisburg. Pleasantly situated on the E. side 
of French River, from which it gradually rises 
to its central part, where is a handsome public 
square, containing about 5 acres. On the E. side 
of the square stands the court house, which is a 
fine edifice of brick and hammered stone, orna- 
mented with a cupola. The place has 7 or 8 
churches, an academy, a state arsenal, and a con- 
siderable number of stores. It is the seat of 
Alleghany College. See Colleges. 

ilechamcsburc/, O., Champaign co. 36 miles W. 
by N. from Columbus. 

Mecklenhurg County, N. C, C. h. at Charlotte. 
Bounded N. by Iredell co., E. and S. E. by Ca- 
barrus and Union counties, and S. W. and W. by 
Catawba River, separating it from South Caroli- 
na and Lincoln co. Drained by branches of the 
Catawba River. Surface undulating ; soil fer- 
tile. Rich gold ore is found here. 

Mecklenhurg County, Va., c. h. at Boydton. 
Bounded N. by Meherin River, separating it from 
Lunenburg co., E. by Brunswick co., S. by North 
Carolina, and W. by Halifax and Charlotte coun- 
ties. Drained by the Roanoke River and its 
branches. 

Medjield, Ms., Norfolk co. This was a part of 
Dedham, and called Dedham village until its in- 
corporation. It is a pleasant, flourishing town, 
watered by Charles and Stop Rivers, containing 
a good soil and diversified surface. 8 miles S. 
W. from Dedham, and 17 S. S. W. from Boston. 
The Norfolk County Railroad passes near this 
town. 

Med/ord, Ms., Middlesex co. This beautiful 
town is situated at the head of navigation on 
Mystic River. The soil is very fertile, and in a 
high state of cultivation. Winter Hill, memora- 
ble as the place of encampment of General Bur- 
goyne and his army, after their capture at Sara- 
toga, borders the town. It is 125 feet above tide 
water, and presents a view of great extent and 



beauty. Mcdford has long been, and still is, dis- 
tinguished for ship building. It is connected 
with Boston by railroad, and is the locality of 
many beautiful country seats. 5 miles N. W. 
from Boston, and 14 E. by S. from Concord. 

Medina County, O., c. h. at Medina. Bounded 
on the N. by Cuyahoga and Lorain, E. by Por- 
tage, S. by Wayne and Stark, and W. by Lorain 
counties. The Ohio Canal passes through the 
S. E. corner of it, and the other waters are Black 
and Rocky Rivers. 

Medina County, Ts., c. h. at Castroville. In 
the W. central part of the state. Watered by the 
Medina, an upper tributary of the San Antonio. 

Medway, Ms., Norfolk co. This was attached 
to Medficid until its incorporation as a town in 
1713. The surface is unduIatinLT, with soil of a 
moderate quality. Medway is finely watered by 
Charles River on the E. and S., and otherwise 
by its branches. There are a number of pleas- 
ant villages in Medwaj'. Factory village is a 
place of considerable business. There are man- 
ufactures of cotton, woollens, boots, shoes, 
scythes, bells, cabinet wares, ploughs, &c., to the 
annual value of half a million dollars or more. 
22 miles S. E. from Boston, with which it com- 
municates by the Norfolk County Railroad. 

Meigs County, 0.. c. h. at Pomeroy. AVashed 
by the Ohio River, and the interior parts by Shade 
and Leading Creeks. 

Meigs County, Te., c. h. at Decatur. Bounded 
W. by the Tennessee River, separating it from 
Rhea CO. Surface hilly ; soil productive. 

Melende:, Ts., c. h. Benton co. 

Melmore, 0., Eden township, Seneca co., is a 
thriving place on the N. bank of Honey Creek. 80 
miles N. from Columbus, and 8 S. E. from TifBn. 

Mclonville, Fa., c. h. Orange co. 

Melrose, Ms., Middlesex co. A new town, 
formed from the N. part of Maiden, on the Maine 
Railro.ad. 7 miles from Boston. A new and 
handsome village, principally inhabited by pei^ 
sons doing business in Boston. 

Memphis, Te., Shelby co. On the Mississippi 
River. 135 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. It 
is built on the site of old Fort Pickering, upon 
an elevated bluff, called the Fourth Chickasaw 
Bluff, immediately below the mouth of Wolf 
River, near the S. W. corner of the state. This 
place is increasing rapidly, and becoming an im- 
portant mart of trade. Large (juantities of cot- 
ton are brought from tlie interior to this port, 
and sent off in various directions. This place is 
favorably situated to obtain timber for ship 
building, and the river is deep enough to float 
the largest ships, when built, down to New Or- 
leans. A U. S. naval depot is located here, to 
which is attached a ropewalk 1400 feet in length. 

Menard County, Is., c. h. at Petersburg. It is 
bounded N. by Mason co., E. by Logan, S. by 
Sangamon and W. by Cass co. Watered hj 
Sangamon River and its branches. 

Mendham, N. J., Morris co. Watered by the 
head streams of the N. branch of the Raritan 
River, and by branches of Whippany River. 
Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil clay and 
calcareous loam. 56 miles N. from Trenton. 

Mendon, Ms., Worcester co. Mendon is the 
oldest town in the cnnnty, except Lancaster. It 
was originally settled by people from Braintree 
and Weymouth. Nipmug was its original name. 
May 15, 1667, this plantation, which was then 
called Quinshepauge, was incorporated by the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



451 



Bameof ^/cnrfoii, probably after Mendham, in the 
county of Suffolk, England. The face of the town 
is fertile, producing large crops of hay and grain, 
and has for a long time been noted for the variety 
and abundance of its winter apples. This is a 
pleasant, healthy, and flourishing town. 32 miles 

5. W.from Boston, and 18 S. E.from Worcest*. 
ihndon, N. Y.,' Monroe co. Irondequoit and 

Honeoye Creeks water this town, the surface of 
which is undulating, and the soil of good finali- 
ty. 12 miles S. from Rochester, and 209 N. of 
W. from Albany. 

Mendon, Vt., Rutland co. There is some good 
land in the tbwn, but it is generally too liigh up 
the Green Mountains for cultivation. Mendon 
was ctuirtercd to Joseph Banker and others. Feb- 
ruary 23, 17SI, by the name of Medway. Par- 
ker's Gore was annexed to it, and the whole 
incorporated into a township by the name of 
Parkcrstown, November 7, 1804; and, November 

6, 1827, the name was altered to Mendon. 47 
miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. 

Mentz, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the N. 
and W. by the Seneca River, and watered by 
the Owasco outlet. The Erie Canal crosses the 
Owasco outlet by a stone aqueduct, in this town, 
and the Montezuma Salt Springs lie a short dis- 
tance N. from the canal, and communicate with 
it by a side branch. Surface undulating ; soil 
rich, sandy loam. 8 miles N. from Auburn, and 
156 N. of"W. from Albany. 

Mercer Coiiufy, Is., c. h. at Millcrsburg. It is 
bounded N. by Rock Island co., E. by Henry and 
Knox. S. by Warren and Henderson counties, 
and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it 
from Iowa. Drained by Edwards and Pope 
River and the N. fork of Henderson River. Sur- 
face undulating, much of the middle and E. por- 
tions consisting of prairies ; soil very fertile. 

Mercer Cotinty, Ky., c. h. at Harrodsburg. It 
is bounded N. Iiy Anderson, E. by Woodford 
and Garrard, S. by Lincoln and Casey, and W. 
by Marion and Washington counties. Bounded 
N. E. by Kentucky River, and drained by head 
Dranches of Salt River. Soil of excellent quality. 

Mercer, Me., Somerset co. 32 miles N. N. W. 
fi'ora Augusta. 

Mercer County, Mo. On the N. border, of the 
state. On the upper waters of Crooked Fork of 
Grand River. 

Mt^rcei' County, N. J., c. h. at Trenton. Bound- 
ed N. by Somerset co,, E. by iNIiddlcsex and Mon- 
mouth, S. by Burlington, W. by the Delaware 
River, separating it from Pennsylvania, and N. 
W. by Hunterdon co. Drained by Assunpink 
Creek, a tributary of the Delaware, and by a head 
branch of Millstone River, a tributary of the 
Raritan. 

Mercer County, Pa., c. h. at Mercer. Is distin- 
guished for its large extent of water power, for 
its bituminous cannel coal, iron ore, lime, and 
fine soil, and especially for its being the county 
where the Chenango or Mercer potato was first 
produced from the potato ball. They were pro- 
duced upon the banks of the Neshanock Creek, 
which enters into the Chenango, and are called 
there the Neshanock jiotato. Bounded N. by 
Crawford co., E. by Venango and Butler, S. by 
Beaver co.. and W. by Ohio. Drained by Ma- 
honing River, by Chenango Creek and branches, 
and by Deer, Sandy, and ^^llppery Rock Creeks. 
Surface uneven : soil fertile, and particularly 
adapted to grazing 



Mercer County, 0., c. h. at St. Mary's. Van- 
wert bounds it on the N., Dark on tlie S., Allen 
and Shelby counties on the E., and the state of 
Indiana on the W. The land is level, rich, and 
fertile, and is watered by the St. Mary's and 
Wabash Rivers and their branches. 

Mercer, Pa., c. h. Mercer co. Near Neshan- 
dock Creek. .'j7 miles N. by W. from Pittsburg, 
and 234 W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Mercer County, Vaf, c. h. at Princeton. Bound- 
ed N. E. by New River, separating it from Mon- 
roe CO., S. E. by Giles, S. by Tazewell, and W. 
and N. W. by Logan and Fayette counties. 
Drained by Blue Stone and East Rivers, and 
Lick Creek, all branches of New River. 

Mei-cershury. Pa., Montgomery township, Frank- 
lin CO. On a branch of Conccocheagne Creek. 
1 5 miles S. W. from Chambersburg, and 62 S. 
W. from Harrisburg. Marshall College is located 
here. Sec CoUeqes. 

Meredith, N. H., Belknap co There is in this 
town a pond adjoining Centre Harbor, about 2 
miles long and 1 wid(!, emptying into the lake 
near the village. Besides this, there are several 
smaller pouds. There is probably no town in 
the country more pleasantly and advantageously 
situated, or of a better soil, than Meredith. The 
Winnipiseogee Lake and River bound it on the 
N. and E. Near the upper part of the town, the 
traveller passing along the road is presented with 
a beautiful landscape. On the E. and S. E., the 
placid Winnipiseogee, the largest lake in New 
Hampshire, with its numerous islands, arrests 
the eye, and bounds the circle of vision in a S. 
E. direction. On the N. E., Ossipee Mountain 
rises to view. On the N., the prospect is inter- 
cepted by Red Hill. Meredith Bridge is a hand- 
some and flourishing village, and the seat of 
much business. The water power of Meredith is 
immense. It is connected with the principal vil- 
lage of Gilford, by a bridge over the Winnipiseo- 
gee. The railro.ad from Concord to Montreal 
passes through this town. By the Concord and 
Montreal Railroad, 24 miles N. from Concord, 
and 1 mile N. W. from Gilford. 

Meredith Village, N. H., in Jleredith, Belknap 
CO. At the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake, 37 
miles N. from Concord. See Meredith, N. H. 

Meredith, N. Y., Delaware co. Drained by sev- 
eral small tributaries of the E. branch of the 
Delaware, and by Oleout Creek, a branch of the 
Susquehanna River. Surface hilly ; soil suitable 
for grazing. 6 miles N. from Delhi, and 77 S. 
W. from Albany. 

Mtriden, Ct., New Haven co. 17 miles N. E. 
from New Haven, 17 S. W. from Hartford, oa 
the Quinepiac River, and the Hartford and New 
Haven Railroad. Hilly, but fertile. A flourish- 
ing manufacturing town, particularly of hard- 
ware, of which it produces a large value and 
great variety. 

ISliriwether County, Ga., c. h. Greenville. Bound- 
ed N. by Coweta co., E. bv i"lint River, sepa- 
rating it from Pike CO.. S. E. by Talbot, S. W. 
by Harris, and W. by Troup co. Drained E. by 
branches of Flint, and W. by branches of Chat- 
tahoochee River. 

Merrimac County, N. H., c. h. at Concord. N. 
by Grafton and Belknap counties, E. by Strafford 
and Rockingham, S. by Hillsboro', and W. 
by Sullivan. Its greatest length is 36 miles ; its 
breadth, at the broadest part, 26 miles. The 
surface is uneven ; the soil very fertile. The 



452 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



northerly part is rough and mountainous. Kear- 
sage is the highest mountain, its summit heing 
about 2400 feet above tlie level of tlie sea. The 
Ragged Mountains, so called from their appear- 
ance, lie N.E. of Kearsiige, and between Andovcr 
and Hill. They are nearly 2000 feet high, at 
the N. points of the range. Bear's Hill, Suna- 
pee. Catamount, and Peak are the other most 
considerable elevations. A part of Lake Suna- 
pee lies in Newbury ; and there are numerous 
ponds interspersed throughout the whole territory. 
The Merrimac River meanders through nearly 
the centre of the county, and forms the boundary 
'Some distance at the N. E. part. It receives 
''rom the W. Blackwater and Contoocook Rivers, 
and from the E. Soucook and Suueook, and other 
smaller streams. 

Mtrrimac, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The Merri- 
mac waters the E. borders of this town, opening 
a communication by water from this place to 
Boston. Souhegan also passes through it, and 
has fine water privileges. Babboosuek Brook 
empties into Souhegan River, and Penichook 
Brook forms the southern boundary. The soil is 
fertile, and there are fine intervales on the Merri- 
mac. This town claims the first manufacture, in 
this region, of Leghorn bonnets. They were 
first made by the Misses Burnaps. Some of 
their bonnets sold at auction for S50 each. The 
first house in this town was erected on the mar- 

fin of the river for a house of tralHc witli the 
ndians. 6 miles S. E. from Amherst, and 28 S. 
from Concord, by railroad. The railroad between 
Lowell and Concord passes through this town. 

Mithaen, Ms., Essex co. On the N. bank of 
the Merrimac. It was taken from Haverhill in 
1725. In this town is a pleasant and flourishing 
village, on both sides of Spigot ]{iver, which 
here has a fall of 36 feet, over a rocky precipice. 
The natural resources of tlie town are various — 
a fertile soil, abundance of wood, and inexhaust- 
ible beds of excellent peat. The site of the vil- 
lage is very elevated, ami commands an extensive 
prospect of the beautiful and romantic scenery 
with which it is environed. It adjoins the city 
of Lawrence on the N. 25 miles N. by W. from 
Boston, and 20 N. W. by N. from Salem. 

Metropolis City, Is., c. h. Monroe co. On the 
Ohio River. 

Mexico, Me., Oxford co. This town lies on the 
N. side of Androscoggin River, and is watered 
by two of its tributaries. It has a good soil and 
a good water power. It lies 47 miles W. N. W. 
from Augusta, and 20 N. from Pai-is. Incorpo- 
rated 1818. 

Mexico, Mo., c. h. Audrain co. On the E. side 
of Salt River. 47 miles N. from Jeft'erson City. 

Mexico, N. y., Oswego co. Drained by Salmon 
Creek, a tributary of Lake Ontario, which bounds 
this town on the N. Surface undulating ; soil 
productive. 16 miles E. from Oswego, and 152 
N. W. from Albany. 

Miami County, la., c. h. at Peru. Bounded N. 
by Kosciu.sko CO., E. by Wabash and Grant, S. 
by Richardvillc, and W, by Cass and Fulton 
counties. Drained by Wabash, Eel. and Missis- 
sinewa Rivers. The Erie and Wabash Canal 
also passes through this county. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil very fertile. 

Miami County, 0., c. h. at Troy. Shelby is on 
the N., Champaign and Clark on the E., Mont- 
gomery on the S., and Dark on the W. The 
county was organized in 1 807, and settled in 1 799, 



by John Knorp, from Pennsylvania, and Shadrach 
Hudson, from New Jersey. It is well improved, 
very productive, and is watered by the Miami 
Canal and River, South-west Branch, Spring, 
Honey, and Lost Creeks. 

Miami, O., Hamilton co. 119 miles W. S. 
W.*from Columbus. It is on the W. bank of 
Miami River, about 15 miles from its junction 
with the Ohio. The Miami is here crossed by 
a bridge. A iMcAdamized turnpike leads to Cin- 
cinnati, 14 miles E. 

Miamisburg, O., Montgomery co. This is a 
very flourishing, pleasant town, on the E. bank 
of the Great Miami River. The Miami Canal 
passes through it, and a very large artificial 
mound is within its limits. 80 miles from Co- 
luml>us, and 40 from Cincinnati. 

Micldgan City, la., Laporte co. 157 miles N. 
N. W. from Indianapolis. This place, which is 
on the S. shore of Michigan, is the only harbor 
in the state. It is at the mouth of Trail Creek, 
and was laid out in 18.')5. It is well situated for 
trade, as a lake port, and is now connected both 
with the Michigan Central and the Michigan 
Southern Railroads, which unite, and pass through 
this place to Chicago, 41 miles W. 

Middlelnro', Ms., Plymouth co. This is the 
largest town in the commonwealth. Middle- 
boro' was so named from the circumstance that 
Nemasket, the central Indian village in the 
town, was half way between the seat of the Pil- 
grims in Plymouth and the seat of the great In- 
dian sachem, Massasoit, towards Mount Hope, 
near Bristol, Rhode Island. The Nemasket 
River flows through the town, and there are sev- 
eral handsome villages in dilfercnt parts. The 
gre.it ponds, for which this town has been dis- 
tinguished, are Sowampset, Quiticasset, Perksha, 
and Pockaninna; also Long Pond. Some of 
the streams on which the manufactures are con- 
ducted are these : Whetstone, Ravens, Bartlett, 
Fjill Brook, Trout Brook, and Stillwater. On 
the rocks in this town are the prints of naked 
hands and feet. The first planters of Middlehoro' 
came mainly from Plymouth. Middleboro' Pour 
Corners, a large and handsome village, lies 36 
miles S. S. E. from Boston. The railroad be- 
tween Boston, Fall River, and Wareham passes 
through this village. From the F"our Corners 
to Central village, is about 2 miles N. E. ; to 
Eddyvillc, 4 miles N.E. i to Muttock village, 1 
mile N. ; to Titicut, 4 miles N. W. ; and to 
Sowiimpset village, near the Great Pond, is 4 
miles S. W. The New Bedford and Taunton 
Railroad passes through the S. part of the town. 

Middlehourne, Va., c. h. Tyler co. On the B. 
side of Middle Island Creek. 307 miles N. AV. 
from Richmond. 

Middtehmg, N. Y., Schoharie CO. Watered 
by the head branch of the Catskill Creek, and 
a large pond or marsh called the Vly, from which 
flows a powerful mill stream, emptying into Scho- 
harie Creek. Surface hilly ; soil, in the valleys, 
very fertile loam. 6 miles S. from Schoharie, 
and 37 S. W. from Albany. 

Middlebury, N. Y., Wyoming co. Allen's 
Creek and a branch of the Tonawanda water 
this town, the surface of which is rolling, and the 
soil sandy and clay loam, yielding large crops of 
grass and grain. 6 miles N. from Warsaw, and 
248 W. from Albany. 

Middlebury, Vt., shire town of Addison co., is 
a large and flourishing town ou both sides of 



IN TIIE TTNITED STATES. 



453 



Otter Creek, 31 miles S. W. from Montpclier, 
and 3.3 S. S. E. from Burlington. The fathers 
of this town were Colonel John Chipman anil 
the Hon. Gamaliel Painter, who eame here 
and .fettled in 1773. The settlement advaneed 
but slowly until after the revolutionary war ; it 
then began to increa.se. and is now one of ^he 
most important towns in the state. In 1791 it 
became the shire town of the cou»ty, and in 1800 
Middlebury College was founded here. See Col- 
leges. The surface of the town is generally 
level. Chipman's Hill, 439 feet above Otter 
Creek, is the highest elevation. The soil is fer- 
tile and productive, and furnishes large quanti- 
ties of wool, beef, pork, butter, and cheese. The 
town is admirably watered by Otter Creek and 
Middlebury River. At the falls on Otter Creek, 
the site of this flourishing village, are e.\tensivc 
manufacturing establishments ; and large quanti- 
ties of white and variegated marble, witli which 
the town abounds, are sawed and polished for 
various uses, and transported to market. 

Middlebury is well built, on ground ascending 
gradually e.aeli way from the ereckj and present- 
ing many eligible sites for the location of dwell- 
ings and puldic buildings. There are five or six 
churches of different denominations ; also one 
or two flourishing academies. The Rutland and 
Burlington Railroad passes through Middlebury, 
and connects it wilii all the other great routes, N., 
S., an.l E. 

Middle, N. J., Cape May eo. Bounded E. by 
the Atlantic Ocean, W. by Delaware Bay, and is 
drained by Goshen, Dyer's, Green, .and Fishing 
Creeks, wliich empty into Delaware Bay. Here- 
ford Inlet also extends from the Atlantic in- 
land 4 miles. Surface level and marshy ; soil 
sandv- 

iiiddlefidd, Ms., Hampshire eo. Previous to 
1783, this town w.as apart of Worthington and 
other towns. The features of this town are bold 
and rough, but tlie soil is strong and well adapt- 
ed for grazing. The town is well watered by a 
number of the upper branches of the W. branch 
of Westtield River. 135 miles W. from Boston, 
and 16 from Pittsfield. 

Middlefield, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered on the 
W. by Otsego L.ake and its outlet, and on the E. 
by Cherry Valley Creek. It is a hilly town, 
with a soil of sandy, calcareous loam. 3 miles 
E. from Cooperstown, and 59 W. from Alliany. 

Middle JIaddam, Ct. In the town of Chatham, 
Middlesex eo., on the E. side of Connecticut 
River. 21 miles S. S. E. from Hartford. 

Middle Paxton, Ph., Dauphin CO. Drained by 
Fishing, Stony, and ClaA's Creeks. Surface 
mountainous ; soil gravel. 9 miles N. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Middli'jmt, c. h. Iroquois eo. 192 miles N. E.' 
of Springtield. 

Middlesex Connti/, Ct, Middletown and Haddam, 
shire towns. This county is bounded N. by Hart- 
foni eo., E. by Hartford and New London coun- 
ties, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New 
Haven co. The general surface of the county is 
uneven. The soil is generally good, particularly 
adjacent to Connecticut River. Tiiere are many 
small streams which afford mill privileges, fertil- 
izing the soil and giving beauty to the county. 
The waters of the Connecticut afford it an im- 
portant business in navigation, especially in the 
coasting trade. 

Middlesex County, Ms., Concord, Cambridge, 



and Lowell, shire towns. Surface uneven, 
growing hilly on the W. ; soil various, though 
generally light. Highly cultiv.ated. The Mer- 
rimac enters the N. E. border, by the afflu- 
ents of which, including the Nashua and Con- 
cord Rivers, the county is crossed from S. W. to 
N. E. In the S. E. is the Charles River, flowing 
into Boston IJarbor. The Maine, Lowell, Fitch- 
burg, and Worcester Railroads, witli their branch- 
es, atfbrd easy communication witli Boston. This 
county abounds with m.inufacturing establish- 
ments. 

Middlesex Connli/, N. J., e. h. at New Bruns- 
wick. Bounded N. by Essex co., E. by Staten 
Island and Sound, and Monmouth eo., S. by 
Monmouth and Mercer counties, .and W. by 
Somerset co. Drained by Raritan River and its 
brunches, Millstone and Rahway Rivers. Rari- 
tan Bay, in the E. part, forms a fine harbor, 
communicating witli the ocean and with Staten 
Island Sound. Surface level in the S. E., and 
undulating in the N. and N. E. ; soil diversified, 
being very fertile in some parts. 

Atiddlesex, N. Y., Yates co. Bounded on the 
W. by Canandaigua Lake, and drained by West 
Crceic. Surface somewhat hilly; soil very rich 
gravelly loam. 12 miles W. from Fenn Yann, 
and 194 from Albany. 

Middlesex, Vt., Washington co. The S. part 
of Middlesex is watered by Winooski River, 
wliich furnishes here one of the best stands for 
mills in the county. The N. branch of this river 
runs across the N. E. corner of the town. Mid- 
dlesex is uneven, but the only mountain of con- 
sequence lies along the line between the town and 
Waterliury, and is called the Hogback. The 
timber is such as is common to the mountain i 
towns, Knd tiie soil geuerajly good. The chan- 
nel worn through the rocks by Winooski River, 
between this township and Moretown, is a con- 
siderable curiosity. On the bank of the Winooski 
River, at the falls, near the middle of the S. line 
of Middlesex, is a flourishing village. Mr. 
Thomas Mead was the first settler. He began 
improvement, in 1781 or "82, and the next year 
moved his family here from Chelmsford, Ms. 
6 miles N. W. ' from Montpclier. The Cen- 
tral Railroad passes through tlic town. 

Middlesex Cuuiili/, Va., c. h. at Urbanna 
Bounded N. E. and E. by the Rappahannock ' 
River, separating it from Lancaster co., vS. E. by 
Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by Piankatank 
River, separating it from Matthews, Gloucester, 
and King and Queen counties, and N. W. by 
Essex CO. 

Middletuwn, Ct. City, port of entry, and half 
shire town of Middlesex co., lies on the W. bank 
of Connecticut River. 14 miles S. from Hartford, 
and 24 miles N. E. from New Haven. The town 
ship was originally about 9 miles N. and S.. 
varying from 4 to 10 miles E. and W.. and em 
bracing four parishes ; but that part of the town 
formerly known as LTpper Middletown, has recent- 
ly been constituted a distinct township, by thf 
name of Cromwell. The soil of Middletown, 
which rests on a base of secondary red sand 
stone, is generally good ; anil tlie surface is undu- 
lating, and in many parts higldy picturesque. 
There are fine meadows, on a considerable stream 
entering the river N. of the city, which contain 
about 650 acres. On this and other streams 
there are several manufacturing establishments ; 
among which arc two or three, ^on a large scale, 



454 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



for the manufacture of anna for the United 
States. A range of hills with a base of granite, 
ahout two miles below the city, crosses the Con- 
necticut, compressing the channel into a strnit of 
about 35 rods in width, and rising from 400 to 
600 feet above the river. At this point occurs an 
inexhaustible deposit of the finest feldspar, used 
in the manufacture of porcelain w:jre. Masses of 
several hundred weight are often found, without 
any admixture of other minerals. 

The city of Middlctown is very beautifully situ- 
ated on ground gently rising from the river, 
which is here from 80 to 100 rods in width. 
The main street runs parallel with the river, on 
which arc the principal retail stores, the hotels, 
which are large and handsome, most of the 
houses of worship, the court house, custom house, 
and other elegant buildings. Parallel with this 
are other streets, both above and below, which 
are intersected by several, running up from the 
river, at right angles. The more elevated por- 
tion of the city, W. of the main street, is adorned 
with some of the most splendid private mansions 
in the state, having an advantage of position, for 
beauty and extent of prospect, rarely equalled. 

The public edifices of handsomest architectural 
appearance are the custom house, of Chatham 
freestone ; the court house, with a Grecian por- 
tico, and the Episco])al Church, also of the 
Chatham stone. The meeting house of the 
South Congregational Church is a neat speci- 
men of the Grecian style. The buildings of the 
Wesleyan University are on elevated ground in 
the rear of the city, overlooking the surrounding 
country, and presenting a handsome appearance 
as they are seen from a distance. See Colleges. 
• The wharves at Middlctown are commodious 
' for the shipping, there being 10 feet ftf water, 
which is sutficient for all vessels tiiat can cross 
the bar at the river's mouth. Steamboats sto]) 
here daily on their trips between Hartford and 
New York. A branch railroad connects this 
place with the railroad between Hartford and 
New Haven. 

In March, 1650, the lands in Mattabesett, the 
Indian name of Middlctown, were explored with 
a view to a settlement. Three years later the 
place received its present name. In 1760, there 
were over 50 families. The ancient burial 
ground, near the river, N. of the city, contains 
many interesting memorials of the early settlei'S. 
Here, under a hand>onie monument, repose the 
remains of Commodore Macdonough, the hero 
of Lake Champlain. 

MidiUeton, Ms., Essex co. This town was 
taken from Salem, To])sfield, Boxford, and An- 
dover, in 1728. It was formerly called Wills 
Hill. This is a small, but |)rctty town. Its soil 
is not by nature of the first quality, but the in- 
dustry of the people has made it quite produc- 
tive. The surface Is varied by hill and dale. 
Ipswich Kiver passes along its southern and 
eastern borders, and receives the waters of three 
small tributaries. There are some fine ponds in 
the town, and a neat village near its centre. 
From this village to Salem is 8 miles S. E., to 
Boston 18 S. 

Middlelon, N. II., Strafford CO., is a level town- 
ship, having no high ground except a part of 
Moose Mountain, which separates it front Brook- 
field. There are no rivers nor ponds, and the soil 
is rocky. Settled a .short time before the revolu- 
tion. It was incorporated as a town in 1773. 25 



miles N. W. from Dover, and 40 N.E. from Con- 
cord. 

Middlctown, N. J., Monmouth co. Watered on 
the S. by Sandy Hook Bay, and drained by 
Swimming and Neversink Rivers. Bounded E. 
by the sand beach called Sandy Hook, and S. W. 
by the highlands of Neversink. Surface hilly in 
the E. and central portions, and elsewhere level ; 
soil sand, chvj, and loam. Situated 51 miles E. 
N. E. from Trenton. 

Middle/own, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by 
the Papacton branch of the Delaware River. A 
mountainous town, with a productive soil. 16 
miles S. E. from"Delhi, and 79 S. W. from Albany. 

Afiddletown, 0., Butler co. On the E. side 
of Miami River, 30 miles N. from Cincinnati, 
and 90 W. S. W. from Columbus. The Miami 
Canal passes through this place. It has some 
manufactures. 

Middlctown, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded W. by 
Ncshaminy Creek, and drained by one of its 
branches and Bristol Creek. Surface undulating ; 
soil clay. 

Middletoiog, Pa., Dauphin co. Near the junction 
of Swatara and Susquehanna Rivers. 10 miles 
S. E. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania and 
Union Canals unite here. The place has an ac- 
tive trade in iron, coal, and lumber. 

Middlctown, Pa., Delaware co. Bounded E. by 
Ridley, and ^V. by Chester Oteek. Surface level ; 
soil clay and loam. 

Mldilletown, Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by 
Wyalusing Creek and branches. Surface hilly; 
soil cl.iy and gravel. 

Middletoicii, R. I., Newport co. This is the mid- 
dle township on the Island of Rhode Island. The 
surface of the town is undulating, and affords 
many interesting and beautiful landscapes. The 
soil is a rich loam, very productive, and under a 
high state of cultivation ; the lands are highly 
valued, and command a great price. The inhab- 
itants of the town are principally farmers. 

Middletown, Vt., Rutland co. This town lies 
between two mountains, is watered by Poultney 
River, and has a good soil for grazing. It has a 
neat and flourishing village. A settlement was 
commenced here, a short time before the revolu- 
tion, by Thomas Morgan and others. 14 miles 
S. W. from Rutland, and 45 N. from Bennington. 

Middletown Point, N. J., Monmouth co. A port 
of entry, situated on' an elevated bank of Middle- 
town Creek. 3 miles from Raritau Bay, and 43 
E. by N. from Trenton. 

Mijfiin Count;/, Va...c.h. at Lewiston. Bounded 
N. by Centre and Union counties, E. by Juniata 
CO., and S. and W. by Huntingdon co. The Ju- 
niata River flows on the S. E. and S. border of 
this CO., and parallel to it runs the Pennsylvania 
Canal. Surfiice rough and mountainous ; soil 
very fertile in some portions. 

Mi//lin, Pa., Dauphin eo. Watered by Wicon- 
isco Cre«k. Mahantango Mountain forms the N., 
and Berry's Mountain the S. boundary. Soil red 
shale. 23 miles N. E.from Harrisburg. 

Mifflin, Pa., Cumberland co. Bounded on the 
N. by Blue Mountains, and S. by Conedogwinit 
Creek. Surface hilly; soil slaty. 17 miles N. 
W. from Carlisle. 

Mijjiin, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded N. E. 
and S. E. by the Monongahela River, and drained 
by Thompson's and Strut's Runs and Peter's 
Creek. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 8 miles S. from 
Petersburg. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



455 



Miffli'ntown, Pa., c. h. Juniat.i co. On the E. 
bank of Juniata River. 45 miles N. W. from 
Harri-^!)ur;^. 

Mila}i, N. H., Coos CO. The Upper Amonoo- 
»uck and Androscoggin Rivers pass through this 
town. Tliero are several ponds, and some con- 
siderable mountains. It was called Paul.shurg 
until 1824. First settlers : this town was grant- 
ed in 1771 to Sir William Mayne and others. 
150 miles N. by E. from Concord, and 22 N. E. 
from Lancaster. 

j1/i7<in, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by tlic 
SawkiU and a branch of Roeliff Jansen's Creek. 
Surfaca hilly ; SQil clay and gravelly loam, upon 
a founilation of limestone and slate. 18 miles N. 
from Foughkecpsie, and 66 S. from Albany. 

^Jtltln Cotiiili/. Ts., c. h. at Nashville. On the 
left bank of the Brazos. 

Milford. Ct., New Haven co. This is one of 
the towns which composed the " Old Jurisdiction 
of New Haven.". The settlement commenced in 
1639. The first purchase of land was made of the 
Indians for the consideration of " 6 coats, 10 blan- 
tcts, 1 kettle, besides a number of Jioes, knives, 
hatchets, and glasses." The Indians made a res- 
ervation of 20 acres in the town, which was sold 
by them, in 1661, for 6 coats, 2 blankets, and a 
pair of breeches. 

The Indian name of the place was Wepaimurj. 
The town is generally level, and the soil produc- 
tive. There is a quarry of beautiful serpentine 
marble in the town, and a harbor for small ves- 
sels. 

Poconoek or Milford Point is a noted place, 
where are a number of huts on the beach, occu- 
pied by jjersons engaged in the oyster and clam 
business. 

Milford village is very pleasant, and the scen- 
ery variegated and interesting. 10 miles S. W. 
from New Haven, on the railroad to New York. 

Miljhrd, Ms., Worcester co. Jlilford was once 
the li. parish of Menilon. It was called ll's- 
powa<ie by the Indians, and Mill Uivcr by the 
whites. The surface is imeven. and the soil of an 
excellent quality. A branch of Charles River 
on the E. side of the town, Mill River, a branch 
of the Blackstone on the W., with numerous 
brooks and ponds, water the town in every part, 
and give it a great water power. The village in 
the centre of the town is neat, and ]dcasantly 
situated near Cedar Swamp Pond. The Frater- 
nal Community, at Hopedale. in this town, own 
400 acres of land. 28 miles S. W. from Boston, 
by tlie old road, and 18 S. E. from Worcester. 

Milfunl, N. II., HiUsboro' co. Milford lies 
on both sides of Souhegan River, which runs 
tlirough the town from W. to E., forming a rich 
meadow or intervale, from a quarter to half a 
mile wide. The banks of this river are annually 
overflowed, by which means the soil, which is 
black ami deep, is much enriched. This town has 
exensivc water privileges, and has become the 
seat of large manufactures, and an active trade, 
being connected with Nashua, Lowell, and Boston 
by railroad. 32 miles S. by W. from Concord. 
and about 5 S. W. from Amherst. 

Milfunl, N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehanna 
River and some of its branches water this town. 
The surface is hilly ; soil in the valleys fertile 
loam. 13 miles S. from Cooperstown, and 73 W. 
from Alliany. 

itdfinl. Pa., Somerset co. Drained by Castle- 
man's River and branches and Laurel Hill Creek. 



Iron ore and anthracite eoal are abundant. 7 
miles S. W. from Somerset. 

Milford, Pa., e. h. Pike co. Situated on the 
W. side of the Delaware R^-er. 162 miles N. E. 
by E. from Harrisburg. 

Milford, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by Swamp, 
a branch of Perkiomen Creek. Surface undu- 
latiTig ; soil clay and gravel. 

Millliiin/, Ms , Worcester co. This is one of 
the most beautiful and flourishing towns in the 
county. It was formerly the N. parish in Sutton. 
The i51ackstone River and Canal pass through 
the town. The Blackstone River, and Singletary 
Pond, which lies mostly in Sutton, furnish excel- 
lent water privileges. The soil is fertile, well culti- 
vated, and yields abundance of all the varieties 
of agricultural products common to this fruitful 
region. The surface is delightfully varied by hills 
and valleys, decorated by lovely ponds, and 
spread out with neat and prosperous villages. The 
Worcester Railroad has a branch to the centre of 
the town. 6 miles S. S. E. from Worcester, and 
42 W. S. W. from Boston. 

Miller Countij, Mo., c. h. at Tuseambia. Bound- 
ed N. bv Moniteau and Cole counties, E. by Osago 
and Pulaski, S. by Pulaski and Camden, and W. 
by Camden and jlorgan counties. Watered by 
Osage River and branches. Soil very fertile on 
the streams. 

Mdlershurg, Is., e. h. Mercer co. 

Millershurii, 0., c. h. Holmes co. On the E. 
side of Killbuck Creek. 87 miles N. E. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Millersburg, Pa., Dauphin co. On the E. bank 
of Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Wieon- 
isco Creek. 31 miles N. from Harrisburg. There is 
a railroad to the river at this point from the coal 
mines in Lyken's Valley. 

Milled;ierHle, Ga. City, capital of the state, 
and scat of justice of Baldwin co. 187 miles N. 
W. from Savannah, and 89 W. S. W. from Aa- 
gusta. It is situated on the W. side of Oconee 
River, at the head of navigation, and at the junc- 
tion of Fishing Creek, 193 miles N. from Darien, 
at the mouth of the river. The city is built upon 
an uneven surface, but is laid out with great regu- 
larity, having 10 streets running parallel with the 
river, and 10 others intersecting them at right an- 
gles, all of which are 100 feet wide, except Wash- 
ington Street, in the centre, which is 120 feet in 
width. There are 3 public squares, each 450 
feet on a side, called State House Square, Gov- 
ernor's iSquare, and Penitentiary Square. In the 
centre of State House Square, which is in an 
elevated part of the city, about three fourths of a 
mile from the river, stands the state house; 
which is a' handsome Gothic edifice, erected in 
1828, at a cost of $115,000. On this square also 
is an academy, an arsenal, and a powder maga- 
zine. There" are churches of the Presbyterian, 
Methodist, and Baptist denominations. 

Milledgcville was laid out in 1803. The first 
house, of logs, was built the next year, and the 
first framed house in 1805. A railroad, 17 miles 
long, to Gordon, connects Milledgeville with the 
long railroad route from Savannah to Macon. 

Mills Coniitij. lo., c. h. at Coonville. In the S 
W. angle, on the Missouri. 

Millsfield, N. H., Coos co. Clear Stream wa 
ters its N. extremity, and Philips River, with 
several small streams, the other parts. Here 
are several ponds ; the largest is about 300 rods 
long, 140 wide. This town was named from Sir 



456 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Thomas Mills, a grantee. The surface is too 
rough and the climate too cold for cultivation. 
First settlers: Mill^'ld was granted, in 1774, to 
George Boyd and w* others. 150 miles N. from 
Concord, and about 85 N. E. from Lancaster. 

Milln/le, N. J., Cumberland co. Drained by 
Maurice River and its branches, the principal of 
which is Manantico Creek. Surface level ; soil 
sandy and rather sterile. 67 miles S. by W. from 
Trenton. 

AJilo. Me., Piscataquis co. This is a beautiful 
township, on the fertile banks of Sebee and Pleas- 
ant Rivers, at their union with the Piscataquis. 
It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 15 N. 
E. from Dover. Incorporated in 1823. 

Miio, N. Y., c. h. Yates co. Bounded W. by 
Crooked Lake, and N. by its outlet. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil vety productive. 189 miles W. 
from Albany. 

Milton, Me., Piscataquis co. ^ 94 miles from Au- 
gusta. 

Milton, Ms., Norfolk co. Milton was a part of 
Dorchester until 1662. The Indians called the 
place Unquety or Uncataquisset. Neponset Riv- 
er washes its northern border, and aifords the 
town numerous valuable mill sites. Milton pos- 
sesses fine granite. The soil of the town is strong 
and fertile ; and the surface presents many finely- 
Cultivated farms, and large tracts of wood and 
meadow lands. Milton contains many elegant 
country seats, and much delightful scenery. The 
views from Milton Hill, near the head of the 
Neponset, and Blue Hill, a celebrated land- 
mark for sailors, 635 feet above the sea, in this 
town and Canton, are among the most admired 
in our country. The village called the " Mills," 
comprising a part of Dorchester, at the head of 
navigation on the Neponset, is a wild, romantic 
place, and the seat of considerable trade and man- 
ufacture. The village at the railroad, near the 
granite quarry, in Quincy, is very pleasant and 
flourishing. By a new and beautiful bridge, 
called the Granite Bridge, across the Neponset, 
the distance to the city is reduced to 6 miles. 
There is an academy in this place. The first 
paper mill in New England was erected in this 
town. This interesting and pleasant town lies 7 
miles S. from Boston, and 6 E. from Dcdham. 

A/iV(on,N.H., Stratford CO. The Salmon Fall 
River washes its whole eastern boundary, a dis- 
tance of 13 miles. Tenerifte, a bold and rocky 
mountain, extends along the eastern part of Mil- 
ton, near which lies Milton Pond, of considerable 
size, connecting with Salmon Fall River. This 
town was formerly a part of Rochester. 40 miles 
jr. E. from Concord, and 20 N. W. by N. from 
Dover. 

Milton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Shire town. Wa- 
tered l)y Kayaderosseras Creek and some of its 
tributaries. Surface chiefly level; soil sandy 
and clay loam. 30 miles N. from Albany. 

MiltuH. Vt., Chittenden co. Milton is bounded 
on the W. by Lake Champlain. and is finely wa- 
tered by the River Lamoille. The soil is gener- 
ally good. A little distance from the neat and 
flourishing village are the Great Falls, on the La- 
moille, in the course of 50 rods the whole river 
falls 180 feet. About the middle of the rapid is 
a small island, by which the water jiasscs on each 
side, with great violence and loud roaring. There 
is another pleasant village 2 miles W. of the 
falls, called Checker Berry. The immense water 
power of this town, and the facilities atforded it 



by Lake Champlain for an extensive commerce, 
added to the advantage of railroad communica- 
tion with Burlington, Montreal, and Boston, will, 
doubtless, render this place a site of important 
business. A bridge, called the Sand Bar Bridge, 
connects this town with South Hero. The set- 
tlement of this place was commenced Febru- 
ary 15, 1782. 12 miles N. from Burlington, and 
40 N. W.from Montpelier. 

ilihoaukie County, Wn., c. h. at Milwaukee. 
Bounded N. by Washington co., E. by Lake Mich- 
igan, S. by Racine, and W. by Waukesha co. 
Drained by Wihvaukie, Manewakee, Root, Des 
Plaines, and Fox Rivers, and branches of Rock 
River. 

Mihcauhe, Wn.. c. h. Milwaukie CO., situated on 
the W. shore of Lake Michigan. 95 miles N. from 
Chicago, and 80 miles E. from Madison, the capi- 
tal of the state. The town lies on both sides of 
the Milwaukie River, which here runs nearly 
parallel to the shore of the lake, and empties into 
it just below. 

This place is the natural outlet of one of the 
finest regions for the production of cereal grains 
in the United States. Its growth has been re- 
markably rapid. In 1834 it contained only two 
log houses. A census of the town, taken in June, 
1846, showed a population of 9508 ; and another 
in December, 1847, only 18 months afterwards, 
of 14,071. The population in 1850 was 22,137. 

The site of Milwaukie is eligible in various 
respects. It commences about a mile above the 
mouth of the river, at a point called Walker's 
Point, and extends from a mile and a half to two 
miles up the river, which is sufliciently wide and 
deep, to a point some distance above the town, to 
accommodate a large amount of shipping. At 
the head of this navigable portion of the river, a 
dam, erected by the Milwaukie and Rock River 
Canal Company, for the purpose of producing a 
slack water navigation about two miles farther 
up the stream, throws a large body of water info 
that section of the canal which coui'ses into the 
town, creating there a water power which is 
estimated to be equal to about 100 runs of mill- 
stones. The manufactories erected on this canal 
liave the advantage of being also located on the 
bank of the navigable river, which almost washes 
their foundations in the rear, so that they maybe 
approached by the largest vessels and steamboats 
from the lakes. 

The ground occupied by the town is elevated 
and uneven, rising from the river to the height of 
50 to 100 feet, and aftbrding beautiful situations 
for residences, commanding a full view of the 
river, the bay, the lake, and the body of the town 
itself. 

The Bay of Milwaukie is an elliptical indenta- 
tion of the lake shore against the town, of about 
three miles in depth, and extending about six 
miles between its N. and S. points or capes, suf- 
ficiently separated from the body of the lake t» 
protect the shipping from the efl'ect of all the 
storms or gales of wind except such as come 
from the cast, which here seldom occur. The 
river enters this bay about half a mile below its 
centre, and the whole distance between the mouth 
of the river and the commencement of the town 
is occupied by a low, impassable marsh, by some 
supposed once to have been a part of the hay. 

This place, for one of such rapid growth, is 
finely built. From a certain quality of the cbay 
which abounds here, the brick made from it, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



457 



ins\cad of being of the usual red, are of a liglit 
yellow or cream color, wliich gives to tlie ware- 
houses and solid portions of the town, where 
this njiterial is used, a peculiarly bright and 
beautiful appearance. Steamboats ply continu- 
ally bet^'een this place and Buffalo, in tlie season 
of lake navigation ; and also to connect it with 
Chicago and other ports south, on Lake Michi- 
gan, and with the termini of tlie Michigan Cen- 
tral and Southern Railroads. Plank roads are 
rapidly extending from this point into the inte- 
rior ; a railroad is in progress to the Mississippi, 
and one is proposed to Chicago. 

Mina, N.Y., Chautauque CO. Watered by French 
Creek and Finlej's Lake, a small sheet of water. 
Surface uneven ; soil gravelly loam and clay. 
15 miles S. W. from Mayville, and 348 S. by W. 
from Albany. 

Miiiden, La., e. h. Claiborne parish. 404 miles 
N. W. from New Orleans. 

Mimkn, N. Y., Montgomery eo. Bounded on 
the N. by the Mohawk River, and drained by 
Otsquako Creek. The surface is diversified and 
the soil fertile, particularly in the valley of the 
MohaW'k, where are some rich alluvial marshes. 
15 miles W. from Fonda, and 67 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Mineral Point. Wn., Iowa eo. On a head 
branch of Pekatonica River. 52 miles W. S. W. 
from Madison, llere are several smelting fur- 
naces for cojiper and lead. 

Minersville, Pa., Schuylkill co. 66 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. In the Schuylkill coal field. 

Mincrra, N. Y., Essex eo. The Hudson River 
and soTuc of its branches water this town, the 
surface of which is hilly and mountainous, being 
partly covered by the Adirondack range, and the 
soil fertile in some of the valleys. 3(1 miles 
S. W. from Elizabeth, and 92 N. by W. from 
Albany. 

Minot, Me., Cumberland co. A large town- 
ship, on the E. side of the Androscoggin, opposite 
Lcwiston, with two pleasant villages. 33 miles 
S. W. fiom Augusta, and 35 N. from Portland. 

Minster, O., Mercer co. 94 miles W. N. W. 
from Columbus. 

Misxisxijijii Counti/, As., c. h. at Osceola. Bound- 
ed N. by ilissouri, E. by the Mississippi River, 
separating it from Tennessee, S. by Crittenden 
CO., and W. by St. Francis River, separating it 
from Poinsett and Greene counties. Whitewater 
Kiver waters the interior. 

Mississippi County, Mo., e. h. at Osceola. On the 
eastern border, opposite the mouth of the Ohio. 

Mohile County, Aa., e. h. at Mobile. Bounded 
N. by Washington co., E. by Tombigbee and 
Mobile Rivers and Mobile Bay, separating it 
from Clarke and Baldwin counties, S. by Pas- 
cagoula Bay. and W. by Mississippi. Drained 
by branches of the Mobile River on the E., and 
of the Pascagonia on the W. Surface hilly in 
the N., and undulating in the S. portions ', soil 
sterile. 

Mobile. Aa. City, port of entry, and seat of 
justice of Mobile co. Situated on the W. side 
of Mobile River, at its entrance into Mobile Bay, 
30 miles N. of Mobile Point, at the entrance of 
the bay. 217 miles S. by W. from Tuscaloosa, 
160 E.N. E. from New Orleans, and 55 W. by N. 
from Pensacola, Fa. Population in 18.30, 3194; 
1840, 12,672; 1850, 20,500. 

It is the only town of much importance in the 
lower part of Alabama. It is pleasantly situated 
58 



on an extended plain, elevated 15 feet aliove the 
highest tides, and has a beautiful prosi>cct of 
the bay, extending 30 miles, with an average 
width of 12 miles, to the Gulf of Mexico. Access 
to the town is rendered somewhat difficult by a 
swampy island opposite, so that vessels draw- 
ing more than 8 feet of water cannot come 
directly in, but must pass up Spanish River, 
si.K miles, round this island, into Mobile River, 
and then drop down to the city, into a harbor 
perfectly secure from winds, storms, or enemies. 
It has about 50 wharves, and, next to New Or- 
leans, is the largest cotton market in the United 
States. Its business and prosperity have in- 
creased with great rapidity since it came under 
the government of the United States. Although 
one of the earliest settled towns in the country, 
it never became, under the French and Spanish 
riijime, which continued to 1813, any thing more 
than a military post. The churches of the 
city are of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, 
anil Roman Catholic denominations. There is 
an academy, called Barton Academy, a court 
house, jail, custom house, a United States 
naval hospital, and a city' hospital. An aque- 
duct, by which water is brought through iron 
pipes 2 miles, supplies the city abundantly w^th 
this element of life, purity, and comfort. There 
are many steamboats running between Mobile 
and the more important places above it, on the 
Mobile, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers ; and 
also a line of communication by steamboats 
with New Orleans, by the way of Lake Pont- 
chartrain. There are also a great number of 
packet schooners, which run between Mobile and 
New Orleans ; some by the way of the lake, and 
some by the Mississippi. The great project, 
now in a state of hopeful progress, of construct- 
ing a railroad from this city to Cairo, at the 
junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, to 
connect with the Illinois Central Railro.ad, run- 
ning thence, and terminating by its northern 
branches at Dubuque, ou the Upper Mississippi, 
and at Chicago, on Lake Michigan, cannot fail, 
when accomplished, of bringing an immense in- 
crease of business and prosperity to Mobile. 

This place was ceded to the Americans by 
Spain in 1813, chartered as a town in 1814, and 
incorporated as a city in 1819. It has suffered 
repeatedly by desolating fires. In 1827, 170 
buildings were consumed; and in 1839, 600. 
But the town has been rebuilt with increased 
convenience and beauty. 

Mohan'/;. N. Y.. Herkimer co. On the S. side 
of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. 79 
miles W. N. W. fro>n Albany. 

Moliawl:, N. Y'., c. h. Montgomery co. Bound- 
ed on the S. by the Mohawk River. The sur- 
face is hilly on the N., and the soil fertile in the 
Mohawk valley. 42 miles N. W. from Alb;\ny. 

Moira, N. Y., Franklin eo. The Little Salmon 
River waters this town, the surface of which is 
level, and the soil sandy loam. 13 miles W.from 
Malone, and 225 N. N. W. from Albany, on the 
Ogdenshurg Railroad, from which latter ]daee it 
is distant 47 miles. 

Moniteau County, Mo. In the centra! part of 
the state. On the S. bank of the Missouri. 

Monkton. Vt.. Addison CO. The western part 
of the town is watered by Little Otter C'reek, 
and the eastern part by Pond Biook. Lewis 
Creek runs a short distance in the ni>rtb-eastern 
part. These streams afford but few mill privi- 



458 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOAVNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



leges. Jlonkton Pond lies in the N. part of the 
town, and is about a mile in length and half a 
mile wide. A mountain, called the Hogback, 
extends along the eastern boundary of Monkton, 
and there are several other considerable eleva- 
tions. Iron ore is found in the S. part of this 
township in large quantities. AI>out a mile N. 
of the iron ore bed is an extensive bed of rac- 
lin, or porcelain earth. In the S. part of this 
township is a pond, curiously located on the 
summit of a considerable hill. In the nortli- 
western part is a remarkable cavern. Monkton 
was settled in 1774, by Jolin and Ebenezer 
Stearns, Barnabas Burnham, and John Bishop. 
They left during the war, Imt returned in 1784. 
27 miles W. from Montpelier, and 16 N. from 
Middlehury. Tlie Yermont Central Raib-oad 
passes through the town. 

Moiimoiil/i, Me., Kennebec co. On the sources 
of the Cobbessecontee. 1.5 miles S. W. from 
Augusta. 

Monmouth County, N. J., c. h. at Freehold. 
Bounded N. by Staten Island Sound, E. and S. 
E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. W. and W. by 
Burlington, Mercer, and Middlesex counties. 
Drained by Millstone and SoutlfRivers, branches 
of the Raritan. by Assunpink, Crosswick's, and 
Rancocus, branches of the Delaware, by Never- 
sink, Tom's, Shrewsbury, and Forked Rivers, and 
Manasquan. Cedar, Oyster, Westecunk, and Man- 
ahocking Creeks. Suiface mostly level; soil al- 
lu\'ial, being a mixture of sand, clay, gravel, and 
vegetable mouhl. Marl is abundant in some parts. 

MoTtonijalichi, Pa,, Greene co. Bounded E. by 
Monongahela River, and drained by Whitley 
Creek. Surface undulating; soil loamy. 14 miles 
S. E. from Waynesburg. 

MonominhcJu County, Va., c. h. at Morgantown. 
Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Preston, S. 
by Marion, and W. by Tyler co. Drained by the 
Monongahela and its tributary, Cheat River. Sur- 
face uneven ; soil fertile. 

Monroe County, Aa., c. h. at Monroeville. 
Bounded N. by Wilcox co., E. I>y Butler and 
Concchu, S. by Baldwin co., and W. by the Ala 
bama River and Clarke co. Drained by the Al- 
abama and its tributaries ; soil bordering on some 
of the streams fertile. 

Monroe County, As., c. h. at Lawren'eeville. 
Bounded N. bv St. Francis and Pulaski counties, 
E. by Phillips" S. by Desha, S. W. by Arkansas, 
and W. by Pulaski co. Drained by Cache and 
White Rivers, and branches. 

Monroe, Ct. Fairtield co. Tliis town was 
taken from Huntington in 182.3. The soil is 
good, and well adapted for grazing, but the sur- 
face is rough and stony. Agriculture is the piin- 
cipal business of the inhabitants. There are ex- 
cellent orchards of various kinds of fruit in the 
town, a ])leasant village on elevated ground, and 
a classical school. 15 miles W. bj- N. from New 
Haven. 

Monroe County, Fa., c. h. at Key West. The 
main land of this countv is bounded E. bv Dade co., 
S. by the Florida Cliaiincl, and W. by t'ho Gulf of 
Mexico. It also embraces the islands called the 
Florida Keys, and an inundated tract of land 
called the Everglades. In the N. W. part is 
some good land. 

Monroe County, Ga., c. h. at Forsyth. Bounded 
N. by Butts CO., E. by Jasper, Jones, and Bibb, 
S. by Crawford, and W. by Upson and Pike 
counties. Drained by small streams flowing into 



the Ockmulgee River, which forms its N. E. bonn- 
dary. 

Monroe, Ga., c. h. Walton co. Situated at the 
head of Ockmulgee River. 61 miles N. W. by N. 
from Milledgevillc. 

Monroe Counti/, Is,, c. h. at Harnsonviile. 
Bounded N. E. 'by St. Clair, S. E. by Randolph 
CO., and S. W, and N. W. by the'JIississippi 
River, separating it from Missouri. Drained by 
Horse, Eagle, De Long, and Pr-iiric Creeks. 
The surface is rough and hilly in the W. por- 
tions, but in the E. there is much ^ood land. 

Monroe 6'o»«///, la., c, h. alBlooniington. Bound- 
ed N. by Morgan co., E. by Brown and Jackson, 
S. by Lawrence, and W. by Green and Owen 
counties. Drained by branches of the E. and 
W. forks of White River. 

Monroe, lo,, c. h, at Albi;i, S. E. part. Wa- 
tered by Cedar Creek and other southern tribu- 
taries of the Des Moines. 

Monroe County. Ky., c. h. at Tompkinsville. 
Bounded N. by Barren eo., E. by Cumberland, 
S. by Tennessee, and W. by Allen eo. Watered 
by Cumberland River, and the Big Barren and 
its branches. 

Monroe, La., c. h. Wachita parish. On the E. 
bank of Wachita River, at the head of steamboat 
navigation, and 300 miles N. W. by N. from 
New Orleans. 

Monroe, Me,, Waldo co. This town is watered 
by Marsji River, a branch of the Penobscot. It 
lies 59 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 14 N. from 
Belfast. 

Monroe, Ms., Franklin co. Monroe was for- 
merly a part of Rowe, and an unincorjiorated 
tract called the " Gore." There is some land in 
the town fit for the plough ; but being very moun- 
tainous, the greater part is adajjted only to graz- 
ing. Monroe was named in honor of James 
Monroe, late president of the United States. 
28 miles W. N. W. from Greenfield, and 115 W. 
by N. from Boston. 

Monroe County, Mn., e, h, at INIonroe. Bounded 
N. by Washtenaw and Wayne counties, E. by 
Lake P^rie, S. by Ohio, and W. by Lenawee CO. 
Drained by Raisin River, and Otter, Plum, Stony, 
Sandy, and Swan Creeks. Surface level ; soil 
fertile. 

Monroe, Mn., e. h. Monroe co. This city is 
located on Raisin River, 2.J miles from its mouth, 
and has great water privileges. It is connected 
by a canal with Lake Erie. 37 miles S. S. W. 
from Detroit, and is one of the eastern termini 
of the Southern Michigan Railroad. 

Monroe County, Mi,, c, h. at Athens. Bounded 
N. by Itawamba co., E. by Alabama, S. by 
Lowndes co., and W. by Chickasaw co. Watered 
by Tombigbee and Battahatchee Rivers. 

Monroe County. Mo,, c, h. at Paris, Bounded 
N, by Shelby and Marion counties, E, by Ralls, 
S. by Audrain, and W. by Randol])h co. Drained 
by Salt River and its branches. Surface undulat- 
ing; soil fertile, 

Monroe, N. C, c. h. Union eo. 

Monroe County, N. Y., c. h. at Rochester, Taken 
from Ontario and Genesee counties in 1821. It 
is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Wayne 
CO., S. by Ontario and Livingston, and W. by 
Genesee and Orleans counties. Surface chiefly 
level, or slightly uneven, being crossed by the 
Mountain Ridge and Alluvial Way, or Ridge 
Road, and watered by the Genesee River, and 
several streams flowing N, into Lake Ontario ; 



IN TOE UNITED STATES. 



459 



soil mostly very fei tile, being particularly adapted 
to the f;rowth of wheat. Iron ore, gypsiim, marl, 
and sulphur springs are abundant. The Erie 
and Genesee Valley Canals form a junction at 
Rochester ; also the Auburn and Rochester and 
Ton.awaiKla Railroads. 

Monrup, N. Y., Orange co. The Ramapo River, 
a branoli of the Passaic, waters this town. Sur- 
face hilly and broken, being partly covered by 
the Highland range, and abounding in some 
places with iron ore. 14 miles S. E. from Go- 
shen, and 117 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Monroe Coi'mlij, O., c. h, at Woodsville. Bel- 
mont CO. is on the N., Washington on the S., 
Morgan on the W., and tlie Ohio River on the 
E. The most important streams are Little Mus- 
kingum, Sunfish, Duck, and Wills Creeks. The 
soil is good. In some parts the land is level, in 
others hill^' and rough. Stone coal and iron ore 
are found in great plenty. 

Monroe County, Pa., c. h. at Stroudsburg. 
Bounded N. by Wayne and Pike counties, E. by 
the Delaware River, separating it from New Jer- 
sey. S. liy Northampton and Carbon, and W. by 
Carbon and Luzerne counties. Bounded N. W. 
by tlic Lehigh, and drained by branches of Le- 
high and Delaware Rivers. Suifaco rough and 
hilly ; soil fertile. 

Monroe, Pa.. Cumberland co. Yellow Breeches 
Creek waters this town, affording hydraulic power. 
Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. 7 miles S. E! 
from Carlisle. 

Monroe Countij, Tc., c. h. at Madisonville. 
Bounded N. by Roane co , E. by the Tennessee 
River, separating it from Blount co., S. E. and 
S. by North Carolina, and W. by Polk and Mc- 
Minn counties. Drained by tributaries of the 
Tennessee. 

Monroe Coiinli/, Va., c. h. at Union. Bounded 
N. by Greenbrier CO., E. by Alleghany and Bote- 
tourt, 8. by Giles co., and W. by New River, 
separating it from Mercer co. Drained by Green- 
brier River. Surface elevated and mountainous, 
the Alleghany range traversing the E. part ; soil 
fertile calcareous loam, particularly adapted to 
grazing. 

Monroe, Wn., c. h. Greene co. Watered by a 
branch of Pekatonica River. 81 miles S. from 
Madison. 

Munroeville, 0., Huroll co. On Huron River. 
Connected with Sandusky City by railroad. 97 
miles N. from Columbus. The river affords 
good water power. 

Monroe Works, N. Y., Orange co. On the 
Erie Railroad. 105 miles S. by W. from Albany. 
Iron ore of good quality is found in the region, 
which furnishes the material for large iron works 
at this place. 

Monson, He., Piscataquis co. This town is wa- 
tered by Piscataquis River and Wilson's Stream. 
Monson com]irises a fine tract of land, and is 
settled liy a worthy class of people. Incorporated 
1822. It lies 8.3 miles N. by E. from Augusta, 
and 20 N. W. from Dover. A stage runs be- 
tween this town and Bangor tiiree times a week. 
Distance from Monson to Bangor, 60 miles j to 
Moosehead Lake, 15. 

Monson, Ms., IIam|Hlen co. Before its incor- 
poration, in 1760, Monson was a part of the 
town of Brimfiekl. The surface is agreeably di- 
versilied by hill and dale, with much good soil. 
and many excellent farms. The position of its 
central village, in a vale running N. and S., and 



bounded on either hand by sloping hills, is beau- 
tiful and romantic. A branch of the Chicopee 
runs through the centre of the town. Nearly a 
mile from the centre of the village is an inex- 
haustible quarry of granite of a beautiful quality. 
17 miles E. from Springfield, and SO W. S. W. 
from Boston. 

3fonhii;ue, Ms., Franklin co. This town, pre- 
vious to 175.3, was the north parish in Sun- 
derland, and was called Huntimj liilh. The 
town contains some fine plains, and large tracts 
of good meadow on Connecticut River, on tlic E. 
side of which the town is situated. It is bounded 
on the N. partly by the Connecticut, and partly 
by Miller's River. Turner's Falls, at the north- 
erly part of the town, are more interesting than 
any in the state. The canal for passing these 
falls, 3 miles in length, ana 75 feet lockage, with 
an immense dam across the river, greatly facil- 
itates the navigation on Connecticut River. 
This place has great water power and romantic 
scenery ; but the water power remains as yet un- 
improved. The village in the centre of the town 
lies 83 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 S. E. 
from Greenfield. It is on the railroad from 
Greenfield to Fitchburg. 

Montafjtie, N. J., Sussex CO. Mountainous in 
the S. E. portions. Soil fertile, being partly allu- 
vial. 91 miles N. from Trenton. 

Monterey County, Ca., c. h. at Monterey. On 
the coast, S. of Monterey Bay. 

Monterey, Ca., c. h. Monterey co. Situated on 
the S. side of the Bay of Monterey, about 150 
miles S. of San Francisco. This is an old Span- 
ish town, and was for a long time the principal 
one in California. The houses are built on a 
broad, gentle slope of land, about 2 miles from 
Point Pinos, the southern extremity of the bay. 
The land rises fast behind it, the coast range ap- 
proaching within 4 miles of the town. The har- 
bor is equal to any in California. The climate is 
fine, and the town, though not immediately con- 
nected with the mining region, is growing rapidly. 

Monterey, Ms., Berkshire CO. Taken from the 
S.part of Tyringhani in 1847. A mountainous 
township. 15 miles S. by E. from Lenox. 

Monterey, Va., c. h. Highland CO. About 30 
miles N. W. from Staunton. 

Montezuma, lo., e. h. Poweshiek co. 

Montezuma, N. Y., Cayuga co. At the junc- 
tion of the Cayuga and Seneca and Erie Canals. 
It contains important salt springs, and is in the 
vicinity of the Montezuma Marshes, which ex- 
tend 14 miles along the outlet of Cayuga Lake, 
and along Seneca River. They are from 2 to .3 
miles wide, and are covered with high glass. Tho 
village lies 162 miles W. by N. from Albany. 

Montgomery County, Aa., c. h. .it Montgomery. 
Bounded N. by Coosa co., E. by Macon and 
Pike, S.by Pike and Lowndes, and W. by Lown- 
des and Autauga counties. Wati'rcd by Coosa 
and Tallapoosa Rivers and branches. 

Montgomery, Aa. City, ca])ital of the state, 
and seat of justice of Montgomery co. Situated 
at the head of steamboat navigation on the Ala- 
bama River. The town is built on a high bluff. 
It contains the state house, the usual county 
buildings, churches for 5 or 6 denominations, 
stores, and other buildings, which are of hand- 
some appearance. A large aincnint of cotton iti 
annually shipped from this place. It is con 
nccted by steamboat navigation ^vith tho Gulf of 
Blexico on the S., and, by continuous lines of 



460 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



tributary, the Auchenaliatchee, on its S. and S. 
W. border. Drained by tlie Oconee and branches, 
and Pendleton Creek. 

MontfjomPTij County^ Is., c. h. at Hillsboro'. 
Bounded N. by Sangamon and Christian coun- 
ties, E. by Shelby and Fayette, S. by Bond and 
Madison, and W. by Macoupin co. Shoal Creek 
and its l)ranches, the head .waters of Macoupin 
Creek, and a branch of the S. fork of Sagamon 
River water this county. Surface high and un- 
dulating: soil fertile. 

iJontijomery County, la., c. h. at Crawfordsville. 
Bounded N. by Tippecanoe, E. by Boone and 
Hendricks, S. by Putnam, and \V. by Parke 
and Fountain counties. Sugar, Big and Little 
Raccoon Creeks drain this county. Surface un- 
dulating; soil fertile, 

Monif}om€ry County, Ivy., c. h. at Mount Ster- 
ling. Bounded N. and N. E. by Bourbon and 
Bath counties, E. by Morgan, S. by Breathitt and 
Owsley, and W. by Estill and Clark counties. 
Drained by Red River and branches, a branch 
of Kentucky River, and a branch of Licking 
River. 

Montijomery County, Md., c. h. at Rockville. 
Bounded N. E. by the Patuxent River, separat- 
ing it from Ann co., S. E. by Prince George co. 
and the District of Columbia, S. W. by the Poto- 
mac River, separating it from Virginia, and N. 
W. by Frederick co. Drained by branches of Po- 
tomac and Patuxent Rivers. Surface somewhat 
uneven ; soil rather poor, except on the streams. 

Montynmery, Ms., Hampden co. This is a moun- 
tainous township, well watered by Westfield Riv- 
er and Moose Meadow Brook, and produces rich 
pasturage. Montgomery lies, by the Western 
Railroad, which passes the S. W. border of the 
town, 18 miles N. W. from Springfield, and 116 
W. by S. from Boston. 

Montgomery CowUy, Mo., c. h. at Danville. 
Bounded N. by Audrain and Pike counties, E. 
by Lincoln and Warren, S. by the Missouri Riv- 
er, separating it from Gasconade co., and W. 
by Callaway co. Drained by Au Cuivre and 
Loutre Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil diver- 
sified. 

Montgomery County, N. C, c. h. at Lawrence- 
ville. Bounded N. by Randolph co., E. by Moore, 
S. by Richmond, and W. by the Yadkin River, 
separating it from Stanley co. Surface hilly and 
mountainous, and drained by branches of the 
Yadkin ; soil fertile. 

Montgomery, N. J., Somerset CO. Beden's Brook 
and brandies, and Stony Brook, water this town. 
Surface hilly ; soil clay, sand, and red shale. 12 
miles S. W. from Somerville. 

Montgomery County, N. Y., c. h. at Mohawk. 
Formed from Albany co., in 1772, but since re- 
duced in size by the formation of new counties. 
Bounded N. by Fulton, E. by Saratoga and 
Schenectady, S. by Schenectady and Schoharie, 
and W. by Herkimer co. It is watered hy the 
Mohawk River and its branches, the principal of 
which are East Canada, Otsquake and Sclioharie 
railroad communication, with Charleston and 
Savannah on the Atlantic coast. It has thus be- 
come a great thoroughfare for travellers between 
the north and south. This city was laid out 
and began to be settled in 1817. 

Montgomery County, Ga., c. h. at Mount Ver- 
non. Bounded N. E. bv Emanuel co, S. E. by 
Tatnal and Appling, S. W. by Telfair, and N. 
W. bv Laurens eo. It has the Oekmulgee and its 



Creeks. Surface rather hilly and mountainous, 
being partly covered by a range of the High- 
lands and the Klips, a branch of the Mayfield 
Mountain ; soil mostly good, and along the mar- 
gins of the streams remarkably fertile. A fine 
quality of building stono is quarried here in large 
quantities. The Erie Canai runs along the N^ 
and the Utica and Schenect.-.dy Railroail the S. 
side of the Mohawk River, through this county. 

Montgomery, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by 
the Wallkill. Surface hilly; soil well adapted 
to grass and grain. 10 miles N. from Goshen, 
and 95 S. S. W. from Albany. , 

Montgomery County, 0., c. h. at Dayton. Mi- 
ami is on the N., Green on the E., Preble on the 
W., and Warren and Butler counties on the S. 
It was constituted and organized in 180.3. The 
land is generally level, and is watered by the Mi- 
ami, South- West Branch, and Mad Rivers, bo- 
sides Wolf, Hole's, Bear, and Trim Creeks. This 
county is first improving in wealth and population, 

Montgomery Counti/, Pa., c. h., at Norristo\vn. 
Bounded N. E. by Bucks, and S. E. by Philadel- 
phia CO., S. W. by the Schuylkill River, separat- 
ing it from Chester co., and N. W. by Berks eo. 
The Schuylkill River affords extensive water 
power, and it is also drained by Manatawney, 
Perkiomen, Wissiliiekon and Pennypack Creeks. 
Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile, especially 
along the Schuylkill. 

Montgomery, Pa., Franklin co. Drained by 
Conecolieague Creek and branches. Surfiiee level ; 
soil mostly calcareous loam. 16 miles S. W. 
from Charabersburg. 

Montgomery, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by 
Wissihickon, a br.anch of the Schuylkill, and by 
the W. fork of Neshaminy Creek, a branch of the 
Delaware. Surface level ; soil loam and red sh.ale. 

Montgomeiy County, Te., c. h. at Clarksville. 
Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Robertson co, 
S. by Dickson, and W. by Steward co. Drained 
by Cumberland River and its branches, the chief 
of which is Red River. 

Montgomery County, Ts., c. h. at Montgomery. 
On the E. banks of the Brazos and Navasota 
and upper waters of San Jacinto. 

Montgomery, Vt., Franklin co. This town lies 
in a mountainous country, but it h.as a valuable 
tract of land on Trout River, a good mill stream, 
a branch of the Missisco. Montgomery was 
granted March 13, 1780, and chartered Octobers, 
1789, to Stephen R. Brandley and others. Cap- 
tain Joshua Clap, a revolutionary officer, removed 
his family from Worcester co., Ms., into this town, 
in March, 1793. 40 miles N. from Montpelier, 
and 27 E. N. E. from St. Albans. 

Montgomery County, Va., c. h. at Christiansburg. 
Incorporated in 1777. Bouiulcd N. by Giles and 
Roanoke counties, E. by Roanoke and Franklin, 
S. by Floyd co., and W. by New River, separating 
it from Pulaski co. Drained by branches of New 
and head branches of Staunton River. Surface 
rough and mountainous, having the Blue Ridge 
on its E. border ; soil fertile on the streams. 

Montiretto, As., c. h. Drew co. 

Monticello, Fa., c. h. Jefferson co. On a ridge 4 
miles E. from Mickasooky Lake, and 29 E. N. E. 
from Tallahassee. 

Monticello, Ga., c. h. Jasper co. 35 miles W. 
N. W. from MiUedgeville. 

Monticello, la., c. h. White co. On the W. bank 
of Tippecanoe River. 73 miles N. N W. frcm 
Indianapolis. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



461 



MonticcUo. \i., c. b. Piatt co. Oa the E. side of 
Sani^anion River. 

Mrrilifello, Ivy., c. h. Wayne CO. On the N. 
side of Beaver Creclj, a branch of Cumbeilaad 
River. 110 miles S. from Franlifort. 

Muntirdlo, Mi., e. h. Lawrence co. On tlie W. 
side of Pearl River. 83 miles S. of Jackson. 

iUtntinllo, JIo., c. h. Lewis co. On the N. E 
side of \orth Fahius River. 145 miles N. by E. 
from JetVcrson City. 

ifintieello.'S.Y.. c. h. Sullivan co. 110 miles 
S. W. from Albany. 

Montmlh, S. C!, c. h. ^airfield district. 31 
miles N. from Columbia. 

itontour Countij, Pa., c. h. at Danville. In the 
N. anjic of tlic state, between the E. and W. 
branches of the Susquehanna. 'VVa»Iied on the 
S. by the former. 

Montrose, lo., Lee co. Beautifully situated on 
ji prairie, on the W. side of the Mississippi, oppo- 
site the hue Mormon city of Nauvoo, and com- 
mands a tine view of the river and surrounding 
country for 20 miles. Interesting remains of an- 
cient mounds abound here. 

Monlrusf. Pa., c. h. Susquehanna co. Near 
the sources of Wyalusinj; and Jlishoppen Creeks, 
branches of the Susquehanna River, and 175 
miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Montpelier, Vt., Washington co. The capital 
of the state, and shire town of the county. 206 
miles N. W. by N. from Boston by railroad. 
Montpelier became the scat of government in 
1805. and the shire town of the county in 1811. 
It is finely watered by Winooski River, and by 
several branches of that stream. These streams 
afford a good water power, on whicli are mann- 
facturing establishments of various kinds. The 
BUrfaceof the town is very uneven and hilly, but 
not mountainous. The soil is very good along 
the streams, and the highlands produce excellent 
pasturage. This townsliip was granted October 
21, 1780. The vilhije of Montpelier is surround- 
ed by bills of considerable elevation ; and al- 
though it is too low to command an extensive 
prospect, is very pleasant, and quite romantic in 
its ap|Karancc. It is located very near the cen- 
»re of the state : it is a great thoroughfare from 
;UI directions, and commands a large and valu- 
able interior trade. The buildings are in good 
style, and some of them are very handsome. 

The state house stands on an elevated site, about 
325 feet from State Street, on which it fronts, and 
is alike beautiful in design and execution. The 
yard and grounds pertaining to it are large and 
spacious, and, in the manner they are laid ont, 
give gi'cat importance to the building. Through 
the whole design, a chaste architectural character 
is preserved, which, combined with the convenient 
arrangement of the interior and the stability of 
its construction, renders this edilice equal in 
every respect to any in New Englan<l, and proba- 
bly to any in the United States. The building is 
in the form of a cross, showing in front a centre, 
72 feet wide, and t^vo wings, each 39 feet, making 
the whole length 150 feet. The centre, including 
the portico, is 100 feet deep; the wings are 50 
feet deep. The six columns of the portico arc 
6 feet in diameter at their base, and 36 feet high, 
supporting an entablature of classic proportions. 
The dome rises 30 feet above the ridge, making 
the whole height from the ground 100 feet. The 
order of architecture used is the Grecian Doric, 
and is made to conform to the peculiar arrange- 



ment necessary in this building. The walls, col- 
umns, cornices, &c.. are of dark Barre granite, 
wrought in a superior manner: the dome and 
roofs are covered with copper. 

In the interior, the lower story contains an 
entrance hall, rooms for the secretary of state, 
treasurer, auditor, and numerous committee 
rooms. The second or principal story contains 
a vestibule, an<i stairways, a representatives' 
hall, 57 by 67 feet, with a lobby, and galleries 
for spectators ; a senate chamber, 30 by 44 feet, 
with lobby and gallery ; a governor's room. 24 by 
20 feet, with an anteroom, and a room for his sec- 
retary adjoining; a library room, 18 by 36 feet; 
rooms for the several officers of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, and several committee 
rooms. The cost of this building, including all 
expenses, was about 8132,100; of which the in- 
habitants of Montpelier paid .$15,000. 

Monluille, Ct., New Loudon co. On the W. 
side of the Thames. 35 miles S. E. from Hart- 
ford, and 8 N. from New London. Here is a res- 
ervation of 2700 acres for the use of the Mohegan 
Indians, and a few descendants of that tribe 
still dwell upon it. 

MontviUf\ Me., Waldo co. A fine township on 
the heail branches of Sheepscot River. 26 
miles E. N. E. from Augusta. 

Montville, N. J., Morris co. In a deep valley, 
67 miles N. by E. from Trenton. The Morris 
Canal passes "through this valley by two inclined 
planes. 

Moocrs, N. Y., Clinton co. Bounded on the N. 
by Canada, and is watered by Chazy and English 
Rivers. The surface is hilly, being traversed by 
the Chateaugay range; the soil various. 18 
miles N. from Plattsburg, and 1 82 N. from Albany. 

Moore Countij, N. C., c. h. at Carthage. Bound- 
ed N. by Randolph and Chatham counties, E. and 
S. by Cumberland and Richmond, and W. by 
Montgomery co. Watered liy Deep and Haw, 
and the head branches of Lumber River. Soil 
mostly fertile on the borders of the streams. 

^[oore. Pa., Northampton co. Drained by the 
head branches of Hockendoqne and Monokissy 
Creeks. Blue Moutitain lies on its N. border, in 
which is the opening called Smith's Gap. Sur- 
face undulatin;:: ; soil gravelly, 

Moorerield, Va., c. h. Hardy co. In a rich val- 
ley on the E. bank of the S. branch of I'otomao 
River, at the junction of the S. fork. 178 miles 
N. W. from Richmond. 

Aforaritt, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by a 
part of Owasco Lake, and by its inlet, a fine mill 
stream. The surface is somewhat hilly ; the soil 
very fertile in the valleys. 16 miles S. from Au- 
burn, and IGO W. from Albany. 

Moreun, N. Y., Saratoga co. The Hudson 
River bounds this town on the N. and E. Sur- 
face chiefly level ; soil various. 20 miles N. 
from Ballston Sjia, and 48 N. from Albany. 

Morelwuse Parish, La., c. h. at Bastrop. In tho 
N. E. angle, bonlering on Arkansas. 

Morehouse, N. Y., Hamilton co. Watered by a 
great many lakes and ponds, which arc the 
sources of numerous streams. The surface id 
diversified, and the soil productive, altbough a 
large part of the town is as yet a wilderness. 20 
miles W. from Lake Pleasant, and 82 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Morehouseville. N. Y., c. h. Hamilton co. Near 
the S. bank of Canada Creek. 117 miles N. W. 
from Albany. 



462 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Morelwu}, Pa., Lycoming co. Surface hilly, 
and watereil by Little Muncy Creek. Soil grav- 
elly.* 9+ miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Morehiiid, Pa., Mont^'oinery eo. Drained by 
Pennypack Creek and its branches. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil rich loam. 94 miles N. from Har- 
risburg. 

Moreloicn, Vt., Washington co. Mad River, a 
branch of the Winooski, waters this town, and 
gives it good mill sites. The surface is moun- 
tainous, and a great part of the soil unfit for cul- 
tivation. The settlement was commenced about 
the year 1790, and tlio town was organized 3 
or 4 years after. 13 miles S. W. from Mont- 
pelier. 

MoTijan Coiititi/, Aa., c. h. at Suramcr^-ille. 
Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separating 
it from Limestone and Madison counties, E. bv 
Marshall co., S. by Blount and Walker, and W. 
by Lawrence co. Drained by Flint River and 
Cotaco Creek and branches. 

Morgan Coiinti/, Ga., c. h. at Madison. Bound- 
ed N. E. by a head branch of Oconee River, sep- 
arating it from Clarke and Greene counties, S. 
E. by Putnam co., S. W. by Jasper, and N. W. 
by Walton co. 

Morgan County, Is., c. h. at Jacksonville. 
Bounded N. by Cass co., E. by Sangamon, S. by 
Macoupin and Greene, S. ^V". by Scott co., and 
W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Pike 
and Brown counties. Drained by Indian, Mau- 
vaiseterrc, Apple, and Sandy Creeks, all mill 
streams. Soil very fertile. 

Morgan County, la., e. h. at Martinsville. 
Bounded N. by Hendricks and Mafion, E. by 
Johnson, S. by Brown and Monroe, and W. by 
Owen and Putnam counties. Drained by the 
W. fork of White River and its branches. Sur- 
face hilly or undulating ; soil of fine quality. 

Morgan County, Ky., e. h. at West Liberty. 
Bounded N. by Fleming and Carver counties, E. 
by Lawrence and Johnson, S. by Floyd and Breat- 
hitt, and W. by Montgomery and Bath counties. 
Drained by Licking River and its branches. 

Morgan County, Mo., c. h. at Versailles. Bound- 
ed N. by Cooper, E. by Moniteau and Miller, S. 
by Camden, and W. by Benton and Pettis coun- 
ties. Watered by the S. fork of La Mine 
River, Osage River and its branches, and Moreau 
Creek. It contains some minerals, and the soil 
is fertile on the borders of the streams. 

Morgan County, 0., c. h. at McConnelsville. 
Muskingum and Guernsey counties are on the N., 
Monroe and Washington on the E., Washington 
and Athens on the S., and Perry on the W. The 
land is billy, and the soil fertile. Muskingum 
River runs across the county, and it is also wa- 
tered by several creeks which rise here. 

Morgan County, Te., c. h. at Montgomery. 
Bounded N. by Fentress and Campbell counties, 
E. by Anderson, S. by Roane, Rhea, and Bled- 
soe, and W. by White and Putnam counties. 
Watered by Emery River and its branches, and 
by the head branches of the S. fork of Cumber- 
land River. Surface mountainous, being crossed 
by the Cumberland range. 

Morga%, Te., c. h. Morgan co. On the W. side 
of Emery's River. l.'JG miles E. from Nashville. 

Morgan, Vt., Orleans co. The surface of the 
town consists of swells and valleys, and is mostly 
susceptible of cultivation. Timber, generally 
hard wood. Soil good. A head branch of Clyde 
Eiver, called Farrand's River, passes through 



the E. part of Morgan, and Seymour's Lake, which 
is about 4 miles long and nearly 2 wide, lies in 
the central part. It discharges its waters to the 
S., through Echo Pond, into Clyde River. The 
settlement was commenced about the year 1800, 
by Nathan Wilcox. 18 miles N. E. from Iras- 
burg, and 60 N. E. from Montpelier. 

Morgan County, Va., c. h. Bath. Bounded N. 
W. and N. E. by the Potomac River, separating 
it from Maryland, S. E. by Berkely co., and S. 
W. by Frederick and Hampshire counties. 
Drained by Cacapon River and Sleepy Creek, 
branches of the Potonmc. Surface rough and 
rocky ; soil fertile in the valleys. 

Morganfield. Kv., c. h. Union co. 10 miles S. 
of the Ohio River, and 221 W. S. W. from 
Frankfort. 

Morgantou-n, Ky., c. h. Butler co. On the S. 
side of Green River. 143 miles S. W. by W. 
from Frankfort. n 

Morgantown, N. C, c. h. Burke co. On the S. 
side of Catawba River. 197 miles W. from 
Raleigh. 

Morgantown, Va., Monongalia co. On the E. 
bank of Monongahela River, at the head of steam- 
boat navigation, and 295 miles N. W. from Rich- 
mond. The centre of an extensive manufactur- 
ing region. 

Morris, Is., c. h. Grundy co. 

Morris County. N. J., c. h. at Morristown. Bound- 
ed N. by Sussex and Passaic counties, E. bv Es- 
sex, S. by Somerset and Hunterdon, and W. by 
Warren co. Watered by Passaic River and its 
tributaries, Rockaway and Whippany Rivers, 
and by the head branches of Raritan River. 
Surface hilly and mountainous in the N. portions, 
abounding with magnetic iron ore ; soil princi- 
pally red shale. 'The Morris Canal traverses 
this county. 

Morris, N. J.. Morris co. Drained by ^Vhip- 
pany River and by small streams flowing into the 
Passaic River, which bounds it on the W. and S. 
Surface hilly in the N. and central, but more level 
in the S. portions. 

Morris, Pa., Tioga co. The surface of this 
town is hilly; soil gravel and clay. 133 miles N. 
by W. from Harrisburg. 

Morrisania, N. Y., Westchester co. On the N. 
E. side of Haerlem River. 

Morristown, Is., c. h. Henry co. 4 miles S. 
from Green River, and 141 N. N. W. from 
Springfield. 

Morristown, N. J., seat of justice of Morris co. 
53 miles N. by E. from Trenton. Situated on an 
elevated plain, and commanding a fine view of the 
adjacent country. It is one of the most beautiful 
villages in the Union. It is regularly laid out. 
with streets crossing each other at right angles, 
on which are many elegant private dwellings, 
with tasteful yards and gardens, giving an air of 
neatness and comfort. There is in the centre of 
the town a large public square, enclosed with a 
handsome fence, and ornamented with trees, on 
which front many of the stores, hotels, and other 
buildings. The Morris County House, locjited 
here, is one of the most magnificent hotels in tho 
country. The First Presbyterian Church fronts 
upon the square, besides which there are four or 
five other churches in the village. 

There are extensive manufactories of carriages 
in Morristown, and a great variety of mechanic 
shops. The Speedwell Iron Works are here. 
The Morris and Essex Railroad connects this 



EN THE UNITED STATES. 



463 



place with Newark, 19 miles E., and thence, by 
the Jersey Kailroad, with New York, from which 
the distance is 26 miles. 

The American army undy Washington had 
tlieir winter quarters twice in Morristown and the 
Ticinity. Tlie dwellings occupied on these dif- 
ferent occasions as the general's head quarters 
are otijects of interest to the visitor. The re- 
mains of an old revolutionary fort are still seen 
in the rear of the court house. 

Morristoirn. N. Y.. St. Lawrence co. Bounded 
on the S. E. by Black Lake, and N. W. by the 
St. Lawrence River. Surface undulating ; soil 
chicflv clav loam. 25 miles S. W. from Canton, 
and 194 JC'. W. fiom Albany. 

Morristoini, O., Belmont co. 105 miles E. 
from Columbus. 

Morristowu, Vt., Lamoille co. The soil is of a 
good quality, and easily cultivated. Morristown 
is, in point of agricultural products, the second in 
the county. Lamoille River and several other 
streams pass through the town. Along the river 
are some fine tracts of intervale, and on it are 
two excellent mill sites. Morrisville is a pleas- 
ant, flourishing village, situated near the Great 
Falls. At tlie falls, a few rods W. of tlie village, 
holes are worn in the solid rock by tlie water, some 
of which are nearly 8 feet deep and 4 broad. The 
river at this place pours itself into a channel, cut 
directly across the stream, 20 feet deep and 30 
broa€. This channel the early settlers denom- 
inated the pulpit, from the resemblance of the 
rocks at the N. end. Cadysville is situated 2 
miles below Morrisville, and bids foir to become 
a place of considerable business. At the centre 
of the town is a small village, pleasantly located. 
In the S. E. corner of the town is Joe's Pond. 
The Peo]ile's Academy, in this town, was incor- 
porated in 1847. Mr. Jacob Walker, from Ben- 
nington, commenced a settlement here in the 
spring of 1790. Morristown lies 3 miles S. from 
Hydepark, and 30 N. from Montpelicr. 

Morrisville, N. Y., e. h. Madison co. 102 miles 
W. by N. from Albany. 

Morrisville, Pa., Bucks co. On the W, bank of 
Delaware River, opposite Trenton. 125 miles E. 
from Ilarrisburg. It has a good water power. 
The Delaware is here crossed by a bridge 1100 
feet long. The Delaware Canal and the railroad 
from Bristol to Newark both pass through it. 

Morrow Coiinti/, O., c. h. at Mount Gilead. 
S. central part of the stat«. Traversed by the 
railroad from Cleveland to Columbus. 

Moscow. Jle., Somerset co. On the E. side of 
the Kennebec. 53 miles N. from Augusta. 

Moscow, N. Y., Livingston co. Situated on 
high ground, 1 mile W. from Genesee Flats, and 
236 miles W. from Albany. 

Moltville, N. Y., Onondaga co. At the outlet 
of Skaneateles Lake. 149 miles W. by N. from 
Albany. 

Moullon, Aa.. c. h. Lawrence co. On tlie E. 
Bide of Big Nance Creek. 20 miles S. from Ten- 
nessee River, and 103 miles N. from Tuscaloosa. 

Moultrie Conntij, Is. E. central part of the 
state. Watered by the Upper Kaskaskia River 
and its affluents. 

MouUonlioro\ N. H., Carroll co. This town 
lies on the N. W. shore of Winnipiseogec Lake. 
Its surface is broken by mountains and ponds. 
Red Hill, 2000 feet above the sea, lies wholly in 
this town, commanding most beautiful prospects 
of the lake and country. Squam Lake lies partly 



in this town, and Long Pond, both beautiful 
sheets of water. Red Ilill River passes through 
this town, emptying into the Winnipiseogec. First 
settlers, Ezekiel Moulton and others. 50 miles 
N. from Concord. 

Mount Air;/, Va., Pittsylvania co. S. W. by 
W. from Richmond 145 miles. Little more than 
a mile from this village is a sulphur spring. 

Mount Carmel, Is., c. h. Wab.ash CO., occupies 
high ground on the W. side of Wabash River, op- 
posite the mouth of White River. 166 miles S. 
E. from Springfield. 

ifount Cnrroll, Is., c. h. Carroll CO. 

Mount Clemens, Mn., c. h. Macomb CO. On the 
N. bank of Clinton River. 18 miles N. E. from 
Detroit. Small vessels come to this place, and a 
steamboat runs to Detroit. 

Mount Desert. Me., Hancock co. On the island 
of that name. 100 miles E.from Augusta. It has 
a good soil, and a number of excellent harbors. 

Mount Gilead, 0., e. h. Morrow co. 

Mount Holly, N. J., c. h. Burlington co. On 
Rancocus Creek, at the head of navigation. 18 
miles S. from Trenton. A pleasant tmvn, with 
considerable commerce and manufacturer. 

Mount IIullij, Vt., Rutland co. Mill River is 
the only stream of consequence. In the north- 
eastern jjart is a considerable pond, called Palche's 
Pond. The soil is similar to that of the mountain 
towns, beini; better adapted to grass than grain. 
In 1848, the two tusks, one grinder, and several 
of the bones of a fossil elephant were found in 
this town, at the summit of the Green Mountains, 
1360 feet above the sea. They were found in the 
bottom of a muck bed, 13 feet below the surface. 
The settlement was commenced in 1781. 60 miles 
S. W. from Montpelicr, and 17 S. E. from Rut- 
land. 

Mount Joij, Pa., Adams co. Between Willo- 
ways Creek on the E., and Rock Creek on th« 
W. Surface level ; soil red shale. 6 miles S. from 
Gettysburg. 

Mount Joy, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded E.by 
Chiques Creek, and N. W. by Conewago Creek. 
Surface undidating ; soil calcareous loam. 25 
miles S. F^. from Harrisburg. 

Mount Morris, N. Y., Livingston co. The sur- 
face is diversified ; soil good clay loam. 10 miles 
S. from Geneseo. 

Mount Pleasant. la., c. h- Martin co. 

Mount Pleasant, lo., c. h. Henry co. A flour- 
ishing place, with good schools. 

Mount Pleasant, N. Y., Westchester co. It is 
bounded E. by Broux River, W. by Tappan Bay, 
an expansion of the Hudson, and by Croton 
River, while Saw Mill River waters the central 
part. A somewhat celebrated mineral spring is 
situated 3 miles E. from Sing Sing village. Sur- 
face chiefly hilly ; soil of good quality. There 
are extensive marble quarries in the neighborhood 
of Sing Sing, and a copper mine was formerly 
worked in this town. (Hee Sinr/ Sinfj.) 6 miles 
N. W. from White Plains, and 125 miles S. from 
Albany. 

Mount Pleasant, Pa., Adams co. Drained by 
Plum and White Runs, branches of Rock Creek, 
and Swift and Bush Runs, branches of Cone- 
wago Creek. Surface level; soil red shale. 17 
miles E. from Gettysburg. 

Mount Pleasant. Pa,, Westmoreland co. Drained 
by Big Scwickly and Jacob's Creeks. Surfece 
slightly uneven ; soil gravel and loam. 170 miles 
W. from Harrisburg. 



464 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Mmint Pleasant, Pa., Wayne co. Watered by 
the hcail branches of Lackawaxen, Dyberry, and 
Great Equinunk Creeks. 

Mount Sterlinij, Ky., c. h. Montgomery co. On 
a small branch of the S. fork of Licking River. 
59 miles E. from Frankfort. 

Mount Tabor, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek 
rises in this town, by a branch on each side of a 
mountain. Most of the land is imfit for cultiva- 
tion, it being so high on the Green Mountain 
range. Although the surface is elevated and un- 
even, it affords good pasturage for cattle. The 
town was chartered in 1761. A part of Danby 
was annexed to it in 1848. 66 miles S. by W. 
from Mout|ielier, and 19 S. by E. from Kutland. 

Mount Vernon, Aa., Mobile co. 3 miles W. 
from Mobile River, and 184 miles S. by W. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Vernon, Ga., c. h. Montgomery CO. 112 
miles S. E. by S. from Millcdgeville. 

Mount Vernon, Is., c. h. Jefferson co. 129 miles 
S. S. E. from Springfield. 

Mount Vernon, la., c. h. Posey CO., occupies 
very high land on a N. bend of Ohio River. 188 
miles S. W. by S. from Indianapolis. 

Mount Vernon, Ky., c. h. Rock Castle co. 75 
miles S. S. E. from Frankfort. 

Mount Vernon, Me., Kennebec co. This town 
lies W. of Belgrade, E. of Vienna, and 15 miles 
N. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1792. There 
are throe pleasant villages in the towri ; the soil 
is remarkably good, and is watered by a number 
of beautiful ponds and small streams. 

Mount Vernon, N. II., Ilillsboro' co. There 
is but one stream of any note, and this was called 
by the Indians Quohe/uinapassahessananagnog. The 
situation is elevated, and on the highest point is 
a flourishing village. This town was taken from 
Amherst in 1803. First settlers, see Anthersl. 
3 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 29 S. W. from 
Concord. 

Mount Vernon, 0., seat of justice of Knox co. 
Situated 45 miles N. E. of Columbus, on ground 
slightly ascending from Vernon River, which is 
one of the best and most duralile streams in the 
state, affording at this place a good hydraulic 
power. The town is substantially and compact- 
ly built, and some of the structures are elegant. 
"jhe principal business street is about a mile long, 
on which tiiere are many brick blocks 3 stories in 
height. The court house is a superior building 
of its kind. The Episcopal Church is an elegant 
stone edifice, near the ])ublie square. Besides 
this church, the town contains churches of the 
Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, and 
Roman Catholic denominations. A railroail, to 
connect Sandusky with Columbus, is completed 
as far as Jlonnt Vernon. A canal has been con- 
structed about half the distance, to connect this 
place with the Grand Ohio Canal at Roscoe. 
This town, with the country around it, has always 
been considered as among the most healthy sec- 
tions of the state. Population in 1840. 2363 ; in 
1850,3710. 

Mount Washinplon, Ms., Berkshire co. See 
F'ashionable liesorts. 

Mulilenburi/ Counti/, Ky., c. h. at Greenville. 
Bounded N. and E. by Green River and one of 
its branches, separating it from Owen. Ohio, and 
Butler counties, S. by Logan and Todd counties, 
and W. by another branch of Green River, sepa- 
rating it fjom Madison co. 

Muncietown, la., c. h. Delaware co. On the S. 



bank of White River, at an elevation of 30 feet. 
58 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. There is a 
good water power here. 

Muney, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded E. by 
Muncy and W. by Loyalsock Creek. Surface 
mountainous; soil diversified. Situated 13 miles 
N. E. from Williamsport. 

Muncji Creek, Pa., Lycoming co. Drained by 
Big and Little Muncy Creeks, tributaries of tho 
W. branch of Susquehanna River. Surface hilly ; 
soil clay. Distance S. E. from Williamsport 13 
miles. 

Munfordsville, Ky., c. h. Hart Co. On the N. 
bank of Green River. HI miles S. W. from 
Frankfort. 

Murfrecsboro\ Te., c. h. Rutherford CO., occa- 
pies an elevated position in a fertile country, 
on a branch of Stone Creek. S. E. from Nash- 
ville 34 miles. It was once the capital of the state. 

Murphi/, N. C, c. h. Cherokee co. At the junc- 
tion of Hiawassee and Valley Rivers, 367 miles 
W. by S. from Raleigh. 

Murray County, Ga., c. b. at Spring Place. 
Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Gilmer co., S. 
by Cass, .ind W. by Floyd and Walker counties. 
Drained by Oostanula River and tributaries. Sur- 
face mountainous ; soil productive. 

Murray, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by Sandy 
Creek. It is a level town, with a good soil. 8 
miles E. from Albion village, and 245 N. N. W. 
from Albany. • 

Muscogee County, Ga., c. h. at Columbus. Bound 
ed N. by Harris and Talbot counties, E. by Marion, 
S. by Stewart co., and W. by the Chattahoochee 
River, separating it from Alabama. Upotoi Creek 
and branches, tributaries of the Chattahoochee, 
drain this county. 

Muscatine County, lo., c. h. at Bloomington. 
Bounded N. and E. by Cedar and Scott counties, 
>S. E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from 
Illinois, S. by Louisa, and W. by Johnson co. 
Drained by Red Cedar River and its branches, 
and Pine Creek, a good mill stream. Soil rich, 
particularly in the E. portions, and in the Mis- 
sissippi is a large, fertile island, belonging to this 
county, and called the Muscatine Slue. 

Muskimjum .County. O., c. b. at Zanesville. Sit- 
uated towards the S. E. part of the state, hay- 
ing Coshocton county on the N., Guernsey on tha 
E., Moi-gan on the S., Perry on the S. E., and 
Licking on the W. It is about 27 by 28 miles 
in extent. It was organized in 1804. Persons 
began to settle in several places in this county 
as early as 1798, and after the lands came into 
the market, in 1801, the county was rapidly set- 
tled by emigrants, principally from the Eastern 
States. Its principal streams are the Muskin- 
gum and Licking Rivers, which unite at Zanes- 
ville, and sevenal other smaller streams or creeks. 
The wlu>Ic county lies in the coal region of Ohio ; 
but in the neighborhood of the Muskingum River 
that mineral is found in great abundance and in 
great purity. Pipe clay, and also a peculiar kind 
of clay suitable to be used for crucibles, cellula- 
quartz. of which the burr-millstones are made, 
and iron ore, are found in ditferent sections of 
the county. Salt is manufactured to a consider- 
able amount from water obtained by boring into 
a stratum of whitish sandstone, which lies at the 
depth of from 350 to 700 feet, dipping from the 
N. in a southerly direction. 

The national road psisses through this county, 
and crosses the river at Zanesville. Upon this road 



EN THE UNITED STATES. 



466 



there is a vast amount of travel. The Muskin- 
gum is navi^'able for small steamljoats to Dres- 
den, IG miles above Zanesville ; from which point 
a canal, 2 miles long, forms a connection with 
the Oliio Canal, which itself traverses 3 of the 
north-western townships of the county. 

Ml/Stic, Ct. In the town of Stonington, New 
London co. On the E. bank of Mystic River, 
opposite Portersville. 52 miles S.E. from Hart- 
ford. The two places are connected by a bridge. 

Mi/stic Bridge, Ct. In the town of Groton, New 
London co. 56 miles S. E. from Hartford. Con- 
nected with Mystic village by a bridge. The 
river is navigable to the bridge for vessels of 40(J 
tons. The people are employed in coasting and 
the whale fishery. Several vessels are employed 
as wreckers along the coast. Considerable busi- 
ness is done here in ship building. 

Nacoffdoches County, Ts., c. h. at Nacogdoenes. 
In the E. part of the state. On the N. E. bank of 
the Neches. 

Nahant. Ms.. Essex co. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Nansemond Couiiti/, Va.. c. h. at Suffolk. Bound- 
ed N. by Isle of Wight and York counties, E. 
by Norfolk co., S. by North Carolina, and W. 
by Southampton co. Watered on the N. E. bor- 
der by James, and S. W. by Blackwater Rivers. 
Drained by branches of Nansemond River It 
contains a part of Dismal Swamp, and Lake 
Drummond in this swamp supplies the Dismal 
Swamp Canal by means of a feeder 5 miles in 
length. Soil fertile in m.any portions. 

Natiticoke, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by 
Nanticoke Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna 
River. Surface undulating; soil suitable for 
grass. 14 miles N. W. from Binghampton, and 
144 S. of W. from Albany. 

Nantiro/ie Springs, N. Y., Broome co. Here is 
a sulphur spring of considerable note. W. S. W. 
from Albany 142 miles. 

Nantucket, Ms., county and town. On an island 
of the same name in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 
miles S. of Cape Cod. This island is about 15 miles 
in length from E. to W., and about 4 miles in aver- 
age breadth, containing about 50 square miles. 
It is mostly a plain, varying from 25 to 40 feet 
above the level of the sea, entirely destitute of 
trees and shrubbery, or any sign of them, 
although it was once covered with forest. The 
highest point of elevation on the island is 80 feet 
above the sea. The land is owned in common 
by proprietors, and not fenced, excepting a few 
house lots adjoining the town. As many as 500 
cows and 7000 sheep used formerly to feed to- 
gether in this large pasture. They are now ex- 
cludeil, however, by the proprietors from the com- 
mon Held. 

In 1 759, the title to this island was granted by 
Governor Mayhew. whose ancestor, Thomas May- 
hew, had oblained it of William, Earl of Stirling, 
at New York, in 164!, to 27 proprietors, many 
of whom settled at Nantucket. Among them was 
Peter Folger, — a man of great influence, whose 
daughter became the mother of Dr. Franklin, — 
and three men by the name of Coffin. Both of 
these names have numerous representatives on 
the island at the present day. Tlie Coffin School 
at Nantucket originated in a donation by Admi- 
ral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British navy, who vis- 
ited this place in 1826 ; and finding that a large 
part of the inhabitants were more or less remotely 
related to him, expressed a desire to confer on 
59 



his kindred some mark of his attachment. By 
his liberality, after taking measures to ascertain 
the preference of the people in regard to the 
way in which it miglit be most acceptably applied, 
a building was provided for a school of a high 
order, and a fund of' about 512,500 invested for 
its permanent support. For many years p.ast, 
great attention has been paid to education in Nan- 
tucket, and the public schools, as well as others, 
will not suffer in comparison with any in the state. 

The town is situated at the bottom of a bay, 
on the N. side of the island, made by two points 
of the beach, nearly three fourths of a mile apait, 
on one of which, called Brant Point, is a light- 
house. The harbor of Nantucket is good, with 
seven and a half feet of water at low tide on the 
bar at its mouth. The town is built on a site where 
the ground ascends more rapidly from the water 
than at almost any other part of the shore. It 
embraces nearly all the houses on the island, and 
is very compactly built. Many of the streets are 
very narrow, and the houses are mostly con- 
structed of wood. There are many handsome 
buildings, however, both of wood and of brick ; 
and some of the churches, of which there are 
nine or ten in number of various denominations, 
are tasteful edifices. There are several fine build- 
ings for the public schools. The Nantucket 
Athcna3um, incorporated in 1834, has a commodi- 
ous building, with an Ionic portico in front ; 
erected in 1847, after the burning of the former edi- 
fice, in which are contained a library of over 2500 
volumes, and a large number of interesting curios- 
ities, chiefly from the islands in the Pacific Ocean. 
In the upper story is a fine hall for pulilic lectures. 

The wliale fishery commenced at Nantucket in 
1690; and this place is more celebrated than any 
other for the enterprise and success of its inhab- 
itants in that species of nautical adventure. In- 
deed, it has been the motherof this great branch 
of wealth in America, if not in the world. The 
first establishments in New Bedford were started 
by persons from Nantucket. Of late a consider- 
able diversion from this business has been occa- 
sioned by the tide of adventure setting to Califor- 
nia ; so that the statistics of the whale fishery, if 
taken now, would not perhaps exhibit fairly the 
amount of energy and of capital ordinarily era- 
barked in it. In the year ending April 1, 1844, 
Nantucket emjdoyed 78 vessels in the whale fish- 
ery, the tonnage of which was 26,684 tons ; 
1,086,488 gallons of sperm and whale oil were 
imported, the value of which was 8846,000. The 
number of hands employed was about 2000. 
The capital invested was S2, 730,000, including 
the ships and outfits only. 

There are manufactures, on the island, of ves- 
sels, whale boats, bar iron, tin ware, boots, shoes, 
oil casks, and candle boxes. The whole amount 
of the manufactures of oil and candles, in 1844, 
was 81,375,745. 

On the night of the 13th of July, 1846, a fire 
broke out in the most compact part of the town, 
and in a few hours it destroyed not less than 
350 buildings ; among which were two banking 
houses, a church, the Athenieum, seven oil and 
candle factories, &.e. The loss was estimated at 
$900,000. 

The village of Siasconset is situated at the S. 
E. extremity of tlie island, about 7 miles from 
the town, and contains about 70 houses. The 
cod fishery was carried on there a few years since, 
but of late it has been nearly relinquished. The 



466 



COXINTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



houses, with few exceptions, are occupied only 
in the warm season. A fine hotel is maintained 
here, aftbrding the most genteel accommodations 
durin;; the season of company. The village is 
compactly huilt on a level grass plat, near the 
edge of a steep cliff, the land rising in the rear 
so as to cut off a view of the town of Nantucket. 
This place presents uncommon attractions in the 
warm season for invalids and persons seeking 
recreation. It has a fine bracing air and excel- 
lent water. In front of the village •' the eye rests 
on a broad expanse of the Atlantic, and below, 
the surf rolling and breaking, gives animation to 
the scene by day, and lulls to repose by night.'' 

An excellent steamboat plies between Nan- 
tucket and New Bedford, touching at Holmes 
Hole, on Martlia'.s Vineyard, and Wood's Hole, 
5 miles from Falmouth. The distance from 
Boston to Nantucket is 110 miles, of which one 
half is travelled by railroad, and the other half 
by steamboats. 

Naples, Is., Scott CO. Located on Illinois Riv- 
er, 2 miles above the entrance of- the Mauvaise- 
terre, and 56 miles W. from Springfield. The 
trade of this place is extensive. Steamboats in 
great numbers arrive here. 

Naples, Me.. Cumberland co. This town was 
formed from Otisfield and Raymond, and incor- 
porated in 1834. It is watered liy Sebago and 
Songo Ponds, and Crooked and Muddy Rivers. 
It has good mill privileges and a productive 
soil. Naples lies 63 miles W. S. W. from Augus- 
ta, and -27 N. N. W. from Portland. 

Naples, N. Y., Ontario co. The outlets of 
Canandaigua and Honcoye Lakes water this town, 
the surface of which is hilly, and the soil elay 
loam, based upon slate. 18 miles S. from Can- 
andaigua, and 211 W. from Albany 

Napa Cminlij, Ca. On the height of land be- 
tween the Sacramento and the coast. 

Napoleon, O., c. h. Henry co. 

Napoli, N. Y., Cattaraugus Co. Coldspring 
Creek waters this town, which has an elevated 
and rolling surfiice and productive soil. 12 miles 
W. from EUicottville, and 307 S. of W. from 
Albany. 

Nish County, N. C, c. h. at Nashville. Bound- 
ed N. by Halifax co., E. by Edgecombe, S. by 
Johnson, and W. by Franklin co. Drained by 
Moccason River, and Tar River and branches. 

Nashua, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town, 
which was called Dunstable until 1836, original- 
ly embraced a large extent of territory. 

In the N. E. corner of the town, (and in Nash- 
ville,) on Nashua River, is the flourishing village 
of Nashua, the centre of a large traile and the 
seat of important manufactures. The village 
lies partly in Nashua and partly in Nashville, the 
river forming the dividing line. (See Nashville.) 
That part of the village lying in Nashua con- 
tains 4 churches, a beautiful town house, a large 
number of handsome dwelling houses, stores, 
public houses, &.c. 

The Nashua Manufacturing Company was in- 
corporated in 1823. It has 4 mills, two 155 feet 
in length, 45 in breadth, and 6 stories in height; 
two about 190 feet in length, 50 feet in breadth, 
and 5 stories high. They contain 37,000 spin- 
dles, 100 looms, and manufacture 13,000,000 
yards of cloth per annum, use 10,000 bales cot- 
ton, weighing 4,000,000 jjounds, and their pay 
roll is about $16,000 every 4 weeks. Their canal 
is 3 miles long, 60 feet wide, and 8 feet deep, head 



and fall 36 feet. There are about 1000 females 
and 200 males employed in these mills. 

In 1845. the Nashua Company built a large 
machine shop; the main building is 150 feet 
long, with an addition of 153 feet, used for a 
blacksmith's shop, furnace, &c. The main build- 
ing is occupied by shuttle aud bobbin makers, 
locksmiths, gunsmiths, manufacturers of axes, 
hoes, ploughs, and by artisans in other branch- 
es ; there are about 300 men employed in this 
concern. About S40.000 worth of mortise locks 
and latches for dwelling house doors, and rose- 
wood and brass knobs for the handles of tho 
same, are manufactured annually. 

In 1845, a large and extensive iron foundery 
was erected ; more than 4000 pounds of castings 
per day are manufactured from pig iron ; 18 tons 
can be melted in 12 hours: more than 30 men 
are employed, and the business exceeds $40,000 
a year. 

The same year a cotton manufacturing es- 
tablishment went into operation in the Salmon 
Brook, at the " Harbor," so called ; about $^30,000 
worth of goods are annually manufactured. 
There are also other valuable manufactures on 
Nashua River and the waters of Salmon Brook. 
In the spring of 1848, an extensive concern went 
into operation for making railroad iron. 

The soil of Nashua has considerable variety. 
Tho land in the E. part of the town, on Merri- 
mac River, is level and fertile, as well as some 
portion of the valleys of the Nashua and Salmon 
Brook, but a considerable part of the town is 
sandy or uneven. It is watered by .Salmon Brook, 
a small stream flowing from Groton, Ms., and 
emptying into the Merrimae, and by the Merri- 
mac and Nashua Rivers. 

This was the earliest settlement in the south- 
ern part of New Hampshire. It was incorporat- 
ed in 1673, and settled before that time. Since 
1679 it has had a settled minister. It was a fron- 
tier settlement for 50 years, and as such peculiar- 
ly exposed to Indian attacks. In 1 675, during 
Philip's war, it was abandoned. In 1691, several 
persons were killed in town by the Indians. From 
this time to 1 706, frequent attacks were made, and 
ravages committed, in one of which, the celebrat- 
ed friendly Indian, Joe. English, was killed. 
In 1724, 2 persons were captured in Nash- 
ville, and carried away. A party of 1 1 persons 
started in pursuit, but were soon waylaid by the 
Indians, and 10 of them killed. The only sur- 
vivor was Josiah Farwell, who was the next year 
lieutenant in Lovewell's expedition. 

In 1725, Captain John Lovewell, of this town, 
raised a company of volunteers, and marched 
northward in pursuit of the enemy. In his first 
expedition, they killed 1 Indian and took 1 pris- 
oner; in his second excursion, they killed 10 In- 
dians, but in his third expedition, he fell into an 
ambuscade at Lovewell's Pond, in Fryeburg, Me. 
Captain Lovewell, Lieutenant Farwell, and En- 
sign Robbins, all of this town, were killed, as 
also the chaplain, Mr. Frye, and 12 others, and 1 1 
wounded. In this conflict the noted ehkcf Paugus 
was killed. The blow fell heavily upon the feeble 
settlement, but it was a triumph for New ling- 
land. The power of the Indians was broken for- 
ever, and song and romance have embalmed the 
memory of the heroes of •' Lovewell's Fight." 

Dunstable belonged to Massachusetts till the 
division line between the two provinces of Mas- 
sachusetts and New Hampshire was settled in 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



467 



1741. It W.1S incorporated by New Hampshire, 
April 1, 1746, and the name altered to Nashua, 
in Decemher, 1836. 

Distances, 35 miles S. of Concord, and 40 N. 
from Boston hy railroad, an4 about 12 miles S. 
E. from Amherst. A railroad passes from this 
place to AVoreester and Providence. 

Nashville. Is., c. h. Washington co. On an ele- 
vated prairie, at the head of Little Crooked 
Creek, and 118 miles S. hy E. from Springfield. 

iSWitvV/e, la., c. h. Brown co. On the N. side 
of Salt Creek, 54 miles S. from Indianapolis. 

Naslwillp, N. C, c. h. Nash co. On the S. side 
of Peach Tree Creek, a branch of Tar River, and 
44 miles E. by N. from Raleigh. 

Xashrille, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This to\vn was 
taken from Nashua and incorporated June 23, 
1842. The soil on the rivers and other streams is 
rich, but elsewhere is light and sandy. In the 
S. E. corner of the town is a considerable portion 
of Nashua village. The cemetery in this village 
is beautiful. It lies in a grove in the rear of the 
Unitiirian Church, occupying about two acres. 
Cost of ground, fences, walks, &c., about $3000. 
In this place are large manufactories, on the 
Nashua River, opposite to Nashua. See Nashua. 

Na.ihfi/le, city, capital of the state of Tennes- 
see, and seat of justice for Davidson co., is situ- 
ated on the S. side of Cumberland River. 120 
miles from its mouth, and at the head of steam- 
boat navigation. Population in 1830, 5566; in 
1840, 6929; in 1850, 10.500. 

The city is pleasantly located upon a high 
and healthy site, of undulating surface, varying 
fi-om 50 to 175 feet in elevation from the level 
of the river. The foundation is rocky, the soil 
thin, and dotted here and tiiere with beautiful 
groves of cedar, giving to the environs a pleas- 
ing variety of landscape sceneiy. Owing to the 
salubrity of its situation, Nashville is the resort 
of considerable numbers from the lower parts of 
the country during the sultry heats of summer. 
The city was originally laid out upon a ground 
plot of 200 acres, with building lots of one acre 
each, four acres being reserved for the public 
buildings. But these boundaries have been sub- 
ject to many variations. There is a public square 
in the centre of the city, in which the court house 
is jdaced, which is a handsome edifice, 105 feet 
in front hy 63 feet in depth, and two stories high, 
besides the basement. It is surmounted by a 
dome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground, 
supported by eight Ionic columns. The market 
house, situated also in the public square, is one 
of the finest buildings in the west. There are 
spacious apartments in the building occupied as 
a city hall and recorder's office. The Episcopal 
Church is a fine stone building, in the Gothic 
style of architecture. The Presbyterian and the 
Methodist Churches, and some others, are large 
and elegant buildings. There are ten or twelve 
churches in the city, of the various denomina- 
tions. The state house has a commanding loca- 
tion on the highest ground in the city. The site, 
consisting of four acres of L'rouml, was purchased 
by the city at a cost of 530,000, and presented 
to the state for the purpose. There is a female 
academy, situated in the western part of the city, 
which is a rtourishing institution, and several 
other schools for young ladies, of a high order 
of excellence. The primary schools for both sexes 
are numerous and good. Few cities are better 
provided with means of instruction for the young. 



This city is the seat of Nashville University, 
which was founded in 1806. Tlie main col- 
lege building is 200 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 
three stories high. This buibling has wings, 
and is accompanied by a spacious building for 
the accommodation of the chemical laboratory. 
All the university buildings, except the presi- 
dent's house, are within the college campus, 
which includes eight acres. The Lunatic Hospi- 
tal is a large and commodous building, which will 
accommodate over 100 patients. Vauxhall Gar- 
den, in the S. part of the city, is a pleasant place 
of resort for promenading and for popular recre- 
ations. It is jirovided with a circular railway, 
upon which a light pleasure car is propelled by 
the hand of the rider. In the suburbs of the city 
is a spring strongly impregnated with sulphur, 
with accommodations provided for cold and 
warm baths. 

A number of steamboats of the first class arc 
owned in Nashville, which ply between this city 
and Cincinnati, and other places. A railroad is 
in process of construction from Nashville to 
Chatanooga, in the southern border of the state, 
a distance of 150 miles, which, when completed, 
will afford an uninterrupted railroad communi- 
cation between Nashville and Charleston, S. C, 
and also by a separate line part of the way be- 
tween Nashville and Savannah, Ga. 

About 12 miles distant from Nashville is the 
retired and quiet country seat of the late presi- 
dent of the United States, Andrew Jackson, fa- 
miliarly known as the " Hermitage." As the 
name he gave to it implies, the place which he 
had selected for his private residence was in ,i 
rural situation, rather remote from other habi- 
tations. The house is stately in its size, and 
symmetrical in its proportions, but makes no 
great architectural displa}'. To this quiet home, 
after retiring from the presidential chair in 1836, 
General Jackson withdrew to pass the remainder 
of his days in the bosom of Iiis family, continu- 
ing still, through the great popularity of his 
name, to exert a silent but extensive influence 
upon the politics of the country. Here, on the 
8th day of June, 1845, he breathed his last, ia 
the 79th year of his age. 

Nassau Counlij. Fa., c. h. at Fernandina. Is 
bounded W. and N. by St. Mary's River, separat 
ing it from Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and 
S. by Nassau River, partly separating it from Du- 
val CO., and by Columbia co. .Surface level, and 
somewhat marshy. Amelia Island extends along 
its sea-shore on the E. boundary. 

Nassau, N. Y.. Rensselaer co. Watered by 
Kinderhook Creek and its branches. The sur- 
face is rather hiUv; soil verv fertile. 16 miles 
S. E. from Troy, and 12 S. by E. from Albany. 

Natchi'Z. City, and seat of justice for Adams 
CO., Mi. Situated on a high blutf on the E. 
bank of the Jlississippi, lou miles S. W. from 
Jackson, the capital of the state, and 279 miles 
by the river above New Orleans. The bluff on 
which Natchez is built is in some parts nearly 
300 feet above the river, and is entirely composed 
of clay, unmixed with the smallest pebble ; the 
whole resting on a substratum of pudding stone 
rock, which appears in view only when the water 
in the river is at a very low stage. 

Natchez under the Hill, as it is called, is a portion 
of the place which lies upon the margin of the 
river, consisting of warehouses, stores, and shops, 
for the accommodation of the landing. But the 



468 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



greater portion of the city is situated on the ele- 
vated ground, and is laid out in u rcclanj^ular 
form, witli liroail streets, which are extensively 
ornamented with the Cliina tree. The surface 
of the ground on which the eity stands, and of 
the whole adjacent country, is uneven, undulating 
like the rolling of the sea in a storm, and pre- 
sents a strong contrast to low and level surfiices 
of the boundless cyj)ress swamps of Louisiana 
seen on the opposite side of the river. Many of 
the houses are elegant, though generally the style 
of building is plain. Tiiey are mostly of wood, 
one story high, with a piazza and balcony. The 
bouses of the mure wealthy are situated widely 
apart, each occupying a square, surrounded with 
the palmetto, orange trees, and other beautiful 
shrubbery. Tliis class of the inhabitants is dis- 
tinguished for intelligence, refinement, and hos- 
pitality. 

The city contains a court house and jail, a 
hospital, an orjjhan asylum, a masonic inill, a 
theatre, two or tince banks, and several churches. 
There are oil mills here, operated by steam, for 
manufacturing oil from the cotton seed. The 
cotton crop is extensively cultivated in the vi- 
cinity, and Natchez was formerly the principal 
mart in this region for this important product. 
In 1820. the exports of cotton exceeded 35,000 
bales. Tlie business and prosperity of the place, 
however, has, frojn \arious causes, materially de- 
clined from what it once was. The hurricane 
of 1836, which destroyed a vast amount of prop- 
erty, the failure of tlie hanks, which followed soon 
after, the depression in the price of cotton, ac- 
companied by the emigration to Texas, which 
about this time drew oil' many of the most enter- 
prising inhabitants, have had a disastrous eifect 
upon the prosperity of Natchez. Its trade, how- 
ever, is still considerable, as indicated by the 
steamboats which are continually arriving and 
departing on the river. 

Natchez was first settled by the French in 1716. 
From its geographical position, and the wealth 
which has been expended upon its decorations, it 
has long been considered as one of the most beau- 
tiful places in the lower valley of the Mississippi. 
Its elevated site affords a fine view of this majes- 
tic river, with the numerous craft moving to and 
fro upon its waters, of the village of Concordia 
on the opposite bank, and the vast region of 
country spreading out beyond. Although the 
city is liable occasionally to be visited with the 
bilious and intermittent fevers of the climate, 
yet its location is comparatively advantageous 
in this respect, and in most seasons it proves a 
healthful and an agreeable place of residence. 

Natchitoches Parish, La., c. h. at Natchitoches. 
Bounded N. by Claiborne parish, E. by Cata- 
hoola and Rapides, S. by Rapides, and W. by Sa- 
bine and Caddo parishes. Drained by Red River 
and its trilmtarics. The sod is mostly sterile, 
but bordering on the streams is some good land, 
well adapted to the growth of cotton. 

Natchitoches, La., e. h. Natchitoches district. 

Natick, Ms , Middlesex eo. This township was 
originally granted by the General Court to the 
Indians, as a place for a permanent residence. It 
was incorporated into an English district in 1761, 
and into a town in 1781, by the name of Natick, 
a word in the Indian language signifying " the 
place of hills." It is watered by Charles River, 
and contains numerous fish ponds. There are 2 
Tillages, upwards of a mile apart. 



Natural Bridge, N. Y., Jefferson co. A natural 
bridge I.') feet wide, and C feet above the water, 
crosses Indian River at this i]lace. 133 miles 
N. W. from Albany. 

Naiigutiick, Ct., "New Haven co. A flonrishing 
manufacturing town, on the Naugatuck River. 27 
miles by railroad N. by E. from Bridgeport, and 
.•JS N. W. from New Haven. A railroad, connect- 
ing with the New York and New Haven Railroad 
at Stratford, runs up the Naugatuck valley. 

Nanvoo City. Is., Hancock eo. 1 24 miles jj. W. 
from Springfield. It is situated on the E. bank of 
the Mississippi, about 180 miles above the mouth 
of the River Illinois. This is the site of the 
celebrated Jlormon eity founded by Joe Smith 
and his followers in 1840. It is located on ele- 
vated ground, gradually rising from the river to 
an unusual height, and presenting a smooth and 
regular surface, which, with the plain at its sum- 
mit, miglit amjdy sufiicc for the erection of a 
large city. Upon this beautiful ground Nauvoo 
was laid out on a very magnificent scale, and 
many of the houses erected were handsome 
structures. The streets are of ample width, 
crossing each other at right angles. Three years 
after the settlement was begun, the city contained 
1000 houses, a large part of which were log cab- 
ins, whitewashed. The great Mormon Teniple, 
which stood in fair view from the river, was 128 
feet long, 88 feet wide, and C5 feet high to the 
top of the cornice. The top of the cupola was 
163 feet from the ground. It was built of com- 
pact, polished limestone, (luarried near the sfiot. 
It was calculated to contain 3000 people, and 
was built at a suppo-sed cost of about half a rail- 
lion of dollars. On the 9th of October, 1848, 
this Temple was destroyed by fire, and now pre- 
sents only a blackened pile of ruins. Four years 
previous, the Mormon leader had been aiTested, 
and put in prison, where, soon afterwards, he came 
to his end by the violence of a mob. The Mor- 
mons have since left the place. The ])Oi)ulation, 
which at one time w.as as high as 16,000, is now 
much less. 

Nexishoc, Mo., e. h. Newton CO. 

Nccdham, Ms., Norfolk CO., was a part of Ded- 
ham until 1711. It is surrounded for more than 
two thirds of its limits by Charles River. Broad 
Meadow, lying partly in this town, and the towns 
of Dedliam and Newton, is said to be one of the 
largest in the state. The town is nncommonly 
well watered, and is diversified witli hills and 
plains. In the course of the river, which sepa- 
rates this town from Newton, there are 2 falls, 
called the Upper and Lower Falls, which afford 
valuable water privileges. At the Upper Falls 
is the largest cataract in the whole of Charles 
River. The water here falls 20 feet upon a bed 
of rocks. There is a maimfacturing village at 
both of these falls, lying partly in this town 
and partly in Newton. The soil is good, and 
the encircling river presents much beautiful 
scenery. 5 miles N. W. from Dedham. and by 
the Worcester Railroad 13 S. W. from Boston. 

Nelson County, Ky., c. h. at Bardstomi. Bound- 
ed N. by Spencer co., E. by Anderson and Wash- 
ington, S. by Marion and Laure, and W. by Bul- 
litt CO. Drained by the Beech and Rolling Forka 
of Salt River and their tributaries. 

Nelson, N. H., Cheshire co. This town is situ- 
ated on the height of land between Connecticut 
and Merrimae Rivers. The surface is hilly, but 
good for grazing. A branch of Ashuelot and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



469 



one of Contoocook River water this town. The 
best mill privileges are furnished hy streams issu- 
ing; from ponds, of whieh there arc 4, contaiiiiiit; 
1600 a<Tes. First settlers, Breed Batchekler. 
and Dr. Nathaniel Breed, in 1767. 40 miles 
S. W. from Concord, and 8 N. E. from Keene. 

Nelson, N. Y. Madison co. Chenango Creek 
and the head hranehes of Chenango River water 
this town, the surface of whieh is high and 
slightly uneven, and the soil clay and calcareous 
loam. " 106 miles W. from Albany. 

Xtkim Couiili/, Va., c. h. at Livingston. Bound- 
ed N. E.hy AMiemarle eo., S. E. hy James River, 
(ieparating it from Buckingham co., S. W. by 
Amherst, and X. W. hy Augusta co. Drained hy 
Rock, Rockfish, and Tyre Rivers. The Blue 
Ridge lies on the K. W. horderof this county. 

Niiis/io. JIo., c. h. Newton co. 175 miles N. W. 
from Jert'er.^on City. 

Aeim:xet Villmje. JIs.. in the town of Dorches- 
ter, Norfolk CO. See Dorchester. 

Nesco/xck, Pa., Luzerne CO. Watered by the 
Susquehanna River and its tributaries. Big and 
Little Wapwallopcn. and Nescopeck Creeks. Sur- 
face uneven, and some of the bottom land on 
the streams fertile. 98 miles N. E. from Har- 
risburg. 

Ncshoha Countij, Mi., c. h. at rhiladelphia. 
Bounded N. hy Winston CO., E. by Kemper, S. 
by Newton, and W. by Leake co. Drained by 
Peaid River and its head hranehes. 

New Albany, la. City, and seat of justice of 
Floyd CO. 126 miles S. by E. from Indianapolis. 
Situated on the N. bank of the Ohio River, about 
2 miles below the foot of the falls in that river, 
at Louisville. This is one of the largest places 
in the state. It is laid out with entire regularity, 
having 6 streets parallel with the river, nearly 
E. and W., and eleven running back from the 
river, intersecting them at right angles. It has 
churches of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Meth- 
odist, Baptist, Campbellite Baptist, and Roman 
Catholic denominations. There are a male and 
a female seminary, a lyceum, and other excellent 
provisions for the education of the young. A 
donation of S5000 was made by the original pro- 
prietors to constitute a fund for the support of 
a pid>lic seliool. There are several ship yards 
at New Albany, in whieh a number of steamboats 
are built annually, and a large business is done 
in various branches of manufacture. Population 
in 1840, 4226 ; in IS.'iO, 10,000. 

Neu- Albion, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Well wa- 
tered by branches of Cattaraugus Creek on the 
N., and of the Alleghany River on the S. The 
surhice is high and rather uneven ; the soil favor- 
able to the L'rowth of grass and grain. 1 1 miles 
W. from EUicottville, and 306 S. of W. from 
Albany. 

Newark, N. J., city, port of entry, and seat of 
justice for Essex co., is situated on the W. 
side of the Passaic River, 3 miles from its en- 
trance into Newark Bay. and 9 miles W. from 
the city of New York. It stands on a fertile 
plain, with a rising ground on the W.. to which 
the suburbs of the city extend. Population in 
1830, 10.9.iO; in 1840.' 17,290; in 1850, 38.893. 
This is the most jKjpulous and flourishing place 
in tlic state of New Jersey. The city is regularly 
laid out. with broad and straight streets, gener- 
ally crossing each other at right angles. Many 
of the streets are bordered by lofty and beautiful 
shade trees, which give an air of elegance and 



comfort to the place. There are two large and 
pleasant jiublic sfpiares, in the heart of the city, 
whieh are in like manner adorned with majestic 
elms. Broad Street, running through the middle 
of the city from N. to S., is one of the most ex- 
tensive and beautiful avenues to be met with in 
any of our [topulous towns. Newark is well 
built, having several handsome churches, and 
other public editiccs. The court house, situ- 
uated upon a commanding site, in the W. part 
of the city, is a large and elegant building, of 
brown freestone, in t!ic Egyptian style of arciii- 
teeture. Some of the church edifices are of stone ; 
among which are tlie Pirst Presbyterian Church, 
on Broad Street, and the Episcopal Church, on 
the lower green, or Park, as it is now called. The 
dwelling houses which front upoTi this beautiful 
public iiarade are among the iiandsomest in the 
city. The elevated ground on tlnAW. affords 
some of the finest situations for gentlemen's 
seats, many of which are occupied with elegant 
buildings, and surrounded with the evidences of 
luxury and taste. 

Among the literary institutions in Newark .are 
the Mechanics' Association for Literary and Sci- 
entific Improvement, which has a library and 
philosophical apparatus; the Mercantile and Lit- 
erary Association, whieh sustains a course of 
public lectures ; the Newark Library Association, 
which has accumulated a library of 3000 vol- 
umes, open to the public on tlie most liberal 
terms ; and the New Jersey Historical Society. 
The Newark Academy was established in 1792, 
and was distinguished, for manv years, as one 
of the largest and most prominent institutions 
of the kind in the country. Previous to this 
date, there had been an academy at Newark, 
whose building, — a stone building, two stories 
high, — then standing upon the upper green, 
was burned by a party of 500 British soldiers from 
New York, on the night of January 25, 1780. 

Newark is very extensively engaged in manu- 
factures, a great part of the products of which are 
sent to distant markets. Although there are no 
peculiar natural facilities here for this kind of 
industry, this want has been abundantly supplied 
by steam power and otlier artificial agents, un- 
der the direction of human skill and enterprise. 
About the year 1676. measures were taken to 
invite mechanics to this place. The first shoe- 
maker appears to have been induced to come 
into the settlement from Elizabcthtown, having 
been " formally admitted a member of the com- 
munity, on condition of his supplying it with 
shoes." The manufacture of shoes, boots, sad- 
dles, harness, and the various fabrics of leather, 
have constituted an extensive branch of the busi- 
ness of Newark in modern times. The tanneries 
here have been very extensive, the first of which 
was established as long ago as 1698. Other 
manufactures, in great variety and abundance, 
have been produced, the most important of which 
are hats and caps, carriages, omniliuses, and 
wagons, cutlery, and jewelry. The number of 
persons and the amount of capital employed ia 
these large manufacturing oper.ations is such aj 
to constitute this the leading interest of the place 
although, by its position at the head of shij 
navigation from the Atlantic, its facilities foi 
commerce, and its investments in that line, hav« 
been by no means inconsiderable. The coasting 
trade employs from 60 to 80 vessels of 100 tons 
In 1833, a whaling comp.any was incorporated 



470 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



here, which has prosecuted the business with 
success. 

The New Jersey Kailroail, on its route between 
New York and Philadelphia, passes throuf;h 
Newark, tlius brinf^'inj; it within hall' an hour's 
distance of New York. The Morris and Kssox 
Railroad connects this place with Morristown, in 
tlie interior of New Jersey. The Morris Canal 
also terminates liere. 

Newark, in its origin, was eminently a New 
England town, having been settled, in 1666. by 
a company consisting of 30 families, from Guil- 
ford, Branford, Milford, and New Haven, Ct. 
These families had been preceded by four per- 
sons as agents, commissioned to select and lay 
out the township, who were Captain Robert 
Treat, John Treat, Jasper Crane, and John Cur- 
tis. To thwjood judgment of tliese men New- 
ark is indemed for the beautiful location and 
plan of the city, and for its broad streets and 
handsome public squares. Nor arc these the 
most important, nor the most characteristic fea- 
tures of its preeminence, derived from its Puritan 
ancestry. Captain Robert Treat, above named, 
is the same who was afterwards governor of 
Connecticut. 

Newark, N. Y., Tioga co. Drained by East and 
'West Owego Creeks. Surface hilly; soil fertile 
in the valleys. 8 miles N. from Owego, and 161 
S. of W. from Albany. 

Newark, 0., c. h. Licking co. On the Ohio 
and Erie Canal, at the junction of the three main 
branches of Licking River, and 39 miles E. N. 
E. from Columbus. A place of large anil flour- 
ishing business. 176 miles from Cleveland, by 
the canal. 

Newark, \t., Caledonia co. The Passurapsic 
Klver is formed in this town by a collection of 
streams issuing principally from ponds. The 
town is not mountainous, but the soil is cold, 
and generally unproductive. The settlement 
was commenced about the year 1800. 26 miles 
N. E. from Danville, and .56 N. E. from Montpelier. 

New Ashford, Ms., Berkshire co. This township 
is situated principally on the steep and rugged hills 
which make from Saddle Mountain on the E., 
and the Taeonic range on the W., and which here 
approach each other. In the narrow valley be- 
tween these hills, along the rise of the western 
branch of the Housatonic, and the eastern branch 
of Green River, are some sm.all tracts of feasible 
land, producing grain, grass, &.c. ; though the .soil 
in general is hard and gravelly. By these 
streams, with the connected springs and brooks, 
the town is well watered. The people of this 
town pay considerable attention to rearing sheep. 
Much variegated marble is found here. 13 miles 
N. from I'itislicld, and by the Western Railroad 
from Pittsfield, 104 miles W. from Boston. 

New Alhejia, O., Harrison co. The seat of 
Franklin College. 115 miles E. by N. from Co- 
lumbus. See C'olh(]cs. 

New Baltimore, N. Y., Greene co. On the W. 
side of the Hudson. Drained by Dieppe and 
Haivnakraus Creeks. Surface hilly and broken ; 
soil rich clay and sandy loam. 18 miles N. from 
Cattskill, and 15 S. from Albany. 

iVi'HJ Barhadoes, N. J., Bergen co. This town 
is mostly level, and is watered by Hackensack 
Kiver. Soil red shale and a sandy loam. 

New Bedford, Ms. Port of entry, and one of 
the shire towns of Bristol co. 55 miles S. from 
Boston. Population in 1790, 3313; 1800, 43G1 ; 



1810, 5651; 1820, 6947; 1.8.30, 7592; 1840, 
12,087; 1850,16,464. It stands on the W. side 
of a small estuary, called Accushnut River, which 
makes up in a northerly direction into the land 
from neai- the western extiemlty of Buzzard's 
Bay. The township is 10.^ miles in length by 
about 1 mile in average width. The situation of 
New Bedford is very beautiful. It is built upon 
ground which rises rapidly from the water, and 
the view from Fair Haven, on the opposite side 
of the River, and from the harbor as the town is 
approached from the S., is not excelled by that 
of any other place in the country. It is laid out 
with much regularity, the streets crossing each 
other at right angles. The buildings are gen- 
rally of wood, .ilthough several of the finest 
houses, stores, and other edifices are of brick and 
stone. The buildings in the upper part of the 
town are much admired for their neatness and 
beauty ; and many of them have the additional 
attractions of splendid ornamental grounds and 
gardens. County Street, which runs the whole 
extent of the thickly-inhabited part of the to\vn, 
along the summit of the rising ground upon 
which it is built, is allowed to be without a rival 
in this country for its splendid combination of the 
finest features of natural and artistic beauty. 

Among the public buildings most worthy of 
notice are the town hall, the court house, and 
the custom house. The town hall is a mag- 
nificent structure of granite, 100 feet long, 61 
feet wide, and 3 stories high. The lower story 
is occupied as a market, the second as a hall for 
public meetings, and the third for offices. This 
edifice, which, with the land, cost S60.000, is by 
many regarded as the handsomest building in 
New England devoted to civil ]nu'poses. The 
court house is a structure of brick, and near it 
arc the jail and house of coiTection. The cus- 
tom house, which is of granite, is of a beautiful 
design, and makes an imposing appearance. 
The Friends' Academy is a handsome stnic- 
ture, pleasantly situated on County Street, and 
environed with beautiful grounds. This institu- 
tion is exclusively for young ladies. 

Few places have been more lilieral in provid- 
ing the means of education in tlie public schools. 
These consist of a high school, and about 30 
other schools, requiring the services of about 50 
teachers. The Social Library, owned by an in- 
corporated association, contains between 4000 
and 5000 volumes. 

The churches in New Bedford arc numerous, 
and several of the church edifices aie handsoma 
and substantial structures. Two of the largest 
are of stone. 

The whale fishery, and the manufacture of the 
product of that fishery, are the principal branches 
of business in which the inhabitants of this to^vn 
are engaged. 

As early as the year 1764, we find the settlers 
in the village of Bedford sending out their small 
vessels after these monsters of tlie deep, some of 
which reached as far south as the Falkland Islands. 
Suspended by the war of the revolution, the busi- 
ness was vigorously and successfully renewed at 
its close ; and excepting the interruption caused 
by the second war with England, it has been con- 
stantly pursued, and continually increasing. 

Much of the si)erm oil imported is here pre- 
pared for use by the difi'erent jjrocesses by which 
spring, summer, fall, and winter oil, as the dif- 
ferent kinds are called, are produced, before it 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



471 



finds its way to the various markets of the coun- 
try ; and from the spermaceti, an article exclu- 
sively the prodnct of the sperm wliale, is manu- 
factured the spermaceti candle, so universally ad- 
mired for its heauty, and esteemed for its pleasant 
liyht. There are upwards of 20 oil and candle 
manufactories now in operation in tlie town. A 
large proportion of the right whale oil is exported 
to the north of Europe. 

Quite a numlicr of ships were lately withdrawn 
from the whaling business for the California 
trade. They were generally of the older class, 
8oon tc he replaced by others. 

As ■> necessary appendage to the fisheries, the 
coopering business is extensively carried on. 

Ship building and ship repairing employ many 
of the mechanics of the town. No better ships 
float the ocean than some of those which have 
been launched from the ship yards of New BeiJ- 
ford. 

The New Bedford Railway and Wharf Com- 
pany have a capital of 550,000, and on a small 
island, owned by the company, they have a marine 
railway, which affords great facilities for cleaning 
and repairing the smaller class of vessels. 

There is an extensive steam cordage factory, 
the machinery of which is moved by 2 engines 
of 20 horse power each, and turning out annually 
400 tons of cordage. There is also in operation 
a manufactory of Prussian blue. 

An immense building has lately been erected 
for manufacturing and mechanical purposes. 
The power is stcara. Apparatus for grinding 
grain, working iron, and planing and sawing, is 
in operation here. 

Anotiier planing mill, a large blacksmith shoji, 
a block maimfactory, a foundery, a coppersmith 
establishment, a frame factory, and 1 or 2 other 
mechanics' establislinients, have steam engines 
connected with them. 

The harlior of New Bedford is safe and capa- 
cious, though not very easy of access. It has 3 
to 4 fathoms of water. A wooden bridge and 
causeway, three fourths of a mile in length, con- 
nect this to«ii with Fair Haven. 

New Bedford is connected by railroads with 
Boston, Providence, and Fall River. A steam- 
boat plies regularly between this jjlacc and Nan- 
tucket, touching at Wood's Hole in Falmouth, 
and Holmes Hole on Martha's Vineyard. The 
distance to Nantucket is the same as to Boston, 
55 miles. The whale fishery has proved very 
lucrative, and New Bedford is thought to be one 
of the richest cities in proportion to the number 
of its inhabitants any where to be found. 

New Berlin, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered S. 
and E. by the Unadilla Kiver. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil moist clay loam of good quality. 8 
miles N. E. from Norwich, and 100 W. from 
Albany. 

New Berlin, Pa., c. h. Union CO. On the N. 
side of Pcnn's Creek. 69 miles N. from Harris- 
bnrg. 

Neicbcni, N. C, c. h. Craven co. This is a 
port of entry, on the S. W. bank of Neuse Riv- 
er, at its junction with the Trent. It was for- 
merly the capital of the state. It is a pleasant 
and healthy town, and a place of considerable 
trade. 1 20' miles E. S. E. from Raleigh. 

Newberr// District. S. C, c. h. at Newberry Court 
House. Briunded N. by Union district. E. by 
Fairfield and Lexington, S. by Edgefield, and 
"W. and N. W. by Laurens district. Watered on 



its E. and S. borders by Broad and Saluda Rivers, 
and drained by their branches; soil fertile in 
many portions. 

Ntw Bloom field, c. h. Perry co. 34 miles W. by 
N. from Harrisburg. 

New Boston, N. II., Ilillslioro' co. Several 
streams water this town ; the largest is the S. 
branch of IMscataquog River. This town con- 
sists of fertile hills, productive vales, and some 
valuable meadows. The soil is fertile. In the 
S. I'art is a considerable elevation, called Jo. 
English Hill, one side of which is nearly jierpen- 
dieular. Its height is 572 feet. Beard's and Jo. 
English Ponds are the only ones of note. From 
Amherst miles N. N. W. 

New Bmiiilra; Ms., Worcester co. 5000 
acres of this township were granted to people in 
ancient Braintree. for services rendered to the 
public in 1670 ; the residue of the township was 
taken from Brookfield and Hardwick. It w.as 
called "Braintree Farms," until its incorporation, 
in 1751. The surfiiee is uneven, and the soil gen- 
erally good. The town is eelehrated for good 
fanners, and the abundance of excellent beef, 
butter, and cheese produced. The township is 
finely watered by hrooks, rivulets, and springs. 
Ware River passes its western border. In the 
W. part of the town is Wenimesset Brook, formed 
entirely by springs from the adjacent hills. On 
this brook is an extensive and luxuriant meadow 
of several hundred acres, called Wenimesset, 
the name given it by the Indians when a hideous 
swamp. 18 miles W. N. W. from Worcester, 
and 62 W. from Boston. 

New Brii/hlon, N. Y., Richmond co. On the 
N. end of Staten Island. 6 miles from New York 
city. It is much resorted to during the summer. 
See Staten Island. 

New Brighton, Pa., Beaver co. A flourishing 
place on the E. bank of Beaver River, 3 miles 
above its junction with the Ohio. Here is a good 
water power, and active manufacturing opera- 
tions are carried on. The Pennsylvania and Ohio 
Canal passes through it. 

New Britain, Ct., Hartford co. A flourishing 
village in the town of Berlin. 10 miles W. by 
S. from Hartford. This place is distinguished 
for the intelligent enterprise of its inhabitants, 
who, without water privileges of any amount, or 
any other peculiar advantages of natural situation, 
have established and prosperously carried on a 
greater variety of manufactures than almost any 
other town in New England. Commencing on 
a small scale at first, they have ra|)idly enlarged 
their operations as the demands of the market 
have called for and rewarded tlieir exertions. 
There are now several large establishments where 
steam power is emi)loyed, besides a great amount 
of labor in shops where little or no assistance 
from machinery is required. A numerous list of 
articles in brass, tin ware, plated ware, buttons, 
hooks and eyes, jewelry, &.e., is the produce of 
this well-directed industry; in which a large 
amount of cajiital and a multitude of laborers 
are constantly employed. 

There are two large Congregational churches 
in New Britain, which have handsome houses of 
worship, and one each of the Ba|)tist and Meth- 
odist denominations. The village is jileasantly 
situated, and has all those marks of thrift, wealth, 
and good taste which would be indicated by the 
facts already mentioned. The Hartford and FisU- 
kill Railroad passes through' this place. The 



472 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



Hartford and New Haven Railroad also has a 
station within a mile and ahalf of the viliaj^e. 

New Britain, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by sev- 
eral mill streams flowing into Neshaminy Creek. 
Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam. 9G miles 
E. from Harrishur};. 

New Brunswick, N. J., Middlesex co. City and 
seat of justice. Situated at the head of steam- 
boat navi;jation on the Raritan River, 15 miles 
from its entrance into the bay of the same name. 
It is 26 miles N. E. from Trenton. The city lies 
partly in Somerset CO., Albany Street beinj^ on 
the dividinf; line between the counties of Middle- 
sex and Somerset. The ground ou which it is 
built rises rapidly from the river. The streets 
close upon the river are narrow and crooked, and 
the ground low; but those in the upper part of 
the city are broad and regular ; and many of tlie 
houses are neat and elegant, surrounded by orna- 
mental yards and gardens. Upon the highest 
part of the city stands the fine edifice of Rutger's 
College, founded in 1770, under the name of 
Queen's College. The present building is con- 
structed of dark red sandstone, and was complet- 
ed in ISll. Tile view fi'om the commanding 
eminence on which it stands is extensive and 
beautiful; terminated by mountains on the N., 
and by the Raritan Bay on the E. 

The Delaware and Raritan Canal commences 
at New Brunswick, and extends to the Delaware 
River, at Bordentown, a distance of 42 miles, 
intended to furnish an uninterrupted and direct 
communication between New York and Philadel- 
phia by water. It is 75 feet wide, and 7 feet 
deep; with 14 locks, 24 feet wide, and 110 feet 
long; admitting the passage of sloops of 75 or 
100 tons' burden. The cost of building tliis canal 
was about 32,500,000. 

The New Jersey Railroad, between New York 
and Philadelphia, passes tlirough New Bruns- 
wick ; this point being distant from New York 
31 miles, and from Philadelphia 5G miles. The 
railroad is carried into the city over the Raritan, 
and the canal by its side, upon a tine bridge, con- 
structed upon stone piers. 

This city contains 8 or 10 churches of the va- 
rious denominations. The first established was 
the Dutch Reformed church, in 1717. The first 
edifice of the Presliyterian church, erected some 
time before 1726, was burned down by the British 
during the revolutionary war. 

Through the multiplied means of commerce 
and communication which New Bininswick en- 
joys, it is favored with great facilities for business. 
It is a constant thoroughfare on the great route 
between New York and Philadelphia and the 
more southern cities, both by railroad and canal ; 
and vessels of 200 tons come up to i ts wharves from 
the Atlantic coast by the Raritan Bay and River. 

The first European inhabitants of New Bruns- 
wick were from Long Island. "About 17.'30,'" the 
historian tells us, '"several Dutch families emi- 
grated from Albany, bringing with them their 
building materials, in imitation of their ances- 
tors, who imported their tiles, &c., from Hol- 
land." They gave the name of Albany .Street to 
the high road on which several of their company 
settled. One of the first houses is said to be still 
standing; and others will he noticed by tiic stran- 
ger in Albany and Burnet Streets, which, from 
their antique structure, are evidently of an early 
date. New Brunswick was incorporated as a 
city in 1784. Pojiulation in 1850, 10,000. 



New BranmfiJs, Ts., c. h. Comal co. 

New Bui/'alo, Mn., Berrian co. On Lake Mich- 
igan, where the Michigan Central Railroad strikes 
the lake. Connected also by I'ailroad with Chicago. 

Newbun/h, Me., Penobscot co. This is a good 
township of land, 54 miles N. E. from Augusta, 
and 14 S. \Y. from Bangor. Incor|)orated 1819. 
Watered by a branch of the Sowadabscook. 

Newburi/, Ms., Essex co. This ancient and re- 
spectable town, the mother of Newburyport and 
West Newiiury, although reduced in territory, 
still retains its former reputation and beauty. It 
was first settled in 16.3.3, and was called by the In- 
dians Qunssaciiiiicon. This town is well watered by 
Parker River and the Mcrrimac. The soil of this 
town is not naturally of great fertility, hut is of 
tliat kind which well rewards the industrious cul- 
tivator. There are a luimbcr of smiling villages 
ii^the town. That portion of the town which lies 
on the S. E. side of Newburyport, and which com- 
prises a part of High Street, so celebrated for its 
beauty, has recently been annexed to New- 
buryport. The village of Byfield, partly in Row- 
ley, lies at the S. W. part of the town, 7 miles S. 
S. W. from Newburyport, while Bellville consti- 
tutes the north-western boundary of that town. 
Tliere is a curious cave in Newbury, called the 
" Devil's Den,"' which contains specimens of as- 
bestos, limestone, marble, serpentine, and amian- 
thus. In a pond in the town is a floating island, 
of about half an acre in extent. Its annual riso 
and fall is from 4 to 8 feet. Dummer Academy 
is situated in the parish of Bylicld. By the 
Eastern Railroad, which passes through the town, 
Newbury lies 3 miles S. from Newburyport, and 
31 miles N. by E. from Boston. 

Newburi/, N. H., Merrimac co. The S. part of 
Sunapee Lake lies in the N. W. part of this town. 
Todd Pond, 500 rods in length, ami GO in width, 
affords a small branch to Warner River. From 
Chalk Pond issues asmall stream communicating 
with Sunapee Lake. The laiul is mountainous ; 
the soil hard and rocky. Newbury was originally 
called Dantzic ; in 177S it took the name of Fish- 
crsfield ; in 1837, its present n.ame. First settler, 
Zophaniah Clark, in 1762. From Concord 30 
miles W. by N. 

Newburg, N. Y., half shire town of Orange CO., 
lies on the W. side of Hudson River, 85 miles 
S. from Albany, and 60 N. from the city of New 
York. It is 20 miles N. E. from Goshen, tlie other 
half shire town, which is near the centre of the 
county. The sui-fiice of the township is hilly and 
somewhat broken, containing, however, much ar- 
able lan<l, with a soil well adapted to grass, and 
much of it well cultivateil and productive. It is 
drained bv two or tiu'ee small streams flowing 
into the Hudson River. 

The village of Newhurg has a commanding and 
beautiful location on the acclivity of a hill rising 
from the shore of the Hudson to an elevation of 
about 300 feet. Thus situated, it makes a fine 
appearance from the river, and itself enjoys, from 
its upper terraces, an extensive and ilelightful 
prospect, embracing West Point and the most 
]n-ominent summits of the Highlands on the S., 
the noble river in front, \vith the vilhige of Fish- 
kill on the opposite side, and the fertile and pic- 
turesque valleys beyond, and the Nrwhurg Bay, 
and a broad champaign country towards the N. 
On the river margin, about 600 feet in extent, are 
constructed convenient quays and docks for tho 
accommodation of a largo business which centres 



IN THE XTNITED STATES. 



473 



here, and for the steamboats which make their 
regular stops in passing up and down the river. 
A railroad connects this place with the great Erie 
Railroad at Chester, about 20 miles S. W. ; and 
a railroad is in progress from Fishkill, on the op- 
posite side of the river, to unite with this branch, 
and form a connection by way of Hartford, Ct., 
between Boston and the Erie Railroad. 

Newburg was incorporated as a village in 1800. 
There is liere an incorporated academy, a high 
school, two female seminaries, and a number of 
select schools, all in a flourishing condition. Tiie 
Presbyterians, Presbyterians Keformed, Dutch 
Reformed. Associate Reformed, Methodists, Bap- 
tists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics have 
each a church, and some of them 2 each. A great 
variety ol' manufacturing operations are carried 
on here, the heaviest of which .are iron founderies, 
steam engine factories, machine shops, cordage 
factories, flouring mills, plaster mills, tanneries, 
carriage ancl chair factories, an extensive brewery, 
&e., &e. The population in 1 840 was about 6000 ; 
in IS.W, 11,415. 

For a period, near the close of the revolution- 
ary war. Newburg was the head quarters of Wash- 
ington, and the old stone house, at the S. part of 
the village, in which the general and his family 
were accommodated, is still in a good state of 
preservation. Here it was that the celebrated 
" Newburg Letters " were addressed to the army, 
by some of the officers, anonymously, designed to 
excite them to mutiny; and that Washington, by 
his great influence, so nobly defeated the design, 
and secured the confidence and atfections of the 
army for the government. Here, at the close of 
the war, on the 2.3d of June, 1783, the army, 
which had achieved and endured so much in es- 
tablishing our national independence, was finally 
disbanded. 

^eichuiy, Te., c. h. Lewis eo. 

Newhtiry, Pa., York eo. Bounded S. by Cone- 
wago Creek, and W. by Beaver C'reek and Stony 
Eun. Fishing Creek also waters its N. E. corner. 
Surface undulating ; soil gravel and calcareous 
loam. 12 miles N. from York. 

Nndiurij, Vt., Orange co. This is a beautiful 
town on the W. side of Connecticut River, and 
supplied with mill privileges by Wells River and 
Hariman's and Hill's Brooks. These brooks have 
their sources in ponds of considerable size. New- 
bury comprises the tract commonly called the 
Great Oxbow, on a bend in Connecticut River. 
This tract is of great extent, aad celebrated for 
its luxuriance and beauty. The town contains a 
number of mineral s[>rings, of some celebrity in 
scrofulous and cutaneous complaints. The vil- 
lages of Newbury and Wells River are very pleas- 
ant. This town is connected with Haverhill, N. 
H., by two bridges. The settlement was com- 
menced in tlie spring of 1762. The first family 
was that of Samuel Sleeper. 27 miles S. E. from 
Montpeiier, and 20 N. E. from Chelsea. The 
Passumpsic Railroad jiasses through this town. 

Nffifhuryiiort, Ms. City, port of entry, and a 
shire town of Essex co. 34 miles N. by E. from 
Boston. Population in 1790,4837; 1800,5946; 
1810,7634; 1820, 6852 ; 1830, 6375 ; 1840,7161; 
1850, 9572. It is beautifully situated upon a gen- 
tle acclivity, on the S. bank of the Merrimac, near 
its junction with the ocean. Its population occu- 
pies an area of about 2 miles in length by about 
one quarter of a mile in breadth. At the two 
extremities of this area, ujion the river, and so 
60 



closely connected with the town as to appear one 
with it, are two populous villages, lately annexed 
to Newburyport from the town of Newbury. 
The territory of Newburyport proper is smaller 
than that of any other town within the common- 
wealth. It contains somewhat more than a 
s(|iiare mile, and was taken from Newbury in 
1764. 

The town is laid out with great regularity, in 
the form of a parallelogram. \\'aler Street, at 
the head of the wharves and docks, follows the 
margin of the river. High Street runs nearly 
parallel to the river, at a distance of 1000 feet 
from it, and at an elevation of nearly 100 feet 
above its level. This has always been admired as 
a finely-located and most beautiful street. Near 
the centre of the to\vn, adjoining High Street, is 
a fine pond, of al)0Ut 6 acres, the level of which 
is 60 feet above the river. This has been beauti- 
fully embellished, by surrounding it with a mall 
and terraced promenade. This elevation, in its 
whole extent of aliont 3 miles, overlooks a de- 
lightful prospect on tlie opposite side of the river, 
eml)racing a view of the harbor. Plum Island, and 
tiic Atlantic Ocean. From the mouth of the har- 
bor Phim Island extends 9 miles, to the mouth 
of Ipswich River. 

The houses in Newburyport are generally neat, 
and many are elegant, being surrounded often 
with beautiful grounds and gardens. The town 
h.as 10 or 12 hou.ses of public worship; and its 
other public buildings are numerous ami elegant. 
The custom house is of rough granite, witii a fine 
wrought jjortico of the Grecian Doric order, 
which cost S25,000. A beautiful cemetery has 
been recently established in the immediate vicin- 
ity of the town, in a grove of venerable oaks, and 
forms a most inviting resort to the eontein)>lative. 

This town was early noted for its comniereo 
.and ship building. The vessels built here attained 
a high reputation throughout the colonies, and in 
the mother country. After a decline of many 
years, during the peculiar reverses of the place, 
the business of ship building is again on tlie in- 
crease. Some of the finest packets and swift- 
sailing merchantmen of New York have been 
recently built here. Several of these |)acket ships 
have been upwards of 1000 tons' burden. There 
were built, for freighting and packet ships, during 
the year 1844, 6200 Ions, besides about 1000 tons 
of smaller vessels, including one steamer. 

No place in New England has experienced se- 
verer commercial vicissitudes than this town. The 
commercial restrictions fell upon it with disas- 
trous eft'ect. Its capital had become largely in- 
vested in the fisheries and freighting business, .and 
the suspension of its commerce and ship building 
was long and severely felt. In ISU, before it had 
recovered from these severe losses, it was visited 
with an extensive conflagration. Its central and 
most compact and valuable portion, covering an 
area of 16 acres, was laid in ashes. Superadded 
to these accumulated disasters, the war of 1812 
greatly cheeked its prosperity; and at the con- 
clusion of peace its wealth and ])Opulation had 
greatly diminished. It continued to decline till 
about 1830. Since that time it has been gradu- 
ally recovering its former prosperity, and is now 
advancing in wealth and population. In 1830, 
the manufacture of cotton by steam jiower was 
commenced here. There are now several incor- 
porated companies for this purpose. Their mills 
are 4 stories high, and their aggregate length ia 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



1300 feet. In addition to cotton goods, there are 
other manufactures, of machinery, castings, hats, 
shoes, organs, soap, candles, &c., to an amount 
of upwards of half a million annually. 

This town is distinguished for a liberal exten- 
sion of the common school system, and for supe- 
rior means of free education. It has, in addition to 
the schools supported by the town, two liberally- 
endowed free schools. One of these was endowed 
by the late Moses Brown. Esq., a merchant of 
the place, known as a distinguished benefactor 
of the Andover Tlieological Seminary, and is 
designed to furnish an institution for classical 
studies. The other, designed for the higher 
branches of an English education, is founded on 
a munificent bequest of the late Oliver Putnam, 
Esq., of Boston, formerly a resident of this town. 
This bequest amounts, at the present time, to up- 
wards of $70,000. The privileges of free edu- 
cation in Newburyport equal, if they do not 
exceed, tliose of any other place in Massachusetts, 
and are only inferior in their results to those of a 
collegiate course of instruction. 

The celelirated George Whitefield died in this 
town, September 21, 1770. His remains repose 
under the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church, 
and a beautiful marble cenotaph, erected within 
the church to his memory, by Hon. William Bart- 
let, — another of the munificent benefactors of the 
Andover Seminary from Newburyport, — records, 
among other things, that, " in a ministry of 34 
years, he crossed the Atlantic 13 times, and 
preached more than 18,000 sermons." 

The Eastern Railroad from Boston to Portland 
passes through Newburyport. It crosses its north- 
ern section by a tunnel under High Street, and 
thence by an embankment to the river, below the 
town. There is also a railroad up the Merrimae 
to Bradford, by Georgetown, crossing from the 
Eastern to the Boston and Maine Railroad. By 
whatever avenue this beautiful town is approached, 
it cannot fail to make a favorable impression upon 
the visitor ; and while, on account of the bar at 
the mouth of its harbor, and from other causes, it 
may not hojje to possess the commercial conse- 
quence which it once had, during the comparative 
infancy of our maritime interests, it will always 
continue to be the seat of much wealth and re- 
finement, and one of the most eligible places for 
genteel residence in New England. 

New Canaan. Ct., Fairfield co. This town was 
taken from Norwalk and Stamford in 1801. The 
surface is rough and mountainous ; the soil is a 
hard, gravelly loam, but generally productive. 

An academy was established here in 181.5, and 
has acquired a high reputation. It stands on an 
elevated and commanding situation, having a fine 
prospect of Long Island Sound and the interven- 
ing country. Pestles and other Indian implements 
have been found at the N. part of the town, which 
pi'obably was the resort of the natives. 37 miles 
W. S. W. from New Haven. 

New Canton, Va., Buckingham co. On a high 
bank of Slate Creek, a quarter of a mile from 
James River, and 64 miles W. from Richmond. 
The manufacture of flour at the Virginia Mills, 
4 miles from this place, is extensive. 

New Carlisle, 0., c. h. Clarke co. 102 miles W. 
of Columbus. 

New Castle County, De., c. h. at New Castle, 
Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Dela- 
ware River, S. by Kent co., and W. by Maryland. 
Drained by Noaman's, Red Clay, Brandywine, 



Christiana, St, George's, Appoquinimink, Black- 
bird, and Duck Creeks. Surface low and marshy 
on the E., but elsewhere somewhat hilly ; soil 
fertile. The Philadelphia and Baltimore and 
Delaware and Chesapeake Railroads traverse this 
county. It is also crossed by the Delaware and 
Chesapeake Canal, which is 66 feet wide. 

Newcastle, De., c. h. New Castle co. A con- 
siderable town, on the W. bank of Delaware 
River. 5 miles S. S. W. from Wilmington, and 
42 N. from Dover. The Newcastle and French- 
town Railroad opens a communication between 
Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. 

New Castle. la., c. h. Henry co. On Blue 
River. 47 miles E. by N. from Indianapolis. 

New Castle, Ky., c. h. Henry co. 25 miles N. 
W. from Frankfort. 

New Castle, Me., Lincoln co. On the W. side 
of Damariscotta River, \5 miles from its mouth, 
and 36 S. E. from Augusta. 

New Castle, N. H., Rockingham co. On a rough 
and rocky island, situated in Portsmouth Harbor, 
and formerly called Great Island. A handsome 
bridge connects this town wth Portsmouib, of 
which it constitutes a fishing suburb. On it 
stand Fort Constitution and the light-house. 
About 2 miles from Portsmouth. 

New Castle, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered 
by branches of Croton and Saw Mill Rivers. 
Surfitce hilly ; soil sandy loam and clay. 10 miles 
N. from White Plains, and 121 S. from Albany. 

Newcastle, Pa., c. h. Lawrence co. At the con- 
fluence of the Shenango and Neshannock, tribu- 
taries of the B,eavcr, on the Erie Canal. 230 
miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Newcomb, N. Y., Essex CO. This town con- 
tains several beautiful lakes and waterfalls, the 
sources of the head waters of the Hudson. The 
surface is mountainous, the principal peaks of the 
Adirondack range lying in this and the adjoining 
town of Keene. This vicinity is celebrated for 
its mineral wealth, the mountains containing im- 
mense quantities of fine iron ore. 30 miles S. 
W. from Elizabeth, and 92 N. from Albany. 

New Dwhant, N. H., Strafford co. Tiio sur- 
face is very uneven; soil moist, and well aiiapted 
to grazing. There are 5 ponds here ; the largest 
is Merrymeeting Pond, about 10 miles in cir- 
cumference, from which a cojjious and |icrpetual 
stream runs into Merrymeeting Bay, in .iVIton. 
Ela's River flows from Coldrain Pond into Far- 
mington, on which is a fine waterfall. The Co- 
chcco also has its source here. Mount Betty, 
Copplccrown, and Saw's Mountains arc the 
principal eminences. On the N. E. side of the 
latter is a remarkable cave, the entrance of which 
is about 3 feet wide and 10 feet high. The outer 
room is 20 feet square ; the inner becomes smaller, 
until, at the distance of 50 feet, they are too small 
to be investigated. The sides are solid granite. 
They bear marks of having been once united. 
There is a fountain, over which a jiart of Ela'i 
River passes. By sinking a small-mouthed vessel 
into it, water may be procured extremely cold 
and pure. Near the centre of the town is Rattle- 
snake Hill, the S. side of which is almost 100 
feet high, and nearly perpendicular. Several 
other hills contain precipices and cavities, soma 
of considerable extent. First settlers : New Dur 
ham was granted, in 1749, to Ebenczer Smith 
and others, 35 miles N. E. from Concord, and 
32 N. W. by N. from Dover. 

New Enijland. This is a name which may bo 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



475 



said, on the one baud, to have no legalized mod- 
em aulliority for its use, and yet, on the other, to 
be traditionally or historicaliy unavoidable. It 
is not recognized, of course, in the enumeration 
of the states of the American Union ; and the 
same may be said of the convenient division of 
Middle Stales, Southern States, Western States, 
&c. ; but although not specifically authorized in 
the national constitution, we repeat, it is in anotli- 
er view necessary. And this shall be explained. 

The discovery of the northern part of the 
American continent was effected by Cabot in 
1497, five years after Columbus had landed in 
the West Intiics. But France, in 1524, liecame 
emulous of sharing with Spain and England, and 
efforts were made for that end. However, neither 
of these powers made any permanent settlement 
in North America for many years afterwards. 
Some Protestants, authorized by the celebrated 
Coligny, then admiral, attempted to form a col- 
ony in Florida, 1562, with jicrmission of diaries 
IX.. then king; but it was frustrated. (See 
Holmes's Annals, under the respective dates, &c.) 
At length, in 1604, after the coast had been re- 
peatedly visited, a settlement of Frenchmen was 
made in that part of Canada which received the 
name of •■Acadie," afterwards called " Nova Sco- 
tia," but then denominated '■ Nouvelle France." 

Between these two, Florida and Canada, or 
New France, tlie country had, from 1584, been 
called '■ Virginia,'' in compliment to the Queen of 
England ; but no permanent settlement was ef- 
fected until 1607, although rejieated attemj^ts had 
been made towards the close of the previous cen- 
tury, under the able but unfortun<ate Sir Walter 
Kaieigh, at great sacrifice of money and of men. 

In 1609. the Dutch, tlien a strong maritime 
power, were invested with the possession of the 
territory named iiy them ■' New Netherlands." and 
now constituting a part of the state of New York. 
In 1606. King, James I. liad divided Virginia into 
tlie north and south portions, and authorized 
distinct companies for cffcctirifr settlements in each 
of these divisions, who were not inactive, but 
in the northern jiart unsuccessful ; tlieir effort at 
the mouth of the Kennebec proving abortive. 
But Captain .John Smith, the hero of Virginia, 
and its goverimr, having explored, in 1614, the 
coasts between the Penobscot, or Pentagoel, and 
Hudson Kivers, presented his eliart of them to the 
Prince of Wales, afterward Charles I., wlio gave 
to the territory the name of '■ New England." 

Now, the settlement at Plymouth, in 1620, Ijeing 
Tnnde by native but exiled Englishmen, whose 
nearest European neighbors on the American 
coast were French or Dutch, the name of '■ New 
England " became jn-ecious to them ; and, as dis- 
tinctive, it w.'is necessary; not an arbitrary as- 
Eumption. or arrogated exclusively, in reference 
to other colonies from the same country, either 
by themselves or their posterity uinler the Stu- 
arts. If, since that period, it has been familiarly 
employed, that circumstance is due principally to 
the fact, that the inhabitants of the six sovereign 
states of our Union whicli now occupy the ter- 
ritory, namely, Massachusetts, New Hampshire. 
Connecticut, Hhode Island, Vermont, and Maine, 
sometimes denominated the Eastern States, were 
mostly of kindred i)looil imtil a recent period, 
being generally of unmixed English descent, 
and, for the most part, sympathizing in religion, 
both as regards its privileges and the reproaches 
it mav have been called to sustain 



As Virginia, being first settled from England, 
is often called the •■ Ancient Dominion," so the 
territory connected with Plymouth is called the 
'Old Colony;" having, until 1686, sustained a 
separate government, independent of Massachu- 
setts. At that time, also, all the New England 
governments then existing were placed under a 
in-esident, as they had been jireviously united 
for mutual defence by the memorable confeder- 
acy of 164,'3, of which an interesting account has 
been given bv the second Presidetit Adams, pub- 
lished in the' 29th volume of Collections of the 
Massachusetts Historical Society. 

New Emjlund VilUnie. Ms., Worcester co. In 
the town of Grafton, iicc Ora/lon. 38 miles W. 
from Boston. 

New Fairfield, Ct., Fairfield co. This is a 
smiill township, rough and hilly, with a hard and 
gravelly soil. 64 miles S. W. from Hartford. 

Nevi'aue. N. Y., Niagara co. On the border 
of Lake Ontario. Drained by Eighteen Mile 
Creek. The surface is mostly level, sloping 
gradually towards the lake ; soil argillaceous 
and sandy loam. 10 miles N. from Loekport, 
and 287 N. of W. from Albany. 

Netrfanc, Vt., c. h. Windham co. This 
town is watered by a branch of West Eivcr. and 
several other streams. The surfiico is diver- 
sified; the soil good, .and produces white oak 
and walnut in abundance. There is but little 
waste land in the town. Newfane exhibits a 
great variety of minerals, among which are some 
of value. There are two pleasant villages in the 
town. The court-house village is called Fayette- 
ville. The settlement was commenced in the 
month |0f May, 1766, by Deacon Jonathan Park, 
NathaiiicI Stedinan, and Ebenezer Dyer, who 
emigratcil from Worcester co., Ms. 115 miles 
S. from Montpelier, and 12 N. W. from Brat- 
tlebnro'. 

Newfield, Me., York co. Watered by Eittle 
Ossipee River. A good f:,rming town. 99 miles 
S. AV. by W. from Augusta. 

Neir/ield, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by 
Cayuga Creek and the inlet of Cayuga Lake. 
Surface hilly anil broken ; soil productive. 6 
miles S. W. from Ithaca, and 1 75 W. from Albany. 

iVcw Garden. Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
Red Clay and White Clay Creeks. Surface lev- 
el ; soil calcareous loam. 74 miles E. S. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

New Geneva. Pa., Fayette co. On Mononga- 
hcla River, at the mouth of George Creek, and 
196 miles W^. by S. from Harrisburg. 

New Gloucester. Me., Cumberland co. A fer- 
tile township. 23 miles N. from Portland. 

New Hampton, N. H., Belknap co. I'einige- 
wasset River is the only stream of magnitude in 
the town ; over it is a bridge which unites the 
town with Bristol. There is a remarkable spring 
on the W. side of Kelly's Hill, from which is- 
sues a stream that is never affected by rains or 
droughts. Pcmigewasset Pond lies on the bor- 
der of Meredith. There are four other ponds in 
this town. The soil, though the surface is l)roken 
and uneven, is remarkably fertile, producing 
grain and grass in abundance. In the S. part of 
the town is a high hill, of a conical form, which 
may be seen, in almost any direction, from 10 to 
50 miles. The academical and theological in- 
stitution in this town is finely located. First 
settler, Samuel Kelly, in 177.5. .'io miles N. by 
W. from Concord, and 15 N. W. from Gilford 



476 



COtTNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes 
through this town. 

New Hanover Count//, N. C, c. h. at Wilming- 
ton. Bounded N. l)y Sampson and Duplin coun- 
ties, E. by Onslow co., S. E. and S. by tlie 
Atlantic Ocean, and W. liy Cape Fear River and 
one of its tributaries, separating it from Bruns- 
wicli and Bladen counties. Drained by the N. 
E. branch of Cape Fear River. In tlie E. part 
of this county is a largo swamp, and along the 
coast is a chain of low, narrow islands. 

New Hanover, Pa., Montgomery co. Swamp 
Creek waters this town, the surface of which is 
hilly, and the soil loam and red shale, of medium 
quality. 74 miles E. from Ilarrisburg. 

New Harmony. la., Posey co. On the E. side 
of the Wabash River. 16 miles N. from Mount 
Vernon, on the Ohio River, and 172 S. W. from 
Indianapolis. It is situated on a wide and rich 
plateau or second bottom, and has a healthy and 
pleasant location. Its position on the river is 
very favorable for trade. It was first settled in 
1814, l)y a religious sect of Germans under 
George Rapp, who denominated themselves 
" Harmonists." Thoy came in a body from 
Beaver Creek, Pa., where they had previously 
settled on their first arrival from Germany. Af- 
ter remaining here a few years, during which 
they made great improvements, turning the wil- 
derness into a garden, they returned agairi to the 
place of their first settlement, now called Econo- 
mi/, on the Ohio River, 18 miles helow Pittsburg. 
To the community of George Rapp succeeded 
that of Robert Owen, of Lanark, Scotland, who 
purchased the village of New Harmony of its 
original proprietors, the Harmonists, and com- 
menced here his experiment of a new " social 
system." After about a year, Mr. Owen returned 
to Europe, and the " society " which he had gath- 
ered, of about 800 persons, was soon abandoned. 
New Hartford, Ct., Litchfield co. This town 
was first settled in 173.3. The surface of the 
town is liilly and mountainous. The lands are 
best adapted to grazing. It is watered by Far- 
mington River and other streams, on which are 
several mills. In the eastern part of this town 
there is a rough and mountainous district, former- 
ly designated Satan's Kingdom. 20 miles N. W. 
from Hartford. 

New Hartford, N. Y., Oneida co. The Sada- 
quada Creek, one of the most valuable mill 
streams in the state, waters this town on the N. 
Its surface is varied : soil fertile calcareous loam. 
4 miles S. from Utica, and 98 N. W. from 
Albany. 

New Haven Coiinti/, Ct., c. h. at New Haven. 
New Haven co. is bounded N. by Litchfield and 
Hartford counties, E. by Middlesex co., S. by 
Long Island Sound, and W. by Litchfield co. 
and the Housatonic River, which separates it 
from Fairfield co. This county, lying on Long 
Island Sound, has a very extensive maritime 
border, but its foreign trailc is chiefly confined to 
New Haven harbor. Its fisheries of oysters and 
clams, and other fish, are valuable. It is inter- 
sected by several streams, none of them of very 
large size, but of some value lor their water 
power and fish. Of these the princi|ial are the 
Pomjieraug and Naugatuck. on the W. ; Quinni- 
piac, Menunkatuck, West, and Mill Rivers on the 
E. The Quinnipiac is the largest, and passes 
through extensive meadows. The county is inter- 
sected centrally by the Canal Railroad, which 



passes through this county from N. to S. There 
is a great variety of soil in this county, as well 
as of native vegetable and mineral productions. 
The range of secondary country, which extends 
along Connecticut River as far as Middlctown, 
there leaves that stream, crosses into this county, 
and terminates at New Haven. This intersec- 
tion of the primitive formation by a secondary 
ridge affords a great variety of minerals, and ma- 
terials for different soils. 

jVeitJ Haven, Ct., city and c. h. New Haven 
CO., lies at the head of a harbor which sets up 4 
miles from Long Island Sound. It is, by rail- 
road, 76 miles from New York, 36 from Hart- 
ford, and 101 from Boston. It is the capital of 
a county of the same name, and the semi-cap- 
ital of Connecticut, and contains a larger pop- 
ulation than any other town in the state. The 
site of New Haven is oti a large and level 
plain, surrounded by hills and mountains, ex- 
cept at the S., in the direction of the harbor. 
The harbor is formed by the confluence of three 
rivers, Quinnipiac and Mill Rivers on the E., and 
West River on the W. The most striking ob- 
jects which arrest the attention of the traveller 
in approaching the city from the S. are the East 
and West Rocks, two hold, perpendicular preci- 
pices of rude, naked trap rock, the former 370, 
and the latter 400 feet in height. These rocks 
have a reddish appearance, and from this circum- 
stance the Dutch, who appear to have been ac- 
quainted with the locality before the arrival of 
the English, called the place " Red Rock." Its 
Indian name was Quinnipiac, the name of a tribe 
who occupied the place and its vicinity. New 
Haven was first settled in 1638, by a company, 
of whom John Davenport and Theophihis Eaton 
were leaders. Mr. I)avenport was a celebrated 
minister in London, and Air. Eaton an eminent 
merchant, and most of the settlers were persons 
of piety, wealth, and influence , and it was their 
intention to plant a mercantile colony. 

The original town was laid out in a plot half a 
mile square, which was subdivided '.nto 9 squares, 
by streets four rods in wiiUh. As the population 
increased, these squares were subdivided into 
smaller ones, and other streets were laid out, ex- 
tending in every direction from the original town 
plot. The central square, usually styled the 
Green, containing the state house and three 
churches, is enclosed by an iron fence, surrounded 
on all sides by rows of stately elms, and is consid- 
ered as one of the most beautiful parks or greens 
in the United States. The principal cilitices of 
Yale College, four stories in height, face the en- 
tire length of the western boundary of the green, 
presenting an imposing aspect. Yale College, 
from which New Haven derives much of its 
celebrity, was founded in 1 700, and is one of the 
oldest and most distinguished literary institutions 
in this country, and more students are annually 
educated here than in any other place in the 
United States. Tiie whole ruunlier of students in 
I Sol, connected with the college, was 5.'JS. The 
number of graduates, to 1S50, is 5932. The gener- 
al management of the college is committed to the 
corporation, consisting of the president, the gover 
nor and lieutenant governor of the state, the six 
oldest members of the state senate, and ten clergy- 
men of the state, chosen by the clerical part of the 
corporation. The faculty, to whom is intrusted 
the government and instruction of the students, 
consists of the president, the professors, and tutors. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



477 



The wliole course of instniction occupies four 
years. In eacli year there are three terms or 
sessions. Coniinencement is held on the last 
Thurstlay iu July. Instruction is given in all 
the hi^jher hranches of education by able pro- 
fessors, and connected with the college is a law, 
medical, and tlieological department. Imme- 
diately back of the line of the college buildings 
is the library, a Gothic structure 151 feet long, 
with towers," the extreme height of which is 91 
feet. It contains the college library, now become 
one of the most valuable in the country, which 
was during the last century enriched by donations 
from distinguished men, among whom were J. 
Dumnier, Sir John Davie, Governor Yale, (from 
whom the college derives its name,) and Bishop 
Berkeley. Besides this, the building contains 
the large and valuable libraries belonging to the 
different college societies. The total number of 
Tolumes in the edifice is 52,000. The mineral- 
ogical cabinet, another large building, is situated 
in the rear of the line of college edifices. It con- 
tains the great cabinet of Colonel Gibbs, consist- 
ing of 10,000 specimens, collected by him in 
Euro|je during the revolutionary period there, at 
the comtneneement of the present century, to- 
gether with very large subsequent additions. 

The Trumbull Gallery, erected in 1831, stand- 
ing back of the line of the college buildings, con- 
tains the paintings of Colonel John Trumbull, 
the aid of Washington, and the father of Ameri- 
can historical painting. His remains, with those 
of his wife, are interred in a vault beneath this 
building. Besides eight principal subjects of the 
American revolution, there are nearly two hun- 
dred and fifty portraits of persons distinguished 
during that period, painted by him from life. 
Back of the centre church, on the public square 
or green, are buried the remains of Colonel John 
Dixwell, one of the judges of King Charles I., 
and near by, if tradition be correct, those of the 
regicide generals, Gotie and Whalley. Colonel 
Dixwell's remain.?, after a lapse of 161 years, 
were reinterred by his relatives in 1849, and a 
tasteful and durable monument was erected, and 
placed in the charge of the public authorities. 
The public burying ground, at the north-western 
corner of the original town plot, is tastefully laid 
out with trees and shrubbery, and is surrounded 
by a high and durable stone wall, with an ele- 
gant Egyptian gateway and iron fence in front. 
Within the enclosure are the monuments of 
Colonel Humphreys, the aid of Washington, Eli 
Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin. Jchudi 
Ashmun, the first colonial agent at Liberia, Noah 
Webster, the author of the American Dictionary 
of the English Language, and other distinguished 
men. 

The harbor of New Haven is protected from 
winds, but is rather shallow. To remedy its de- 
fects, a wharf has been constructed extending 
into the bay ,39+3 feet. The commercial busi- 
ness of the city is considerable, particularly with 
the West ludies, and by the recent construction 
of railroads iu various directions its general busi- 
ness has been much extended. The manufac- 
turing business of the city is quite important, par- 
ticularly that of carriage making. Besides the 
twelve college edifices situated at the W. side of 
the public sijuare, the city contains twenty-two 
churches, viz., eight Congregational, three Epis- 
copal, five Methodist, three Baptist, two Catholic, 
and one Universalist ; a medical college, state 



house, custom house, five hanks, a jail, state hos- 
piial, and the large and elegant railroad station 
building in the central part of the city. The 
new Green, or Wooster Square, is destined to be 
a beautiful place, and the new burying ground, 
Evergreen Cemetery, situated at the western 
extremity of the city, is laid out with much taste. 
New Haven covers a great extent of gro\ind for a 
city of its population. A large proportion of the 
houses have court yards iu front and gardens in 
the rear. Besides Yale College, there is in this 
place quite a nnuiber of high schools for the 
education of both sexes, among which are seven 
seminaries or schools for the education of young 
ladies. The superior literary advantages to be 
found in New Haven, and the high standing of 
the resident professors, in the various depart- 
ments of science, have given the place a wide 
literary rejjutation. 

The village of Fair Haven, two miles E. from 
the court house, lies partly within the limits of 
New Haven, and is situated on both sides of the 
Quinnipiac. It contains three churches : one 
Congregational, one Methodist, and one Episco- 
pal, and about 2000 inhabitants. The oyster 
trade is the leading business of the place, large 
quantities being brought here from various places 
and laid down in beds, giving employment to 
quite a numlier of vessels, which are owned in 
the place. Wcstville, another village in New 
Haven, is situated at the foot of West Rock, 
about 2 miles N. W. of the court house, contain- 
ing about 1000 inhabitants. About a mile from 
the village, near the summit of a rock or moun- 
tain, is the Judges' Cave, a place where tho 
regicides, Generals Gotfe and Whalley, con- 
cealed themselves from their pursuers. Popula- 
tion of the city in 1850 was 20,341 j population 
of the city and town. 22.529. 

A^etv Ilai'cti^ N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by 
Catfish Creek, a tributary of Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the N. Surface undulating ; soil 
well adapted to grass. 10 miles E. from Oswego, 
and 157 N. W. from Albany. 

New Iliivcn, Vt., Addison co. The soil of this 
town is various, and generally productive. The 
waters of Otter Creek. Middlcljury Kiver, and 
Little Otter Creek give the town a good water 
power. Quarries of excellent marble are found 
here. The settlement was commenced in 1769, 
by a few emigrants from Salisbury, Ct., on that 
part which is now set ort" to Wallham. The set- 
tlement was broken up during the revolutionary 
war, but the settlers returned at the close of it, and 
in 1 785 the town was organized. 40 m. W. S. W. 
from Mont|]elier, and 7 N. W. from Middlehury. 

New Hudson, N. Y., Alleghany co. Black 
Creek and some other small streams water this 
town, the surface of which is high and undu- 
lating, and the soil favorable to the growth of 
grass. 14 miles W. from Angelica, and 270 
from Albany. 

A^ewiuf/ton, N. II., Rockingham co. The soil is 
generally sandy and unproductive, excepting 
near the waters. At Fox Point, in the N. W. 
part of the town, Piscataque Bridge is thrown 
over the river to Goat Island, and thence to 
Durham shore. I'he bridge was erected in 1793, 
is 2600 feet long and 40 wide, cost $65,401. 
Piscataqua Kiver bounds this town on the N. E., 
Great and Little Bays on the W. and N. W., and 
Greenland and Great Bay on the S. 44 miles E. 
S. E. from Concord, and 5 W. from Portsmouth. 



478 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



New Ipxwlch, N H., Ilillshoro' co. This town 
is watcrcil by many rivulets, but i)rinci])nll_v by 
Soulicgsin River. Over tbis river is a stone 
bridge,' built in 1S17. It is 156 feet long, 22 
wide, and 42 high, resting on a single arch of 
split stone; cost S3500. The tirst cotton factory 
in the state was built in this town in ISO.I. New 
Ipswich has become an important manufacturing 
town. Pratt's and Hoar's Ponds contain about 
50 acres each. Here is fine pasture land under 
cultivation. The New Ipswich Academy was 
incorporated June 18, 1789. The principal vil- 
lage is in the centre of the town, in a pleasant 
and fertile valley. 50 miles S. S. W. from Con- 
cord, and about 18 S. W. from Amherst. 

New Kent Counli/, Va., c. h. at New Kent Court 
House. This county is bounded N. and E. by 
Pamunky River, separating it from King Wil- 
liam and King and Queen counties, S. E. by 
James City co., S. W. by Chickahominy River, 
separating it from Charles City and Henrico 
counties, and N. W. by Hanover co. 

New Kent, Va., c. h. New Kent co. 3 miles S. 
from Pamnnky River, and 30 E. from Richmond. 

Neu> Lebanon, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered 
by Lebanon and Kinderhook Creeks, and con- 
tains the celeljrated Lebanon Springs, also an 
extensive Shaker settlement. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous, being traversed on the E. 
by the Taghkanie Mountains, and W. and S. by 
the I'eterboro' Hills, leaving a large and fertile 
valley between. 25 miles N. E. from Hudson, 
and 24 S. W. from Albany. 

Neio Lebanon Springs, N. Y., Columbia co. 25 
miles S. E. from Albany. See Fashionable Resorts. 

New Lisbon, N. Y., Otsego co. Butternut and 
Otego Creeks water tliis town. Surface diversi- 
fied with hills and broad valleys ; soil sandy 
loam. 82 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 
13 W. from Albany. 

New Lisbon, 0., c. h. Columbiana co. On the N. 
bank of the Middle Fork of Little Beaver River. 
150 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. A prosperous 
ftnd beautiful place ; has some of its streets paved. 

New London County, Ct. New London and 
Norwich arc the county towns. New London co. 
is bounded N. by Windham, Tolland, and Hart- 
ford counties. E. by Windham co. and the state 
of Rhode Island, S. liy Long Island Sound, and 
W. by the county of Middlesex. This eonnty 
possesses superior maritime advantages, having 
an extensive border on Long Island Sound, which 
affords numerous bays, inlets, and harliors. Ex- 
cepting a small section, principally in the town of 
Lyme, no portion of the county can be considered 
as mountainous ; but it is generally hilly and ele- 
vated, and comprises a small proportion of alluvial. 
The hills and elevated tracts are considerably 
rough and stony. The lands in general are not 
adapted to grain culture, although upon tlie inter- 
vales and other tracts, Indian corn is raised to 
advantage and to a considerable extent. The 
principal agricultural interests depend very much 
upon grazing. The waters of the county are 
abundant and valuable. On the S. it is washed 
more than 30 miles by Long Island Sound, 
part of its western border by Connecticut River, 
and the interior of the county is watered and 
fertilized by the Thames and its branches. The 
fishing business is more extensively carried on 
in this county than in any other section of the 
state, and is an important branch of industry. 

N<iW London, Ct., c. h. New London co. Town 



and city. The first English settlement in 
New London commenced in 1646. It is situ- 
ated on the W. bank of the River Thames. lu 
its teiTitorial limits it is much the smallest of 
any town in the state, being about 4 miles in 
length from N. to S., and averaires about three 
fourths of a mile in breadth. The city of New 
London is situated 3 miles from Long Island 
Sound, and is a port of entry. The city is princi- 
pally built on a declivity, which descends to the E. 
and S. It is irregularly laid out, owing to the 
nature of the ground on which it is built, being 
much encumbered with granite rocks. Some of 
the streets have been straightened and levelled, by 
blasting the granite rocks with which they were 
disfigured. The harbor is one of the best in the 
United States, being large, safe, and commodious, 
having 5 fiithoms of water. It is 3 miles long, 
and rarely obstructed with ice. During the 
extreme cold in January, 1835, while the naviga- 
tion of the harbor of New York was closed by 
the ice, the harbor of New London remained 
open and unobstructed. This handsome place 
has long been distinguished for the enterprise of 
its inhabitants in navigation and commerce, 
especially in the whale fishery. Besides ship 
building, and the manufacture of oil and candles, 
it has a variety of other manufactures ; and now 
that the railroads, built and in progress, aft'ord it 
an easy communication with the interior, and 
with the great marts of commerce, it has received 
a new imjiulse, and is rapidly increasing in wealth 
and population. Population in 1850,9006. 61 
miles S. E. from Hartford, and 53 E. from New 
Haven. Connected by railroad, via New Haven, 
with New York, 130 miles; with Boston, via 
Worcester, 118 miles ; with Hartford, via Nor- 
wich and Willimantic, 61 miles. 

New London, Mo., c. h. Ralls eo. On the S. 
side of Salt River. 98 miles N. N. E. from Jeffer- 
son City. 

New London, N. H., Merrimac eo. Lake Sun- 
apee separates this town from Wendell, and is 
the principal source of Sugar River. Little Sun- 
apee, Pleasant, Harvey's, and Messer's Ponds are 
in this town. Harvey's and Messer's are sepa- 
rated by a bog. The settlements of New London 
are formed principally on three large swells of 
land. The soil is deep and good. In the N. 
part are several elevations. In some parts the 
land is rocky. The damage by the violent whirl- 
wind of September 9, 1821, was estimated at 
S9000. A large rock, lying out of the ground, 
100 feet long, 50 wide, and 20 high, was rent 
into 2 pieces, and thrown about 20 feet asunder. 
30 miles W. N. W. from Concorrl. 

New London, Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
Elk and Clay Creeks. Surface gently sloping ; 
soil sandy loam. 

iVei« Madrid County, Mo., c. h. at New Madrid. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by Scott and Mississippi 
counties, E. and S. by the Mississippi River, sep- 
arating it from Kentucky, and W. by Dunklin cp. 
The surface is level, and the soil, in parts not lia- 
ble to inundation, is fertile. 

New Afadrid, Mo., c. h. New Madrid co. On 
the N. side of a considerable bend in the Missis- 
sippi River. 271 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. 
In 1811 and 1812 this place was visited vrhh 
earthquakes. 

New ilarkH, N. H., Rockingham co. Piscata- 
qua, Lamprey, and Swampscot Rivers water this 
town. The soil is good, and agricultural pursuits 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



479 



are crowncil with success. There are several 
pleasant ami thriving villages, in which are large 
and valualile manufactures. Mrs. Fanny Shute, 
who died in this town September. 1819. was re- 
spected for licr excellent qualities, and celebrated 
for the adventures of her youth. When 13 months 
old, she was taken to Canada by a party of In- 
dians, and disposed of to the French, educated in 
a nunnery, and after remaining 13 years in cap- 
tivity, was redeemed and restored to her friends. 
This town w;is originallj- a part of Exeter. 36 
miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 W. by S. from 
Portsmouth by railroad. 

Netc Market, Va., Shenando.ah co. 1 mile E. 
from tlie N. fork of Shenandoah River, a lit- 
tle W. from Jlassanutten Mountain, and 139 
miles N. W. from Kichmond. Large maimfac- 
tures are carried on here. Iron is found in abun- 
dance in the region. A beautiful cascade upon 
the mountain is much admired. 

Aew Marlboro , Ms., Berkshire CO. The first 
improvements in this town were made in 1 739, 
by Mr. Benjamin Wheeler, from Marlboro'. The 
ffurfiico is uneven, hilly, and stony. In the N. 
W. part of the town is Six Mile Pond, so called 
by some Indians, who lived 6 miles distant from 
it, in Great Barrington, and who resorted to it for 
the purposes of fishing. The outlet from this 
pond is called Konkapot, from an Indian family 
of that name, who lived by its side. Unipache- 
ne Stream rises in the E. part of tlie town, and 
passing by the centre, runs S. W., and empties 
in the Koidvajiot. This stream derives its name 
from an Indian. In the S. E. part of the town- 
ship is a )iond nearly 2 miles in circumterence, 
called Hermit Pond, which is the source of a 
stream, which runs S. W. into Canaan. This 
pond derived its name from the circumstance tliat a 
hermit lived for several years on the south-eastern 
side. In the W. jjart of the town is a cave. It has 
several apartments of various dimensions, whose 
sides and I'oof are limestone, on which stalactites 
are continually forming. About a quarter of a mile 
S. W. of the south meeting house is a rock, judged 
to weigh 30 or 40 tons, so equally balanced on 
another rock, that a man may move it with his 
finger. 24 miles S. from Pittsficld, and 133 W. by 
S. from Boston. 

New Milfurd, Ct., Litchfield co. This town- 
ship is hilly and broken, several mountainous 
ridges extending through it. The soil is much 
diversified, and wlierc susceptible of cultivation, 
it is generally good ; but on the whole more dis- 
tinguished for grass than grain. There are, how- 
ever, large quantities of excellent meadow ground ; 
but the pasturage is, on the whole, not ainindant. 
It is essentially a farming town. For some lime 
after the white people came here, an Indian cliicf 
or sacliein, named Weranhamaug, had a palace 
standing near the Great Falls, where he resided. 
On the inner walls of this palace (which were 
of bark, witli the smooth side inwards) were pic- 
tured every known species of beast, bird, fish, and 
insect, frt)m the largest to the smallest. The 
town of New Milford was purchased of the col- 
ony of Connecticut by a company of individuals 
chiefly belonging to Milford, and was first settled 
in 1707. The first bridge that was ever built over 
the Ilousalonic Kiver, from the sea to its source, 
was built in this town in 1737. The village of 
Nev; Milford is very handsome; the streets are 
wide and well shaped. The territory of this town 
is larger than any other in the state. Large quan- 



tities of granite and marble arc found here. 35 
miles from Bridgeport by the Houstonic Railroad. 

Neio Milford, Pa., Susquehanna co., is ilrained 
by Mitchell's and Salt Lick Creeks. Surface 
hilly; soil clay and gravel. 185 miles N. from 
Ilarrisburg. 

Newnan, Ga., e. h. Coweta co. 106 miles W. 
by N. from Milledgeville. 

Newnanville, Fa., c. h. Alachua co. 72 miles 
W. from St. Augustine, and 120 E. S. E. from 
Tallahassee. 

New Orleans, La. City and |)ort of entry in the 
parish of Orleans. Situated on the left bank 
of the Mississippi River, about 100 miles from 
its mouth, aliout 950 miles below the mouth of 
the Ohio, and 1100 below the mouth of the Mis- 
souri. It is distant from Baton Rouge, tlie capi- 
tal of the state, 131 miles. For the distance from 
other important places, see Grand Distance and 
Table. The population, in 1810, was 17,240; in 
1820, 27,176 ; in 18.30, 46,310; in 1840, 102,193; 
in 1850, 119,285. The site of New Orleans, in 
conformity to other parts of the banks of the 
Mississippi in the same vicinity, is on an inclined 
plane; the declivity falling very gently from 
the margin of the river towards the swamp in 
the rear. When the river is full, the surface of 
the water is from 2 to 4 feet above the streets of 
the city ; and at any stage it is above the 
swamps in the rear of the liack streets. To pre- 
vent inundation, an artificial eml)ankment, called 
the Levee, has been built upon the river, at a 
great expense, extending from Fort Plaq^lemine, 
4.3 miles below the city, to 120 miles above it, 
which is 4 feet high, and 15 feet wide. Directly 
in front of the city, it affords a very pleasant 
promenade. The city is built upon the concave 
side of a bend in the river, extending, with its in- 
corporated faubourgs, not less than 5 !niles par- 
allel to it, and, at right angles to the river, from 
a fiuartcr of a mile to a mile, giving to its outline 
the form of a crescent, from which New Orleans 
is familiarly denominated the " Crescent City." 
The city proper lies near the middle of the curve, 
extending along the river 1320 yards, and 700 
yards back, having the faubourgs of St. Mary, Da- 
plantier, and Annunciation above, those of Marig- 
ny and De Clouet below, and another more de- 
tached, in the rear, on the Bayou St. John. The 
city proper is a parallelogram, with its side upon 
the river. At each extremity of the length of 
the city, the streets make an angle, to bring them 
more nearly into the direction of the river in 
those parts ; but between these points the streets 
are straight. The city jiroper is traversed by 22 
streets, forming 84 principal and 14 minor S(|uares. 
The houses are ])riucipally of Iirick ; and the 
more modern buildings, especially in the upper 
part of the city, or second municipality, are gen- 
erally 3 and 4 stories high, with clcgatit granite 
fronts. Many of the houses in the outer parts 
are surrounded with gardens, and ornamented 
with orange trees. The view of the city, in as- 
cending or descending the river, is beautiful. 
During the season of business, between the 1st 
of November and the 1st of July, the Levee, in 
its whole extent, is crowded with vessels of every 
si/,e, from all quarters of the world, and with 
hundreds of large and splendid steamboats, 
barges, fiat boats, &c. The river oiqiosite the 
city is half a mile wide, and from 100 to 160 feet 
deep. It preserves the same width almost to its 
entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Any vessels 



-180 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



which can pass the bars at the mouth of the riv- 
er, can ho laid alongside of the Lcvcc ; and at 
high water arc generally, when loading or un- 
loading;, attached to the shore with cables and a 
platform. The harbor and the bank of the river 
are commensurate with each other, especially 
opposite the city proper. Nothing can present a 
more animating and busy scene, during the season 
of business, than the Levee at New Orleans, from 
the loading and unloading of vessels and steam- 
boats, and the passing in all directions of an ap 
parently countless number of drays, transporting 
cotton, sugar, and tobacco, and all the varied 
and immense products of the great western valley. 
The position of this city, as a great commercial 
emporium, is scarcely inferior to that of any in 
our country. The Mississippi, with its triljuta- 
ries, brings to it, as a market, the jiroducts of 
more than 20,000 miles of navigation ; nor is it 
possible yet to conjecture how vast this trade 
must become when the resources of the whole 
Mississippi valley shall be fully developed. To 
expedite the passage of ships to and from the 
gulf, large and powerful steam tow-boats are cm- 
ployed ; some of which will take several large 
vessels in their train. By a canal and a railroad 
connecting New Orleans with Lake Pontchar- 
train, 44 miles distant, the trade of the country 
bordering on that lake and on Lake Borgne, and 
of all tlie coast of the N. part of the Gulf of 
Mexico, as far as Florida, is hrought to the city. 

A considerable fleet of sloops is often seen in 
the basin, which is formed in the city to receive 
the transports from the canal. At the termina- 
tion of the railroad also, at Lake Pontchartrain, 
a harbor has been formed, and a considerable vil- 
lage has sprung up. The route passed over by 
these lines of ai'tiHcial commimication is almost 
a perfect level ; there being not more than 16 
inches of variation from it in the whole distance 
of 44 miles. The facilities for trade at New Or- 
leans are great, and are well improved. 

The exports, including the foreign and coast- 
ing trade, are greater than those of any other city 
of the United States, excepting New York. In 

1850, abont 750,000 bales of cotton were exjiorted 
to foreign parts and coastwise. The imports to 
this port, however, are much less ; for a large 
part of tlic western country, which sends its ex- 
ports by the way of New Orleans, receives its im- 
ported goods by the Atlantic cities. 

The government of the city is administered by 
a mayor and a city council, elected by the free- 
holders. In 1S3G the legislature passed an act 
dividing the city into three municipalities, rank- 
ing them according to their jjopulation ; hut, in 

1851, the.se municipalities were again consolidated 
into one body politic. No city in the United 
Slates, perhaps, contains such a variety of inhab- 
itants, from every state in the Union and from 
every nation in Europe, as well as from the West 
Indies and tlie Sjianish countries in Mexico and 
South America. One half of the population, 
probably, is black or colored. Of the white in- 
habitants, the French yet constitute a large pro- 
portion. The intercourse of New Orleans with 
New York is greater than with any other Ameri- 
can city. That with Havana and Vera Cruz is 
great and constantly increasing. The nnhealtbi- 
ness of the situation of New Orleans is against 
it; though, from the occasional ravages of ma- 
lignant epidemics to which it is exposed, an ex- 
aggerated idea has sometimes been formed of the 



insalubrity of the climate. The same is true of 
the morals of tlie city. From certain flagrant 
features of open abandonment and disregard of 
the institutions of religion among a population 
so little American in its composition, it is not 
strange that an impression extremely unfavorable 
to the morals of the city should be produced. It 
is said, however, to be an orderly and peaceable 
city ; and its inhabitants are distinguished for 
their politeness, hospitality, and kindness to the 
distressed. 

There are fewer churches in New Orleans than 
in most large cities of this country. There arc 
3 Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant Episcopal 
Churches. The Presbyterians, the Congregation- 
alists, the Baptists, and the Methodists have 1 
each. A Protestant congregation has been gath- 
ered among the French population of tlie city, 
who have preaching in their oivn language. Thcro 
is also a Mariners' Church. 

Among the public buildings, the Cathedral, oi 
Church of St. Louis, on the Place d'Armes, or 
Parade Square, is one of the most imposing, from 
its venerable and antique appearance. It was 
founded in 1792, and so far completed as to bo 
occupied in 1794. The lower story is of the rus- 
tic order. Hanked at each of the front angles by 
hexagonal towers projecting one half of their 
diameter, and crowned by low spires. The sec- 
ond story is of the Koman Doric order. Above, 
on the apex of the pediment of this story, rises 
the principal turret, square below for about 20 
feet, and hexagonal al>ove, with a belfiy sur- 
mounted by an elevated pinnacle. By the con- 
ditions of the erection of this Cathedral, masses 
are offered, every Saturday evening, for the soul 
of its founder, Don Andre ; and the tolling ol 
the bell at sunset of that day recalls his memory 
to the citizens. On the right and left of this 
church edifice are two public buildings of the 
city, in the Tuscan and Doric orders, two storie.s 
high, occupied in their lower stories by the police 
prison, city guard room, and various otHees, and 
in their second stories by the ofHees of the mayor, 
and of the city treasurer and comptroller, and the 
common council chamber, and by the District and 
Criminal Courts of the parish, with the othces of 
their respective clerks. The Second Presbyterian 
Church is finely located, fronting on Lafayetto 
Square, the handsomest public place in the city. 
It has a fine portico of the Grecian Doric order. 
A neat obelisk has been eix'cted, in the court in 
front of this church, to the meranry of Kev. 
Sylvester Larncd, the first Presbyterian pastor in 
the city, who died in 1820, at the early ago of 
24. The new Methodist Church, on tiio corner 
of Poydias and Carondolel Streets, is a fine build- 
ing, copied from the Temple of Theseus at Athens. 
It has a rine portico, and a steeple rising 170 feet 
from the ground. This building was completed 
in 18.'37. The Fii-st Congregational Cliurch is a 
brick edifice, in the Gothic style of arcbiteetnre, 
finished in 1819. The building, which was for- 
merly the charity hospital, and more recently the 
state house, is a fine piece of architecture, con- 
sisting of a centre building and two detached 
wings, occui)ying an entire square between Canal 
Street ami other stix-cts. The new Charity Hos- 
pital is a large building, 290 feet long and .'J 
stories high, entered fiom Common Street. The 
cupola of this building presents a magnificent 
view of the city and its environs. The grounds 
around it are handsomely laid out, and neatljr 



rN THE UNITED STATES. 



481 



kept. It is calculated to contain 540 patients. 
This nolile cliarity is rendered peculiarly neces- 
sary by tlie sickness which prevails at certain 
seasons at New (Orleans, especially among stran- 
gers. The Franklin Infirmaiy is a private hospi- 
till, froniiiif; on tlie Fontchartrain Railroad. It is 
a'ticautiful liuikling. and can accommodate 100 
patients. Several of the markets are lar{;c and 
expensive .structiires. The meat market, on the 
Levee, built of brick, and extending from Ann to 
Main Streets, is a prominent object as the city is 
ajjproached by water. St. Mary's Market, in tlie 
second municipality, is 480 feet long and 42 feet 
wide. Washington Market, in the third munici- 
pality, is also a fine structure. The theatres are 
among the most splendid buildings of New Or- 
leans. The St. Charles Theatre, standing on the 
K. side of Charles Street, is 132 feet long liy 175 
feet deep, and cost 1^.350.000. The Orleans Thea- 
tre is a spacious edifice, which cost §180,000. 
The peiformances in this theatre are in the French 
language. The Camp Street or American Thea- 
tre, in the second municipality, is 60 feet wide, 
and 160 feet deep, and cost, with its fin-niture. 
mid the ground on which it stands, $120,000. It 
Ciui accommodate 1 100 [icrsons. Among the im- 
posing structures peculiar to this city are several 
extensive cotton presses. The New Orleans cot- 
ton press occupies ground 6.32 feet long and ;!08 
feet wide, which is nearly covered by the build- 
ings. The centre building is 3 stories high, sur- 
mounted by a cupola, which overlooks the city. 
The wings are 2 stories high, and very extensive. 
150,000 bales of cotton, on an average, annually, 
are pressed at this establishment. There are, 
besides this, other presses. Some of the banks 
have fine buildings ; and some of the hotels are 
among the most costly and magnificent in tiie 
country. The St. Cliarles Hotel, which was 
burned in 1850, and is to be rebuilt, cost fihout 
$600,000. The United States Branch Mint is an 
edifice 282 feet long and 108 feet deep, with 2 
wings, 29 by 81 feet, the whole 3 stories liigli. 
The custom house and U. S. land office are 
also handsome buildings. A new custom house 
Ls now in process of erection at New Orleans, 
which, when completed, will be one of the largest 
buildings in the United States. It is to include 
the United States court rooms, together with the 
necessary warehouses, for the use of the govern- 
ment, and will, it is stated, be one third larger 
than the Capitol at Washington, when com]deted 
with the new wings. The granite for this im- 
mense building is to be furnished from the quar- 
ries in Quincy, Ms. 

The water with which New Orleans is supplied 
is raised by a steam engine from the Mississippi 
River. The reservoir into which it is received is 
constructed on an artificial mound, and is 21 feet 
high at its base, and 250 feet square. From this 
reservoir, divided into four compartments, the 
water, after becoming clear, is distributed over 
tlie city in iron pipes. These waterworks belong 
to the Commercial Bank, and were built at a cost 
of S722.000. The city authorities have also built 
an aqueduct, at an expense of 8110,000, for the 
purpose of bringing running water in hot weather 
through the gutters of the streets, thereby to pro- 
mote the cleanliness and health of the city. 

The early historical annals of New Orleans, of 

the greatest imiiortance, are the following. The 

city was laid out in 1717, and named in honor of 

the then Uuke of Orleans, regent of France dur- 

61 



ing the minority of Louis XV. In consequcnco 
of an extraordinary rise of the Mississippi, a year 
or two later, the spot on which several buildings 
had been erected was overflowed, and was for a 
time abandoned. In 1722 the settlement was 
again commenced, with a view of making it the 
ciiief town of the province. The next year, when 
Charlevoix arrived from Canada by way of the 
river, the i}lace contained about 100 cabins, with- 
out much order, 2 or 3 dwellings of a better class, 
a miserable storehouse occupied as a chapel, 
a shed being converted into a house of prayer, 
1 large wooden warehouse, and a population of 
about 200. Soon after this, an accession was 
made to the population by the arrival of a com- 
pany of Germans, whose descendants still remain, 
occupying what is called the German Coast. In 
1727, the Jesuits and Ursuline nuns arrived, and 
were accommodated on a tract of land in the 
lowest part of the Faubourg St. JIary. In 
1763, the pope expelled the Jesuits from the do- 
minions of France, Spain, and Naples. They 
were obliged to leave Louisiana, and their prop- 
erty in New Orleans was seized and sold for 
about $180,000; which now is worth some 
S15.000.000. In 1764, British vessels began to 
visit New Orleans, and to trade with the inhab- 
itants. The exports during the last year of its 
subjection to France amounted to $250,000; and 
the |)opulation was 3190. The commerce suffered 
at first by the restrictions of the Spanish; but 
shortly afterwards, through a more liberal policy, 
revived again. In 1785, the population of the 
city proper was 4980. In 1788, a great fire con- 
sumed 900 houses. In 1791, academies and 
schools began to be o)>encd by some of the immi- 
grants, the education of the young having previ- 
ously been in the hands of the priests and nuns. 
In 1792, Baron Carondolet arrived, who divided 
the city into four wards, and recommenced light- 
ing it and employing watchmen. He erected 
new fortifications, and organized the militia. In 
1794, the first newspaper was published here. In 
1 801 . Louisiana was ceded by Spain to the French, 
and in 1803, by purchase from the French, it be- 
came a possession of the United States. The 
population of New Orleans at this time did not 
much exceed 8000 ; and its revenues were less q^ 
than $20,000. In 1804, it was made a port of 
entry and delivery; and in 1805, it received a 
charter of incorporation as a city. January 10, 
1812, the first steamboat arrived from Pittsburg. 
During the war of 1812 with Great Britain, New 
Orleans was invaded by a British force of about 
8000 men, approaching it through the Lakes 
Borgne and Fontchartrain ; and in the battle of 
the 8th of January, 1815, the city was defended, 
and the enemy repulsed with great loss, by the 
skill and bravery of General Jackson and the 
troops under his command. Immediately after 
this event, intelligence arrived of peace having 
been concluded previous to the date of the battle. 
All things have since conspired, in the state of 
the country, in the rapid settlement of the Missis- 
sippi valley, and in the new and extensive appli- 
cation of steam i)ower to the navigation of its 
mighty rivers, to hasten, with almost incredible 
strides, the growth and prosperity of New 
Orleans. 

New Pultz, N. Y., Ulster co. Bounded on the 
E. by the Hudson River, "and watered by the 
Wallkill. The surface is rather hilly, the W. part 
being jjartly covered by the Shawangunk Mouu- 



482 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



tain. The soil is various, but mostly productive. 
14 miles S. from Kiniu'ston, and 75 from Albany. 
New Philadelphia, ( )., c. h. Tuscarawas CO. On 
a beautiful plain on the E. bank of Tuscarawas 
River, opposite the entrance of Sugar Creek, and 
115 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 

Newjiort, la., c. h. Vermilion co. On the S. 
side of Vermilion River, 2 miles above its con- 
fluence with the Wabash, and 78 W. from Indian- 
apolis. 

Newport, Ky., c. h. Campbell co. On the Ohio 
River, opposite Cincinnati, and just above the 
mouth of Licking River. 86 miles N. N. E. from 
Frankfort. Here is a United States arsenal. 

Neivport, Mc., Penobscot co. A fine farming 
town. 56 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 24 
W. from Bangor. 

Newport, Mo., c. h. Franklin co., occupies high 
bluffs. 1 mile from the Missouri River, and 70 
miles E. from Jefferson City. 

Newport, N. H., c. h. Sullivan co. Its cen- 
tral situation and its water power have ren- 
dered it a place of considerable business. Near 
the centre of the town, and the confluence of 
the E. and S. branches of Sugar River, and 
the Croydon Turnpike, is a handsome village. 
The soil is rich and productive. Sugar River 
flows through the town. Bald, Coit, and East 
Mountains, and Blueberry Hill, are in Newport. 
This town is noted for its good schools and 
charitable societies. First settlers, Jesse Wilcox, 
Ebenezcr Merrit, Jesse Kelsey, and Samuel Hurd, 
in 1763. The settlers were mostly from Killing- 
worth, Ct. 40 miles W. by N. from Concord, and 
about 35 N. from Keene. 

Newport, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered on the 
E. and S. by West Canada Creek. It is a hilly 
town, with fertile valleys. 10 miles N. from 
Herkimer, and 88 N. W. from Albany. 

Newport, Pa., Luzerne co. Nanticoke River 
waters this town, and at the falls affords great 
hydraulic power, besides feeding the North Branch 
Canal. Anthracite coal and bog iron ore abound 
here. 8 miles S. W. from Wilkesbarre. 

Newport, Pa., Perry co. On the W. bank 
of Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Canal. 
28 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Newport County, R. I., c. h. at Newport. S. E. 
part, including several fertile islands in Narragan- 
aet Bay, and the continental portion of the state. 
S. of Mount Hope Bay. 

Newport, R. I. Port of entry, semi-capital of the 
state, and seat of justice of Newport co. This 
ancient town is situated on the S. W. side of the 
Island of Rhode Island, in Narraganset Bay, 
about 30 miles S. by E. from Providence. The 
three towns of Newport, Middletown, and Ports- 
mouth include the whole area of the island, 
Portsmouth being on the N. part, and Middletown 
in 'the centre. In Portsmouth are the Rhode 
Island coal mines ; also a bed of plumbago has 
been discovered here. The soil of all these towns 
is rich, and is brought under excellent cultivation. 
The inhabitants of the two latter are not numer- 
ous, are chiefly occupied with the pursuits of 
husbandry, and are distinguished for their habits 
of industry and economy. The settlement of the 
island was first commenced at the N. E. part, and 
Portsmouth was the first town laid out; but some 
of the settlers, the next spring, with others who 
were about to unite with them, went to the S. 
end, and began tlie settlement of Newport. This 
was in 1638. Of this beautiful island Neal says. 



"It is deservedly esteemed the paradi.sc of New 
England for th8 fruitfulness of the soil and the 
tempcrateness of the climate. Though it is not 
above 60 miles S. of Boston, it is a coat warmer 
in winter ; and, being surrounded by the ocean, is 
not so much affected in summer with the hot land 
breezes as the towns on the continent.*' 

The harbor is considered one of the best on the 
coast of America, and is admirably defended by 
Forts Wolcott, Green, and Adams. The latter, 
on Brenton's Point, is a fortification of great 
strength and costliness, not yet entirely complet- 
ed. The town is built upon a gentle declivity, 
fronting the harbor, and looking towards the S.W., 
which presents it handsomely to view as it ia 
approached upon the water. The principal street 
is over a mile in length. There is a public square, 
called Washington Square, on which the stiite 
house stands. The buildings generallv are neat, 
and some of them very handsome. The first build- 
ings were erected around a spring, where the foun- 
tain now is, in the rear of the state house. The 
stone house is still standing on the E. side of 
Spring Street, which was built by Henry Bull, one 
of the original purchasers, and one of the early 
governors of the colony, who died in 1693. This 
house was one of the first built in Newport. The 
marks of antiquity which some of the buildings 
bear, with the excellent state of preservation in 
wiiich tiicy appear, give them a grace and dignity 
not often found in those of more modern construc- 
tion. Within a few years, however, the town has 
undergone great changes ; many new buildings 
have been erected — churches, cotton factories, ho- 
tels, and dwelling houses ; old houses have been re- 
paired and painted ; new streets have been opened, 
and old ones put in order ; wealthy persons from 
other cities have purchased situations, and built 
tasteful dwellings for summer residence; and 
the place has been greatly improved in its ap- 
pearance. 

Among the public buildings, the State House is 
a handsome brick edifice, two stories high, above 
a basement story of stone. Over the centre is a 
handsome octagonal cupola. In this building, 
besides the halls and otfices for the legislature, 
are the rooms for the different courts of the 
county, the state, and the United States. In the 
senate chamber is a fine picture of Washington, 
painted by ,Stuart for the town. 

The building of the Redwood Library and 
Athena3um, on East Truro Street, erected in 1750, 
is a handsome specimen of architecture, suited to 
its design. It consists of a centre building, with 
two small wings. The centre building is orna- 
mented in front- with a portico of four Doric 
columns, 17 feet in height. It appears, from a 
historical sketch of this injtitution, that it origi- 
nated in a literary and philosojihical society, which 
was established in Newport in 1730, and which 
the celebrated Bishop Berkeley, who resided in 
Rhode Island from January, 1729, to September, 
1731, encouraged in its form.ation. "often partici- 
pating in its discussions, and, by the charm of his 
conversation, giving a delightful interest to its 
meetings." The library contains about 4000 
volumes. A number of valuable pictures and 
busts adorn the room. 

The Market House, or Granary, as it is called, 
because originally intended to serve the purpose 
of a granary as well as of a market, built in 1 762, 
is a very neat and tasteful building, three stories 
high, built in strict conformity to the rules of the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



483 



Tonic order. Its location, however, on Tliamcs 
Street, near the Long Wharf, is not favorable to 
its full a|ipreeiation as a building. 

The (?ustoin IIou.sc is also on Thames Street, 
is a large brick building, with wings jirojccting 
in front and in the rear, and is open to the harbor. 
The Masonic Hall, on School Street, and the 
Amory Hall, on Clarke Street, are handsome 
edifices. 

There are numerous religious denominations 
in Newport. The first regularly-organized Bap- 
tist church in this country was gathered here about 
1641. Their fir.st niccting-hou.se was at Green 
End, now in Middlctown. Subsequently they 
occupied the lot in Tanner Street, now used as a 
burial-place for the pastors of the church. Their 
first pastor. Dr. John Clark, was buried here. 
Their present house of worship, on Spring Street, 
is a neat and commodious edifice. Tl.e Baptists 
have likewise two or three other churches. 

Tliere were formerly two Calvinistic Congre- 
gational churches, of which some of the most 
learned and eminent of the New England divines 
have been the pastors. Among them were Dr. 
Styles, afterwards president of Yale College, and 
Dr. Hopkins, author of a System of Divinity. A 
few years ago, these churches were united in 
one. 

There are also Unitarian Congregationalists, 
Episcopalians, Freewill Baptists. Sabbatarians, 
or Seventh-day Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, 
Moravians, and Roman Catholics. The present 
Quaker meeting house was built in 1 700 ; at which 
date it is stated that one half the population were 
Quakers. Edniundson, in his Journal of Reli- 
gious Visits, says that the dispute between Roger 
Williams and some of the ministers of that de- 
nomination, in 1672. was held in the Friends' meet- 
ing house ; Mr. Williams having come from Prov- 
idence in his log canoe for tliat purpose. 

There was formerly a considerable body of 
Jews in Newport. Those who first came were of 
Dutch extract, from Curai;oa. The deed of their 
burial-place is dated February 2S, 1 677. But those 
of that nation who were subsequently among the 
most enterprising of the Newport mercliants 
were from Spain and Portugal, aljout 75 years 
later. These last built the .synagogue, now 
standing just E. of Spring Street, which was 
once thronged with worshippers. Dr. Water- 
house says, " Newport was the only place in New 
England where the Hebrew language was jmb- 
lidy read and chanted by more than 300 of the 
descendants of Abraham.'' There are no Jews 
now remaining in Newport ; but their synagogue 
and burial-place remain, and arc handsomely en- 
closed with iron fence ; the former from the avails 
of a fund of SIO,0'IO, bequeathed to the town 
council by Mr. Abraham Touro, of Boston, son of 
their former priest, to keep it, with the burial- 
ground and the avenue leading to it, in pGrjJetual 
repair ; and the latter by the liberality of Mr. 
Judah Touro, of New Orleans, a brother of the 
first mentioned. These interesting relics are thus 
preserved from profanation, and rendered orna- 
mental to the town. 

As a jdace of trade and commerce, previous to 
the American revolution, Newport was liighly 
distinguished. Having the advantage of a safe 
and commodious harbor, never obstructed with 
ice, easy of ingress and egress with all winds, 
the people early turned their attention to navi- 
gation. '• For one hundred and fifty years from 



the arrival of the first emigrants," observes 
Benjamin B. Howland, Esq., an intelligent citizen, 
to whom we are indebted for many of the facta 
for this article, " Newport and Boston were the 
chief cities of New England ; and their commerce 
rendered each of them superior to New York. 
Several of the first settlers on the island were 
possessed of great wealth ; some of them were 
from the commercial cities of Europe, and others 
from Massachusetts. Many who came here to 
reside were learned and refined, and the society 
of the place was literary and ])olite, giving tone 
to that of the surrounding country, who looked to 
Newport for their fiishions and manners. Pre- 
vious to the revolution, the prosperity of the 
town was almost unequalled in the history of 
the world. ' Ilcr streets were thronged with the 
intelligent and enterprising of distant lands, and 
the canvas of different nations whitened her 
capacious and delightful harbor. ' " 

Unfortunately, some of the capitalists of New- 
port entered into the African slave trade, which, 
strange and humiliating as it now appears, was 
then prosecuted and considered rejiutable by the 
mother country, and by other European na- 
tions. 

At the commencement of the revolution, the 
population of Newport had increased to nearly 
10.000. But with that momentous struggle came 
a day of sad disaster to this beautiful town. The 
first act of popular resistance to the encroach- 
ments of the British government was in the de- 
struction of his Britannic majesty's sloop Liber- 
ty, in 1769, stationed in the harbor of Newport 
to enforce the revenue laws, which was followed, 
a few years later, by the ejectment from its wa- 
ters of the squadron sent here under the com- 
mand of Wallace, to watch over the British in- 
terests. But in December, 1776, the British 
army commanded by Sir Henry Clinton landed 
at Coddington Cove, and obtained possession of 
tlie town, which they held during the war. Ow- 
ing to the interruption of its prosperity thus pro- 
duced, connected with other changes consequent 
upon the commencement of a new era in the 
commercial relations of tlie country, and espe- 
cially the impulse given to the growth of other 
cities. Newport has never recovered the rank 
which it held before as a mart of trade. The 
population fell off during the war to 5500. The 
business, which had somewhat revived during 
the wars in Europe, was again almost extin- 
guished by the long embargo preceding our war 
with England in 1812. 

Since the application of steam to machinery, 
a number of large cotton and woollen manufac- 
tories have been established here, and considera- 
ble activity has been given to business in this 
new channel. The domestic fishery is an impor- 
tant resource to Newport, quite beyond the reach 
of political fluctuations. About sixty dift'erent 
kinds, comprising almost every species of fin and 
shell fish regarded as luxuries for the table, are 
taken in the greatest abundance in the waters of 
the Narraganset. 

Progress is making in an enterprise to con- 
nect this place with Fall River, Bristol, and 
Providence, by railroad. This, when completed, 
will give a great impulse to the business of New- 
port, and add much to the advantages which it 
now enjoys as a place of fashionable resort. For 
further particulars, sec Fashionable Resorts. 

Newport, Te., c. h. Cocke c». On the S. W. 



484 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



side of French Broad River. 232 miles E. by S. 
from Nashville. 

Neivjiart, Vt., Orleans co. Newport is sepa- 
rated from Derby by Mempliremagog Lal^e, and 
is watered by a brancli of Missisco River. The 
settlement was begun before the year 18U0. 10 
miles N. from Irasburg, and 52 N. E. from Mont- 
_pelier. 

New Portland, Me., Franklin co. This town 
is finely watered by two branches of Seven Mile 
Brook. Tl\is is one of the finest farming towns 
in the county. This town lias a pleasant village, 
a number of saw mills and other manufactories. 
It lies 48 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 
18 N. by E. from Farmington. Incorporated 
1808. 

NeiB Providence, N. J., Essex co. Hilly and 
mountainous on the W. ; soil red shale and clay 
loam. 13 miles S. W. from Newark, and 56 N. 
E. by N. from Trenton. 

Neto liirkmoitd, 0., Ohio township, Clermont 
CO. In 1814 this town was laid out, and in 1828 
incorporated. It is located on an extensive tract 
of bottom land, on the northern bank of the Ohio 
River, just above the moutli of Muddy Creek. 
It is a tlu-iving town, and the land around it is 
well improved. 20 miles S. E. from Cincinnati, 
and 106 S. W. from Columlius. 

New Rochelle, N. Y.. Westchester CO. This 
town is washed on the S. by Long Island Sound. 
The surftice is chiefly level ; soil clay loam, fa- 
vorable to the growth of grass. 8 miles S. from 
White Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. 

Newrij, Me., Oxford co. A branch of Andros- 
coggin River waters this town, and aflbrds it 
good mill privileges. It lies 63 miles W. from 
Augusta, and 25 N. W. from Paris. Incorpo- 
rated 1805. 

New Salem, Ms., Franklin co. This town is 
elevated, and some parts of it are mountainous ; 
but the surface and soil are generally well adajjt- 
ed to agricultural purposes, particularly for 
grazing. It is well watered by Miller's River on 
the N., and a fine mill stream, the head waters 
of Swift River, rises in a pond in the town, and 
passes through it. The town comprises two 
handsome villages, and some pleasant ponds. 
17 miles E. S. E. from Greentield, and 70 W. by 
N. from Boston. 

New Scolland, N. Y., Albany co. Coeyman's 
Creek and a branch of the Normanskill water 
this town. Surface hilly ; soil chiefly sand and 
clay, based upon slate and limestone. 8 miles 
W. from Albany. 

New Sewickli/, Pa., Beaver co. Big Beaver 
River has falls in this town, which afford exten- 
sive water power. The surface is hilly ; soil 
loamy. 5 miles E. from Beaver. 

New Sharon, Me.. Franklin co. This town is 
watered on the N. W. side by Sandy River, and 
is bounded N. by Industry, E. by Mercer, S. by 
Vienna, and W. by Farmington. The soil is 
admirably adapted to agricultural purposes. 

New Shoreham, R. I.. Newport co. This town 
comprises the Island of Block Island. The island 
lies in the open sea. It is about 8 miles in length, 
and varies from 2 to 4 in width. It has several 
ponds, which cover about a seventh part of the 
island. The surface of the town is uneven, in 
some parts elevated ; the soil is a sandy, gravelly 
loam, and quite productive. The island was 
once famous for its cattle and good dairies. The 
people are mostly fishermen ; they have no har- 



bor, and peat is their only fuel. Its Indian name 
was ASunhses. 

Nexvstead, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Elli- 
cott's and some branches of Tonawanda Creek. 
Surface slightly uneven ; soil calcareous and 
gravelly loam. " 20 miles N. E. from Buffalo, and 
264 W. from Albany. 

Neifton, Aa., c. h. Dale co. 

Newton Coutili/, As. In the N. W. angle of 
the state, on the height of land between the 
waters of the White River and the Arkansas. 

Newton Count!/, Ga., c. h. at Covington. Bound- 
ed N. E. by Walton co., S. E. by Jasper co., S. 
and S. W. by Yellow and Alcopatchec Rivers, 
separating it from Butts and Henry counties, 
and N. W. by De Kalb and Gwinnett counties. 

Newton, Ga., c. h. Baker co. 

Newton, Is., c. h. Jasper co. On the W. side of 
Embarrass River. 130 miles S. E. from Spiing- 
field. 

Neioton, Ms., Middlesex co. This is a beauti- 
ful town, encircled by Charles River on the N., 
W., and S., and bounded on the E. by Brighton 
and Brookline. It was at first a part of Cam- 
bridge, and at it.s incorporation it adopted the 
old name of that venerable town, which it has 
never disgraced. This is the celebrated Nonan- 
tuin of the Indians, a h.allowed spot, where the 
red men of the forest first listened to the teach- 
ings of Christianity in New England, and where 
was erected for their use the first house of pray- 
er. There are 2 falls on Charles River, in this 
town, of considerable extent and great value, 
called Upper and Lower Falls, about 2 miles 
apart. At these falls are beautiful manufactur- 
ing villages. The village at the Lower Falls is 
partly in Needham. It is a singular fact, that 
such is the winding of the river, that tlie Lower 
Falls are farther from its mouth and the city 
than the Upper Falls. The soil is good and 
highly cultivated ; the surface is varied. In this 
town is an academy and a normal school. No- 
nantum Hill, in Newton, commands some of the 
most delightful scenery in the vicinity of Boston. 
The Newton Theological Institution (Baptist) is 
located at Newton Centre village. The Worces- 
ter Railroad connects the various villages with 
Boston. Distant from Newton Corner, 7 miles; 
from West Newton, 9 miles. Ncwtonville lies 
between the two. 

Newton County, Mi., c. h. at Decatur. Bound- 
ed N. by Neshoba co., E. by Lauderdale, S. by 
Jasper, and W. by Scott co. Drained by the 
head branches of Chickasawha, Leaf, and a trib- 
utary of Pearl River. 

Newton Count!/, Mo., c. h. at Neosho. Bounded 
N. by Jasper co., E. by Lawrence and Barry coun- 
ties, S. by Arkansas, and W. by Indian Territory. 
Drained by tributaries of Neosho River. 

Newton, N. C, c. h. Catawba co. 

Newton, N. J., Gloucester co. This is a level 
town, watered by Cooper's and Newton Creeks. 
Soil sandy. Situated 6 miles N. E. from Wood- 
bury. 

Newton, N. J., c. h. Sussex co. Watered 
by the Paulinkill. Its surface is level in the 
centre, but elsewhere hilly. 70 miles N. from 
Trenton. 

Newton, Pa., Delaware co. Crum and Darby 
Creeks water this town, the surface of which 
is hilly, and the soil loamy. 

A^ewton, Pa., Cumberland co. Big Pond lies 
on the W. border of this town, and its outlet, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



485 



Yellow Bveeclics Creek, drains the surface, whicli 
is chiefly level ; the soil is a calcareous loam. 16 
miles AV. from Carlisle. 

Ncwion Cimnti/, Ts., c. h. at Burkeville. In 
tile western part of the state. 

Norton Falls, O., Trumbull co. At the conflu- 
ence of the 2 branches of Mahoning River. 162 
miles N. E. from Columbus. The rivers here af- 
ford a f;ood water power. The Pennsylvania and 
Ohio Canal passes this place. 

Nuu-ton Loicer Falls, Ms., Middlesex CO., lie 
principally on the E. side of Charles River. 11 
miles \V. from Boston. See Newton, Ms. 

Neiclon Upper Falls, Ms., Middlesex co. On 
the E. side of Charles River. 9 miles W. from 
Boston. See Neioton, Ms. 

Neiolown, Ct., Fairfield co. This town was 
incorporated in 1708. It is watered by Pa- 
tatuck River, the Indian name of the place. The 
surface of the town is hilly ; many of the emi- 
nences are extensive and continuous ; the soil is 
principally a gravelly loam, generally fertile and 
productive. It is well adapted to the culture of 
gi'ain, and is also favorable for fruit, there be- 
ing man)' valuable orchards in the town. The 
borough of Newtown is beautifully situated on 
high ground. 

The flourishing village of Sandy Hook is situ- 
ated about li miles N. E. of the central part of 
Newtown, at the foot of a rocky eminence or 
bluf}', from the top of which is a tine prospect of 
the surrounding country. A fine mill stream 
(the Patatuek) runs in a northerly course through 
the village, at the base of the clifl^, which rises 
almost perpendicular to the height of 1 60 feet. 
Near a cotton factory, at the northern extremity 
of the village, some traces of coal have l:>een dis- 
covered. 25 miles W. N. VV. from New Haven. 

Neuiown, N. H., Rockingham co. Country 
Pond lies in Newtown and Kingston, and 2 other 
small ponds connect, by outlets, with its waters. 
The soil produces good crops of grain or grass. 
First settler, in 1720, Joseph Bartlctt. 40 miles 
S. E. from Concord, and 27 S. W. from Ports- 
mouth, by the Boston and Maine Railroad. 

Neirtoicn, N. Y., Queens co. This town com- 
prises 2 or 3 islands lying in the East River, 
which bounds it on the N., and is watered on the 
W. by Newtown Creek. The surface is diversi- 
fied; soil clay loam and sand, well adapted to 
fruit. 12 miies W. from Hempstead, and 153 S. 
from Albany. 

Ncwlotrn, Pa., Bucks co. Newtown, a branch 
of Ncshaminy Creek, waters this town, and 
affords hydraulic power. Surface level ; soil 
rich clav loam. 118 miles E. from Harristinrg. 

New Vlrecht, N. Y., Kings eo. On the \V. ex- 
tremity of Long Island, separated from Staten 
Island by the " Narrows." 6 miles S. from 
Brooklyn and 1 52 from Albany. 

Ni ir \'imi/ar(l, Me., Franklin co. 40 miles N. 
W. from Augusta. 

New Wimlsor, N. Y., Orange CO. Drained by 
Murderer's Creek, a branch of the Hudson, which 
bounds it on the E. The surface is hilly and 
uneven, but tlie soil mostly arable and fertile. 
3 miles S. from Newburg, and 89 from Albany. 

New York, city and countv. Principal city of the 
state of New York. In population, wealth, and 
commerce. New York is the principal city in 
the United States. It is situated on Manhattan 
Island, at the confluence of North River with the 
strait called East River, which connects Long Isl- 



and Sound with the harbor of New York. It is dis- 
tant 145 miles S. from Albany, the capital of the 
state. The population, in 1790, was 33,131 ; in 
1800, 60,489; in 1810, 96,373; in 1820, 123.706; 
in 1830, 202,589; in 1840, 312,710; in 1850, 
515,394. 

Manhattan Island, the whole of which is em- 
braced in the chartered limits of the city, is 
bounded on the N. by Haerlem River, a small 
strait, which passes from the East River to the 
Hudson, navigable for small vessels ; on the E. 
by East River, or strait, which separates it from 
Long Island ; on the S. by the harbor ; and on 
tlie W. by the North River, which separates it 
from New Jersey. Its length, from the Battery, 
at the southern point, to Kingsbridge, the most 
nortliern limit, is thirteen and one third miles ; its 
average breadth is one mile and three fifths. Its 
widest part is on the line of Eighty-Eighth Street, 
w^liere the distance from river to river is about Iw<j 
miles and one third. The whole contents of the 
island is about 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres. 

The natural surface of the island was uneven, 
as is still the case in the northern part, with oc- 
casionally low valleys and marshes. But as far 
as the building of the city has extended, the hills 
have been graded and the low places filled up. 
As early as 1804, this necessity was anticipated 
by the legislature, and a plan was established by 
law for locating the streets, cutting down the 
hills, and filling up the valleys to a regular and 
uniform grade for a distance of 8 miles in 
extent. The highest elevation of the ground 
above tide water, in any part of the island, is 238 
feet. Many of the creeks and inlets on the shores 
of the rivers have disappeared ; and the entire 
water line has been materially changed from what 
it originally was. In the S. part of the city, a 
large part of Water, Front, and South Streets, 
on the East River, and of Greenwich, Washing- 
ton, and West Streets, on the North River, are 
built upon ground which has been made by en- 
croaching upon those rivers. The portion of city 
which is compactly built covers the whole 
southern part of the island for a distance of 
about 4 miles from the Battery, each way. upon 
the rivers, and is continually extending its lim- 
its to the N. ; while nearly the whole of that 
]iart of the island has been surveyed and laid out 
into streets, upon a regular and convenient plan, 
ready for occupancy as fast as any part of it may 
be required. The streets in the older portions of 
the city were laid out in conformity to the origi- 
nal surface of the ground and the diverging di- 
rection of the 2 river margins. Some of them 
are crooked, narrow, and inconvenient ; anclsomo 
of the most important, which were formerly so 
have been widened and straightened at great ex 
pense. Much improvement, in this respect, wa* 
eflTected in the building up of that portion of th« 
lower part of the city, covering between 30 and 4C 
acres, which was burned down by the great fire of 
the 16th December, 1835. Broadway, which is at 
once the most elegant and fashionable street, and 
the greatest thoroughfare of the city, traverses it3 
length for 24 miles in a straight line, from N. to S. 
commencing at the Battery and terminating al 
Union Square, where it is connected with th< 
Fourth Avenue, running N. at only a slight devia 
tion from the same line. This splendid street 
which is 80 feet wide,occupies the natural crown of 
the island between the two rivers. There are only 
three or four streets S. of the termination a 



486 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Broadway at Union Square, which open avenues 
entirely across the city, from river to river, though 
there are several others througli which a contin- 
uous course may be ))ursueJ for nearly the whole 
distance. Such are Grand, Broome, Houston, 
and Fourth Streets, which are continuous from 
the East River to that section of the city on the 
North River side called Greenwich. No city can 
exhibit a more regular and beautiful plan than 
this, in all that portion of it which has grown 
up since the survey completed in 1821. This 
survey, which occupied about 10 years, under 
the direction of Gouverneur Morris, l)e Witt Clin- 
ton, and others, commissioners appointed by the 
legislature for the purpose, was extended as for 
N. as One Hundred Fifty-Fourth Street, 9| miles 
from the Battery. 

It is impossible here to notice all the important 
streets in this London of America. Broadway is 
the great promenade of the city, and one of the 
grandest streets in the world. It is elegantly 
built, with many houses, hotels, stores, and church 
edifices, which are costly and beautiful specimens 
of architecture. Here may be found the most 
extensive and brilliant displiiy of dry goods and 
fancy articles, at wholesale and retail, particularly 
the latter. The Bowery is a wide street E. of 
Broadway, running from Chatham Square N, 
connecting with the Third and Fourth Avenues, 
and forming the principal entrance into the heart 
of the city from Haerlcm, on the N. E. The 
Haerlem Railroad is laid on the Fourth Avenue 
and the Bowery; and the Third Avenue is a 
McAdamized road to Haerlem. Chatham Street, 
connecting tlie Bowery through Chatham Square 
with Broadway at the Park, and which, in early 
days, while the Park was a pasture for cattle, and 
Broadway extended no farther N., was laid out 
and designated as the " High Road to Boston," 
is a great and crowded thoroughfare, distin- 
guished for its numerous clothing stores. East 
Broadway, running from Chatham Square paral- 
lel to the East River, and Henry, Madison, and 
Munroe Streets, between this and the river, are 
broad and straight streets, handsomely built. 
Pearl Street, between Broadway and East River, 
is in a crescent form, over a mile in length, and 
is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods 
and hardware business, which also extends into 
Cedar, Pine, and other adjacent streets. South 
Street, running along the margin of East River, 
contains the warehouses and ofBces of the princi- 
pal shipping merchants. In front of it are docks 
and slips, and a dense forest of masts. Wall 
Street extends from Broadway to the East River, 
and is occupied with banks, brokers', insurance, 
and newspaper offices. The Custom House and 
the Merchants' Exchange are here. This street is 
the centre of the heaviest money operations in 
the United States. Greenwich Street, W. of 
Broadway, is a long, wide, and nearly straight 
street, extending from the Battery, parallel to the 
Hudson River, nearly '2/i miles. Hudson Street, 
running parallel to this, from Chamber Street 
to the Ninth Avenue, is wide, straight, and 
well built in many of its parts. It is over 1^ 
miles in length. Canal Street, half a mile N. of 
the City Hall, is a wide street, commencing at 
Centre vStreet. crossing Broadway, and extend- 
ing to the North River, and is the seat of an 
extensive retail business. There is a large cov- 
ered canal under this street. This was the north- 
ern terminus of Broadway in 1800, and far 



beyond the thickly-settled part of the city. It is 
now much below the centre of population. Grand, 
Broome, and Houston Streets are extensive and 
important streets above Canal Street. Bleeker, 
Bond, and numerous other streets, in the N. part 
of the city, arc beautifully built, and fashionable 
places of residence. The avenues, so called, are 
16 in number, extending, as thev are laid out, 
from the upper parts of the city, N.. to Haerlem 
River. They are generally 100 feet wide, but 
are not all graded. They are crossed, above 
Twelfth Street, by streets running from river to 
river. The streets in this direction are numbered 
First, Second, Third, &c., commencing with the 
iirst street N. of Houston Street. 

New York, in the lower part of the city, is 
rather deficient in public grounds ; yet there are 
several of importance. The Battery, at the south- 
eastern point of the island, from which Broadway 
begins, is the most beautiful of these grounds, 
and the most serviceable to the citizens and to 
strangers, as a healthful and delightful prom- 
enade. It contains about II acres, beautifully 
laid out with grass plats, and gravelled walks, 
shaded with ornamental trees. From this ground 
there is a fine view of the bay, %vith its shipping, 
and of the adjacent shores, cities, and villages of 
New Jersey, Long Island, and Staten Island. 
This is considered, by many, the most delightful 
promenade in the United States. 

Castle Garden is built on a mole, and is con- 
nected with the Buttery by a bridge. It was ori- 
ginally erected as a fortification. It is used 
occasionally for public meetings, and 10.000 
people can be accommodated within its walls, as 
in a great amphitheatre. — The Bowling Green, at 
the lower end of Broadway, is a small elliptical 
area, 220 feet long by 140 broad, enclosed by an 
iron fence. Before the rei-olution it contained a 
leaden statue of George IV., which, during the 
war, was converted into bullets. — The Park is a 
triangular area, including lOj acres, between 
Broadway, Chatham, and Chamber Streets. It 
contains the City Hall, and two or three other 
splendid public buildings. It is laid out in walks, 
convenient to be used as crossings, and set with 
trees. A beautiful fountain, supplied from the 
Croton waterworks, here sends up a single jet- 
d'eau between 60 and 70 feet. — St. John's Park, 
comprising the entire square between Beach, 
Laight, Varrick, and Hudson Streets, is private 
property, belonging to Trinity Church, but re- 
served as a permanent open ground to the dwell- 
ers on its margin. It is enclosed with a costly 
iron fence, is beautifully laid out, and has a 
fountain in the centre. The trees in this park 
are of considerable age and size. — Washington 
Square, 14 miles N. of the City Hall, contains a 
little over 9 acres. A i)art of this square was 
formerly the Potter's Field. — Union Square is an 
elliptical opening at the upper terminus of Broad- 
way, ornamented with a fountain. — Gramniercy 
Park, near Union Square, and Tompkins Square, 
in the N. E. part, and the largest in the city, arc 
handsomely laid out, and shaded with trees. 
There are other squares, further N., laid out for 
public grounds, but not yet regulated. 

There are in the city vf New York some of the 
most costly and superb public buildings in the 
country. Among these the City Hall, from its 
beautiful location in the Park, where all its fine 
proporjions stand in open view, will be one of the 
first to attract the notice of the strauger. This 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



487 



mapnificLMit builiiinc: was commenced in 1S03, 
and completed in 1812, at a cost to the city of 
$538,734. It is 216 feet long, 105 feet wide, and 
2 stories higli, altove tile basement, 'with a third or 
attic story to tlie centre building. IneUuling the 
attic story, it is 65 feet in height. Over the cen- 
tre of the cditiec there rises a lofty cupola, upon 
which stands a colossal statue of Justice. The 
entire structure, which consists df a centre build- 
ing and two wings, covers 29,896 square feet of 
ground. The walls of the front and ends are of 
white marble, and that of the rear of the Nyack 
brown freestone. The front is ornamented with 
columns and pilasters, in ranges rising one above 
another, of the Ionic, Corinthian, and composite 
orders. A flight of 12 marble steps, cxtcmling 
the whole length of the central building, leads to 
the hall of entrance. In the centre of this hall is 
a double staircase, with marble steps, ascending 
to a circular gallery connecting with the halls 
and passages of the second story. The staircase 
is lighted from a dome above, to which, for its 
support, 10 marble columns, of the Corinthian or- 
der, ascend from the marble floor of the circular 
gallery. The City Hall contains all the rooms and 
offices requisite for the accommodation of the 
courts, the m,ayor and aldermen, and common 
council, and other municipal functionaries. There 
is a splendid room, called the Governor's Room, 
appropriated I'or the use of the governor of the 
state whenever he visits the city. This room is 
55 feet in length, and 20 feet in width ; and its 
walls are hung with the portraits of the govern- 
ors of the state, including some of the old Dutch 
governors, the mayors of the city, and a number 
of the military and naval heroes of the country. 
The chamber of the common council contains 
eeveral fine, full-length portraits of distinguished 
personages, belonging to the period of the revo- 
lution, jiainted by Trumbull. That of Washing- 
ton, taken when he was in the prime of life, is 
tliought by many to be the best likeness in exist- 
ence. The chair occupied by the president of 
the common council, under a canopy at the head 
of the room, is the identical chair occupied by 
Washington when he presided over the first 
American Congress, assembled in New York. 

East of the City Hall, and also included in the 
Park, is the Hall of Records, erected for the 
purpose of receiving and keeping in security all 
records and public documents of the city. It is 
a large and handsome building, decorate<l with a 
lofty Ionic portico on each front. In the rear of 
these buildings is one formerly occupied as an 
almshouse, but now fitted up to contain city of- 
fices. Here are the Marine Court room, and the 
rooms of the American Institute. 

The Merch.ants' Exchange, in Wall Street, is 
probably the largest, the most costly, and in some 
respects the most beautiful of the public buildings 
of New York. It covers the entire block bounded 
by Wall Street, William Street, Hanover Street, 
and E.xchange I*lacc, and has a front iijion Wall 
Street of 198 feet. Its other dimensions are 196 
feet on Exchange Place, 171 feet (.m William 
Street, and 144 feet on Hanover Street. Its height 
from the founilation wall to the top of the cornice 
is 77 feet, and to the top of the dome 124 feet. 
It stands partly on the site of the old Merchants' 
Exchange, which was burned in the great fire on 
December, 183.'). From its confined situation, if 
theheartof the nio-t crowded portion of the city, its 
immense proportions do not produce their proper 



architectural effect, as a whole, like those of the 
City Hall, which has an ample space around it. 
The front, however, on Wall Street, has a most 
imposing and beautiful effect. It is constructed 
of a dark-blue Quincy granite, and has a splendid 
colonnade, of the full length and height of the 
building, with a recess in the centre, in which the 
ranges are repcateil, making in the whole 18 of 
these massive columns, 38 feet high, and 4 feet 
4 inches in diameter, each formed from a solid 
block of granite, and weighing 43 tons. They 
arc of the Grecian Doric order, finely wrought 
and fluted. It is stated that these columns, with 
but one exception, that of a church at St. Peters- 
burg, arc the largest in the world. Their cost, 
delivered in New York, was $3000 each. The 
E.xchange Room, or Rotunda, in the centre of the 
building, is the most magnificent of its ai>art- 
mcnts. It encloses an area of 7000 square feet, 
and is calculated to accommodate 3000 persons. 
The height of the room, to the springing of the 
dome, is 51 feet, above which the dome ascends 30 
feet, terminating in a skylight 37 feet in diameter. 
8 Corinthian columns, of polished Italian marble, 
support the dome within ; behind which there are 
recesses, enlarging materially the area of the 
room. Upon the floor of this magnificent hall 
the merchants of New Y''ork meet daily during 
the hours of change. On the roof is a marine 
telegraph, communicating with a station on Sta- 
tcn Island, and sending down an hourly report to 
the news room of the movementsof the shipping 
inward or outward bound. Admonished by the 
destruction of the former Exchange, the company 
have made the present building absolutely in- 
combustible ; have used no wood in its construc- 
tion, excepting for the doors and window frames. 
The whole, including the dome, is of solid ma- 
sonry. The Merchants' Exchange Company was 
incorporated in 1823, with a capital of 81,000,000. 
The entire cost of the new Exchange, inelud-. 
ing the ground, is stated, in I'ound numbers, at 
81,800,000. 

The Custom House, in New York, is one of the 
most pcifect buildings of its size in the world. It 
is finely located on the corner of Wall and Nas- 
sau Streets, affording a view of its entire perspec- 
tive, when seen from opposite its south-western 
angle. The building is modelled after the Par- 
thenon at Athens, with the omission of the col- 
umns on the sides. It is 200 feet long by 90 feet 
wide, and about 80 feet high from the bottom of 
the foundation wall to the top. The front por- 
tico, on Wall Street, has 8 fluted columns of the 
Grecian Doric order, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter, 
and 32 feet high, supporting a full entablature and 
pediment above. The ascent to this portico from 
the street is by 18 granite steps, which is the ele- 
vation of the basement on this end. The ground 
gradually rising as it recedes on Nassau Street, 
leaves but 3 or 4 stejis for the ascent to the portico 
on the opposite end. This portico is similar to that 
on the front on Wall Street. On each of the sides 
arc 13 pilasters, which are in keeping with the col- 
umns on the two fronts. The building is two 
lofty stories high above the basement. The en- 
tire exterior, including the roof, is constructeil of 
white marble, excepting the steps, which, for great- 
er durability, arc of light-colored granite. Some 
of the largest blocks of marble used weigh no less 
than 33 tons. The marble slabs for the roof 
weigh from 300 to 401) pounds, and are matched 
with an under and upper lip of 8 inches, making 



488 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



it perfectly water tight. There is no wood in any 
part of the building ; and there is not pcrhajjs 
another structure in the world so entirely proof 
against fire. 

In the centre of the building is the great Ro- 
tunda, or large circular room used as the collect- 
or's office. This splendid room has a diameter 
of 60 feet in the clear, and 80 feet in the recesses. 
16 beautiful Corinthian columns, 30 feet high, 
support the dome above it, which is richly orna- 
mented with stucco, and crowned at the top with 
a skylight. There are many other large and ele- 
gant apartments suited to the purposes of the 
building. The architect of this splendid cdilice 
was Mr. John Frazee. It was commenced in May, 
1834, and finished in May, 1841. The cost, in- 
cluding the ground, was $1,175,000; that of the 
building alone, $950,000. 

The ground on which the Custom House stands 
was formerly the site of the old City Hall, or Fed- 
eral Hall, as it was called ; in which the Amer- 
ican Congress held their sessions in New York, 
and in the balcony of which, looking down ujjon 
Wall Street, Washington, on the 1.3th of April, 
1789, was inaugurated first president of the Unit- 
ed States, in the presence of assembled thou- 
sands of the joyful people, shouting at the close, 
with one voice, " Long live George Washington ! " 

The Hall of Justice, which, with its enclosure, 
including the House of Detention, occupies the 
entire space between Centre, Elm, Leonard, and 
Franklin Streets, 253 feet long by 200 feet wide, 
is an elaborate and beautiful specimen of the 
Egyptian style of architecture. It is constructed 
of a light-colored granite from Hallowell, Me. 
The main building, which fronts on Centre Street, 
has a dystile portico of four massive Egyptian 
columns. From this there is an ascent by 12 
steps, between two other columns, to an area 50 
feet square, having the ceiling above supported by 
8 more of these massive pillars. From this area 
the various apartments of the building are entered. 
The Court of Sessions occupies a hall, with a gal- 
lery extending back from the main building, the 
roof of which is also supported by lofty Egyptian 
columns. The house of detention, towards the 
rear of the enclosure, is 142 long and 45 feet 
wide, containing 148 cells for prisoners. This 
building, from the style of architecture adopted 
and the associations connected with it, has obtained 
the name of the Egyptian Tombs ; or, in com- 
mon parlance, the Tombs. Though a handsome 
atrueture of its kind, it has a heavy and gloomy 
aspect. Its massive Theban columns, with their 
gigantic palm-leaved capitals, and its cornices, or- 
namented with winged globes and serpents, give 
ft singular and funereal effect to this sombre pile. 
This edifice was completed in 1838. 

The City Penitentiary, on BlackweU's Island, 
about 5 miles from the City Hall, is a stone build- 
ing of simple architecture, but of very imposing 
eifect from its large dimensions and its compara- 
tively insulated position. The main or centre build- 
ing is 4 stories high, surmounted by a square 
t«wer: and the wings, also 4 stories high, but 
somewhat less elevated, extend on either side 200 
feet ; presenting, in the whole, a line of nearly 500 
feet in extent. It is seen to fine advantage, upon 
both sides, from the decks of the numerous steam- 
boats passing to and from Long Island Sound. 

Towards the eastern end of this island, which 
is about a mile and a half in length, stand the 
buildings of the New York Lunatic Asylum, 



which are constructed of a dark-colored stone, in 
a beautiful style of architecture, upon the plan of 
4 radii from a large central edifice. The number 
of patients in tfiis asylum, in 1850, was about 500. 

There is also on BlackweU's Island a work- 
house, for the employment of the able-bodied in- 
mates of the almshouse, comprising an extensive 
and beautiful group of buildings, arranged on tho 
plan of radii. 

One of the most splendid buildings in the city 
is the edifice of the New York University, which 
is beautifully situated on tlie E. side of Washing- 
ton Square. It is constructed of wliite marble, 
in the Gothic style of English collegiate archi- 
tecture, and is 180 feet in length by lUO in width, 
composed of a centre building with octangular 
turrets on the 4 corners, and wings right and left, 
4 stories high, flanked with square towers on tho 
4 corners, which rise 1 story above the body of 
the building. The central building, or chapel, 
triumphs over all the rest, in depth, height, and 
character, and bears some resemblance to that of 
King's College, Cambridge, England. It occu- 
pies 55 feet of the breadth of the building, and 
is 85 feet deep, including the turrets. The two 
ends are gabled, and, with the sides and all 
the other parts of the building, crowned with an 
embattled parapet. The principal entrance is 
through a deeply-recessed and richly-moulded por- 
tal under the great W. window. Through this win- 
dow, which is 24 feet wide and 50 feet high, filled 
with stained glass, the interior of the chapel receives 
the principal portion of its light. This chapel is 
truly a splendid room, in which the various details 
of a Gothic interior are carried out hi great per- 
fection and beauty. The whole building, without 
and within, is quite a masterpiece among the spe- 
cimens of this kind of architecture in the country. 

Columbia College is situated on a beautiful 
square a little W. from the park, between Chapel, 
Church, and Murray Streets, and has one vener- 
able and handsome edifice, 200 feet long and 50 
feet wide, with wings projecting at each end, in 
which the families of the professors are accom- 
modated. For a more particular account of this 
college, and of the university, see Colleges. 

Among the other literary institutions are the 
New York Theological Seminary, which has a 
convenient building located near the university, 
and a library of 17,000 volumes: tho (ieneral 
Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, 
which has two handsome buildings of stone at 
the corner of Ninth Avenue and Twenty-First 
Street; the Rutger's Female Institute, in Madi- 
son Street, which has a fine granite building, 
containing a valuable library and jihilosophical 
apparatus ; and the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, whose handsome edifice is in Crosby 
Street. The New York Society Library, founded 
in 1745, is the oldest literary association in New 
York. It has a neat and substantial edifice on 
the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, 
which cost, with the land, $117,000. The library 
at present contains 35,000 volumes, and, with the 
exception of the Astor Library, is the largest and 
most valuable in the state. In this building, 
rooms are furnished for the annual exhibitions of 
the National Academy of Design. This institu- 
tion, founded in 1826, exhibits annually a large 
collection of the paintings of living artists, 
which is always new, as the same pii'lure is not 
allowed to appear a second time, and is jiatron- 
izcd by a great number of visitors. The Uistor- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



489 



ical Society, founded in 1804, wliieh occupies 
rooms in the university, lias a library of 17,000 
Tolumes. It has published several volumes of 
Historical Collections. This society contemplates 
the erection of a building soon, and has obtained 
considerable funds for that purpose. The Mer- 
cantile Library Association, formed in 1820, for 
the special benefit of merchants' clerks, maintains 
an attractive and well-furnished reading room, 
and has accumulated a librijry of about .32,000 
volumes. A building was erected for the .asso- 
ciation in 1830, at a cost of $53,000. The society 
provides for an able course of pulilic lectures in 
the winter. There is also tiie Apprentices' Li- 
brary, in Crosby Street, of 14,000 volumes, estab- 
lished in 1820 by a society of mechanics and 
tradesmen founded in 1785; the library of the 
Mechanics" Institute, 3000 volumes ; and of the 
American Institute, for the encouragement of 
ngriculture, commerce, manufactures, and the 
arts, embracing .about 6000 volumes. The Amer- 
ican Institute holds an annual fair at Niblo's 
Garden, which is one of the most interesting ex- 
hibitions of the city. The Lyceum of Natural 
History in New York, established in 1818, has 
rooms, containing its library and cabinet, in the 
medical department of the university, on Broad- 
w.iy. This cabinet contains extensive collections 
in all the departments of natural history. The 
society has done much for tiie promotion of 
science in this country. 

But one of the noblest gifts to learning and 
science, and one of the most splendid instances 
of public benefaction, for which not only the 
city of New York, but the wliole country, owe a 
debt of lasting gratitude to the memory of the mu- 
nificent donor, is that of the Astor Library. This 
library was endowed by the bequest of the late 
John Jacob Astor, of New York, who, in a codi- 
cil to his last will, bearing date the 4th of July, 
1836, devised as follows : "Desiring to render a 
public benefit to the city of New York, and to 
contribute to the .advancement of useful knowl- 
edge and the general good of society, I do, by 
this codicil, a]ipropriate four hundred thousand 
dollars, out of my residuary estate, to the estab- 
lishment of a public library in the city of New 
York." The will then directs as to the disposal 
of the money, '• in the erection of a suitable build- 
ing ; " " in furnishing and supplying the same 
from time to time with books, maps, charts, mod- 
els, drawings, paintings, engravings, casts, stat- 
ues, furniture, and other things appertaining to a 
library for general use, upon the most ample 
scale and liberal character;" and "in maintain- 
ing and upholding the buildings and other prop- 
erty, and in defraying the necessary expenses of 
taking care of the same, and of the .accommoda- 
tion of persons consulting the lil)rary ; " " the 
said library to be accessible, at all reasonable 
hours and times, for general use, free of expense 
to persons resorting thereto." Of the funds given, 
Mr. Astor directs that "a sum not exceeding 
875,000 may be expended in the erection of a 
building," for which he authorizes the trustees 
"to select a site on the E. side of Lafayette 
Place, to contain 65 feet front and rear, and 120 
feet deep." .$120,000 are then to be expended in 
the first outlay for books and other objects, in 
estahlisliing the library; and the residue, about 
$200,000, to be permanently invested as a fund 
for its maintenance and gradual increase. 

The building for the Astor Library is a hand- 
62 



some ornament to the city. It is built of brown 
freestone and brick, in the Byzantine style of 
architecture, or rather in that of the royal palaces 
of Florence; and presents a strongly imposing 
appearance, both in its external and internal 
structure. Its dimensions, on the ground, .are .is 
above stated ; and its height, from the sidewalk 
to the top of the parapet, 67 feet. The great 
library hall, occupying the second floor, is 100 
feet in length, 60 in width, .and 50 feet high. The 
side walls form one continuous shelving, sufficient 
to contain 100,000 volumes. The light is from 
windows in the front and rear walls, and from a 
skylight of large dimensions. Midway between 
the floor and ceiling is an iron gallery, resting 
upon 14 beautiful columns ; from wliich, and from 
other intermediate and lighted galleries, ascended 
by spiral stairways, tlie shelves arc reached. The 
floor is composed of a richly wrought mosaic, 
resting on iron beams. Among the other apart- 
ments of the building arc a reading room, and a 
lecture room, with accommodations for 500 per- 
sons. Between 55,000 and 60,000 volumes have 
been already ))urchased for this splendid library, at 
a cost of about S63,000. 

New York is liljerally provided with institu- 
tions for the relief of the poor and distressed of 
every description. Besides the Lunatic Asvlum, 
on BlaekweU's Island, already noticed, the New 
York Hospital has a fine situation on the W. side 
of Broadway, opposite the head of Pearl Street. 
The buildings, which arc extensive, stand in the 
rear of a beautiful yard, and seem pleasantly re- 
tired, although in the very heart of the city. Con- 
nected with this hospital is the Lunatic Asylum, 
located at Bloomingdale, on the Hudson River, 
5 miles from the City Hall ; attached to which are 
40 acres of ground, beautifully laid out into gar- 
dens and pleasure grounds. This accommodates 
about 250 patients. Here also is one of the Oqihan 
Asylums. A new institution, styled the State 
Hospital of the City of New Y'ork, has lately gone 
into operation, occnping a spacious squ.are, bound- 
ed by Forty-Second and Forty-Third Streets, and 
the Fifth and Sixth Avenues. "The New York Dis- 
pensary, established in 1790, the Northern Dispen-. 
sary, in 1 829, and the Eastern Dispensary, in 1834, 
answer the ]mrposa of hospitals to some extent. 
These useful establishments are supported by 
annual subscriptions. On Staten Island are three 
large and excellent institutions for the relief of 
sick and disabled seamen : the M.arine Hospital, 
at Tompkinsville, adjacent to the quarantine 
ground, which has three spacious buildings ; the 
Seamen's ISctreat, situated half a mile farther 
south ; and the Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the N. side 
of the islanil, which |irovidcs a home for .aged and 
decayed seamen^ This noble charity was founded 
by the lilierality of Captain Randall, who be- 
([ueathed to it an estate now repiued to be worth 
«1 ,000,000. The funds of the Sailor's Snug Har- 
bor, in 1852, amounted to $87,000. 

The New York Asylum for the Deaf and 
Dumb, a noble institution of its kind, incorpor.at- 
cd in 1817, is on Fiftieth Street, near the Fourth 
Avenue, or Haei'lem Railroad. The principal 
building is 110 feet long by 60 wide, .and i 
stories high above the liascment. The New York 
Institution for the Blind is on the Eighth Ave- 
nue, and has about 50 ]iupils. 

At Bellevue, on the East River, 2^ miles from 
the City H.all, is the New Almshouse, ivhich is a 
very extensive establishment, having a hospital 



490 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



connected with it. Here also is a House of Ref- 
uge for juvenile delinquents; and a Penitentiary 
for female convicts. There is another almshouse 
on Blackwell's Island. But it is scarcely possible 
for the city to meet all the demands upon it in 
this department of eleemosynary aid. The bur- 
dens of this kind are induced to far the greatest 
extent by the immigration of paupers, or of those 
who soon become paupers, from Europe. How 
large this item is liable to be may be inferred from 
the fact, that there is continually going on a ship- 
ment of paupers, direct from the poorhouses in 
Europe. On board of one British vessel, arriv- 
ing at New York in 18.51, the whole number of 
passengers, 230, were derived from this source. 
" On what principles of comity, humanity, or 
justice," to adopt the words of the commission- 
ers of immigration, " the poorhouses of Europe, 
and sometimes the prisons, ;ii'e emjnied on our 
shores, it is difficult to say. The fact itself is 
notorious. Ship loads of these helpless and often 
Ticious persons are sent here, sometimes in the 
depth of winter, without means or place of des- 
tination beyond this city, and become a perma- 
nent burden from the moment of their arrival.'' 
The whole number of foreigners wlio arrived at 
the port of New York in 18.51 was 289.601; of 
whom 16.",256 were from Ireland, 69,883 from 
Germany, and 56,462 from other countries. 

It was probably fortunate for us as a nation, 
that, in tlie earlier period of our republic, the peo- 
ples of foreign nations had so little conHdcnce in 
the success of our political experiment, in the 
capacity of free institutions to sustain themselves, 
and secure a permanent prosperity to the people 
under them. This distrust kept back the tide of 
foreign immigration, until it may be hoped that, 
even in our large cities, the native American ele- 
ment of the population has become too strong in 
numbers, intelligence, and wealth to be greatly 
raoditied by the admixture of foreign elements. 
But with our continued stability and prosperity, 
the people of other nations, especially the more 
oppressed and poor among them, are beginning to 
regard this country " as tlie haven of the poor man 
from the fears of want ; as the mine whence the 
enterprising and adventurous are to draw wealth ; 
as the theatre wherein the political economist is to 
realize his theories ; as the church of all creeds, 
wherein those deprived of liberty of conscience 
in their native land may worshi[) without fear of 
molestation." Hence, as one has said, " the tide 
of the world's population is tending to our 
shores ; and the safe and beautiful harbor of New 
York receives the ships of all nations, bearing 
their freights of men and goods from every part 
of the earth." 

The foreign residents in NewjjSTork have vari- 
ous associations among themselves for humane 
and charitable purposes ; as the St. George's So- 
ciety, composed of Englishmen ; St. Andrew's, of 
Scotch ; St. David's, of Welsh ; also societies 
of Germans, French, Spanish, and Hebrews. 
The St. Nicholas Society is composed of the de- 
scendants of the early Dutch inhabitants. Be- 
sides these, there are the Orphan Asylum, at 
Bloomingdale, a very large institution, established 
in 1806; the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum, on 
Twelfth Street ; the Koman Catholic Orphan A.sy- 
lum, on Prince Street ; the Asylum for Colored 
Orphans ; the Lying-in Asylum ; the Female As- 
sistance Society for the sick poor ; and the Socie- 
ty for aiding Kespectable, Aged Indigent Females. 



Several of our great national institutions ol 
Christian benevolence have their seat of opera- 
tions in New York. Such are the American Bi- 
ble Society, founded in 1816, in which the several 
evangelical denominations cooiierate ; the Amer- 
ican Tract Society, and the American Seamen's 
Friend Society, of which the same is true ; the 
American Home Missionary Society, and the So- 
ciety for aiding Colleges at the West, supported 
more especially by the Presbyterians and Con- 
gregationalists j the American and Foreign Bi- 
ble Society, for circulating a Baptist version of 
the Scriptures ; and the American Society for 
meliorating the Condition of the Jews. Other 
organizations of this class exist, which are auxil- 
iary to their parent institutions in Boston, Phila- 
delphia, and Washington. Such are the Agency 
of the American Board of Foreign Missions ; 
the Central American Education Society ; the 
New York Colonization Society ; and the Sun- 
day School Society. The operations of all these 
associations are very extensive, and constitute a 
noble feature of the religious enterprise of the 
age and countrv. Their anniversaries, which 
are celebrated during the second week in May, 
are occasions of great and general interest. 

The number of churches in the city of New 
York, as enumerated in 1852, is 250; Presbyte- 
rian, 46 ; Episcopal, 45 ; Methodist 40 ; Baptist, 
31; Roman C.atholic, 21 ; Dutch Reformed, 20 ; 
Jews, 12; Trinitarian Congregational, 10; Lu- 
theran, 5 ; Friends, Primitive Christians, and 
Universalists, 4 each; Unitarian Congregational, 
Second Advent, and New Jerusalem, 2 each; 
Moravians, 1. 

Some of the houses of public worship are 
among the most splendid ornaments of the city. 
The rapid increase of business in all the lower 
parts of the city, for a number of years past, and 
the consequent demand for a larger ])roportion of 
the space for its accommodation, has necessarily 
led to the abandonment of most of the localities, 
on which the earliest houses of worship were 
erected, and to the removal of their respective 
congregations up town. Hardly any of the church 
edifices of New York existing at tlie present day 
bear the impress, or are clothed with the associ- 
ations, of a venerable antiquity. Only three, 
or at most four, built before the revolution, are 
now occupied for public worship. These arc the 
Brick Presbyterian CImrch, Beckman Street, built 
in 1767; the John Street, Methodist, the first of 
that denomination in America, built in 1768 ; the 
North Dutch, corner of William and Fulton 
Streets, built in 1769, at the then northern border 
of the city : and St. Paul's, Episcopal, Broadway, 
nearly opposite the Park. During the occupa- 
tion of New York by the British, all the churches, 
except the Episcopal, were either destroyed or 
used for barracks, hospitals, or riiling schools, by 
the soldiers. The old building of the Mid- 
dle Dutch Church, on the corner of Nassau 
and Cedar Streets, now occupied as the post 
office, with very little change in the exterior, 
presents perhaps the most accurate specimen 
remaining in the city of the former style of eccle- 
siastical buildings, particularly among the Dutch 
settlers. St. Paul's Church and the Brick Presby- 
terian occupy two of the finest positions in the 
city, and are among its handsomest ornaments, 
particularly the former. This beautil'iil structure 
is adorned with a portico of the Ionic order, con- 
sisting of 4 fluted columns of red sandstone, 



IN THE tTNITED STATES. 



491 



supporting a pediment with a niche in the centre 
filled with the statue of St. Paul. The spire of 
this church ri.<c.=, with graceful proportions, to 
the height of 200 feet. Beneath the portico is a 
monument, erected by order of Congress, to the 
memory of General Montgomery, under which 
his remains were deposited in 1819; and in the 
adjoining cemetery, a few feet from Broadway, 
stands an obelisk which commemorates the tal- 
ents and fame of Emmet, the Irish banister. 
The new building recently erected by Trinity 
Church on Broadway, opposite Wall Street, may 
be regarded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic 
architecture in the United States. This edifice 
is the third in succession which this church has 
erected upon the same site ; the first having been 
burned in the great fire of 1776, and the second 
having been taken down in 1839, to give place 
to tlic present magnificent structure. It is con- 
structed throughout, even to its minutest details, 
of a lightish brown sandstone, finely hammered, 
and, in its tracery and ornament of every descrip- 
tion, elaborately and delicately wrought. It is 189 
feet long, 84 feet wide, and 64 feet high, to the 
eaves of the clear story. It is without galleries, 
and superbly finished within. The height of the 
tower and spire is 264 feet. Access may readily 
be had to tliis lofty tower, for tlie prospect it 
affords, which is one of the most splendid pan- 
oramic views to be had on the whole continent. 
From a great height, but entirely secure and at his 
ease, the beholder sees this vast city, full of life 
and animation, as it were at his feet, wliile in every 
direction, as far as the eye can reach, the harbor, 
with its shipping, the islands, the rivers, the coua- 
try, the cities and villages, and boundless ocean, 
are spread out before him in all the attractions 
with which nature, art, and luxury have invested 
them. The tower of this church contains a 
chime of bells. This beautiful building, erected 
at a cost of nearly $400,000, will seat only 
about 800 persons. 

St. John's Chapel, also built with the funds of 
Trinity Church, and beautifully situated on Var- 
rick Street, fronting St. John's Park, is one of the 
most costly church edifices in New York, " more 
than $200,000 having been expended upon it." It 
has an elegant spire 220 feet in height, and a 
splendid portico in front of 4 Corinthian columns. 
There are other Episcopal churches in the upper 
part of the city, which are among its handsomest 
specimens of architecture. The houses of wor- 
ship erected by the other denominations are gen- 
erally plainer and less expensive. But there are 
among them many costly and beautiful struc- 
tures. The Scotch Presbyterian Church on Grand 
Street is a stone building, with a fine Ionic porti- 
co of 6 stone columns, erected, it is said, at a cost 
of 5114,000. The Duane Street Church has an 
imposing Ionic portico. The building of the First 
Baptist Church, on Broome Street, is a fine stone 
edifice, of Gothic architecture. It has two oc- 
tagonal towers on the front corners, with an im- 
mense window between them, 22 feet wide and 
41 feet high. The interior is very imposing. 
The Reformed Dutch Church, on Washington 
Square, is a large Gothic structure, finished with 
great costliness and beauty. The new house of 
worship, erected by the Collegiate Reformed 
Dutch church on the corner of Lafayette Place 
and Fourth Street, has a most beautiful Ionic 
portico and spire. It is in the form and propor- 
tions of a Grecian temple, and about lUO feet in 



length. It is built of the eastern granite. St. Pe- 
ter's, Roman Catholic Cliurch, on Barclay Street, 
has a very imposing Ionic portico, of 6 granite 
columns, with a statue of St. Peter occupying a 
niche in the pediment. The French Protestant 
Church, on Franklin Street, is built of white mar- 
ble, and has a fine portico, with a double range of 
marble Ionic columns. The Presbyterians, on Mer- 
cer Street, and the Congregationalists, on Union 
Place, have beautiful houses of worship. Besides 
these there are many others in the city, wliieh we 
cannot here describe, which will not fail to at- 
tract the attention of the admirers of handsome 
architectiire. 

New 1 ork contains many large and splendid 
hotels. One of the most spacious and elegant of 
these is the Astor House, on Broadway, opposite 
the Park. This great hotel, furnished with a 
magnificence and taste corresponding to the sim- 
ple grandeur of the structure, is, with the excep- 
tion of one other in New York, the largest in the 
country, if not in the world. It was erected 
by the late John Jacob Astor, at an expense, 
including the ground, of §750,000. It is built 
of the Quincy granite, 5 stories high, with a 
front of 201 feet on Broadway, 146 on Vesey 
Street, and 154 on Barclay Street. It contains 
upwards of 300 rooms. The dining hall is 108 
feet in length. The American Hotel is a large 
house, also opposite the Park. The Irving 
House, at the corner of Broadway and Chamber 
Street, is among the most elegant and fashionable 
of the hotels. Several are conducted on the Eu- 
ropean plan, afi'ording rooms to their guests, 
with meals or not, as they may wish. Such are 
Libby's and Tammany Hall, near the Park, Dcl- 
monico's, near the Battery, and Florence's, in 
Broadway. We can do little more than to name 
a few of the principal hotels, in addition to those 
which have been mentioned. The United States, 
at the corner of Pearl and Fulton Streets, is con- 
structed of stone, 6 stories high. Howard's Ho- 
tel is at the corner of Maiden Lane and Broad- 
way. The Merchants, Rochester, Western, and 
National Hotels, arc all in Courtland Street; 
Rathbun's Hotel is on Broadway, between Court- 
land and Liberty Streets. The Pacific Hotel is 
iti Greenwich Street, convenient to the boats 
arriving and departing upon the North River. 
The New York Hotel, high up Broadway, is 
more retired, but eligibly situated. More re- 
cently opened, and exceeding every other in size 
and splendor, is the new Metropolitan Hotel, 
situated towards the upper part of the city, on 
the spot formerly known as "Niblo's Garden." 
This stupendous strnelure fronts on Broadway, 
Prince, and Crosby Streets, having a front, all 
together, of 600 feet. It is 6 stories high, built 
of fine brown freestone, with heavily-carved cor- 
nices over the almost innumerable windows. It 
stands on the highest ground in the city, and is 
a most noble and imposing edifice. To give an 
idea of the magnitude of the establishment, it 
may be stated that it contains over 500 rooms, 
over 100 of which are suits of rooms ; being sup- 
plied throughout with gas, with hot and cold 
water, steam, &c., through a service, in the aggre- 
gate, of more than five miles of pijjcs. It con- 
tains one mile of elegantly painted halls and pas- 
sages. Its 550 mirrors, to say nothing of its 
other furniture, cost 515,000. Two of the largest 
of these, at each end of the great dining hall, 
cover within a fraction of 100 square feet each. 



492 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



being tlie largest min*ors ever imported into the 
United States. Tlie plate glass for the windows 
alone cost $35,000 ; and the entire cost of the 
building, independent of the furniture, was about 
half a million of dollars. 

Many of the stores, banks, and other buildings 
for purposes of business, in New York, are 
among the most elegant architectural ornaments 
of the city. These are too numerous to be 
descriljed in this place. As an example of the 
largest class of stores, it may suffice to instance 
the splendid palace on Broadway, built and occu- 
pied by A. T. Stuart as a silk store. Fronting 
upon Broadway, it covers the entire J)lock be- 
tween Chamber Street and Reed Street, having 
a front upon Broadway of 150 feet, and a depth 
up both the other streets of the same extent. It 
is built of polished white marble, six stories high, 
in a style of architectural beauty, without and with- 
in, corresponding to the costliness of the materials. 

Many of the private residences in the upper 
part of the city are of the most costly and beauti- 
ful description. Long streets consisting of stately 
blocks and terraces, and separate mansions, with 
every accessory of architectural splendor, excite 
the admiration of the beholder. " Under the 
smiles of fortune," says a ^vriter of New York, 
" most classes of our citizens have been pros- 
perous, many have grown wealthy, and the 
style and expense of living, and the beauty of 
some of the principal streets of the city, have 
proportionally improved. The buildings now 
generally in course of construction by our 
wealthy inhabitants, for their private residences, 
are among the most splendid and costly city 
dwelling houses in the world. The several styles 
of architecture are conceived by architects of 
great .ability, and the designs of the buildings and 
interior decorations are in many instances carried 
out without regafd to cost. $100,000 for the cost 
of a single city lot, freestone house and furniture, 
is not an imfrequent expenditure. The support 
of many private establishments requires an out- 
lay of $10,000 to $20,000 a year, some ranging 
much higher." 

The number of theatres and places of amuse- 
ment in New York is not considered large in 
comparison with that of European cities of the 
same size. The principal theatres are the Park 
Theatre, opposite the Park ; the Bowery The- 
atre, Bowery, above Bayard Street ; Astor 
Place Opera House, near the upper part of 
Broadway ; Olympic Theatre, Broadway, above 
Canal Street ; 'National Theatre, near Chatham 
Square ; Burton's Theatre, Chamber Street, and 
Nililo's Theatre, at the corner of Broadway and 
Prince Streets. The American Museum, oppo- 
site the Astor House, is an excellent and very 
extensive establishment of its kind, founded in 
1810, and enriched with curiosities of nature and 
art from all parts of the world. Its immense 
collections occupy five large saloons 100 feet in 
length. From the observatory on the top of the 
building, which is very high, one of the finest 
views of the city, b.ay, and surrounding country 
is obtained. Pcale's Museum and Gallery of 
Fine Arts, founded in 1825, contains four spa- 
cious apartments, filled with choice specimens in 
the departments of natural history, painting, 
statuary, &c. The cosmoramic views in these 
museums are equal to any in the world for num- 
ber and variety, and for the truth and perfection 
of art with which they are prepared. The Chi- 



nese Museum, at 359 Broadway, contains a verj- 
extensive collection of curiosities, illustrative of 
the arts and the customs of life in China. 

Castle Garden, oflF the Battery, and Vauxhall 
Garden, at the upper end of the Bowery, are 
places of pleasant resort for recreation. There 
are also in the vicinity of the city several places 
of daily resort in the summer season. The prin- 
cipal of these is Iloboken, on the opposite hank 
of the Hudson, between which and New York, 
in pleasant weather, there arc continual currents 
of persons going and returning by tlie boats, 
which seem, as it were, to bring these places 
nearer to the city than if they were within its 
limits. The grounds at Hoboken are beautifully 
laid out, and shaded and supplied with various 
means of innocent and healthful recreation. 
Haerlem Village, on the N. end of the island, 
included within the city limits, was founded, wo 
are told, as long ago as 1658, " with a view to 
the amusement and recreation of the citizens." 
The Haerlem Railroad, 8 miles in length, coi>- 
nects this village with the very heart of the city. 
The cars start from the City Hall several times a 
day, passing through Centre and Broome Streets, 
the Bowery, and Fourth Avenue, as far as Twen- 
ty-Seventh Street, with horses, and thence with 
steam to Haerlem, and beyond to other places to 
the N. and E. of it. The ride to Haerlem is 
pleasant, affording a view of much of the city, 
the East River, and surrounding country, arid 
passing through a tunnel excavated in the solid 
rock, 595 feet long. Mauhattanville and Bloom- 
ingdale, on the W. side of the island, and Astoria, 
on the E. side, are also much frequented. Many 
of the pleasant places in New Jersey, on Staten 
Island, and on Long Island are also brought by 
the numerous ferries, railroads, and steamboats 
diverging from the city, within a convenient dis- 
tance for pleasure excursions. 

The markets in New York are numerous, and 
well supplied with every necessary and luxury 
which the country produces. They are not sit- 
uated, as in some other cities, in one or two cen- 
tral localities, this being impracticable from the 
great extent of the city. The principal markets 
are the Fulton, Catharine, Washington, Frank- 
lin, Clinton, Tompkins, and Essex. The value 
of the country produce brought to market, and 
consumed .annually by the inhabitants, has been 
estimated at $15,500,000. 

The city is lighted to a great extent with gas. 
The first experiment was made in the Park in 
1812. The works of the New York Gas Light 
Company, organized in 1823, arc in Canal Street, 
from which lietween 30 and 40 miles of pipe 
have been laid into all parts of the city. The 
liglit produced is strong and beautiful, imiiarting 
to Broadway, and to other streets in which the 
stores are generally lighted in the evening, al- 
most the splendor of midday. 

But the greatest of the public works of New 
York is the Croton Aqueduct, by which, after 
much suft'ering from the want of it, the blessing 
of an abundant supply of pure water has been 
secured to the inhabitants. This great undei^ 
taking was decided upon by a vote of the citizens 
at the charter election in 1835, and it was so far 
comidctcd that the water was brought into the 
city on the 14th of October, 1842. The aquff- 
duct commences at a point on the Croton River, 
about 6 miles from the Hudson, in Westchester 
county, and about 40 miles from the City Hall 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



493 



The dam across the Croton is 250 feet in length, and 
40 feet high ; 70 feet thick at the bottom, and 7 at 
the top, liiult of stone and cement. A pond is thus 
CT'eated about 5 miles long, covering 400 acres, and 
estimated to contain 500,000,000 gallons of water. 
Its elevation above tide water is 15.3 feet. From 
tlie gateway in the dam the aqueduct proceeds, 
sometimes crossing valleys by embankments, 
sometimes beneath the surface, and through tun- 
nels in solid rocks, until it reaches Haerlem 
Uiver, which it crosses on a magnificent stone 
bridge, 1450 feet in length, and 124 feet high. 
This bridge is supported by 14 stone piers, 8 of 
tlie arches being of 80 feet span, and the remain- 
ing 6 of 50 feet. The aqueduct throughout is 
built of stone, brick, and cement, arched over 
and under, 8 feet 5 inches high, 6 feet .'3 inches 
vide at the bottom of the side walls, and 7 feet 
8 inches at the top. It has a descent of 13^ 
inches per mile, and will discharge 60.000,000 
gallons of water in 24 hours. It delivers its 
water into a receiving reservoir at Eighty-Sixth 
Street, 38 miles froiti the dam, which covers 34 
acres, and contains 150,000,000 gallons of water. 
From this to the distributing reseiwoir on Mur- 
ray's Hill, at Fortieth Street, 2^ miles from the 
receiving reservoir, the water is conveyed in iron 
pipes. Tliis reservoir is a massive and beautiful 
piece of stone masonry, laid in cement, 43 feet 
high above the street, containing 25,000,000 gal- 
lons. Its surface is 115 feet above tide water. 
Thence the water is distributed over the city in 
iron pipes. The great mains are 36 inches in 
diameter. In 1852, 215 miles of pipe had been 
laid. The head is sufficient to carry the water 
into the upper stories of the houses, and to sus- 
tain several beautiful jets-d'cau in different parts 
of the city. At the fountain in the Park, when 
tlie water is forced into the air in a single col- 
umn, it rises to the height of between 60 and 70 
fiet. There are a great number of free hydrants 
in all parts of the city, from which the poor supply 
tliemselves, and water is furnished for cleansing 
the streets. The supply from the river is con- 
eidered adequate to meet the wants of a popula- 
tion three or four times greater than the city 
now has. The daily consumption is now about 
aO.OQO.OOO of gallons. 

The following is the result of an analysis of 
the Croton water by Prof. Benj. Silliman, Jr. : — 

Chloride of sodium, and a trace of potassium, .167 

Sulphate of soda, 153 

Chloride of calcium, 372 

Chloride of aluminum 166 

Phosphate of alumina, 832 

Carbonate of lime, 2.131 

Carbonate of magnesia, 662 

Sulphate of lime, 235 

Silica, colored by manganese, . . . .077 
Carbonate of soda, equivalent to nitrates and 
crenates of do. and loss, . . . 1.8G5 



Total solid, in one gallon, after ignition . 6.66 



Carbonic acid in ditto, in cubic inches, . 17.817 

Of the action of this water upon lead, after an 
experiment of 5 weeks' continuance, the professor 
iays, " The lead in this water looks as bright 
and fresh as the day it went in, and the water 
itself is not in the least turbid." 

The entire cost of the aqueduct to the city has 
been about $13,000,000. The revenue now 



amounts to half a million annually, and is rapidly 
increasing. 

New York has now an effective system of public 
schools, by which all the children between the 
ages of 4 and 16 are free to receive instruction as 
a common right. A society, called the " Free 
School Society," was formed in 1804 by many 
principal citizens, and afterwards incorporated, 
" to provide for the education of poor children, 
not belonging to, nor provided for, by any reli- 
gious society." In 1826, the charter of this 
society was modified, and its title changed to the 
" Public School Society of New York," and it was 
required " to ]>rovide, so far as its means might 
e.Htend, for the education of all children in the city 
of New York, not otherwise provided for, whether 
such children lie or be not the proper objects of 
gratuitous education." To this society, until 
within a few years past, was intrusted the man- 
agement of all the jiublic schools of the city. 
They had under their care 16 schools, for which 
large and convenient buildings were provided ; 
and 48 jirimary schools, for vyhich apartments 
were leased in other iiuildings, besides several 
for colored children. By a law of the state, of 
comparatively recent date, public district schools 
have been established, in addition to those under 
the direction of the School Society, which are also 
well instructed and flourishing. The number of 
public schools of New York, in 1851, was 207; 
the number of children taught, 107,000. The 
whole expense of maintaining the schools for that 
year was $274,794-59 ; which is an average of 
$6'86.i per scholar. The funds for defraying these 
expenses are derived partly from the Common 
School Fund of the state, of which the city re- 
ceived its due proportion ; partly from an assess- 
ment ujiou the citizens for an amount equal to 
their appropriation from the fund, as a condition 
of receiving the same ; and partly by a special 
tax of 4-8O1I1S of 1 per cent, on the valuation 
of property in the city. 

In 1846 the city of New Y'ork resolved, by a 
very largo majority in a popular vote, to establish 
a free school of a higher order, perhajjs, than any 
which had been hitherto projected in our country ; 
to be known by the name of the " Free Academy." 
For this school a noble building has 1 iccn erected on 
the corner of Lexington Avenue andTwenty-Third 
Street, and the institution was 0|)ened January 
27, 1849. It was established by the Board of 
Education, under an act empowering them to 
establisii a free academy, " for tlie ])Urjiose of ex 
tending the benefits of education gratuitously to 
those who have been pupils iu the common 
schools of the city and county of New York." 
A thorough knowledge of the branches taught 
in the common schools qualifies for admission 
into the academy, where the educ;uion of the 
pupils is to be continued onward, branching, as it 
l>roceeds. towards the various divisions of the field 
of knowledge, as their preferences respectively 
may lead them. The plan of the institution is 
designed to be intermediate lictween the college 
system and that of the Polytechine schools of 
Europe, embracing portions of both of thesa 
systems. It was organized with a corps of 10 
instructors, embracing, besides the principal, 
professors of Latin and Greek, of mathematics 
and natural philosophy, of chemistry, of history 
and belles-lettres, of the French, Spanish, aud 
German languages, and of drawing. 

The building erected lor the Free A.cademy is 



494 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



on Twenty-Third Street, comer of Lexington 
Avenue. It is a spacious and elegant structure, 
in which utility and ornament are admirably 
united. In its external architecture it is in the 
style of the Gothic town halls of the Netherlands. 
Its dimensions on the ground are 12,') feet by 80. 
It consists, exclusive of the basement, of three 
lofty stories, which arc intersected by two wide 
passages running at right angles through the 
middle of the building ; above which is the great 
hall, extending over the entire building, and 
lighted by windows in the roof This fine build- 
ing will accominodate 1000 scholars, with all the 
necessary appliances ; and has cost, exclusive of 
the ground and furniture, about 850,000. 

The total value of real and personal property 
in the city of New York, as assessed in 1851, was 
$32O,108,.358. This was an increase from the 
value, as assessed in 1850, of $34,022,941. The 
amount of taxes authorized to be raised in 1850 
was $2,578,325. 

The number of buildings erected in the city in 
1850 was 1912. The aggregate of new buildings 
erected for 10 years, from 1840 to 1850, was 
15,409. 

The whole number of dwellings in New York, 
in 1850, was 37,677, and the number of families 
93,608. The Largest number of persons are in 
the various descriptions of manufacturing and 
mechanical employments. The number of pro- 
ductive establishments of this kind, in 1850, was 
3387, employing 83,620 persons, of whom 29,917 
were females. The capital invested in these op- 
erations was $34,232,822 ; and the annual value 
of manufactured articles, S105, 218,308. — For the 
statistics of commerce, banks, &e., see Statistical 
Tables. 

New York enjoys peculiar advantages for 
being a great commercial city. The harbor, for 
capacity, security, and beauty of scenery, is one 
of the finest in the world. It consists of an 
outer and an inner harbor; the outer extending 
from Sandy Hook and the bar, about 18 miles S. 
from tlie city, to the Narrows, formed by the ap- 
proaching extremities of Long Isl.ind and Staten 
Island, and constituting the Raritan Bay. On 
the bar there are 27 feet of water at high tide, 
and 21 at low tide, and within the bay there is 
good anchorage for vessels. The inner harbor, 
or that which is more properly known as the bay 
or harbor of New York, extends from the Nar- 
rows, 8 miles, to the city, and several miles on each 
side of it, up both the North and the East Rivers, 
particularly the latter. It has a width of from 
14 to 54 miles, and. is about 25 miles in circum- 
ference. It has a depth of water suflBcient for 
the largest ships of war, in every part, and the 
largest mei'chant vessels come directly to the 
docks and slips with which the whole of the lower 
part of the city, excepting the Battery, is bordered, 
for a length, in all, of about 7 miles. The inner 
harbor is entered, not only from the ocean at 
Sandy Ho,ok and through the Narrows, which is 
the usual channel for large vessels bound inward 
from sea, but, on the N. E., from Long Island 
Sound, and, on the S. W., through the Kills and 
Staten Island -Sound. The passage at the Nar- 
rows is about a third of a mile wide. The har- 
bor is e\fery where well protected against the 
influence of storms ; but especially within the 
East Ri\'er, which is the part most closely land- 
locked. Here the largest number of vessels 
always 1 ie, presenting, in the multitude of their 



masts and spars, the appearance of a leafless 
forest. The harbor is generally open for the free 
ingress and egress of vessels at all seasons of the 
year. In very severe winters, it is occasionally 
obstructed for a few days with ice ; but the tide 
sets through from the East River with such forca 
that it is only at rare intervals that the ice, 
though running from above, stops and closes 
over. There are several beautiful islands in the 
inner harbor, which are attached to the city. 
Governor's Island is 3200 feet distant from the 
Battery, and contains 70 acres. On this island 
are three fortifications — Fort Columbus on the 
S., star-shaped ; Castle Williams on the N. W. 
point, which is a round tower, 60 feet high, 
with 3 tiers of guns ; and likewise a battery 
on the S. W. side, commanding the entrance of 
Buttermilk Channel. Here arc barracks, and 
houses for the officers, for a considerable garri- 
son. On Bedlow's and Ellis's Islands also are 
strong fortifications. At the Narrows, Forts 
Hamilton and Lafityette, on the E. side, and 
Forts Tompkins and Richmond, on Staten 
Island, well defend the entrance of that impor- 
tant channel. The entrance from the Sound, on 
the East River, is defended by Fort Schuyler, on 
Throg's Neck. Blackwell's, Great Barn, and 
Randall's Islands are in the East River. 

The immediate communication between New 
York and the surrounding country is maintained 
by no less than 15 steam ferry boats, which are 
constantly running from different points of the 
city to Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Staten Island, 
Jersey City, Hobokcn, and other points. These, 
with the continual arrival and departure of ves- 
sels of every class, of steamboats on the numer- 
ous routes of travel, and of sailing boats with 
parties of pleasure, render the harbor a scene of 
bustle and animation scarcely less exciting than 
the city itself ; while the variegated scenery upon 
its shores, the neatly-built cottages, the elegant 
country seats of opulent citizens, surrounded 
with luxuriant groves and pleasure grounds, and 
the fine view of the islands, furnishing each the 
site of noble public institutions, or of strong 
works for military defence, render all the ap- 
proaches to the city upon its waters beyond de- 
scription beautiful. The distances to the most 
important suburbs of New York by the different 
ferries is as follows : South ferry to Brooklyn, 
1063 yards; Fulton ferry, 731 yards; Catharine 
ferry, 735 yards ; Walnut Street ferry, 635 yards ; 
Peck Slip ferry, 2800 yards ; Williamsburg ferry, 
950 yards; Hobokcn ferry, 1955 yards; Jersey 
City ferry, 2746 yards ; Staten Island ferry, 6418 
yards. The suburbs thus connected with the 
city of New York are aH, in an important sense, 
an integral part of this great comuiercial empo- 
rium, being created by its prosperity, and afford- 
ing residence to its overflowing population. The 
suburbs of New York, consisting of Brooklyn, 
Williamsburg, Jersey City, and Hoboken, con- 
tain, in round numbers, 150,000 inhabitanti 
which, added to the population of the city proper 
make a total of at least 650,000. 

In this connection, it may be proper to refer 
to the extensive public accommodations in the 
city proper for conveying persons from placo to 
place by means of omnibuses, or cheap coaches 
for the million. The greatest number of these 
are drawn by two horses ; but many of them, of 
large capacity, have four. They have seats for 
from 12 to 24 persons inside, and for others on 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



495 



the top. Tlicre are no less than 24 established 
routes between different points in the eity, on 
whieh tliey run, witli a great number of vehicles 
belonging to each route. Tlie total number of 
licensed omnibuses, February I. 1851, was 568; 
yielding a revenue to the city of 810,700. Be- 
sides those, the Haerlem Railroad cars, wliich run 
as omnibuses from the Park through the city, 
starting every 15 minutes, accommodate an im- 
mense number of persons. The number of 
hackney coaches, licensed in 1851, was 341. 

The lines of communication between New 
York and tlie great interior of tlie country, botli 
by water and by land, arc numerous and exten- 
sive. Tliose on the North River are connected, 
by canals and i-ailroads from Albany and Troy, 
witli Lake Champlain and Canada on the N., 
and with Western New York, the great lakes, 
and tlie Mississippi Valley on the W. The Erie 
Railroad opens a communication from Jersey 
City, opposite tiie city of New York, to Dun- 
kirk, on Lake Erie; and will soon be connected, 
by a continuous chain of railroads, with the 
west, as far as tlie Mississippi, and ultimately 
far beyond. A railroad from tlie heart of tlic 
city, running along the eastern bank of tlie 
Hudson to Grccnbush, opposite Albany, now 
establisiies a communication, at all seasons, 
with the railroads going thence N., E.. and W. 
The Haerlem Railroad is extended W., to con- 
nect with others running through the Connecti- 
cut and Housatonic valleys, and reaching the 
metropolis of New England, and the British 
provinces, on the N. and E. Several lines of 
steamboats, through Long Island .Sound, connect 
with lines of railroad at the E., and form routes 
to Boston. With Philadelphia, Baltimore, and 
tlie cities S., to New Orleans, similar lines of 
communication are established, connection by 
steam being already continuous through tliis 
whole extent. Frequent and regular commu- 
nication is maintained, by the various lines of 
packet ships and ocean steamers, between the 
principal ports of Europe, the West Indies, 
Jlexico, and California. Some of these vessels 
are now almost daily arriving and departing, 
with a precision and despatch which, a few years 
ago, would have been thought incredible. The 
Collins line of steamships to Liverpool have a con- 
tract with the government for carrying the mails. 

The central position of New York, in reference 
to tlie other parts of the Union, having New 
England on the N. E., the Middle and Southern 
states on the S. W., and much of the vast inte- 
rior of the Mississippi Valley brought into free 
communication with it by canals and railroads, in 
connection with the navigation of the Hudson, 
gives to this city preeminent advantages for being 
a great commercial mart for the whole country. 
Its first selection by the Dutch, as a place of set- 
tlement, was influenced, no doubt, by the circum- 
stances of its lying at the mouth of a navigable 
river, having a good harbor, and being easy of 
defence against the Indians. A communication 
with the interior by navigable streams, until within 
a few years past, has been thought essential to 
the existence of a commercial city. It is true, 
indeed, that since the introduction of canals and 
railroads, particularly the latter, this consideration 
has sunk into one of secondary importance; and 
it must be granted that, in this respect, New 
Tork has not now the advantage which she once 
had over some of her sister cities. By means of 



railroads and canals, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
and Boston will obtain a large amount of the 
western trade, which, before these new facilities 
arose, would have found its way to New York. 
Still the central position of New York, and the 
extensive growth to which she has attained, must 
continue to secure to her the name and rank 
which she already possesses of being the com- 
mercial emporium of the nation. When we con- 
sider the prospective advances of this country, 
tlie vast resources of its enterprise and wealth 
which remain to be developed, and the power 
which New York will have to increase her iiicil- 
ities of traflic with our own interior, and with 
foreign ports, to any requisite extent, we cannot 
doubt that she is destined to become, perhaps, 
the most flourishing and extensive mart of com- 
merce in tlie world. 

The Hrst settlement made on Manhattan Island, 
with a view to permanent occupancy, was by the 
Dutch in 1615. In 1629, being resolved to estab- 
lish a colony at New Amsterdam, as New York 
was then called, they ajipointed Walter Van 
Twiller governor, who held the office nine years. 
In 1635. the governor erected a substantial fort; 
and in 1643 a house of worship was built in the 
S. E. corner of the fort. In 1644, a city hall, or 
stadt house, was erected, which was on tlie corner 
of Pearl Street and Coenties Slip. In 1653, a 
wall of earth and stones was built from Hudson 
River to East River, designed as a defence 
against the Indians, immediately N. of Wall 
Street, whieh from that circumstance received its 
name. The first public wharf was built in 1658, 
where Whitehall Street now is. 

The administration of Governor Stuyiresant, 
the last of the Dutch governors, terminated, after 
a continuance of 17 years with the capture of the 
colony by the English, in 1664, when the eity 
was named New York, in honor of James, Duke 
of York. The property of the Dutch West 
India Trading Company was all confiscated. 
The number of inliabitaiits was then about 3000. 

In 1673, the Dutch retook the eity from the 
English, it having been surrendered by Captain 
Manning without firing a gun. It was restored 
to the English the next year ; and Planning was 
tried for cowardice and treachery, and sentenced 
to have his sword broken over his head. The 
inhabitants were all then required to take the oath 
of allegiance to the English government. As 
descriptive of the commercial condition of the 
city at that period. Governor Andros, in his re- 
port to the government in England, in 1678, 
says, " Our principal places of trade are New 
York and Kingston, except Albany for the In- 
dians. Our buildings most wood, some lately 
stone and brick ; good country houses, and strong 
of their severall kindes. A merchant worth 
£1000, or £500, is aecompted a good sulistantiall 
merchant, and a planter worthe half that in move- 
ables aecompted rich ; all estates may be valued 
att about £150,000 ; there may lately have traded 
to ye colony, in a yeare, from 10 to 15 ships or 
vessells, of about togeather 100 tunns each, Eng- 
lish, New England, and oure own built, of which 
five small shipps and a ketch now belonging to 
New Yorke, foure of them built there." 

In 1686, James II. abolished the representative 
system, and prohibited the use of printing presses. 
A meeting of commissioners, denominated a 
congress of the several colonies, was this year 
assembled at New York. A regulation for light- 



496 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



ing the city was cstablislied in 1G97, requiring 
that lights be put in the windows of the houses 
fronting on the streets, on a jienalty of ninepence 
for every night's omission ; and tliat a lighted 
lantern be hung out upon a ])ole at every 7th 
house, the expense to be borne equally by the 
7 intervening bouses. In 1703, Wall Street was 
paved from William Street to the English (Trin- 
ity) Church. The Presbyterian ministers were 
prohibited from preaching by Governor Cornbury, 
in 1707, and two of their number were arrested 
and tried for violating this prohibition ; but they 
were discharged on their paying $220 costs. In 
1719, a Presbyterian Church was built in Wall 
Street. In 1 725, the New York Gazette, a weekly 
newspaper, was established. The first stage be- 
gan to run between New York and Boston in 
1732. It made its trips once a month, and was 
li days on the journey. In 1745, Lady Murray 
o-.vned the only coach in New York. The city, 
tlie next year, contained 1834 houses, and 11,717 
inhabitants, all lying below the Park, having in- 
creased about 1000 in 9 years. A theatre was 
opened in 1750. From this time to the period of 
tlie revolution, streets were laid out, and built 
upon more or less, as far N. as Murray Street. 

In consequence of the disastrous issue of the 
battle of Long Island, soon after the eommenee- 
ment of the war, in 1776, the city was taken pos- 
session of by the British army, under Lord 
Howe, and occupied by them until November 25, 
1783, when they evacuated it, upon the inde- 
pendence of the United States being established. 
On that day. General Wasliington, at the bead of 
tlie American army, entered the city. The Brit- 
ish ha»l erected works across the island, near 
Duane Street. After the devastation committed 
by the British upon the houses of worship, the 
college, and other public institutions, and in con- 
sequence of the loss of the books and accounts 
of the corporation, which had been carried off 
by the treasurer, who joined the British and left 
tlie country, much difficulty was found in tracing 
out and securing various descriptions of the 
public property. The whole increase of the pop- 
ulation of New York, during a century of the 
English rule, did not exceed 20,000, which at the 
present day must seem greatly disproportionate 
to its commercial advantages in relation to the 
American colonics, and under the auspices of 
such a nation as Great Britain. But when we 
consider the strange and unnatural restrictions 
thrown around the colonics by the mother coun- 
try, our surprise is diminished. Governor Com- 
bury, writing from New York to his superiors at 
home, in 1705, says, " I hope I may be pardoned 
if I declare my opinion to be that all these coUo- 
neys, which are but twigs belonging to the main 
tree, ought to be kept entirely dependent upon 
and subservient to England ; and that can never 
be if they are suffered to go on in the notions 
they have, that as they are Englishmen, so they 
may set up the same manufactures here as people 
may do in England." In conformity with this 
policy, the people of New York were not allowed 
to manufacture cloths of any kind, except for 
tlieir own use. After the close of the revolution, 
tlie city contained 23,614 inhabitants, being an 
increase of about 2000 in 15 years. 

In 1785, the first Congress after the war was 
organized in New York, in the City Hall, where 
the Custom House now stands ; and here, four 
years later, when the constitution had been 



adopted, Washington was inaugurated president 
of the United States. 

From this time, in our country, commences the 
period of modern history, so to speak ; and the 
most important events in the annals of the city 
must be comparatively familiar to the reader. 
For a place of such magnitude. New York cannot 
be considered unhealthy. It has enjo^'cd as great 
an exemption as cities of this class in most 
countries from the ravages of epidemic diseases. 
It has been four times visited by vcllow fever, 
viz., in 1742, in 1798, in 1805, and in 1822. The 
disease was the most fatal in 1798, when it pre- 
vailed from July to November, and the deaths 
amounted to 2086. The city, with other cities 
large and small, suffered sevcrclv from Asiatio 
cholera in the years 1832, 1834, and 1849. The 
deaths in July and August, 1832, numbered 
4673 : and during the year, 9975. The deaths 
during the year 1850, a year of ordinary health, 
were 15,377 ; which is a ratio of 1 to 33 of the 
population. This ratio does not vary materially 
from that of other northern cities oi" the largest 
class. 

The most extensive and destructive fire which 
has ever occurred in New York was that of t!i9 
16th of December, 1835, which swept over be- 
tween 30 and 40 acres of the most valuable part 
of the city, densely occupied with stores and filled 
with the richest merchandise. About 650 build- 
ings were consumed, and the amount of property 
destroyed was estimated, by a committee appointr 
cd to ascertain the loss, at nearly $18,000,000. 
Under this heavy calamity, the wealth and recu- 
perative energies of the city were in a wonderful 
manner demonstrated, as in an incredibly short 
time the whole burned district was covered again 
with stores and with public edifices, more costly, 
convenient, and elegant than before. 

The first formal charter of the city was granted 
June 12, 1665. This has been superseded by a 
sccond,andalsoby a third, granted in 1730, which, 
though much changed by acts of the legislature, 
forms the basis of the present rights and privi- 
leges of the city. The present charter, by tho 
New York legislature, was granted in 1831 
The city is divided at present into 19 wards, each 
of which annually elects an alderman and an a»- 
sistant alderman, to each of the two boards re- 
spectively, which constitute the common coun- 
cil. The mayor is chosen annually by the elect- 
ors of the city. 

It is now (1852) 237 years since the passengers 
of a Dutch emigrant vessel established their ruds 
habitations on the southern extremity of Man- 
hattan Island. The annals of tlie city, during 
the period which has intervened, and more espe- 
cially since the country became an independent 
nation, illustrate its unexampled progress in 
population, wealth, and commercial greatness, 
'■ In these respects," to adopt the words of the 
editor of the New York Manual of the Corpora- 
tion for 1851, " it may be safely said, that history 
affords no equal example of prosperity; and, if 
we may anticipate the lapse of another century, 
its extent and population will stand with scarcely 
a rival among the cities of the world." 

New Yor/c Mills, N. Y., Oneida co. An im- 
portant manufacturing village on Sadaquada 
Creek. 96 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 

Niagara County, N. Y., c. h. at Lockport 
Formed from Genesee co. in 1808. Lake On- 
tario bounds it on the N., Orleans co. on the E., 



IN THE UNITED STATICS. 



497 



Erie on the S., and the Niag.ira River, wliicli 
separates it fi'om Canada, on the W. It is also 
watered by Tonawanda Creek, wliich separates 
it from Erie co., on the S. Tlie surface gradual- 
ly descends from the Mountain Ridge to the 
lake, and between the two extends the Alluvial 
Way, or Ridge Road, which is elevated 130 feet 
above the waters of the lake. The soil is mostly 
good, being well adapted to the growth of grass 
and grain. This eounty contains several impor- 
tant mineral and gas springs. It is crossed by 
the Erie Canal, which unites with the Tonawan- 
da Creek at Pendleton viljage. and by the Lock- 
port and Niagara Ealls, and Buffalo and Niagara 
Falls Railroads, which unite at Niagara Falls 
■village. 

i^iagara, N. Y.. Niagara CO., is separated from 
Canada by the Niagara River, whicli bounds it 
on the W., and is drained by a few small streams. 
Goat and some smaller islands belong to this 
town, which also embraces a part of Niagara 
Falls. It is situated on the Mountain Ridge, 
and slopes towards the S. The soil is calcareous 
sandy loam, upon a foundation of gypsum and 
lime. 16 miles W. from Lockport, and 298 from 
Albany. 

Niai/ara Falls, N. Y., Niagara co. On the E. 
side oi' Niagara River, at the falls, and 297 miles 
W. by N. from Albany. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Nicholas Coimly, Ky.. c. h. at Carlisle. Bouiul- 
ed N. by Harrison and Mason, E. by Fleming 
and Bath, and S. and W. by Bourbon and Harri- 
son counties. Drained by Licking River and 
branches. 

Nicholas Coiinti/, Va., c. h. at Nicholas. It is 
bounded N. by Kanawha and Braxton counties, 
E. by Randolph and Pocahontas, S. by Green- 
brier and Fayette, and \V. by Kanawha co. Wa- 
tered by Great Kanawha, Gauley, and Elk Riv- 
ers, and branches. 

Nicholas, Va., c. h. Nicholas co. 310 miles W. 
by N. from Richmond. 

Nicholasville, Ky., c. h. Jessamine co. On a 
small branch of Kentucky River. 36 miles S. E. 
from Frankfort. 

Nichols. N. Y„ Tioga co. Bounded on the N. 
by the Susquehanna River. Tlie surface is hilly, 
except on the river border, where are broad and 
fertile flats. 8 miles S.W. from Owego, and 173 
W. by S. from Albany. 

NichohoH, Pa., Luzerne co. Tunkhannock 
Mountain crosses the N. part of this town. 161 
miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Niles, Mn., Berrien co. On the E. side of the 
St. Joseph's, on the Michigan Central Railroad. 
191 miles W. from Detroit. 

Niles, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the E. 
by Skaneateles, and W. by Owaseo Lake, and 
watered by some small streams. Surface rolling ; 
soil clay and sandy loam, underlaid by lime and 
slate. 10 miles S. E. from Auburn, and 160 W. 
from Albany. 

Nine Fayles, lo., c. h. Decatur co. 

Nippenose, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded W. by 
Nippenose Creek, and N. by the N. branch of the 
Susquehanna River. Surface hilly ; soil cal- 
careous loam. 96 miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Nishtyufta, N. Y.. Schenectady co. This town 
lies on the S. side of the Mohawk. The surface 
is somewhat hilly near the river, but more level 
and sandy on the S. 4 miles E. from Schenec- 
tady, and 12 N. W. from Albany. 

.Vo6/e County, la., c. h. at Augusta. Bounded 
63 



N. by La Grange, E. by Dc Kalb. S. by Allen 
and Whitley, ami W. by Kosciusko and Elkhart 
counties. Watered by Elkhart and Tippecanoe 
Rivers, and numerous small lakes. 

Noble, la., c. h. Noble co. A little N. E. from 
Elkhart River, and 159 miles N. N. E. from 
Indianapolis. 

Noblebnro', Me.. Lincoln co. On the upper 
waters of Damariseotta River, E. side. 38 miles 
S. E. from Augusta. A ship-owning and ship- 
building idaec. 

Noclami.Ton, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded E. by 
Delaware River, and N. by its tributary. Gallows 
Run. The Delaware flows between high per- 
pendicular banks, composed of red sandstone. 
Surface hilly : soil trravelly. and in parts swampy. 
14 miles N. from Doylestown. 

Nottatrai/ County, "Mo. In the N. W. angle, 
bordering on Iowa. The head streams of the 
Platte run S. through it, and the Nottaway above 
its western border. 

Nor/iilk, Ct., Litchfield CO. The settlement 
of Norfolk began in 1744. This town is ele- 
vated and mountainous. The soil is a primitive 
gravelly loam, generally cold and stony, but has 
considerable depth, and affords good grazing. A 
stream, called Blackberry River, runs near the 
centre of the place, and a little westward of the 
Congregational Church falls over a ledge of 
rocks 30 feet in height. There is a handsome 
village, with an oi)en sipiare or green in front of 
the church, which is uncommonly neat and beau- 
tiful in its appearance. Aliout half a mile N. is 
another village. 2.'j miles W. N.W. from Hartford. 

Not- folk Count)], Ms., c. h. at Dedham. Til is 
county is bounded N. E. by Boston Harbor, N. 
by Suffolk CO., W. by the S. E. corner of Worces- 
ter CO , S. by the N. E. corner of the state of 
Rhode Island, and S. S. E. and E. by the coun- 
ties of Bristol anil Plymouth. This eounty has 
a maritime coast on Boston Harbor of about 12 
miles, which is indented with many small bays 
and navigable rivers. Its surface is uneven, and 
in some parts hilly ; its soil strong and rocky. 
Great quantities of the dark-colored granite are 
found here. A large part of Norfolk co., par- 
ticularly those towns neai* Boston, is under a 
high state of cultivation, and affords fruits and 
vegetables in great abundance. The proximity 
of this eounty to the capital gives it many facili- 
ties, and the towns in this and in the eounty of 
Middlesex, that border on Boston Harbor, may 
be called the gardens of Boston. The Charles, 
Neponsct, and Manatiquot are its chief rivers. 

Norfolk, N. Y., St. Lawrence eo. Racket River 
and some of its branches water this town. Sur- 
face undulating; soil fertile loam. 18 miles N. 
from Canton, and 224 N. AV. from Albany. 

Norfolk County. Va., e. h. at Norfolk. Bounded 
N. by Chesapeake Bay, E. by Princess Anne co., 
S. by North Carolina, and W. by Nanscmond 
CO. Hampton Roads lie on the N. border of this 
county, which also contains the greater part of 
Dismal Swamp. It is drained by Elizabeth and 
I'asquotank Rivers. 

Norfolk, Va. I'ort of entry and shire town of 
Norfolk county. This place is situated on the 
N. E. bank of Elizabeth River, just below the 
conflucnee of the two branches of which that 
river is fornjed. and 8 miles above its entrance 
into Hampton Roads. It is 32 miles from the 
ocean, 106 miles E. S. E. from Riehmoml, 110 
miles, by water, below City Point, at the junction 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



of the James and Appomattox Rivers. Popula- 
tion, in ISIO, 9193; 1820, 8478; 1830, 9816; 
1840, 10,920; 1850, 14,320. 

The site of Norfolk is low, and in some parts 
marshy ; but the principal streets are well paved, 
lighted, and clean, though others are less com- 
modious and ple:isant. The general style of the 
buildings is not distinguished for elegance. The 
public buildings are a court house, jail, market 
house, theatre, banks, insurance offices, an or- 
phan asylum, an academy, and an athanaium, 
which has a respectable library. There are 8 or 
10 churches, 2 of which are Episcopal, 2 Meth- 
odist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Roman Catho- 
lic, and 1 African. 

The harbor of Norfolk is spacious, easy of ac- 
cess, and deep enough to admit vessels of 18 feet 
draught. The entrance, between Old Point Com- 
fort and the Rip Raps, is more than a mile wide, 
defended by Fort Munroe and Fort Calhoun. 
The former, on Old Point Comfort, including the 
ditch or moat, covers 70 acres of ground ; and 
the whole peninsula ceded by the state to tlie 
United States contains 2.50 acres. This work is 
calculated to mount 335 guns, the most of which 
are either 42's, 32's, or 24's, and about 130 of 
them under bomb-proof covers. Fort Calhoun, 
on the opposite side of the river, covers about 7 
acres, for which a solid foundation was prepared 
by throwing stones into the flats near the chan- 
nel, and suffering them to settle for several years 
before erecting the superstructure. This work 
will mount 265 guns, 32 and 24 pounders, nearly 
all under cover. These fortifications completely 
command the entrance to the harbor from Hamp- 
ton Itoads. Ojjposite to Norfolk is I'ortsmouth, 
immediately above whith is Gosport, one of tlie 
most important navy yards in the United States, 
having a splendid dry dock, constructed of hewn 
granite, at a cost of 8974,356. About a mile from 
Norfolk, on Washington Point, between the E. 
and W. branches of Elizabeth River, stands the 
United States Marine Hospital, which is a hand 
some editice of brick. 

The Dismal Swamp Canal, which connects 
the waters of Albemarle Sound with Chesapeake 
Bay, opens to Norfolk the commerce of the great 
basins of the Roanoke and Chowan, and, conse- 
quently, some of the finest sections of North 
Carolina and Virginia. The James River, which 
is navigable for sloops 150 miles, to Richmond, 
and for bateaux 220 miles above that place, opens 
a valuable trade into an extensive and produc- 
tive country. This port has more foreign com- 
merce than any other place in Virginia. 

Norridgewock, Me., c. h. Somerset co. On both 
.sides of the Kennebec, 28 miles N. fi'om Augus- 
ta. The village is situated on the N. side of the 
river, directly in the bend, 5 miles W. of Skow- 
heg.in Falls. It is a pleasant place, the main 
street being broad, and shaded by tine trees. Nor- 
ridgewock is famous in history as the residence 
of the Norridgewock Indians, and the seat of a 
French Jesuit mission. 

Norristoum, As., c. h. Pope eo. On the Arkan- 
sas. 71 miles N. W. from Little Rock. 

Nonisloirn, Pa., c. h. Montgomery co. 16 miles 
from Philadelphia. The town is handsomely 
built. Many of the buildings being covered with 
stucco gives it a bright and lively appearance. 
Besides the usu.al county buildings, and several 
handsome churches, there is an academy, a private 
seminary for boys, and public library. The princi- 



pal grnwlli of this place has been within tha 
last 15 or 20 years, since the erection of a dam 
across the Schuylkill, which has created an im- 
mense water power, giving rise to several large 
manufacturing establishments. These consist of 
extensive cotton factories, iron works, shops for 
building locomotives, saw mills, grist mills, &c. 

A bridge across the Schuylkill, 800 feet long, 
was built in 1830, at a cost of $32,000. The 
Norristown and Philadelphia Railroad, opened 
about 1835, connects these two ])laces, passing 
through Conshocken and Managunk. The rail- 
road from Philadelphia to Heading and Potts- 
viUe passes along the opposite bank of the river. 
On that side of the river also are the locks of the 
Schuylkill Navigation Company, around which, 
and at the station of the Reading Railroad, a 
small village has sprung up. About 3 miles W. 
of this place are extensive marble ([uarries, from 
which a part of the stone was obtained for the 
Girard College. A saw mill, for cutting it into 
merchantable forms, is in operation at Norris- 
town. This place was laid out in 1784, and in- 
corporated as a borough March 31, 1812. 

Norriton^ Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by 
the Schuylkill River, which affords extensive 
water power, and by some small streams flowing 
into it. Surface level ; soil fertile red shale. 

North Adams, Ms., Berkshire co. See Adams, 
Ms. 

Northampton, Ms., shire town of Hampshire co, 
93 miles W. from Boston, by the old stage route, 
and 115 miles by railroad, via Springtield, from 
which it is 17 miles N. Population in 1790, 
1628; 1800, 2190; 1810, 2631; 1820, 2854; 
1830, 3613; 1840, 3750; 1850,5278. 

This town is delightfully situated, on the W. 
side of the Connecticut, on elevated ground, about 
a mile from the river, between which and the 
town are large tracts of meadow land, the most 
fertile and beautiful to be found in this or any 
other country. These meadows comprise between 
3000 and 4000 acres. A fine bridge, 1080 feet 
long, connects this town with Hadley. 

This territory, with that of the towns adjoining, 
was purchased, in 1653, of " the chief and proper 
owners," and conveyed to John Pynchon, for the 
planters, for the consideration of one hundred 
fathoms of wampum, ten coats, and some small 
gifts, and also for ploughing up 16 acres of 
land on the E. side of Q/tonnecticut river. The 
Indian name of the territory was Nonotuck. 

Since the first settlements in the Connecticut 
basin, this town has been an important point of 
attraction. It was the third town settled on Con- 
necticut River in Massachusetts. The soil of the 
town is alluvial, and its products exuberant. 
Both before and since the division of the old 
county into three, this place has been the seat of 
justice. The buildings of the county and town 
are handsome, and the most important county 
offices are Jire proof. 

The town is irregularly but handsomely laid 
out, and is rej^arded as one of the most pleasant 
for an elegant residence of any in New England. 
The ground rises, W. of the village, into a con- 
siderable elevation of regular form, called Round 
Hill, which is the site of several of the finest 
edifices in this part of the country. Above them 
all, and crowning the summit of the hill, is 
the celebrated water cure and boarding establish- 
ment, which occupies an extensive range of 
buildings originally constituting three separate 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



499 



private mansions. The meetinir house of the 
First Confcrcgational Church in Nortliampton is 
one of the largest in the United States. It is an 
imposing edifice of wood, 100 feet in length by 
76 in width, so constructed that the voice of the 
speaker easilv fills its large dimensions. It is 
ordinarily well filled witluntelligent worshippers. 
There is' also another Congregational Cliurch, 
besides churches of the Unitarian, Episcopal, Bap- 
tist and Methodist denominations. 

There are many institutions of a literary and 
religious character in this town, and its schools 
are of the first order. 

The country around North.ampton is enchanting ; 
and those who visit Mount Ilolyoke. 830 feet high, 
on the E. side of the river, or Mount Tom. 1214 feet 
high, on the W. side, will find a wonderful variety 
of landscape scenery, probably unsurpassed in 
beauty by any in the New England States. The 
view from the situations on Round Hill is exten- 
sive and very beautiful. The college buildings 
at Amherst. 7 miles to the N. E., are within the 
horizon of this lovely prospect. 

The ancient cemetery at Northampton is much 
visited by strangers, who feel an interest to stand 
by the grave of David Brainerd, the devoted mis- 
sionary among the Indians, who died. October 
10, 1747, at the house of the Rev. Jonathan Ed- 
wards, afterwards President Edwards, but at that 
time pastor of the First Congregational Church 
in this town. " If the greatness of a character," 
as a writer justly observes, " is to be estimated 
by the object it pursues, the danger it braves, 
the difficulties it encounters, and the purity and 
encrgv of its motives, David Brainerd is one of 
the greatest characters that ever appeared in the 
world. Compared with this standard of great- 
ness, what little things are the Alexanders, the 
Cassars, the conquerors of the whole earth ! " 

A fine stream passes through the centre of this 
town, possessing a good water power, on which 
are manufactories and mills of various kinds. 
About 2 miles W. of the centre, on the river, a 
flourishing manufacturing village has sprung up. 
The manufactures of Northampton consist of 
woollen and silk goods, boots, shoes, leather, 
paper, brooms, chairs, iron, tin, cabinet wares, 
&e. The manufacture of sewing silk and ribbons 
i»on a large scale. 

By the Connecticut River Railroad Northamp- 
ton has an easy communication with all the 
principal lines of travel N., S., E., and W. The 
passage in the cars from Springfield to North- 
ampton otters a fine treat to the lovers of splendid 
scenrey. We pass the whole distance on the 
banks of the river, by tlie fulls at South Hadley 
and the great Holyokc dam, through the gorge 
between Mount Ilolyoke and Mount Tom. The 
Canal Railroad, along the course of the old 
Hampshire and Hamden Canal, affords an inland 
route to New Haven. 

Nortliampton Comity^ N. C, Jackson shire 
town. Bounded N. by Virginia, E. by Gates and 
Hertford counties, S. by Bertie co., S. W. by Ro- 
anoke River, separating it from Halifax CO., and 
W. by Warren co. Watered on the N. E. by 
Meherin River. Soil mostly fertile. 

Northumpton, N. H., Rockingham co. This 
town lies on the sea-coast. It was formerly a 
part of Hampton, called North Hill. Little Riv- 
er rises here, and flows into the sea between Lit- 
tle Boar's Head, in tliis town, and Great Boar's 
Head, in Hampton. Winnieut River rises near 



the centre, and p.asses N. W. into Great Bay. 
47 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, by stage, and 
9 S. by W. from Portsmouth by the Eastern 
Railroad. 

Northampton, N. J., Burlington co. Watered 
by Rancocus Creek and branches of Little Egg 
Harbor. Surface mostly level ; soil sand and 
sandy loam ; sterile, except in the N. W. part. 

Northampton, N. Y.. Fulton co. Watered by 
the Sacandaga River, which unites at this place 
with the Vlaie, or Mayfield Creek. A part of the 
Great Fly, or marsh, ( Vlaie, in Dutch,) lies in 
the S. part of this town. It covers from 15,000 to 
20,000 acres, and is frequently overflowed by the 
Sacandaga and other streams. The surface is 
chiefly level; soil sandy, but productive. 18 
miles N. E. from Johnstown, and 53 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Nortliampton County, Pa., c. h. at Easton. 
Bounded N. by Monroe CO., E. by the Delaw.arc 
River, se])arating it from New Jersey, S, by 
Bucks and Lehigh, and W. by Lehigh and Car- 
bon counties. Drained by the Lehigh River and 
numerous small branches of the Delaware. Sur- 
face mountainous and uneven, affording much 
picturesque scenery ; soil fertile. 

Northampton County. Va., c, h. at Eastville. 
Bounded N. by Accomac Co., E. by the Atlantic 
Ocean, and S. and W. by Chesapeake Bay. This 
county comprises several islands, and is indented 
by numerous small inlets. Surface varied. 

North Bearer, Pa., Beaver co. Drained by 
Hickory Creek. Surface undulating ; soil rich, 
calcareous loam. 

North Bend, O.. Hamilton co. 16 miles below 
Cincinnati, on the N. side of the Ohio River, at 
the ])oint where the bend in the river northward 
attains its highest latitude. In the early settle- 
ment of this part of the country, this place was 
selected as the site of the chief city, ami for a 
time it had the advantage of Cincinnati. Cir- 
cumstances, however, having led to the selection 
of the latter as a military post, turned the scale 
in its favor as the principal centre of business. 

In later years, this place has been invested with 
a national interest, as the residence, and the place 
of sepulture, of the late president of the United 
States, William Henry Harrison. The mansion 
of the president stands in full view from the riv- 
er, about 300 yards distant, amidst agreeable 
scenery, and is a spacious two-story building, 
with wings. One half of the main building is 
built of logs, but covered with clapboards, and 
painted, so that the whole presents a uniform and 
handsome external appcarancee. About a quar- 
ter of a mile S. of the family mansion, on the 
summit of a sm.all, oval-shaped hill, rising about 
100 feet from the plain, is the tomb of Harrison. 
It is built of brick, and is without any inscrip- 
tion upon its portal. The view of the river and 
surrounding country, to a person standing on this 
hallowed spot, is one of great serenity and beauty. 

North Berwick; Me., York co. This town was 
incorporated in 1831, and was taken from the E, 
side of Berwick. It comprises a fine tract of 
land ; it is well watered, and very pleasant. It 
lies 91 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 13 N. W. 
from York. 

Northhoro\ JIs., Worcester co. Northboro' was 
first settled in 1700. and, until 1766, was the N. 
parish of Westboro'. This is a good farming 
town, lying between the highlands of Marlboro' 
on the E. and those of Shrewsbury and Boylston 



500 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



on tlio \V. This town is well watered liy several 
small streams and ponds, and by tlic Assabet 
River, which passes through it. On the banks 
of the Assabet are large tracts of good meadow. 
10 miles N. E. from Worcester, and 32 from 
Boston. 

North Dranford, Ct., New Haven co. This 
town was incorporated in 1831, and was taken 
from Branford. A range of mountains from the 
S. W. to N. E. passes through th6 central part of 
the town. The inhabitants are generally sub- 
.■"tantial farmers, and property is very equally 
distributed. The face of the township is gen- 
erally hilly, but the soil is strong and fertile. 
About a mile S. E. of the Northford Church, 
on Tetoket Mountain, there is the appearance of 
having been, at some remote period, some violent 
convulsions in uatnre ; the rocks appear to have 
been rent asunder, and are thrown about in great 
disorder. 9 miles E. from New Haven. 

Norl/ibridge, Ms., Worcester co. Until 1772, 
this town was the N. jiart of Uxbridge. The 
surface is somewhat rocky and rougli, but the 
soil is generally rich, strong, and good. It is 
finely watered by springs, streams, and rivers. 
Of these Blackstone and Mumford Rivers are the 
largest. On these rivers are tracts of good inter- 
vale land. The Worcester and Providence Kail- 
road passes through tlie town. From Whitneys- 
ville. near the centre of the town, to Boston, is 
36 miles N. E., to Worcester, 13 miles N. W. 

North Bridgewntor, Ms., Plymouth co., is well 
watered by Salisbury River, and another small 
stream, which empties into the Taunton. Its 
surface is uneven, but the soil is of a good qual- 
ity, particularly for grazing. This town was 
the first of the three Bridgewaters that have 
sprung from Old Bridgewater. named after a 
celebrated English duke. 20 miles S. from Bos- 
ton, and 24 N. W. from Plymouth. 

North Brookjield, Ms., Worcester co. This 
town, formerly the second parish of Brookfielt|, 
was incorporated in 1812. It is on elevated 
ground, has good soil, well cultivated, well wa- 
tered, and filled with many beautiful swells. 
There is an artificial pond in the town, covering 
700 or 800 acres, raised for water power. The 
village of East Brooktield, partly in this town 
and partly in Brookfield, lies, by the Western 
Railroad, 64 miles from Boston, and 20 W. S. 
W. from Worcester. From East Brookfield to 
the village in the centre of the town is 4 miles 
N. W. 

North Castle, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered 
by Byram River. Surface hilly and stony ; soil 
clay and sandy loam. 6 miles N. from White 
l^lains, and 129 S. from Albany. 

North East, N. Y., Dutchess co. This town 
contains Indian Pond and several smaller ponds, 
and is drained by Ten Mile Creek and some of 
its tributaries. It is partly covered by the Tagh- 
kanic Mountain. The soil is diversified, but 
mostly arable and of good quality. A vein of 
lead ore, which is crossed by one of copper, com- 
mences in this town. 25 miles N. E. from 
Poughkeepsie, and 75 S. E. from Albany. 

North East, Pa., Erie co. In the N. E. corner 
of the county. Bounded N. by Lake Erie, and 
K. by the state of New York. Drained by Six- 
teen and Twenty Mile Creeks. 10 miles N. E. 
from Erie, and 281 N. W. by W. from Harris- 
bur^. 

mrthjield, Ms., Franklin co. This town, the 



Indian Sr/iieakea</, was first settled in 1673. This 
is a fine township of land, on both sides of Con- 
necticut River. The town contains large tracts 
of fine alluvial land, on the banks of the river; 
and the u[)lands, with an undulating surface, are 
generally of a good quality. There are some 
small streams in the town, and some handsotne 
ponds. The pleasant village of Nortbfield is 
situated on an elevated plain, about a mile from 
the river, on the E. side. 37 miles W. by N. 
from Fitchburg. by railroad, and 87 from Boston. 

Northjii.ld, N. H., Jlerrimac co. The soil is in 
some parts good. Chestnut and Sondogardy 
Ponds are in this town. Winnipiseogee River 
is on the N.. and the Merrimac on the W. Near 
Webster's Falls, the Winnipiseogee falls into the 
Pemigewasset, and the united streams form the 
Merrimac. The principal elevation, Bean Hill, 
separates tlie town from Canterbury. First set- 
tlers, Benjamin Blanchard and others, in 1760. 
From Concord 16 miles N., on the Concord and 
Montreal Railroad. 

Northfii'hl, N. Y., Richmond co. Bounded on 
the N. and W. by the Kills. The surface and 
soil are diversified, and bordering on Staten 
Island Sound are some broad marshes. 3 miles 
N. from Iviehmond. and 156 S. from Albany. 

Northfield, Vt., Washington co. The princi- 
pal streani in this town is Dog River ; it affords 
a great number of valuable mill ])rivileges. The 
timber is various. The soil is generally good, 
and the surface uneven. There are 4 villages in 
this town. The Central Railroad between Bos- 
ton and Burlington passes through it. The first 
settlement was made licre, in 1785, by Amos and 
Ezekiel Robinson and Staunton Richardson, 
from Westminster. The first land was cleared by 
Hon. Elijah Paine. 10 miles S. W. from Mont- 
pelier. 

North Haven, Ct., New Haven co. North Ha- 
ven was taken from New Haven in 1786. The 
town lies on both sides of the Wallingford, or 
Quinnipiac River, and comprises the valley and 
a part of the bordering hills. The valley is 
partly rich intervale land, and more extensively 
sand, covered with a thin stratum of loam, light, 
but warm. Near the northern line of the town, it 
is so light as, in two or three places of small ex- 
tent, to be blown into drifts. The soil of the 
hills is goofl, being a reddish loam. From the 
vicinity of this town to New Haven, and from its 
light and warm soil, which is favorable for early 
vegetation, there are various culinary vegetables, 
particularly peas, cultivated for the New Haven 
market. But the most strikjng feature in the 
township is the large and beautiful tract of salt 
meadows on both sides of the Quinnipiac. These 
meadows produce large quantities of grass, which 
is mowed and stacked upon the land, from 
whence, when the ground is frozen surticicntly 
solid in the winter, it is removed. Upon the salt 
marsh, the luiy is salt ; but on those meadows 
which are protected from the salt water by means 
of dikes, the grass is fresh and of a better quality. 
These are called dilce marshes or meadows. 

North Hempstead, N. Y., Long Island. See 
Hempstead. 

North Hero, Vt., c. h. Grand Isle co. The soil 
is of an excellent quality, and produces grain of 
all kinds in abundance. This town has no 
streams of any consequence. It was organized 
in 1789. The settlement was commenced in 
1783, by Enos and Solomon Wood, the former 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



501 



from Bennington, Vt.. ami the latter from Nor- 
wich, Ct. 57 miles N. W. IVom Montpeliur, anJ 
28 N. N. W. from Biirlin<;ton. 

iN'ort/i Kimjstoii, R. I , Washington eo. This is 
a wealthy township, on the W. side of Narraj;an- 
set Bay.' The surface of the town is uneven ; the 
soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted for the cul- 
ture of grain and vegetables, and the productions 
of the dairy. There are some forests in the 
town, of good ship timber. It is watered by 
several small streams, which produce a good wa- 
ter power, on which are numerous manufacturing 
establishments. These streams afford bass and 
other fish in abundance. There is considerable 
navigation owned at North Kingston, which is 
employed in the coasting trade and fishery. 
Wickford village, in this town, is very pleasant 
and flourishing; it has a good harbor, and is a 
place of considerable trade. It lies about 2 miles 
E. of the Stonington Railroad. 30 miles S.from 
Providence. 

Nur/li MiMkton, Pa., Cumberland co. Wa- 
tered by Conadogwinit Creek and its branches, 
and is bounded N. by Blue Mountains, in which 
occur Sterret's and Long's Gaps. Surface level 
in some portions ; .soil calcareous loam and slate. 

Sorthport. Me., Waldo CO. On Penobscot Bay. 
46 miles E. from Augusta, and 6 S. from Belfast. 

North Providence, R. I., Providence co. This 
ancient and wealthy town was a part of Provi- 
dence until 1767. 

The surface of this town is uneven, consisting 
of moderate elevations and gentle declivities. 
The rocks are primitive and transition; some 
limestone is found. 

The prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, which 
is interspersed with tracts of sandy loam, and 
some of calcareous. The forests consist of oak, 
walnut, and some pine. 

The waters of the town consist of the Seekonk 
River, which washes its eastern border ; the 
Wanasquatncket, which forms its western boun- 
dary ; and the Mashasuck, which intersects the in- 
terior of the township. These streams aftbrd 
numerous sites for hydraulic works, some of 
which are almost unrivalled. There are some 
valuable shad and herring fisheries in the See- 
konk. 

'I'he village of Pawtucket is situated in the N. 
E. section of the town, four miles N. E. from 
Providence, on the border of the Seekonk River ; 
its site being principally the declivity of a hill, and 
it is highly romantic and picturesque. The river 
here attbrds numerous natural sites for manufac- 
turing establishments, mills, and hydraulic works 
of almost every description, which are scarcely 
rivalled, and which are occupied to a great extent. 
The rapid march of manufacturing and mechan- 
ical industry, which the short annals of this place 
disclose, has few examples in our country, and 
has produced one of the most considerable and 
flourishing manufacturing villages in the United 
States. The river here forms the boundary line 
between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and 
the village is built U])on both sides of it, being 
partly in each state. That part of the village 
which i#in Rhode Island is ])rincipaliy built on 
four streets, and comprises a large number of 
handsome buildings. 4 miles N. of Providence, 
and 38 S. W. from Boston by the Boston and 
Providence Railroad. 

North Salem. N. Y., Westchester co. Watered 
by Titicus Creek or River, a branch of the Cro- 



ton, which bounds it on the W. Surface rather 
hilly ; soil gravelly and clay loam. 24 miles N. 
from White Plains, and 122 S. from Albany. 

North Seirirl^li/, Pa.. Beaver co. Sli|i]jery Rock 
and Conquencssing Creeks unite in this town, 
and flow into Beaver River. Surface undulating ; 
soil calcareous loam. 233 miles W. by N. from 
Harrisburg. 

North Stoniitr/ton, Ct.. New London co. This 
towB was taken from Stonington in 1808. It is 
watered by the Pawcatuck and its branches, which 
aftbrd good mill sites. The surface is uneven, 
hilly, and abounding in granitic rocks. The soil 
is a gravelly loam, and generally productive of 
good pasturage. Agriculture is the principal em- 
ployment of tlie inhabitants. Milltown is a pretty 
village, with some trade. 13 miles S. E. from 
New London, and 50 S. E. from Hartford. 

North Struhane. Pa., Washington eo. Char- 
tier's and Little Charticr's Creeks flow through 
this town, and unite on its N. border. Surface 
hilly ; soil loamy. 

Norlhinnbi-rland. N. H., Coos co. On the E. 
bank of Connecticut River. The soil along the 
river is very productive, perfectly free from stone 
and gravel, and originally covered with a growth 
of butternut. A portion of the upland is also 
good, and covered with pine, spruce, &e. Cape 
Horn, an abrupt mountain, 1000 feet in height, 
lies near the centre of the town. At the falls in 
the Connecticut, below the mouth of the Amo- 
noosuck. a handsome bridge connects this town 
with Guildhall. Vt. A dam is thrown across the 
river at this place, at both ends of which are 
pleasant villages, iind mills of various kinds are 
erected. The scenery of Northumberland is 
very wild and beautiful. First settlers. Thomas 
Burnside and Daniel Spaulding, with their fam- 
ilies. Settled in 1762. 130 miles N. from Con- 
cord, and 7 N. E. from Lancaster. On the Mon- 
treal and Atlantic Railroad. 

Norihumberhmd, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded 
on the E. by the Hudson River. A level town, 
with a soil of sanely loam. 15 miles N, E. from 
Ballston S|)a, and .36 N. N. E. from Albany. 

Nortlmmberland Coiinti/, Pa., c. h. at Sunhunr. 
Bounded N. by Lycoming and Columbia coun- 
ties, E. by Luzerne and Schuylkill, S. by Dau- 
phin CO., and W. by Susquehanna River, sep- 
arating it from Perry, Juniata, Union, and Ly- 
coming counties. Drained by the main and 
some smaller branches of the Susquehanna. 
Surface rough and mountainous, except on the 
border of the river, where it is more level, and 
the soil fertile. 

Northiimherliind, Pa., Northumberland co. 59 
miles N. from Harrisburg. It is situated at the 
confluence of the N. and W. branches of the 
Susquehanna River. It is connected by bridges 
across both of these branches with the opposite 
shores. The country spreads out behind the 
town in a semicircular area, rising gradually to- 
wards Montouss ridge, which crosses from one 
river to the other, about 3 miles distant. The 
village is regularly laid out with broad streets, 
and is a quiet and pleasant place of residence. 
Business has been in some measure withdrawn 
from this place by the facilities offered for pass- 
ing up the respective branches between which it 
is located by the Susquehanna North and West 
Branch Canals, which meet here. Each branch 
has its respective trading town at a point larthei 
up. There is, nevertheless, considerable trade 



502 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



here. The celebrated Dr. Priestley, the pliiloso- 
pher and theologian, spent the last ten years of 
his life in Northumberland. He died here Feb- 
ruary 6, 1804, in his 71st year. With him also 
came from England Dr. Thomas Cooper, who, 
after residing here some time, went south, and 
beeame distinguished as apolitieian, philosopher, 
and political economist. 

yurtliiimherlancl Count//, Va., c. h. at Heaths- 
ville. Bounded N. by the Potomac River, E. by 
Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by Lancaster, 
Kiclimond, and Westmoreland counties. Drained 
by branches of Potomac Hiver. and by Wico- 
mico Itiver, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. 

Aoiilanlle, Mn., Wayne co. (jn the W. side 
of the W. branch of Rouge River, at the mouth 
of the outlet of Walled Lake, and 28 miles 
W. N. W. from Detroit. It has extensive water 
power, which is improved for flouring mills, iron 
works, &c. 

North Whitehall, Pa., Lehigh co. Coply and 
Jordan Creeks, and some small branches of Le- 
high River, water this town. Surface level ; soil 
rich calcareous loam. 95 miles E. N. E. from 
Harrisburg. 

Northwood, N. H., Rockingham co. There are 
a number of ponds in this town, and excellent 
fishing. Suncook Pond, "SO rods long, 100 
wide ; Jenness's, 300 rods long, 50 wide ; Har- 
Tey's, 200 rods long, from 40 to 80 wide ; a part 
of Great Bow Pond is also in this town, and a 
part of North River Pond, Pleasant Pond, and 
Little Bow Pond. The N. branch of Lamprey 
River has its rise in this town, near Saddleback 
Mountain, a high ridge between this town and 
DeerHeld. On the E. side of this ridge are found 
crystals and crystalline spars of various colors 
and sizes. This town has an elevated site. The 
soil is generally moist, and well suited to grazing. 
Northwood was originally a part of Nottingham. 
First settlers, Moses Godfrey, and John and In- 
crease Batchclder, from Northampton, in 176.3. 
20 miles E. from Concord, and 20 N. W. from 
Exeter. 

North Yarmnuth, Me., Cumberland co. On 
Caseo Bay and the Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
Railroad. See Yarmouth. 

Norton, Ms., Bristol co. Before its incorpora- 
tion, this town was the N. part of Taunton. It 
began to be settled in 1670. Among its first 
settlers was George Leonard, Esq. He discov- 
ered iron ore in the town, and there being a 
number of good streams, branches of the Taun- 
ton, whereon could be erected extensive iron 
"works, he commenced the business. By him and 
his posterity it has been continued to tlie present 
day. The surface is pleasantly diversified, but 
the soil is not of the first quality. The village 
is pleasant, and remarkably healthy. About 3 
miles to the eastward of it is Winnieunnet Pond, 
a handsome sheet of water. There is a literary 
seminary in this town for the education of young 
ladies. The New Bedford and Taunton Rail- 
road passes through the town. 28 miles from 
Boston, and 27 from New Bedford. 

Norton, Vt, Essex co. An uninhabited town- 
ship in the N. W. corner of the county. The 
land is said to be good, and well timbered, con- 
•iderable tracts of it with pine. The charter of 
the township w.is burned, and it is diflScult get- 
ting a valid title to the lands. There are 2 
considerable ponds lying partly in the town. 
The outlet of Norton Pond is the head branch 



of Coatocook River. Fairand's River also heads 
here, and runs S. 

Norwalk, Ct., Fairfield co. This pleasant town 
lies on Long Island Sound. It originally included 
part of the present towns of New Canaan and 
Wilton, and part uf Westport. For this tract the 
following articles were given, viz.; •" 8 fathom 
wampum. 6 coats, 10 hatchets, 10 hoes, 10 knives, 
10 scissors, 10 jewsharps. 10 fathom tobacco, 3 
kettles, 3 hands-about, and 10 looking glasses." 
The following articles were given to the Indians 
for the tract "from Norwalk River to Five Mile 
River, from sea. Indian one day in country," 
viz.: "10 fathom wampum, 3 hatchets, 3 hoes 
when ships come, 6 glasses. 12 tobacco pipes, 3 
knives, 10 drillers, 10 needles." The name of 
Norwalk is derived from the above bargain, viz. : 
the northern bounds of the lands purchased were 
to extend from the sea one day's " north walk " 
into the country. 

The soil in this town is excellent ; the surface 
is uneven, being pleasantly diversified with hills 
and valleys. On the border of the sound the 
hills are generally moderate, and in the interior 
more elevated. 

" The valley, which lies along Norwalk River, 
and in which the town is built, is beautiful." 
Norwalk contains 2 considerable and flourish- 
ing villages — Norwalk Borough and the village 
of Old Well. The borough is built on both sides 
of a small river or creek, which is much con- 
tracted in width at the bridge which connects the 
two parts of the village ; and the buildings on 
each side of the stream are so near each other, 
that the passage of the river from the N. is not 
readily perceived at a short distance. Vessels 
drawing 6 feet of water can get up to the bridge 
in the most comjjact part of the borough. 

The flourishing village of Old Well is situ- 
ated about 1 i miles S. of the central part of Nor- 
walk Borough, on the W. side of the creek. This 
is the principal landing-place for steamboats 
for Norwalk and the vicinity, there being 
a daily line from and to New York. A boat 
every other day leaves Norwalk Bridge for New 
York. 32 miles from New Haven by railroad. 

Norwalk, ()., c. h. Huron co. 100 miles N. by 
E. from Columbus. 

Noru-aij, Me., Oxford co. A fertile township. 
47 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 

Norway, N. Y., Herkimer co. Some tributa- 
ries of West Canada Creek water this town, the 
surface of which is elevated and hilly ; soil sandy 
loam and clay. 14 miles N. from Herkimer, and 
79 N. W. from Albany. 

Norweijian, Pa., Schuylkill co. Watered by 
the Schuylkill and its tributaries. This is a hilly 
and mountainous town, and the centre of an 
important coal region. 

Norwich, Ct. (.)ne of the shire towns of New 
London co. Norwich city is situated at the head 
of navigation of Thames River, at the point of 
land formed by the junction of the Shetucket and 
Yantic Rivers, whose united waters constitute 
the Thames. The main part of the city is built 
on the southern declivity of a high aiul rocky 
hill ; the houses are built in tiers, rising one above 
another. The city, as it is approached from tlio 
south, presents one of the most beautiful, interest- 
ing, and romantic prospects in the state. There 
are in this city (or, as it was formerly called, 
Chelsea or Norwich Landing) a court house and 
town hall, a high school for boys, and a female 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



503 



academy. About a mile eastward of the landing 
is situated the flourishing village of Greenville, 
at the eastern extremity of which a dam has been 
constructed across the Shetucket. The first pa- 
per manufactured in Connecticut was made in 
this town, by Colonel Christopher Leffingwell. 

Above the cove, wliich sets up about a mile 
from the river, " the bed of the river consists of a 
solid rock, having a perpendicular height of 
10 or 12 feet, over which the whole body of 
water falls in an entire sheet upon a bed of rocks 
below. The river here is compressed into a very 
narrow ciianncl, the banks consisting of solid 
rocks, and being bold and elevated. For a dis- 
tance of 15 or 20 rods, the channel or bed of the 
river has a giadual descent, is crooked, and cov- 
ered with pointed rocks. The ruck, forming the 
bed of the river at the bottom of the perpendicu- 
lar falls, is curiously excavated, some of the cavi- 
ties being 5 or 6 feet deep, from the constant 
pouring of the sheet of water for a succession of 
ages.'' At the ijottom of the falls there is the 
broad basin of tiie cove, where the enraged and 
agitated element resumes its usual smoothness 
and placidity. 15 miles N. from New London, 
with which, and with Hartford and Worcester, it 
is connected by railroad. 

Noru-icJi. JIs., Hampshire co. A liranch of 
Westtield River, and a number of its tributaries, 
give this town an excellent water power. Many 
parts of the town are (it for cultivation, the soil 
being strong and fertile ; but the larger part of it, 
rough and hilly, is fit only for grazing. The 
Western Railroad just touches the south-western 
corner of the town, at Chester village depot, 119 
miles W. from Boston. To Nortliampton it is 
12 miles. From Chester village to a pleasant 
village, in the centre of the town, is 4 miles. 

Norwich, N. Y., Chenango co. Shire town. 
Situated on the Chenango River. The surface is 
hilly, with a broad, fertile valley bordering the 
river. The hilly parts are well adapted to graz- 
ing. 110 miles W. from Albany. 

Norwkli, Vt., Windsor co. The Connecticut 
Eiver washes the eastern Ijoundary of this town- 
ship, and is from 30 to 40 rods in width. The 
Ompomponoosuc River and Bloody Brook pass 
through Norwich. The latter is said to have had 
its name from a bloody battle fought there during 
the French war. The suiface is uneven, but 
nearly all admits of cultivation. It produces all 
kinds of grain and grass, and some of the finest 
orchards in the state. Extensive beds of iron 
ore are found in the N. W. corner of the town. 
On the bank of Connecticut River, about 70 rods 
above the mouth of the Ompomponoosuc, is an 
Indian burying-ground. Between the Conecti- 
cut and the Ompomponoosuc is a high bluff, 
where explosions were formerly heard, like the 
report of cannon. Nonvich village is pleasantly 
situated on a plain, near Connecticut River. In 
1762, the township was partly lotted, and the 
next year Jacob Fenton, Ebenezer Smith, and 
John Slaftcr came here from Mansfield, Ct., built 
a cam]), and began improvements. 40 miles S. 
E. from Montpelier, and 19 N. from Windsor. 
The Passumpsic Railroad passes through the town. 

Kollitiif/ia7n, N. H., Rockingham co. There are 
several ponds in this town, mostly of small size. 
Little River and several other streams rise here, 
and North River passes through the town. The 
soil is in many parts good, though the surface is 
rough and broken. Several mountains extend 



along the western part of the town, forming parts 
of the range called Blue Hills. Nottingham 
Square is a pleasant village on an elevated site. 
Bog iron ore is found here in great quantities. 
Mountain ore, crystals and crystalline spars, and 
ochres are also found. First settlers. Captain Jo- 
seph Cilleyand others, in 1727. From Concord, 
25 miles E. S. E., and 20 W. from Portsmouth. 

Notliiitilmm. N. J., Mercer eo. Drained by As- 
sunpink and Crosswick's Creeks aiul branches. 
Surface mostly level ; soil much diversified. Lo- 
cated 17 miles N. E. from Mount Holly. 

Nottingham^ Pa., AVashington co. Drained by 
Peter's, Mingo, and Little Mingo Creeks. Sur- 
face hilly, abounding with coal ; soil loamy. 13 
miles E. from Washington. 

Notluwitij County, Va., c. h. at Nottoway. 
Bounded N. l)y Amelia Co.. E. by Dinwiddic, S. 
by the Nottoway River, separating it from Lunen- 
burg CO.. and W. by Prince Edward co. Drained 
by branches of the Appomattox and Nottoway 
Rivers. 

Nottowai/, Va., c. h. Nottoway co. On Notto- 
way River. 67 miles S. W. from Richmond. 

^orarro Counitj, Ts., e. h. at Corsieana, an 
E. central county, on the W. bank of the Trinity. 

Noxubee County, Mi., c. h. at Macon. Drained 
by the W. fork of Tombigbee River and its 
tributaries. 

Nua:es County, Ts., c. h. at Corpus Christi. 
On the S. bank of the Nueces, at its mouth. 

Nunda, N. Y., Alleghany co. Canseraga and 
Cashaqua Creeks water this town. Surface undu- 
lating : soil fertile and well adapted to wlicat. 20 
miles N. from Angelica, and 225 W. from Albany. 

Oaldale, Mo., c. h. Shelby eo. 

Otik/tam, Ms., Worcester co. This was once a 
part of Rutland, and called " Rutland West 
Wing."' The surface is uneven, rough, and stony, 
but not mountainous ; its soil is moist, and affords 
uncommonly sweet pasturage for cattle. Ware 
River passes its north-western border, and it is 
otherwise watered by a number of rivulets, 
streams, and ponds. 15 miles N. W. from AVorces- 
ter, and 59 W. from Boston. 

0<dlanil County. Mil., e. h. at Pontiae. Bound- 
ed N. by Genesee and Lapeer counties, E. by Ma 
comb, S. by Wayne and Washtenaw, and W. by 
Livingston co. Drained by Clinton River and its 
tributaries, and by the head branches of Huron, 
Flint. Rouge, and Shiawassee Rivers. Surface 
undulating ; soil fertile. 

Obcrlin, O.. Lorain co. A village situated in 
the southern part of Russia township, 32 miles S 
W. from Cleveland, and 1 1 miles S. from the port 
on Lake Erie, called " Black River Port." This 
place was laid out and settled, in 1832, to be the 
seat of the literary institution located there, and 
named Oherlin. in honor of the Rev. John Fred- 
eric Oberlin, a distinguished philanthropist of 
Switzerland. The village is located upon a level 
pl.ain, in the midst of a tract 3 miles square, em- 
braced in the original purchase, and to a great ex- 
tent yet covered with the primitive forest. The 
site was selected because it was supposed to be 
healthy, could be easily approached by the west- 
ern lakes and other avenues of travel, and yet 
was sufficiently remote from the vicinity of large 
towns to secure an exemption from the tempta- 
tions to dissipation and vice wbicli they offer. 
Another consideration was, that extensive and 
fertile lands could be obtained for the purposes of 



504 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



the seminary, whicli was to be made a manual la- 
bor institiiiion ; and for the sctilonient of a colony 
around it. which, by the lease or purchase of tlie 
property at a value which would be created in 
a great measure in the progress of the enterprise, 
should su))ply the means of an ultimate invest- 
ment for the college. 

Oberlin is now a pleasant and thriving vil- 
lage, with a population of over 2000 souls, with 
stores, mechanics' shops. &c., suited to the condi- 
tion of such a place. The sale of ardent spirits 
has never been permitted within its limits. 

The houses in Oberlin are generally two sto- 
ries in height, built of wood, and painted wliite ; 
giving to the place a striking resemblance to a 
New England town. The Presbyterian Church 
edifice is one of the largest in the state. Near it, 
upon a green of about 12 acres, stands the prin- 
cipal edifice of the college, named Tappan Hall, 
in honor of Arthur Tappan, Esq., of New York, 
an early and liberal benefactor of the institution. 
Facing the Green are Oberlin Hall, Ladies' Hall, 
and Colonial Hall, all of which, with other build- 
ings, belong to the institution. The distinguish- 
ing objects proposed in the establishment of this 
seminary arc, " to secure the development of a 
sound mind in a sound body, by the aid of a ju- 
dicious system of manual labor," and to afi^ord 
" thorough instruction, in all the branches of an 
education, for both sexes ; and to which colored 
persons, of both sexes, shall be freely admitted, 
on the terms of equality and brotherhood." The 
institution possess 500 acres of land at Oberlin, 
and 10,000 acres in Western Virginia. See C'ol- 
teffes. 

Obion County. Te., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. 
by Kentncky, E. by Weakley co.. S. by Gibson 
and Dyer counties, and W. by the Mississippi 
River, separating it from Arkansas. Drained by 
Obion and Reelfoot Rivers and branches. The 
land bordering on the Mississippi is liable to in- 
undation. 

Ocean County, N. J. On the sea coast. Taken 
from Monmouth — southern half Flat and sandy. 

Octola. As., c. h. Mississip])i co. On the W. 
side of Mississippi River. 130 miles E. N. E. 
from Little Rock. 

Oconto County, Wn. Taken from Brown in 
I85I. 

Ogden, N. Y., Monroe co. The Erie Canal 
passes through this town, which is chiefly level. 
10 miles W. from Rochester. 

Oijdenshurrj, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Port of 
entry ami delivery, on the E. side of the St. Law- 
rence River, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, 60 
miles below Kingston, at the outlet of Lake On- 
tario. 204 miles N. from Albany, and i;)0 S. 
from Montreal. Ogdcnsburg is considered as l)e- 
ing at tlie foot of the lake, because there is little 
descent in the river to this place, below which the 
rapids commence, and the river navigation ends. 

The town is built upon a beautiful plain, and is 
laid out with much regularity in broad streets, 
with many handsome buildings, and some which 
arc highly ornamental. The material used for the 
most substantial structures is limestone and a 
calcareous sandstone. This is the largest town in 
the county, and was formerly the county seat, un- 
til that was removed to Canton for a more central 
position. It is a place of much trade, and from 
the various fticilities for transportation and busi- 
ness which are concentrating here, it is destined 
inevitably to a speedy and very extensive enlarge- 



ment. Its advantages for manufacturing are very 
great from the fells in the Oswegatchie River : on 
which there is a natural dam, a short distance 
from its mouth, which, being raised somewhat 
higher, gives a head of about 14 feet. By locks 
at this fall, and improvements in the river above, 
it is rendered navigable for boats to Black Lake. 
There are at Ogdensburg large llouring mills, 
iron founderies, machine sliops, saw mills, an ex- 
tensive brewery, distillery, tannery, &c. Besides 
the shipping, there are lines of stcaml)oats daily 
running through Lake Ontario, and touching at 
all its ports, and also passing down the rapids, 
and. by canal, to Montreal. The communication 
by railroad is now complete between Ogdensburg 
and Boston, in consequence of which a vast 
amount of the traffic of the Western States and 
Canada is drawn to this port in finding its most 
eligible direction to the eastern and the foreign 
markets. Heretofore, the trade of Ogdensburg 
has been almost exclusively with Montreal; but 
now a new channel has been opened which brings 
it into commercial connection with some of the 
most important seaports of the Atlantic States. 
The distance to Boston by railroad is 40.j miles. 
The distance to New York, via Rouse's Point, 
Lake Champlain, and Albany, 458 miles. From 
Ogdensburg to Oswego by water, on Lake Onta- 
rio, 110 miles, thence to Albany, by railroad, ITS 
miles, and thence to New York, 145 miles — total, 
433 miles. There is also a continuous railroad 
route from Ogdensburg to New York, via Rouse's 
Point, Burlington, Rutland, Whitehall, Saratoga, 
and Albany, the whole distance being 482 miles. 
Situated at the foot of ship navigation on the great 
lakes, possessing an almost unbounded water 
power, surrounded by a fertile country, and hav- 
ing now a direct communication at all seasons of 
the year to our principal eastern markets, and, 
through them, to the great marts of trade in Eu- 
rope, Ogdensburg can hardly foil of becoming, 
like another Butlalo, a principal outlet of the rich- 
es of the W. and N., and consequently a place of 
immense prosperity and wealth. 

Ogle County, Is., c. h. at Oregon. Bounded N. 
by Stephenson and Winnebago, E. by De Kalb, 
S. by Lee, and W. by Whitesides and Carroll 
counties. Rock River and its tributaries water 
this county, 

Ogletliorpe County, Ga., c. h. at Lexington. 
Bounded N. by Madison and Elkhart counties, E. 
by Wilkes and Taliaferro, S. by Greene, and W. by 
Clarke co. Bounded N. E. by Broad River, and 
drained by its branches, and watered on the S. W. 
border by a head branch of Oconee River. 

Ohio Lountij, Ky., e. h. at Hartford. Bounded 
N. by Hancock co., E. by Grayson, S. E. by 
Butler CO., S. W. by Green River, separating it 
from Muhlenburg co., and W. by Owen co. 
Drained by Rough and Panther Creeks, branches 
of Green River. 

Ohio, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by West 
Canada Creek and some of its tributaries. Sur- 
face elevated and hilly; soil favorable to grass. 
20 miles N. from Herkimer, and 90 N. W. from 
Albany. 

Ohio City. 0: Cuyahoga co. Situated on Lake 
Erie, at the mouth of Cuyahoga River, op- 
posite Cleveland. 145 miles N. N. E. from Co- 
lumbus. It is built on elevated ground, and enjoys 
a commanding and beautiful view of the lake, 
and of the city of Cleveland opposite, with 
which it is connected by a bridge. It was for- 



IN THE TINITED STATES. 



505 



merly called Brooklyn Village, bein<^ incliuled 
within the township of that name. For a few 
years after 1830, it liad the most rapid increase of 
any town in the state, and bade fair to outstrip its 
older and wealther sister and rival in the spirit of 
enterprise and improvement, if not in amount of 
business. It was incorporated as a city in 18.36. 
It has many elegant mansions, and extensive 
blocks of stores, shops, warehouses, &c. The 
edifice of the Episcopal Churcli here is a Gothic 
stone bnilding. of great beauty. There are other 
churches of tlie Prcsi)yferian and Methodist de- 
nominations. Population in 1840, 1577 ; in 
1850, including the township, 6.375. 

Oliio, Pa., Alleghany co. Little Beaver Creek 
flows through this town, and enters tlic Ohio River 
at its S. W. corner. Surface undulating; soil 
rich alluvion and loam. 10 miles S. W. from 
Beaver. 

Ohio Count;/, Va., c. h. at 'Wliccling. Bounded 
N. by Brooke co.. E. by Pennsylvania, S. by 
Marshall co., and W. by the Ohio River, separat- 
ing it from Ohio. Drained by Wheeling Creek 
and other sm.all branches of the ( )hio. Surfice 
rough and hilly ; soil fertile, and the alluvial 
bottoms on the Oiiio are very rich. 

Oil Creek. Pa., Crawford co. Oil Creek and its 
branches water this town, which is situated 227 
miles N. W. by W. from Ilarrisburg. 

Oktibbeha Couiiti;, Mi., c. h. at Starksville. 
Bounded N. by Chickasaw and Monroe counties, 
E. by Lowndes, S. liy Noxubee and Winston, and 
W. by Choctaw co. Watered by Oktibbeha 
River and Runnaway Creek. 

Old Codonis. Pa., York co. Codorus Creek and 
its branches water tliis town. Surface undulat- 
ing; soil gravelly, and rather poor. 10 miles 
S. W. from York. 

OliJham Couiiti/, Kv.. c. h. at La Grange. Bound- 
ed N. by Trimble. E. liy Henry and Shelby, S. by 
Jeft'erson co., and W. by the I )liioRiver, separating 
it from Indiana. The licad streams of Floyd's 
Fork, of Salt River, Ilarrod's Creek, and other 
small brandies of the (jhio, water this county. 

Oldtown, Me., Ponobscot co. See Orono. 

Old Point Comfort, Va., Elizabeth City co., 
occupies the N. ]ioint at the entrance of James 
River, lying o|)|iosite and 3 miles distant from 
Willoughby Point. The fort, called also Fortress 
Monroe, is 1 mile from Fort Calhoun, ontiieRip 
Raps. Tlie village beach is a favorite summer 
resort. 97 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. 

Old ]Vashin)jton. Aa., c. h. Washington co. 

OUnn, N. Y.. Cattaraugus co. The Alleghany 
River and some of its tributaries water this town. 
Surface hilly, and heavily limi>ercd with pine ; 
soil sandy ioam. 20 miles S. E. from Ellicott- 
ville, and 2SS S. of W. from Albany. 

Oleij, Pa., Berks co. The head branches of 
Manatawny and Manookisy Creeks water this 
town, the surface of wliicli is level, and the soil 
fertile calcareous loam. 62 miles E. from Harris- 
burg. 

OUce, N. Y'., Ulster co. Watered by Esopus 
Creek. Surface mountainous ami uneven, being 
broken on the W. by sjmrs of the Catskill Range. 
Soil gravel and clay loam. 12 miles W. from 
Kingston, and 68 S. \V. from Albany. 

Olneii, Is., c. h. Rutland co. 

Oneida Cwmtij, N. Y'., Rome, Utica, and Whites- 
town shire towns. It was formed from Herkimer 
CO. in 1798. Bounded N. by Lewis, E. by Her- 
kimer, S. bv Madison, and W. by Madison and 
64 



Oswego counties, and watered by Black and 
Mohawk Rivers, Oneida Lake, and Oneid.a, Oris- 
kany, Sadaquada, Fish, and Wood Creeks. Sur- 
face j>leasantly diversified with hills and fertile 
valleys ; soil mostly very fertile, being well 
adapted to grain. Iron ore, argillaceous clay, 
gypsum, water limestone, peat, and marl occur 
in great abundance. There are also many min- 
eral and gas springs of consider.able importance. 
The Erie and Chenango Canals, and Uliea and 
Schenectady, and Syracuse and Schenectady Rail- 
roads pass through this county. 

Oneonta, N. Y., (Jtsego co. Watered by the 
Susquehanna River, and Charlotte River, and 
Otego Creek, flowing into it. Surface billy <and 
broken, with broad and fertile flats along the 
borders of the Susquehanna. 20 miles S. from 
Cooperstown, and 80 S. of W. from Albany. 

Ononddt/a Countij. N. Y,, e. h. at Syracuse. 
Formed from Herkimer co. in 1794. It is bounded 
on the N. by Oswego. E. by Madison, S. by Cort- 
land and Cayuga, and W. by Cuyuga co. Watered 
by Oneida Lake on tlie N. E., near the centre by 
Onondaga Lake, and W. by Cross, Skaneateles, 
and Otisco Lakes. Seneca and Oneida Rivers 
unite to form Oswego River in this county, which 
is also Wittered by several other fine mill streams. 
Surface level on the N.. but more hilly on the S.; soil 
chiefly a mixture of calcareous loam and vegetable 
mould, and very fertile. Brine springs are very 
numerous, giving employment to a great number 
of people, and yielding alarge revenue to the state. 
There are also several sulphur springs, and oxide 
of iron, marl. gy]>snm, and water limestone exist 
in abundance. The (_)swego Canal unites at Syra- 
cuse with tlie Eric Canal, which extends through 
the county. The Syracuse and Utica and Auburn, 
and Syracuse Railroads also run nearly parallel 
with the Erie Canal. 

Onondtifja, N. Y'., Onondaga co. Watered by 
a creek of the same name. Surface hilly ; soil 
rich clay loam. 5 miles S. from Syracuse, and 
135 W. from Albany. 

Onslow Count;/, N. C, c. h. at Onslow. Bound- 
ed N. and E. by Jones .and Carteret counties, S. 
by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by New Hanover 
and Duplin counties. Drained by New River and 
its tributaries. Surface low and flat. 

Onaloiv, N. C, e. h. Onslow co. 

Ontauai/on Rircr Settlement, Mn,. Ontanagon 
River Settlement is situated at the mouth of that 
river, and is about 20 miles to the westward of Ke- 
waiwona Point. This place owes its prosperity to 
the discovery of several valuable mines, about 15 
miles up the stream. These were discovered by 
miners between the years 1845 and 1848, and 
have been opened to considerable extent, and 
some of them have begun to give returns that in- 
dicate that they will prove profitable to the stock- 
holders. Notwithstanding the failure and disap- 
pointment of many of the mining companic.'!, 
the fact of valuable deposits of copper in this 
vicinity is now established beyond question, 
and the mining operations are extending from 
year to year. The Ontanagon is one of the 
largest rivers that pour their waters into Lake 
Superior. Its waters are quite dark coh;)ied, JVom 
peaty matter taken up by tlie water in its course. 
The dark-brown hue of this stream may be traced 
in Lake Superior for some miles from the mouth 
of the river. There is no bar that will jirevent 
boats from entering this stream, but they cannot 
go up far on account of the falls. Tlie soil on 



506 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



this river, tliougli coarse, is good, and produces 
excellent potatoes. Other vegetables thrive well 
farther inland, where they escape the cold winds 
from the lake. 

A small village, with a town store and post 
office, will be found at the mouth of the river. In 
the course of a few years, a considerably larger 
town will be built here, if the mines should, as it 
is hoped they will, prove productive. Water 
power, suitable for saw mills, can be readily ob- 
tained on this large stream, so full of rapids and 
falls. The copper is found mostly in veins, run- 
ning in the direction of the strata, or trends of 
the rocks, and epidote is frequently found to be 
the matrice of the copper, which also is found in 
trap rocks of an amygdaloidal character. 

Ontario Coimti/, N. Y., c. h. at Canandaigna. 
Incorporated from Montgomery co., in 1789, but 
has since been greatly reduced in size. It is 
bounded on the N. by Monroe and Wayne, E. by 
Seneca, S. by Yates and Steuben, and W. by 
Livingston and Monroe counties. Surface pleas- 
antly diversified ; soil mostly fertile loam and 
mould, yielding large quantities of fruit and grain. 
Its principal waters are Seneca, Canadice, Hone- 
oye, Hemlock, and Canandaigua Lakes, and their 
outlet, and Flint and Mud Creeks. It contains 
several sulphur springs, and at one place carbu- 
rettcd hydrogen, or imflammable gas, is given 
forth in large quantities. Iron ore, gypsum, and 
marl also abound. The Erie, and Cayuga and 
Seneca Canals run a short distance on the boun- 
daries of this county, and the Auburn and Roches- 
ter Railroad crosses it from E, to W. 

Ontario, N. Y., Wayne eo. Watered by sev- 
eral small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, 
vfhich hounds it on the N. Surface level ; soil 
sandy and gravelly loam. 22 miles N. W. from 
Lyons village, and 208 N. of W. from Albany. 

OpeloKsas, La., St. Landry parish. Near the 
head of Vermilion River ; the seat of Franklin 
College. (See Colleges.) 217 miles W. N. W. 
from New Orleans. 

Oppenheim, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by East 
Canada Creek and several small streams. Sur- 
face somewhat hilly: soil various. 14 miles W. 
from Johnstown, and 63 N. W. from Albany. 

Oranije, Ct.. New Haven co. This town was 
taken from New Haven and Milford in 1822. 
The name was adopted in honor of William, 
Prince of Orange, in commemoration of the bene- 
fits received from him by the colony of Connec- 
ticut; particularly for ihe restoration of their 
charter after the usurpation and tyranny of Ed- 
mund Andros. 4 miles S. W. from New Haven. 

Orange is a pleasant town, with a productive 
soil. The inhabitants are principally farmers. 
Savin Rock, in this town, is a romantic spot, and 
a place of resort in the summer. There are mines 
of silver and copper in the town, and asbestos is 
found in abundance in serpentine rocks. 

Oranr/e Countt/, Fa., c. h. at Mclonville. On the 
Atlantic shore of the peninsula. 

Oranqe County, la., c. h. at Paoli. Bounded 
N. by Lawrence, E. by Washington, S. by Craw- 
ford, and W. by Dubois and Martin counties. 
Drained by Lost River and Lick and Patoka 
Creeks, which afford good hydraulic power. Sur- 
face rough and hilly. The McAdamized road 
leading from Albany to Vinceunes traverses 
this county. 

Orange, Ms., Franklin co. 72 miles W. from 
Boston! and 20 E. from Greenfield. Miller's River 



affords good water power, and it has a variety of 
manufactures. 

Orange County, N. C, c. h. at HiUshoro'. It is 
bounded N. hy Caswell and Person counties, B. 
by Granville and Wake, S. by Chatham, and W. 
hy Guilford co. Haw and Neuse Rivers and 
branches water this county. 

Orange, N. H., Grafton co. 40 miles N. W. 
from Concord. In this town are found many 
mineral substances. There is in the S. E. part 
a small pond, in which is found paint, resem- 
bling spruce yellow ; in it is also found chalk, 
intermixed with magnesia. In 1810, a valuable 
species of ochre was discovered. The surface is 
uneven, but the soil, in many parts, is productive. 
Cardigan Mountain lies in the eastern part of the 
town. 

Orange, N. J.. Essex co. Drained by Second, 
and branches of Rahway River. Surface undu- 
lating or mountainous ; soil red shale. 4 miles 
N. W. from Newark, and 53 N. E. from 
Trenton. 

Orange County, N. Y., Ncwburg and Goshen 
shire towns. Originally incorporated in 1683. 
It is bounded N. by Ulster co., E. by the Hudson 
River, S. by Rockland eo. and the state of N. J., 
and W. by Sullivan co. and the Delaware River, 
which separates it from Pennsylvania. Watered 
by the Hudson, the Wallkill, the Delaware River 
and its branches, and the head branches of the 
Ramapo. The S. E. portions are covered by the 
Highlands, and the W. by the Shawangunk 
Mountains ; the rest of the surface is covej'cd 
with gentle hills and broad, fertile valleys. The 
soil is well adapted to grazing, and this county has 
long been celebrated for its fine dairies. It is 
also rich in mineral productions, the most impor- 
tant of which are ilmenite and magnetic iron ore. 
It is crossed by the Delaware and Hudson Canal 
and New York and Erie Railroad. 

Orange, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Mead's 
Creek. Has a high and rolling surface, and a soil 
suitable for grass and grain. 16 miles E. from 
Bath, and 20.5 S. of W. from Albany. 

Orange County, Vt., c. h. at Chelsea. This coun- 
ty is bounded N. by Washington and Caledonia 
counties, E. by Connecticut River, S. by Windsor 
CO., and W. by Addison and Washington coun- 
ties. The eastern range of the Green Mountains 
extends along the north-western part of the county. 
The principal rivers, besides the Connecticut, are 
the Ompomponoosuc, Wait's branches of the 
White, and Stevens's branch of the Winooski. 
The lands in Orange co. are generally good for 
grazing ; there are some excellent tracts on the 
banks of the Connecticut. Iron and lead ores, 
slate and granite, are abundant. 

Orange, Vt., Orange co. Knox Mountain, in 
the north-easterly part of the town, is a consider- 
able elevation, and affords inexhaustible quanti- 
ties of granite for building stone. The timber is 
chiefly hard wood, except along the streams. 
The soil in some parts of the town, purlicuhirly 
on the heights, is rather cold and wet ; in other 
parts and on the streams it is rich and productive. 
The principal stream of water is Jail Branch ; 
it receives a considerable stream from the north, 
called Cold Branch. Orange possesses a largo 
and viiluable water power. The first settlement 
was commenced by Ensign Joseph Williams in 
179.3, on the S. line of the town. 12 miles S. 
E. from Montpclier, and 12 N. from Chelsea. 

Orange County, Va., c. h. at Orange Court 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



507 



House. Bounded N. by Rapidan River, separat- 
ing it from Culpepper co., E. Iiy Spottsylvaiiia 
CO., S. by Pamunliy River, separating it from 
Louisa CO., and W. Iiy Albcrmalo and Greene 
counties. Drained by tributaries of Nortli Anna 
and Kivanna Rivers. Surface hilly; soil fertile. 

Oramp: <_'uiirl Huuse, Va., c. h. Orange eo. At 
the base of South West Mountain. 84 miles 
N. W. from Riehmond. 

Omiuiclmrci District, S. C, e. h. at Orangeburg. 
Boundeil N. by Le.\ington and Richland dis- 
tricts, E. by Sumpter, S. by Charleston aTid Barn- 
well, and W. by Barnwell and Edgefield districts. 
The Congaree River runs on a part of its N. and 
the Santee on its E. border. The South Edisto 
washes its S. VV. border, and the North Edisto 
and branches drain the interior. 

Omiigehurri. S. C, c. h. Orangeburg District. 
On the E. bank of North Edisto River. 43 miles 
S. by E. from Columbia. 

Oraiif/rio't'ii, N. Y., Rockland co. Bounded on 
the E. by Tajjpan Bay, an enlargement of the 
Hudson River, and is drained by the Hackensack. 
Surface hilly; soil a mixture of red shale and 
clay. 123 miles from Albany. 

Ornnfjpville, N. Y., Wyoming co. Tonawanda 
Creek and some of its branches water this town. 
Surface hilly ; soil clay loam. 7 miles W. from 
Warsaw, and 254 from Albany. 

Oratifferille, Pa., ColuTnbia co. On Fishing 
Creek. .5 miles N. from Bloomsburg, and 81 N. 
by E. from Harrisburg. 

Orer/on Countij, Mo., c. h. at Eleven Points. 
Bounded N. by Te.xas and Shannon counties, 
E. by Ripley co.. S. by As., and W. by Ozark co. 
Drained by Eleven Points and Spring Rivers. 

Oriyoii. Mo., c. h. Holt co. On the N. E. bank 
of Missouri River. 

Oregon Citij, On., c. h. Claquemas co. On the 
Willemette River, near its entrance into the Ore- 
gon. 

Orford, N. H., Grafton co., lies on Connecticut 
River, over whicli is a liridge connecting it with 
Fairlee. The soil is fertile, and there are beauti- 
ful intervale farms on the Connecticut. Mount 
Caba and Mount Sunday lie near the centre of 
the town. There are 4 or .'> ponds of consider- 
able size, one of which, called Baker's Upper 
I'ond, lies within 3 or 4 miles of Connecticut 
River. Indian Pond lies 1 mile W. from it. 
Limestone is found in great abundance at tlie 
foot of a mountain, about 400 or 500 feet above 
Connecticut River. Soapstone and granite 
abound, and some lead ore has been discovered. 
Orford contains a pleasant village, situated on a 
beautiful plain on the main road, on the bank of 
the Connecticut. There is also another pleasant 
village, at a distance of 2 miles, called Orfordville. 
The Pas^utnpsic Railroad crosses the Connecticut 
at this place. 91 miles by Railroad from Concord. 

Orixk'inii Falls, N. Y., Oneida co. On both 
8ides of Ori^kany Creek, which has a fall of about 
30 feet at this place, affording good water power. 
100 mile.; W. N. W. from Albany. 

OrianJ, Jle., Hancock co. On the E. side of 
Penobscot River. 64 miles E. from Augusta. 

Orleans Parish, La., c. h. New Orleans. Bound- 
ad N. by Lake Pontchartrain, E. by Lake Borgne, 
S. by Plaquomine, and W. by Jefferson co. The 
surface is too low and marshy for profitable culti- 
vation, except on the margins of the streams. The 
principal productions are cotton, sugar, rice, In- 
dian corn, oranges, figs, peaches. 



Orleans, Ms., Barnstable CO. Orleans was the 
S. part of Eastham until its ineorporalion in 
1797. Its Indian name was Naunisb'ket. It 
extends across the cape, and is indented with 
coves and creeks on both sides, and contains a 
numberof line fresh-water ponds. Nanset Harbor 
is at the N. E. jiart of the town, and Pleasant Bay 
opens at the S. E. corner of the town, and lies part- 
ly in Chatham. In this bay are several islands. 
There is a very pleasant village near the centre 
of the town, from which, to Barnstable court 
house, is 24 miles. 

Orleans Count//, N. Y., c. h. at Barre. Formed 
from Genesee co. in 1824. It is bounded N. by- 
Lake Ontario, E. by Monroe, S. by Genesee, and 
W. by Niagara co. Watered by Oak Orchard, 
Johnson's, and several other creeks flowing into 
Lake Ontario. Surface mostly level, with the ex- 
ception of the mountain ridge, which runs nearly 
jjarallel with the lake shore ; soil well adapted to 
grass and grain. There arc a few salt and sul- 
phur s]irings in this county, and bog iron ore is 
found in small quantities. The Erie Canal passes 
through it from E. to W. 

Orleans, N. Y., Jefferson CO. Watered by 
Chaumont and Perch Rivers. Surface slightly 
undulating; soil chiefly rich clay and loam upon 
a foundation of limestone. 12 miles N. from 
Watertown, and 172 N. W. from Albany. 

Orleans Count/j, Vt., c. h. at Irasburg. This 
county is bounded N. by Lower Can.ada, E. by 
Essex and Caledonia counties, S. by Caledonia 
CO., and W. by Franklin and Lamoille counties. 
It lies between the eastern and western ranges of 
the Green Mountains. The surface is generally 
handsome, and the soil well adapted for wheat, 
rye, and grass ; the climate is rather too cold for 
corn, ami some parts of the county are low and 
marshy. Orleans co. is watered liy Missisco, Black, 
Barton, and other rivers. It contains more ponds 
than any other county in the state. Much of 
its trade goes to Canada by the way of Mem- 
phremagog Lake, which lies in this county and 
Canadas. 

Orono, Penobscot co. This town lies on the 
W. side of Penobscot River, and is watered by 
Dead Stream and a large part of Pushaw Lake. 
It is 74 miles N. E. from Augusta. 

This town borders on the Great Falls in Penob- 
scot River, and contains a great number of saw 
mills, which manufacture a vast amount of lum- 
ber annually for the Bangor market. A railroad, 
12 miles in length, between Bangor and the vil- 
lages of Stillwater and Oldtown, in Orono, was 
opened for travel in 1836. The Penobscot Riv- 
er, at Oldtown, above the falls, is 40 feet higher 
than at Bangor. The village of Stillwater is 4 
miles below Oldtown. Above the falls, and 
about a mile above the village of Oldtown, near 
the mouth of Dead Stream, on •' Oldtown Island," 
is the Indian settlement. This settlement is 
very pleasantly located, and secure from ap- 
proach, except by boats or canoes. It contains 
a number of framed houses, and a neat chapel 
with a bell. In 1837, John Neptune, the lieuten- 
ant governor, and other officers of the Penobscot 
tribe of Indians, finished taking, by families, a 
very particular census of all who belong to the 
tribe, for the purpose of a just and equal distri- 
bution of the annuities and other moneys paid to 
them. It was found that the families in all were 
95 — the list exhibiting the bead of each family 
by name, and the number of individuals each 



508 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



one' contains annexed thereto. The whole num- 
ber of souls in the tribe was 362. Their officers 
arc, a fjovernor, lieutenant governor, a colonel, 
4 captains, 1 squire, and 1 deacon. In religion 
they are Catholics. Several of them can read, 
and a few can write, tliougli in a i)oorhand. The 
tribe own, collectively, all the islands in the Pe- 
nobscot River, beginning with that oF Oldtown, 
where their village is, and including all up as far 
as the forks, several miles above the Mattawam- 
kcag, many of which are exceedingly pleasant 
and fertile. The Indians are not poor, having 
sold some of their lands for largo sums. To such 
a remnant, however, is this tribe reduced — a 
tribe anciently and uniformly called the Tarra- 
tines, who could bring into the field more than 
2000 warriors, and who claimed the lands on 
both sides of the Penobscot River, from its 
sources to its mouth. 

Orrini/ton, Me., Penobscot. A fine township, 
with a handsome village, on the E. side of Penob- 
scot River, opposite Hampden. 

Orwell, Vt., Addison co. Some of the land is 
broken and hilly ; the remaining part is very level, 
handsome land, and produces abundant crops 
of all kinds of grain. Tlie principal streams are 
East Creek and Lemonf:iir River. On these 
streams are several mill privileges, which are 
good during a part of the year. The waters, 
where the land is clayey, are slightly impregnat- 
ed with Epsom salts, or the sulphate of mag- 
nesia. There is a spnng on tlie lake shore, 
about ISO rods S. from the N. W. corner, the wa- 
ters of whicb are strongly impregnated. The 
average width of Lake Champlain against Or- 
well is about I mile, and the widest place 2 
miles. May 13, 1820, a piece of land in the 
town, of more than 5 acres' area, sunk about 40 
feet, and slid into the lake. The impulse ni.ade 
upon the water was so great as to raise the lake 
3 feet at the opposite shore, a mile and a half dis- 
tant. A part of Benton was annexed to Orwell 
in 1847. The first permanent settlement of this 
place was made in 1783. 20 miles N. \V. from 
Rutland, and 47 S. W. from Montpelier. 

Orwigshurg, Pa., c. h. Schuylkill co. On a rising 
ground, in a valley surrounded by high hills of fer- 
tile land, and near a small branch of the Schuyl- 
kill River. N. E. from Harrisburg 62 miles. 

Osage Coimttj, Mo., c. h. at Linn. This county 
is bounded X. by the Missouri River, separating 
it from Callaway co., E. by Gasconade co., S. by 
Crawford and Pulaski counties, and W. by Mil- 
ler CO. and Osage River, separating it from Cole 
CO. Drained by Gasconade River. 

Oskaloosa, lo., c. h. Mahaska co. 

Ossian, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Can- 
seraga Creek and some of its tributaries. Sur- 
face undulating; soil fertile, argillaceous loam. 
20 miles N. E. from Angelica, and 233 W. from 
Albany. 

Ossinsing, N. Y., Westchester co. Incorporated 
in 1845. The name is of Indian origin, signify- 
ing " the place of stone." 

Ossi^e, N. n., c. li. Carroll co. The W. and 
S. W. ])arts are hilly and mountainous, present- 
ing a beautiful contrast with the N. and E. parts, 
which are moderately uneven or level. Ossipee 
Lake is in this town and Freedom. (See Ossipee 
Lake.) 60 miles N. N. E. from Concord. 

Oslerrille, Ms., in the town of Barnstable, 
Barnstable co. On the E. side of Oyster Bay. 
72 miles S. S. E. from Boston. 



I Oswegatchie, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered 
hy tlie Oswegatchie River, a branch of the St. 
Lawrence, which bounds it on the N. W., and 
hy Black Lake, which lies partly in this town. 
Surface slightly undulating; soil" clav loam. 16 
miles W. from" Canton, and 200 N. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Oswego County, -N. Y., Oswego and Pulaski, 
shire towns, was taken from Oneida and Onon- 
daga counties in 1816. Bounded N. by Lake 
Ontario, E. by Lewis and Oneida. S. by Madison 
and Jefferson counties, and W. by Lake Ontario 
and Cayuga co. Watered by Oneida Lake, 
Oswego and Salmon Rivers, "and many small 
streams flowing into Lake Ontario. "Surface 
chiefly level ; soil very productive. There are 
no important minerals in this county. The Os- 
wego Canal runs along the E. bank of the Oswe- 
go River. 

Oswego, N. Y., port of entry, and seat of justice, 
alternately with Pulaski, of Oswego co. Situ- 
ated on both sides of Oswego River, at its en- 
trance into Lake Ontario. 35 miles N. W. from 
Syracuse, and 178 W. by N. from Albany. This 
place, incorporated as a village in 1828, "is partly 
in the township of Oswego, and partly in that of 
Scriba, the river being the dividing line. The 
two parts are connected by a bridge 700 feet in 
length ; and as the ground ascends in both direc- 
tions from the river, a beautiful view of each 
division of the place is presented from the op- 
]iosite side. On both sides it is regularly and 
handsomely laid out, with streets 100 feet wide, 
crossing each other at right angles, and with pub- 
lic squares, around which some of the churches 
and other public buildings are located. Tho 
court house is on the E. side of the river. The 
First Presbyterian and the Episcopal Churches 
are beautifully situated on elevated ground, on 
the W. side. There is an incorporated academy 
and a flourishing female school in the jdacc, and 
many of the mansions of the more wealthy citi- 
zens are elegant, and richly adorned with embel- 
lishments of taste and luxury. 

The fiicilities which Oswego possesses for 
trade, commerce, and manufactures, arc very 
great. Its harbor, next to Sackets Harbor, is the 
best on the S. side of Lake Ontario. It is 
formed, at the mouth of the river, by a pier 1290 
feet in extent, built by the United States at an 
expense of nearly $100,000. Tho harbor within 
the pier is spacious and safe, having a depth of 
water of from 10 to 20 feet. Several steamboats 
and a large number of sailing vessels are owned 
here. An excellent marine railway has been 
constructed. The Oswego Canal connects this 
harbor with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, employ- 
ing the Oswego River for a part of the distance, 
and the canal boats are generally so constructed 
as to strength, and the form of their decks, that 
they may be taken in tow, with their cargoes, 
through the lake. A considerable portion of 
trade between New York and the west ]iasscs 
through this channel, and hence, by the Wclland 
Canal, into Lake Erie. The railroad from .Syra- 
cuse brings other facilities of business to Oswe- 
go, while it opens through this place one of the 
most desirable routes of travel iVom the eastern 
cities to the we"st by the way of Niagara Falls. 
From Oswego to Port Dalhousie, at the mouth 
of the Wclland Canal, is about 150 miles; to 
Ogdensburg, about 110 miles. 

The water power at Oswego, afforded by tho 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



509 



river and the canal, is immense. JIany lar<,'C 
manufacturing establishments are in operation 
on both sides of the river, and much more power 
remains to be applied. The quantity of flour 
turned out daily by 5 or 6 extensive flouring 
mills at Oswego is very large. 

Fort Oswego, near the lake, on the E. side of 
the river, is a strong fortification for the defence 
of tlic harbor, occupying the site of the old fort 
of the same name, celebrated in the colonial 
wars with tlie French. This place has been the 
scene of sanguinary conflict, in every period of 
hostilities with a foreign enemy. 

Otcgo, N. y., Otsego CO. the Susquehanna 
Bivcr and Otsdawa Creek water this town, the 
surface of which is somewhat hilly, with exten- 
sive flats along the borders of the "Susquehanna ; 
the soil well adapted to grass and grain. 22 
miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 86 from 
Albany. 

Otisco, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded on the 
W. by Otisco Lake and its inlet. Surface hilly ; 
soil clay loam. 15 miles _S. from Syracuse, and 
134 W." from Albany. 

Otisjield, Me., Cumberland co. This town is 
watered by Crooked River, which empties into Se- 
bago Lake. Tlie soil is very good. It lies 82 
miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and 32 N, N. W. 
from Portland. 

(/(«, Ms., Berkshire co. The territory of Otis 
comprises that of the old town of Loudon, 
■which was incorporated in 1773, and the old dis- 
trict of Bethlehem. The two were united by 
an act of incorporation, in 1810, and named in 
honor of the venerable Harrison Gray Otis, of 
Boston, then speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives. The surface is uneven, and in some parts 
too elevated for cultivation. There are, however, 
many tracts of good tillage land, and an abun- 
dance of feed for cattle. The town is well stored 
with forests of hard wood, and granite. There 
are in the town a number of large and beautiful 
ponds, whicli, with a small stream from Becket, 
form the head waters of Farmington River. 
These waters furnisli the town with good mill 
seats. From the village in the S. part of the 
town to the Becket depot, on the Western Rail- 
road, is about 10 miles ; from theuco to Boston, 
13,'J miles. 

Otsego, Mn., Allegan co. Watered by the Kal- 
amazoo River, which here affords good water 
power. 149 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 

Otsego Countij, N. Y., c. h. at Otsego. Formed 
from Slontgomcry co, in 1791. It is bounded N. 
by Oneida, Herkimer, and Montgomery, E. by 
Schoharie and Delaware. S. by Delaware, and W. 
by Chenango and Madison counties. Watered 
by Otsego and Canaderaga or Schuyler's Lakes, 
from which flows the E. branch of the Kusipie- 
hanna River, by Cherry Valley, Otego, and But- 
ternut Creeks, and by the Unadilla Kivcr, wliich 
forms its W. boundary. Surface elevated, hilly, 
and in some parts mountainous ; soil various, 
but mostly fertile. This county contains abun- 
dance of fine marble, and several sulphur 
springs. 

Otsego, N. Y., c. h. Otsego co. Bounded on 
the E. by Otsego, and N. W. by Canaderaga 
Lake, and drained by Oak Creek, a fine mill 
stream, and the outlet of the last-named lake. 
Surface hilly ; soil well adapted to the growth of 
grass and grain. 66 miles W. from Albany. 

Olsciic, N. Y.. Chenango co. Otselic River 



waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, 
and the soil clay loam, well adapted to grass. 15 
miles N. W. from Norwich, and 105 W. from 
Albany. 

Ottawa Counti/, Mn., c. h. Grand Haven. 
Bounded N. by Oceana and Neewaggo counties, 
E. by Kent co., S. by Allegan co., and W. by 
Lake Michigan. Drained by Grand River and 
its branches, and Maskegon River. Surface un- 
dulating, with sand bluifs bordering tlie lake ; 
soil fertile. 

Otiau-a County, 0,, c. h. at Port Clinton. 
N. W. part of the state. Has Lake Erie on the 
N., and Sandusky Bay on the S. E. Watered 
by Portage and Touissiant Rivers. Level and 
fertile. 

Fi'nto« Counti/. O., c. h. at McArthur. West 
central part of the state. 

C>llo, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Bounded on the 
N. and W. liy Cattaraugus Creek and its branches. 
The surface is rough and elevated ; soil well 
adapted to grass and grain. 10 miles N. W. 
from EUicottville, and 300 W. from Albany. 

Ot/ou-a, Is., La Salle co. On both sides of tho 
Illinois at the confluence of Fox River. For 8 
or 9 miles below this place, the Illinois is not 
navigable for steamboats, except at high water, 
owing to the rapids. 133 miles N. N. E. from 
Springfield. Possesses an extensive waterpower. 
The Illinois Canal passes through it. 

Ottumica, la., c. h. Wapello co. 

Ouaclnta Count;/, As., c. h. at Camden. South- 
ern part. The Ouachita flows through it from 
N. to S. 

Outagamie Counti/, Wn. Taken from Brown 
in 1852. 

Oi-erton County, Tc, c. h. at Livingston. Bound- 
ed N. by Kentucky, E. by Fentress co., S. by 
Putnam, and W. by Jackson co. Drained by 
Obies River and tributaries and Roaring Crock. 

Ovid, N. Y., Seneca co. Half shire town, 
lying between Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, and 
watered by several fine mill streams. The sur- 
face is elevated in the centre, sloping E. and W 
towards the lakes ; the soil suitable for grass and 
grain. 171 miles W. from Albany. 

Owasco, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the 
W. by Owasco Lake, and drained by a few small 
streams. Surface rolling; soil fertile loam. 3 
miles S. E. from Auburn, and 164 W. from 
Albany. 

Chcego, N. Y., c. h. Tioga co. The Susipie- 
hanna River here receives Owego Creek and 
several other streams. The surface is somewhat 
hilly, with extensive flats along the Susquehanna ; 
soil fertile. 167 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Owen C'Qunti/, Ky., c. h. at Owenton. Bounded 
N. by Carroll and Gallatin counties, E. liy Grant 
and Pendleton, S. by Scott and Franklin, and W. 
I>y the Kentucky River, separating it from Ilcnry 
CO. Drained by Eagle Creek. 

Owen County, la., c. h. at Spencer. Bounded 
N. by Putnam, E. by Morgan and Monroe, S. by 
Green, and W. by (^'lay co. Draineil liy the W. 
fork of White River and its branclic-, and by 
Mill Creek, a branch of Eel River, wliich afioril 
great hydraulic power. Surface undulating, con- 
taining iron ore ; soil fertile. 

Owensboro', Ky., c. h. Daviess co. On the S. 
side of Ohio River. 5G miles W. S. W. from 
Frankfort. 

Owenton, Kv.. c. h. Owen co. 

Ou-inijviUe, Ky., c. h. Bath co. On a branch of 



510 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



Licking River, a little W. from Slate Creek, and 
73 miles E. from Frankfort. 

Ou'slei/ Coiinli/, Ky., c. h. at Boonville. New. 

Oxford. Ct., New Haven co. O.xford was 
taken from Derby in 1 798. It is watered by 
Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers. The surface 
of the town is diversified with hills and valleys ; 
the soil is generally a gravelly loam, fertile and 
productive. The water i)ower at this place is 
e.xcellent. From Governor's Hill a fine view of 
the neat village of Quaker Farms and the sur- 
rounding country is presented. About a mile S. 
of the central part of the town is a remarkable 
mineral spring, called " The Pool," from the 
circumstance of its waters being efficacious and 
much used for the cure of the salt rheum and 
other complaints. " Once in a month a yellow- 
ish scum will collect upon the surface of the 
water, which in a few days runs otf, and leaves 
the pool perfectly clear. In the coldest weather, 
this S|)ring never freezes ; in the dryest season it 
is as full as at other times." 

Oxford, la., c. h. Benton co. 

Oxford Count!/, Me., e. h. at Paris. On the 
western border of the state. The Upper Andros- 
coggin flows through it from W. to E. Lake 
Unibagog, the source of the river, is in the N. 
part, which is still unsettled. Rough and moun- 
tainous in some parts, but with much good 
land. 

Oxford, Me., Oxford co. This town is watered 
by Little Androscoggin River and several ponds. 
It contains some excellent land, and two flour- 
ishing villages. Oxford lies 52 miles S. W. from 
Augusta, and 8 S. from Paris. 

Oxford, Ms., Worcester co. This town was 
granted to Jo.seph Dudley and others, in 168.3, 
for the accommodation of about 30 French 
Protestant families, who had escaped from 
France after the revocation of the edict of Nantz. 
They settled here about 1686, and built a fort on 
a hill in the eastern part of the town, now called 
Mayo's or Fort Hill, where its remains are still 
visible. The Indian name of the town was 
Mancharge. The surface is not very hilly ; in its 
centre is a fine plain, a mile and a half in length, 
and a mile in width. From this plain the lands 
gently rise on all sides. The soil is strong and 
ifertile, and under good cultivation. About three 
quarters of a mile W. from the plain, on which is 
a large and handsome village, runs F'rench River, 
from the N. to the S., and falls into the Quine- 
bans. This river (so named from the first set- 
tlers) and its tributaries give to Oxford a great 
hydraulic power. Woollen and Thread Villages, 
about a mile apart, on French River, are impor- 
tant manufacturing places. The Norwich and 
Worcester Railroad passes through the town. 
11 miles S. from Worcester, and 58 S. W. by W. 
from Boston. 

Oxford, Mi., c. h. La Eayette co. 160 miles N. 
N. E. from Jackson. 

Oxford, N. C, c. h. Granville co. On the W. 
side of Fishing Creek. 6 miles N. from Tar 
River, and 45 N. froni Raleigh. 

Oxford, N. J., Warren co. Bounded on the 
W. by Delaware River, and drained by Pcquest 
Creek and its tributary, Beaver Brook, both mill 
streams. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil 
fertile in the valleys. 

Oxford, N. Y., Chenango co. The Chenango 
River, and, nearly parallel to it, the i;henango 
Canal, pass through this town. Surface rolling ; 



soil very fertile. 10 miles S. from Norwich, and 
lis S. W. from Albany. 

Oxford, O., Butler co. 105 miles W. S. W. from 
Columbus. The seat of Miami University, to 
which the land belongs. See Colleges. 

Oxford, Pa., Philadelphia co. Bounded S. E. 
by the Delaware River, and drained by Tacony 
Creek, a mill stream, and by Sissisocksi'nk Creek. 
Surface gently sloping; soil sandy loam. 

Oi/ster Bay, N. Y., Queens co. This large 
town is watered by Oyster Bay on the N., and the 
Great South Bay on the S. Surface somewhat 
hilly and stony on the N., and level and sandy on 
the S. 10 miles E. from North Hempstead, and 
175 S. from Albany. 

0:ark, As., c. h. Franklin co. On the N. side 
of Arkansas River. 121 miles N. W. from Little 
Rock. 

Ozark County, Mo., c. h. at Rockbridge. 
Bounded N. by Wright and Texas counties, E. 
by Oregon co., S. by Arkansas, and W. by 
Taney co. Drained by the N. fork of White 
River. 

Paducah, Ky., McCraeken co. On the S. 
bank of Ohio River, immediately below the 
mouth of the Tennessee, and 284 miles W. S. W. 
from Frankfort. 

Page County, lo., c. h. at Nodaway. In the S. E. 
angle of the state, bordering on Missouri. 

Page County, Va., e. h. at Luray. Bounded N. 
by Warren co., E. by Rappahannock aiul Madi- 
son, S. by Rockingham, and W. by Shenandoah 
CO. Drained by the S. fork of Shenandoah 
River. Surface hilly, the Blue Ridge forming 
its E. boundary; soil" chiefly fertile. 

Pahaquarry, N. J., Warren co. Blue Mountain 
bounds this town on the W., and on its S. W. 
boundary the Delaware River passes through the 
mountain, forming the Delaware Water Gap. A 
road has been constructed through this Gap, by 
excavating the mountain, which was formerly 
nearly impassable on the Jersey side. The sur- 
face of the town is mountainous, except on the 
Delaware, where are rich bottom lands. 15 
miles N. from Belvidere. 

Painted Post, N. Y., Steuben co. At the junc- 
tion of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, on the site 
of an old Indian burial-ground, in which a paint- 
ed post was erected by them in memory of a dis- 
tinguished chief 212 miles W. by S. from 
Albany. It has large water power, and 3 miles 
N. a mineral spring. The Erie Railroad passes 
through it. 

Painesville, O., c. h. Lake co. A very flourish- 
ing place on the southern shore of Lake Erie, 
and contains many valuable farms. Grand River 
bounds the south-eastern part, then runs N., and 
flows across the township into the lake. 170 miles 
N. E. from Columbus, and 30 E. from Cleveland. 

Paintsrilie, Ky., c. h. Kentucky co. 

Palatine, N. Y., Montgomery co. Watered by 
Garoga Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, 
which bounds it on the S. Surface hilly, and 
the promontory called Anthony's Nose is situated 
in this town. The soil is remarkably fertile and 
productive in some parts. 10 miles W. from 
Fonda, and 52 N. W. from Albany. 

Palermo, Me., Waldo co. A good farming 
town, embracing the head waters of the Sheeps- 
cot River. 16 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. 

Palermo, N. Y., Oswego co. Catfish Creek 
waters this town, the surface of which is uudu- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



511 



latinf;; soil sandy loam. 1.5 miles S. E. from 
Oswego, and 162 N. W. from Albany. 

Palesti7ie, Is., c. h. Crawford co. On the bor- 
der of Lamotte prairie. 3 miles from Wabash 
River, and 13.5 S. E. from Springfield. 

Palmer, Ms.. Hampden co. The Chicopee, 
the Ware, the Swift, and some smaller streams, 
water the town, and give it a great hydraulic 
power. On the banks of these rivers are situated 
the pleasant and flourishing villages of ■' Tiiree 
Rivers," Thorndike, Sedgwick, and Palmer De- 
pot. There is a pleasant village in the centre 
of the town, 2 miles N. from the depot. The 
surface i.s somewhat broken, but the soil is strong 
and productive, particularly along the streams, 
where arc tracts of tine intervale. From Palmer 
Depot, on tlie Western Railroad, to Boston i.s 8.3 
miles E. by N., and to Springfield is 15 miles 
W. S. W. 

PaUmjra, Mc, Somerset co. On Sebasticook 
River. The soil is rich, and there are water 
privilege.s. SI miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 

Pclmf/ra. Mn., Lenawee co. Watered by Rai- 
sin River and Bear Creek. Soil very favorable to 
the growth of grain. 75 miles S. W. from Detroit. 

Pnhinjrii, Mo., c. h. Marion co. A place of 
considerable trade. 3 miles from the Mississippi, 
and 111 N. N. E. from Jefferson City. 

Palmyra, N. C, Halifax co. On the W. .side 
of Roanoke Kiver. 115 miles N. E. from Raleigh, 

Palmyra, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Mud 
Creek. Has a slightly undulating surface, and a 
productive soil. 12 miles W. from Lvons, and 
196 N. of W. from Albany. 

Palmyra. Va.. e. h. Fluvanna co. On Rivan- 
na River, 14 miles from its mouth, and 62 W. 
N. W. from Richmond. 

Pamelia, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by 
Perch and Black Rivers. Surface chiefly level ; 
soil produclive. 4 miles N. from Watertown, 
and 168 N. W. from Albany. 

Panola County, Mi., c. h. at Panola. Bounded 
N. by De Soto, E. by Marshall and La Fayette, 
S. Iiy Yallabusha and Tallahatchee, and W. by 
Coahomo and Tunic counties. Cold Water and 
Tallahatcliee Rivers and branches drain this 
county. 

Panola County, Ts. On the E. border. Be- 
tween the Saliine and Caddo Lake. 

Panton. Vt.. Addison co. Panton is bounded 
W. by Chaniplain Lake, and E. by Otter Creek. 
A sluggish stream passes through it. A part of 
Ferrisburg was annexed to Panton in 1847. A 
settleni'Mit was commenced here in 1770. It was 
abandoned during the war; after the war, the 
settlers returned, and, in 1784, the town was 
organized. 40 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, 
and 1.3 N. W. from Middlebury. 

Paoli, la., c. h. Orange co. 

Paoli, I'a.. Chester co. 78 miles E. S. E. from 
Harrislinrg. It is on the railroad between 
Philadelphia and Lancaster, 21 miles from the 
former, and 49 from the latter. About 2 miles 
S. W. from this place is the battle ground where 
General Wayne sustained a defeat by a superior 
British force. September 20, 1777. A monument 
has been erected on the spot to the memory of 
those American soldiers who fell in the conflict. 

Paris, Is., c. h. Edgar co. On the margin of a 
1 fertile prairie. 114 miles E. from Springfield. 

Paris. Ky , c. h. Bourbon cO. On the S. fork 
of Licking liiver. 36 miles E. from Frankfort. 

Paris, Me., c. h. Oxford co. Paris is well wa- 



tered and supplied with mill privileges by Little 
Androscoggin River, on which are several mills 
in the town. The soil is excellent, altliougli in 
some parts uneven and mountainous. The prin- 
cipal village is well built, and pleasantly located. 
Paris lies 40 miles N. by W. from Portland. 

Paris, Mo., c. h. Monroe eo. 70 miles N. of 
Jefferson City. 

Paris, N. Y., Oneida co. The Sadaqnada 
Creek, an important mill stream, water.s this 
town. Surface high and uneven ; soil calcare- 
ous and sandy loam. 8 miles .S. from Utica. 

Paris, Te., c. h. Henry co. On the S. side of a 
branch of Little Sandy Kiver. 98 miles W. 
from Nashville. 

Parish, N. Y., Oswego co. Salmon Creek and 
its branches water this town, the surface of which 
is undulating; soil good sandv loam. 22 miles 
E. from Oswego, and 145 N. W. from Albany. 

Parishrille, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. This large 
town is traversed by the St. Regis. Grass, Racket, 
and Oswegatchie Rivers. Surface rolling on the 
N. and hilly on the S. ; soil sandy loam of good 
quality. 13 miles E. from Canton, and 226 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Parkcrsbury, Va., c. h. Wood eo. On the N. 
side of Little Kanawha Ri^'er, at its conflu- 
ence with the Ohio, and 335 miles N. W. by 
W. from Richmond. The Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad is to have a branch to this place. 

Parkman, Me., Piscataquis co. A good town- 
ship. 64 miles N. byE. from August.!. 

Parsonsfield, Me., York co., lies at the N. W. cor- 
ner of the county, and is lioundcd W. by tlie state 
of New Hampshire, and N. by Ossipee River. It 
is 36 miles W. by N. from Portland, and has New- 
field on its S. It was first settled 1774. The 
surface of the town is rough and hilly ; but the 
soil, though hard, is productive of good crops of 
hay and grain. 

Pasquotank County, N. C , c. h. at Pasquotank 
Court House. Bounded N. and E. by Camden co., 
S. by Albemarle Sound, and W. by Perquimans 
CO. Pasquotank River runs on its N. E. border. 
Surface level, and the soil, where it is not marshy, 
mostly of good qu.ality. 

Passaic County, N. J., c. h. Paterson. Bounded 
N. by Sussex eo.and New York, E. by Bergen co., 
S. by Essex, and W. by Morris co. ' Watered by 
Passaic River and its branches. Surface uneven; 
soil mostly fertile. 

Passyunk, Pa., Philadelphia co. This town 
lies below tlie city of Philadelphia, between the 
Delaware on the E. and the Schuylkill on the W., 
and embraces League Island, lying in the Dela- 
ware. The surface is level j the soil highly cul- 
tivated alluvion and loam. 

Patchoyue, N. Y., Suffolk co. On the S. side 
of Long Island, near the Great South Bay. 
60 miles E. from New York, and 204 S. S. E. 
from Albany. A great resort for fishing .and 
fowling. 

Patrick County, Va., c. h. at Taylorsville. 
Bounded N. by Flood and Franklin counties, E. 
by Henry co.. S. by North Carolina, and W. by 
Carroll co. Some tributaries of Smith's, S. Mayo, 
and Little Dan Rivers water this county, and the 
Blue Ridge runs on its N. W. houndarv. 

Patriclc\Va.., c. h. Patrick co. 226 miles W. S.W. 
from Richmond. 

Paterson, N. J. .Seat of justice of Passaic co. 
13 miles N. from Newark, and 73 N. E. by N. from 
Trenton. Situated on the Passaic Kiver, near tho 



512 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



falls, about 4 miles from its entrance into Newark 
Bay. It is on the railroad whicli, passing through 
New Jersey, connects the Erie Railroad with 
Jersey City, opposite New York, from which 
Paterson is 17 miles distant. The early history 
of this place is interesting, in connection with 
the subject of manufocturing enterprise- in this 
country. It was established by a society, incor- 
porated in 1791, for the purpose of fostering this 
important branch of political economy, and is 
said to have been projected by Alexander Ham- 
ilton. Tliis was soon after the first experiment 
of spinning cotton by machinery had Ijceu made 
at Pawtucket, R. I., which was in December, 
1790, by Samuel Slater, who is not improperly 
styled the " parent of the American cotton man- 
ufacture." The company entered upon the exe- 
cution of their plans at Paterson, upon a liberal 
scale, with a capital of $1,000,000 ; but from want 
of experience, and from various other disadvan- 
tages, they were not at first successful. A number 
of years afterwards, however, the work was taken 
up by others, and prosecuted with great success. 

" The advantages derivable from the great fall 
in the river here have been improved with much 
judgment. A dam 44 feet high, strongly framed 
and bolted to the rock in the bed of the river above 
the falls, turns the stream, through a canal exca- 
vated in the trap rock of the bank, into a basin, 
whence, through strong guard gates, it supplies, 
in succession, three canals on separate planes, 
each below the other, giving to the mills on 
each a head and fall of aliout 22 feet." Upon 
this fine water power a great manufacturing place 
has grown up, which enjoys the varied and im- 
portant advantages of an abundant and steady 
supiily of water, a healthy, pleasant, and fertile 
surrounding country, and a near proximity to the 
city of New York, with which it is connected by 
the sloop navigation of the Passaic, the Morris 
Canal, and the railroad .above mentioned. The 
largest establishments here are the cotton factories, 
■which are about 20 in number; besides which 
there are woollen factories, dyeing and printing 
establishments, extensive machine shops, ])aper 
mills, fulling mills, &c. The factories are built 
chiefly of stone. 

Paterson contains about la churches of the 
various denominations, a I'hilosophical Society, 
with a valuable library, and a Mechanics' Society 
for the advancement of science and the meclianic 
arts, with a library and philosophical apparatus. 

It is connected by two bridges with the village 
of Manchester, opposite, which, in a general view, 
may be considered as a part of this place, and 
contains several manufacturing establishments. 

Patterson, N. Y., Putman co. (h-oton River 
waters this town, the surface of wliich is hilly ; 
the soil mostly good, and in the valleys very 
fertile. 6 miles N. E. from Carmel, and 102 S. 
from Albany. 

Puttonsbiir;/, Va., Bottetourt eo. It is on the 
N. side of James River, opposite Buchanan, with 
which it is connected by a bridge, making, in 
fact, one village. 166 miles W. from Richmond. 

Piiiilch'iiii Coniiti/, Ga.. c. b. at Van Wert. Bound- 
ed N. by Floyd and Cass counties, E. by Cobb, 
S. by Carroll co., and W. by Alabama. Watered 
by the head brandies of Tallapoosa River, and by 
branches of the Etowah. 

Piiiilfiini/, Mi., c. h. Jasper co. Located at the 
head of Leaf River. 109 miles E. S. E. from 
Jackson. 



Pauldinfi Cotmli/, 0., c. h. at Charloc, situat- 
ed in the N. W. part of the state, having Defiance 
CO. on the N. and N. W., Putnam on the E., Van 
Wert on the S., and the Indiana state line on the 
W. The whole surface is level, and covered with 
the Black Swamp. It was constituted a county in 
1820, and named in honor of John Paulding, one 
of the captors of Major Andre. It is drained by 
the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers. Tlie Wabash 
and Erie Canal traverses the whole extent of its 
northern border, and the Miami Canal, forming 
a junction witli the W.abash and Erie, !> miles N. 
of Charloe, traverses its eu'^tern border. The 
county seat is situated on this canal. 

Pavilion, Mn., Kalamazoo co. Watered by 
branches of the St. Joseph's River and by tha 
Sandy Lakes. Soil fertile, and favorable to the 
growth of grain. 138 miles W. from Detroit. 

Pavilion, N. Y., Genesee co. This town was 
formed on the division of the county in 1841, 
having formerly constituted a part of the to«Ti of 
Covington. It is watered by Allen's Creek, has a 
rolling surface, and a soil very favorable to the 
growth of wheat. 12 miles S. E. from Batavia 
and 232 W. from AUiany. 

Pawlet, Vt., Rutland co. Pawlet and Indian 
Rivers pass through this town ; the latter abounds 
in trout, and takes its name from the great num- 
ber of Indians who formerly resorted here for the 
purpose of fishing. Pawlet is divided nearly in 
the centre by a range of mountains, extending 
through it from S. to N. The mo>t remarkable 
summit is called Haystack Mountain. The soil 
is dry and warm, easily cultivated, and produces 
good crops of grain and grass. The settlement 
was commenced in 1761, iiy Simeon Barton and 
William Eairfield. 21 miles S. W. from Rutland, 
and 27 S. E. from Whitehall, N. Y. 

■Pawlings, N. Y., Dutchess co. The Croton 
River and Swamp Creeks have their sources in 
several lakes and largo swamps iu this town. 
The Fishkill Mountains also traverse it, and an 
extensive valley extends from N. to S. Iron ore 
of a good quality is found here, and the soil, al- 
though not naturally very fertile, may be made 
quite productive. 20 miles S. E. from Poiigh- 
keepsie, and 95 S. S. E. from Albany. 

Pawtucket, Ms., Bristol co. On Pawtucket or 
Blaekstone River. 4 luilcs N. from Providence, 
and 39 miles by railroad S. from Boston. The 
territory of the town comprises an area of only 
about 2 miles square. It lies upon the boundary 
of the state, and is separated from Rhode Island 
by the river; which, above the Pawtuikct Falls, 
is called Blaekstone, and below Scckouk Uiver. 

Pawtucket Village is situated at the falls, on 
both sides of the river, partly in Pawtucket, and 
partly in North Providence, R. I. The first man- 
ufacture of cotton cloth in this country, by water 
power machinery, was commenced at this place, 
by Samuel Slater, an English emigrant, in Do 
cembcr, 1790. The hydraulic power here is very 
great, the fall in the river within a short distance 
being about 50 feet. Below the falls the river is 
navigable, from its entrance into the bay at Prov- 
idence, for vessels of considerable burden. This 
has long been an imjiortant manufacluring place. 
It contains numerous and extensive cotton mills 
and jjrint works, and shops for the manufacture 
of cotton machinery, bobbins, spools, &c. The 
manufacture of boots, shoes, chairs, caliinet wares, 
and carriages is also carried on to considerable 
extent, and something is done at ship building. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



513 



The village itself is pleasant, and the scenery 
around it delightful. The railroads between 
Boston and Providenee, and Providenee and 
Worcester, pass through this place. 

Puu-liichi'i. R. I., Providenee co. It is the seat 
of extensive cotton factories, propelled by the 
water power of Pawtucket Falls. On the Worces- 
ter and ^l^rovidence Railroad. See Paictucket 
Village. 

I'atclii.rel., R. I., Kent co. Port of entry, and 
manufacturing village. Situated on both sides 
of Pawiuxet River, partly in the town of War- 
wick, and partly in Cranston. 5 miles S. from 
Providenee. Water power great. Harbor safe 
and convenient. 

Paxlmi, Ms., Worcester co. Previous to 1 70.5, 
the territory of this town comprised the N. part 
of Leicester and the S. part of Rutland. It was 
first settled about 1720. The surface is elevated, 
so much so, that the numerous fine rivulets, by 
which it is watered, flow some to the Nashua, 
and some to the Connecticut. There are but two 
hills in the town of any note: they are the Bunis- 
ket and Turkey, and" although quite elevated, 
are arable to tlieir summits. The soil is strong, 
moist, and well adapted to the purposes of agri- 
culture. 7 miles N. W. by W. from Worcester, 
and 51 W. from Boston. 

Peach Bottom, Pa., York co. Watered by the 
Susquehanna River, by Muddy Creek and its 
branches. Fishing Creek and Neel's Hole Run. 
Surface level ; soil slate and gravel. 26 miles 
S. E. from York, and 62 S. E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Pcacham, Vt., Caledonia co. Onion River 
Pond, so called from its giving rise to one of the 
principal branches of Onion or Winooski River, 
lies in the western part of the town, and covers 
about 300 acres. There are two considerable 
streams passing off to the E. into Stevens's Branch, 
whicti afford numerous mill privileges. A ridge 
of land passes through the western part, but there 
is no very considerable elevation in the town. 
The western part is a hard soil, but the eastern 
is rich and pleasantly diversified. Tliere is, in 
the eastern ].iart of the town, a natural bog mead- 
ow, containing an inexhaustible quantity of shell 
marl. There is plenty of limestone found here. 
There is a ])leasant village in the town. In the 
spring of 1775, Jonathan Elkins came to Peach- 
am. with several hired men, and began improve- 
ments upon the lot he had selected the year be- 
fore. 6 miles S. W. from Danville, and 30 E. 
from Montpelier. 

Pekin, Is., Tazewell co. On the E. side of 
Illinois River. 12 miles below Peoria, and 62 N. 
from Springfield. 

PtekskiU. N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. 
side of Hudson River. 46 miles N. from New 
Y'ork, and 106 S. from Alb.any. Manufactures 
iron and leather. A stopping-place for steam- 
boats. Tlie Hudson River Railroad passes 
through it. 

Petliam, Ms., Hampshire co. Before its incor- 
poration as a town, in 1743, Pelham bore the 
name of New Lisburne, or Stoddard's Town. 
The ancestors of the first settlers were from the 
N. of Ireland. The surface is elevated and un- 
even. It is well watered by Swift and Fort Riv- 
ers and their branches; the soil is good both for 
tillage and pastures. 14 miles N. E. from North- 
ampton, and about 76 W. from Boston. 

Pdham, N. H., Hillsboro' co. There are 3 ponds 
65 



here, called Gumpas, Island, and North. Beaver 
River passes through the town. On this river 
and the tributary streams there is much valuable 
meadow. The inhabitants depend principally on 
agriculture for the means of support. This is a 
very pretty town, and contains many excellent 
fari'ns. First settlers, John Butler, William Rich- 
ardson, and others, in 1792. From Concord 37 
miles S., and 19 S. E. from Amherst. 

Pelham, N. Y., Westchester co. Hart's and 
Hunter's Islands, lying in East River, are at- 
tached to this town. Surface chiefiy level ; soil 
sandy loam and clay. 10 miles S. from White 
Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. 

Pembertoii, N. J., Burlington co. On the N. 
branch of Rancocus Creek. S. from Trenton 22 
miles. ,, 

Pembroke, Me., Washington co. It lies 178 
miles N. E. from Augusta. 

Pemhioke, Ms., Plymouth CO., was taken from 
Duxbury in 1711. North River separates it from 
Hanover ; and some branches of that stream, ris- 
ing from ponds in Pembroke, give it a good wa- 
ter power. Pembroke is at the head of naviga- 
tion on the North River, and possesses superior 
advantages for ship building. The North River 
is deep, narrow, and so crooked that it meanders 
18 miles in its course from Pembroke to Scituate 
Harbor, when the distance by land is less than 6 
miles. Pembroke contains a pleasant village near 
the centre of the town, and, in connection with 
Hanson, some fine fish ponds. 12 miles N. N. W. 
from Plymouth, and where the Old Colony Rail- 
road passes, 24 miles from Boston. 

Pembroke, N. H., Merrimac co. This town is 
generally well watered. The Suncook, on the S. 
E. boundary, furnishes many valuable water priv- 
ileges. The main street extends nearly on a par- 
allel with the Merrimac River, in a straight course, 
about 3 miles, and is very pleasant. On this are 
situated the academy and the principal village. 
Pembroke has a variety of soils, mostly very pro- 
ductive. It is the ancient Suncook of the Indians, 
i'irst settlers ■. this town was granted to the 
brave Captain John Lovewell, and 60 of his as- 
sociates, and was settled by some of them in 1729. 
6 miles S. E. from Concord. 

Pembroke, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by 
Tonawanda Creek and its branches. Surface 
chiefly level; soil gravelly loam and clay. 12 
miles W. from Batavia, and 257 N. of W. from 
Albany. 

Pendleton, la., Sladison co. At the falls of Fall 
Creek. 31 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 

Pendleton County, Ky., c. h. at Falmouth. 
Bounded N. by Campbell co. and the Ohio River, 
separating it from Ohio, E. by Bracken co., S. by 
Harrison, and W. liy Owen, Grant, and Kenton 
counties. Drained by Licking River and its trib- 
utaries. 

Pendleton, S. C, Anderson district, lies on a 
branch of Savannah River. 136 miles W. N. W. 
from Columbia. 

Pendleton Co«n(^,Va., c.h. at Franklin. Bound- 
ed N. by Hardy co., E. by Rockingham and Augus- 
ta, S. by Batli, and W" by Pocahontas and Ran- 
dolph counties. Watered by the S. branch of the 
Potomac. Surface rough and mountainous, be- 
ing situated between two ridges of the Alleghany 
Mountains ; soil sterile. 

Petijicld, N. Y., Monroe co. Irondequoit Creek 
and some other small streams water this town. 
Surface undulating; soil sandy loam and cla/. 



514 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



8 miles E. from Eochester city, and 21 1 N. of W. 
from Albany. 

Penn, Pa., Chester co. Drained by branches 
of Elk and White Clay Creeks. Surface level ; 
soil sandy loam. 36 miles S. W. from Pliila- 
delphia. 

Perm's Neck, Lower, N. J., Salem co. Bounded 
on the W. and S. W. by the Delaware River. 
Surface level, and in parts marshy ; soil clay and 
sandy loam. 

PeiiHS Neck, Upper, N. J., Salem co. Surface 
level : soil light sandy loam. 

Pe?iii Yan, N. Y., c. h. Yates co. On the out- 
let of Crooked Lake, which affords good water 
power. Is traversed by the Crooked Lake Canal. 
W. from Albany 192 miles. 

Penobscot Countij, Me., c. h. at Bangor. E. cen- 
tral part. On both banks of the Penobscot, 
which flows S. through it. The northern part is 
still unsettled. Undulating and fertile. 

Penobscot, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side of 
Penobscot Bay, nearly opposite Belfiist. 75 miles 
E. by N. from Augusta. 

Pensacola, Fa. City, port of entry, and seat of 
justice of Escambia co. 242 miles W. from Tal- 
lahassee, and about 64 miles E. from Mobile. 
Situated on Pensacola Bay, 10 miles from its en- 
trance into the Gulf of Mexico. It is on a dry 
and sandy plain, gently rising 40 or 50 feet above 
the level of the water. It is regularly laid out, 
in the form of a parallelogram, more than a mile 
in length, having 2 public squares, and streets 
crossing each other at right angles. It contains a 
court house, jail, custom house, public .stoi*ehouse, 
&c. The shore at Pensacola is low and sandy ; 
and vessels only of a light drauglit can reach the 
city. But the bay affords one of tlie most safe 
and capacious harbors in the Gulf of Mexico. The 
United States government has established a naval 
station and depot near this place, for which it is 
well fitted by its excellent harbor and the facilities 
for obtaining ship timber in its vicinity. The navy 
yard is on the bay, 8 miles from the city, and covers 
80 acres of ground, enclosed by a high brick wall. 

Pensbury, Pa., Chester co. 'Drained by Pocop- 
een Creek and other small streams flowing into 
Brandywine Creek, which forms its E. boun- 
dary. Surface gently declining ; soil calcareous 
loam. 

Peoria County, Is., c. h. at Peoria. Incorporat- 
ed in 1825. Bounded N. by Stark and Marshall 
counties, E. and S. E. by the Illinois River, sep- 
arating it from Woodford and Tazewell counties, 
and S. W. and W. by Fulton .and Knox counties. 
Drained by Spoon River, and Copperas, Kicka- 
poo, and Senatchwine Creeks. Surface undulat- 
ing ; soil very fertile. 

Peoria, Is., c. h. Peoria co. On the W. bank of 
Illinois River, at the outlet of Peoria Lake. The 
river here has 2 shelving banks : the first, rising 
gradually from 6 to 12 feet above high-water 
mark, extends back from the river a ([uarter of a 
mile ; the second bank then rises 5 or 6 feet, and 
extends back to the blufl^s, which rise abruptly to 
a height of from 60 to 100 feet. 70 miles N. from 
Springfield. 

Peppercll, Ms., Middlesex co. This is a pleas- 
ant town, with a good soil, variegated surface, and 
beautiful villages. It is watered by the Nashua 
River, which gives it a good water power. This 
town derived its name from Sir William Pepper- 
ell. 20 miles N. W. from Concord, and 37 N. 
W. from Boston. 



Peqnannock, N. J.. Morris co. Peqnannock 
Creek runs on the N. E.. and Pompton River on 
the E. boundary of this town, which is also 
drained by a branch of Rockaway Creek, and 
contains Green Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, 
3 miles long, and half a mile wide, and .abound- 
ing with fish. Surface hilly and mountainous, 
iron ore being found in the N. W. portions, and 
sulphate of iron in Coppenas Mountain. The 
Morris Canal passes through the S. part of this 
town. 10 miles N. of Morristown. 

Perquimans County, N. C, c. h. at Hertford. 
Bounded N. by Gates co., E. by Pasquotank co, 
S. by Albemarle Sound, and W. by Chowan co. 
Drained by Little River, which runs on its N. E. 
boundary, and by Perquimans River. 

Perrinton, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by tho 
Irondequoit Creek and some of its branches. 
Surface hilly ; soil productive. 10 miles E. from 
Rochester, and 209 N. of W. from Alljany. 

Perry County, Aa.. c. h. at Marion. Bounded 
N. by Tusctloosa and Bibb counties. E. by Bibb 
and Autauga, S. by Dallas, and W. by Marengo 
and Greene counties. Watered l>y the Catawba 
River and branches, and by branches of the Black 
Warrior. 

Perry, Ga., c. h. Houston eo. On the N. bank 
of Indian Creek, nearly equidistant between Flint 
and Ockmulgee Rivers, and 59 miles S. W. from 
MillcdgeviUe. 

Perry County, Is., c. h. at Pinckncy villc. Bound- 
ed N. by Washington, E. by .IcA'crson and Friink- 
lin, S.'by Jackson, and W. by Randolph co. 
Drained by St. Mary's River and Big Beaucoup 
and Little Muddy Creeks. Surface level ; soil 
tolerably fertile. 

Perry County, la., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. 
and N. E. by Dubois and Crawford counties. E. 
and S. by the Ohio River, separating it from 
Kentucky, and W. by Spencer co. Drained by 
Anderson's, Deer, Bear, and Oil Creeks. 

Perry County, Ky., c. h. at Perry. Bounded 
N. by iSreathitt, E. by Letcher and Floyd, S. by 
Letcher and Harlan, and W. by Clay co. The 
N. fork of Kentucky River and its branches drain 
the interior of this county, and the Middle Fork 
runs on its W. border. 

Perry. Me.. Washington co. On the St. Croix 
5 miles N. W. from Eastport, with which it is 
connected by a bridge. There is an Indian res- 
ervation in this town, the residence of the rem- 
nant of the Passamaquoddics, about 100 in 
number. 

Perry County, 5Ii., c. h. at Augusta. Bounded 
N. by Jones, E. by Greene and Jackson, S. by 
Harrison, and W. by Marion co. Drained by 
Leaf River and Black Creek, and their branches. 
Surface uneven ; soil rather sterile. 

Perry County, Mo., c. h. at Perryville. Bound- 
ed N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, separat- 
ing it from Illinois, S. by Cape Girardeau co., 
and W. and N. W. by St. Francois and St. Gene- 
vieve counties. Drained by several streams, af- 
fording excellent hydraulic power. Surface di- 
versified ; soil very rich on the bottoms. 

Perry, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Sil- 
ver Lake and its outlet. Surface undulating ; 
soil well adapted to grass and grain. 7 miles E. 
from Warsaw, and 239 W. from Albany. 

Perry County, O., c. h. at Somerset. Licking 
CO. is on the N., Muskingum and Morgan on tho 
E., Athens and Hocking on the S., and Fairfield 
on the W. The land is hilly and good for wheat. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



515 



Some Germans, from Pennsylvania, settled here 
about the years 1S02 and 1803. Mnskingum and 
Hoekhocking Kivers are in this county, btone 
coal is found in some parts. 

Penti Coiml,/. Pa., c. li. at Bloomfield. Bound- 
ed N. W. and N. liy Juniata cc, E. liy the Sus- 
quehanna River, separating it from Dauphin co 
S. ).y Cumberland and Franklin counties, and 
W. bv Huntingdon co. Drained by Juniata Riv- 
er and Sherman's Creek. On Sherman's Creek, 
11 miles N. from Carlisle, is a warm spriiig. bene- 
ficial iu cutaneous and other disorders, which dis- 
charges 90 gallons of water in a minute. Sur- 
face roush and mountainous ; soil very fertile. 

Perri/^ Pa.. Armstrong co. The Alleghany 
River, and its tributary, Clarion River, water 
this town, which contains iron ore. 

Petri/. Pa., Jefferson CO. Watered by Maho- 
ning and Little Sandy Lick Creeks. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil gravel and loam. 

Pirn/ County, Te., c. h. at Perrysvillc. Bounded 
N. bv Benton and Humphreys counties, E. by 
Hickman, S. by Wayne and Hardin, and W. by 
Henderson co." Drained by Tennessee River and 
several small branches, and by Buffalo, a tnbu 
tary of Duck River. 

Pernfs ilHIs, Ga., e. h. Tatn.al co. U4 miles 
S. E. from Milledgeville. . 

Perryshury, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained 
by several small streams flowing into Cattarau- 
gus Creek, wliich bounds it on the N. Surface 
broken: soil well adapted to grass and grain. 
20 mile's N. W. from EUicottviUe, and 306 W. 
from Albany. 

Pcrri/sburg, O., c. h. Wood co., was laid out 
in 1817. On the Maumee River, .at tlie head of 
steamboat navigation, on an inclined plane, 60 
feet above the S. E. bank of Maumee River, 
from which is one of the most delightful pros- 
pects in the United States. 184 miles N. from 
Cincinnati, and 64 S. from Detroit. The Wa- 
bash and Erie Canal passes on the opposite side 
of the river. ,, ., 

Perrynlle, As., c. h. Perry co. On the N. side 
of La Feve, a br.anch of Arkansas River. 55 
miles W. N. W. from Little Rock. 

Persia, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by 
some branches of Cattaraugus Creek, which 
bounds it on the N. Surface undulating; soil 
good clav and gr.avelly loam. 16 miles N. W. 
from ElUcottville, and 300 W. from Albany. 

Person County. N. C, c. h. at Roxboro'. It is 
bounded N. bv Virginia, E. by Granville, S. by 
Orange, and W. by Caswell co. Some branches 
of Dan River, and the head branches of Neuse 
River, water this county. 

Perth Anihoy, N. J., Middlesex co. City and 
port of entrv. Situated at the head of Raritan 
Bay, at the "junction of the Raritan River with 
Arthurkill, or Staten Island Sound. It has a 
fine spacious harbor, containing 12 feet of water 
at the mouths of the rivers, and from 24 to 26 in 
the main channel. The town was laid out in 
1698, and incorpor.ated as a city in 1784. 25 
miles from New York by water, and 65 from 
Philadelphia by the New 'York ami Philadelphia 
Railroad. 

Perth, N. Y., Fulton co. Drained by Chucte- 
nunda Creek. Has a rolling surface ; soil clay 
loam. 10 miles E. from Johnstown, and 40 N. W. 
from Albany. . 

Peru, Is.i La Salle co. Situated on the right 
bank of the Illinois River, at the foot of the 



rapids, 212 miles above its mouth, and about 250 
miles above St. Louis. This, in ordinary stages 
of the water, was formerly considered as the head 
of steamboat navigation ; hut by an improvement 
of the channel, the boats now pass about a mile 
farther up, to the village of La Salle, where the 
canal from Lake Michigan unites with the river. 
There is a considerable village here, the principal 
street of which is low, running along the river 
b.ank, while other portions of it are spread over 
the elevated grounds immediately behind. The 
locality is favorable to business. 

Peru, la., c. h. Miami CO. On the N. bank of 
Wabash, and is crossed by the Wabash and Erie 
Canal. 90 miles N. from Indianapolis. 

Peru, Me., Oxford co. Peru is bounded on the 
N. by Androscoggin River, and contains some 
pleas'ant ponds and mill streams. It has a good 
soil. Incorporated 1821. Peru lies 38 miles W. 
by N. from Augusta, and 17 N. by E. from 
Paris. 

Peru, Ms., Berkshire CO. This township in- 
cluded the greater part of Hinsdale until 1804. 
The whole was purchased at auction, at Boston, 
June 2, 1762, for 1460 pounds. It went into the 
hands of Oliver Partridge and Elisha Jones, and, 
in honor of the former gentleman, was called 
Partridgefield, from its incorporation, in 1771, 
until 1806. when it received its present name. 
The settlement commenced about 1764. This 
town, occupying the height of land on the Green 
Mountain ra"nge, has a cold, severe climate. The 
surface is uneven, and the soil hard and stony, 
and best adapted to grazing. There is an excel- 
lent limestone quarry here. 12 miles E. from 
Pittsfield, and 143 from Boston. 

Peru. N. Y., Clinton co. On the border of 
Lake Champlain, and watered by Great and 
Little Au Sable Rivers. Surface mostly level on 
the E., and hilly on the W. ; soil sandy and clay 
loam. 10 miles S. W. from Plattsburg, and 153 
N. from Albany. 

Peru, Vt., iScnnington co. This is a Green 
Mountain township, high and broken. It con- 
tains 2 large fish ponds, from which issue beau- 
tiful mountain streams. The settlement was 
commenced about the year 1773, by William 
Barton, from Woodstock, Ct. 30 miles N. N. 
E. from Bennington, and 30 S. W. from Wind- 
sor. 

Peterboro', N. II., Hillsboro' co. Peterboro' 
lies in a N. E. direction from the Grand Monad- 
nock, and is bounded on the E. by a chain of 
hills, called Pnct Monadnoek. Contoocook River 
passes through the centre of the town. The N. 
branch affords a never-failing supply of water, 
and furnishes those noble falls, on which are situ- 
ated several factories. There are extensive and 
valuable meadows on this branch, above these 
falls; and the soil, generally, is excellent. In the 
centre of the town is a high hill, 200 feet above 
the river. The chain of hills on the E. is dis- 
tinguished by two principal summits. Between 
these is a depression of a quarter part of the 
mountain's height. About 60 rods W. of the 
ridge of this depression, on a terrace of the moun- 
tain, is a pond of about 9 acres' extent, very deep, 
and replenished with fish. There is another pond 
near the foot of the southern summit, of 33 acres, 
from which, during the dry season, there is no 
visible outlet. P^xcellent iron ore has been dis- 
covered. First settlers, William Rolfe, Alex- 
ander Scott, Hugh Gregg, William Scott, and 



516 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Samuel Stinson, about 1 793. This town lies mid- 
way between Amherst and Kcene, being 20 miles 
from each. It is 40 miles S. W. from Concord. 

Peters, Pa., Franklin co. The W. branch of 
Conecochcague Creek waters this town, the sur- 
face of which is level, and the soil calcareous 
loam. It contains a singular cave, a sulphur 
spring, and some iron works. 

Peters, Pa., Washington co. Watered by Char- 
tier's and Peter's Creeks. Surface hilly; soil 
loam. II miles N. E. from Washington. 

Petersburf/, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Little Hoosic 
Creek waters this town, the surface of which is 
hilly and mountainous, with the exception of a 
fertile valley, through which the river flows. Soil 
chiefly loam, based upon limestone and slate. 20 
miles E. from Troy, and 26 N. E. from Albany. 

Petershurg, Va., Dinwiddle co. Port of entry, 
on the S. side of Appomattox River, 9 miles 
above its entrance into James River, at City 
Point, and 22 miles S. from Richmond. The 
river is navigable to this place for vessels of con- 
siderable draught, and ships come up to Wal- 
thall's Landing, 6 miles below the town, with 
which there is a railroad communication. Peters- 
burg is on the great southern railroad route be- 
tween Baltimore and Wilmington, N. C. The 
falls in the river here afford an extensive water 
power, and this is one of the largest and most 
flourishing manufacturing towns in the state. It 
has also a lucrative commerce, and exports large- 
ly tobacco and flour. There are 7 or 8 compa- 
nies engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods, 
whose fabrics have a high reputation. Woollens 
are also manufactured to some extent; besides 
which there are iron works, cordage factories, 
tobacco factories, flouring mills, grist mills, saw 
mills, &c. A number of large commercial firms 
and commission houses are engaged in foreign 
trade. 

This town was devastated by a fire in July, 
1815, and property to the amount of §2,000,000 
was destroyed. It was soon rebuilt, with many 
improvements. Being situated at the extreme 
N. E. angle of the county, the borough includes, 
besides Petersburg, the villages of Blandford, in 
Prince George Co., and of Pocahontas, in Ches- 
terfield CO. Blandford is said to be the oldest 
part of the place, and was once the best built and 
most fashionable part of iL An old ivy-mantled 
church in this part of the town is one of the most 
picturesque ruins in the country. 

There are many interesting reminiscences of 
the revolution connected with this place. It was 
twice visited by the British ; and here their com- 
mander. General Phillips, died of a bilious fever, 
on the 1.3th of May, 1781. He was lying at the 
point of death while the town was cannonaded 
from Archer's Hill, by the Americans under the 
Marquis Lafayette. 

Petersham, Ms,, Worcester co. The situation 
of this town is elevated, but not hilly or uneven. 
The centre of the town lies upon the highest land 
in it, which is a large, long, flat hill. The soil is 
rich and fertile. Though the town is high, yet 
the land is not dry, but stony and moist, abound- 
ing with springs and brooks. West Brook, a 
considerable stream, rises in the town, and Swift 
River passes its eastern and southern borders. 
Petersham was first settled about the year 1738. 
Nichenoag Hill was the Indian name of the town. 
There are several handsome villages in the town ; 
that in the central part is very beautiful ; it lies 



27 miles N. W. from Worcester, and about 65 
W. by N. from Boston. 

Pettis Connti), Mo., c. h. at Georgetown. It is 
bounded N. by Saline co,, E. by Cooper and 
Morgan, S. by Benton, and W, by Johnson co. 
Drained by La Mine River and its tributaries. 
Surfivee level, embracing extensive prairies ; soil 
of excellent quality. 

Pharsalia, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
Ostelic River and Geneganslette Creek. Surface 
hilly; soil argillaceous loam. 12 miles W. from 
Norwich, and 124 from Albany, 

Phelps, N. Y., Ontario co. Flint Creek and 
the Canandaigua outlet flow through this town, 
forming a junction in the W. part. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil rich clay loam, underlaid with lime. 
Gypsum is extensively quarried in this vicinity. 
15 miles E. from Canandaigua, and 185 W. from 
Albany. 

Philadelphia, N. Y., Jefferson co. Indian Riv- 
er and some of its branches water this town, the 
surface of which is rolling, and the soil sandy 
and clay loam. 16 miles N! E. from Watcrtown, 
and 177 N. W. from Albany. 

Philadelphia County, Pa,, c. h. at Philadelphia. 
Bounded N. E. by Bucks co., E. and S. E, by 
the Delaware River, separating it from New Jer- 
sey, S. W. by Delaware co,, and W. and N. W. 
by Chester and Montgomery counties. Besides 
the city of Philadelphia, and the adjacent muni- 
cipalities, usually reckoned a part of the city, the 
county contains several other townships, of which 
the population' is also counted with that of the 
city. See Tables of Popfilation. 

Philadelphia, Pa. City, and port of entry. Situ- 
ated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Riv- 
ers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 55 
in a direct line N. W. from the Atlantic coast ; 
although the distance from the mouth of the 
Delaware, following the course of the river, is 
120 miles. Population in 1800, 70,287; in 1810, 
96,287; in 1820, 119,325; in 1830,167,325; in 
1840, 228,691; in 18.50, 409,352, including the 
county. The city is tlie seat of justice. 

The city was originally laid out in the form of 
a parallelogram, extending across the neck of 
land between the two rivers, at a point where 
their courses curve inward towards each other, 
anil where, at their nearest approximation, they 
are about 2 miles distant. The streets were laid 
out straight, from river to river, in a direction 
which varies but slightly from the true meri<lian, 
with transverse streets, over the whole width, 
crossing the others at right angles. With the 
exception of Front Street on the E,, which some- 
what deviates from a right line, conforming to 
the shore of the Delaware, and one other short 
street, called Dock Street, which occupies the 
site of a former navigaljle creek, all the streets 
in the city proper, included between Vine Street 
on the N, and Cedar Street on the S,, are accu- 
rately delineated in the above description. This 
regularity of arrangement is less e.xact in the 
districts, which have extended N. and S. far 
beyond the city proper, although it is there, also, 
a prevailing characteristic. These districts are 
the Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Spring 
Garden, on the N., and Southwark, Moyamen- 
sing, and Passyunk, on the S., embracing more 
than one half of the population contained in the 
aggregate given above. Including the whole of 
the densely-built portions in one description, as 
they properly belong to one uninterrupted area, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



517 



it may be said tliat Philadelphia has a riroiim- 
ferenoe of nearly 9 miles, stretehiiijj alioiit 44 
miles along the sliore of the Delaware. The 
ground on which the eity is huilt rises gradually. 
from eaeh of the rivers, to an elevation of 64 feet 
above liigh-water mark. It is diviiled nearly in 
the centre by Market Street, 100 feet hroail, rnn- 
ning E. and W. from river to river, and trans- 
versely by Broad Street, 130 feet in width, which 
crosses Market Street at right angles, a little W. 
of the middle. Front Streets, on hoth of the 
rivers, arc GO feet wide ; Arch Street, running 
parallel with Market on the N., is GB feet wide ; 
and the other jirincipal streets generally are 50 
feet wide. The streets running from river to 
river, in the city proper, were originally 9 in 
number; to all of which, except Market Street, 
were given the names of tlie trees of the forest. 
Thus on the S. of Market are Chestnut, Walnut, 
Spruce, Pine, and Cedar ; and on the N., Mul- 
berry, Sassafras, and Vine. In one or two in- 
stances these names have given place, in popu- 
lar usage, to others more convenient, as Mulber- 
ry to Arch, and Sassafras to Race ; while the 
names of other trees have been given to some of 
the secondary streets, running parallel with these, 
by which the original sections have hecn sub- 
divided. The memory of the stranger is often 
much assisted in finding the localities in Phila- 
delphia by the popular rhyme into which these 
names so naturally fall, reading them each way 
from the central avenue : — 

Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine, 
Mulberrj', Clierry, Race, and Vine. 

The great streets at right angles with these are 
numbered First, Second, Third, &c., inward from 
their respective rivers, towards Broad Street, 
which is the central avenue running N. and S. 
Those on the Schuylkill side are distinguished 
from the others by prefixing the name of that 
river ; and the sections on each side of Market 
Street, throughout, by the addition of North or 
South. So that, out of the indefiniteness and 
uncertainty at first resulting from such an entire 
uniformity of plan, there soon arises a beautiful 
simplicity in the system, by which the stranger 
learns to guide his steps. 

The gradual inclination of the ground, each 
way, towards the rivers, favors the most perfect 
drainage of the city, which is efi^ectcd by com- 
mon sewers or arched culverts Constructed under 
most of the principal streets. From the satne 
cause, also, the streets are easily washed super- 
ficially by rains, and by the abundant supply of 
water from the hose attached to the water pipes. 
Philadelphia is consequently one of the cleanest 
cities ill the world. 

The blocks of stores and houses throughout 
the city are chiefly of brick, in a jilaiu and 
uniform style of architecture ; characterized hy 
order and neatness rather than by variety and 
by showy decorations. Besides brick, a lieautiful 
species of white marl)le is used in building, of 
which the steps and basements of the tlwellings 
are, to a considerable extent, constructed, con- 
trasting finely with the color of the walls. The 
entire exterior of some of the public edifices is 
faced with this fine material ; vvhieh is (piarried 
in the neighboring counties of Montgomery and 
Chester, and has contributed much to ornament 
the city. 

Of the public buildings, the first to be men- 
tioned, on account of its venerable autiiiuity and 



interesting historical .associations, is Independence 
Hall, ill which the Declaration of Independence 
was framed and signed by that venerable body 
of patriots, wlioin William Pitt, in the British 
Parliament, pronounced to be "the most dis- 
tinguisheil for wisdom of any body of men of 
whom he had read in ancient or modern times." 
This building, formerly the State House, fronts 
upon Chestnut Street, having Independence 
S<juare in the rear. From the steps of the Imild- 
ing descending into this spacious area, the Decla- 
ration was first promulgated to the assembled 
people, called together by the joyous tones of 
the old hell in the cupola, which, as if prophetic 
of its future use, had been inscribed, when it was 
cast, 20 years before, with the text in Leviticus, 
XXV. 10 — Proclaim liberti/ throarjhont this land, to 
all t/ie iiilmhitants thereof. The foundations of the 
main building were laid in 1729, and it was com- 
pleted in 1 733. The wings, which now extend 
on each side to Fifth and Sixth Streets, are of 
more modei'u construction. The hall or chamber 
in which the Declaration was signed is on the 
first floor in the east end of the old building. 
Although it has been refitted within since that 
day, it has been carefully preserved nearly in the 
same style of decoration with which it was ori- 
ginally finished. The present steeple, which was 
erected in 1828, to replace the old one, which 
had, on account of its decay, been taken down 
many years before, was made to correspond as 
nearly as possible with the original structure. 
The old bell, too, is carefully preserved in the 
cupola as an interesting relic. There is in Inde- 
pendence Hall a statue of Washington, said to be 
an excellent likeness. It was sculptured in wood 
by Rush. This venerable hall shares, with Faneuil 
Hall in Boston, the honor of having witnessed 
those momentous deliberations which issued in 
the establishment of American liberty and inde- 
pendence. 

One of the finest buildings in Philadelphia is 
the Custom House, on Chestnut, between Fourth 
and Fifth Streets, built originally for the United 
States Bank. It is of the Grecian Doric order, 
after the ]iattern of the Parthenon at Athens, 
with theomissionof the colonnades upon the sides 
Its portico has 8 marble columns 4^ feet iu diame- 
ter. The width of the edifice is 87 feet, and its 
depth 161 feet. The room in the centre, for the 
transaction of business, is 81 feet long by 48 wide, 
richly decorated with beautiful Ionic columns 
This buihling was eommeneed in 1819, and com 
pleted in 1824, at a cost of about .$.')0U,000. 

Some of the banks in Philadelphia are provided 
with costly and beautiful edifices. The Pennsyl- 
vania Bank is of white marble, a fine specimen of 
Grecian architecture, having a portico on each 
front, with 6 Ionic columns. It stands in an en- 
closure, surrounded by an iron railing, and orna- 
mented with plants and shrubbery. The Girard 
Bank, formerly the Old United States Bank, has 
a marble front, .adorned witli a portico of 6 
Corinthian columns. The Bank of North Amer 
ica, originally incorporated by Congress in 1781, 
and the first institution of its" kind iu the United 
States, has erected a new banking house on 
Chestnut Street, above Third, which is one of the 
most chaste and elegant buildings in the country. 
The Merchants' Exchange, situated in the trian 
gular space between Dock, Walnut, and Third 
Streets, is a beautiful structure of white marble. A 
semicircular portico on the eastern front, support 



518 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



ed. upon a basement about 12 feet high, by 6 Corin- 
thian columns, presents an imposing appearance. 

Some of the pul)lic and philantliropic institu- 
tions for which I'hiliidclplna is distinguished 
have buildings which are an ornament to tlie city. 
Of these we shall speak in connection with the 
institutions themselves. One of the oldest of 
these is the Pennsylvania Hospital. It was 
founded in 1750. by the exertions of Dr. Franklin 
and Dr. Bond. The buildings and grounds occupy 
the entire square, between Spruce and I'ine, 
Eight and Ninth Streets. The front is on Pine 
Street. Tlie east wing was erected in I T.'jfi, the 
west wing in 1 79G, and the central building in 
180+. In the beautiful area in front of the build- 
ing is a colossal bronzed statue of William Pcnn. 
In the rear, fronting on Spruce Street, is a small 
building containing West's celebrated pic'ture of 
Christ Healing the Sick, presented by the painter 
to this hospital. The funds of tliis institution, 
derived from individual benefactions and public 
endowments, are ample ; and its spacious build- 
ings furnish accommodations for indigent patients 
as well as others. A branch of this hospital is 
the Insane Asylum, situated about 2 miles W. 
of the Schuylkill, which has spacious buildings, 
and is enclosed in beautiful grounds containing 
about 40 acres. The United States Marine Hos- 
pital, situated on the Schuylkill, below Cedar 
Street, is an institution provided for invalid 
seamen and officers disabled from tlie United 
States service. It has an elegant and extensive 
edifice, built of white marble, consisting of a 
centre building of 146 feet in front, and 175 feet 
deep, and 2 wings ; the whole presenting a 
front of 386 feet. The front of the centre build- 
ing is embellished with a tine Doric portico of 8 
columns. The whole building can receive about 
400 residents. The Almshouse, designed for the 
poor of the city and the adjoining districts, is 
situated on the westera bank of the Schuylkill, 
opposite Cedar Street, and furnishes from its 
windows a fine view of the city and surrounding 
country. The edifice, in the form of a jiarallclo- 
gram, covers and encloses an area of 10 acres ; 
and the front on the Schuylkill, with its portico 
of 8 columns, 30 feet high, presents an imposing 
appearance. The Pennsylvania Institution for 
the Deaf and Dumb has extensive buildings on 
the corner of Pine and Broad Streets. The 
Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind is situated 
on Race Street, near Schuylkill Third Street. 
The main edifice occupies a lot of 247 feet on 
Race Street, and 220 feet on Third Street, having 
beautifully decorated grouiul in the fi-out and rear. 
There are many otlier charitable and humane 
institutions in Philadelphia, which arc less ex- 
tensive, but very important in their place. Pew 
cities in the world are better supplied, in propor- 
tion to their magnitude, with the means of alle- 
viating human want and suffering. 

Among the literary institutions, one of the 
oldest and most respectable is the university of 
Pennsylvania. It comprises three departments, 
the academical, the collegiate, and the medical. 
The medical school connected with this univer- 
sity is the oldest and largest in the Union, hav- 
ing between 400 and 500 students. The univer- 
sity buildings are situated upon Ninih Street, 
between Market and Chestnut, and consist of 
two handsome edifices, 112 feet by 85, surrounded 
by open grounds, and enclosed in front by an 
iron railing. Jetterson Medical College, founded 



in 1825, has ample buildings on Tenth Street, 
between Chestnut and Walnut. The Pennsyl- 
vania Medical College is located on Filbert 
Street, above Twelfth. It was founded in 1839. 
Philadelphia is distinguished above all other 
cities in the country as the emporium of medical 
science and instruction. 

Among the literary institutions of Philadelphia, 
the Girard College for Orphans holds a distin- 
guished place. It was founded by the late Ste- 
phen Girard, who died in 1831, and bequeathed 
a large amount of his real and personal estate 
in trust to the " mayor, aldermen, and citizens 
of Philadelphia," for the establishment of an in- 
stitution for the support and education of ^' poor 
male white orphan children," belonging either to 
that city, or to the state of Pennsylvania, or to 
the cities of New York and New Orleans, in the 
order of preference here observed, until the num- 
ber so provided for should be full. Of the prop- 
erty bequeathed, S2,000,000, and more if neces- 
sary, were to be expended " in erecting a perma- 
nent college, with suitable outbuildings, suffi- 
ciently spacious for the residence and accommo 
dation of at least 300 scholars, with the requisite 
teachers," &c., " the said college to be constructed 
with the most durable materials, and in tlie most 
permanqnt manner, avoiding needless ornament," 
&c. The will contained specific directions with 
regard to the structure and dimensions of the 
college edifice, and also the devise of a lot of land 
of 45 acres, on the ridge road in the N. E. part 
of the district of Spring Garden, as a site for 
its location. The buildings which have been 
erected are five in numlier, of which the centre 
building is the grand college edifice, and the two 
others upon each side are designed for the resi- 
dences of the pupils and their instructors. The 
college edifice is one of the most superb build- 
ings in the country. Its length is 218 feet, its 
width 160 feet, aud its height 90 feet. It is 
surrounded by 34 columns of the Corinthian 
order, 55 feet high, including the capital and 
base, and 6 feet in diameter, standing 15 feet 
distant from the body of the building. These 
columns stand upon bases 3 feet high and 9 feet 
in diameter, and are crowned with gorgeous 
Corinthian capitals, upon which rests a full 
entablature. The entrances are at each end of 
the building, through lofty doors, decorated with 
massive architraves and sculptured cornices. The 
interior, excepting the portions required for the 
vestibules and stairs, is divided into four spacious 
rooms in each of the two stories, which are used 
for the purposes of giving instruction to the 
different classes of the pupils. No wood is used 
in the construction of this edifice, excepting for 
the doors. The other four buildings are each 
125 feet long, by 52 feet wide, and two stories 
high, above their basements. The most eastern, 
including four distinct hou.ses, is the one occupied 
by the families of the professors. The orphans 
are received into the college at any age between 
6 and 10 years, and they may continue, if it is 
deemed desirable, until they are 18 years of ago. 
When they leave, they are to be apprenticed by 
the city authorities to' some useful trade or busi- 
ness. The institution is in full operation, with 
above 300 pupils in 1852. The amount of appro- 
priations for defraying the current cxjienses of 
the institution for the year 1851 was $62,900. 
(_)f this sum 530,500 was for the clothing and 
subsistence of the pupils. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



519 



A singular restriction in the will of Mr. Girard, 
in regard to the clergy, is in these words : " I 
enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic^ missionary^ 
or minister, of any sect whaisoecer., shall ever hold or 
e^xercise any station or ditty xvhatever in the said 
colletjc ; nor shall any such person ever be admitted 
for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises 
appropriatea to the pnrposes of the said college. In 
making this restriction, I do not mean to east any 
reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever ; 
but as there is such a multitude of sects, and 
such a diversity of opinion amongst tlicm, I de- 
sire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, 
who arc to derive advant.age from this bequest, 
free from the excitement whicli clashing doctrines 
and sectarian controversy arc so apt to produce. 
My desire is, that all the instructors and teachers 
in the college shall take pains to instil into 
tlie minds of the scholars Me purest principles 
of morality ; so that, on their entrance into active 
life, they may, from inclination and habit, evince 
benevolence towards thtir fellow-creatures, and a 
love of truth, sobriety, ani industry, adopting at 
the same time such religious tenets as their ma- 
tured reason may enable them to prefer.'' This 
restriction of Mr. Girard, as explained by himself, 
and taken in connection with his requisition to 
secure the inculcation of the purest principles of 
morality in the minds of the scholars, has justly 
been construed as not only not prohibiting, but 
rather rendering obligatory, the use of the Bible, 
and other means of general religious instruction 
and training in the school. In the rules for the 
government of the college, adopted by the board 
of directors, it is made tlie duty of tlie president 
" to conduct the family worship morning and 
evening, which sliall consist of singing a hymn, 
reading a portion of Scripture, and prayer. He 
shall also be responsitde for the performance of 
public religious services in the college on the 
forenoon and afternoon of every Sunday. These 
services shall cotisist of singing hymns, i)raycrs, 
reading tlie Scriptures, and moral and religious 
discourses. Tlie president is permitted to invite 
any member of the board of directors, or otlier 
competent layman approved by tlie board, to 
take his place, or assist him in the public wor- 
ship. Prayers and hymns, or psalms, shall be 
prepared or selected by the president, with the 
approbation of the directors, which shall be 
framed so as to form a full and appropriate ser- 
vice, without sectarianism, but calculated to 
awaken or preserve true devotion." 

The pulilic schools of Philadelphia are organized 
upon a coin]n'chcnsive and efficient system. By a 
law of the state passed in 1818, the city and county 
of Philadelphia \\"as constituted a separate school 
district, in order that the benefits of one consis- 
tent scheme, adapted in the best manner to the 
circumstances and wants of such a population, 
might be secured. The schools, most of which, 
of course, are in the city, and incorporated dis- 
tricts, are divided into eleven sections. At the 
head stands a high school, and a model school. 
The next in rank are the grammar schools ; then 
the secondary ; and last, the primary schools. The 
high school is among the best institutions of the 
kind in the country. It provides instruction in 
the ancient and modem languages; in theoretical 
and practical mathematics ; in natural history, 
natural philosophy, and chemistry : in mental, 
moral, and political science; and in writing, 
drawing, &c., and is designed to serve the highest 



ends of popular education. It is under the tuition 
of a principal and 10 professors. In all the other 
schools about 500 teachers are employed, four 
fifths of whom are females ; and the aggregate 
of the pupils, who are between the ages of 5 and 
15, cannot be less than 50,000, embracing a very 
large proportion of all the children of this age 
in the city. The average annual expense of 
maintaining the public schools is not far from 
3200,000. The school houses are substantial 
buildings, generally 3 stories high, and capable 
of accommodating from 600 to 1000 scholars 
each. 

There are several valualde libraries and literary 
and scientific associations in Philadelphia, which 
owe their origin to the enlightened, inventive, and 
practical philanthropy of Dr. Franklin. One of 
these is the Philadelphia Library, founded in 1731. 
to which, in 1792, the valuable private library of 
Dr. Logan was added. This library now contains 
over 60,000 volumes. The building, erected in 
1791. is on South Fifth Street, fronting upon the 
E. side of Independence Square. The American 
Philosophical Society, the oldest of the scientific 
associations in the United States, was founded 
Ijrincipally through the exertions of Dr. Frank- 
lin, in 1742. Its hall, erected in 1786, is on 
South Fifth Street, below Chestnut. It has a rare 
and valuable library of 20,000 volumes, and a 
cabinet of minerals, fossils, and antiquities. The 
published Transactions of this society amount to 
several volumes. The Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, incor])oratcd in 1817, has a new and splen- 
did hall in Broad Street, between Chestnut and 
Walnut. Its library contains about 12,000 vol- 
umes. Its cabinet, containing every variety of 
specimens in Natural History, is perhaps the best 
in the United States. The collection of birds is 
said to be the largest in the world, containing 
about 25.000 specimens. The Athenanim has 
erected a beautiful structure on Sixth Street, be- 
low Walnut, 50 feet front by 125 in depth. It is 
an excellent specimen of the Italian style of ar- 
chitecture, treated with spirit and taste. The li- 
brary contains about 10,000 volumes; to which, 
as well as to the reading room, strangers are free- 
ly admitted. Among the curiosities of literature 
in these rooms is a collection of pamphlets, bound 
in 14S volumes, which belonged to Dr. Franklin, 
some of them containing his marginal notes and 
remarks ; and also a regular series of the Journal 
dc Paris, bound in volumes, continued during the 
whole eventful jieriod of the French revolution. 
The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, founded 
in 1825, occupies rooms in the 3d story of the 
Athenajuin building. It has a library of nearly 
2000 volumes. The Mercantile Library, on the 
corner of Fifth and Library Streets, has a library 
of over 12.000 volumes, founded in 1822, for the 
objects indicated by its name. There is also the 
Apprentices' Library, of about the same number 
of volumes, on the corner of Fifth and Arch 
Streets, open to youth of both sexes. The Frank- 
lin Institute, furmcd about 1830, for the jiromo- 
tion of the mechanic arts, has a library of between 
40U0 and 5000 volumes, situated on Seventh 
Street, below Market. Other institutions for the 
dift'usion of knowledge, in a more local and lim- 
ited sphere, likewise exist. 

There are in Philadelphia about 160 churches 
of difterent denominations — Presbyterian, 25: 
Episcopal, 27 ; Methodist, 28 ; Baptist, 16; Re- 
formed Presbyterian, 4 ; Associate Presbyterian 



520 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



4 ; Associate Reformed, 2 ; Geniian Reformed, 
S; Lutheran, 5 ; Independent, 2 ; Dutch Reformed, 
2; Roman Catholic, 12; Friends, 7; Jewish Syn- 
agogues, 3 ; Mariners, 2 ; Univcrsalist, 2 ; Unita- 
rian, 1 ; New Jerusalem, 1 ; Moravian, 1 ; Disci- 
ples of Christ, 1 ; and 12 of various denominations 
for colored persons. Only a few of the church 
edifices make pretensions to architectural beauty. 
Very many of them arc without towers or stee- 
ples to distinguish them from the general mass 
of buildings. St. Stephen's Church, (Episcopal,) 
situated on Tenth Street, is a fine specimen of 
Gothic architecture, 102 feet long and 50 feet 
wide, with two octagonal towers 86 feet high. 
Christ Church, built in 1691, and enlarged in 
1810, is the oldest church edifice in the city. It 
is situated on Second Street. It has a spire 196 
feet high, erected in 17.5.3, in which is a chime of 
bells. St. John's Church, (Roman Catholic,) 
situated on Thirteenth Street, below Market, is 
an elegant Gothic structure, with sr|uare towers 
on each of its front corners. The First Presby- 
terian Church, fronting on the S. side of Wash- 
ington Square, is the handsomest church of this 
denomination. It is in the Grecian style of archi- 
tecture, after the model of a temple on the Ilis- 
sus, having a portico of six Ionic columns in 
front. The Fifth Presbyterian Church, on Arch 
Street, is also distinguished for the beauty of its 
architecture. There are also other church edifices 
which are neat and handsome structures. 

The United States Mint in Philadelphia was 
founded in 1790, and first occupied the building 
where the Apprentices' Library now is. In 1830 
it was removed to the fine building which it now 
occupies, on Chestnut Street, below Broad Street. 
This edifice is of white marble, 123 feet long, 
having a portico of 6 columns, and 60 feet in 
length in the centre of its front, on Chestnut 
Street, and a similar one on the opposite side, 
which looks out upon Penn Square. Visitors are 
admitted to witness the interesting processes of 
assaying and coining the precious metals, on the 
forenoon of every day, upon ajiplication to the 
proper oflicers. The United States navy yard 
is located in the S. E. quarter of the cit)-, fronting 
on the Delaware. The enclosure contains about 
12 acres. Some of the largest vessels for the U. 
S. service have been built here. The Eastern 
Penitentiary, in the N. W. section of the city, not 
far distant from the Girard College, is one of the 
most imposing structures. It occupies a square 
of 10 acres, which is enclosed by a wall 30 feet 
high, upon the angles of which, and at the en- 
trance, watch towers are erected, from which all 
parts of the enclosure can be observed. In the 
middle of this area is an octagonal tower, from 
which the ranges of cells extend on every side 
like radii, and from which the passages lead- 
ing to them can all he inspected by a sentinel 
posted at the centre. Each cell opens in the rear 
into a little yard, 18 feet by 8, surrounded by a 
wall 12 feet high. The discipline of this peniten- 
tiary is that of solitary confinement, each pris- 
oner being kept in liis separate cell and yard both 
day and night. 

There are several theatres in the city, of which 
the largest are the Chestnut Street Theatre, the 
Walnut Street Theatre, and the Arch Street Tlie- 
atro. Pcale's Museum, founded by Charles Wil- 
ton Peale, in 1784, occupies the upper story of 
an edifice on the corner of Ninth and George 
8treetS, 238 feet long and 70 feet wide. This is 



one of the most distinguished institutions of the 
kind in the country. 

Philadelphia is celebrated for its excellent 
markets, having the advantage of various and 
abundant supplies, not only from the interior of 
its own state, but also of New Jersey, lying across 
the Delaware. As a fruit market it is among the 
l)est in the world. The principal market-])lace 
is in Market Street, extending along the middle 
of the street from the Delaware to Eiglith Street. 
There is another market further W., in the same 
street, between Schuylkill Seventh and Eighth 
Streets ; and there are four or five others in dif- 
ferent quarters of the city. 

There is quite a number of public squares in 
the city, which are generally ornamented with 
fine shade trees, and laid out in other respects 
with much taste and beauty. Penn Square lies 
about in the centre of the city proper, and is 
intersected by the two great streets, IVIarket and 
Broad Streets, which divide the city into its four 
quarters. Independence Square, in the rear of 
the old State House, has been referred to above. 
Washington Square, not f^ir from this, is a de- 
lightful public ground. Franklin Square is be- 
tween Race and Vine Streets, having Sixth Street 
on the E. In the centre of this square is a beau- 
tiful fountain. Other squares are Logan Square, 
also between Race and Vine Streets, and Ritten- 
house Square, between Walnutand Locust Streets, 

Among the principal hotels of Philadelphia 
are the United States Hotel, Jones's Hotel, 
Washington House, Columbia House, Congress 
Hall, Franklin House, and the Morris House, 
all in ditTcrent parts of Chestnut Street. Besides 
these there are the Madison House, the Mer- 
chants' Hotel, the Mansion House, the White 
Swan Hotel, the Indian Queen, and many other 
excellent houses in various parts of the city. 

Philadelphia is abundantly suplied with water 
from the Schuylkill River. The present water- 
works are known as the Fairmounl Waterioorks., 
the reservoirs being constructed upon the summit 
of a small mount which had received that name, 
on the western border of the district of Spring 
Garden, near the eastern bank of the Schuyl- 
kill, and al)out two miles from the centre of the 
city. These works were the first of the kind 
erected in this country, and, for simplicity of 
design and entire efficiency, arc not exceeded by 
any that have been since constructed. The 
reservoirs, ivhich are 4 in number, occupy about 
6 .acres upon the top of this mount, at the height 
of 100 feet above the water in the river, and 59 
above the most elevated portions of the city. 
They .are 12 feet deep, lined with stone and 
paved with brick, laid upon a bed of cl.iy, in 
strong lime cement, water tight, and are capable 
of containing more than 22,000,000 gallons. One 
of these reservoirs is divided into three sections, 
for the purpose of filtration. The water is forced 
n|i from tlic river by a power obtained from the 
river itself, a dam being thrown across, 1600 feet 
in lengtli, and a raceway cut in the solid rock, 
400 feet long and 90 feet in width, by which 
a machinery of eight water wheels, operating 
an equal numlicr of forcing pumps, may be 
driven night and day. Each of these pumps will 
lift about 1,250,000 gallons into the reservoirs in 
24 hours. The machinery is covered by a build- 
ing of stone, 238 feet long by 56 feet wide. The 
water is carried from the reservoirs to the city in 
3 main iron pipes, one 20, another 22, and anoth- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



521 



er 30 inches in diameter, and tlien is distributed 
through tlie streets by about 113 miles of iron jjipe. 
from 6 to 10 inches in diameter. The avera^'e 
daily consumption of water in the city and dis- 
tricts, in 18.il, was 5,690.744 gallons. Three 
thousand families are supplied from the public 
pumps, which take their water from cisterns 
filled from the aqueduct. These works liave 
been constructed and maintained, up to \S5'2, at 
a cost of $1,707,550. The expenses of the year 
1851 were $92,.380. The whole cost for water- 
works to the city of Philadelphia, including the 
previous works, and the e.Kperimcnts whicli have 
been abandoned, is 83,174,267. The amount re- 
ceived for water rents, in 1851, was$150.107. The 
total receipts since 1801 have been S2,953,3I6. 

rairmoiint and its vicinity is a favorite place 
of resort for the citizens, and for persons visiting 
Philadelphia. A fine gravel walk surrounds the 
reservoirs, from whicli a beautiful view of tlie 
city and of the scenery in otlier directions is ob- 
tained. A light and graceful wire suspension 
bridge is carried across the Schuylkill at this 
place, which is itself an object of curiosity, while 
It affords, in crossing, a pleasing view of the 
dam, tlic river, and its banks. 

Analysis of the Schuylkill water by Professor 
Benjamin Silliman, Jr. ; — 

Chloride of sodium, 1470 

Chloride of magnesium, . . . .0094 
Sulphate of magnesia, . . . .0570 

Carbonate of lime, .... 1.8720 
Carbonate of magnesia, . . . .3510 

Silica, 0800 

Carbonate of soda, from decomposed 
crenates and nitrates, and loss on 
analysis, 1.6436 



Total solid matter, .... 4.2600 

Carbonic acid in one gallon in cubic 
inches, 3.879 

" No living animalcules were visible. Inodorous, 
and nearly or quite insijiid, perfectly sweet, and 
like distilled water to the taste." Of lead sub- 
jected five weeks to the action of this water the 
professor notes — ''Quite bright, and not much 
acted upon." 

The situation of Philadelphia between the 
Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, makes it a kind 
of double port; that on the Delaware being its 
port of foreign commerce, and that on the 
Schuylkill, its port for the domestic or internal 
trade. The principal harbor is upon the Dela- 
ware, wliere large vessels come up from the 
ocean, and where the foreign commerce centres. 
Its imports, in 1851, amounted to $14,000,000. 
Tlie great business of the city was originally 
done uiion the Delaware. But since the opening 
of the coal trade, which has become extensive 
within the last 30 years, the business upon the 
Schuylkill has grown into great importance. 
That river affords a convenient harbor for small 
vessels, and many wharves are built for their 
accommodation below the bridge, which is at the 
termination of JIarket Street. This bridge, which 
was built in 1805. to connect the important suburbs 
I on the W. side of the river with the city, was 

originally a toll bridge, but is now free. There 
are two other bridges over the Schuylkill besides 
the suspension bridge before mentioned, one 
above and the other below the city, built for the 
66 



railroads, which also accommodate foot passen- 
gers and vehicles. By means of railroads and 
canals, an extensive communication has been 
established between Philadelphia and the south 
and west, affording great facilities of trade with 
the interior of the country. The principal of these 
are, the railroad to Baltimore, 97 miles, whence 
there is a wide communication S. and W. ; the 
Columbia Railroad to Columbia, on the Susque- 
hanna River, 82 miles, thence by tlie Pennsylva- 
nia Central Railroad to Harrisburg. the capital of 
the state, 28 miles, and thence by canal and rail- 
road to Pittsburg, 399 miles from Philadelphia ; 
the Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Rail- 
road, extending to Pottsville, in the region of the 
coal formation, 94 miles from Philadelphia. The 
following links of railroad are intended, when 
complete, to connect Philadelphia with the ex- 
treme western boundary of Missouri, viz. : from 
Philadelphia to Pittsburg. 358 miles ; from Pitts- 
burg to the Indiana state line, 300 miles ; from the 
Indiana line through Indianapolis, to Tcrre Haute, 
150 miles; from Terre Haute to St. Louis, 160 
miles ; from St. Louis to Independence, 300 miles ; 
which, when com])leted, will make a continuous 
railroad route of 1268 miles. Between Philadel- 
phia and New York there are two routes, one 
iiy railroad throughout, and the other by railroad 
and steamboat, whence there are extensive com- 
munications E. and N., via Boston and Albany. 
The time, by either route, to New York is 
about 4 hours. As a comparison with this, it 
may be mentioned that, in 1766, a "third line" 
of stages from Philadelphia to New York was es- 
tablished, called the " Flying Machine," which 
was to go through in tivo f^at/s. 

The manufactures of Philadelphia constitute 
one of its most important interests. For the va- 
riety and amount of its products in this depart- 
ment, this city ranks first among the cities of the 
United States. And many of them are of the 
most valuable description, and of exquisite tex- 
ture and workmanship. 

Philadelphia was first laid out in 1682, under 
the direction of its celebrated founder, William 
Penn. For some notice of this distinguished 
benefactor of his race, and of his connection 
with the history of Pennsylvania, the reader is 
refered to our general description of the state, p. 
125. An appropriate monument now marks the 
spot in the district of Kensington, where the 
great elm tree once stood, near the bank of the 
Delaware, under the shadow of which Penn, soon, 
after his arrival, acting upon the pacific ]n-inci- 
pies of his religious creed, so successfully negoti 
ated with the Indian chiefs, disarming their ap 
prehensions and jealousies by his calm, benevo- 
lent demeanor, and by the presents of useful im- 
plements .and goods which he offered, and estab- 
li-ihing the most amicable relations of intercourse 
between them and his infant colony. '■ Great 
promises," he says, "pas.scd between us, of kindness 
and good neighborhood; and that the Indians 
and English must live in love as long as the sun 
gave light." '• Under the shelter of the forest," 
says Bancroft, " now leafless by the frosts of Au- 
tumn, Penn proclaimed to the men of the Algon- 
quin race, from both lianks of the Delaware, from 
the borders of the Schuylkill, and it may have 
been even from the Susquehanna, the same sim- 
ple message of peace and love wliicli George 
Fox had ))rofessed before Cromwell, and Mary 
Fisher had borne to the Grand Turk. The Eng- 



522 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



lish and the Indian should respect the same moral 
law, slioiild be alike secure in their pursuits and 
their possessions, and adjust every difference by a 
peaceful tribunal, composed of an equal number 
of men from eacli race." 

The ground so judiciously selected by its 
founder for the site of his new city havin<; been 
previously claimed by three Swedish emijrrants by 
the name of Swenson, under a grant from the 
Dutch governor of New Yoi'k, Penn had to ex- 
tinguish their claim by giving thera in exchange 
a tract of land higlier up on the Schuylkill. Late 
in the year 1682, assisted by Thomas Holme, a 
surveyor, he laid out the city proper on the land 
so purchased, witli substantially the same outline 
and divisions which it now has. When he de- 
parted for England, two years afterwards, the 
city contained 300 houses and 2500 inhabitants. 
On board the ship, he wrote a farewell letter to 
his infant colony, replete with his cliaractcristic 
benevolence. In this letter he says, "And thou 
Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of tliis prov- 
ince, wliat service and wliat travail has there 
been to hring thee forth ! that thou mayst 
be kept from tlic evil that would overwhelm thee ; 
that, faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the 
life of righteousness, tliou mayst be jjreserved 
to the end. My soul prays to God for thee, that 
thou mayst stand in the day of trial, that thy 
children may be lilcssed of the Lord, and thy 
people saved by his power." 

It would seem that, from the first, Penn had 
the idea that a large city would be built up on the 
site wliich he had selected. Dr. Prideaux, in his 
work on tlie " Connection of the Old and New 
Testaments," after describing the plan of an- 
cient Babylon, says, " Jluch according to this 
model hath William Penn, the Quaker, laid out 
the ground for his city of Philadelphia, in Penn- 
sylvania ; and were it all Iniilt according to that 
design, it would be the fairest city in America, 
and not much behind any other in tlie whole 
world." It is little, now that this beautiful de- 
sign has been so liajjpily executed, to say that 
posterity honors the judgment of tiie learned 
critic. Pliiladelphia is undoubtedly one of the 
fairest cities in America, or in the world. 

In 1699, after an absence of 15 years, during 
which time, in consequence of the revolution in 
England \vhich drove James II. from tlie throne, 
Penn had been deprived of his authority over 
Pennsylvania, and liad it restored to him again, 
he revisited this country. Having made some 
changes in the government, he sailed again for 
England in 1701, where he remained until his 
death, in 1718. In 1719, the mayor and alder- 
men employed Jacob Taylor to stake out the 7 
streets of the city, in order to prevent encroach- 
ments by building thereon. This year the first 
Weekly Gazette was published by Andrew Brad- 
ford. In 1727, Benjamin Franklin started an- 
other weekly paper, called " The Pennsylvania 
Gazette." In 1738, Benjamin Franklin instituted 
the first fire company in Philadelphia. In 1743, 
the first Lutheran Church was built, and the first 
Dutch Reformed Church in 1747. In 1749, 
agreeably to a suggestion of Dr. Franklin, a 
portion of Second Street, from Market Street to 
Chestnut Street, was paved ; a horse having been 
mired tliere, and his rider having been thrown 
and broken his leg. At this time the city con- 
tained about 15,000 inhabitants; and for some 
time afterwards Fil'tli Street might be considered 



as its western limit. St. Paul's, the first Episco- 
pal Church, was founded in 17G0 ; and the same 
year, the Pennsylvania Hospital, and also the 
first public library, by the influence of Dr. 
Franklin. In 1773 the first .stage coaches were 
establislied to run to New York ; the previous 
lines having lieen post wagons. Now came on 
that series of events connected wiili the Ameri- 
can revolution, in which this city so largely and 
honorably participated. In 1780 the IJank of 
Pennsylvania was established, for the purpose of 
supplying the army of the United States for two 
montlis, by a subscription of ;£300,000, by 90 pei^ 
sons ; among whom were Robert Morris and 
Blair McClennachan, who subscribed X10,000 
each. Dr. Franklin died on tlie 17th of April, 
1 790, leaving, among other public benefactions, 
£1000 sterling, to be loaned to unmarried me- 
chanics, under 25 years of age, upon certain con- 
ditions adapted to secure and encourage individ- 
ual enterprise and thrift. This constituted the 
foundation of the public fimd known as the 
FranUin Ktiiid, whicii now amounts to about 
$25,000. Dr. Franklin was born in Boston, Jan- 
uary 17, 1706, and became a resident of Phila- 
delpliia about 1723. His practical wisdom and 
philanthropy originated many of its early eco- 
nomical improvements, and brought into being 
some of its most distinguished literary and hu- 
mane institutions. His fame as a man, a patriot, 
and a philosopher is an everlasting legacy of 
honor to the city of his adoption. His unosteiv 
tatious grave is in the N. W. corner of the church- 
yard of Christ Cliurch, at tlie corner of Fifth 
and Arcli Streets ; which is covered with a plain 
marble slab resting upon the ground, in strict 
accordance with the directions in his will, which 
were as follows : " I wish to be buried by the 
side of my wife, if it may be ; and that a marble 
stone, to be made by Chambers, 6 feet long, 4 
feet wide, plain, with only a small moulding 
round the upper edge, and this inscription — 

Benjamin ) 

and > Franklin, 
Deborah ) 
178- 

— be placed over us both." The only change ne- 
cessary to be made was in the figure 8, Prov- 
idence having prolonged his life, beyond his 
expectations, until 1790. 

Philadelphia received its charter from the pft>- 
prietary, October 25, 1701. The government of 
the city proper is in the' hands of a mayor, a se- 
lect council of 12, and a common council of 
20 members. One third of tlie select and 
the whole of the common council arc chosen 
annually by the people, and the councils elect 
the mayor. The aldermen, 15 in number, are 
appointed by the governor to act, with the mayor 
and recorder, as judges, during good behavior; 
and the aldermen act as justices of the jieace. 
The whole legislative power is in the councils, of 
which the select council is the upper house. 

The several districts, or liberties, of Philadel- 
phia, N. and S. of the city proper, are separate 
municipalities ; having, at different dates within 
a comparatively modern period, received their 
respective charters of incorporation. They are 
governed each by a body of commissioners, elect- 
ed for three years, one third of them being chosen 
annually. 

Philadelphia was the seat of the United States 



ly THE UNITED STATES 



523 



Bovcrnment for a period of ten years, from the 
close of the first congress, in 1790, to 1800, when 
the capital was removeJ to Washington. 

Of the environs of Philadelphia, which are 
Tcry beautifnl, much might be saul. The ter- 
ritory included between the rivers below the city 
is highly improved and cultivated in farms anil 
gardens, for the supply of the rich vegetable 
market. There are many attractive places in the 
immediate vicinitv of the city, to which the in- 
habitants resort for rides and recreations, or 
for their country residences. Camden, on the 
opposite bank of the Delaware, and accessible at 
several points bv steam ferry boats, besides being 
a place of considerable population and business, 
has much of its soil under high cultivation for 
raising the delicious fruits, which, during their 
season, arc so tempting to the eye and to the 
taste in the stalls of Market Street. Kaigns 
Point, Gloucester Point, and Greenwich, all ot 
them a little below the city, on the Delaware, are 
favorite places of resort, to which steamboats 
are constantly running. The banks of the ro- 
mantic Wissahicken Creek, about 6 mdes above 
tlie city, offer a delightful excursion for parlies 
of pleasure. Laurel Hill Cemetery, in the neigh- 
borhood of Fairmount, is one of the most beauti- 
ful places of the kind in the country. The 
naturally-diversiticd suiface of the ground, in- 
cluding about 20 acres, the trees, shrubs, foliage, 
and fragrant flowers with which it is adorned, 
and the costly and fincly-scnlptured monuments 
with which it is interspersed, render this a retreat 
at once of pleasing and of solemn interest. There 
are also Germantown, Manayunk, Norristown, 
and other places, a few miles distant from the 
city, which invite the citizens to pleasant drives 
over beautiful roads, and amidst scenes of rich 
luxuriance and beauty. 

Pliillli'pa, Va.. c. h. Barbour co. On the E. 
fork of the Monongahela, about 20 miles S. of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

PIdllips Coiwti/. As., c. h. at Helena. It is 
drained l>y the St. Francis and its tributary Lan- 
quiUe River. The N. portions of this county 
have a ferlile, sandy soil, while the S. are liable 
to inundation. Bounded E. by tlio Mississippi. 
Phillips, Me., Franklin co. This town is wa- 
tered by Sandy River. It lies 5.3 miles N. W. 
from Aiigusta, and 15 N. W. from Farmington. 
Incorporated 1812. 

Plullipston, Ms., Worcester co. This town was 
formcrlv part of Templeton and Athol. At its 
incorporation in 1786, the legislature gave it the 
name of Gerry. In 1814, it took its present 
name. This town is finely watered by streams 
and rivulets which flow into Swift and Miller's 
Rivers. The surface is uneven, consisting of 
hills and valleys, but the soil is productive. Pros- 
pect Hill, in this place, is a large hill, and over- 
looks all the highlands for many miles around. 
Upon it arc many excellent farms. About a mile 
from the centre village is Factory Village and a 
fine pond. 27 miles N. W. from Worcester, and 
68 N. W. bv W. from Boston. The railroad from 
Fitchburg to Vermont passes through this town. 
Phillipstown, N. Y., Putnam co. Watered by 
a few small streams flowing into the Hudson, 
which bounds it on the W. Some of the highest 
peaks of the Highlands, such as Breakneck, Bull, 
and Sugar Loaf Hills, are situated in this town, 
and afford great (luantities of excellent iron ore. 
14 miles W. from Carincl.and 96 S. from Albany. 



Phipsbtirr/, Mc., Lincoln co. This is a mari- 
time town at the mouth of Kennebec River, on 
the W. side. It consists of a peninsula of land 
of about 15 miles in length, and from 2 to 4 miles 
in width, lying between Kennebec River, on the 
E., and New Meadows, or Stevens's River, on 
the W., and extending from Small Point, the 
eastern boundary of Casco Bay, to the city of 
Bath on the N. It contains a United States 
fort, and Seguin and Pond Islands, on which are 
light-houses. 40 miles S. from Augusta. 

Phipsburg was taken from the ancient town of 
Bristol in 1816, and named in honor of Govern- 
or Phips, who was born in Bristol. 

Phiiisliurg has considerable trade and naviga- 
tion. Ship building is pursued, and fishing is a 
source of profit. There is no better site for fish- 
ing establishments on the coast. It is a very 
pleasant town, and an agreeable location to court 
the sea breezes in summer. 

Pidcmmy Countij. O., c. h. at Circleville. Sit- 
uated a little S. of the centre of the state, with 
Franklin co. on the N., Fairfield on the E., Ross 
on the S., Fayette and Madison on the W. It 
was constituted in 1810, from Ross, Fairfield, 
and Franklin. The name Pickmvay is a corrup- 
tion of Piqm, the name of a tribe of the Shawa- 
nese Indians. The surface of the county is gen- 
erally level, and the soil very fertile. The staple 
productions are wheat, corn, oats, grass, neat cat- 
tle, pork, and wool. It is divided nearly through 
the centre, N. and S., by the Scioto River. The 
Ohio Canal also traverses the valley of the Scioto 
through the entire length of the county. This 
county has all the four varieties of woodland, 
barren, plain, and prairie. The barrens were 
originally covered with shrub oak, and were at 
first considered as of little value ; but they are 
found to produce excellent pasturage. The prai- 
ries are best for corn and grass. The plain lands 
eijual, and perhaps exceed, any other in the west- 
ern countrv, for the production of wheat. 

About .3 miles S. of Circleville are tlic cele- 
brated Piclawai/ Phiins, in their natural state, 
without a tree or shrub within reach of the eye, 
including an elliptical area of about 7 miles in 
the longest diameter, and 3i in tlie other, and 
said to contain the richest body of land in the 
state. The soil, the result of vegetable decom- 
position througli an indefinite period, was very 
black when first cultivated. Corn for many 
years grew to the height of 12 or 15 feet, and 
produced 100 bushels to the acre. It lies on 
both sides of the Scioto River, but chiefly on the E. 
" Of all places in the west," says the author of 
the Historical Collections of Ohio, "this preem- 
inently deserves the name of classic ground. 
Here, in olden time, burned the council fires of 
the red man. Here the afl'airs of the nation in 
general council were discussed, and the impor- 
tant questions of peace and war decided. On 
those plains the allied tribes marched forth and 
met General Lewis, and fought the sanguinary 
battle at Point Pleasant. Here it was that Logan 
made his memorable speech; and here, too, that 
the noted campaign of Dunmore was brought to 
a close, by a treaty, or rather a truce, at Camp 
Charlotte." . 

Pichais Cmmtti, Aa., c. h. at CarroUton. It IJ 
bounded N. by Fayette, E. by Tuscaloosa, S. by 
Greene and Sump'ter counties, and W. by Mis- 
sissippi. The Tombigbee River and its tributaries 
traverse this county. 



524 



COITNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Piclvns Distrirt, S. C, Pickens Court House, 
Beat of justice. Bounded N. by North Carolina, 
E. by the Saluda River, separating it from Green- 
ville district, S. hy Anderson district, and W. by 
the Tuaaloo River, separating it from Georgia. 
Drained by Seneca River, a branch of the Tuga- 
'oo. Surface hilly and mountainous. 

Pickens, S. C, c. h. Pickens district. 130 miles 
N. W. by W. from Columbia. 

Piermont, N. H., Grafton co. The soil, es- 
pecially on the Connecticut, is good. The inter- 
vales are extensive, and favoraljile to the growth 
of grain. Back from the river is fine grazing and 
mowing land, well watered with brooks and 
springs. In the N. E. part of the town are 3 
considerable ponds, called Eastman's Ponds. 
From these issue Eastman's Brook, valuable for 
mill sites. Indian Brook, on which mills arc 
erected, is in tlie S. part. A mine of valuable 
iron ore is found here. This town was granted, 
in 1764, to John Temple and 59 others, and was 
first settled in 1770. 75 miles N. N. W. from 
Concord, and about 10 S. from Haverhill. 

Piermont, N. Y., Rockland co. A village in 
Orangetown, on tlie W. side of the Hudson River, 
24 miles N. from the city of New York. The 
Erie Railroad, extending from Dunkirk on Lake 
Erie, a distance of 445 miles, strikes the Hudson 
at this place, whence is a communication to New 
York by steamboats. For the accommodation 
of this route, a long pier has been erected, ex- 
tending about a mile from the main land, over 
which the cars run to the extreme end, thus con- 
necting with the boats and barges which run to 
and from the city at all seasons of the year. The 
freight trains pass this way. The mail and pas- 
senger trains from the W. take the railroad 
through New Jersey, from a point 18 miles W. 
of Piermont, to Jersey City. See Dunkirk. 

Tills flourishing village lies in a narrow valley, 
througli which Hows the Sparkill Creek, affording 
a considerable water power, which is improved 
to some extent for mills and manufactories. The 
Palisades terminate here, towards the N., in an 
abrupt hill, which circumstance, in connection 
with the piers erected at this place, very naturally 
suggested the name of Piermont. 

Pierreiiunt, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. This large 
town is watered by Racket, Grass, and Oswc- 
gatchie Rivers. The surface and soil are diver- 
sified. 8 miles E. from Canton, and 213 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Pike County, Aa., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. 
by Montgomery and Macon counties, E. I>y Pea 
Biver, separating it from Barbour co., S, by Dale 
and Cotfee, and W. by Butler and Lowndes coun- 
ties. Drained by Conecuh Hiver and branches. 

Pike Counli/, As., c. h. at Muifreeslioro'. It is 
bounded N. by Montgomery, E. by Chirk, S. by 
Hempstead, and W. by Sevier and Polk counties. 
Watered by branches of the Little Missouri 
Eiver. 

Pike County, Ga., c. h. at Zebulon. Bounded 
N. by Fayette and Henry counties, E. by Butts 
and Monroe, S. by Upson co., and W. by Anhau, 
a branch of Flint River, separating it from Merri- 
wethcr and Coweta counties. 

Pike County, la., c. h. at Pittsfield. Bounded 
N. by Adams, Marquette and Brown counties, E. 
by the Illinois River, separating it from Morgan, 
Scott, and Greene counties, S. by Calhoun co., 
and S. W. and W. by the Mississippi River, sepa- 
rating it from Missouri. Drained by several 



small creeks, which afford hydraulic power. Sny- 
cartee Slough passes along the Mississippi River 
tlirough this county; and on McKeo's Creek is a 
salt spring 20 feet in diameter. 

Pike County, la., c. h. at Petersburg. Incor- 
porated in 1816. Bounded N. by White River, 
separating it from Knox and Daviess counties, E. 
hy Dubois co., S. by Warwick, and W. by Gibson 
CO. Drained by Tatoka River and Flat Creek. 
Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 

Pike County, Ky., c. h. at PikCton. Bounded 
N. by Johnson co. and Big Sandy River, sepa- 
rating it from Virginia, E. and S. by Virginia, 
and W. by Fioyd co. Traversed by the W. fork 
of Big Sandy River. The Cumberland Ridgo 
crosses its S. W. corner. 

Pike County, Mi., c. h. at Holmesville. Bounded 
N. by Lawrence co., E. by Marion co., S. by Lou- 
isiana, and W. by Amite co. Bogue Chitto 
River and its branches, and Tangiapaho River 
water this county. 

Pike County, Mo., c. h. at Bowling Green. 
Bounded N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, 
separating it from Illinois, S. by Lincoln and 
Montgomery counties, and W. and N. W. by 
Audrain and Ralls counties. Drained by Salt, 
and a branch of Cuivr River. 

Pike, N. Y'., Alleghany co. Watered by East- 
koy and Westkoy Creeks. Surface rolling ; soil 
rich mould. 20 miles N. from Angelica, and 255 
W. from Albany. 

Pike County, 0., c. h. at Piketon. Ross co. 
is on the N., Jackson on the E., Scioto and Adams 
on the S., and Highland on the W. The most 
important streams are Pee Pee, Sunfish, Camp 
Creek, Wilson's Run, and Beaver Creek. The 
land is excellent for farming. Several antiqui- 
ties are found here, one of which is supposed 
to have been a fort. It is about 1 mile W. of 
Piketon, and consists of 2 parallel walls of earth, 
about 15 feet high and 80 rods in length. Stone 
coal and iron ore are found in some parts of the 
county. 

Pike County, Pa., c. h. at Milford. Bounded 
N. E. and S. E. by the Delaware River, separat- 
ing it from New York and New Jersey, S. by 
Monroe co., and W. and N. W. by Wayne co. 
Drained by the Lackawaxen and several small 
mill streams. Along the valley of the Lacka- 
waxen runs the Delaware and Hudson Canal. 
Surface rough and mountainous ; soil fertile on 
the Delaware, but elsewhere rather sterile. 

Pike, Pa., Berks co. Drained by the head 
branches of Manatawny Creek, which alford hy- 
draulic power. Surface uneven; soil gravelly 
and sterile. 

Pike, Pa., Bedford co. Wyalusing Creek and 
its branches water this town. Surface hilly; soil 
gravelly loam. 158 miles N. frcjin Harrisliurg. 

Piketon, O., c. h. Pike co. On the E. side of 
Scioto River. 19 miles S. from Chillicothe, and 
64 S. from Columbus. 

PikeviHe, Aa,. c. h. Monroe co. 

Pikeiille, Te., c. h. Bledsoe co. On high ground, 
a little W. from Sequatchy River, and 112 miles 
E. S. E. from Nashville. 

Piles Grooe, N. J., Salem co. Salem Creek, 
a good mill stream, waters this town. Surface 
level ; soil clay and loam. 10 miles N. E. from 
Salem. 

Pilot Hill, As., e. h. Fulton co. 

Pinckney, N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by Deer 
River and Sandy Creek. A level town, with a 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



525 



good soil. 16 miles N. W. from Martiiisburg, 
and 156 from Albany. 

Pinchiei/rille, Is., c. h. Perry co. At the head 
of Four Mile Prairie, on the W. side of Big 
Beaucoiin Creek, and 134 miles S. from Spring- 
field. 

Pine, Pa., Armstrong co. Bounded W. by the 
Allejihany River, and drained by its branches. 

Pine, Pa., Alleghany co. Drained by branches 
of the Alleghany River. Surface hilly ; soil 
loam. 11 miles N. from Pittsburg. 

Pine Grove, Pa., Venango co. Watered by 
Swatara Creek, along the valley of which runs a 
navigable feeder of the Union Canal. It al<o 
contains a pond covering 700 or 800 acres, and 
formed hy building a dam across the creek, in a 
gorge of the Blue Mountains. Surface moun- 
tainous, containing coal. 43 miles N. E. from 
Han'isbnrg. 

Pine Plains, N. Y., Dutchess co. Wotered by 
Chicomcco, a branch of Roeliff Jansen's Creek, 
and contains several small lakes, the principal of 
which, called Stissing's, supplies the head waters 
of Wappingcr's Creek. Surface hilly and moun- 
tainous on the E. and W., with a broad fertile 
plain between, which gives name to the town ; 
soil gravelly and sandy loam. 25 miles N. E. 
from Poughkeepsie, and 69 S. S. E. from 
Albany. 

Piymi. 0; Miami co. On the S. W. side of 
Miami River. 73 miles W. from Columbus. On 
the line of the Miami Canal, which affords good 
water power. 

Pisralarjuis Connti/, Me., c. h. at Dover. In the 
N. central i)art, including interlocking sources of 
the Kennebec, Penobscot, and St. John's. The 
settled part is in the S., on the Piscataquis, an 
eastern trilmtary of the Penobscot. Undulating 
and hilly, wiili some high mountains, and in the 
N. numerous lakes ; soil good. 

Piscatamii/. N. J., Middlesex co. Drained by 
Amherst and Cedar Brooks, branches of Green 
Brook. Surface level; soil clay loam and red 
shale. 5 miles N. from New Brunswick. 

Piteairn. N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The W. 
branch of the Oswegatchie River waters this 
town, the surface of which is slightly uneven, and 
the soil well adapted to grass. 30 miles S. from 
Canton, and 180 N. W. from Albany. 

Pitcher, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
Ostelic River and some of its branches. Surface 
hilly ; soil argillaceous loam. 16 miles W. from 
Norwich, and 127 from Albany. 

Pitt C'uunti/, N. C, c. h. at Greenville. Bound- 
ed N. by Edgecombe and Martin counties, E. by 
Beaufort, S. by Craven and Lenoir, and W. by 
Greene co. Tar River traverses the interior of 
this county, and Neuse River runs on its S. W. 
border. 

Pitt, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded on the N. 
by Alleghany River, S. and W. by the Monon- 
gahela, and N. W. by the city of Pittsburg. The 
surface is hilly, abounding with coal; soil loam. 

Pittshury, N. II., Coos co., was incorporated 
December 10, 1840; before that it was called 
Indian Stream Territory. It lies on the borders 
of Canada, and has within its limits Lake Con- 
necticut and several considerable ponds. It con- 
tains 160,360 acres. 150 miles N. from Concord, 
and 40 N. E. from Lancaster. 

Pittslmri/, Pa. City, port of entry, and seat of 
justice of Alleghany co. This place is 200 miles 
W. N. W. from Ilarrisburg. The population, in 



1810, was 4768; 1820,7248; 1830,12.542; 1840, 
21,115; 1850,46,500. This is the population of 
Pittsburg proper; but if that of the adjoining 
cities and boroughs of Alleghany, Manchester, 
Birmingham, and Lawrenceville were included, 
which, both in a commercial and social point of 
view, are a part of the same community with 
Pittsburg, a more just idea of the size of the 
place, perhaps, would be obtained. The city 
stands at the junction of the Alleghany and 
Monongahela Rivers, which, by, their union, form 
the Ohio. It is built upon tlie triangular plain, 
enclosed on two sides by these two rivers, extend- 
ing partly up the highlands, by which the side op- 
posite to the point is bounded. Tlie distance 
i'rom the point back to these highlands is about 
one mile; and the difterent prominences are 
known by the names of Grant's, Ayers's, and 
Quarry Hills. The place was laid out in 1765, 
on the bank of the Monongahela ; with streets 
running jiarallel to the river, and others running 
back from the river at right angles with them. 
The same arrangement was followed when, after- 
wards, the town began to be built tipon the bank 
of the Alleghany ; so that the cross streets, start- 
ing at right angles from the two rivers, neces- 
sarily meet obliijuely, at a point a few streets 
back from the Alleghany. Thus the city, in its 
outline, bears a strong resemblance to the lower 
part of the city of New York. The city is united 
to the adjacent country, beyond the two rivers, by 
a bridge over each, and by ferries. The site, says 
a writer on the spot, is a real ampliitheatre, 
formed by the hand of nature. The livers flow 
in channels from 450 to 465 feet below the highest 
peaks of the neighboring hills, wliich by accu- 
rate measurement have been found to vary thus 
slightly between these relative elevations. These 
hills surrounding the city are filled with bitumi- 
nous coal, which is easily cjuan-icd and brought 
to the city, and atfords unequalled facilities for 
manufacturing operations, for fuel, and for lighting 
the streets and dwellings with gas. The princi- 
pal coal strata lie at an elevation of above 300 
feet above the part of the city which is on the al- 
luvial plain ; and so uniform is this geological 
feature, that a levelling instrument, |j|aced at the 
mouth of any of the beds, if carried round the 
horizon, carries the circle of vision along the 
openings of all the other mines. The coal for- 
mation is here, as in every other part of the Ohio 
valley, level ; so much so as often to render tha 
draining of the mines ditlicult. These hills, 
though steep, are not generally precipitous, and 
afl'ord from their verdant slopes and ]ieaks a 
series of rich and varied landscapes. 'The fer- 
tility of the soil continues to their very summits. 
There is nothing of barrenness visible, Init tho 
forests, fields, meadows, orchards, and gardens 
exhibit one panorama of beauty and abun- 
dance. 

Pittsburg occupies the site of the former French 
fort Du Quesne, which the French held jjosses- 
sion of from 1734 to 1758, and whence, by insti- 
gating the Indians to hostilities, they brought so 
much terror to the frontier settlements of Penn- 
sylvania. It was here, in 1755, that General 
Braddock lost his life, and the army under hira 
suffered a defeat, in an attempt to drive the 
French from this post, and that the youthful 
Washington displayed his military skill, and 
gave promise of his future greatness, Ijy con- 
ducting in a masterly manner the retreat of the 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



526 

shattered forces. A subsequent "'PedHion with 
a move formidable force, under General Forbes, 
was successful in striking terror into the enemy 
so that they burned the fort and abandoned the 
nlace • thou.'h not without havmg routed and 
S s, er'seS an advanced detachment of SOO men 
sent forsvard under Captain Grant; which hey 
did, witli the aid of the Indians, by surroundins; 
them, upon what is now Grant's il.ll, and k 1- 
in- and capturing about 3U0 of their number. 
Among the prisoners taken was the captain 
Wmsel^ The English, having d'^Pf^^f ^^^^. ' ^ 
French, erected a temporary st«'i't*„<l'^'„;il''if, 
thev called Fort Pitt; and m 1,59, General 
Stanwix commenced the construction of a more 
formidable work, which cost the British govern- 
ment £60,000 sterling. This fort sustained an 
"tack from the Indians in 1^63. Some remains 
of a brick redoubt, which was built in 1764, after 
peace was restored between the French and the 
English, are still visible. Until after the clo e 
of The Evolutionary war, Pittsburg continued to 
be only a small place. In 1775, the number of 
dwellings >vithin the present limit, of the city 
was not more than 25 or 30^ But in 1^84, the 
ground, which belonged to Penn s manor and 
was the property of the family, was laid out into 
town lots, ind sold rapidly. Two years late, 
the first number of the Pennsylvania Gazette was 
published here, in which it was stated that the 
number of houses in the village was about 100. 
In 1788, the county of Alleghany was consti- 
tuted, and in 1791, Pittsburg became the county 
town The earliest authentic account of the pop- 
ulation is in the Pittsburg Gazette for January 9 
1796 • when, liy a census just taken, it appeared 
that it amounted to 1395. It was <J"."°g 'h'S 
year that Louis Philippe, afterwards king of the 
French, visited this place, and spent considerable 

"TittsblTrg is compactly built, with many hand- 
some edihees, chiefly of brick; which, how^-^; 
have a dark and smoky "PP'^'^'-f'''^'!.. f™.™ '^^ 
falling soot of the bituminous coal, which is used 
to such an extent by tlie manufactories and 
otherwise. Among the public buildings, the now 
court house, situated upon '^^ '^l^™'!"" ^!^'"^f 
commands an extensive view, is a splendid edi- 
ficHf the Grecian Doric order of architecture 
165 feet long and 100 feet deep. The height of 
he dome above the ground is 148 feet. The cost 
of this buiUlingwas about $200,000. A splet;. 
did Roman Catholic cathedral, located on Gnn s 
Hill, makes an imposing appearance. T'le gild- 
ings' of the Western Univers ty of Pennsylvan a 
are also situated near Grant's Hill. The Third 
Presbyterian Church, several of the banking 
houserand ^ome of the large hotels are also 
fine buildings. There are three market houses, 
and a museum containing many Indian curios- 
ities Three covered bridges cross the Alleghany 
Kiver one of which has a walk for foot passen- 
gers upon the top. A bridge also crosses the 
^lononl^ahela, 1500 feet in length which was 
erected at an expense of $102,000. The harbor s 
S in this ri'ver, because the depth of water is 
greater here than in the Alleghany. The 1 enn- 
sylvania Canal is carried over the Alleghany m a 
viaduct 1200 feet long, built by the state, at an 
expense of $104,000. After entering the city, . 
Basses through a tunnel under Grant's Hill, and 
^n ers the M-onongahela River Another branch 
of the canal passes through Alleghany City, and 



enters the Alleghany River a few hundred yards 
above where it unites mth the Ohio. The water 
with wliich the city is supplied is raised 116 feet 
from the Alleghany River, by a steam engine, 
which raises 3,000,000 gallons daily. It is dis- 
tributed through the city in pipes, which have an 
B.'-rrcate length of about ten mdes. iheso 
waterworks cost over $250,000. In 1836 an es- 
tablishment was completed for lighting the city 
with gas; which is manufactured from the bitu- 
i minous coal at a small expense, and gives a bril- 
liant light. .r,. i_ 

Several of the places adjacent to Pittsburg 
deserve to be described with it, as they virtually 
belou'^ to the same community, although under 
separate corporations. The most im|)ortant of 
these is Alleghany City, on the opposite side of 
the Alleghany River. It contains many of the 
finest residences, in commandmg situations, 
occupied by persons doing business in I ittsburg. 
Its commercial and manufacturing business, 
properly its own, is also considerable. It con- 
iains a number of churches of different denom- 
inations. The Western Theological Seminary 
is located here. It is under the direction of the 
Presbyterians, and has two professors and a 
library of 6000 volumes. The cdihce, winch is 
on a commanding eminence, is 140 feet long and 
50 wide ; the central part being four stories high, 
and the wings three. The Theological Seminary 
of the Associate Reformed Church is also located 

"^Birmingham, borough, is another considerable 
suburb of Pittsburg, on the opposite side of the 
Monongahela, and connected by a bridge and 
ferry It is about a mile from the centre of the 
city It contains extensive manufactories of 
glass and iron. It has two churches, a Presby- 
terian and a Methodist. There are a number of 
flourishing villages, besides, in the vicinity ot 
Pittsburg: some of which have been named in 
this article. , . 

Pittsburg combines great advantages of posi- 
tion The great line of canal and railroad from 
Philadelphia, over the Schuylkill and Susque- 
hanna valley and the intervening mountains, 
which here connects with the Ohio River, is ot 
great importance to Pittsburg, and to the whole 
west In 1811, the first steamboat constructed 
on the western waters was built at Pittsburg. 
This was the commencement of a vast increase 
in the trade and business of this city. Whereas 
it was before the work of a whole season to make 
a trip to New Orleans and return, now many are 
made in a season. Nearly 100 steamboats, em- 
ployed on the Ohio and connected rivers, are 
owned, either wholly or in part, in this city. Its 
manufactures, too, give it great importance. It 
has dcservedlv acpired the name of the Bir- 
mingham of America. To Ph ladelp iia, by rail- 
road and canal, 399 miles ; to Erie, 130 ; to Cin- 
cinnati, 470 miles. t> , . 

Pudhoro, N. C, c.h. Chatham CO. On Robin- 
son's Creek. 34 miles W. by S. fronr Raleigh 

PUtsf,eld,U., ch.Pikeco., occupies elevated 
ground at nearly equal distances between Illinois 
and Mississippi Rivers, and 70 miles W. S. W. 

'"?^,^'S^' Somerset eo. A good township. 
38 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 

Put^Jield, Ms., Berkshire co. 5 mdes N. of 
Lenox, the shire town. 151 iniles W. from 
Boston, and 49 E. from Albany, N. Y. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



527 



This is one of the handsomest and most 
flourishint; towns in tlie western part of Massa- 
chusetts. It is situated at the junction of the 
Pontoosuc with the Ilousatonic River, and occu- 
pies a beautiful expansion of the valley between 
the Taconic and the Green Mountain ranges. It 
has no mountains within its ten'itorial limits, 
except a jioint of Lenox Mountain on the S., 
which extends a short distance into the town. 
There is little or no waste land in the town. A 
large proportion of the land upon the rivers is 
of the best alluvial formation, especially on the 
Housalonic, which usually overflows its lianks in 
tlie spriuf;. Tlie stranger at Pittsficld, finding 
himself set down in a valley of exceeding beauty 
and fertility, surrounded at a distance with high 
and picturesque mountains, while charming rivers 
are quietly meandering at his feet, sees nothing 
to remind him that he stands at an elevation of 
more than a thousand feet above the level of the 
eea. In the salubrity of its climate, and in love- 
liness of scenery and situation, Pittsfield can 
hardly be surpassed. The village in the centre 
is well located and handsomely built. There are 
two princi])al streets, which cross each other at 
right angles, on which are located many of the 
most beautiful buildings. At their intersection 
there is a public square containing about 4 acres. 
Fronting on the different sides of this square are 
the First Congregational Meeting House, re- 
cently rebuilt, in an elegant style of architect- 
ure, the Berkshire Medical Institution, two or 
three spacious hotels, with ranges of stores, &c. 
Besides these, there are also many other handsome 
streets and buildings. The meeting houses of 
the Second Congregational Church and of the 
Baptist Church, situated on the main street, run- 
ning N. and S., arc new and tasteful structures. 

Pittsfield has become distinguished for its 
excellent schools and seminaries of learning. 
The Berkshire Medical Institution is a profes- 
fional school of deservedly high reputation. It 
was established in 1822 ; and handsome and 
commodious buildings were erected for its use. 

The Young Ladies' Institute, located here, is one 
of the best provided and most popular institutions 
of the kind in the country. It occupies a range 
of three beautiful buildings, most eligibly situated, 
a short distance N. of the village. I'he centre 
building, containing the chapel, library, recitation 
rooms, apparatus, &c.. is an exact' copy of a 
Grecian temple at Athens. The symmetry of the 
whole establishment is very fine. On a gentle 
elevation, overlooking the town towards the S., 
and the country far .and wide, stand the buildings 
of the institute, with a number of acres laid out in 
a circular garden, sloping from the green in front, 
surrounded and intersected by spacious gravelled 
walks, ornamented with shrubbery and flowers, 
tastefully set oft' with parterres and arbors, and 
enlivened by an artificial fountain. The course 
of studies pursued in the Institute is liberal and 
extensive, and cannot fail, in all cases where it is 
diligently ami systematically prosecuted, to ex- 
ert a decided influence in furnishing the female 
mind with every desirable talent and accomplish- 
ment. 

Pittsfield is quite a busy place in manufacturing 
as well as .igricultural operations. As early asl8.37, 
the various manufactures of the town amounted 
to about -5700.000, since which they have greatly 
increased. The principal manufactures now are 
cotton and woollen goods, castings, machinery, 



musical instruments, hats, caps, harnesses, trunks, 
railroad cars, carriages, chairs, calunet furniture, 
mechanics' tools, muskets, rifles, fowling pieces, 
&.C. The amount of the product in these various 
branches is large. 

The Western Railroad from Boston to Albany 
passes through Pittsfield. A railroad extendi 
S. W. through Lenox and Stockbridge to con- 
nect with the Ilousatonic Railroad, and. connected 
with these, is a railro.ad to Hudson, New York. 
Another extends N. 20 miles to the flourishing 
manufacturing village of North Adams, a few 
miles S. of Williamstown. 

Pittsfield was settled in 1752. Its Indian n.amc 
was Pontoosuc. signifying. *' a run for deer'* — a 
name which one of its beautiful streams still bears. 
The territory of this town was granted to Boston 
in 1 7.35. It w.as called " Boston Plantation," 
until it was sold to Jacob 'Wendell, in 174.3; it 
then bore the name of Wendell's Town until its 
incorporation, in 1761, when it received its present 
name, in honor of William Pitt, the English 
statesman. 

This beautiful town among the mountains is 
becoming quite a favorite resort for persons of 
wealth, intelligence, and refinement, as a jdace of 
residence. Many come here, especially from our 
cities and from the south, to spend the summer 
months. The salubrious climate, the charming 
scenery, and the agreeable society to be enjoyed 
in Pittsficld. constitute a uliion of attr.actions no* 
often so hapjiily comtiined. 

Pitts/ie/d, N. H., Merrimac co. The surface is 
pleasiintly varied, with a good soil. Suucook 
River passes through the town, afl'ording good 
mill privileges. Catamount Mountain is in the 
town. There are a number of jionds here, W. 
of which the magnetic needle varies materially. 
Berry's Pond is on the mountain ; it is half a 
mile in length, and is supplied by mountain 
springs. There is a neat and flourishing village 
in Pittsfield, which possesses a fine water power. 
First settlers, John Cram and others. 15 miles 
N. E. from Concord. 

PiUsJield, N. Y., Otsego co. Vnadilla River 
and some of its branches water this town, the 
surface of which is hilly, with fertile valleys. 
18 miles W. from Coopcrstown, and 87 from 
Albany. 

Pin'sjicld, Vt., Rutland co. Tweed River is 
formed in this town, by two braiiclios, which aff'orj 
mill sites : it empties into White lliver, which 
passes through the N. E. corner. The surface is 
mountainous, and the soil hard. The settlement 
was commenced in 178G. 35 miles S. W. from 
Montpelier, and 17 N. E. from Rutland. 

Pittsford, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by tha 
Irondoquoit Creek and some of its branches. 
Surface undulating ; soil argillaceous and calca- 
reous loam. G miles E. from Rochester, and 213 
N. of W. from Albany. 

Pittsford, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek is 
the principal stream, and its width here is from 
40 to 50 yards. Funiace Brook is in Pittsford : 
on it and its branches are numerous mill privileges. 
Along these streams are extensive meadows of 
rich alluvial soil. There are 2 ponds in the 
town. The soil is generally loam, with some 
sandy tracts, and some of ciay. The timber is 
oak, of several kinds. Iron ore and excellent 
marble abound here. In the eastern part of 
Pittsford is a deep cavern, in which ice may com- 
monly be found in the months of July and 



528 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



August. Tlicrc are 2 pleasant and flourishing 
Tillages in the town ; one near the centre, the other 
on Furnace Brook. The settlement was com- 
menced in the year 1769. 44 miles S. W. from 
Montpelier. and 8 N. from Rutland. The 
Rutland Railroad between Boston and Burling- 
ton passes through Pittsford. 

Pi/tstort, Me., Kennebec co. Pittston is a pleas- 
ant town on the E. side of Kennebec Riyer, op- 
posite to Gardiner. It is a flourishing town, of 
good soil, and has several ponds and mill streams, 
and a considerable business in the lumber trade. 
It is bounded E. by Wliitefield, and S. by Dres- 
den. 7 miles S. by E. from Augusta. 

Piltstown, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Bounded on 
the N. by the Hoosie River, and drained by Tom- 
hannock Creek. Surface uneven ; soil of good 
quality. 12 miles N. E. from Troy, and 18 from 
Albany. 

Pittsyh-ama County, Va., c. h. at Pittsylvania. 
Bounded N. by Staunton River, separating it 
from Bedford and Campbell counties, E. by Hal- 
ifax CO., S. by Nortli Carolina, and W. by Henry 
and Franklin counties. Drained by Dan, Ban- 
nister, and branches of Staunton River. Soil 
mostly fertile. 

Pittsylrania, Va., c. h. Pittsylvania co. On a 
branch of Bannister River. 162 miles W. S. W. 
from Richmond. 

Plainjiehl, Ms., Hampshire co. The territory 
of this town was called Pontoosiw by the In- 
dians. It was the north part of Cummington. 
Incorporated as a district in 1785, and as a town 
in 1807. This township lies on the eastern side 
of the Green Mountain range. The surface is 
undulating, and in many parts rough and broken. 
The summit of East Hill, on which is the princi- 
pal village, may be considered as level, through 
nearly the whole breadth of the town. The soil 
is good and strong, and well adapted for grass. 
The township is exceedingly well supplied with 
springs and rivulets. Mill IJrook is the largest 
stream. There are 2 ponds, both in the N. W. 
part of the town ; the North Pond, which is about 
a mile long, and half a mile wide, and the Crooked 
Pond, so called from its figure. The scenery 
around these ponds is wild, and may perhaps be 
said to ]iartake of the gloomy. The North Pond 
is dotted with Islands, and is a favorite place of 
resort for anglers and parties of pleasure. 27 
miles N. W. from Northampton, and 117 \V. by 
N. from Boston. 

PlainfirM, N. H., Sullivan co. There are valu- 
able intervale and excellent meadows on the 
Connecticut River, and in other parts of the 
town. Here are 2 ponds. At the S. W. part of 
this town, in Connecticut River, is Hart's Island, 
which contains 19 acres. Qucchce Falls are in 
this town. A bridge was erected here in 1807. 
A small stream, flowing from Croydon Moun- 
tains, waters the town. Plainfield has a pleasant 
Tillage, situated on a handsome plain, called 
Plainfield Plain. Kimball Union Academy, in 
this town, incorporated June 16, 181.3, is in the 
village called Meriden. First settlers, L. Nash 
and Russell, in 1764. 12 miles S. from Dart- 
mouth College, and 60 N. W. from Concord. 

Plain/idil, N. Y., Otsego co. The UnadiUa 
River and its branches water tliis town, the sur- 
face of which is hilly and undulating, and the 
soil very fertile. 15 miles N. W. from Coopers- 
town, and 75 W. from Albany. 

Plainfield, Pa., Northampton co. Drained by 



the E. branch of BushkiU Creek. Surface level, 
except in the N. part, where it is crossed by Blue 
Mountain. 

Plainfield, Vt., Washington co. Plainfield is 
watered by Winooski River and Great Brook. 
At the junction of these streams is a neat village. 
There is a small pond in the eastern part, which 
is well furnished with excellent trout. There is 
also a mineral spring. It is situated so near 
the margin of Great Brook as to be overflowed 
at high water. The surfiice of the town is une- 
ven, but well timbered. There is but little waste 
land, and the soil is generally of a good quality. 
The settlement was commenced about the year 
1794. 9 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 

Plaistow, N. H.. Rockingham co., was originally 
a part of Haverhill, Ms. After it became an- 
nexed to New Hampshire, a charter was granted, 
in 1749. The soil is good, being a mixture of 
black loam, clay, and gravel. First settlers. Cap- 
tain Charles Bartlett, Nichol.as White, Esq., Dea- 
con Benjamin Kimball, and J. Harrlman. 40 
miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. from Exe- 
ter by the Boston and Maine Railroad. 

Plaquemine Parish, La., c. h. at Fort Jackson. 
Bounded N. by Orleans Parish, E. by St. Ber- 
nard Parish and the Gulf of Mc-kIco, S. by the 
Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Jeft'erson Parish. 
The Mississippi River flows through this parish ; 
on its coast are several bays. The surface is low, 
and in the S. portions is nowhere elevated more 
than 10 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The 
soil is only arable on the margins of the river, 
where it is very fertile. The principal produc- 
tions are cotton and sugar. 

Platl County, Is., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded 
N. by McLean, E. by Champaign, S. by Moul- 
trie, and W. by Macon and De Witt counties. 
Drained by Sangamon River. 

Platte County, Mo., c. h. at Platte City. Bound- 
ed N. by Buchanan co., E. by Clinton and Clay 
counties, and S. and W. by the Missouri River, 
separating it from Indian Territory. Drained 
by Little Platte River. 

Platte City. Mo., c. h. Platte co. On the W. 
side of Little Platte Kivcr. 

Platlekill, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Old 
Man's Kill, a branch of the Hudson, and by some 
branches of the Wallkill. Surface hilly and 
undulating; soil clay and gravelly loam based 
upon slate and limestone. 29 miles S. from 
Kingston, and 79 from Albany. 

Plattsburq. Mo., c. h. Clinton CO. On the W. 
side of Smith's Fork of Little Platte River. 180 
miles W. N. W. from Jelferson City. 

Plattshurji, N. Y., shire town of Clinton CO., 
lies on the \V. side of Lake Champlain. IG2 miles 
N. from Albany, 25 miles N. W. from Burlington, 
and to Rouse's Point, where the Oirdensburg Rail- 
road crosses the lake, 29 miles N. The surface 
of the township on the E. is nearly level, but 
towards the W. it becomes hilly. The soil is 
mostly a clay loam, and of a good quality in the 
neighborhood of the lake. It is drained by the 
Saranac River, and also on tlie S. by Salmon 
Creek. 

Plaltsburg Village, situated on the lake shore, at 
the mouth of the Saranac. is a port of entry, and 
contains the county buildings. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1815, and has been subject to consider- 
able fluctuations in its prosperity, consequent 
upon the vicissitudes of war and peace. It prof- 
ited by the expenditures of the last war with 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



529 



Great Critaiii, altlioniih twice captured by the 
enemy. After tlic stimulus of tliese causes was 
"witiidrawn, it languishetl for a time; but it is now 
thrivinfj again, under tlie more healthful auspices 
of peace. The Sarauac affords a valuable water 
power, having a succession of falls, in and near 
the village, amounting in the entire descent to 
about 40 feet. These privileges are partially 
improved for cotton and woollen factories, flour- 
ing mills, saw mills, and other works. 

Plattsburg has been selected by the govern- 
ment as a military post ; and extensive stone 
barracks have been erected along the lake shore, 
a little S. of the village. The United States 
have also erected a breakwater here for the pro- 
tection of the harbor. 

On the nth of September, 1814, Plattsburg 
was the scene of an iuijiortant conflict between 
the Americans and British forces, both on the 
land and on the water, in which the Americans 
were victorious. The land forces of the enemy, 
consisting of about I4.00U men, were led on to 
the attack by Sir George Prcvost, and were suc- 
cessfully rc]julsed Ijy about 30U0 men, under the 
command of General JIacomb. The engage- 
ment on the lake was between Commodore JMc- 
Donough, of the American, and Commodore 
Downie. of tlie British navy. The fleet under 
McDonough carried 8G guns and 820 men. and 
the British fleet 95 guns and 10.")0 men. The 
action lasted, without any cessation, on a smooth 
sea, at close quarters, 2 hours and 20 minutes, in 
full view of both the armies Hghting on land. The 
fortune of the day was in a great measure decid- 
ed by the issue on the lake. When the British 
army saw their fleet completely conquered, they 
were at once dispirited, and commenced their re- 
treat. Their loss, in the mean time, had been more 
than six limes as great as that of the Americans. 
Among the slain in the naval engagement was 
the British commandant. Commodore Downie, 
who was a l)rave and skilful officer. The fact 
is stated as showing the frame of mind in which 
the brave McDouough entered the battle, and in 
whom he put his trust for success, that, "after the 
enemy's fleet hove in sight, the men of his ship were 
assembled on the quarter deck, when he kneeled 
down, and, in humble and fervent prayer, com- 
mended himself, his men, and the cause in which 
they were engaged, to the God of battles." This 
favorable issue of the battle of Plattsburg was of 
great importance to this part of the country. 

Pleasant Valloj, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered 
by Wappinger's Creek. Surface diversified ; soil 
clay and sandy loam. 7 miles N. E. from Pough- 
keepsie, and 82 ,S. from Albany. 

Pliunh. Pa., Alleghany co. IJounded N. by the 
Alleghany Kiver, and drained by Plumb and 
Turtle Creeks and Thompson's Kun. Surface 
hilly; soil loam. 14 miles E. from Pittsburg. 

Plumsfead. Pa., Bucks co. Surface hillv, and 
drained by Tohickon and Keshaminy Creeks; 
soil sandy loam. lOG miles E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Pli/inoulh, Ct., Litchlield co. The surface of 
the town is rough and hilly, with a strong grav- 
elly soil, well adajited for grazing. The Nauga- 
tuck aflbrds an ample water power. 

The manufacture of small wooden clocks, it is 
believed, originated with ilr. Terry, of this town, 
about 30 years ago ; since that period, the man- 
ufacture of wooden clocks has been widely ex- 
tended, and forms a very important branch of the 
67 



manufactures in this jiart of the state. 22 miles 
W. S. W. from Ilartfuid. 

PhimiMlh. la., c. h. Jlarshall co. 11.5 miles N. 
from Indianapolis. 

Pli/iiimdh, Me., Penobscot co. This is a fine 
township of land, watered by beautiful ponds, 
and a valuable branch of Sebasticook Kiver. 45 
miles N. E. from Augusta. 

Pli/moiitli Cunntj, JIs., c. h. at Plymouth. The 
soil of this county is not so productive as that of 
many others in Massachusetts ; yet there is con- 
siderable good land within its limits. It has a 
great water jjower, and an abundant supply of 
fine iron ore. This county has a sea-coast on 
Massachusetts Bay, of between 30 and 40 miles, 
and many ships are built in its numerous ports, 
of native white oak. This county has consider- 
able foreign commerce, but its 5hii>ping is princi- 
pally engageil in the fishing business and coast- 
ing traile. It is bounded N. E. and E. by Massa- 
chusetts Bay, N. by Norfolk co. and Boston Uar- 
bor. N. W. iiy Norfolk co.. W. by Bristol oo., and 
S. E. ami S. by Buzzard's Bay and Barnstable 
CO. The North River and numerous branches of 
the Taunton arc its chief rivers. 

Pli/iiwutli, Ms., c. h. Plymouth co. The town- 
ship of Plymouth, though once much larger than 
at present, is still one of the Largest in the state. 
It extends on the coast 11 miles from N. to S. 
The land is generally hilly, sandy, and barren, ex- 
cept a small strip of rich, loamy soil on the sea- 
board. 

The harbor of Plymouth is extensive, but not 
deep enough for vessels of the largest class. It 
is formed partly by a narrow spit of sand, extend- 
ing 3 miles northerly from the mouth of Eel 
Kiver, S. of the principal village, where is a 
pleasant village, called Chiltonville, about 2 miles 
distant from the main village. This beach, ex- 
posed to all the fury of the Atlantic, has been in 
danger of being broken through, to the destruc- 
tion of the hariior, and large expenditures have 
been necessary, as well on the part of the town and 
state, as by the general government, for its repair 
and preservation. Considerable shipping is owned 
in I'lymouth, and the inhabitants are largely con- 
cerned in navigation and the fisheries. There is 
considerable water power, and some manufactures. 

The village is in the N. part of the town, com- 
pactly built, and 37 miles S. E. from Boston by 
railroad. Not a dwelling house of ancient date 
or antique form now remains in the town. Those 
recently erected are in the style of modern archi- 
tecture, and the largest proportion of the build- 
ings are painted of a light color, .and exhibit an 
air of neatness and elegance. Among the build- 
ings most worthy of note are Pilgrim Hall, the 
Court Honsc, and a Gothic structure for the 
church of the First Society. See Plt/mvutU lioch, 
under Pas/ilnruihle AV.so;/s. 

Ph/inoiilh, N. II., Grafton co. Plymouth is one 
of the shire towns. Besides numerous smaller 
streams, there are two rivers in the town, Pemi- 
gewasset and Baker's ; both are of imjtortance. 
Baker's is 30 miles in length. It takes its name 
from Captain Baker, who attacked the Indians 
at its mouth. In consequence of the great water 
power in this town, and the passage of the Con- 
cord and Montreal H.ii'.road through it, it bids 
fair to become an important place of trade and 
manufacture. The soil is tolerably good. Holmes's 
Academy is in this town. First settlers. Zachariah 
Parker and James Hobart, in 17G1. From Con- 



530 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



cord, 51 miles N., ami 31 S. E. from Haverhill 
by raiirosid. 

Plymouth. N. Y., Chcnanpo oo. Canasawacta 
Creek waters this town. Surface undulating : 
soil of pood quality. 7 miles N. W. from Nor- 
wich, and 118 W. from Albany. 

Pli/moulh, N. C, c. h. Washington co. On the 
S. side of Roanoke River. 8 miles from its mouth, 
and 112 miles E. from Raleigh. 

Pli/month, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Har- 
vey's and Toby's Creeks. Surface mostly moun- 
tainous, abounding with coal. A portion of the 
town lies in the valley of Wyoming, and has a 
rich soil. Distant 124 miles N. E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Pli/mouth, Pa., Montgomery co. This town is 
mostly inhabited by Friends. The surface is un- 
dulating, abounding with limestone and marble ; 
soil calcareous loam. 

Plymouth, Vt., Windsor CO. The principal 
stream in ibis township is Black River. On it are 
several good mill sites, and a number of natural 
ponds, which abound in fish. Two considerable 
branches of Quechee River also rise in this town. 
A large share of the rocks are primitive lime- 
stone. Some of the limestone m,akes excellent 
marble. Steatite orsoapstone is also found here. 
The surface of Plymouth is considerably broken. 
Two mountains e.vtend through it, parallel to the 
river, and at no great distance from it. Plymouth 
Cave was discovered about the 1st of July, 1818. 
(See Gjcfs.) The settlement of this place was 
commenced in 1777, by John Mudge, who was 
soon followed by Aaron Hewett and others. ^2 
miles S. from Montpelicr, and 15 W. by N. from 
Windsor. 

Plympton, 51s., Plymouth co. Before its incor- 
poration, in 1707, Plym]non comprised the N. W. 
part of Plymouth. Its Indian name was Wfna- 
tucksel. The Wenatuckset, a branch of Taunton 
River, passes through the western width of tliis 
town. "There are two pleasant villages in the town. 
A noble white oak was cut here a few vears ago. It 
contained 7 tons and 7 feet of ship timber, and 2 
cords of firewood. The Old Colony Railroad 
passes through the town. 29^ miles S. E. by S. 
from Boston, and 74 W. by N. from Plymouth. 

Pocahontas County, Va., c. h. Huntersville. 
Bounded N. by Randolph co.. E. by Pendleton and 
Bath, S. by Greenbrier, and W. by Greenbrier, 
Nicholas, and Randolph counties. Drained by 
Greenbrier River. Surface rough and elevated, 
being crossed by ridges of the Alleghany Moun- 
tains ; soil sterile. 

Poinsett County. As., e. h. at Bolivar. Bounded 
N.by Greene co., E. by tlie St. Francis River, sepa- 
rating it from Mississippi and Crittenden coun- 
ties, S. by St. Francis co., and W. by Jackson co. 
Drained by a tributary of St. Francis River, by 
Laguille River, and by St. Francis Bayoii. 

Point Coupee. Parish, La., e. h. at Point Coupee. 
Bounded N. by Avoyelles and Concordia parish- 
es, N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, sepa- 
rating it from West Feliciana parish, S. by Baton 
Rouge and Iberville parishes, and W. by the 
Atchafalaya, separating ii. from St. Landry parish. 
Drained by Perdouehe Bayou, and in its S. E. 
part is Fause Riviere, a former bed of the Missis- 
sippi. Surface low and level ; soil of excellent 
quality, where it is not li.able to inundation. 

Point Coupee. La., c. h. Point Coupee parish. 
On the S. side of Mississippi River, at the com- 
mencement of the levee or embankment, opposite 



St. Francisville, and 140 miles W. N. W. from 
New Orleans. 

Point Pleasant, Va., c. h. Mason co. On the 
E. side of the Ohio River, at the junction of the 
Great Kanawha, and 370 miles W. N. W. from 
Richmond. 

Poland, Me., Cumberland co. On Little An- 
droscoggin River. G miles above Lcwiston Falls. 
It is 26 miles N. from Portland. This is an ex- 
cellent farming town, with good mill privileges, 
several ponds, and a pleasant village. 

A fiimily consisting of about 70 of that curi- 
ous people denominated " Shakers " i-eside in Po- 
land. They possess about 600 acres of choice 
land. They are attached to the society at New 
Gloucester. 

Poland, N. Y., Chautaur|ae co. Watered by 
Chautauque outlet and Connewango Creek. Sur- 
face hillv ; soil sandv and gravellv loam. 22 miles 
S. E. from MayviUe,' and 317 S. W. from Albany. 

Polk County, As., c. h. at Liberty. On the 
western border. 

Polk County, lo., c. h. at Fort Des Moines. S. 
central. The Ues Moines flows through it from 
N. W. to S. E. 

Polk, lo., c. h. Lucas co. 

Polk County, Mo., c. h. at Bolivar. Bounded N. 
by Hickory, E. by Dallas, S. by Green, and W. 
by Dade and Cedar counties. Pomme de Terrc, 
Sac, and Niangua Rivers water this county, and 
afford hydraulic power. 

Polk County, Te., c. h. at Benton. Bounded N. 
by McMinn co., E. by Monroe co. and North Car- 
olina, S. by Georgia, and W. by Bradley co. 
Drained by Hiwassee River and branches. Sur- 
face mountainous. 

Polk Count!/, Ts., c. h. at Livingston. In the S. 
E. angle of tiie state. On the Trinity. 

Pomeroy, 0., c. h. Meigs co. A flourishing place 
on tlie Ohio River, a short distance above the 
mouth of the Kanhawa. 

Pom/ret, Ct., Windham co. Its Indian name 
was Mashamofjuet. The surface of the town is 
pleasantly diversified by hills and valleys ; from 
some of the elevations delightful views are ob- 
tained. The soil is deep, strong, and fertile, and, 
although somewhat stony, is very productive, and 
exceedingly well adapted for grazing. The Quin- 
nebaug and several of its branches water the 
town. 40 miles E. by. N. from Hartford. 

Pomfret contains tiie '■ Wolf Den." celebrated 
for the bold exploit of the gallant Putnam, who 
resided here some years. He died at Brooklyn, 
in this state, in 1790. 

Pomfret, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by 
Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries, and by some 
small streams flowing into Lake Erie. Surface 
billy, sloping towards Lake Erie, which bounds it 
on the N. Soil very fertile. 12 miles N. E. from 
MayviUe, and 315 S. of W. from Albany. 

Pomfret, Vt., Windsor co. The surface is con- 
sidsrably uneven, but the soil is generally good. 
White River touches upon the N. E. corner, and 
Quechee upon the S. E. The other streams are 
small. The settlement was commenced in the 
spring of 1770, by Bartholomew Durkee, from 
Pomfret, Ct. ; he "came into town with his family 
on the 6th day of March, and in a few days they 
were joined by Mr. John Cheedle and family. 45 
miles S. from Monlpelier, and 20 N. N. W. from 
Windsor. The Central Railroad passes through 
the town. 

Pompey, N. Y., Onondago co. Watered by 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



531 



Limestone Creek, ami the liead Iiranclics of the 
Tioughnioga Iviver. Surface hilly; soil fertile 
sandy and clay loam. 14 miles S. E. from Syra- 
cuse, and 132 W. from Albany. 

Pom/ifoij, N. J.. Passaic co. Watered by Ring- 
wood River and several ponds. Surface hilly and 
mountainous, containing iron ore ; soil clay and 
loam. 23 miles N. W. from Ilackcnsack. 

Pontotoc Cvuiily, Mi., c. h. at Pontotoc. Bound- 
ed K. by Tippali. E. hv Itawamba, S. by Ciiick- 
asaw, and W.liy Lafayette co. The Tallahatchee 
River an<l its liranchcs. and some brandies of the 
W. fork of Tombigbec River, water this county. 

Pope Comiti/. As., e. h. at Ncrrisville. Bounded 
N. by Newton co., E. by Van Buren and Conway 
counties, S. l>y the Arkansas River, separating it 
from Y'ell co., and W. by Johnson co. Drained 
by smalt branches of the Arkansas. On the N. 
border are the Black Hills. 

Pope Count//. Is., c. h.at Golconda. Bounded N. 
by Gallatin co,, E. and S. by Hardin co. and the 
Ohio River, separating it from Kentucky, and W, 
by Massac and Johnson counties. Drained by 
Big Bay, Great Pierre, Lusk's, and Rock Creeks. 
Surface level ; soil rich sandy loam. 

Poplin, N, H,, Rockingham co. Loon Pond is 
in the N. part. The town is watered by Exeter 
River and several small streams. The soil is of 
a good quality, and the surface is not broken by 
high bills, Tlie inhabitants are principally indus- 
trious farmers, 24 miles W. S, W. from Ports- 
mouth, and 30 S, S. E. from Concord, 

Portat/e. N, Y,, Alleghany co. The Genesee 
River and Genesee Valley Canal pass tbrongh 
tliis town, in the N, part of which are situated the 
celebrated Genesee Falls, The river descends 
about 300 feet in the distance of two miles, af- 
fording immense water power. Surface hilly on 
the E. and W, Soil very favorable to the growth 
of grain, 18 miles N, from Angelica, and 247 
W, from Albany, 

Portage County, 0., c, h, at Ravenna. Cuya- 
hoga and Geauga counties are on the N„ Trum- 
bull on the E,, Stark on the S., and Medina 
on the W, This county is named from the cir- 
cumstance of including within its limits the old 
portage, connecting the waters of Cuyahoga River 
with those of the Muskingum, These streams, 
with the head waters of Mahoning River, are the 
principal waters. The Pennsylvania and Ohio 
C^anal passes through this county from E, to W, 
The land is high, elevated, and well improved. 

Portage County, Wn,, e, h. at Portage, This 
extensive county is bounded N, by Micliigan, E, 
by Brown, JIarquette, and Dodge counties, S,by 
Dane and Sauk, and W, by Crawford co. Drained 
by Wisconsin River and its branches. Surface 
mountainous in the N., and level in the S. por- 
tions. 

Porter County, la., c. h.at Valparaiso. Bounded 
N. by Lake Erie, E. by La Porte and Stark coun- 
ties, S, by Kankakee River, separating it from 
Jasper co,, and W. by Lake co. Drained by Ca- 
lumic River and Coffee and Salt Creeks, The 
surface on the N, is elevated and sterile, but on 
the S, level, and in parts marshy, and the soil of 
better quality. 

Porter, Me,, Oxford co. Porter is bounded W. 
by New Hampshire, and Ossipee River separates 
it from the county of York, It lies 99 miles S, 
W. from Augusta, 42 W, N, W. from Portland, 
and 37 S. W, from Paris, Incorporated 1807. 

Porter, N. Y., Niagara co. Watered on the N. 



by Lake Ontario. E, by Tuscarora Creek, and W. 
by the Niagara River, which separates it from 
Canada, At the mouth of the Niagara, in this 
town, is situated the old Fort Niagara, Sulfate 
chieflv level ; soil argillaceous and sandy loam. 
16 niHcs N. AV. from Lockport, and 300 N. of 
W. from Albany. 

Port Carbon, Pa.. Schuylkill co. Situated in 
an important coal region, at the head of canal 
navigation, .and at the junction of Mill Creek 
with Schuylkill River, 65 miles N, E, from 
Harrisburg, Connects with Philadelphia by the 
Schuylkill Canal and Reading Railroad, 

Port Clitsler, N, Y,, Westchester eo. On 
the W, side of Byram River, 136 miles S, from 
Albany, Steamboats and vessels ply daily to 
New Vork, The New York and New Haven 
Railroad passes through it. 

Port Clinton, 0., Ottowa co. Located on the 
S, side of Portage River, at its mouth, and has a 
good harbor. N, from Columbus 120 miles. 

Port Deposit, Md,, Cecil co. Located on the 
E. side of Susquehanna River, at the lower falls, 
5 miles from its month, and 68 miles N, E, from 
Annapolis, The termination of the Susquehanna 
Canal, 

Port Eli:xibeth, N, J., Cumberland co. Situated 
near the mouth o"^ Manamuskin Creek. 14 miles 
from Delaware Bay, and 73 S, S, W, from Tren- 
ton, Vessels of 120 tons come here. Exports, 
wood and lumber. 

Port Gilison, Mi,, Claiborne co. On Bayou 
Pierre, 30 miles above its mouth, 45 miles N, from 
Natchez, and 72 S, AV, from Jackson, 

Port Henry, N, Y,, Essex co,, has a good 
steamboat landing on the W, side of Lake Cham- 
plain, 118 miles N, from Albany, The vicin- 
ity abounds in iron ore. 

Port Kent, N. Y,, Essex co. On the W, shore 
of Lake Champlain, 12 miles S, from Plattshurg, 
and 151 N, by E, from Albany, There is a 
steam ferry between this and Burlington, Vt, 

Portkuul, Me, City, seaport, and seat of jus- 
tice of Cumberland co, 65 miles S. W, from Au- 
gusta, the capital of the state, 105 miles N, N, E, 
from Boston, and 290 miles S. E. from Montreal, 
by railroad. Population in 1790, 2240; 1800, 
3704; 1810, 7169; 1820, 8521; 1830, 12,601; 
1840, 15,218; 1850. 20,879, 

Portland is very pleasantly situated, on a pen- 
insula at the W, extremity of Casco Bay, between 
Caseo River on the .S., and Back Cove, which 
makes up from the harlior, on the N, The length 
of this peninsula, from E, to W,, is 3 miles, and 
its average width about three fourths of a mile, 
containing about 2200 acres of land. The ground 
on which the city is built rises, towards both its 
eastern and western extremities, into considerable 
elevations, which gives a beautiful appearance to 
the general outline of the place, as it is approached 
from the sea. The city is regularly laid out, 
especially the more modern portions of it, and 
several of the streets are among the handsomest 
in any of our cities. It is built mostly with brick ; 
and the dwellings, always neat, are, many of 
them, spacious and elegant. Beautiful elms and 
other shade trees adorn several of the more re- 
tired avenues. The main street extends through 
the whole city, E, and W,, upon the ridge of the 
peninsula, reaching from hill to hill. One of the 
latest and most important iin))rovements within 
the city is the opening of a new street along the 
heads of the wharves and docks, in such a man- 



532 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



ner as to foi*m a connection between the termini 
of tlie principal railroad route?, and to give tlieni a 
direct access to tlie sliipping in the hnrbor, or to 
the large warehouses where the vessels are laden 
and unladen. 

The principal public buildings in Portland, be- 
sides the churches, are the City Hall, under which 
is a market, statiding .Ht the junction of Middle 
and Congress Streets, built of brick, with a pedi- 
ment and portico; the old Custom House, on 
Fore Street, of hammered granite ; and the Ex- 
change, an elegant structure, 1.36 feet in length 
by 72 in width, on the corner of Exchange and 
Middle Streets. Tlie colonnade of the Exchange, 
in front, consists or 8 columns, 24 feet high, each 
shaft being a single stone, beautifully fluted, and 
crowned by an Ionic capital. The edifice is sur- 
mounted by a dome, the top of which is 75 feet 
above the ground. This building, erected by the 
city as an Exchange, was purchased by the United 
States government in 1848, and is now used for a 
custom liouse, post oQice, and the United States 
court rooms. 

On a jiromontory at the eastern end of the 
city, rising about 100 feet above the water, stands 
a tower, 70 f/ct liigh. erected in 1807, by the 
merchants of Portland, for the purpose of ob- 
serving vessels at sea. It is furnished with a 
large telescope, and with signals to be raised on 
the approach of vessels making this port. This 
position commanils a most extensive and beauti- 
ful prospect in all directions, embracing the At- 
lantic Ocean as far as the eye can reach ; Casco 
Bay, to the mouth of the Kennebec, with the 
numerous verdant and beautiful islands reposing 
upon its bosom ; the Agamenticus Hills, in York ; 
and the whole range of mountains on the borders 
of New Hampshire, from Ossipce, near Lake 
Winnipiseogee, to the White Mountains, which 
constitute the crowning feature of the landscape. 
The serene, majestic form of Mount Washington, 
as it stands in clear relief against the distant 
heavens, is hero a most impressive object ; while 
below, "in the immediate vicinity," as one has 
said of it, " lie the city and adjacent countiy, as a 
gem in its emeraUl setting." 

The Portland Athen.'eum, incorporated in 1827, 
has a valuable library of over 6000 volumes, with 
a steady annual increase. It is kept in a conven- 
ient room, over the Canal Bank. The Society 
for promoting a Knowledge of Natural History 
has a valuable collection of minerals and shells, 
specimens in zoijlogy, ornithology, &c. 

There are 18 churches in Portland, belonging 
to nine different denominations. One of the 
church edifices is of stone, and several are of 
brick, generally in handsome situations. The 
first parish was" organized in 1727, and has now, 
after a period of 12.t years, only its third minister, 
never for an hour having been destitute of a pas- 
tor since the year of its formation. 

The public schools of Portland, embracing 
about 3000 children, are of a high order of excel- 
lence. Among them are a classical school for 
boys, a high school for girls, and four grammar 
schools, two for boys and two for girls. These 
schools are supported at an annual expense to 
the city of 12,000 or $1.5,000. There is also an 
academy, and numerous private schools, all af- 
fording "superior privileges for instruction. 

A company was incorporated in 1S49 for light- 
ing the city with gas, which is rapidly extending 
through all parts of it this pleasant improvement. 



A new impulse has been given to the pros- 
perity of Portland by the introduction of rail- 
roads. Iler advantages as a seaport, and her 
relations to the surrounding country, are such, 
that her intelligent capitalists and merchants 
were not slow to perceive their indncemcnts for 
enlisting earnestly in this branch of internal im- 
provement. The Portsmouth, Saco. and Port- 
land Railroad, completing the line from Boston 
to this city, was opened in 1842. In 1844, the 
movement was commenced towards the con- 
struction of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Kail- 
road, and two companies were organized, one in 
Maine and the other in Canada, which com- 
menced, at their respective ends of the line, the 
great undertaking of uniting the waters flowing 
from the great lakes at Montreal .and Quebec 
with the Atlantic at Portland, a distance, as the 
route runs, of 290 miles. This entire route is 
under contract to be finished in 18.>.3, and large 
sections of it, on each end of the line, are already 
in 0])eration. This great work will cost aoout 
■55,000.000. Another great route, extending east- 
ward, is opened from Portland as f u- as Waterville, 
within 45 miles of Bangor. This is expected 
hereafter to be continued to the British provinces 
of New Bi-unswick and Nova Scotia. The Ken- 
nebec and Portland Railroad is another route, 
independent of the above, extending E. to Au- 
gusta, 65 miles, passing through Brunswick, and 
connecting Portland with the Kennebec River at 
the prominent points of Bath, Gardiner. Ilallowell, 
and Augusta. Besides these, another intei-ior 
railroad is commenced, to extend from Portland, 
through Gorham, Buxton, Hollis, Alfred. &c., to 
South Berwick. This road is open to Gorham. 
A branch from the St. Lawrence road has also 
been opened from Mechanic Falls to Buckfield, 
a distance of 12 miles. 

Among the enterprises of labor and skill which 
have come in to meet the demands created by 
these extensive improvements is that of the 
Portland Company, a large manufacturing estab- 
lishment, in which are made the locomotives, cars, 
and all the apparatus and appurtenances for rail- 
roads, as well as other work in wood and iron. It 
is incorporated, with a fixed capital of SIOO.OOO. 

The Cumberland and Oxford Canal, extend- 
ing through Sebago and Long Ponds, one 12 
and the other 10 miles long, a distance of 50 
miles from Portland, was a woik of earlier con- 
struction than the railroads, which furnishes an 
inland navigation for the counties of O.xford and 
Cumberland to Portland Harbor. 

The harbor of Portland is one of the best in 
the United States, being near the ocean, easy of 
access, s.afe and ample, with sufficient depth of 
water for the largest vessels. It is not obstruct- 
ed with ice, except occasionally in the most ex- 
treme cold weather. This city, from its relative 
position, enjoys fine advantages for trade and 
commerce. When all the great projects for ex- 
tending its internal communication shall be com- 
pleted, it will oB'er very strong inducements, from 
its high northern latitude, and its nearness to the 
great marts of Europe, as a port for the ship- 
ment of the products of the great north and west, 
which arc increasing in a ratio unparalleled in 
any other country. 

The settlement of Portland was commenced 
in 1632, by George Cleaves and Richard Tucker, 
two adventurers from the west of England, who 
procured a grant of it, in 1637, from Sir Francis 



IN THE UKITED STATES. 



533 



'Gor^'e"; tlia proprietor of the province. In 1675, 
the "settlement was destroyed l>y the Indians. 
That wliich afterwards prav! up was a-jain de- 
stroyed In- tlie French and Indians, ni 1C90. after 
which tlic place lay waste for abont 20 years. 
In 1718, it was incorjiorated, nnder the nanio ot 
Talnionth. with tlie jiresent towns of Cape Eliza- 
beth \\'esthroolc, and Falmoutli, hy llie Massa- 
chusetts leaislamre. This part of tlie town went 
bv the name of " Old Casco." It was sei.aratcd 
from Falmouth, and incorporated by its present 
name, in 1786. In 1S.'32, it received a city 
charter. , , 

On the ISth of October, 177.5, the place was 
bombarded bv a British fleet, and entirely pros- 
trated ; 13G of the principal dwellings, tlie Epis- 
copal Church, the court house, and the town 
bouse bavins been laid in ruins. From the close 
of the revolutionary war. the growth of the town 
was rapid. Its tonna;;o had increased to 39,000 
tons, and the amount received for duties to 
§346,000, when it aL'ain received a severe cheek 
bv the restrictions on commerce durinij; the war 
of 1812. After the war, a new impulse was 
given to its prosperity; which has since been 
generally onward ; though not without serious 
reverses, in one or two instances, from desolating 
fires and a misdirected spirit of speculation. With 
energies exercised and developed by so m.any 
vicissitudes, and with so many new facilities for 
trade as arc now furnished, this beautiful citj' is 
certainly destined, in the future, to a large in- 
crease in population, wealth, and influence. 

Portlaml, Ct., Middlesex co. On the E. side 
of Connecticut Kiver, nearly opposite Middle- 
town, and about 1.5 miles S. from Ilarttord. A 
new town, recentlv incorporated from Chatham. 
The village is pleasantly situated on elevated 
ground, looking towards the W. and S. W., and 
fs the most populous towards the two extremi- 
ties of a street running parallel with the course 
of the river, aliout 2 miles in length. At the 
southern extremity are the valuable freestone 
ciuarries. from whicli large quantities of a most 
beautiful reddish or dark-colored sandstone, of 
a fine quality for building, are exported to dis- 
tant cities everv vear. The quarries lie directly 
upon the bank" of the river, though the bed ot 
stone appears to extend back for considerable 
distance. It is not perfectly solid, but lies in 
blocks 8 or 10 feet thick, and .50 or 60 feet long. 
For about 50 years past these quarries have been 
extensively worked, with a handsome profit to 
their proprietors. There are some delightful 
scats here occupied for private residence, from 
which views of the river and of the surrounding 
country arc enjoyed which are scarcely surjiasscd 
by any in the country. At the northern part 
of the "town there is a ship yard where vessels are 
built for the river navigation. 

J'wllaml, N. Y., Cbautau(iue co. Watered by 
several small streams flowing into Lake Eric, 
which bounds it on the N. W. Surface billy; 
soil sandy and argillaceous loam. 7 miles N. 
from Mayville, and 331 W. from Albany. 
rorlliiiid, On,, c. h. Washington co. 
Porlsmunth, N. II. Seaport and half shire town 
of Kockingham co. 47 miles E. from Concord, 
and 54 X.' bv E. from Boston. This important 
town is the only seaport in the state. It is built 
on a beautiful peninsula, on the S. side of the 
Piscata(pia River, about 3 miles from the ocean. 
The ground rises gradually from the harbor, 



artbrding for tlio town a peculiarly pleasant and 
healthful situation. I'opulatioii in 1810, 6934; 
1820,7327; 18.30,8082; 1840,7887; 18.50,97.39. 
Portsmoutli is connected with Kittery, in Maine, 
by 2 bridges, 1 of which, built in 1822. at a cost 
of $32,000, is 1750 feet in length, and is sup- 
ported by 70 piers : the otiicr is 480 feet long, 
supported bv 20 piers. Under the longest of tliesc 
bridges the "water, at low tide, for an extent of 
900 feet, varies from 45 to 53 feet in depth. The 
town is also connected by a In-idge with Great 
Island, comprising the township of Nc^vcastle. 
The streets of Portsmouth, though not laid out 
with much regularity, are neat and pleasant, and 
contain many beautifnl buildings. In many 
parts of the town arc beauliful gardens, and much 
rural embellisluiunt. Few places more agreeably 
unite the advantages of the town and country. 
That part of it which lies around Churcli Hill, 
so called, was originally called Strawberry Bank. 
The proximity of Portsmouth to the ocean, its 
neatness, qnictness. and beauty, render it a 
desirable place of residence, and a place of 
fashionable resort for visitors during the sum- 
mer season. 

Among the public buildings are 5 or 6 hand- 
some churches, 2 market houses, an academy, 
an atlienwum. an almsliouse. and the state 
Lunatic Hosjiilal. The Ej.iscopal Church is a 
large and elegant brick editice, from the cupola 
of which a very beautiful view is had of tlie town, 
the river, the harbor, the islands, and tlie sur- 
rounding country. One of the markets near the 
centre of the lovvn is of luick, 80 feet long and 
30 feet wide, having a spacious hall in the upper 
story for iniblic uses. The Athenanim was incor- 
porated in 1817, and has a handsome brick edifice 
3 stories high, with a library of 7300 volumes. 
In the third story are valualdc collections of 
minerals and of "natural history. Besides the 
Athenanim libraiv there .are liliraries belonging 
to St. Jolm's Church, and to tlie Unitarian 
Church, of about 500 volumes each. The people 
of this town were early distinguished as the 
patrons of literature, aiid their institutions of 
learning, of every trade, are highly respectable. 
The town is siipidied with water of an excellent 
quality, brought by an aqueduct from a fountain 
3 mile's distant, an'd carried through all the princi- 
pal streets. 

The United States navy yard, situated on the 
harbor of Portsmouth, is allmirably located for its 
objects, on an island called Continental, or Badg- 
er's Island, on the E. side of the river. Here is 
every convenience for the construction and re- 
pair of vessels of the largest class, among which 
are a dry dock of costly construction, and 3 im- 
mense ship houses, the largest of which is 240 
feet long and 131 feet wide, having the roof 
covered with 130 tons of slate. Portsmouth has 
been long celebrated for the skill of its naval 
architects, as well as for its abundant supply of 
fine white oak timber and other materials for 
ship building. The merchant service, as well as 
the United States navy, is supplied from the ship 
yards here with many of their finest vessels. On 
'Badcer's Island, in this harbor, was built, during 



the revolutionary war, the first line of battle ship 
launched in the western hemisphere, called the 
North America. A very large number of vessels 
are owned at this port, which are constantly em- 
ployed in the freighting and fishing business in 
oth"er seas, and between other ports of this country 



534 



COtTNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



and the worlJ. The consequence is, that much 
of the capital of this wealtliy town is employed 
abroad; and tliere is but little show of business 
in the streets, compared with the amount of com- 
merce, in the profits of which it is interested. 
The ]ilace has always been noted for its enter- 
prise and comniercial spirit, and is the immediate 
centre of a con>idcrahIe trade. The I*iscata(iua 
is from half to three (juarters of a mile wiile whei'e 
it passes the town, and although the current has 
so much rapidity as to prevent the river from 
freezinjr, it forms one of the most secure and com- 
modious harbors in the United States, into which 
ships of any size may enter with perfect safety. 
It is well protected, by its islands, from the N. E. 
storms, which are the most to be dreaded on this 
coast, and can be easily defended, and rendered 
perfectly imprefrnable, in time of war. The main 
channel passes on the E. side of Great Island, on 
the N. W. point of which is Fort Constitution, 
and opposite, in Kittery, is Fort McClary. On 
two other islands are Forts Washington and 
Sullivan. There is another entrance on the S. 
side of New Castle, called Little Harbor, where 
the water is shoal and the bottom sandy. The 
Portsmouth pier, .340 feet long and about 60 feet 
wide, was built by an incorporated company 
in 1795. 

The principal manufacturing establishments 
of Portsmouth are a machine shop and car fac- 
tory, which employs a large number of luen ; an 
iron foundery ; a manufactory of hosiery, which 
is extensive ; a mill for the manufacture of fine 
twist, driven by an engine of iifty horse power, 
and the Portsmouth steam factory, erected in 
1846-7 for making the finer class of cotton fab- 
rics. This mill is located in a central part of 
the town, having the Boston and Portland and 
the Portsmouth and Concord Kailroads immedi- 
ately in the rear. The main building is 200 feet 
long, and 6 stories high, and for architectural 
character, as well as internal arrangement, this 
is one of the most attractive manufacturing es- 
tablishments in the country. 

At this port, in the spring of 162.3, the first 
settlers of New Hampshire made a landing, and 
commenced their settlements here and at Dover. 
From the peculiar advantages of its situation, 
Portsmouth appears almost wholly to have es- 
caped the invasion of the Indians. They could 
approach the place only by the isthmus which 
connects it with the main land, across which a 
stockade was extended for defence against them. 
The settlement was also compact, and the num- 
ber of inhabitants at an early date consiilerable. 

The Eastern Railroad from Boston to I'ort- 
land, by way of Salem and Ncwburyport, passes 
through Portsmouth. A railroad has also been 
completed to connect this place with Concord, 
and thus with the great northern route ex- 
tending to Burlington, on Lake Champlain, to 
Ogdensburg, at the outlet of the great north- 
western lakes, and to the River St. Lawrence, 
opposite Montreal. This road, which is only 47 
miles in length, nmst open very important ad- 
vantages to this port, by rendering it directly ac- 
cessible to the northern and western trade, com- 
ing from a vast extent of the interior, with which 
it has heretofore had little or no connection. 

Portsmouth, O. Seat of justice of Scioto co. 
Situated at the termination of the Ohio Canal, 
on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Scioto. 
90 miles S. of Columbus, and 110 miles, by the 



river, above Cincinnati. The site of the town iS 
rather low, exposing it to occasional injury from 
floods : but it has great and enduring advantages, 
from its jiosition, as a commercial depot, and is 
a busy and flourishing place. Iron ore, coal, and 
building stone abound in the vicinity, and here 
are founderics, forges, and a rolling mill for the 
manufacture of iron. Several steamboats ]>ly 
continually between this j)lace and the iron re- 
gion in the upper ]>art of this county and St. Law- 
rence CO. A commodious ba^in jias been con- 
structed in the old channel of the Scioto, with 
dry docks attached, for the building of steam- 
boats. 

There is in this place a well-conducted free 
school, supported chiefly by funds bef|ueathcd 
for this purpo.se. yielding about S2000 annually. 
The town is well built, niul makes a handsome 
ap])earance from the river. In the immediate 
neighborhood, on both sides of the Ohio, are 
some very extensive ancient works, which will 
not fail to interest the intelligent tomist. From 
this place to Cleveland, on Lake Erie, by the 
canal, the distance is SO.'j miles. 

Portsmouth, R. I., Newport co. The soil of 
this town, in common with all the lauds on the 
Island of Rhode Island, is uncommonly fertile, 
well cultivated, and productive. The maritime 
situation of the town affords the people great 
facilities for the fisheries, which, with a fine soil, 
and industry, give them a great degree of iiule- 
pendence. A number of islands are attached to 
this town, of which the beautifid and fertile 
one called Prudence is the largest. It is 6 miles 
in length, and about three quarters of a mile 
average width. In this town are the Rhode 
Island coal mines. A fine bed of plumbago has re- 
cenily licen discovered. A stone bridge, 1000 
feet in length, connects it with Tiverton. 

Portsmouth, Va., c. h. Norfolk co. On the W. side 
of Elizabeth River, at its mouth, and has one 
of the best harbors in the United States. It is 
opposite to and 1 mile dist.ant from Norfolk, and 
105 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. The United 
States navy yard, dry dock, and hospital are at 
Gosport, a suburb. There is daily commuinea- 
tiou with Charleston by the Portsmouth and 
Roanoke and Wilmington Railroads, and with 
Baltimore and Richmond by steam. 

Port Tobacco. Md., c. b. Charles co. Situated at 
the mouth of a small river, which empties through 
a bay into Potomac River. 72 miles S. W. from 
Annapolis. 

Porti'ille, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alle- 
ghany River and some of its branches water this 
town. Surface broken ; soil sandy loam. 24 
miles S. E. from Ellicottville, and" 296 S. W. 
from Albany. 

Posey Coiinti/, la., c. h. at Mount Vernon. 
Bounded N. by Gibson co., E. by Vanderhurg 
CO., S. by the Ohio River, separating it from 
Kentucky, and W. by the Wabash River, sep- 
arating it from Illinois. Drained by Big and 
Flat Creeks. Surface undulating; soil fertile. 

Potosi, Mo., Washington co. In a rich mineral 
region, abounding in lead, iron, and copper ores. 
1 1 1 miles E. S. E. from Jeft'erson City. 

Potter tbioi^i/' ?"•,<■• ''•:>' Coiidersport. Bound- 
ed N. by New York. E. by Tioga co.. S. by Clin- 
ton, and W. by McKean co. Drained by the 
head branches of the Alleghany, Tioga, and 
Genesee Rivers, and of the W. fork of the Sus- 
quehanua River, and by Pine, Kettle, Driftwood, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



535 



and Sinnemahoning Creeks. Surface elevated, 
containing oonl and iron ; soil loam. 

Poller, N. Y.. Yates co. Flint Creek waters 
this town, tlie surface of whicli is hilly, and tlie 
soil fertile. 8 miles N. from Penn-Yan, and :200 
W. from Alljany. 

PuUf'i\ Pa., Centre co. Tlie surface of this 
town is mountainous, its soil calcareous loam. 
10 miles S. E. from Bcllefonte, and 7 1 N. W. from 
Harrisburg. 

Potsdam. N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered liv 
Racket and Grass Uivers. Surface undulating; 
soil fertile. S miles N. E. from Canton, and 206 
N. W. from Albany. 

Potts (tiore. Pa-, Jlontgomerv co. Bounded 
S. Ity the Scliuylkill Kiver, and drained by Man- 
atawny Creek and Sprogels's Ilun. Surface liilly; 
soil red shale. 

Puttstuifii, Pa., Jlontgoniery co., lies at the 
junction of Manatawriy Creek and Schuylkill 
Eiver. 71 miles E. from Ilarrislmrg. and 37 N. 
from Philadelphia. The Schuylkill Canal passes 
through it. 

Pottsnlle, Pa.. Schuylkill co. 99 miles Jv. 
W. from Philadelphia.' and G2 E. fiom Har- 
risburg. It is at the termination of the Schnyl- 
kill Canal, and of the Pliiladelpliia, Reading, 
and Pottsville Kailroad, in the midst of the an- 
thracite coal region of Peuiisylvania. It is situ- 
ated just above the gorge where the Schuylkill 
breaks thi'ough Sharp Mountain, aii<l is the largest 
town in iJic county. The ininieiise coal trade 
has given it a rapid gruwtli. The iiorough, as in- 
corporated February 19, 1828, embraces, besides 
Pottsville j)roper, what were ouce the sejjarate 
neighborhoods of Morrisviile, Grecuwoijd, Mount 
Carbon, Bath, Salem, and AUenviUe. Mount 
Carbon comprises the .southern part of Potts- 
ville, lying in the valley, between Sharp Moun- 
tain and Second Mountain. The surrounding 
scenery here is very romantic. The place, as a 
whole, contains many large warcliouscs and fine 
ranges of stores, and is now a coni|)act, bustling 
place. Its trade has settled into a steady chan- 
nel, well understood and well managed by capi- 
talists, merchants, and miners. The place con- 
tains .5 or 6 churches, some of which have fine 
Gothic edifices, an academy, a town hall, a splen- 
did hotel, called Pennsylvania Hall, and .several 
other spacious hotels and handsome public build- 
ings. Here are iron furnaces, forges, foundcries, 
and rolling mills, in which the anthracite coal is 
successfully used. Steam engines and machinery 
are manufactured, and many boats are built for 
the river navigation. 

Pottou-attumie O/iHi/iy, lo., c. h. at Kanesville. In 
the S. W. angle of the state, on the Missouri. 

Puiujhkecjtsie^ N. Y.. shire town of Dutchess eo. 
Situated on the E. side of the Hudson Kiver. 70 
miles S. fmm Albany, and 75 N. from New York. 
It was first settled by the Dutch, in 173.5, and is 
one of the handsomest places in the state. The 
population, in 1840, was 7500; in 1850, 13,944. 
No place on the Hudson, jierhaps, exceeds this 
for the beauty of its location. The ground on 
which the principal part of the village is built is 
elevated about 200 feet above the river, and ex- 
tends into it by two bold promontories on the N. 
and S., so as almost to cover the landing, which 
lies between them, from the view of the boats ap- 
proaching, especially from below. Main Street, 
extending from the landing to the plain above, 
his been conveniently graded and paved. Many 



of the buildings on this street arc of the finest 
description, for the various purpo.ses of their erec- 
tion ; and in every part of the village, which em- 
braces about 40 streets, there are many licautiful 
mansions, affording evidence of the wealth, taste, 
and refinements of the inhabitants. There are 
churches in Poughkeepsie of the Dutch Keformed, 
Presbyterian, Episcopal. Congregational. Bap- 
list, Methoilist. Universalist, Quaker, and Koman 
Catholic denominations. Besides the court house, 
and other county buildings, there are banks, 
newspaper offices, and a great variety of manu- 
facturing and mechanical establishments. A 
large water power is furnished by the Fall Kill, a 
stream which, winding through the village, de- 
scends by a ravine into the Hudson, over a fall, 
in the whole, of about 170 feet. There is here 
an incorporated company for the growth and 
manufacture of silk, whicii has erected an exten- 
sive establishment; another for the manufacture 
of locomotive engines, and other railroad ma- 
chinery, with builditigs not surpassed In' any in 
the state ; and another still, called the Dutchess 
^Vhaliug Company, which owns a number of 
shi|is engaged in the whale fishery. One of the 
breweries in this place is perhaps the largest in 
the state, capable of making 30,000 barrels of ale 
annually. Some of the other manufacturing 
operations, of principal importance, are flouring 
mills, brass and iron foundcries, tanneries, manu- 
factories of carpets, guns, pins, sperm oil and 
candles, ploughs, carriages, &c. 

The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, a fine in- 
stitution, opened in 18.36, for fitting young men 
for college, or for teachers, or any of the active 
jiursuits of life, is beautifully located upon a hill, 
abuut a mile from the Hudson, and half a mile 
northward from the business part of the village. 
The prospect from this spot extends through a 
compass of nearly 50 miles, and is one of surpass- 
ing beauty. The building is a handsome struc- 
ture, 137 feet long, modelled after the Parthenon 
at Athens, with the colonnade carried entirely 
round, erected at a cost of about 840,000. The 
Dutchess County Academy is also located here, 
and has a building in the S. E. part of the vil- 
lage, which cost about 814,000. Proportionate 
attention is likewise given to the interests of fe- 
male education, for whicli a number of schools 
exist, which are of high reputation. 

Poughkeepsie was incorporated as a village in 
1801, and is a part of a township of the same 
name. Its name is said to be a modification of 
the Indian word ApoIcrj_'psii>(j, meaning a safe har- 
bor. Being situated almut half way between 
New York and Albany, this place was occasional- 
ly resorted to, in the earlier periods of its history, 
for popular deliberations , and here, in 1 788, the 
state convention met to deliberate upon the fed- 
eral constitution, and voted for its adoption. 

Poultmij, Vt., Rutland co. This township is 
watered by Ponltney River anrl its numerous 
tributaries, which alTord a nunitier of valuable 
mill sites. The soil is generally warm and pro- 
ductive, and the surface pleasantly diversified. 
Along Poultncy River the alluvial flats are 
extensive and very productive. The forest trees 
are mostly deciduous, there being but few ever- 
greens. A violent freshet, in July, ISll, swept 
oft' a number of mills. There are two pleasant 
villages, called East and West Poultney : both 
are very flourishing. The settlement was com- 
menced in 1771, by Thomas Ashley and Eben- 



536 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



ezer Allen. 60 miles S. W, from Montpelier, 
and 13 S. W. from Rutland. 

Poundridrje. 'S. Y., Westchester CO. Watered 
by a few small streams flowing into Long Island 
Sound. Surface hilly and stony ; soil gravelly 
loam. 15 miles X. E. from White Plains, and 
139 S. from Albany. 

Poweshtcl: Coiinti/, lo., r. h. at Monteznma. S. 
E. central. Between Iowa and Skunk Rivers. 

Poirholan Connttj^ Va., c. h. at Powhatan. 
Bounded N. by James River, separating it from 
Goochland co.. E. by Chesterfield co., S. by the 
Appomattox River, separating it from Amelia 
CO., and W. by Cumberland co. 

Powhatan, Va., c. h. Powhatan co. 

Poiimal, Mc, Cumberland co. This is a small 
town, of good soil, and bounded N. by Durliam. 
It lies 3.5 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 19 N. 
from Portland. Incorporated 1808. 

Pownal, Vt., Bennington co. The surface is 
uneven, but the soil generally good, and pro- 
duces plentiful crops. Some of the finest dairies 
in the state are kept hero. The principal stream 
is Hoosic River. Along this stream are some 
rich and beautiful tracts of intervale, and on it 
are several valuable stands for mills. Some of 
the head branches of Walloomscoik River rise in 
Pownal. The settlement of Pownal, under the 
New Hampshire charter, was commenced in the 
spring of 17G2, there being at that time four or 
five Dutch families within the limits of the town- 
ship, claiming under the Hoosic patent, granted 
by the government of New York. 30 miles W. by 
S. from Brattlcljoro', and 8 S. from Bennington. 

Prairie Du C'hien, Wn., shire town of Crawford 
CO. On the E. bank of the Mississippi, about 90 
miles W. of Madison, and 170 W. of Mihvaukie. 
It is about 3 miles above ttic mouth of the Wiscon- 
sin River, 516 above St. Louis, and 276 below the 
Falls of St. Anthony. The prairie on whicli the 
town stands is 10 miles long and 3 in width ; 
upon which are nutnerous mounds of all shapes 
and sizes. Rich copper mines are found here, 
and occasionally large masses of pure cojiper. 
The place contains a court house and jail, an 
academy, and three or four churches, with a con- 
siderable number of stores and mechanic shops. 
Fort Crawford, a United States military post, is 
immediately S. of the town. This ])lace is well 
situated for business, and will doubtless he the 
point where a railroad from Mihvaukie, on Lake 
Michigan, passing through the capital of tlie 
state, will strike the Mississippi. 

Prattshurtj, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by 
some small branches of the Conhocton River. 
Surface rather hilly; soil well adapted to gra.ss. 
12 miles N. fi-om Bath, and 202 W. from Albany. 

Prattscilk, N. Y., Greene co. Schoharie Creek 
flows through this town, and the soil on its 
borders is very fertile. Surface mostly broken 
and mountainous, the uplands being well adapted 
to grazing. 38 miles W. from Catskill, and 50 
S. W. from Albany. 

Prehle, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by a 
branch of the Tioughnioga River. Surface hilly ; 
soil well adajited to grass and grain. 136 miles 
N. from Cortland, and 136 W. from Alliany. 

Prehle Coiiitli/, 0.. c. li. at Eaton. Dark co. 
beunds it ou the N., Montgomery on the E., 
Butler on the S., and the state of Indiana on the 
W. It was named after Commodore Preble. 
First settled in 1804, and established January 8, 
1808. This county has good fertile land, which 



is well timbered, and contains several mineral 
springs. Several mounds, from 50 to 80 feet in 
circumference, have been discovered here. The 
waters are Big Twin, Seven Mile, White Water, 
and Four Jlile Creeks. 

Presrolt. Ms.. Hampshire CO., was formerly part 
of Pelliam and New Salem. The svnface is 
rough and uneven, and in some parts quite hilly; 
hut it has a strong soil, with considerable arablo 
land : the greater part is better suiti'd to grazing 
th.an tillage. There arc some good mill streams 
in the town, branches of Swift River. 18 miles 
N. E. from Northampton, and 67 W. by N. from 
Boston. 

Preston, Ct., New London co. This is an ir- 
regular, uneven, rocky town, of a ]>retty good 
soil for corn and grazing. It is boumled W. 
and N. by the Thames and Quinebaug_ IJivers. 
Poquetannuck, an ancient village, lies ])artly in 
Preston and partly in Ledyard. It has a water 
power, and small vessels pass within a short dis- 
tance of it. Many of the inhabitants are em- 
ployed in navigation, and consideralile ship tim- 
ber is taken from there down the river. Preston 
Cittf lies in the eastern part of the town. Near 
this village is " Amos Lake," a handsome sheet 
of water, and a place of resort for parties of 
pleasure. 6 miles E. from Norwich. 

Preston, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by a 
few small branches of the Chenango River. Sur- 
face slightly uneven ; soil productive in grass and 
grain. 5 miles W. from Norwich, and 115 W. 
from Albany. 

Preston, Pa., Wayne co. Surface hilly; soil 
sandy loam. 184 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Preston Coimti/. Va., c. h. at Kingwood. 
Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by JIaryland, 
S. by Randolph and Barlionr, and W. by jlarion 
and Monongahela counties. Drainerl by Cheat 
River. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil of 
excellent quality in some portions. 

Preslonbw;!, Ky., c. h. Floyd co. On the W. 
fork of Sandy River. E. S. E. from Fraidifort 
120 miles. 

Prince Edward Counfi/, Va., c. h. Prince Ed- 
ward Court House. Bounded N. by the Appo- 
mattox River, separating it from Buckingham 
and Cumberland counties. E. by Nottoway, S. by 
Lunenburg, and S. W. and W. liy Charlotte and 
Campliell counties. Soil fertile, and watered by 
branches of the Appomatto.x. In this county is 
Hampden Sidney College. See Colkyes. 

Prince Frederick-town, Md., c. h. Calvert co. 
On Parker's Creek, a tributary of Chesapeake 
Bay. S. by W, frotn Annapolis 46 miles. 

Prince Geortje Count//, Va., e. h. at Prince 
George Court House. J3ounded N. by the Appo- 
mattox and James Rivers, sei>arating it from 
Chesterfield and Charles City counties, E. by 
Surry, S. by Essex, and W. by Dinwiddle co. 
Drained by Blackwatcr River. 

Prince I'ieon/e's Connlii. Md., c. li. St Upper 
Marlboro'. Bounded N. Iv and E. by the Patux- 
ent River, separating it from Anne Arundel and 
Culvert counties, S. by Charles co.. W. l)y the 
Potomac River, separating:: it from Virginia, and 
by the District of Colurnliia, and N. W. by Mont- 
gomery CO. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. 

Princess Ann, Md., c. h. Somerset co. On the 
S. E. bank of Manokin River, near the head of 
tide water, and 110 miles S. S. E. from Annap- 
olis. 

Princess Ann County, Va., c.h. at Princess Ann 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



537 



Court House. BonndeJ N. by Chesapeake Bay, 
E. by the Atlantic Ocean. S. by Nortli Carolina, 
and \V. by Norfolk co. It is drained by North 
Eiver and the E. brancli of Elizabeth River, and 
has Back Bay, a branch of Currituck Sound, in 
its S. part. 

Princess Ann, Va., c. h. Princess Ann co. l.ia 
miles S. E. from Kiclimond. 

Prime William Count)/. Va., c. h. at Brentsville. 
Bounded N. E. and E. by Occoquan River, sepa- 
rating it from Loudon and Fairfax counties. S. E. 
by the Potomac River, separatin<; it from Mary- 
land, S. by Stafford co., and W. and N. W. by 
Fauquier co. Surface hilly ; soil tolerably fertile. 

Princeton, As., c. h. Dallas co. 

Princeton, la., c. h. Gibson co. 4 miles S. from 
Patoka Creek, and 142 miles S. W. from Indian- 
apolis. ^ 

Princeton, Ms.. Worcester co. This town was 
named for the Rev. Thomas Prince, a large pro- 
prietor, the chronologer of New England, and 
pastor of the Old South Church in Boston. It 
was formerly called the East Wing of Rutland. 
The surface is elevated, but agreeably diversified 
with undulating valleys. There are some noted 
high grounds in the town, the most jirominent of 
which is Wachusett Mountain, the Indian name 
of the townshi]). There are no large streams 
flowing in or through this town. The town is 
nevertheless well watered with brooks and small 
streams, which rise entirely within its limits. 
Wachusett Mountain is situated in the north- 
westerly part of the town. This mountain rears 
its conical head 201 S feet above Massachusetts 
Bay. and the prospect from the top of it is de- 
liglilfnl. 18 miles N. by W. from Worcester, 9 
S. W. from the Fitchliurg Railroad at Leom- 
inster, and, I)y the latter, 52 W. by N. from 
Boston. 

Princeton. Mi., c. h. Washington co. On the 
E. side of Mississippi River. 119 miles N. W. 
from Jackson. 

Princeton. N. Y ., Schenectady co. Norman's 
Kill waters this town, the surface of which is 
hilly, and the soil composed of clay, sand, and 
loam. 8 miles W. from Schenectady, and 2.3 N. 
W. from Albany. 

Princeton. N. J., Mercer co. 10 miles N. E. from 
Trenton. The township of Princeton, formed 
from those of Montgomery and West Windsor, 
is alxjut .0 miles long and broad. 

The village of Princeton, incorporated as a 
borotigh in 1812, is pleasantly situated on an ele- 
vated ridge of land, commanding an extensive 
prospect towards the E. It is chieliy built on one 
extended street. Tlic Delaware and Raritan 
Canal, and the railroad between New York and 
Philadelphia, [lass about 1 mile S. E. of the cen- 
tral part of the village. It is .50 miles from New 
York, aiul 40 from Philadelphia. This was the 
scene of one of the battles of the revolution, 
Januarys. 1777, which, for the time it lasted, and 
the numbers engaged, was cne of the most bloody 
and fatal to our ofticcrs of any during the war. 
The heroic devotion of Washington on the field 
of Princeton is matter of history. 

The College of New Jersey, and the Princeton 
Theological Seminary are situated in this place, 
and give to it at present its principal importance. 
See Colleges. 

Prosptet. Ct., New Haven co. This stony and 
mountainous town was taken from Cheshire and 
Waterburv in 1827. It derived its name from 
63 



its elevated situation. There is a pretty village 
in the town. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers. 
17 miles N. by W. from New Haven. 

Prospect, Me., Waldo co. Tliis is a beautiful 
town, of good soil, on the W. side of Penobscot 
River. It is bounded on the S. liy Belfast Bay, 
on the W. by Swanville, and on the N. by Frank- 
fort. Prospect is very flonrisliing in its trade, 
ship building, and agricultural pursuits. 52 E. 
by N. from Augusta, and IS from Bangor. 

Providence, N. Y.. Saratoga co. Sacondaga 
River and a few small streams water this town, 
which is partly covered by the Kayaderoseras 
Mountain. The soil is well adapted to the growth 
of grass. 1 3 miles N. W. from Ballston Spa, and 
4.3 from Albany. 

Proi-idence, Pa., Luzerne co. AVatered by Lack- 
awannock Creek and Ro.aring Brook, both afl'ord- 
ing fine hydraulic power. Situated in a valley 
aliounding with anthracite coal. 146 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Providence County, R. I., c. h. at Providence. 
Uneven, but fertile and well cultivated. The 
Blackstone or Pawtucket, the Pautuset, and 
many smaller streams, furnish aljundant water 
power, on which are numerous manufactures. 
Its E. border is traversed by the Worcester and 
Providence and Stonington Railroads. 

Providence. R. I., city, shire town of Providence 
CO., and the largest in the state of Rhode Island. 
It is situated at the head of navigati(jn on Provi- 
idence River, 35 miles from the sea, 30 N. N. W. 
from Newport, 40 S. W. from Boston, 169 N. E. 
from New York. Its ai-ea is about 9 square miles. 
The compact part is divided into two nearly 
equal parts by Providence River. The land on 
the E. side of' the river is hilly, attaining, at its 
greatest height, 204 feet above tide water. The 
soil is rich and heavy. On the -W. side of the 
river the land is more level, and the soil light 
and saiuly, its greatest height above tide water 
being only 78 feet. It is bounded N. by the town 
of North Providence, on the E. it adjoins Massa- 
chusetts, from which it is seijarated by the See- 
konk River, S. by the town of Cranston and by 
Narraganset Bay, and W. by the townships of 
Johnston and North Providence. It origiiuiUy 
comprised all the towns in Providence county, 
except Cumberland. 

The harbor of Piovidence is safe and commo- 
dious, but it is not safely apjjroaehcd by large 
vessels wititout a pilot. Commerce was the favor- 
ite pursuit of the citizens of Providence at an 
early period of its history. The East India busi- 
ness, before 1812, was pursued with great success 
for many years. Since that period, this and all 
foreign commerce has gradually declined. There 
is still a large amount of coasting business done 
in Providence. But of late years the attention 
of the money-making part of the community has 
been withdrawn from commerce and fixed on 
manufactures. Much of the capital and enter- 
prise of Providence men is invested in tlie man- 
ufacturing establishments in and near its borders. 
The water power is occupied to its full extent, 
besides which there are in operation about 50 
steam engines, some of theur as large as 300 
horse power. They are employed in grinding 
grain, sawing and polishing marble, printing, 
bleaching, calendering, and dyeing cloths, sawing 
and planing lumber, driving bellows in furnaces 
and founderies, manufacturing machinery, screws, 
nails, rubber shoes, small wares, furniture, power 



538 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



loom pickers, carriages, jewelry, cotton and wool- 
len goods. 

The communication between Providence and 
adjoining states and towns is varied, commodious, 
and rapid, both for passengers and frei;,'ht. Steam- 
boats of superior construction and accommoda- 
tion run constantly, and as frequently as the wants 
of the public require, to Warren, Bristol, Ports- 
mouth, Newport, Fall River, and New York. 
There are three railroads running into Providence 
— one to Stonington, Ct., which connects there 
with a line of steamers for New York ; one to 
Boston, and the third to Worcester, along the 
valley of the Blackstone River. Two other rail- 
roads have been chartered by the General Assem- 
bly of the state, one leading to Bristol, and the 
other to Plainficld, Ct., there connecting with the 
lines of railroads extending to the far west. The 
last of these will probably be soon commenced 
and finished. The passenger and merchandise 
stations of these railroads, in Providence, are in the 
immediate neighborhood of each other. They 
are united, and so arranged that passengers and 
freight pass from one to tlie other without chan- 
ging cars. The station buildings are very large 
and commodious, and not excelled by any in 
the United States. Near the centre of the busi- 
ness portion of Providence, they are readily acces- 
sible, and yet are approached by the locomotives 
without seeming to interfere with any of the great 
ordinary avenues to the city. These station 
buildings, both for passengers and freight, are 
located on the W., S., and E. sides of a beautiful 
sheet of water of an elliptic form, and nearly a 
mile in circumference, which constitutes the head 
waters of Narraganset Bay or Providence River. 
This sheet of water is enclosed by a substantial 
stonewall, the small rivers, (the Moshassuch and 
the Moonasqnatuchet,) which enter it at the N. E. 
and the N. W., as well as the bay or river above 
named, whicii is its outlet, being crossed by sub- 
stantial bridges. Between this basin and the 
station houses and railroad tracks, the city has 
laid out a beautiful park or promenade, 80 
feet in width, and extending around the basin. 
This park is planted with shade trees of every 
desiraide kind, and handsomely laid out with 
plots of grass and hard gravel walks, and the 
whole water side will soon be enclosed with an iron 
fence of a style appropriate to the place. When 
sufficient time has elapsed to give a proper growth 
to the trees, this will be cme of the most delightful 
promenades in the country. Telegraphic com- 
munication is opened with Boston and New 
York, and through them to all other parts of the 
country. 

Most of the dwelling houses in Providence are 
of wood. In the erection of them, taste has been 
consulted less than convenience. There are some 
exceptions to this remark, and others where the 
spirit of Yankeedom has been indulged in, at the 
sacrifice of both taste and convenience. Owing 
to the material of which the buildings are most- 
ly composed, I'rovidence is greatly exposed to 
danger from fire, and is put to great expense in 
maintaining an efficient fire department. The 
number of firemen allowed by law is about 1000. 
A less number is generally attached to the engines 
and apparatus. These consist of 12 engines. 15 
forcing stationary engines, 2 hook and ladder 
companies, 22 rotary engines, worked by water 
and steam, having about 8000 feet of hose. The 
annual expense is about $20,000. It required 



many and extensive conflagrations and great loss 
of property to induce the formation of the fire 
department in its present strength. It is now a 
matter of pilde with the citizens generally, that 
their fire department is as strong: and as effective 
as that of any other city in the Union. 

The churches and public bnildings of Provi- 
dence are in good taste. The religious comma- 
nity is divided into Baptists, Friends, Congrega- 
tionalists, both Orthodox and Unitarian, Episcopa- 
lians, Methodists, Universalists, Catholics, Chris- 
tians, New Jerusalem, and Wesleyan Methodists. 
Upwards of 30 congregations engage in public 
worship every Sunday. Some of the meeting 
houses are beautiful specimens of architecture. 
That belonging to the First Baptist Society, the 
oldest worshipping assembly there, is a very chaste 
and beautiful wooden building. The Firsf Congre- 
gational, built of granite in courses, St. Jolm's 
Church, a natural face stone building. Grace 
Church, a fine Gothic structure, Westminster 
Congregational Church, the Beneficent Consre- 
tional Church, St. Peter's Church, and St. Pat- 
rick's Church, are among the most splendid and 
costly. Others less showy and less expensive 
accommodate many persons who are as humble 
and zealous Christians, and as true-hearted 
hearers, as those who frequent the edifices just 
named. The colored people own and occupy five 
churches. 

The Providence Arcade is one of the most 
beautiful buildings in the country. It is situate 
on the W. side of the river, and extends from 
Westminster to Broad Street, fronting on both, 
being 1 22 feet in length and 72 in breadth. Its 
fronts are ornamented with massive granite col- 
umns, 25 feet high, the shafts of which are single 
blocks, 22 feet long. The lower floor is occupied 
by dry goods stores, and the upper stories by 
milliners, dress makers, offices, school rooms, 
&c. It was completed in 1828, and cost about 
$1.30,000. 

On the range of high land, on the E. side of 
the river, stands the De.xter Asylum, erected for 
the accommodation of the poor, on land given to 
the city for that purpose, by the late Ebenezer K. 
De.xter. The lands about the asylum, and be- 
longing to it, comprise about 40 acres, surrounded 
by a wall 10 feet high, and .1 feet thick at the 
base, which cost about S22,000. The asylum is 
of brick, 170 feet long, in three sections, a centre 
and two wings. The centre is 3 stories high, 
with a pediment ; the wings are oidy 2 stories, 
with an attic. It is a plain, substantial building. 

A little N. of the asylum, on the same range, 
is the New England Yearly Meeting Boarding 
School. It occupies a lot of 43 acres, given for 
that ])ui'p()se by the late venerable Moses Brown. 
The buildings consist of a centre building, 54 feet 
square, 3 stories high, 2 wings, each 84 feet by 
+2, and another, more recently erected, 50 by .10 
feet, 2 stories. The accommodations .are ample 
for 75 scholars of each sex. The board and tu- 
ition is $60 per year. This institution received 
a legacy of $100,000 from the late Obadia!i Brown, 
Esq. The object is to i;ivc to the children of 
Friends a " guarded " edacatioji. 

A short distance N. E. from this, on the banks 
of the Seekonk River, is the Butler Hospital for 
the Insane. This institution originated with the 
late Nicholas Brown, of Providence. In a codi- 
cil to his will, bearing date the 3d of March, 
1841, he gave the sum of $30,000 towards the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



539 



erection or cmlowment of an Insane or Lunatic 
Hospital, to be located in Providence or its 
vicinity. 

This sum hcinc: insufficient for tlie erection of 
a Iiospitiil, Cyrus Butler, Esq. contributed for this 
purpose ?4().(ino, wisely coupled with the con- 
ditions that $40,000 more should be raised from 
other sources, and that of the agj:;regate amount, 
$50,000 should be kept as a reserved fund, the 
interest of which only should be used in defray- 
in;; the expenses of the institution. An a])peal 
was then mnde to tiie public, and nobly rcsjionded 
to by a subscription of over .?57,000, which, to- 
gether with interest that subsequently accrued, 
Bwelled the amount of funds to nearly Sl.38.000. 
In I8.i0. the sum of S20,000 was contributed to 
the funds of the hosjiital, by Alexander Duncan, 
Esq., of Providence. 

In preparing their plans of building, the trus- 
tees were desirous of availing themselves of all 
the modern improvements, and not only visited 
most of the hospitals in New England, but they 
engaged the services of Dr. Bell, the superin- 
tendent of the McLean Asylum, who was pecu- 
liarly fitted by. his great jiractical knowledge of 
insanity and the insane, and his cori'ect architect- 
ural views, to obtain the information they wished : 
and in the early part of the year 184.i, he visited 
the prineipal establishments in Eui"ope. and ob- 
tained the plans of all the more recently con- 
Btructed buildings. Accompanying his report, he 
submitted a plan of building, calculated, in his 
opinion, to meet all the requirements of the case, 
in the best possible manner, and embracing, as 
far as practicable, all the recent improvements. 
This plan, which provides for a greater amount 
of space ])er patient than any other hospital in 
the country, was adopted, with some unessential 
modifications, and the iMiilding was opened for 
the admission of patients on the 1st of Decem- 
ber, 1847. 

The grounds belonging to the hospital consist 
of about f)0 acres of tillage, and 55 of native wood- 
land, and embrace a great variety of soil and sur- 
face. The building stands in a clearing, on the 
western bank of the Seekonk Kivcr, which here 
■widens into an expanse of a mile in breadth, and 
permits an extensive view of the country bevond. 
In every other direction, the eye rests on dense 
groves. The soil, to some distance around the 
building, is sandy, and affords clean, dry walks 
at every season of the year. 

Brown University is to the southward and 
westward of the Dexter Asylum, on the high 
land E. of the river. See CoUey(-s. 

The Athenanim was incorporated in 1836. The 
late Hon. Nicholas Brown, and the heirs of the 
late Thomas V. Ives, Esq., offered the institution 
tt suitable l(tt of laud, at the corner of BencKt 
and College Streets, and SGOOO towards the erec- 
tion of a liuilding, and S400(l towards increasing 
the library, on condition that other individuals 
would give SIO.OOO towards the building, and 
S4000 towards the library. The condition was 
com|ilied with, and a spacious and elegant stcuie 
structure was erected on the lot in 1837. The 
library consists of about 1 2,000 volumes, most of 
which are books. A reading room is connected 
with this eslalilishment. A share in the institu- 
tion is limited at $15, and the uunual tax to $5 
per share. 

"What Cheer" building, at the junction of 
North and South Jlain Streets, presents as hand- 



some a freestone front .as .any building in New 
England. It is to be occupied by offices, 
banks. &c. 

The Museum building, and Howard Hall, on 
Westminster, are fine buildings. 

The old Market House stands in Market Square. 
It is a brick building, of fair proportions. The 
basement and lower stories are occupied for a 
market. The second floor contains the offices of 
the city government, such as mayor, city clerk, 
city treasurer, &c. The third story is owned by 
the Freemasons, and used by them for a hall. 
Prejudices are fast accumulating against the old 
market. It is an old-fashioned, useful building, 
with no pretensions to beauty, and is supposed to 
be in the way. The men are now living who will 
probably decree its dcn)olition. 

Providence has its full share of banking insti- 
tutions. See Bunks. 

The cause of public education in Providence is 
well sustained. There are 46 schools maintained 
at ])ublic expense, cmidoying 105 teachers, 
and giving instruction to about 6000 children, 
22 of these are jirimary schools, 16 intermediate, 
7 grammar, and 1 high. The amount annually 
expended on them is about $40,000, of which 
about .$10,000 is received from the state. 

Ii4 addition to these there are upwards of 30 
Sunday schools, taught by nearly 500 teachers, 
and containing about 5000 scholars. 

The Providence Reform School, an institution 
for the confinement, instruction, and reformation 
of juvenile offenders, and youth of idle, vicious, 
or vagrant habits, of from 's to 18 years, was es- 
tablished in 1850. 

Its location is the spacious building known as 
the Tockwotton House, built origituilly for a 
hotel, and very ])leasantly situated on a rise of 
ground in the south-easterly part of the city, 
overlooking the Narraganset Bay, and sulficiently 
large to accommodate from 150 to 200 inmates. 

The government of the institution is vested in 
a board of trustees, consisting of 6 gentlemen 
elected annually l)y the city council, who, with 
the mayor, a member ix ojjicio^ constitute the 
board ; and its immediate management is com- 
mitted to a superintendent, who receives his ap- 
pointment liom this board. 

Koger Williams was the founder of Providence. 
He came from England to Massachusetts, and 
in 1635 was ordained pastor of the church at Sa- 
lem. Here he promulgated opinions which the gov- 
ernment of the colony of Massachusetts deemed 
to be schismatical and heterodox ; such as, that 
civil government, as such, had no right to punish 
its citizens for any violation of duty towards 
God, and that the King of Englanil 'could not 
confer on the settlers a valid title to the lands of 
the plantation, as against the natives. Being 
brought before the Court of Assistants, he justified 
his opinions and his conduct, and was sentenced to 
banishment; but the execution of the sentence 
was postponed until the following spring, (1636.) 
In January, (1636.) upon complaint that he had 
violated the conditions ujion which this jiost- 
ponement was had, the court .sent- for him, in 
order to send him forthwith to England by a ship 
then ready to sail. The messenger found ihat he 
had left a sick bed to elude him, and was gone 
to .seek a home and shelter among the Indians. 

His first stopping-place was at Manten's Creek, 
in Seekonk, within the colony of New I'lymouth. 
Here he was joined by his wife and family, and a 



540 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



few others. Tlicy remained throiigli the winter, 
until tlie latter part of sprin<;, or early i)art of 
fumnier, when, beiii^' informed by Governor 
Winslow that he was within the jurisdiction of 
New Plymouth, they crossed the Seekonk, and 
commenced the settlement of Providence, on 
land which the Narraganset chief sachems 
conveyed to Mr. Williams for a settlement. 
William Harris, John Smith. Joshua Verin, 
Thomas Angell, and Francis Wickes were with 
Mr. Williams when he first crossed the river. 
Their place of landing is known as the " Slate 
Rock," on the tract of land called " What Cheer " 
by the early settlers, liecause they were saluted by 
the Indians with ''What cheer V when they ap- 
proached. In relation to the name given to 
the settlement, Mr. Williams says, in a deed 
executed by him to his companions, that, " having 
a sense of God's merciful providence unto me 
in my distress, I called the place Providence." 
The hrst houses in l*rovidence were built on what 
is now called North Main Street, near St. John's 
Church. A spring in that vicinity bcai"S the name 
of Williams's Spring, and his remains are sup- 
posed to rest near there, though " not a stone tells 
where they lie." The dislinguishing features of 
this settlement were, the acknowledgment of the 
Indian title preeminent over all others, an^ the 
refusal to legislate in relation to matters of re- 
ligious belief, leaving eacli individual to worship 
God according to tlie dictates of his own con- 
science. 

A formal town government was erected in 1640, 
by the voluntary subscription of all the inhabit- 
ants, which continued until 1649, when the town 
was incorporated by the General Assembly of 
the colony. It retained this form of government 
until 1S32, when a new charter was obtained from 
the General Assembly for the city of Providence. 
The government of the city is vested in a mayor, 
aboard of 6 aldermen, and common council, which 
consists of 4 members from each of the 6 wards 
into which the city is divided. These otficers are 
chosen annually by the electors of the city. The 
other officers are chosen by joint vote of the board 
of aldermen and common council, acting together 
as the city council, tlie mayor presiding. The 
city clerk is registrar of deeds. The municipal 
court has probate jurisdiction. 

During Philip's war. Providence suffered 
greatly. 30 houses were burned liy the Indians 
at one time. The greater part of the inhabitants 
removed to the Island of Rhode Island. The list 
of those " that staid and went not away," now in 
the tiles of the city clerk's office, contains the names 
of only 28 men. Many of the inhabitants, allured 
by the greater safety from Indian foes which the 
insular situation of the towns of Portsmouth and 
Newport afforded them, never returned to- their 
former homes. 

In the revolutionary war. Providence furnished 
its full proportion of troops, and partook largely 
of the suiierings as well as glory of that struggle. 
Though never tlie scat of actual hostilities, yet, 
being approachable by the British fleet, it was 
subject to frequent alarms, and at several times 
levies, en masse, of all its citizens were required 
by the officer of the continental army in com- 
mand in this part of the United States. 

The population of Providence was, in 1730, 3916 ; 
1748,4128; 1774,4321; 1782,4306; 1790,6380; 
1820,11.745; 1830,15.941; 1840, 23,170 ; 1845, 
31,753; 1850,41.512; 1852, about 46,000. 



Proviticeloivn, Ms., Barnstable Co. Tlii"! noted 
harbor, and the first port the Mayflower made, 
on her passage with the Pilgrim Fathers, in 1620, 
is situated on the end of the peninsula of Cape 
Cod, and lies in the form of a hook. The town- 
ship consists of beaches and hills of sand, 8 shal- 
low ])onds, and a great number of .swamps. 
Cape Harbor, in Cape Cod Bay, is formed by 
the bending of the land nearly round every point 
of the compass, and is completely land locked 
and safe. It is of sutBcient depth for ships of 
any size, and it will contain more than three 
thousand vessels at once. The village stands ou 
the north-western side of the harbor, on the mar- 
gin of a beach of loose sand. The houses are 
mostly situated on a single street, about 2 miles 
in length, passing round near the water's edge. 
A chain of sand hills rises immediately back from 
the houses, and in some places are partially covered 
with tufts of grass or shrubs. These hills, with 
the numerous wind or salt mills, by which the 
salt water is raised for evaporation, thickly stud- 
ding the shore throughout the whole extent of the 
village, give this place a most singular and novel 
appearance. 110 miles E. S. E. from Boston by 
land, and 55 by water, and 45 N. from Barnstable 
by land. 

Prouti/town, Va., c. h. Taylor eo. 

Pulaski County, As., e. h. at Little Rock. 
Bounded N. by White cc, E. by St. Francis, 
Monroe, and Arkansas counties, S. by Jefferson, 
and W. by Saline, Perry, and Conway counties. 
Watered by Arkansas and White Rivers, and 
branches. 

PidasH County, Ga., c. h. at HawkinsviUe. 
Bounded N. by Twiggs co., E. and S. E. by 
Laurens and Telfair counties, S. by Irwin, and 
W. by Dooly and Houston counties. Watered 
by Ockmulgee River and branches, and by 
branches of Oconee River. 

Pulaski County, la., c. h. at Winamac. Bound- 
ed N. by Stark, E. by Fulton, S. by Cass and 
White, and W. by Jasper co. Drained by Tip- 
pecanoe River and branches. 

Pulaski County, Is., c. h. at Caledonia. In the 
Southern extremity of the state, between the 
Ohio and Mississippi. 

Pulaski County, ICy., c. h. at Somerset. Bound- 
ed N. by Lincoln co., E. by Rock Castle, Laurel, 
and Whitley, S. by Wayiie, and W. by Wayne, 
Russell, and Casey counties. Drained by Cum- 
berland River and branches. 

Pulaski, Mn., Jackson co. Watered by the S. 
branch of the Kalamazoo River, and contains a 
mineral spring and several jjonds. 89 miles W. 
by S. from Detroit. 

Pulaski County, Mo., e. h. at Waynesville. 
Bounded N. by Osage, E. by Crawford, S. by 
Texas and Wright, and W. by •Camden and 
Miller counties. Watered by the head branches 
of Gasconade River, and by branches of Osage 
River. Surface hilly ; soil productive. 

Pulaski, Te., c. h."Giles eo. On the E. side of 
Richland Creek. 74 miles S. by W. from Nash- 
ville. 

Pulaski County, Va., c. li. at Newbern. Bound- 
ed N. E. by Montgomery CO.. S. E. bv Floyd and 
Carroll, S. W: by Wythe, and N. VV. by Giles eo 
Watered by New River. Surface partly moun- 
tainous ; soil fertile. 

Pultney, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by some 
small streams flowing into Crooked Lake, which 
bounds it on the E. Surface chiefly level ; soil 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



541 



clay and calcareous loam. 15 miles N. E. from 
Bath, and 208 W. from Albany. 

Purdi/, To., c. h. McNairy co. On a head 
branch 'of Hatchy Eiver. 148 miles S. W. from 
Nashville. 

Putnam Cotmty, Fa. On the Upper St. John. 

Putnam Counti/, Ga., c. h. at Edenton. Bound- 
ed N. hy Morgan eo., E. by the Oconee Kiver, 
separating it from Greene and Hancock counties, 
S. bv Baldwin and Jones, and W. by Jasper co. 
Surface level, and drained by branches of the 
Oconee ; soil fertile. 

Putnam Coimii/, Is., c. h. at Hennepin. Bound- 
ed N. by Bureau and La Salle counties, E. bv La 
Salle, S. by Marshall, and W. by Bureau. The 
Illinois River and its branches water this county. 
Surface undulating; soil rich. 

Putnam Count;/, la., c. h. at Grecncastle. 
Bounded N. by Montgomery, E. by Hendricks 
and Morgan, S. by Owen, and W. by Clay and 
Parke counties'. Drained by the Walnut Fork of 
Eel River, and by Big Raccoon and Deer 
Creeks, which afford good mill sites. 

Putnam County, Mo. On the northern border, 
Drained by the head waters of the Chariton. 

Putnam County, N. Y., c. h. at Carmel. Formed 
from Dutchess co. in 1812. It is bounded N. by 
Dutchess CO., E. by the state of Connecticut, S. 
by Westchester co., and W. by the Hudson 
liiver, and is, with the exception of Essex, the 
most mountainous county in the state. Soil fer- 
tile in the valleys. Its principal wealtli is its 
mineral productions, which consist of superior 
iron ore, carbonate of lime, serpentine, and 
plumbago. 

Putnam, N. Y., Washington co. Situated be- 
tween Lakes George and Champlain, and mostly 
covered bv the Palnicrtown range of mountains. 
36 miles N. from Sandy Hill, and 90 N. N. W. 
from Albany. 

Putnam County, 0., c. h. at Kalida. Henry co. 
is on the N., Hancock on the E., Allen on the S., 
and Van Wert and Paulding counties on the W. 
Auglaisc River and its two eastern branches fur- 
nish this county with a good supply of water. 

Putnam County, Va. W. ])art of the state. 
The Great Kenhawa flows through it from S. E. 
to N. W. Broken, but fertile. 

Putnam Valley, N. Y., Putnam co. This town 
contains several small lakes, and is watered by 
the Peekskill, the outlet of Rcdtire Lake. The 
sm-face is covered by the Highlands on the E. and 
W., with a broad, fertile valley between, giving 
name to the town. Iron ore and other minerals 
are found here in large quantities. 9 miles W. 
from Carmel, and 100 S. from Albany. 

Putney, Vt., Windham co. Tliis town is finely 
located on the W. side of Connecticut River, and 
embosoms a large tract of excellent intervale land, 
called tlic Great Meadows. There is also a good 
tract of intervale on Sackctt's Brook, a tine mill 
stream, with beautiful falls. ,Sackett's Brook is a 
considerable stream, which falls 150 feet in the 
course of 100 rods. There are various mineral 
substances in the town. The village is plea,sant, 
and bears the marks of taste and prosperity. On 
the 19th of August, 1788, a violent tempest pros- 
trated a great part of the forest trees here. In 
1770, the town was overrun by immense swarms 
of worms, wliich ate up every green thing ; also, 
to a limited extent, in 1823 and 1824. A settle- 
ment was commenced and a fort built on the 
Great Meadows a little previous to the breaking 



out of the French war, in 1744. 9 miles E. from 
Newfane, and 9 N. from Brattlcboro'. A rail- 
road passes through the town. 

Qnemahoninrj, Pa., Somerset co. Bounded E. 
by Stony Creek, and drained by McConaughey 
Run, and Quemahoning, Higgins's, and Will's 
Creeks. Surface hilly; soil gravelly. II miles 
N. E. from Somerset. 

Ciuifn Anne County, Md.. c. h. at Centrevillc. 
Bounded N. W. and N.by Chester Kiver, separat- 
ing it from Kent co., E. by Delaware and Caro- 
line CO., S. by Talliot co., and W. by Chesapeake 
Bay. Watered on its S. E. boundary by Tuck- 
ahoe Creek. Kent Island, lying in Chesapeake 
Bay, Ix longs to this county. 

Qufen.^ County, N. Y.. c. h. at North Hempstead, 
was incorporated in 168,3. It is bounded N. by 
Long Island Sound and East River, E. by Suf- 
folk CO., S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by 
Kings CO., and is watered by several small 
streams. Surface hilly on the N. and level on the 
S. ; .soil warm, jiroductive sand and loam. The 
Long Island Railroad crosses this county. 

Queensburi/. N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the 
S. by the Hudson River, and watered N. E. by 
Wood Creek. Surface hilly and undulating, 
being covered by the Palinertown Mountains on 
the W. ; soil jDroductive. 7 miles S. E. from 
Caldwell, and 53 N. N. E. from Albany. 

Quinry, Fa., c. h. Gadsden co. 23 miles N. W. 
from Tallah.assee. 

Qninry, Is., shire town of Adams co. On the 
E. bank of the Mississippi River. 55 miles W. 
from Springfield, 172 N. W. from St. Louis, and 
625 S. from the Falls of St. Anthony. This flour- 
ishing town has been in existence less than 30 
years, and promises to become one of the principal 
towns of Illinois. It is situated on a beautiful 
bluff, 125 feet above the Mississippi, commanding 
a tine view of the river for 5 or 6 luiles in each 
direction. It has one of the best steamboat land- 
ings on the Mississippi. Quiney was settled chiefly 
by emigrants from New England, and contains a 
highly-intellisent and enterprising community, 
distingnished for good morals, and for its li!)eral- 
ity in sustaining the institutions of education and 
religion. The town is handsomely laid out, and 
well built, containing several churches, which 
have neat and tasteful edifices, a large num- 
ber of stores and mechanics' shops, with steam 
saw mills, flouring mills, and other manufactur- 
ing establishments. There is a large and beauti- 
ful public square, on the E. side of which stands 
the court house, built of brick, at a cost of about 
$20,000. The prairie in the vicinity of the town 
is beautifully rolling and rich, and the whole 
country forms one of the best agricultural dis- 
tricts in the state. This is a place already of ex- 
tensive trade, and, as the resources of Illinois 
become more and more developed, is destined 
rapidly to grow in wealth and population. 

Quiney, Ms., Norfolk co. On Braintrec or 
Quiney Bay, whi^h makes up from Boston Har- 
iior. 8 miles S. bv E. from Boston, by [lie Old 
Colony Railroad, and 10 E. by ,S. from Dcdham. 

This territory, in common with that of Brain- 
tree and Randolph, belonged to Boston until 
the incorporation of Braintree as a town, in 1640. 
It was the first part of Braintree that was settled, 
and had been generally called J[o)int \VaUaston, 
for Captain Wallaston, one of the first settlers, 
in 1625. 



542 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



In 1792, tliis part of Braintree was made a 
separate town, and called Qninci/, to perpetuate 
the family name of one of its first proprietors, a 
name that will ever be dear to the lovers of 
American liberty. 

The surface uf the town is diversified hy hills, 
valleys, and plains. The soil is generally of an 
excellent quality and under good cultivation. 
There are large tracts of salt meadow in the 
town, and many large and beautiful farms, which, 
in respect to soil and skilful ^management, may 
vie with any in the slate. The Mount Wallas- 
ton farm is noted as the site of an early settle- 
ment, ( IG2.5.) and as the Merry Mount of Thomas 
Morton and his associates. This farm belongs 
to the Adams estate. The ancestral estate of the 
Quincy family comprises one of the most beauti- 
ful and well-cultivated farms in New England. 
It is the property of Josiah Qiiincy, LL. D., an 
eminent agriculturist, and president of Harvard 
University from 1829 to 1845. 

The village, in the centre of the town, is situ- 
ated on an elevated plain, and is remarkable for 
its neatness and beauty. In this village is a 
stone church, built in 1828, which cost S40,000. 
Within its walls is a beautiful marble monument 
to the memory of the first President Adams and 
his wife. 

The town house in Quincy is a noble building 
of granite, 85 feet by 55, and is a better specimen 
of the stone than the walls of the church. 

About two miles E. from the village is Quincy 
Point, at the junction of Town and Weymouth 
Fore Rivers. This is a delightful spot, and con- 
tains some handsome buildings. This point of 
land, with a peninsula near it, called Gerinaiitown, 
are admirably located for ship building, and for 
all the jiurposes of navigation and the iishcry. 
Here is a fitie harbor, a bold shore, and a beauti- 
ful country, within 10 miles of the capital of 
New England. 

In this town, between Quincy and Dorchester 
Bays, is a point of land called Sqiiantum, cele- 
brated as having been the residence of the famous 
Indian sachem Chichataubut. This place is the 
J\los-wetiiscl , " a few miles south of Boston," sup- 
posed, by some, to have originated the name of 
the state. Squantum is a rocky, romantic place, 
6 miles S. of Boston, and a pleasant resort for 
fishing and bathing. 

The manufactures of the town consist of boots, 
shoes, leather, vessels, salt, carriages, harnesses, 
hats, books, coach lace, granite, slatestone, &c., the 
annual value of which, with the fisheries, amount- 
ed, several years ago, to more than half a million 
of dollars. But the quarrying and working of 
the granite or sienite, so universally known and 
justly celebrated as the " Quincy Granite," is the 
most important and lucrative branch of business. 

About two miles Itack from Quincy Bay is a 
range of elevated land, in some parts more than 
600 feet above the sea, containing an inexhausti- 
ble snjiply of that invaluable building material, 
so much used and approved in all our At- 
lantic cities for its durability and beauty. 
This range of granite extends through Milton, 
Quincy, and Braintree, but more of it is quar- 
ried in Quincy than in either of the other towns. 
About 100,000 tons of this valuable article is an- 
nually quarried and wrought, l)y the most skilful 
workmen, into all forms and dimensions, both 
plain and ornamental. There are in the town 
ibout 20 companies engaged in the business. 



employing near 1000 hands. Masses of granite 
have been obtained in these quarries weighing 300 
tons each, from which were made the columns 
of the new Custom House and of the Merchants' 
Exchange, in Boston. By means of a railroad 
to the tide waters of Neponset River, and of a 
canal to the centre of the town, this stone is 
transported with great exi)edition and little cost. 
Several of these companies have contracted to 
furnish the stone for the new Custom House at 
New Orleans. It is to be dressed in the smooth- 
est and best manner, and delivered at New Or- 
leans, at a cost of about SliOO.OOO. Further to 
show the high repute ootids stone, we may men- 
tion that a contract has been made for the foun- 
dations and ornamental parts of a large Custom 
House at San Francisco. 

These quarries of granite to the town of Quin- 
cy are of more valne than a mine of gold ; and 
it is fortunate for the public that the supply is 
abundant, as the demand for it from various 
parts of the United States is constant and in- 
creasing. 

Quincy has been the birthplace and residence 
of some of the most distinguished sons of Ameri- 
ca. Among them were those early and devoted 
patriots, John Hancock, born here in 1737. and 
Josiah Quincy, Jr., born February 23, 1744; 
the two presidents of the United "States, John 
Adams and John Quincy Adams, father and 
son, the first born October 19, 1735, the second 
July 11, 1767. The elder President Adams died 
in Quincy, on the 4th of July, 1826, with the 
same words on his lips which, on that day 50 
years before, he had uttered on the floor of Con- 
gress — •■Independence forever!" .lohn Quin- 
cy Adams died in the Ciipitol at Washington, 
February 23, 1848, and was interred in the family 
tomb at Quincy. 

Qiiogue, N. Y., Suffolk co. On the S. side of 
Long Island. 235 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
It is a resort for sea bathing and sporting. 

Rnhin County, Ga., c. h. at Clayton. Bounded 
N. by North Carolina, E. and S. E. by South Car- 
olina, and S. W. and W. by Habersham and Union 
counties. Watered by Turoree and Chatuga 
Rivers, which unite at the S. extremity of this 
county to form the Tugaloo, Surface elevated 
table land, having the Blue Bidge on its E. border. 

Racine County, Wn., e. h. at Racine. Bounded 
N. by Waukesha and Milwaukie counties, E. by 
Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by Wal- 
worth CO. Des Plaines, Fox, Pike, and Root 
Rivers water this county, the surface of which is 
undulating, and the soil of excellent quality. 

Jlocine, Wn., c. h. Racine co. On Lake Mich- 
igan, at the mouth of Root River. 112 miles E. 
by S. from Madison. A growing and flourishing 
place. 

liiihway, N. J., Essex co, Rahway River and 
its branches water this town. Surface level ; soil 
red shale. Situated 9 miles S. W. from Newark, 
and 39 N. E. from Trenton. 

Ruleifih, Is., e. h. Saline co. 

RaUicjh, city, and capital of the state of North 
Carolina, and seat of justice for Wake co., is sit- 
uated 6 miles W. of the River Neuse, and 27 miles 
above Smithfield. the nearest ordinary limit of 
navigation on that river. In some stages of the 
Witter, boats ascend to a point within about 8 miles 
of Raleigh, The city is laid out with great 
regularity. From a square in the centre, called 



IN TUE UNITED STATES. 



543 



Union Square, cnclosinp; an area of 10 acres. 4 
broad streets, 99 feet wide, extend, dividing the 
city into 4 quarters. In the centre of each of 
the.se quarters is another square of 4 acres, with 
streets running therefrom and intersecting the 
quarters in a similar manner. These streets are 
66 feet wide. 

The State House at Raleigh is considered as 
surpassing that of any other state in the Union 
in the completeness and beauty of its architectu- 
ral design. It is finely located in the centre of 
Union Square, and is constructed after the model 
of the Parthenon at Athens. 166 feet long by 90 
feet in width, and is surrounded by massive gran- 
ite columns, .l-i feet in diameter and 30 feet higlt. 
The building is crowned with a Ijeautiful dome. 
The legislative chambers are spacious and con- 
Tenient. The cost of erecting this splendid edifice 
was about $500,000. The former State Hou>e at 
Raleigh was consumed by fire in 18.31. and with 
it was destroyed a beautiful marble statue of 
Washington by Canova. The other public build- 
ings are ilie court house and jail, the governor's 
house, the oftice of the secretary of state, a thea- 
tre, a market, 2 or 3 banks, and several churches. 
A railroad extends from Raleigh to Hicksford, 
about 911 miles N. E., where it connects with the 
railroad rouie from Wilmington to Petersburg, Va. 

7?«/nV,//, Te.. c. h. Shelbv co. 220 miles W. 
S. W. from Nashville. 

Ralcii/li Couiiti/, Va. New. Taken from Fay- 
ette. W. central. Mountainous. Watered by 
tributaries of the New River, or Upper Kenhawa. 

J-iiil/s Coiinfi/, Mo., c. h. at New I^ondon. 
Drained by Salt River and its branches. Surface 
undulating ; soil fertile. Washed on the E. bj' 
the Mississippi River. 

Bama/in, N. Y., Rockland co. Ramapo and 
Saddle Uivcrs water this town, the surface of 
which is hilly and mountainous, and the soil fer- 
tile in the valleys. The New York and Erie Rail- 
road jiasses through this town. 132 miles S. from 
Albany. 

Ramsay Countij. Ma., c. Ii. at St. Paul's. In the 
angle between the St. Croix and the Mississippi. 

Hiinihilpli Cuurili/, Aa., c. h. at McDonald. In the 
E. part of the State. Drained by the Tallaposa. 

Iiunf/nljih. Cnnnti/, As., e. h. at Pocahontas. 
Boinided N. by Missouri, E. by Greene co., and 
S. and W. by Lawrence co. The head branches 
of liig Dlack River water this county. 

liiuirlul/Ji Cojiiiti/, Ga., c. h. at Cuthbert. Incor- 
porated in 1828. Bounded N. by Stewart, E. by 
Lee, S. by Baker and Early counties, and W. by 
the Chattahoocliee River, separating it from Al- 
abama. Drained by Petawlah Creek and branches 
of Elint I{i\er. 

Urimloliili Oji(n/j(, Is., c. h. at Kaskaskia. This 
is the oldest county in the state, with the excep- 
tion of St. Clair. It is bounded N. by St. Clair 
and Washington counties, E. by Berry and Jack- 
son, S. and S. W. by the Mississippi River, sepa- 
rating it from Missouri, ami W. by Monroe eo. 
Drained by Kaskaskia River and tributaries, and 
by St. M.iry, Horse, and other small creeks. The 
surface and soil are diversitied. 

l{aiidolj>h County^ la., c. h. at Winchester. 
Bounded N. by Jay CO.. E. by Ohio, S. by Wayne 
CO.. and W . by Henry and Delaware counties. It 
is drained by the Missisincwa and the W. fork of 
While River, has an undulating surface, and a 
fine soil. 

Randolph, Ms., Norfolk co., was the S. parish 



of Eraintree until its incorporation, in 1793. It 
was named in honor of Peyton Randolph, of 
Virginia, the first president of the Anicrirnn Con- 
gress. Part of PunkapogPond lies in the town, 
and the Manatiqnot River rises here, but the town 
is quite destitute of water power. It is largely en- 
gageil in the shoe manufacture. The land is ele- 
vated between the waters of Massachusetts Bay 
and Taunton River. The surfaie is niidulating, 
and the soil strong and productive. There are 2 
pleasant and nourishing villages in the town, E. 
and W., a short distance apart, between which 
]iasses the Boston and Fall River Railroad. 14 
miles S. from Boston. 

Randolph Cuiinli/. Mo., c. h. at Huntsville. 
Bounded N. by M!aeon, E. by Monroe and Au- 
drain, S. by Boone and Howard, and W. by Char- 
iton CO. Drained by the E. fork of Chariton 
River and Silver Creek, both branches of the 
Missouri. Surface level ; soil fertile. 

Randolph, N. II., Coos co. Until 1824 this town 
WHS called Durand. It is situated directly under 
the N. end of the White Mountains. Branches 
of Israel's and Moose Rivers pass through it. Tiie 
soil is in some |iarts good. Fisrt settlers : this 
town w.as granted in 1772 to John Durand and 
others, of London. 120 miles N. from Concord, 
and about 20 S. E. from Lancaster. 

Randolph, N. J., Jlorris co. A branch of 
I Rockaway River and the head branches of 
Black River water this town. Surface mountain- 
ous, having Schooley's Mountain in the N., and 
Trowbridge Mountain in the S. jiart. Magnetic 
iron ore of excellent c|uality is found here. 7 
miles N. W. from Morristown. 

Randolph, N. Y.. Cattaraugus eo. Watered by 
the Alleghany River and some of its branches. 
Surface hilly; soil snitalile for grazing. 20 miles 
S. W. from EUieottville, and 312 S. of W. from 
Albany. 

Randolph Comity, N. C, c. h. at Ashboro'. 
Bounded N. by Guilford co., E. by Chatham, S. 
by Moore and Montgomery, and W. by Davidson 
CO. Deep River and branches, and some branch- 
es of the Yadkin, wut.r this county. Surface 
varied ; soil fertile. 

Randolph, Vt., Orange co. Randolph is one 
of the best farming towns in the state, and is 
watered by tlie second and tliird branch of White 
River. These streams and their tributaries afford 
a number of advantageous situations for mills. 
There is a variety of limber. The surface is 
considerably elevated, and the soil productive. 
There are here 3 pleasant villages, one in the 
centre of the town, another in the eastern, and 
the other in the western part. The centre vil- 
lage is very haniUomely situated on elevated 
ground. The We^t Kandolph Academy was in- 
corporated in 1847. This town was chartered in 
1781, and was settled 3 or 4 years before. 23 miles 
S. from Montpclier, and 9 S. W. from Chelsea. 
The Central Railroad passes through the town. 

Randolph County, Va.. c. h. at Beverly. Bound- 
ed N. by Preston, E. by Hardy ami Pendleton, 
S. by Pocahontas, and W. by Braxton, Lewis, 
and Barbour counties. Drained by Cheat River 
and East Fork, head branches of the Mononga- 
hela River. Laurel and Cheat Mountains trav- 
erse this county from N. to S. 

Rani/ily. Me.. Franklin co. This town lies on 
the Androscoggin River, and at the outlet of 
Oquossack Lake. It is about 40 miles N. W. 
from Farmington. 



544 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Rankin County, Mi., c. h. at Brandon. Bounded 
E. by Scott and Smith counties, S. by Simpson 
CO., and W. and N. by Pearl River, separating it 
from Hinds and Madison counties. Drained by 
brandies of l-*carl River. 

liaphoe, Pa., Lancaster co. Great Chiques 
Creek runs on the E. and S.. and Little Chiques 
on the W. border of this town. Surface undu- 
latinf;; soil calcareous loam, sand, and gravel. 
12 miles N. W. from Lancaster. 

liapides P<irish, La., c. h. at Alexandria. 
Bounded N. W. and N. E. by Natchitoches and 
Catahoula parishes, E. by Avoyelles, S. by St. 
Landry and Calcasieu, and W. by Sabine parish. 
Drained by Red River and its tributaries, Boeuf 
and Crocodile Bayous. Soil fertile on the streams, 
but elsewhere sterile, and in some portions liable 
to inundation. 

Rappahmniock Count//, Va., c. h. at AVashing- 
ton. IJounded N. E. by Fauquier co.. S. E. by 
Culpepper, S. W. by Madison, and N. W. by 
Page and Warren counties. Watered by the 
head branches of Rappahannock River. 

Raritan, N. J., Hunterdon eo. Drained by 
branches of the Raritan River. 20 miles N. from 
Trenton. 

Ravemia, O., c. h. Portage co. Near a branch 
of the Cuyahoga, wliich affords water power, and 
on the Pennyslvania and Ohio Canal. 140 miles 
N. E. from Columbus. 

Rawlinr/snl/e, Aa., c. h. De Kalb co. 15.3 miles 
N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Ray Count;/, Mo., c. h. at Richmond. Bounded 
N. by Caldwell co., E. by Carroll CO., S. by the 
Missouri River, separating it from Lafayette and 
Jackson counties, and W. by Clay and Clinton 
counties. Drained by Crooked River and Pish- 
ing Creeks, tributaries of the Missouri. 

Raynham, Ms., Bristol co. This town was a 
part of Taunton until 1731. It was first settled 
in 16S0. Its Indian name was Ilockamock. The 
surface is generally level ; tlio soil liglit, and not 
very productive. On its southern and eastern 
borders Raynham is finely watered by Taunton 
River, which affords power for mainifacfuring 
operations, and it contains a niunbcr of large 
and beautiful ponds. 3,3 miles S. from Boston. 

Roipnorid, Me., Cumberland co. Raymond is 
watered by Crooked River, and several ponds. 
This is a good farming town, with 2 villages, and 
some trade. Tiie inhabitants are principally de- 
voted to agricultural pursuits. It lies 22 miles 
N. N. W. from Portland. It is bounded on the 
W. by Naples, and contains some of the sources 
of Scbago Lake on its S. 

Raymond, N. H., Rockingham eo. Two branches 
of the Lamprey River unite in Raymond, and 
the waters of 2 ponds also fall into it. The Pa- 
tuckaway crosses the N. E. corner. The soil is 
various ; that bordering on the river is produc- 
tive. In the N. part of the town, near the sum- 
mit of a bill alioiit 100 feet high, is a natural 
c.Kcavation in a ledge, called the Oven, from the 
appearance of its mouth. It is a regular arch 
about 5 feet high, and of the same width, extend- 
ing into the bill about l.'j feet, and terminating 
in a numlicr of fissures. 2.'> miles W. by S. from 
Portsmouth, and 2S S. !•>. from (.'oncord. 

Reniljicld, Me.. Kennebec co. A good township 
of land. 11 miles W. from Augusta. 

Rcadiinf, Ct., Fairfield co. Tliis town was in- 
corporated in 17(i7, and derived its name from 
Colonel John Read, one of its first settlers. The 



soil of the town is good, but the surface is rough 
and hilly. The business of tlie people is ebieifiy 
agricultural, who live scattered about on their 
farms. Considerable attention is |)aid in Read- 
ing to the growing of wool. It is watered by 
Saugatuck and Norwalk Rivers. 60 miles S. W. 
from Hartford. 

Readim/, Ms., Middlesex CO., was called Lynn 
Village, and was a part of Lynn until its incor- 
poration in 1044. The surface is pleasantly di- 
versified by liills and valleys. The soil is gen- 
erally good, in some parts excellent, and the town 
is watered by Ipswich River. There are two vil- 
lages in the town — Wood End Village, at the S. 
part of the town, through which the Boston and 
Maine Railroad passes, and West Village, about 
3 miles N. of the other. 13 miles N. from Boston, 
and 10 W. from Salem. The shoe manufacture 
is large. 

Reading], N. Y., Steuben eo. Watered by a 
few small streams flowing into Seneca Lake, 
which bounds it on the E. Surface elevated and 
rolling ; soil well adapted to wheat. 21 miles E. 
from Bath, and 186 W. from Albany. 

Rendinq. Pa., Adams co. Conewago Creek 
and Muddy Run water this town, the surface 
of which is level, and the soil red shale and slate. 

Reading, I'a., shire town of Berks co. Situated 
on the E. bank of the Sehuvlkill River. .58 miles 
N. W. of Philadel])hia, and 32 E. of Ilarrisburg. 
It is built on ground gently rising from the 
river towards the base of a ridge of hills which 
passes behind it. The streets are wide and 
straight, crossing each other generally at right 
angles, and are dressed with a covering of white 
grai'el. or disintegrated sandstone, which consol- 
idates into a smooth and solid caniago way, su- 
perior to that of the JIcAdamized road. Besides 
the court house and jail, there are an academy, 
a female seminary, 3 public libraries, — one of 
which is German, — 3 banks, and from 12 to 15 
churches of the diflercnt denominations. Tho 
principal churches are the Lutheran, German 
Reformed. Episcopal, Presbyterian. Methodist, 
Baptist, Friends, Universalist, and Roman Cath- 
olic. The Lutheran Church is a large and hand- 
some structure, witli a steeple 201 feet high. The 
German Reformed Churcli is of lirick, and has 
likewise a lofty stecjile. In these two churches 
divine service is performed in the German lan- 
guage. Of several weekly newspapers published 
here, 3 are in the language of the Germans. The 
court house is a fine building, on elevated ground, 
commanding an extensive prospect. It has a 
portico with si.x columns of red sandstone in 
front, and presents an imposing appearance. 

A large business is done here in flic manufac- 
ture of hats for the southern and western mar- 
kets. A cotton factory is in operation here for 
making fine muslins, which turns out about 8000 
yards a day. There is a rolling mill and nail fac- 
tory, and large Houring mills in the place. White 
wines of an excellent quality are manufactured 
here to a considerable amount, from the grapes 
grown in tho vicinity. Reading is supplied with 
water by an aqueduct from a spring oti Penn's 
Mount, coniluited into a reservoir, and distrib- 
uted througli file streets in iron pipes. 

Tlie Schuylkill Caiuil. which commences at 
Port Carbon, near Potfsville, in the coal region, 
passes through Reading, and terminates at Phil- 
adelidiia. The Philadelpliia, l\eading, and Potts- 
ville Railroad also connects these three places. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



545 



The distance of Ticading from PottsviUe and Port 
Carhon is about 3B miles. Tlie Union Canal 
commences at Middletown, on the great Penn- 
Pvlvania Canal, and unites that canal with the 
Schnylkill Canal at Iveailing, thus opening a 
line of transportation, tlirough this ])Iace. between 
I*hilaclelphia and Pittsburg. These facilities for 
business confer upon this place eminent advan- 
tages f<u- the enconragement of the spirit of en- 
terprise bv which the pcojde arc distinguished. 

This town was laid out in 1748, by direction 
of Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietors of the 
province. It was incorporated as a liorough 
September 12, 178.3, and reorganized March 29, 
181.'!. It is said to be the largest borough in the 
United States. The original inhabitants of the 
f)Iace were principally German emigrants from 
■Wirtcmliurg and the Palatinate, who, by their 
early preponderance in numbers, gave a decided 
character to the habits of society. The German 
language was commonly used in the ordinary 
transactions of life, in which it still maintains 
itself to a great extent. During the period of 
the resolution. Reading was a favorite place of 
resort for such persons and families from Phila- 
delphia as wished to be somewhat retired from 
the stormy agitations and dangerous exposures 
of the city; and thus at that early dav the place 
acquired a character for refinement and fiishion- 
ftble life for which it is still distinguished. 

Readinrj. Vt., Windsor eo. The surface of this 
town i.s uneven. Towards the W. part is an 
elevated tract of land, extending through the 
town from N. to S., from which issue its princi- 
jial streams. It is worthy of remark that no 
water runs into this town. In the S. W. part 
is a natural pond, about 200 rods in length and 
SO in breadth. The streams in Reading, though 
generally small, afford a tolerable supply of 
water for common mills. The soil is of a mid- 
dling quality, and affords excellent pasturage. 
There are .3 villages in the town. Reading Centre 
Village, South Reading, and Felchville. The 
settlement was commenced aboit the year 1772, 
by Andrew Spear, who removed his family here 
from Walpole, N. H. ."iS miles S. from Mont- 
pelier, and 10 W. from Windsor. 

Bcadiriijloii, N. J., Hunterdon co. Drained by 
Roekaway Creek and branches, and by the S. 
Iiranch of Raritan River. Surface level in the 
S. E. part, but elsewhere hilly ; soil red shale, 
cl.iy and loam. 8 miles N. E. from Flemington. 

I\eadshoro\ Vt., Bennington co. This is a 
mountainous township, watered by Deerfield 
River. JIueli of the land is too elevated to ad- 
mit of cultivation. When it was first settled is 
unknown. 12 miles S. E. from Bennington, and 
18 W. bv S. from Brattleboro'. 

R'd hail/:, N. J., Monmouth co. On the S. 
bank of Xeversink River. 4G miles E. from 
Trenton. A summer resort for sea bathing and 
fishing. 

lied Bank, Pa., Clarion co. Red Bank, Ma- 
boning, and Beaver Creeks water this town. 
Surface undulating ; soil loam. Alum is found 
here. 100 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Hedjitld. N. Y., Oswego co. It is watered by 
Salmon River and some of its branches. Surface 
undulating; soil well adapted to grass. 15 miles 
E. from Pulaski, and 131 N. W. from Albany. 

Redfjrd, Mn.. Wayne co. The N. branch of 
Rouge River and Powers Creek water this town, 
■which lies 13 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
69 



ried/ord. N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side 
of Saranac River. 185 miles N, from Albany. 
Iron ore is found in the vicinity, 

Rrd/iont, N. Y,, Dutchess co. On the E. side 
of the Hudson, and watered by a few small 
streams flowing into it. Surface rolling ; soil 
clay and loam. 22 miles N. from Poughkcepsie, 
ami 51 S. from All)any. 

Rifiif/io Cuiaili/. Ts., c. h. at Refugio. S. part, 
between Aransas Bay and Neuees River. 

Red River Couiiti/, Ts., c. h, at Clarkesville. In 
the N. E. angle of the state, on Red River. 

Red Sulphur Sprinr/s, Va., Monroe co. On 
Indian Creek. 40 miles S. W. from the White 
Suljihur Springs, and 2 49 miles W. from Rich- 
mond. See FitshioniAhle Reports. 

Rehoholh. Ms., Bristol co. ThS original limits 
of Rehoboth were extensive, comprehending the 
present town, Seekonk, Pautueket, Attlehoro', 
and part of Swansey : and Cumberland and Bar- 
rington, R, I. The first wdiite settler in the 
original liniits of the town was William Black- 
stone, a nonconformist minister of England, who 
fled from persecution, and sought an asylum in 
the wilds of America. He was the first white 
man who lived on tlje peninsula where the city 
of Boston now stands. He located himself in 
what is now Cumberland, R. I., on the river which 
bears his name. The Indian name of the town 
was Wnnndmoiset. The surface is varied, with 
a thin soil, and well watered by Palmer's River, 
and other fine mill streams. 10 miles S. W. 
from Taunton, and 3 from the depot at Attle- 
horo,' from whii.'h to Boston is 31 miles, 

Jicinsen, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Black 
River and some of its branches. A hilly town, 
with a soil of tolerably good quality. 18 miles N. 
from the city of Utiea, and 96 N. W. from Al- 
bany. 

Rensselan- Count//. N. Y., c. h. at Troy. It is 
bounded N. by Washington co., E. Ijy the states 
of Vermont and Massachusetts, S. by Columbia 
CO., and W. by the Hudson River. Watered by 
the Hoosie River, the Poestenkill and Wynants- 
kill. Surface hilly and mountainous on the E., 
but more level as you approach the Hudson ; soil 
generally good, and in the valleys very fertile. 
A few beds of maid and some sulphur springs 
comprise its miner.al wealth. The Albany and 
West Stockbridge, Rensselaer and Saratoga, and 
Schenectady and Troy Railroads cross this 
county. 

Renssclaerville, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by 
Catskill and Foxes Creeks. The surface is 
broken by spurs of the Catskill Mountains ; soil 
mostly rich sandy loam. 24 miles S. W. from 
the city of Albany. 

Reijiiolds Counlij, Mo. S. E. central. Watered 
by the Big Black, which flows S, through it, 

Rhea Cnuiitji, Te., c. h. at Washington. It is 
bounded N. E. by Roane co., E. by the Tennessee 
River, separating it from Meigs co., S. by Ham- 
ilton, and W. and N. W. by Bledsoe and Morgan 
counties. Drained by small streams flowing into 
the Tennessee. 

Rhinebcck, N. Y.. Dutchess eo. Watered by 
Landtman's Creek on the S. W., and by the Hud- 
son River on the W. Has a level or rolling surface, 
and the central portions a fertile soil. 17 miles N. 
from Poughkcepsie, and 57 S. from Albany. 

Rire, N. Y., Cattaraugus eo. Incorporated in 
1846. 

Riceboro', Ga., e. U. Liberty co. On Newport 



546 



COtlNTrES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



River. 32 miles S. S. AT. from Savannah, and 
194 S. E.from Milledgeville. 

liirhjidd, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by a few 
small streams flowing into Canaderaga Lake, 
which bounds it on the E. Surface high and un- 
even ; soil good sandy and calcareous loam. 13 
miles N. W. from Cooperstown, and 69 W. from 
Albany. In this town, near the head of Canade- 
raga Lake, there is a celebrated sulphur spring, 
much resorted to. 

Rirlifiird, N. v., Tioga co. Watered by East 
and West Owego Creeks. A somewhat hilly 
town, with fertile valleys. 17 miles N. from 
Owego, and 151 S. of W. from Albany. 

Richford, Vt., Franklin co. This is a mountain- 
ous township, on the line of Canada, and watered 
by Missisco River and its branches. There is 
some good land along the river, and the upland, 
though rough, affords good grazing. The settle- 
ment was commenced in 1797, and the town or- 
ganized in 1799. 50 miles N. by W. from Mont- 
pelier, and 24 N. E. from St. Albans. 

Rirliland County, Is., c. h. at Olney. S. E. part. 

Eirhland, N. Y., Oswego co. Shire town alter- 
nately with Oswego. It is watered by Salmon 
River and .some smaller streams flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the W. Surface 
pleasantly diversified; soil damp, sandy loam, 
well adapted to grass. 153 miles N. W. from 
Albany. 

Richland County, 0., c. h. at llansfield. N. by 
Huron, E. by Wayne, S. by Knox, and W. by 
Marion and Crawford counties. The surfiice is 
rolling, and the land excellent for wheat. The 
branches of Olentangy and Mohicean Rivers are 
the principal waters. 

Richland, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by Tihickon 
Creek and branches. Surface level ; soil clay. 

Richland District, S. C, c. h. at Columbia. 
Bounded N. by Fairfield district, E. by Kershaw 
and Sumpter, S. by Orangeburg, and W. by Lex- 
ington district. The Wateree River runs on its 
E., and the Congaree on its W. and S. border. 
The soil is very fertile. 

Richland County, Wn. In the S. W. part of 
the state. Washed on the S. by the Wisconsin. 

Richmond County, Ga., c. h. at Augusta. Bound- 
ed N. E. and E. by the Savannah River, separat- 
ing it from South Carolina, S. by Burke co., S. 
W. by Brier Creek, separating it from JelTerson 
CO., and N. W. by Columbia co. Its N. part is 
crossed by the Augusta and Decatur Railroad. 

Richmond, Ky., c. h. Madison co. 

Richmond, La., c. h. Madison parish. On the 
W. side of Roundaway Bayou, at its confluence 
with Brushy Bayou. 10 miles W. from Missis- 
sippi River, and 200 N. W. from New Orleans. 

Richmond, Me., Lincoln co. On tlie W. bank 
of the Kennebec. 15 miles S. from Augusta. 

Richmond _ Ms., Berkshire co. The Indian 
name of this place was Yokun, and after its set- 
tlement, in 1760, it was called Yoamtoicn ; but at 
its incorporation, in 1765, it took the name of the 
Duke of Richmond. This town comprises an 
extensive, fertile, and beautiful valley, enclosed 
by elevated hills on the E. and W. From these 
hills enchanting landscapes are presented. This 
town produces, in great abundance, all kinds of 
agricultural products common to the most fertile 
and best cultivated lands in the state, a great va- 
riety of woods, iron ore, good brick clay, lime- 
stone, and handsome marble. There is some 
water power in the town. In the valley in this 



town is a wide street, extending some miles, on 
each side of which are neat farm houses and 
mechanics' shops, making a fine appearance. 
Through this vallev the Western Railroad passes. 
8 miles S. W. from Pittsfield, and 159 W. from 
Boston. 

Richmond, Mo., c. h. Ray co. 

Richmond, N. H., Cheshire CO., is washed by 
branches of Ashuelot and Miller's Rivers, which 
fall into the Connecticut. The ponds are 3 in 
number, one of which is one of the sources of 
Miller's River. Tlie soil is favorable for grain. 
The land is generally level. First settlers, peo- 
ple from Massachusetts and Rhode Island, about 
1758. 12 miles S. from Keene, and 70 S. W. 
from Concord. The Cheshire Railroad passes 
through the town. 

Richmond County, N. Y., c. h. at Westfield, 
was incorporated in 1683, and comprises the 
whole of Staten Island. It is bounded N. by 
Newark Bay and Kill Van KuU, I'^. by New 
York Bay and the NaiTows, S. by Raritan Bay 
and New York Lower Bay, and W. by Staten 
Island Sound, which separates it from New Jer- 
sey. Surface hilly and broken, Richmond Hill, 
the highest peak, being elevated 307 feet above 
the Atlantic. JIuch of the land is of good quali- 
ty, and on the shores are valuable fisheries. He- 
mctic iron ore, granite, and several other ininorais 
are found here. 

Richmond, N. Y., c. h. Richmond co. Near the 
middle of Staten Island. 159 miles S. by W. 
from Albany. 

Richmond, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by 
Honeoye Lake and its outlet. Surface hilly ; soil 
clay loam, based upon lime and slate. 14' miles 
W. from Canandaigua, and 209 from Albany. 

Richmond County, N. C., e. h. at Rockingham. 
Bounded N. by Montgomery co., E. by Aloore, 
Cumberland, and Robeson counties, S. "by South 
Carolina, and W. by the Great Pedce River, sep- 
arating it from Anson co. Lumber River runs 
on its E. border, and branches of the Little Pedee 
drain the interior. 

Richmond, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Moslem 
Creek, a mill stream. Surface level ; soil rich 
calcareous loam and gravel. 

Richmond, R. I., Washington co. Richmond is 
bounded on the W. by Wood River, and on the 
E. by the River Charles. Other streams water 
the town, which, with the Wood and Charles, 
give it an excellent water power. Manufacturing 
establishments of various kinds flourish on its 
streams, particularly those of cotton. The soil is 
a gravelly loam, with an uneven surface. The 
agricultural productions of the town are very 
considerable. 

This is an excellent township for grazing ; a 
large amount of wool and of the productions of 
the dairy is annually transported. The Prori- 
dence and Stonington Railroad passes through 
the S. E. corner of the town. 30 miles S. S. 
W. from Providence. 

Richmond, Vt., Chittenden co. The town is 
finely watered by Winooski and Huntingdon 
Rivers, on the banks of which are good mill sites 
and large tracts of beautiful meadow. The vil- 
lage is neat, and is a healthy place, noted for the 
longevity of its inhabitants. The first perma- 
nent settlement was made here in the spring of 
1784. 25 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 13 
S. E. from Burlington. 

Richmond, Va. City, port of entry, capital of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



547 



, the state and scat of justice of Henrico co. It is 
pleasantly situated on the N. side of James Riv- 
er, immeiliately lielow the falls, and at the head 
of tide water. It is 2.3 miles N. from Pctershurg, 
and 117 W. from Washington. The population, 
in 1800, was 5737; 1810, '.178,5; 1820, 12,067; 
1S30,1G,060; 1840, 20,153; 1850,27,483. This 
place was founded by an act of the state Iet;is- 
iature in 1742; and the scat of government was 
removed here from Williamsburg, in 1780, At 
that time it contained about 300 houses. Di- 
rectly opposite to Richmond, connected with it 
by two bridges, is Mancliester, which may be re- 
garded as a suburb of the city. 

From its peculiarly-favorable situation, between 
tlio upper and the lower country, Richmond is 
one of the most healthy cities in the United 
States. Seldom, if ever, has it been visited with 
yellow fever, or any desolating epidemic. The 
city is divided into two unequal parts by a val- 
ley, through which passes the Shockoe Creek, to 
enter James River. It is chiefly built upon the 
more elevated grounds on either side of tliis de- 
pression, which present a beautiful variety of sur- 
face, and afford in many parts highly picturesque 
situations for dwellings and for public edifices. 
Shockoe Hill, on the W. part of the city, and 
Richmond Hill stand opposite to each other, 
with the creek between them ; and near the east- 
ern limit is Church Hill, which is also a com- 
manding eminence. Over these elevated grounds, 
and the valley between them, declining towards 
the river, the streets and buildings of the city are 
spread. The streets mostly cross each other at 
right angles, and are most commonly 65 feet in 
width. The city was laid out to contain about 
3 square miles, much of which is not yet built 
up. As buiit, it covers an area about 3 miles 
long and three fourths of a mile wide. The city 
contains from 1500 to 2000 dwellings, something 
more than half of which are of brick, and the re- 
mainder of wood. Near the brow of Shockoe 
Hill, which is an elevated jdain, and a favorite 
place of residence, is Ca|iitoI Square, a beautiful 
public ground, containing about 9 acres, sur- 
rounded by a handsome iron railing, ornamented 
with gravel walks, and shaded with a variety of 
trees. In the centre stands the State House, 
which has e.xcited the admiration of travellers 
for its commanding position, and its chaste yet 
beautiful proportions. It was constructed after a 
model brought by Mr. Jeflcrson from Nimcs, in 
France. It has a jrortico in front, with an entab- 
lature supported by lofty Ionic columns of fitie 
proportions and imposing appearance. In an 
open ball, in the centre of the building within, is 
placed a marble statue of Washington, by Ilon- 
don, a French artist, which was erected in 1788, 
during the lifetime of Washington. The fol- 
lowing is the inscription on its pedestal, from the 
pen of Mr. Madison : " The General Assembly 
of the commonwealth of Virginia Iiave caused 
this statue to he erected, as a monument of 
affection and gratitude to George Washington, 
who, uniting to the endowments of the hero the 
virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in estab- 
lishing the liberties of his country, hiis rendered 
his name dear to his fellow-cititzens, and given 
the world an example of true glory." 

Contiguous to the State House is the City Hall, 
an elegant and costly edifice of Grecian architect- 
ure, having a portico with 4 Doric columns at each 
end, containing accommodations for the city 



courts, the common council, and various offices. 
The penitentiary, in the western suburbs of the 
city, is an immense building, surrounding a hollow 
square, 300 feet long and 110 feet broad. Several 
acres of ground enclosed, besides, are connected 
with it. The armory is another largo edifice, 
320 feet long and 280 feet wide.' The almshouse, 
in the northern suburb of the city, has also a 
spacious edifice well adapted to its purpose. 
Among the charitable institutions of the city is a 
Female Orphan Asylum, supported partly by 
funds of the corporation, and partly by private 
munificence. There is likewise a public school 
for the education of poor children of both sexes, 
with a convenient edifice, which is under the 
superintendence of trustees appointed by the city 
council, and is sustained by annual appropriations 
from the literary fund of the state, and from the 
treasury of the city. Among the public institu- 
tions is the Virginia Historical and Philosophical 
Society, founded in 1831, and since incorporated. 

Richmond contains from 16 to 20 churches of 
the various denominations; among which are 3 
Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist, 3 Baptist, 
a Unitarian, a Campbellite, a Friends, a Roman 
Catholic, and a Jews' Synagogue. Some of these 
have large and elegant edifices. The Monumental 
Episcopal Church stands upon the site formerly 
occupied by the old Richmond Theatre, which 
was destroyed by fire during a performance, in- 
volving the destruction of many valuable lives, 
among which was that of the governor of the 
state, George William Smith. On the monu- 
ment on its W. side is the following inscription : 
" In memory of the awful calamity that, by 
the providence of God, fell on the city on the 
night of the 26th of December, in the year of 
Christ 1811, whereby, in the sudden and dread- 
ful conflagration of the Richmond Theatre, many 
citizens of diflerent ages and both sexes, distin- 
guished for talents and for virtues, respected and 
beloved, perished in the flames, and in one short 
moment public joy and private happiness were 
changed into universal lamentation, this monu- 
ment is erected, and the .adjoining church dedicated 
to the worship of Almighty God ; that, in all 
future times, the remembrance of this mournful 
event on the spot where it happened, and where 
the remains of the sufferers are deposited in one 
urn, may be united with acts of penitence and 
devotion. Above 60 killed and many others 
maimed." There is now one theatre in Richmond, 
but it is said not to be extensively patronized. 

Among the most splendid and useful of the 
public works of the city arc its waterworks, 
commenced in 1830, and completed at an expense 
of about $120,000. By 2 forcing pumps, worked 
by water power, 800,000 gallons of water, in 24 
hours, are lifted from James River into 3 reservoin 
containing 1,000.000 gallons each, from which it 
is distributed over the city in pipes, and at con- 
venient points along these pipes are hydrants for 
the supply of the fire department. 

Richmond is about 150 miles from the mouth 
of James River by the course of the channel, and 
50 or 60 above City Point, where the Appomattox 
empties into the James River. Vessels driiwing 
14 feet of water can come up to the bar 5 or 6 
miles below the city, and those drawing not more 
than 10 feet come to its wharves at the ordinary 
tides. The tide rises at Richmond 4 feet. The 
channel of the river is winding, which, with the 
distance from the ocean, is a considerable im 



548 



COtJNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



pediment to navijiation. Several steamboats are 
employed in towing vessels to and from City 
Point." About 100 vessels visit the port during 
tlie year. A line of 5 schooners sails once a week 
to Petersburg, and anotlicr line, of tlie same num- 
ber, once a week for New York. 3 steamboats 
form a line for passengers to Norfolk ; and 2 
steampackets a line to Baltimore. The principal 
exports from Kichmond are flour, toliaeco, and 
coal, the annual value of whicli is between six 
and seven millions. A canal has been con- 
structed from Richmond to Lynchburg, and 
beyond that place. It was first constructed to 
pass the falls in James liivcr in 17D4, and after- 
wards, in 1835, extended to Lyneliburg. A rail- 
road passes through Kiclimond from Fredericks- 
burg to Petersburg, and thence to Weldon on the 
Koanoke River, where it connects with other 
soutlicrn railroads. It crosses James River, at 
Richmond, on a high bridge constructed for the 
purpose. The most important interest of Rich- 
mond, however, is comjirised in its manufactures. 
In tlie falls, on the James River, extending about 
6 miles, it possesses an immense water power, 
which, althougli largely improved, is capable of 
furnishing much greater advantages still to future 
enterprise. Upon these falls have been erected 
very extensive flouring mills, iron woi'ks of vari- 
ous descriptions, and a very large cotton factory. 

The municipal government of Richmond is 
administered by a mayor, — who is elected by the 
city council, — a recorder, and 11 aldermen. The 
recorder and aklcrinen are chosen from 27 in- 
dividuals elected by the people, and the remain- 
ing 1 5 compose the city council. 

Richmond Count y,\i\., c. h. at Richmond Court 
House. Bounded N. and E. by Westmoreland 
and Northumberland counties. S. by Lancaster 
CO., and W. by the Rapjiahannock River separat- 
ing it from Jjssex eo. 

Rich Woods, Mo., Miller co. 

Rid(jebmij, Pa., Bradford co. Drained by Bent- 
ley and South Creeks, branches of Tioga River. 
Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 18 miles N.W. 
from Tonawanda. 

Ridyejield, Ct., Fail-field co. Ridgefield, or, as 
the Indians called it, Cuudatowa, a word signify- 
ing hii/h land, is very elevated, and commands 
extensive views of Long Island Sound and of 
the surrounding country. The soil is a strong 
gravelly loam, and productive of grass and grain. 
It is watered by Saugatuck and Norwalk Rivers, 
and by a branch of the Croton. 31 miles W. by 
N. from New Haven. 

Ridrjeioay, N. Y., Orleans co. Oak Orchard 
Creek waters this town, the surface of which is 
chiefly level, and soil fertile. 10 miles W. from 
Albion village, and 202 N. of W. from Albany. 

Ridijcwaii, Pa., Bradford co. Drained by Clar- 
ion River, and Toby's and Kersey's Creeks and 
their branches. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 

Ridi/ewat/, Pa., c. h. Elk co. 

Rii/a, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by Black 
Creek. Surface undulating ; soil productive. 
The Tonawanda Railroad passes through this 
town. 14 miles S. W. from Rochester, and 239 
N. of W. from Albany. 

Rilet/, Me., Oxford co. This is a township of 
roui'h and unprofitable land, with few iniiab- 
itants, near to and S. of Speckled Mountain, on 
the line of New Hampshire. It lies 30 miles N. 
W- from Paris. 
Bindge, N. H., Cheshire co. This town is very 



rocky, but productive of butter and cheese of a 
good quality. Its other productions are numer- 
ous and valuable. There are 13 ponds in this 
town, the largest of which arc called Manomo- 
nack, Emerson, Perley, Long, Grassy, and Bul- 
let. These ponds abound with fish. Rindgc is 
a favorite resort for anglers at the present day. 
There is a small elevation of land in Rindge, 
from which the waters, that issue on one side, de- 
scend into the Merrimac, and those on the other 
into the Connecticut. First settlers, Jonathan 
Stanley, George Herritt, and Abel Platts, in 1752. 
20 miles S. E. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from 
Concord. 

Rinijold County, lo. On the southera border, W. 

Rio Grand City, Ts., c. h. Starr co. 

Ripley County, la., c. h. at Versailles. Bounded 
N. by Decatur and Franklin counties, E. by 
Dearborn and Ohio, S. by Switzerland and Jef- 
ferson, and W. by Jennings co. Drained by 
Langherty and Graham's Creeks, branches of the 
Ohio River. Surfjice mostly level; soil favor- 
able to the growth of grain. 

Ripley, Me., Somerset co. A good farming 
town. 60 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 

Ripley County, Mo., c. h. at Van Buren. Bound- 
ed N. by Shannon and Reynolds counties, E. by 
Wayne co., S. by Arkansas, and W. by Oregon 
CO. Watered by Big Black, Current, and Eleven 
Point Rivers. Surface hilly j soil fertile on the 
margins of.the streams. 

Ripley, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by 
Twenty Mile Creek and other small streams flow- 
ing into Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N., it 
being the most western town in the state, situated 
on the lake. Surface hilly; soil fertile. 10 miles 
W. from Mayville village, and 336 from Albany. 

Ripley, O., Brown co. A considerable town, 
on the N. side of the Ohio. 56 miles above Cin- 
cinnati. 

Ripley. Te., c. h. Lauderdale co. On Cane 
Creek, a branch of Big Hatchee River. W. from 
Nashville 175 miles. 

Ripion, Vt., Addison co. This is a mountainous 
township, the surface and soil of which are too 
broken and cold for much euhivation. Middlebury 
River, and the turnpike from Royalton to Ver- 
gennes, pass through it. This town was granted 
in 1781, and chartered to Abel Thompson and 
associates. 26 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 
9 E. from Middlebury. 

Ritchie County, Va., c. h. at Ritchie. N. W. 
part, near the Ohio. Surface broken. Watered 
by tlie two forks of Hugh's River, a tributary of 
the Little Kanhawa. 

Ritchie, Va., c. h. Ritchie co. 

Riverhcad, N. Y., c. h. Suft'olk co. It is washed 
on the N. by Long Island Sound, and S. by Great 
and Little Peconic Bays and Pcconic River. 
Surface level, with the exception of a range of 
low hills extending E. and W. about one mile S, 
from the Sound ; the soil is chiefly sandy loam. 
90 miles E. from the city of New York, and 235 
S. E. from Albany. 

Roane County, Te., e. h. at Kingston. Bounded 
N. E. by Anderson co., E. by Knox and Blount, 
S. by Monroe, McMinn, and Meigs, and W. and 
N. W. by Rhea and Morgan counties. Drained 
by Tennessee and Clinch Rivers and branches. 

Roanoke County, Va., c. h. at Roanoke Court 
House. Bounded N. by Botetourt co., E. by Bed- 
ford, S. by Franklin, and W. by Montgomery co. 
Watered by the head branches of Staunton River 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



549 



Robertson Cotmtij, Tc, c. h. at Siiringfield. 
Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Sumner co,. S. 
by Davidson, and W. by Montgomery co. Wa- 
tered by Sycamore Creek and branches of Ked 
River. 

Robertson County, Ts., c. h. at Franklin. E. 
central. On the E. side of the Brazos. 

Robeson Counli/, N. C, c. h. at Lumherton. 
Bounded N. by Cumberland co., E. and S. E. by 
BUuU-n and Columbus counties, S. W. by South 
Carolina, and N. W. by Richmond co. Drained 
by Lumber River and other head branches of the 
Little Pedee. 

Robeson, Pa., Berks eo. Drained by AUegliany 
and Hay Creeks, branches of the Schuylkill 
River, which bounds it on the N. E. Surface 
hilly : soil gravelly and poor. 
Robinson's, Is., e. h. Crawford co. 
Robinson, Pa., Alleghanv co. This town is 
bounded N. by the Ohio River, S. E. by Char- 
tier's Creek, and W. by Montour's Run. Surface 
hilly ; soil loam. Situated 6 miles N. W. from 
Petersburg. 

Robinslown, Me., Washington co. On the St. 
Croix, opposite St. Andrews. 16 miles N. N. W. 
from Eastport. It is largely concerned in the 
lumber trade. 

Rochester, la., c. h. Fulton CO., lies a little S. 
from Tippecanoe River, and 95 miles N. f)-om 
Indianapolis. 

Roeliester, Ms., Plymouth co. This is a large 
township on the N. W. side of Buzzard's Bay. It 
was called Selpican by the Indians, and signifies 
a resting-place. The location of Rochester for 
navigation and the fisheries is exceedingly favor- 
able, it having 2 excellent harbors, Mattapoisct 
and Sippiean. Mattapoiset River, which rises in 
Snipatuit Pond, a large sheet of water in the 
town, Sippiean, and Weweanlic Rivers afi'ord 
a good water jiower. The surface is pleas- 
antly varied ; some parts are rocky and unfit for 
cultivation, while other parts vary from a tolera- 
ble soil to the very best. The 2 principal vil- 
lages are Mattapoiset and Sippiean. Part of 
Rochester has been incorporated as the new town 
of Marion. 9 miles E. from New Bedford. 

Rochester, Mn., Oakland co. Near the junction 
of Paint Creek with Clinton River, both streams 
affording good hydraulic power. 128 miles N. W. 
from Detroit. 

Rochester, N. H., Straiford co. Salmon Fall, 
Cocheco, and Isinglass Rivers ai-e in this town. 
The two former aftbrd valuable mill sites. The 
principal village stands on the Cocheco, and is 
called Norway Plains. There is another village, 
about 2 miles' S. W. from this, called Sqnamnna- 
ijonnick, the Indian name of the falls in the Co- 
checo, at that place. Much of the soil is good ; 
the surface is uneven, with several swells, the 
principal of which is Squamanagonnick Hill, on 
which are valuable farms. In the W. jiart is a 
large tract of oak land, which is hard and stony, 
and has a deep, rich soil. 10 miles N. W. from 
Dover by railroad. 

Rochester, N. Y., city, port of entry, and seat 
of justice for Monroe co., is situated on both sides 
of the Genesee River, 7 miles S. from its en- 
trance into Lake Ontario, 250 miles W. of Alba- 
ny by tlie railroad, and 75 miles by railroad E. by 
N. from Bufl'alo. In 1810, this place had not an 
existence, and was not incorporated even as a 
village until 1S17. Population in 1820, 1502; 
in 1830, 9269 ; in 1840. 20,191 ; in 1850, 36,561. 



Rochester owes its rapid growth and present 
flourishing condition to the peculiar advantages 
of its location upon the frills at this place in the 
(ienesce River, furnishing an amount of hydrau- 
lic power which is equalled by that of very few 
localities in the United States ; and at a point so 
easilv accessible, by every means of transporta- 
tion "and travel in use, from the west, from Can- 
ada, and the most important places in the Atlan- 
tic States. The Genesee River is navigable for 
seliooncrs and steamboats from Lake Ontario to 
the landing at Carthage, 2.J miles below the cen- 
tre of the citv, to which point a railroad has been 
constructed.' The great Erie Canal, uniting the 
waters of the western lakes with the Hudson at 
Albany, here crosses the river, and passes through 
the centre of the city. The Genesee Valley Canal 
is in progress to connect it with Olean on the 
Alleghany River, and thence, liy that river, with 
the Ohio at Pittsburg. The chain of railroads 
from Boston and New York to Bufl'alo passes 
through this city, making it a great thoroughfare 
of travel between the ca'slern and western sections 
of the country, and giving it a ready access to 
the most imjwrtant intermediate places. 

The falls in the Genesee River, at Rochester, 
have an entire descent of 268 feet, consisting of 
3 perpendicular iiitches and 2 rapids. After 
passing over one of the rapids, the stream plunges 
down the first great cataract, perpendicularly, 96 
feet. Owing to the peculiar configuration of the 
ledge here, which recedes up the river from the 
centre to the sides, the water is poured over 
the precipice in 3 distinct sheets, giving an ex- 
ceedingly picturesque beauty to this splendid 
waterfall. From a rock, called Table Rock, in 
the centre of this fall, the notorious Sam Patch 
made his last and fatal leap. Below the first 
cataract the river flows broad and deep for a tnilc 
and a half to the second, where it makes a per- 
pendicular pitch of 20 feet ; and thence pur- 
sues a noisy and ra|iid course for about 25 rods, 
to the third' and last fiUI, over which it pours its 
volume down a perpendicular descent of 105 feet 
Through the entire distance from the ujiper to the 
lower fall, the river flows through a narrow ra- 
vine of more than 100 feet in depth. The river 
is here flowing N., and the railroad passes about 
U)0 rods S. of the first fall ; so that passengers in 
tlic cars are not apprised, by any thing which 
attracts their notice, of the interesting natural 
curiosity to which they are approaching. 

The 'depression of the stream commences con- 
siderably above the first cataract, and in a dis- 
tance of about 500 yards gives a fall of 12 feet, 
available for hydraulic purposes. Canals have 
here been excavated on each side of the river for 
the mills. On the W. side the water is again 
taken out below the ra|)ids for the same purposes. 
Another power of considerable amount is created 
by the feeder for the Erie Canal, which comes 
from the river nearly 2 miles above. The falb 
at Rochester aft'ord a water power estimated 
eipuil to 1920 steam engines, of 20 horse power 
which would amount, according to the valuatioi 
of steam power in England, to the great sum ol 
59,718,272, for its annual use. The leading put 
pose to which a portion of this immense powet 
lias been applied is the flouring business, which 
is can-ied on here on a very large scale, and which 
succeeds, legitimately enough, to the first business 
ever established at'Rochester — that of a grain 
mill, erected by a solitary pioneer, then many 



550 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



miles distant from all other inhabitants. This 
man was an Englishman, a person of extraordina- 
ry enterprise, who had been the builder of Soho 
Square in London, hut who, after i)roving pecu- 
niarily unsuccessful in that undertaking, had 
sought to repair his fortunes in this country. 
Having purchased the land, he located himself 
upon these falls, in what was then a wilderness, 
without civilized inhabitant for 5U miles to the 
eastward. In the year 1S09, tlie author of this 
work, having penetrated to this spot, while as 
yet the nearest inhabitants on tlie E. or S. 
were about 30 miles distant, enjoyed tlie hospi- 
tality of this worthy gentleman, who, at tliat time, 
having been visited with atiliction in the loss of his 
wife, which had left him with one only daugliter 
as the companion of his loneliness, had become 
weary of his situation, and would have parted 
with his possessions, covering all which the city of 
Rochester now covers, with his improvements, 
his cabin, and his mill, for S+00. The author has 
been told that the Eagle Jlotel now stands upon 
the spot which this house once occupied. 

Rochester is handsomely laid out on both sides 
of the river, though not with entire regularity. 
The E. and W. parts of the city are connected 
by three bridges. Bufl'alo Street, which passes 
over the central bridge, is a straight and broad 
street, running through tlie centre of the city. 
The Ene Canal passes, in a serpentine course 
through the city, and is carried over the river by 
ft splendid aqueduct, 804 feet long, resting upon 
11 arches, erected at a cost of 880,000. The city 
is generally well built, chiefly with brick, and 
many of the blocks of stones, as well as private 
dwellings, are elegant structures. Some of the 
churches and other public editices are handsome 
buildings. The principal hotels are the Eagle, 
American, New Mansion House, Congress Hall, 
Clinton, Rochester, Island House, &c. Some of 
the flouring mills and other manufactories are 
very large structures. Of these the Globe Build- 
ings are the largest and most remarkable. 

Rochester, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Ron- 
dout Creek and some of its branches. The Sha- 
nangunk Mountain partly covers this town ; soil 
clay and loam. 16 miles S. W. from Kingston, 
and 74 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Rochester, Pa., Beaver co. On the E. bank of 
Beaver River, at its confluence with the Ohio. 

Rochester, Vt., Windsor co. The principal 
stream is White River ; it receives a considerable 
tributary from the W. On each of these streams 
are good situations for mills. Rochester is moun- 
tainous and broken, but contains much good land. 
The timber is mostly hard wood. There is a 
pleasant village situated near the centre of the 
town, on the eastern bank of White River. A 
part of Goshen was annexed to Rochester in 
1847. The settlement was commenced about 
the close of the revolutionary war. 30 miles 
S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 37 N. W. from 
Windsor. 

Rock County, Wn., c. h. at Janesville. Bound- 
ed N. by Dane and Jefferson counties, E. by 
Walworth co., S. by Illinois, and W. by Green 
CO. Drained by Rock River and branches. Sur- 
face level, a large part being prairie ; soil fertile. 

Rockaway, N. Y., Queens co. Near the Atlan- 
tic shore, on Rockaway Bay. 168 miles S. from 
Albany. Near by is the famous Rockaway 
Beach. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Rock Bridge, Mo., c. h. Ozark co. 



Rock Bridge County, Va., c. h. at Lexington. 
Bounded N. by Augusta co., E. by Amherst, S. 
by Bedford and Botetourt, and W. by Alleghany 
and Bath counties. Drained by North, a head 
branch of James River. Surface mountainous ; 
soil very fertile in the valleys. The county de- 
rives its name from the celebrated natural bridge 
over Cedar Creek. 

Rock Castle County, Ky., c.h. at Mount Vernon. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by Garrard and Madison 
counties, S. E. by Rockcastle Creek, separating 
it from Laurel co., S, W. by Pulaski, and N. W. 
by Lincoln co. Drained by branches of Dick's 
and Rockcastle Rivers. Surface elevated, sepa- 
rating the streams flowing into the Cumberland 
from those flowing into the Kentucky River. 

Rockford, Aa., c. h. Coosa co. 

Roctcford. Is., c. h. Winnebago co. On a high 
prairie on the W. bank of Rock River. Steam- 
boats ascend to this place, where they are stopped 
by the rapids, which afford immense water power 
N. from Springfield 203 miles. 

Rockford, N. C, c. h. Surry co. 

Rock Hill, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by Perki- 
omen and branches of Tohickon Creek. Surface 
hilly; soil gravelly. Ill miles E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Rockingham County, N. H. Portsmouth and 
Exeter are the shire towns. Bounded N. by 
Strafford co., E. by the Atlantic, from the mouth 
of Piscataqua River to the line of Massachusetts, 
S.' by the state of Massachusetts, and W. by 
the counties of Merrimac and Hillsboro'. Its 
greatest length is 34 miles, its greatest breadth is 
about 30 miles. There are no remarkable eleva- 
tions in this county. The surface is uneven ; soil 
fertile and very productive. The highest point is 
Saddleback Mountain, from which arc fine views. 
The rivers are the Lamprey, E.xeter, Beaver, 
and Spiggot. Great Bay is the largest collection 
of water. Massabesick Pond is picturesque from 
its numerous islands and the surrounding eleva- 
tions. The other principal ponds are Islandy, 
Country, and Pleasant. 

Rockingham County, N. C, c. h. at Wentworth. 
Bounded N. by Virginia, E. by Caswell co., S. by 
Guilford, and W. by Stokes co. Drained by the 
head branches of Haw and Dan Rivers. Surface 
quite elevated. 

Rockingham, Vt., Windham co. Connecticut 
River washes the eastern border of this township. 
It is also watered by Williams and Saxton's 
Rivers. These streams aftbrd a great number of 
valuable sites for mills. The surface of Rocking- 
ham is somewhat broken, but the soil is in gen- 
eral warm and productive. Bellows Falls are in 
Connecticut River, near the S. E. corner of this 
town. In 178.5, Colonel Enoch Hale erected a 
bridge over the Connecticut, at these fiiUs. Around 
these falls is an interesting locality of minerals. 
The rocks are principally gneiss. There are in 
Rockingham several pleasant villages. Bellows 
Falls, Rockingham, Saxton's River, and Cam- 
bridge Port villages. These are very neat, and 
contain many handsome houses. The settlement 
was commenced in 1 783, by Moses Wright, Joel 
Bigelow, and Simeon Knight, who emigrated from 
Massachusetts. 85 miles S. from Montpelier, and 
18 N. E. from Newfane. This place communi- 
cates with Boston by the Cheshire and other 
roads, with Burlington by the Rutland Railroad, 
and also by railroad with the towns above and 
below it on the Connecticut River. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



551 



Rockingham County, Va., c. h. at Harrisbui-f:. 
Boinulcd N. bv Hardy co., N. E. by Slienaiyloali 
and ra"e S. E. bv Greene and Albemarle, S. 
W. bv Aui^usta, and N. W. by Pendleton eo. 
Drained bv Shenandoah River and triliutarics. 
Siirfaee hiilv. the Blue Kidfre lyins on the S. E., 
and Braneh Jlountains on its N. W. border ; sod 
vcrv fertile on the streams. ,, , t i i 

iioch Island County, Is., c. h. at Koek Island. 
Bounded E. by Whitesides and Henry counties, 
S. bv Mercer CO., and W. and N.by the Mississippi 
River, separating it from Iowa. Tlie Mississippi 
and Rock Rivers enclose the N. part of tins coun- 
tv, forming a large island. Surface diversified ; 
soil fertile^ particularly on the Mississippi, where 
it consists of rich alluvion. 

Rock Island, Is., c. h. Rock Island co. 
Rockland. Me., Lincoln eo. 38 miles S. E. from 
Aun-usta. Fornicrly known as East Thomaston, 
and" taken from Thomaston in 1848. Situated 
on the W. coast of Penobscot Bay, and includes 
the peninsula of Owl's Head. It has a fine har- 
bor, and is famous for the manufaetui-c of lime, 
obtained from the inexhaustible limestone ledges 
in the vicinity. There are annually made at this 
place, and sent to market, mostly in vessels 
owned here, near half a million casks of lime of 
superior quality, the reputation of which is \ycU 
known on all the maritime coast of the United 
States. 

Owl's Head presents many romantic sea views, 
and is a favorite place of resort during the sum- 
mer season. It has steamboat communication 
with Boston and Bangor, from which latter place 
it is distant 55 miles S. Sometimes as many as 
son vessels pass it in a day. 

Rockland County, N. Y., c. h. at Clarkstown. 
Taken from Orange co. in 1798. It is of a tri- 
angular form, being bounded on the W. and N. 
by^Orange CO., E. by the Hudson River, and S. 
by the state of New Jersey. Surfiice billy and 
mountainous; soil chiefly fertile. Superior vari- 
egated marble, magnetic oxide of iron, and sev- 
eral other mineral productions are found in large 
quantities. The New York and Erie Railroad 
winds through this county. 

Rockland, N. Y., Sullivan CO. The Big Beaver 
Kill and its tributaries water this town ; the sur- 
face of which is liillv and mountainous and the 
soil gravelly loam, "fertile in the valleys. 18 
miles" N. from Monticello, and 114 S. W. from 

Albany. , , 

Rockland Lake, N. Y., Kockland co. The lake 
is 5 miles in circumference, abounds in fish, and 
furnishes the finest ice for New York market. 

Roi-kport, la., c. h. Spencer co. <.ln a high 
bluff on the N. W. bank of Ohio River. 162 
miles S. S. \V. from Indianapolis. 

Rockport. Ms., Essex co. Tliis was a part of 
the town of Gloucester until its incorporation in 
1840, when it received the appropriate name of 
Rockport. It comprises all the seaward portion 
of the extremity of Cape Ann, with its islands, 
and that part of Gloucester long known as Sandy 
Bay. There are two pleasant villages in the 
towii, Sandy Bay and Pigeon Cove, about a mile 
apart; at the fatter village are inexhaustible 
quarries of excellent granite. Artificial harbors 
have been constructed at both villages. Although 
the town derives its name from the character of 
its shores and surface, it contains many large 
tracts of clear land. This town is a resort lor 
many strangers during the summer months, who 



here enjoy refreshing sea breezes and the sublim- 
ity of ocean views. 4 miles N. E. from Glouces- 
ter Harbor, and 32 N. E. from Boston. 

R(jckton, N. Y. Herkimer co. See Appendix. 
Roclci/ Mount, Va., c. h. Franklin co. 
Rockcille, la., c. h. Parke co. 
RockrUle. Jld., c. h. Montgomery co. At the 
head of ^Vatts Branch of Potomac River. 56 
miles W. from Annapolis. 

Rodman, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by 
Saiulv Creek. Surface undulating ; soil fertile 
saudv and clav loam. 11 miles S. from Water- 
town, and 154'N. W. from Albany. 

Rotjersrille, Te., c. h. Hawkins co. ^ 

Rullln, Mn., Lenawee co. Watered by Tifflin s 
and Bean Creeks. Soil very favorable to the 
orowth of grain. 71 miles S. W. from Detroit. 
'^ Rolh'nsford, N. H., Strafford co. New ; taken 
from Somesworth. 

Rome, Ga., c. h. Flovd co. At the junction of 
Etowah and Oostanaula Rivers. 161 miles N. W. 
from Millcdgeville. 

Rome, 'Sin.. Lenawee co. This town is watered 
by the head branches of Beaver Creek. Soil fer- 
tile, yielding fine crops of grain. 70 miles S. W. 
from Detroit. 

Rome, N. Y., Oneida co. Half shire town. It 
is watered by the Mohawk River and Wood 
Creek, which are connected in this town by a por- 
ta<'e of a mile in length. Surface level, or slightly 
iint-ven; soil fertile, particularly in the Mohawk 
valley. 107 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Rome, Me., Franklin co. A good township. 19 
miles N. N. W. from Augusta. 

Romneij, Va., c. h. Hampshire co. On the E. 
side of the S. branch' of Potomac River. 138 miles 
N. N. W. from Richmond. 

Romulus, N. Y., Seneca co., is bounded on the 
E. by Cayuga, and W.by Seneca Lakes. Surface 
high in the centre ; soil fertile, and well adapted 
to"wlieat. 12 miles S. from Waterloo, and 176 
W. from Alliany. , „ ., r 

Rondout, N. Y., Ulster co. On the N. side of 
Kondout Creek, 1 mile from its entrance into 
Hndson River, and 59 miles S. from Albany. It 
is a depot of Lackawana coal for the Delaware 
and Hudson Canal Company. 

Root, N. Y., Montgomery co. 8 miles S. of the 
villa-c of Fonda, and 48 W. of Albany. The 
township is drained bv 2 or 3 small streams flow- 
ing into the Mohawk" River, which forms its N. 
boiindary. The soil is a fertile loam, resting on 
slate and limestone formation. 

Mitchell's Cavern is a remarkable cave in the 
rocky cliff's near the river, first explored in 1821. 
14 apartments, it is said, have been visited, soine as 
deep as 500 feet beneath the surface ; the ceilings, 
walls, and Hoors of which arc ornamented with 
stalactites, stalagmites, and various incrustations. 
On the Plattekill, a small stream which runsN. 
into the Mohawk, there is a waterfall with a per- 
pendicular descent of 50 feet. About a mile abovg 
this fall a vein of lead ore, found at the bottom 
of the creek, has been wrought to some extent by 
a company incorporated for the purpose. 

Roscoe. 'O., Coshocton co. Situated on the Ohio 
Canal, at the junciion of the Walliondmg and 
Tuscarawas Rivers, which unite to form the Mus- 
kingum, opposite to Coshocton, the county seat, 
with which it is united by a bridge crossmg bo^ 
rivers just above their junction. It is 83 miles N. 
E. from Columbus, and 30 N. from Zanesvdle. 
The Walhonding Canal, which extends to Roch- 



552 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



ester, a distance of 25 miles, unites with the Ohio 
Canal at this place. Koscoe is therefore a great 
depot for wlieat and other merchandise on these 
canals and rivers. In times of iii;^h water, steam- 
boats occasionally run up to tliis point on the 
Muskingum. Roscoe, 1j_v its position on the ca- 
nals, at an elevation of 40 feet ahovc the level of 
the Muskingum, possesses excellent facilities for 
being made a great manufacturing place. There 
are at present tiouring mills, saw mills, and other 
establishments of less note, but occupying only 
a small part of the privilege which might here be 
made avuilable. 

This town was first laid out in 181G, by James 
Caldcr, and went under the name of Caldcrsburg, 
until, an additional territory having been united 
with it, it was called Roscoe, from the English 
author of that name. From its natural situation 
this is a very healthful and beautiful place. From 
the hills back of the town a fine view is presented 
of the rivers and their valleys, above and below, 
whicli are here united. 

Hose, N. y., Wayne co. Watered by several 
small streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario. Sur- 
face undulating ; soil gravelly loam. 7 miles N. 
from Lyons, and 181 W. from Albany. 

Roseiidule, N. Y., Ulster co. <^n the Rondout 
Creek, near the line of the Delaware and Hudson 
Canal, about 55 miles S. from All)any,aud 90 N. 
from New York. It is 6 miles W. from Kings- 
ton. There is a very large water power at this 
place not yet occupied to any great extent. The 
best hydraulic cement is found liere, and manu- 
factured in large quantities. 

Near the high falls of the Rondout, about 2 
miles below tiiis place, is a mineral spring of con- 
siderable celebrity. 53 out of 84 jjarts of its 
solid contents consist of chloride of sodium. 
The others are lime and magnesia, in various 
combinations. Of the gaseous contents, 12 cubic 
inches are sulphuretted hydrogen, and 14 carbonic 
acid. 

Rotterdam, N. Y., Schenectady co. Bounded 
on the N. by the Mohawk River. Has a rolling 
surface and a fertile soil, composed of sandy loam 
and alluvion. 4 miles W. from Schenectady, and 
18 N. W. from Albany. 

Rouse's Point, Champlain, Clinton co. On the 
W. side of Lake Champlain. 51 miles N. from 
Burlington, and 205 N. from Albany. It is about 
half a mile S. of Canada line. At this point the 
great railroad route between Boston and Ogdens- 
burg crosses the lake. It was a small place, 
possessing no special interest until the railroad 
was located here. This has made it an impor- 
tant landing-place for the boats on Lake Cham- 
plain, and a great depot and place of exchange 
for merchandise and produce. The distance from 
this place by railroad to Boston is 292 miles ; to 
Ogdensburg, 118 miles; to New York, by steam 
communication, about 350 miles ; aud to Mont- 
real, 48. 

A short distance N. of this place, the United 
States, soon after the war of 1812, commenced 
the construction of a strong fortification, to guard 
the entrance to the lake from tlie Canada waters. 
But after having expended about S400,000, it 
was found that the site so advantageously se- 
lected was within the Canada line, and the work 
was abatidoned. The spot has since, however, 
been ceded to the United States, and this fine forti- 
fication may, at some future period, be completed. 
Rowan County, N. C, c. h. at Salisbury. It is 



bounded N. by Davie co., E. by Davidson, S. by 
Stanley and Cabarns, and 'VV. by Iredell co. 
Watered by Yadkin River. Soil fertile. 

Rou-e, Ms., Franklin co. This is a mountain- 
ous town, with some arable land ; but the lands 
generally are best adapted to pasturage. Deer- 
field River passes its western border. The ruins 
of Fort Pelham are situated in the centre of the 
town, on Pelham Brook, a small stream, being 
the only one passing through the town. Rowo 
has a neat village near the centre of the town, 
about 22 miles W. N. W. from Greenfield, and 
112 W. N. W. from Boston. 

Rowley, Ms., Essex co. This town was first 
settled by a party of industrious and pious per- 
sons from Yorkshire, England, in 1638. They 
erected the first fulling mill in New England, 
and manufactured the first cloth in North Amer- 
ica. There are a great variety of soils in this 
town ; a large part is salt meadow, and the resi- 
due is fertile and productive. It comprises a 
part of Phim Island, and large tracts of wood- 
land. It is watered by Rowley River, which, be- 
fore its junction with Plum Island Sound, forms a 
harbor for vessels of moderate draught of water, 
where many vessels have been built. By the 
Eastern Railroad, which passes through the "town. 
Rowley lies 29 miles N. from Boston. 

Rorhoro', N. C, c. h. Person co. 

Roxbury, Ct., Litchfield co. Roxbury was 
taken from Woodbury, and incorporated in 1801. 
The town is diversified with hills and vales. The 
soil is a gravelly loam, interspersed with some 
small tracts of sandy loam. It is watered by the 
Shepaug, a branch of the Housatonic. In' dig- 
ging for silver, a species of iron ore, called steel 
ore, was discovered. 32 miles N. W from New 
Haven. 

Roxhury, Me., O.xford co. The suifaee of this 
town is elevated, and well timbered, with some 
good soil. Ro.xbury is watered by a branch of 
Androscoggin River. It lies 30 miles N. from 
Paris, and is bounded S. by Rumford. Incorpo- 
rated 1835. 

Roxbury, JIs., Norfolk eo. This beautiful and 
rapidly-growing city is closely connected with 
Boston on the S. by " Boston Neck," so called, 
over which there are now three broad and pleas- 
ant avenues. The distance between the two 
cities, centrally, is about 3 miles. This town 
and the town of Boston were both incorporated 
the same year, 1G30. Roxbury received a city 
charter in 184G. Population in 1790, 2226; 1800, 
27G5; 1810, 3669; 1820, 4135; 1830, 5247 ; 1840, 
9089; 1850, 18,373. 

The natural surface upon which much of this 
city is built is rocky and uneven ; and a great 
degree of taste and skill has been displayed hero, 
both in horticultural and architectural embellish- 
ments, for whicli the " highlands " in the S. J)art 
of the city, especially, furnish a beautiful advan- 
tage. Many jiarts of Ro.xbury, which, until re- 
cently, were imjiroved as farms or rural walks, 
are now covered with wide streets and beautiful 
buildings. Several of the church cdiliccs in 
Ro.xbury, being located on elevated positions, 
make a beautiful appearance. 

The first hourly coach in this part of the coun- 
try commenced running between Boston and 
Roxbury in 1 827. There are now a large num- 
ber continually running between the two cities, 
and the nuinlicr of passages back and forth 
amounts to nearly a million annually. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



553 



The natural alliance which subsists between 
Boston and Roxbui-v, their close connection by 
wide and beautiful avenues, the crowded state 
of one city, and the romantic beauties of the 
otiier, can leave no doubt on the mind of an 
observer of the rapid increase of Boston, that 
Koxbury, ivith its crystal sprinos and admirable 
sites for liuilding, will soon become the location 
of no inconsideralile portion of the wcaltli and 
fashion of the metropolis. 

There are in Roxbury, yet to be observed, 
some memorials of the revolutionary scenes, 
especially on one of the crowning' eminences of 
the highlands, surrounded by some of the most 
beautiful cottages and ornamental f,'ardens in 
tliat section of tlie city, where are to be seen, in a 
very perfect state of preservation, the breastwork 
and intrenchments of a large military fortress 
constructed at that period. 

A little distance back from the city, on the 
Dedluim Turnpike, is situated the beautiful 
rural cemetery called the Forest IJills >_'ninleri/. 
The enclosure includes an area of about 70 acres, 
a large portion of which is covered with trees, 
shrubs, herbaceous plants, and flowers, embracing 
almost every variety indigenous to New Eng- 
land. The grounds are diversified in a very 
picturesque manner, by hills, v,alleys, glades, pre- 
cipitous cliffs, masses of moss-grown rocks, dells, 
and lakes. When the gradings are entirely com- 
pleted, there will be nearly 5 miles of avenues 
for carriages and 3 of footpaths. An Egyptian 
gateway ornaments the entrance, which is copied 
from the ancient portico at Garsery, above the 
first cataract of the Nile. A range of four emi- 
nences in the south-western portion of this beau- 
tiful grounrl has been designated as the "Eliot 
Hills," to commemorate the name and pious 
labors of the Piev. John Eliot, the venerated 
" apostle of the Indians," who was pastor of the 
first church in Koxbury, from 16.32, for a period 
of nearly 60 years. Mr. Eliot was remarkable 
for his indefatigable labors and charities. He 
imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, and his 
heart was touched with the wretched condition 
of the Indians. He learned their language, 
preached to them in it, and tr.anslated the entire 
Scriptures into it. This would seem the business 
of a life, when we consider, for example, that the 
sense of the expression " Kneeling down to him," 
is conveyed in the Indian language by the com- 
pound word I VutappessltuL-(]iissuniioowchtunkqHoh. 

A large eminence in the Forest Hills Ceme- 
tery bears the name of the most honored of the 
native-born sons of Roxbury — General War- 
ren, who fell on Bunker Hill, bravely contend- 
ing for the liberties of his country, on tlie 17th 
of June, 1770. He was the first officer of rank 
who fell in this eventful conflict. 

The business and wealth of Koxbury are inti- 
mately connected with the port of Boston ; in- 
deed, its entire interests, in this point of view, are 
hardly capable of being considered as separate 
from those of the metropolis. It has, however, 
considerable trade of its own, and its manufactures 
are various and extensive. These consist of car- 
peting ; of worsted and silk fringe and tassels ; 
of leather; of iron castings : steam engines and 
boilers ; fire engines ; cordage ; paints ; slicet 
lead ; white lead and chemical preparations ; 
shoes ; hats ; cabinet ware ; and a great variety 
of other articles. 

When viewed from the dome of the State 
70 



House in Boston, this beautiful ciiy. together 
with the cities of Charlestown and Canil)ridgc, — 
involved and blended as they are with Boston, 
from which they are in no part more than 5 miles 
distant, and from which no other lines of separa- 
tion can lie distinguished than such as are made 
by the Charles River and the several bridges 
and avenues running from one city to another,— 
seem all to he one great city : as in fact, from 
their relations of intercourse and commerce, as 
well as their proximity, they virtually are, as 
truly as the city and liberties of Philadelphia. 

Ixoxbun/, N. H., Cheshire co. The N. branch 
of Ashuelot Kiver forms the iioundary between 
this town and Kecne. Roaring Brook waters 
the S. part, and empties into the Ashuelot at the 
S. W. corner. On the E. side is Roaring Brook 
Pond, at the outlet of which are mills. Roxbury 
presents a rough and uneven surface, rising into 
considerable swells, affording excellent grazing 
land. This tom> was formed of a part of Nelson, 
JIarlboro', and Kecne, and is the native place of 
Joseph Ames, Esq , a celebrated artist and por- 
trait painter to the jiope of Rome. 5 miles E. 
from Keene, and 50 S. W. from Concord. 

liorhuri/, N. J., Morris co. Bounded E. by 
Black River, and contains Budd's Pond, a sheet 
of water 2 miles long and 1 In'oad, the waters of 
which flow into the S. branch of Raritan River. 
The surface is mostly covered by Schooley's 
Mountain, and the soil is a mixture of clay and cal- 
careous loam. 14 miles N. W. from Morristown. 

lioxbiiri/. N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by the 
Papacton liranch of the Delaware River. Surface 
hilly and mountainous ; soil good sandy loam, 
verv fertile in the valleys. 20 miles E. from 
Delhi, and 03 S. W. from Albany. 

Rorbiiri/, Pa., Philadelphia co. On the Schuyl- 
kill River. Surface rough ami hilly, the N. \V. 
portions containing soapstone; soil clay and loam. 

Roxlni)-!/, Vt., Washington co. Roxbury is 
situated on the height of land between Winooski 
and White Rivers, and has consequently no 
large streams. The smface is uneven, but the 
soil is well adapted to the production of grass, 
and in general yields good crops of grain. The 
timlicr is mostly hard wood. Iron ore is found 
in the south-eastern part. There is a small vil- 
lage in the N. E. corner, on a ])rincipal branch of 
Dog River. The settlement was commenced in 
1789, by Christopher Huntington. 15 miles S. 
W. from Montpelier. 

Roijiilston, Ms., Worcester co. This town w.as 
first settled in 1 754, ami named for Colonel Isaac 
Royal, one of its proprietors. The land in this 
town consists generally of hills and valleys, and 
the soil is excellent, being suitable for tillage or 
grazing. It is watered by Miller's River and its 
tributary streams, ui^on which is much good 
meadow. Several small streams, one of which 
has upon it a ]icriiendienlar fall of 20 feet, and 
descends 100 feet in 40 rods, unite and form 
Tully River, which pours into Miller's River 
a great i|uamity of water. Tliese various streams 
ali'ord a mmiber of good mill sites. There is a 
handsome village near the centre of the town, and 
2 i)onds well stocked with fish. Although these 
ponds are within half a mile of each other, yet 
they vary in height 150 feet. 35 miles N. W. 
froin Worcester, and 65 W. N. W. from Boston. 
The Boston and Vermont Railroad passes 
through Athol, 7 miles S. from the centre of 
this town. 



554 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Rot/allon, N. Y., Niagara co. Boumlcd on the 
S. by Tonawanda Creek. It has an nndiilatinj,' 
surface and productive soil. 8 miles E. from 
Lockport, and 269 W. from Albany. 

Jioi/allon, Vt., Windsor co. The surface is 
somewhat broken and hilly, but the soil is good, 
particularly along While Kiver and its branches, 
wliere it is of a superior quality. White River 
nins through the town, and receives here its first 
and second branches. Hoyalton village is pleas- 
antly situated near the centre of the town, on the 
bank of White River. The first permanent set- 
tlement was made in 1771, by Mr. Robert Ha- 
vens, who this year moved his family into the 
town. 30 miles S. from Montpelier, and 25 N. 
N. W. from Windsor. The Central Railroad 
passes through this town. 

Rutnford, Sle., O.xford co. On the N. W. bank 
of the Androscoggin, with a good water power. 
51 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. 

Riiiiuiei/, N. II., Grafton CO., is watered by 
Baker's River, and a branch of it called Stinson's 
Brook, which flows from Stinson's Pond. The- 
pond is 4<iO rods long and 280 wide. Part of 
Loon Pond is on the E. line of this town. The 
principal elevations are Slinson's, Webber's, and 
Carr's Mountains ; the latter here obtains the 
name of Rattlesnake Mountain, on its N. W. 
border. David Stinson was killed here by a 
party of Indian.s, and his name was given to a 
mountain, pond, and brook. There is much 
good land here, and the passage of the Concord 
and Montreal Railroad through it will add much 
to its value. There is a great variety of splendid 
scenery here. First settlers, Captain jotham 
Cummings, Moses Smart, Daniel Brainard, 
James Heath, and others, in 176.'). 8 miles N. 
N. W. from Plymouth, and 51 N. by W. from 
Concord. 

Ruptrt, Vt., Bennington co. A part of this 
township is mountainous, but the soil is generally 
good for grazing. Rupert is watered by Paulct 
River and a branch of the Battcnkill, on which 
streams al*e mills of various kinds. The settle- 
ment of this town was commenced in 1767. 78 
miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 25 N. from 
Beauington. 

Ruscumh ilunor. Pa., Berks co. Bounded N. 
and N. W. by Maiden Creek. Surface hilly ; 
soil rather poor. 

Rush Coiinti/, la., c. h. at Rushville. Incorpo- 
rated in 1821. Bounded N. by Henry, E. by 
Fayette and Franklin, S. by Decatur, and W. 
by Shelby and Hancock counties. Watered by 
Big and Little Blue Rivers, and Big and Little 
Flat Rock Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil 
fertile. 

Rush, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by Honcoye 
Creek, a branch of the Genesee River, which 
bounds it on the W. Surface undulating ; soil 
fertile, and well adapted to grain. 12 miles S. 
from Rochester, and 229 W. from Albany. 

Rush, Pa., Dauphin co. Surface mountainous ; 
soil sterile. Situated 20 miles N. E. from Ilar- 
risburg. 

Rush, Pa., Northumberland co. This is a hilly 
and mountainous town. 

Rush, Pa., Susquehanna co. Watered by Wy- 
alusing, Lake, and Deer Lick Creeks. Surface 
hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 

Rush County, Ts., c. h. at Henderson. E. part. 
Between the Upper Sabine and Upper Neches. 

Eushford, N. Y., Alleghany co. Cold Creek 



waters this town, the surface of which is undu- 
lating, and the soil very favorable to the growth 
of grass. 15 miles N. W. from Angelica, and 270 
AY. from Albany. 

Rushville, la., c. h. Rush co. On Big Flat 
Rock Creek. 40 miles E. S- E. from Indian- 
apolis. 

Russell County, Aa., c. h. at Crawford. Bounded 
N. by Chambers co., E. by the Chattahoochee 
River, separating it from Georgia, S. by Barbour 
CO., and W. by Macon co. Drained by branches 
of the Chattahoochee. 

Russell County, Ky., c. h. at Jamestown. Bound- 
ed N. E. by Casey and Pulaski counties, S. E.by 
the Cumberland River, sep.aratingit from Wayne 
CO., S. W. by Clinton and Cumberland, and N. 
W. by Adair co. Drained by Cumberland River, 
and its tributaries. Wolf and Fish Creeks. 

Russell, Ms,, Hampden co. This town was 
formerly the N. W. part of Westfield, and the S. 
W. part of Montgomery. This is a mountainous 
township, full of wild and romantic scenery, hav- 
ing Westfield River passing rapidly through it. 
The surface is more pleasant to the spectator 
than to the cultivator; yet the high lands afford 
excellent grazing, and along the valleys are tracts 
of fertile meadow. Russell possesses an immense 
water power, with an abundance of wood and 
stone and other building materials, and all with- 
in G hours' ride of Boston. Tlie Western Rail- 
road passes through the town. 18 miles W. N. 
W. from Springfield, and 118 W. by S. from 
Boston. 

Russell, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by 
Grass River. Surface rather uneven ; soil sandy 
and clay loam, suitable for grazing. 10 miles S. 
from Canton, and 203 N. W. from Alb.any. 

Russell County, Va., c, h. at Lebanon. Bounded 
N. W. by Tazewell co., S. E. by Washington, S. 
W. by Scott CO., and N. W. by Kentucky. Wa- 
tered by Clinch River and the sources of the W. 
fork of Sandy River. Surface mostly rough and 
mountainous. 

Russellville, Aa., c. h. Franklin co. On Cedar 
Creek, a branch of Bear Creek. Ill miles N. by 
W. from Tuscaloosa. 

Russellville, Ky., c. h. Logan co. Between 
Green and Cumberland Rivers, about 35 milea 
from each. 172 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 

Russia, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by West 
Canada Creek. Surface elevated and liilly ; soil 
sandy loam and clay, well suited to grass. 16 
m. N. from Herkimer, and 94 N. W. from Albany. 

Rutherford County, N. C, c. h. at Rutherford- 
ton. Bounded N. by McDowell co., E. by Cleave- 
land CO., S. by South Carolina, and W. by Hen- 
derson and Buncombe counties. Drained by the 
head branches of Broad River. Soil much 
diversified. 

Rutherford County, Te., c. h. at Murfrcesl)oro.' 
Bounded N. and N. E. by Davidson and Wilson 
counties, E. by Cannon, S. by Bedford, and W. 
by Williamson co. Drained by Stone's River and 
other branches of the Cumberland. Soil very 
fertile. 

Rutland, Ms., Worcester co., was bought of the 
Indians, in 1686, for .£23. Its Indian name was 
Naqneay. This town is situated on the height 
of land between the sea and Connecticut River, 
and is hilly and very uneven. It has no large 
stream, but is watered by a branch of Ware 
River, which affords power for several mills. 
This is a good grazing township. There is fine 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



555 



fishing at Mustapaug ami Long Ponds. About 
half a mile E. of the meeting house is a spring, 
the waters of which soon divide, part runs to tlie 
Merrimac and part to Connecticut River. In the 
central part of the town is a pleasant village, 
which lies 1.3 miles N. W. from Worcester, and 
50 W. bv N. from Boston. 

Rutland, N. Y., Jetlerson co. Black River and 
Sandy Creek water this town. Surface undulat- 
ing; soil fertile loam, based upon limestone. In 
this vicinity are many interesting remains of 
Indian fortifications. 6 miles E. from Watertown, 
and 154 N. W. from Albany. 

Rutland, Pa., Tioga co. This is a hilly town, 
with a gravelly soil. 151 miles N. from Harrisburg. 

Rutland County, Vt., c. h. at Rutland. This 
county is bounded N. by Addison co., E. by 
Windsor co., S. by Bennington co., and W. by the 
state of New York. The principal streams are 
Otter Creek, Black, White, Queechy, and Paulet 
Rivers. There is some fine land in this county, 
along Otter Creek, but a large portion of it is 
elevated, and some parts mountainous. The soil 
is generally warm, and well suited for grazing. 
Excellent iron ore is found at the base of the 
mountains, and a range of marble quarries extends 
the whole length of the county, from N. to S. 
This marble is of the very best quality. ' 

Rutland, Vt., c. b. Rutland co. The prin- 
cipal stream is Otter Creek. Trilmtary to this 
are West River and East Creek. In addi- 
tion to these, there are 2 other streams of less 
magnitude, flowing in above East Creek, on the 
right bank. Near the N. W. corner of the town 
another stream, called Castleton River, enters. 
On all of these streams are convenient sites for 
mills. The soil of Rutland presents all the vari- 
eties from heavy loam to a light sand. Some 
minerals are found here, and in the W. part 
several quarries of very beautiful white and 
clouded marble have been opened. Rutland is 
divided into two parishes, denominated East and 
West Parish. Rutland Village, situated in the 
East Parish, is the most important filace. In the 
West Parish are two small villages, called West 
Rutland and Gookkin's Falls. The village of 
Rutland was incorporated in 18+7. Tliis town 
was chartered in 1761. Through this town, during 
the revolutionary war, was the only military road 
fi-om Charlestown, N. H., to Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. 50 miles S. 
W. from Xlontpelier. A railroad from Boston to 
Burlington passes through this town. There 
is also a railroad to Whitehall and Troy, N. 
Y. : to Burlington, 73 miles ; to Troy, 85. 

Rutlfdi/e, Mo., e. h. McDonald co. 

RntUdqe. Te.. e. h. Granger CO. 

Rye, N. H., Rockingham co., is pleasantly situ- 
ftted on the sea-co.ast, which here is 6 miles in ex- 
tent, being nearly one third of the coast in the 
state. On the shore are 3 pleasant beaches, Sandy, 
Jenness, and Wallis, There is here a small 
harbor, near Goss's Mill, into which vessels of 70 
or 80 tons' burden may enter at high water. The 
boat fishery is carried on to considerable advan- 
tage. Breakfast Hill, between this town and 
Greenland, is distinguished as the place where a 
party of Indians were surprised at breakfast, at 
the time of their incursion, in 1696. Rye was taken 
from Portsmouth, Greenland, Hampton, and New 
Castle, chiefly the latter. 6 miles S. from Ports- 
mouth, and 50 S. E. from Concord. 

Ryegute,\t., Caledonia co. This town is situat- 



ed on the W. bank of Connecticut River, opposite 
to Bath, N. H. Ryegate is watered by Wells 
River, some smaller streams, and several ponds. 
There is not much intervale land on the river, 
but the soil is generally rich. Ryegate was first 
settled by emigrants from Scotland, in the year 
1774. 15 miles S. from Danville, and 40 S. E. 
from Montpelier. 

Sabine Parish, La., c. h. at Murray. On the W. 
border, middle. Watered by the Sabine and 
confluents. 

Sabine County, Ts., c. h. at Milam. On the 
E. border, middle. 

Saccarapjia, Me., in Westbrook, Cumberland 
CO. On the Presumpscot River, which affords 
extensive hydraulic power at this place. N. from 
Portland 4 miles, and S. W. from Augusta 56. 

Suckett's Harbor, N. Y., Jcflcrson co. On 
Black River Bay, near the foot of Lake On- 
tario, about 12 miles from the lake, and 185 
N. W. from Albany. Tliis place has the best 
harbor on the lake, which is improved for ship 
building and as a naval depot. The progress of 
the settlement was very much accelerated during 
the war of 1812, during which it became an im- 
portant military position. The United States 
have erected here three extensive stone barracks, 
a military hospital, &c., affording accommo- 
dations for 2000 troops. The New Orleans, a 
110 gun ship, commenced during the war, re- 
mains upon the stocks, under a large building on 
Rocky Island. The place has considerable trado 
by the lake and the River St. Lawrence. A good 
water power has been created by a canal brought 
from the Black River, a distance of about 12 
miles, to the village. The fall thus obtained is 
about 30 feet. This work was executed by the 
citizens, at a cost of about $25,000, and is only 
partially improved, as yet, for saw mills, grist 
mills, and other manufacturing and mechanical 
operations. After the war, the business of Saek- 
ett's Harbor declined for a time, but it now par- 
takes of the general prosperity of the country. 

Saco, Me., port of entry, York co. Situated on 
the E. side of Saco River. 71 miles S. S. W. from 
Augusta, and 15 S. W. from Portland. The Saco 
River terminates its fantastic course at this place 
by a foil, within a short distance, of 42 feet, and 
mingling with tide water. The water power cre- 
ated by these falls is very extensive; and Saco 
enjoys the rare advantage of possessing a great 
hydraulic power, united with facilities for naviga 
tion close at hand. These fine privileges are ex- 
tensively improved, and are capable of further 
development to an almost unlimited extent. 9 
large cotton mills have been erected here, 1 
woollen mill, a large number of saw mills, with 
a variety of other mechanical establishments. 
The advantages of this place for profitably carry- 
ing on manufacturing operations are considered 
as equal to those of any other place in New 
England. 

From the mouth of the river a fine beach, 
called Old Orchard Beach, extends about 5 miles 
to the E., which is a place of considerable resort 
for summer recreations. Another beach, of less 
extent, connects Fletcher's Neck with the main 
land, and has a house of entertainment at a place 
called the Pool. Saco contains many handsome 
buildings, and the scenery around it is pleasant. 
There are 5 or 6 churches, some of which have 
handsome houses of worship. 



556 



COUISITIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



The villngps of Sapo and Biddeford are so 
situated on liotli fides of tlic river, eoniieeted !>y 
bridj^es, and united hy tlieir business relations, 
that they eaii liardly be considered otherwise than 
as one place. Some of the mills and meeting 
houses above mentioned arc on the Biddeford 
side, and the whole appears as one extended 
cluster of buildings. 

The Eastern and the Boston and Maine Rail- 
roads havinc; united before reaching this place, 
pass throujli Saco, and connect it with all the 
great routes of railroad communication. 

Sacramento County, Ca., c. h. at Sacramento 
City. On the E. side of the Sacramento, between 
American River and the Moquelumne. 

Sacrmnnito Citij, Ca., c. h. Sacramento eo. 
This town, the second in California, is situated on 
the E. bank of the Sacramento River, at the 
junction of the American Fork, on the S. bank of 
that stream. The Sacramento, which is a fine 
river, varyinff from 200 to 300 yards in breadth, 
its banks fringed with trees, is navigable to this 
point at all seasons. The distance from San 
Francisco is about 120 miles. The plan of Sac- 
ramento is very simple. The town plot embraces 
a square of about a mile and a half to the side, 
on a level plain of great extent, and but slightly 
elevated above the river. It is laid out in regu- 
lar right angles, the streets running E. and W., 
being designated by the letters of the alphabet, 
and those running N. and S. by the numerals. 
In April, 1849, there were 4 houses in the place. 
Within six months it boasted a population, in 
tents and frame houses, of near 10,000. The 
original forest trees, still st.anding in all parts of 
the town, give it a very picturesque appearance. 
Many of the streets are lined with oaks and syca- 
mores, six feet in diameter. 

Though Sacramento has not suffered, like San 
Francisco, by fires, the low level of the plain on 
which it stands has exposed it to disastrous 
floods, which have made it necessary to enclose 
the entire circuit of the city with a levee or dike. 

The position of Sacramento makes it the grand 
depot for the supply of all the northern mines. 
It is also the point to which the overland emigra- 
tion is directed. The banks of tlie river in this 
vicinity furnish one of the best farming regions 
in California, though the crops on the low lands 
are exposed to great ravages from the periodical 
floods. These advantages of situation are such 
as to make it certain that Sacramento will main- 
tain its position, as being, next after San Francis- 
co, the first city in the state. It has regular daily 
steamboat communication with San Francisco. 

The gold diggings eommenee about .30 miles E. 
from Sacramento, at the entrance of the hills, 
which rise rapi<lly to the eastward, till they ter- 
minate in the high ridge of the Sierra Nevada. 
The gold was first discovered on tlio S. fork of 
tlie American River, about 50 miles from Sac- 
ramento, and all that neigliborhood is still much 
resorted to by miners. 

Saddle River, N. J., Bergen co. Bounded E. by 
Saddle and S. by Fassaic River, and is drained by 
Singac. Krokaevall, Preakness, Goftle, and Acker- 
man's Brooks. Surface level on the E., but else- 
where mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys, 
being composed of red shale and loam. 8 miles 
N. W. from Hackensacktown. 

Sadsburi/, Pa., Chester co. This town lies on 
the W. siiie of Brandywine River, between West 
Cain and East Fallonfield. 



Sadsburi/, Pa., Crawford co. 

Sadsbury, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded E. by 
Octara Creek, which affords hydraulic power. 
Surface hilly and undulating ; soil clay and cal- 
careous loam. 16 miles S. W. from Lancaster. 

Sagadalioch, Me. The ancient name of a sec- 
tion of country, at and E. of the mouth of Ken- 
nebec River. 

Sac/ Harbor, N. Y., Sufl'olk co. This incorpo- 
rated village is situated on a body of water of 
the same name, an inlet from Gardiner's Bay. 
It lies partly in the town of East Hampton, and 
partly in South Hampton, at the eastern extrem- 
ity of Long Island, on the S. shore of Gardiner's 
Bay. It has a population of about 3000. The 
whale fishery is carried on to a consideralile ex- 
tent, there being engaged in it from this port, in 
1851, 44.34 tons of shipping'. The whole tonnage 
of the district was 12,808 tons. 110 miles E. 
from New York, and 34 from Riverhead, the 
nearest point on the Long Island Railroad. 

Saginaw County, Mn., c. h. at Saginaw. 
Bounded N. by Midland co. and Saginaw Bay. E. 
by Tnseola eo., S. by Genesee and Shiawassee, 
and W. by Gratiot co. Drained by Saginaw Riv- 
er and branches. The surface is level or slightly 
uneven : the soil a fertile sandy loam underlaid 
with clay. Limestone and gypsum are found in 
the N. W. part. 

Sacjinaw, 5In., c. h. Saginaw co. Pleas- 
antly situated on Saginaw River, about 23 miles 
from its mouth, and at an elevation of 30 feet 
above the river. 97 miles N. by W. from Detroit 

St. Albans, Me., Somerset co. A good town- 
ship. 46 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 

St. Albans, Vt., c. h. Franklin co. This hand- 
some village, 3 miles from Lake Champlain, and 
12 from the Canada line, is built on elevated 
ground, and commands a fine jirospect. The 
soil is fertile, and, besides the lake na^Hgation, 
the town enjoys railroad communication with 
Burlington, Montreal, and Ogdensburg. 

St. Auijustine, Fa. City, port of entry, and 
scat of justice of St. John's co. 200 miles E. by 
S. from Tallahassee, and on the Atlantic coast, 
about 30 miles S. of the mouth of the St. John's 
River. The city stands back about 2 miles from 
the coast on the side of a peninsula, and is 
shielded from the force of the main ocean by 
Anastasia Island, which lies before it, but is so 
low and narrow as not to intercept the sea 
breezes. The site of St. Augustine is itself low, 
being not over 12 feet above the level of the 
ocean ; and the soil is rich in calcareous and 
vegetable deposits. The climate here is reckoned 
equally mild and grateful with that of Italy or 
the south of France. There are only one or two 
months in the year when frosts are ever experi- 
enced, and the winters are sometimes passed en 
tircly without them. In the summer, too, the al- 
ternation of sea and land breezes both tempers 
the heats by day and renders the nights generally 
cool and pleasant. This is. therefore, a favorite 
resort for invalids seeking to avoid the more va- 
riable and rugged climate of the north. 

The city lies in the form of a parallelogram, 
one mile long and three fourths of a mile wide, 
fronting E. on Matanzas Sound, which sjircads a 
half a mile before it, forming a harbor, protected 
by Anastasia Island, of large capacity and of 
perfect security. Not more th.an one half the 
extent of the city is compactly built, and much 
of this has an antiquated and dilapidated appear- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



557 



ance. St. Augustine, indeed, is the oldest city in 
the United States, having been settled by the 
Spaniards 4.3 years earlier than Jamestown, in 
Virginia, by the English. The streets arc gen- 
erally very narrow, some not more than 10 feet 
wide, and the principal ones not more tb.an 1 5 to 
18 feet in widtli, and sometimes very crooked. Tlic 
houses are on a line with tlie street, and are gen- 
erally two stories liigli, with the second story ])ro- 
jecting over tlie first. Tlie first story is usually 
built of stone, covered with stucco, whilst tlie 
second is of wood. In tlie eastern part is a fine 
large square, opening from the sound, on three 
sides of whicli are tlie Court House, a splendid 
Roman Catholic Church, an Episcopal Church, 
a neat Gotliic edifice, and several elegant resi- 
dences. In front of the harbor is a fine market 
place. The city is embosomed in orange, lemon, 
olive, and palm trees, wliich grow here in great 
peifeetion, and which give to tlie jilacc a rural 
ratlicr than a commercial appearance. 

About one half of the population of St. Au- 
p:iistiue is made up of Spanisli. French, and otlier 
nations. Since the cession of Florida to the United 
States, however, the foreign population is fast be- 
coming Americanized. The old Spanish castle 
of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, is quite an 
object of curiosity. It was built for the defence 
of tlie harbor, and comjileted about a hundred 
years ago. There are in it a number of Spanisli 
guns, mortars, and howitzers, wliicli came into 
possession of our government with the fort, one 
of which bears the date of 1735. 

St. Bernard Parish, ha. Bounded N. W. by 
Lake Borgne, N. and E. by tlie Gulf of Mexico, 
S. by Black Bay, and "W. by Blaquemine parisli. 
Smface level ; soil, where it is sufiiciently elevat- 
ed for cultivation, very fertile. Productions, su- 
gar and coffee. 

St. Charles Parish, La. Lake Maurepas, Pass 
of Manchac, and Lake Pontchartrain bound this 
place on the N., tlie parish of St. Bernard on the 
E., and the parish of St. John Baptist on the W. 
(For general features, soil, and staples, sec St. 
Bernard.} This parish is situated 50 miles above 
New Orleans, on the Mississippi River. 

St. Charles Countij, Mo., c. h. at St. Charles. 
This county is bounded N. and N. E. by the Mis- 
sissipjii and Cuivre Rivers, S. E. by Missouri 
River, aiid W. by Montgomery co. It occupies 
tlie peninsula between tlie Mississippi and Mis- 
souri, above their junction. 

St. Charles, JMo., c. h. St. Charles co. Pleas- 
antly situated on the N. bank of the Missouri, on 
the first elevated land above the mouth of the 
River. St. Charles College is located here. 
(See Colteijes.) 20 miles N. W. from St. Louis, 
and 110 E. from Jcfi'erson City. 

St. Clair County, Aa., c. h. St. Clairsville. Shelby 
bounds it on the S., Jefferson S. W., Blunt N. 
W.. Cherokee lands N., and Casa River E. Its 
surface is hilly and broken, and it is drained by 
the Coosa and Caliaba Rivers. 

St. Clair Onititi/, Is., c. h. at Cahokia. The 
Mississippi River bounds it on the N. \V.. JIadison 
N., Washington E., Randolph S. E, and Monroe 
S. W. The principal part of the county lies S. E. 
from St. Louis, commencing opjiosite that town. 
The Mississippi and Kaskaskia Rivers supply it 
with water. 

St. Clair Cumity, Mn., o. h. at St. Clair. Bound- 
ed N. by Sanillae co., E. by Lake Huron and the 
Kiver St. Clair, S. by Lake St. Clair and Macomb 



CO., and W. by Lapeer co. Brained by Pine, 
Black, and Belle Rivers. Surface undulating , 
soil productive. 

S. Clair County, Mo., c. h. at Osceola. Bounded 
N. by Henry CO., E.liy Benton and Hickory, S. by 
Polk and Cedar, and W. \>y Bates co. Drained 
by Osage River and its tributaries. 

St. Clair, Pa., Allcgliany co. A township 
opposite Pittsburg, on the Monongahclaand Ohio 
Rivers, and liotween Cliartier and Street's Creeks. 

.S^ Clair, Pa.. Bedford co. A township situated 
on Dunning's Creek. 6 miles N. from Bedford. 

<S(. Clairsville, ()., e. b. Belmont co. Finely 
situated 1 1 fi miles E. from Columbus. 1 1 miles 
W. from Wheeliu!:;-. 

St.Croi.T: <'oiinty,\Vn.. c. h. at St. Croi.K. Bounded 
N. by Lake Superior, N. E. by Montreal River, 
separating it from Michigan. E. by Crawford co., 
and S. and W. by Mississippi, St. Croix, and St. 
Louis Rivers, separating it from Minnesota terri- 
tory. Drained by Rum, St. Francis, and some 
other rivers. 

.S7. Franeis County, As., c. h. at Mount Vernon. 
Bounded N. by Jackson and Poin.sett counties, E. 
by the St. Francis River, separating it from Crit- 
tenden CO., S. by Phillips and Monroe counties, 
and AV. by the White River, seiiarating it from 
Wliile and Pulaski counties. Drained by Cache 
and Languille Rivers. 

■SV. Francis <.'onnty, Mo., e. h. at Farmington. 
Bounded N. by Jefferson co., E. by St. Genevieve 
and Perry, S. by Madison, and W. by Washing- 
ton CO. Drained by St. Franeis, Big, and Estab- 
lishment Rivers. Surface hilly, containing iron 
ore ; soil fertile. 

St. Francisville, La., c. h. West Feliciana 
parish, on Bayou Sarah. 1 mile from the E. bank 
of Mississip])i River, and IGO miles above Ne\v 
Orleans. By the bayou it communicates with 
the Mississippi. Many boats stop here, and great 
quantities of corn are ship]ied for market. 

St. O'enei-ierc County, Mo., c. h. at St. Gene- 
vieve. On the Mississippi, nearly op])osite the 
month of the Kaskaskia. 

St. (renfviere. Mo., c. h. St. Genevieve co. 
On Gabourie Creek, about 1 mile from the W. 
bank of Mississippi River. 61 miles S. by E. 
from St. Louis, and 190 E. S. E. from Jefferson 
City. The creek is sometimes boatable. A fertile 
prairie of 6000 acres lies below the village, which 
is enclosed and occupied in common. The popu- 
lation is mostly French. 

St. Gcorye's, De., Newcastle co. A town on the 
N. side of St. George's Creek. 10 miles S. from 
Newcastle, and 9 N. from Cantwell's Bridge. 

St. Geori/e, Me., Lincoln co. On the S. W. 
point of Penobscot Bay. 57 miles S. E. from 
Augusta. 

St. Georr/e, Vt., Chittenden co. The surface is 
uneven, with considerable elevations. The tim- 
ber is principally maple, beech, and birch. There 
are no streams of consequence. A part of Shel- 
burne was annexed to St. George in 184S. The 
settlement was commenced here in the spring of 
1784, by Joshua Isham. from Colchester, Ct. The 
next year several others joined the settlement. 
28 mil'es W. by N. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. 
from Burlington. 

St. Helena Parish, La., c. li. at St. Helena. 
Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas and Amite 
River bound it on the S., Amite River and New 
Feliciana W., state of Mississipjji N.. and Tan- 
gipoo River, or Washington, and St. Tammany 



558 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



E. This extensive parish is mostly covered with 
pine, with a sterile soil. It is drained by the 
Amite, Tickfoha, andTangipoo Rivers. 

St. Helena, La., c. h. St. Helena parish. On 
the Tickfoha River. 35 miles N. E. by E. from 
Baton Rouge. 

St. Inii/oes, Md., St. Mary's Co., lies on a small 
bay of St. Mary's River. 53 miles S. E. from 
North Carolina. 

St. James Parish, La. This place lies on 
both sides of the Mi.ssissippi, and is bounded by 
St. John E., Amite River N., Ascension W., and 
Assumption S. W. For general features and 
staples, see St. Bernard. 

St. John's Count;/, Fa., c. h. at St. Augustine. 
Bounded N. by Duval co., E. by the Atlantic 
Ocean, S. by Orange and Marion counties, and 
W. by Alachua co. Watered by St. John's and 
Nortii Rivers. Much of the land is fertile, pro- 
ducing cotton, maize, and sugarcane, beside many 
tropical fruits. 

St. John Baptiste Parish, La., c. h. at Bonnet 
Carre. Situated above St. Charles and St. James, 
on both sides of the Mississippi River. For gen- 
eral features and staples, see St. Bernard. 

St..fuhnslmn/, Vt., Caledonia co. The Passump- 
sic River runs through this town, smd receives, 
just below the plain, the Moose River from the 
N. E., and Sleeper's River from the N. W. The 
amount of available water power furnished by 
these streams exceeds that of any other town in 
this partof the state, and affords facilities forman- 
ufacturing operations to any desirable amount. 
Tlierc are in this town a number of handsome 
villages. The village called the Plain is of su- 
perior beautv, and contains an excellent academy. 
The soil is rich and productive ; the surface un- 
even and somewliat hilly, though not broken ; 
and the farms are in a higli state of cultivation. 
On the Passumpsic Railroad, 61 miles N. from 
the Wliite River, and 37 N. E. from Jlont'pelier. 

St. Johnsbury presents a fine specimen of Yan- 
kee industry and perseverance in the enterprize 
of the Messrs. Fairbanks, in tlie manufacture of 
their celebrated ]iIatform scales. Although slmt 
up in a cold region, amid the craggy mountains 
of the north, and hitlierto a three days' toilsome 
journey to any Atlantic city, this mountain town 
has sent fortli, througliout our whole country and 
to foreign lands, articles of manufacture which 
would vie in workmanship and utility with any 
of those produced in Europe. 

Until the present day, the location of our cities 
and trading towns have been selected for their 
proximity to the ocean, or situated on some nav- 
igable stream. Now the great considerations are, 
in the choice of a location, Docs the place pos- 
sess a good hydraulic power 1 Is it situated in a 
fertile and healtliy country ? Does the monarch 
carrier pass tliat way ? These three things at- 
tained, St. Johnsbury, like many other places 
similarly situated, throws into the shade many 
large towns, whose sites were selected solely for 
being situated on the banks of some shallow 
river, or at the head of some navigable creek. 

The giant power which unites the business 
communities of states and distant countries, as 
it were, by magic, will take the burden of a 
ship's cargo and 500 passengers from Boston to 
St. Johnsbury, 170 miles, in less time than it 
takes the swiftest steamer to pass from Albany 
to New York, a distance of 145 miles, and that 
in any day of any season in the year. 



St. Joseph's Count;/, la., c. h. at South Bend. 
Bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Elkhart co., S. 
by Marshall and Stark, and W. by Laporte co. 
Watered by St. Joseph's, Kankakee, and some 
other rivers, affording good hydraulic power. 
The surface is level, having some fine prairies on 
the S., and the soil fertile. 

St. Joseph, La., c. h. Tensas parish. 

St. Joseph's Count;/, Mn.. c. h. at Centreville. This 
county was incorporated in 1S29, and is bounded 
N. by Kaltimtizoo co., E. by Branch co.. S. by 
Indiana, and W. by Cass co. Drained by St. 
Joseph's, Prairie, Portage, Rocky, and Pigeon 
Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil of excellent 
quality. 

St. Joseph, Mn., Berrien co. This important 
town is located on the E. border of Lake Michi- 
gan, at the junction of St. Joseph and Pawpaw 
Rivers, and 195 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 

St. Landre Parish, La., c. h. at Opelousas. 
Bounded N. by Rapides and Avoyelles parishes, 
E. by Point Coupee, Iberville, and St. Martin's, 
S. by Lafayette and Vermilion, and W. by Cal- 
casieu parish. The Atchafalaya Bayou runs on 
the E., and Bayou Nez Pitpie on the W. boundary. 
It is also watered by Tcche and Vermilion Riv- 
ers. The surface and soil are diversified. 

St. Landre, or Opelousas, La., c. h. St. Landre 
parish. The streets are laid out at right angles. 
The country is level, pleasant and healthy. Water 
is generally found only in wells : springs are rare, 
but the water is excellent, cool, and light. St. 
Landre is situated between two bodies of 
woods, in a prairie on a sm.all stream, which 
forms part of the sources of both Tcche and Ver- 
milion Rivers, the Bayou Fasilliee entering 
Teche, and the other. Bayou Bourbce, forming the 
head of Vermilion. This town is distant 3 miles 
S. W. of its port, Bayou Carron. 

St. Lawrenee Count;/, N. Y'., c. h. at Canton. 
Lying in the N. W. part of the state, on the River 
St. Lawrence, which separates it from Canada. 
This county has the largest amount of territory 
by 1000 square miles than that of any other 
county in the state. The surface, for a distance 
of 30 or 40 miles back from the river, is agreea- 
bly diversified with gentle elevations, broad val- 
leys, and extensive tracts of champaign. The 
soil is equally rich and productive with that of 
any of the uplands in the state. The south-east- 
ern part of the county is mountainous, being in 
part covered with the Adirondack Mountains. 
Most of this part of the county is hut sparsely 
settled. These mountains abound with iron ore. 
The principal streams, all having a northerly 
course to the St. Lawrence, are the St. Regis, 
Racket, Grass, Oswegatchie, and Indian Rivers. 
They afford some inland navigation, and a great 
amount of water power not yet occupied. A 
natural canal from 30 to 80 yards wide, and 
about 6 miles in length, unites the waters of the 
Oswegatchie and Grass Rivers, in the town of 
Canton. This canal or creek is navigable for 
boats. There are several small lakes in the 
county, the largest of which is Black Lake. ( Sec 
p. 172.) Lead ore is obtained in large quantities 
near the village of Rossie. Marble of superior 
quality is also found in abundance. The Og- 
densburg Railroad passes across the northern 
section of this county, forming a part of a con- 
tinuous railroad route from Ogdensburg to Bos- 
ton. This, with the commerce of the St. Law- 
rence, will contribute to the rapid development 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



559 



of the rich mineral and agricultural resources of 
the county. 

St. Leonards, Md., Calvert CO. On the W. side 
of Chesapeake Bay, about 10 miles N. W. of 
Drum|)oiiit, and 55 from Annapolis. 

St. Louis Cunntij, Mo., c. h. at St Louis. This 
county is bounded by Missouri River N. W., Mis- 
sissippi E., Merrimac S., and Franklin co. W. 

St. Louis, Mo. City, and scat of justice of St. 
Louis CO. On the W. hank of the Mississippi 
River, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri. 
1.30 miles E. from Jefferson City, the capital of 
the state, and 1101 miles, by the course of the 
river, N. from New Orleans. Popiil.ation in 1810, 
IfiOO; in 1820, 4598; in 18.30, 6694; in 1840, 
16,469; in 1850, 82.774. St. Louis is the com- 
mercial nietrojiolis of Missouri, and was formerly 
the seat of government. It was first settled in 
1764. but durin<: its subjection to the French and 
Spanish colonial governments, remained a mere 
village. The site is a most eligible one, being 
elevated many feet above the floods in the Mis- 
sissippi, and favorable in that, as well as other 
respects, to the salubrity of the place. It rises 
from the river by two bottoms, or plains ; the 
first, which is alluvial, being 20 feet above the 
highest water, and the second, whiclt is a lime- 
stone hank, ascending 40 feet higher than the 
first, to the level of the adjacent country, sweep- 
ing away towards the western horizon as far as 
the eye can reach. The ascent from the river to 
the first of these terraces is somewhat abrupt; 
but the second acclivity is more gr.adual, carry- 
ing the observer into the finest part of the city, 
from wliich is enjoyed a beautiful prospect of 
the river, the lower sections of the city itself, .and 
the wide surrotinding country. 

The situation of St. Louis, in respect to its ad- 
vantages for becoming a great commercial place, 
is unsurpassed, perhaps, by tliat of any other in- 
land city in the whole world. Being located not 
far from the geogra])hical centre of the Mississipiii 
Valley, and almost at the very focus towards which 
its great navigable rivers, tlie Mississippi, Mis- 
souri, Ohio, and Illinois, converge their courses, 
it is not to be doubted that, as the resources of 
this immense region arc more and more largely 
developed, this must become a mart of wealth 
and commerce scarcely inferior to any in the 
United States. Its trade already exceeds tliat 
of any other place on the Mississippi, except 
New Orleans. The steamboats, which ply from 
tliis place in every direction, seem almost num- 
berless. A great number of these and of all de- 
scriptions of river craft, bound to every point on 
the navigable waters of the Mississippi Valley, 
are seen at all times in its harbor. This is also 
a great depot and point of departure for the 
American fur trade, and for the rich lead mines 
of the Upper Mississippi; and here hunters, 
trappers, miners, adventurers, and emigrants, 
of all characters and languages, meet in the 
prosecution f»f their various objects, and hence 
scatter towards the most distant parts of the 
great west. 

The city was originally laid out on the first 
bank, consisting of three narrow streets parallel 
with the course of the river; but after its more 
rapid growth commenced, under the auspices of 
an American population, it soon extended itself 
to the upper plain by the grading of several 
streets back of the original plot. These are wide 
and airy, and are crossed at right angles by 



about 20 other streets ascending directly from 
Uie river. N. and S. of the more compact por- 
tion of the city, which is built up now .about 2 
miles on the river, extensive suburbs have been 
laid out on the same general plan. Front Street, 
on the river bank, is built up on the side oppo- 
site the landing, with a range of stone wiire- 
houses, four stories high, which make an im- 
posing appearance, and are the seat of a heavy 
business. The first street b.ack of this is the 
principal seat of the wholesale dry goods busi- 
ness. The city is generally well built, the more 
recent portions being chiefly of brick, which are 
made in abundance in the immediate vicinity. 
.Stone also for buililing is quarried from the 
limestone strata on the spot. Many of the resi- 
dences, particularly in the upper jmrts of tlie city, 
are of costly and beautiful architecture, and are 
surrounded by ornamental yards and gardens. 

Many of the public buildings are elegant and 
finely situated. The Court House stands in a 
public square, near the centre of the city. The 
City Hall is on a square reserved for the purpose 
at "the foot of Market Street, the basement 
being occupied as a market. The edifice is a 
splendid structure of brick. The First I'resby- 
teriau Church, a large atul handsome building, 
occupies a beautiful site upon the high ground of 
the city, where it is surrounded with ornamental 
trees. The Unitarian Church is a large and taste- 
ful building. The Roman Catholic Cathedral is 
a spacious edifice, 136 feet long by 58 feet wide, 
with a massive Doric portico in front. The walls 
are 20 feet in height, above which rises a square 
tower, to the height of 40 feet, sustaining an 
octagonal spire, surmounted with a gilt cross. 
In the steeple of this church is a chime of bells, 
the largest of which weighs 2600 pounds. The 
several religious denominations in St. Louis 
have as many as 15 or 16 chnrehes. There .are 
a number of literary and benevolent institu- 
tions, whose labors and influence are importiint. 
Among these are the Orphan AsyluiTi. under the 
direction of Protestant ladies, and tlie Roman 
Catholic Asylum for Or|ihans, conducted by the 
Sisters of Charity. The Western Academy of 
Sciences is established here, and has an e.Kten- 
sive museum of natural history, mineralogy, &c. 
Besides this, tliere is a museum of Indian an- 
tiquities, fossil remains, and other curious relics. 
The medical department of the University of St. 
Louis has a building for its laboratory and lectures 
in the city. The university building itself is 4 
miles N. of the city. (See Colleyes.) Within the 
southern limits of St. Louis is the arsenal estab- 
lished here by the United States i also a few 
miles below are the Jefierson United States Bar- 
racks, capable of accommodating about 700 men. 

St. Louis is supplied with water by the opera- 
tion of a steam engine, raising it from the Jlis- 
sissippi into a reservoir, upon the summit of one 
of those ancient mounds for wiiieh this part of the 
country is remarkable. Thence it is distributed 
in iron pipes over the city. The streets, churches, 
stores, and dwellings, to some extent, are lighted 
with gas. 

St. Louis was first settled by a company of 
merchants, to whom the French director general 
of Louisiana had gr.anted the exclusive privilege 
of trading with the Indians on the Missouri. 
They built a large house and four stores here, 
which in 1770 had increa.sed to 40 houses, and a 
small French garrison for their defence. In 1780 



560 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



an expedition, consisting of British and Indians, 
was fitted out at Michilimackiuac for the capture 
of St. Louis and other places on the W. side of 
the Mississippi, which was successfully repelled 
by the aid of an American force under General 
George Rogers Clark, which was ])rovidentially 
encamped on the opposite side of the river. 

•St. Lucie Counlij, Fa. On the soutliern Atlan- 
tic coast of the peninsula. Indian River is the 
onlv settlement. Population, 139. 

&. il/ai7,s, Fa., Wakulla CO. Port of entry. 20 
miles S. from Tallahassee. On 8t. Marks Kiver, 
near its confluence with the Wakulla, which 
rivers unite to form the Appalacliee, whicli is 
navigable to this place for vessels drawing 8 feet 
of water. It constitutes the port of Tallahassee, 
with which it is connected by a railroad. Sev- 
eral years ago, an appropriation was made by 
Congress for improving the navigation below St. 
Marks, whicli is very crooked, and is impeded by 
oyster bars. It is a place of considerable busi- 
ness. 

St. Martin's Parish, La., c. h. at St. Martins- 
ville. This parish, in Attacapas, is bounded by 
Opelousas N. W. and W., Gulf of Mexico S. W., 
St. Mary's Parish, in Attacapas, S. E., and the 
Atchafalaya River N. E. and E. From the Gulf 
of Mexico, the shore rises imperceptibly into 
dry, arable, prairie land, along the Teche and 
Vermilion Rivers, and some intervening stri])s. 
The whole is one almost undeviating plain. 
Where the land is arable, it is highly fertile. 
The south-western, middle, and southern sections 
present an expanse of prairie, witli the exception 
of strips of woods along the margin of the streams. 
Near the Atchafalaya, it is liable to annual over- 
flow. 

St. Martinsville, La., c. h. St. Martin's parish, 
Attacapas. On the right bank of the Teclie. 

St. Mari/'s, Ga., Camden co. The position of 
this town renders it a place of considerable con- 
sequence as a commercial port, it being situated 
9 miles above the mouth of St. Mary's River, on 
the left bank. A fine cliannel, of inland commu- 
nication, exists between this place and Darien, 
from which it is 80 miles S. by land. It has lost 
some of its consequence as a naval and military 
station, since the accession of Florida to the 
United States. S. S. E. from Milledgeville 293 
miles. Its harbor is good, and vessels drawing 
21 feet of water come to its wharves. 

St. Marifs Parish, La., c. h. at Franklin. Bound- 
ed N. and N. E. by St. Martin's parish, E. by 
Terre Bonne parish, S. by Atchafalaya, Cote 
Blanche, and Vermilion Bays, and W. by Lafay- 
ette parish. Watered by Atchafalaya Bayou, 
Teche River, and Chetimaches Lake. Surface 
flat, and liable to inundation in tlie S. E. part ; 
soil arable and very fertile on the borders of some 
of the streams. 

St. Marifs County, Md., c. h. at Leonard, Ches- 
apeake Bay bounds this county on the S. E., Poto- 
mac River S. W., Charles co. N. W., and Patux- 
ent River N. E. It is situated on the peninsula 
between tlie Potomac and Patuxent Rivers. 

St. Mary's, O., c. h. Anglaize co. On the Miami 
Canal. 

St. Paul, Ma. Capital of the territory. Situ- 
ated on the E. b.ank of the Mississippi, 12 miles 
below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 5 miles E. 
from Fort Snelling, at the mouth of the St. Peter's. 
This place, like every other in this young but 
growing territory, is recent in its origin, but is 



making very rapid progress. 200 or 300 houses 
are to be erected the present year (1852) within 
its corporate limits ; many of them of brick or 
stone, of large dimensions. New wharves are 
building, landings are being improved, and streets 
gr.aded. Population is pouring into this whole 
region with great rapidity, and it is certain that 
St, Paul, with such advantages of location as it 
possesses, must immediately become a place of 
great importance. 

Besides its public buildings, which make a good 
appearance, and its churches, which are beginning 
to be multiplied, it has several large hotels, which 
are demanded by the increasing travel through 
this place. Some of the highest class were built 
more especially with a view to the entertainment 
of parties visiting the Falls of St. Anthony. Reg- 
ular steamboats run between Galena, Stillwater, 
St, Paul, St. Peter's, and the falls. A boat leaves 
St. Louis daily for this place. Distance 695 miles. 

St. Stephen's, Aa., Washington co. On the 
W. bank of Tombigbee River, at the head of 
schooner navigation. 1 20 miles above Mobile, and 
149 S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. 

St. Tammanij Parish. La., c. h. at Madisonville. 
Pearl River bounds this parish on the E., Lake 
Borgne, the Rigolets, and Lake Pontchartrain S., 
River Tangipao or St. Helena W., and the parish 
of Washington N. Pearl, Borgne, Chito, Chi- 
functe, and Tangipao Rivers are the principal 
streams. Towards the S, the surflice is level, 
in the northern parts undulating; soil generally 
sterile, and timbered with pine. 

St. Thomas, Pa.. Franklin co. A village on 
Black Creek, branch of Conococheague. 9 miles 
W. from Chambershurg. 

Salem, Ct. New London co. This town was 
taken from the towns of Colchester, Lyme, an-d 
Montville ; but the principal i)art from Colches- 
ter, and incorporated in 1819. It comprises an 
area of 6 by 5 miles of fertile and productive 
land. The inhabitants arc generally good farmers, 
who live scattered about on their farms. Salem 
is well watered by small streams, and is bounded 
on the N. E. by a large and beautiful pond. 13 
miles N. W. from New London. 

Silem, Is., c. h. Marion co. On the margin of 
Grand Prairie. 108 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. 

Salem, la., c. h. Washington co. At the head 
of Blue River, 93 miles from Indianapolis. Here 
are cotton and woollen factories, oil mills, and 
grist mills, moved by steam, and various other 
manufactories. 35 miles N. W. from Louisville, 
Ky. 

Salem, Ky., c. h. Livingston co. 249 miles W. 
S. W. from Frankfort. 

Salem, Me., Somerset co. This town is watered 
by a branch of Seven Mile Brook, and lies 52 
miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 28 N. W. 
from Norridgewock. Incorporated 1823. This 
is a good farming town. 

Salem, Ms. City, seaport, and one of the scats 
of justice of Essex co. 14 miles N. N. E. from 
Boston. Population in 1790, 7921 ; 1800,9457: 
1810,12,613; 1820.12,731; 1830,13,886; 1840, 
15,082; 1850, 18,836. 

Salem is nearly surrounded by water, being 
situated between 2 inlets of the sea, called the 
North and South Rivers. To the main and now- 
inhabited part of the town is attached a pen- 
insular portion of land, called the Neck. This 
was the first inhabited, and was formerly used 
for fishing and other purposes. It ultimately 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



561 



became the property of tlic town, and in I8I6, 
when the present almshouse was huilt, a large 
portion of it was enelosed, and has since been 
cultivated as the almshouse larm. 

The situation of Salem is low, hut pleasant and 
healthy. Its streets are quite irregular. Essex 
is the only street which runs through the town, 
and is very angular and crooked. Federal and 
Bridge Streets are broad, straight, and regular. 
Chestnut is esteemed the handsomest, thou^'h it is 
not the most public street. It has rows of line elms 
on either side. Winter and Broad Streets are the 
widest. The first pavement was made in Essex 
Street, between Court and North Streets, in 1773. 
The compact part of the city is over a mile and a 
half in length, and three fourths of a mile in 
width, extending across tliC peninsula. A bridge 
over the North Kiver, 1481 feet long, connects 
the city with Beverly, and with some of its own 
suburbs. North of this is the railroad bridge, 
which also connects with Beverly. 

The history of Salem is identified with that of 
Massachusetts. Its Indian name was Nuumkeag. 
It was first settled in 1626, by Roger Conant, 
Peter Palfrey, and others, who had failed in an 
attempt to plant themselves at Cape Ann. In 
1628, a cession of Massachusetts was made to Sir 
Henry Koswell and others, with a view to estab- 
lish a colony there. Of this company, Matthew 
Cradockwas president, and in 1628, John Endicott 
was sent over to reside at Salem, as the company's 
agent. The next year the first church was formed, 
with Rev. Francis Higginson as its pastor, which 
was the first completely organized Protestant 
church formed in North Amierica. 

Salem has always been a commercial place. 
It has a convenient harbor and good anchorage. 
In point of wealth and commerce, it has always 
ranked as the second town in New p^ngland. Its 
rank, the character and number of its population, 
its facilities for commerce, and the advantage of 
being the chosen residence of many of the first 
and most distinguished settlers, made it early and 
seriously thought of as the capital, instead of 
Boston. 

The commerce of Salem has been very much 
extended. There is hardly any part of the world 
which her ships have not visited. The number 
of vessels engaged in foreign commerce is over 
100. besides a number in the whaling business. 

This seaport has been more known for its East 
India trade than any other in the United States. 
The first ship from Salem engaged in this trade 
was the Grand Turk, owned by E. H. Derby. 
She was at the Cape of Good Hope in 1784, com- 
manded by Captain Jonathan Ingersoll, and at 
Canton in 1786, commanded by Ebenezer West. 
A model of this ship, completely rigged, is pre- 
served in the Museum, lu 1818, there were 53 
vessels employed in this trade belonging to Salem, 
the tonnage of which was 14,272 tons. But the 
East India trade is not carried on so extensively 
now as formerly from the j)ort of Salem. Many 
of the vessels which are owned here bring tlieir 
cargoes into Boston and New York. Yet, in pro- 
portion to its size, Salem is now one of the 
Healtliiest places in the United States. 

Tlie city is well built, largely of wood, but 
partly also of brick and stone. Many of the 
houses are elegant, i)articularly on Chestnut 
Street; and likewise in the vicinity of the Com- 
raon, which is a beautiful public ground in the 
E. part of the city, containing about 8.J acres. It 
71 



is enclosed, laid out in gravel wallcfl, .Tiid bordered 
with noble elm.s. The principal public buildings, 
besides the churches, arc the City Hail, the Court 
House, the Custom House, a Market House, 
an Almshouse, and a Hospital. 

The City Hall was huilt in 1S37. It has a 
beautiful granite front, and is handsomely finished 
and furnished within. 

The Court House is likewise a new and beauti- 
ful building, handsomely situated. 

There are about 20 cliiirches in Salem of the 
v.arious denominations. Several of the church 
edifices have much architectural beanty. The 
North Church is built of stone, with a beautiful 
front of the Oothic order. 

The Salem Athenaeum was incorporated in 
1810. Its library contains aliout 11,0011 volumes, 
and occupies a spacious hall in Lawrence Place. 
This is not only an excellent library for popular 
use, but it contains an niiHsually large proportion 
of works of standard value. Early theological 
and scientific works, and the transactions of 
learned societies, are more fully represented than 
in most libraries of this kind. The Essex Insti- 
tute, uniting the objects of natural and civil 
history, has a library of over 2500 volumes, be- 
sides a good collection of maps, portraits, speci- 
mens, and relics. 

Among the public institutions of Salem is the 
East India Marine Society, formed, in 1799, of 
those who, as captains or supercargoes, have 
doubled the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn. 
In 1823, there were 160 of these enterprising 
men resident in Salem. The Museum of this 
society, consisting of the curiosities of nature and 
art collected from almost every part of the world, 
is one of tlie most interesting and valuable in the 
country. There are about 5000 dift'erent articles, 
the history and use of which are descriijed in the 
catalogue. This Museum is kept in a spacious 
hall, built for the purpose by the society, which 
is open daily for the reception of visitors. 

Although Salem is without any important 
water power, and has ever been mainly devoted 
to maritime jnirsuits. yet its manufactuiing en- 
terprise has been by no means inconsiderable. 
The value of its manufactures at this time is 
probably between three and four millions of dol- 
lars. A very extensive steam cotton mill has 
been set in operation within a few years past. 

Salem became a city in 1836. An aqueduct 
furnishes the city with a constant supply of soft 
spring water. The railroad between Salem and 
Boston was opened in 1838, which brings it 
within 50 minutes of that metropolis. There 
;s another road opened to Boston, through Dan- 
vers, going from Reading over the Boston and 
Maine Rjiilroad. (.)ii leaving the Salem station 
for the E.. tlie trains pass through a tunnel built 
under Essex and Washington Streets, and thence 
over the North River. Other railroads respec- 
tively connect Salem with Marblehead on the S., 
with Cape Ann on the E., with Lawrence and 
with Lowell on the N. W. 

The celebrated witchcraft delusion prevailed 
in Salem in 1692, during the continuance of 
which 19 persons were condemned and hanged 
as witches. The house in. which the accused 
were tried is still standing, at the corner of Essex 
and North Streets, and the place of their execu- 
tion is now known, as ■■ Gallows Hill." From this 
now smiling eminence the most beautiful view 
of the city is to be obtained. Though commou- 



562 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



ly denominated " the Salem witchcraft," this un- 
happy delusion prevailed in other places lonf^ 
before it existed here. In Enj^land laws had 
been enacted apainst it, as a capital offence, 
which received the sanction of tliat learned and 
npri},'ht jurist Sir Matthew Hale. It was an 
error lielonging to those times, and one not a 
whit more strann;e in its character, thoui^h liable 
to be visited with a direr punishment, than some 
of the delusions of the present day. 

Salem was distinguished for its patriotism, and 
especially for its naval achievements in the cause 
of American independence. During the revolu- 
tion, there were about 60 armed vessels fitted out 
from Salem, manned by 4000 men ; and many 
were the daring and chivalrous exploits per- 
formed on the sea by her citizens during that 
eventful period. 

Among the distinguished men, in almost every 
learned profession, which Salem claims as among 
its sons, the name of Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. 
D., F. R. S., author of tlic Practical Navigator, 
is identified with its fame and nautical achieve- 
ments. The Practical Navigator has beeu trans- 
lated into every Eurojiean language, and its use 
ij coextensive with maritime adventures. 

Salem, N. H., Rockingham co. Policy Pond, 
partly in this town, and partly in Windham, is 
the largest collection of water. World's End, 
Captain, and other small ponds are also here. 
The Spiggot River passes through the town, and 
receives in its course numerous branches ; it fur- 
nishes excellent mill privileges. The soil is 
generally fertile, and the surface uneven. 40 
miles S. from Concord, and about 20 S. E. from 
Exeter. 

Salem County, N. J., c. h. at Salem. Delaware 
Bay boimds it on the S. W. and N. W., Gloucester 
CO. N. E., and Cumberland co. S. E. The sur- 
face is generally level, and the soil sandy, but 
productive. 

Salem, N. J., c. h. Salem co. This town is sit- 
uated 34 miles above the mouth of Salem Creek. 
It has 4 churches and an academv. 34 miles S. 
S. E. from Philadelphia. 

Salem, N. Y., Washington co. A half shire town. 
Watered by Black and White Creeks, branches 
of the Battenkill, which bounds it on the S., and, 
together with other streams, afibrds good water 
power. Surface undulating and hilly ; soil 
sandy and clay loam. 46 miles N. W. from 
Albany. 

Salem, N. C, Stokes co. This town was plant- 
ed and inhabited principally by Moravians, who 
have an academy for young ladies. It is situated 
5 miles E. by S. from Betbania, and about 100 
W. by N. from Raleigh. 

Salem, Pa., Luzerne CO. A township on the 
right bank of Susquehanna River. 

Salem, Pa., Mercer co. One of the northern 
townships on Little Chenango Creek. 

Salem, Pa., Wayne co. A town on WauUen- 
panpank Creek. 10 miles W. from Mount Maria. 

Salem West, Pa., Mercer co. The northern 
township of the county. 

Salem, Pa., Westmoreland co. A township W. 
from Loyalhanna River, commencing 5 miles 
N. from Greenbury. 

Salem, Vt., Orleans co. Clyde River runs 
through this town, and falls into Salem Pond, 
which is partly in Salem and partly in Derby. 
There is no other stream of consecjuence. There 
are two other ponds, and they arc each about 



one mile in length and three fourths of a mile in 
breadth. South Bay of Lake Memphremagog 
lies between Salem and Newport. The surface 
of this town is uneven, but not mountainous. 
The settlement was commenced by Ephraim 
Black, in March, 179.9. The town w.as organized 
April .30, 1822. 10 miles N. E. from Irasburg, 
and 53 N. E. from Montpelier. 

SalJ'ord, Lower, Pa.. Montgomery co. A town- 
ship between Skippack Creek and the N. E. 
branch of Perkiomen. 10 miles N. N. W. from 
Norristown. 

Saljbrd, Upper, Pa., Montgomery co. A town- 
ship adjacent to Lower iSalford, and W. from the 
N. E. branch of I'erkioinen. 

Salina, N. Y., Onondaga co. 144 miles W. 
from Albany. The township of this name em- 
braces the region around Onondaga Lake, and 
the celebrated salt springs of the state of New 
York. Portions of the territory upon the margin 
of the lake, where the springs exist, are reserved 
as the property of the state. The villages of 
Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes are all 
within this township, and are all places at which 
salt is extensively manufactured. The village 
of Salina is situated on the E. border of the lake, 
about 1^ mile N. from Syracuse. It was for- 
merly the principal village, but is now over- 
shadowed by the growth of Syracuse, and has 
virtually become almost blended with it. The 
salt manufacture commenced at this place j the 
earliest record of its being made, to any extent, 
being in 1787, when 10 bushels were made in a 
day. The great salt spring is here, which mainly 
supplies the works at Liverpool and Syracuse, as 
well as at Salina. The brine is six times and a 
half stronger than sea water. The water is forced 
into an elevated reservoir, at the rate of about 
300 gallons a minute, whence it is distributed. 
The manufacture at this place and Liverpool is 
carried on wholly by boiling, by which process the 
fine salt is produced. At Syracuse and Geddes 
the coarse salt is produced by solar evapora- 
tion. For other important statistics of this man- 
ufacture, see Syracuse. 

The manufacture of flour is also carried on 
extensively at Salina village, by a water power 
from the Oswego Canal. There are likewise an 
extensive furnace and machine shop, and other 
manufactures where the power employed is that 
of steam. 

Saline County, As., c. h. at Benton. Bounded 
N. by Perry and Pidaski counties, E. by Jeffer- 
son, S. by Dallas, and W. by Hot Springs co. 
Drained by Hurricane Creek, and watered on its 
S. W. border by Saline River. 

Saline County, Is., c. h. at Raleigh. 

Saline County, Mo., c. h. at Marshall. Bounded 
N. by the Missouri River, scjiarating it from 
Carroll and Chariton counties, E. by Howard and 
Cooper, S. by Pettis, and W. by Lafayette co. 
Drained by La Mine River. Surface undulating ; 
soil of excellent quality. 

Salines, Mo., St. Genevieve co. A village, 4 
miles below St. Genevieve. Extensive salt worki 
are in its vicinity. 

Salisbury, Ct.,' Litchfield co. The Ilousatonic 
and Salmon Riv<Ts give this town a great and 
constant water power. The surface of Salisbury 
is formed of lofty elevations and deep valleys ; 
but the soil is excellent for all sorts of grain and 
pasturage. The valleys are generally limestone, 
and the hills granite. 



\ 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



563 



Salisbury Centre is a pleasant village. The 
Indian name of ihe town was Wmtoq. 50 miles 
W. N, W. from Hartford, and 22 N. W. from 
Litehfield. 

Salisliury h.is lonf; been eelebrated for its ex- 
cellent iron ore and iron manufactures. The 
guns for some of the oldest ships of our present 
navy were made at the old furnace in Salisbury. 

The Old Ore Hill, 2 miles W. of Wansco- 
pommuc Lake, has been worked since the year 
1732. The large and inexhaustible quantities 
of iron ore found in .Salisbury, and the abundant 
supply of wood for charcoal, and other materials 
necessary for smelting the ore, together with the 
superior quality of iron, introduced other manu- 
factures, and iron has continued from that time 
the staple commodity of the town. 

Salisbury, Md., Somerset co. A village lying on 
the N. side of Wiccomico River, near the confines 
of Delaware. 20 miles N. W. of Snow Hill, and 
33 S. by W. of Lewistown, near Cape Henlopen. 

Siilixhttry, Ms.. Essex co. In 1638 this town 
was granted, by the name of Merrimac, to be a 
plantation, unto Simon Bradstreet, Daniel Den- 
nison, and others. The year following it was in- 
corporated by the name of Colchester, and in 
1640 assumed, by direction of the then General 
Court, the name of Salisbury. It is bounded 
southerly by the River Merrimac, westerly by 
Po\vow River, northerly by the New Hampshire 
line, and easterly by the sea. There are two con- 
siderable villages in Salisbury ; the largest is at 
the westerly part of the town, upon Powow River, 
at the head of tide water. The village is divided 
by said river into two pretty equal parts, one in 
Salisbury, the other in Amesi>ury. 36 miles from 
Boston by the Eastern Railroad, and 2 from 
Newburyport. The other village is pleasantly 
situated on the bank of the Merrimac, on a point 
of land formed by the junction of that river with 
the Powow, and is called Webster's Point. 
Salisbury and Amesbury are finely located for 
business ; tiie villages are neat, and the scenery 
around them very pleasant. Salisbury Beach is 
noted for its beauty, and is much frequented. It 
is about 5 miles from the town. 

Salisbuj-y, N. II., Merrimac co. Blackwater 
River passes through the \V. part of Salisbury. 
There are 5 bridges across it in this town. On 
the river is some very fertile intervale. The Pera- 
igewasset and Concord Rivers are on the E. boun- 
dary. The soil of the upland is strong, deep, and 
loamy. A considerable portion of Kearsarge 
Mountain is within Salisbury. There are 2 very 
pleasant villages here, situated on the Fourth New 
Hampshire Turnpike, about a mile and a half 
apart. First settlers, Philip Call, Nathaniel Me- 
loon, Benjamin Pettengill, and John and Eben- 
ezer Webster, in 1750. From Concord 16 miles 
N. The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes 
through the town. 

Sdlishury, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by East 
Canada and some branches of West Canada Creek. 
Surface diversified witli hills, mountains, and 
broad valleys ; soil well suited to grass. 15 miles 
N. E. from Herkimer, and 71 N. W. from Albany. 

Sfilisburi/. N. C, c. h. Rowan co. On a branch 
of the Yadkin River. 1 18 miles W. from Raleigh. 
An ancient stone wall 1ms been discovered here, 
the top of which is about a foot beneath the sur- 
face of the ground, 12 to 14 feet high, 22 inches 
thick, and plastered on both sides. Its length, as 
far aa it has been traced, is about 300 yards. A 



few miles from this place a similar wall has been 
discovered, though of less height and thickness. 
The originof these curious antiquities is unkno\vn, 

Salisburi/, Pa., Lancaster co. This town is lo- 
cated on the head waters of Pequea Creek, 12 
miles E. from the city of Lancaster. 

Saljfiburi/, Pa., Lehigh co. A township situated 
between Sancon Creek, Little Lehigh Creek, and 
Lehigh River. 

S'llisburij, Pa., Somerset co. A village. 20 
miles S from Somerset. 

Salisburi/. Vt,. Addison eo. Otter Creek forms 
the western boundary of this town. The other 
streams are Middlebury and Leicester Rivers. 
Lake Dunmore is about 4 miles long, and from 
half to three fourths of a mile wide, and lies part- 
ly in Salisbury and partly in Leicester. On the 
outlet of this pond, called Leijester River, arc 
several falls, which afford fine mill p. ivileges, 
around which is a thriving village. The surface 
is uneven, but the soil generally good. The east- 
ern part extends on to the Green Mountains. In 
the western part are some fine tracts of meadow. 
In the mountain E. of Lake Dunmore is a cavern, 
thought to have been inhabited liy the Indians, as 
some of their instruments have been found here. 
The first person who came into Salisbury with a 
view of settling was Amos Storey. Thomas 
Skeels and Abel Waterhouse were the next set- 
tlers. The 22d day of February. 1775, the widow 
of Mr. Storey, and eight or ten small children, 
moved into town. 34 miles S. W. from Mont- 
pelier, and about 6 miles S. from the Rutland 
Railroad depot in Middlebury. 

Salt Lake City, Uh. See Appendix, No. 3. 

Salt Sulphur Springs, Va., Monroe co. 232 
miles W. from Richmond. See Fashionable He- 
sorts. 

Saltsburg, Pa., Indiana co. On the E. bank 
of Conemaugh River. 179 miles W. N. W. 
from Harrisburg. There are many salt works 
in the neighborhood. The Pennsylvania Canal 
passes through it. 

Sampson County. N. C, is bounded S. E. by 
New Hanover, S. W. by Bladen, W. by Cumber- 
land, N. by Johnson, N. E. by Wayne, and E. by 
Duplin. It is drained by Black River branch of 
Cape Fear River. The court house is about 55 
miles N. N. W. from Wilmington. 

San Antonio, Ts., c. h. San Antonio co. 

San Augustine County, Ts., c. h. at San Augus- 
tine. On the E. border of the state. 

San Augustine, Ts., c. h. San Augustine co. 

Sanbornton, N. H., Belknap co. The bay be- 
tween Sanbornton and Meredith is 3 miles in 
width. There are no rivers or ponds of magni- 
tude in the town. Salmon Brook Pond, and a 
brook of the same name, its outlet, are the only 
ones worth mentioning. Sanbornton presents 
an uneven surfivce, but contains no mountains. 
The soil is almost universally good. There is a 
gulf here extending nearly a mile, through very 
hard, rocky ground. 38 feet in depth, the walls from 
80 to 100 feet asunder. There is also a cavern 
on the declivity of a hill which may be entered, 
in a horizontal direction, to the distance of 20 
feet. On the Winnipiseogee, at the head of Little 
Bay, are found the remains of an ancient forti- 
fication. First settlers, John Sanborn, David 
Duston, Andrew Rowan, and others, in 1765 and 
1766. By the Concord and Montreal Railroad, 
this town' lies 91 miles from Concord, and 8 from 
GUford. 



564 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Sanders, Kt., Grant co. A Tillage 50 miles N. 
N. E. from Frankfort. 

Sandersi-il/f, Ga., Washington co. This village 
is the seat of justice, and lies 30 miles S. E. from 
Mille(ls;eville. 

Sanfhrd, N. Y., Broome co. Oquaga Creek, 
a braiich of the Delaware Hiver, waters this town. 
Surface hilly and mountainous; soil favorable for 
grazing. 20 miles E. from liinghampton, and 
135 S. W. from Albany. 

Snndijiile, Vt., Bennington co. The people of 
this town are favored with mountain air. and with 
crystal streams. Shetteraek and Bald Mountains 
are in the N. W. pait of the town ; Spruce and 
Equinox are in the N. E., Red Mountain in the 
S. E., and Swearing Hill in the S. W. Between 
these elevations is some good land, which pro- 
duces grass and grain. The settlement of this 
town was commenced in 1771, by a Mr. Bristol. 
20 miles N. from Bennington, and 31 S. by W. 
from Rutland. 

San Diego, Ca., c. h. San Diego co. This town, 
near the southern boundary of California, has, 
with the exception of Acapuico, the finest harbor 
on the PaciKc. It is on a wide and spacious bay, 
the southern shore of which is low and sandy. 
From the bluff heights on the opposite side a nar- 
row strip of shingly beach makes out into the sea, 
like a natural breakwater, leaving an entrance of 
not more than 300 yards broad. The town, 
which is inconsiderable, is situated on a plain, 3 
miles from the anchorage, which is at the foot of 
the hills, just inside the bay, and from which the 
town is barely visible. It was the first place in 
Upper California occupied by the Spaniards. 
About 425 miles S. E. from San Francisco. 

Saiiford, Me., York co. On Mousum River. 
It has a good water power, and an establishment 
for the manufacture and printing of cotton goods. 
It is 35 miles W. S. W. from Portland. 

Sciiidisjield, Ms., Berkshire co., was incorpo- 
rated in 1762, and first ])ermancntly settled in 
1750. The surface is hilly in general. The hills 
are of considerable height, but not abrupt, rising 
into large swells. In the S. E. section of the 
town, a considerable mountain rises on the west- 
ern bank of Farmington River, known by the 
name of Hanging Mountain. Its highest point 
of elevation is 450 feet above the bank, and pre- 
sents to the S. E. a mural perpendicular front, 
more than 300 feet high. Farmington River runs 
near the E. line of the town, through the whole 
extent, and affords many mill seats and water 
privileges. There are otlier small streams inter- 
secting the town. In the N. part of the town, at 
the outlet of Spectacle Pond, the water pi-ivilcges 
are excellent. The soil is various, but generally 
of a good quality ; it consists of a moist loam, stony 
in many places, and principally adapted to graz- 
ing. 115 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 27 
S. S. E. from Pittsfield. 
Siindislmi. N. J., Sussex CO. A township. 
Sand Lake, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Watered 
by the Poestenkill and Wynantskill Creeks, and 
contains several small lakes. Surface hilly ; soil 
fertile in the valleys, and generally good for grass. 
11 miles S. E. from Troy, and 10 W. from Albany. 
Sanduver, S. C-, Abbeville district. A village, 
by post road 90 miles W. from Columbia. 

Sandnwn, N. U., Rockingham co. The sur- 
face is uneven, but the soil is well adapted to 
grain and grass. Phillips's Pond, in the S. part 
of the town, is the largest, being about 340 rods 



long and 200 wide. Angle Pond, in the S. E. part, 
is 200 rods long and 90 or 100 wide. There are 
several other smaller ponds. Squamscot River 
flows from Phillips's Pond, and pursues a nearly 
level course for 1^ miles, where another stream 
unites with it ; from this junction, whenever the 
waters are high, the current passes back with con- 
siderable force towards the pond. This town was 
originally a part of Kingston. First settlers, 
Moses Tucker, Israel and James Hnse, and 
others, in 1796. 32 miles .S. E. from Concord, 
and 26 S. W. from Portsmouth. 

Sandusky, O. Port of entry, and seat of justice 
of Erie CO. Situated on the vS. side of Sandusky 
Bay, opposite to the opening of the bay into Lake 
Erie, from which it is about 3 miles distant. It 
is 105 miles N. from Columbus, and 60 W. from 
Cleveland. The town is based upon a quarry of 
the finest building stone, which furnishes the du- 
rable and ornamental material of which a largo 
number of the handsomest blocks and edifices in 
the place are constructed. It is also an article of 
export to other places upon the lake. The ground 
on which the town is built rises gradually from 
the water's edge for about half a mile, thereby 
furnishing one of the pleasantest views of lake 
scenery any where to be enjoyed in the country. 
During the season of navigation upon the lake, 
which is interrupted for only about three months 
in the winter, the bay before the town presents a 
lively scene, with steamboats and other vessels 
arriving and departing, and the distant horizon 
upon the lake is whitened with the floating can- 
vas. The liuilding of vessels and steamboats is 
earned on here to considerable extent. As it is 
one of the great points of landing and embarka- 
tion for travellers between the North-eastern 
States and the valley of the Mississippi, as well 
as for the trade of the interior, it has had a very 
rapid growth, and must continue greatly to in- 
crease for years to come. A great impulse has 
been given to the prosperity of the place, by the 
construction of the railroads meeting here; bj 
one of w^hich it has been connected with Cincin- 
nati, 218 miles distant, and by another with New- 
ark, near the centre of the state, from which the 
connection will soon be made complete to Colum- 
bus and to Zanesville. Other lines of railroad 
are projected, which will, ere long, be built. A 
very heavy transportation busuiess is done upon 
the roads above mentioned, and the whole com- 
merce of the place is large and rapidly increasing. 

Sandusky was laid out upon a regular and 
beautiful plan, in 1817, by two gentlemen from 
Connecticut, who were the proprietors of the soil, 
Hon. Zalmon Wildman and Hon. Isaac Mills. 
The first framed dwelling was erected in tlie fall 
of that year. The first church erected here was 
a small "Methodist church, in 18.30. Sandusky 
now contains four handsome churches, an acad- 
emy, built of stone, three stories high, a large 
number of stores, several forwarding and com- 
mission houses, extensive machine shops for the 
manufacture of the iron for railroad cars, banks, 
printing offices, hotels, and other establishments 
required for the commerce and business of the 
place. A few hundred yards back from the bay 
is a large and handsome public square, upon 
which, looking towards the lake, are the principal 
churches and pntilfc buildings. On the farm of 
Isaac A. Mills, W. of the town, are to be seen 
the remains of some ancient works and mounds, 
of unknown origin. Population in 1850, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



565 



Sandusly County. 0., c. h. at Lower Sandusky. 
Lake Erie and St. Lucas co. are on the N., Huron 
on the E., Seneca on the S., and Wood co. on 
the W. In January, 1 820. it was organized. 
The land is low and level,-' and is watered by 
Sandusky Bay and Kiver, also by Portage River, 
Green, Mud, and Muskalunge Creeks. 

Saiidtcic/i, Ms., Barnstable co. Tliis town 
was granted to Edmund Freeman and others 
in 1GS7. Its Indian name was <S/)u!('Mf. Sand- 
wich is situated on the shoulder of Cape Cod, 
and although much of the soil is thin and sandy, 
)'et there is not a little of an excellent qmdity. It 
is watered by a number of streams, which afford 
a good water power, and by numerous ponds, 
some of which are large, affording a variety of ex- 
cellent fish. The forests afford an abundance of 
deer. Sandwich has a good harbor within the 
cape, and navigable accommodations in Buzzard's 
Bay. There are a numlier of flourishing villages 
in the town. There arc in this town several 
branches of manufacture, but the most important 
is that of the New England Glass Company, who 
manufacture annually about $300,000 in'value, 
of glass, equal in quality, if not superior, to any 
manufactured in this country. 63 miles S. E. 
from Boston by the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, 
and 12 N. \V. from Barnstable. 

Sandivich, N. H., Carroll co. This town was 
originally granted by Governor Benning Went- 
worth, in 1763. Sandwich Mountains are a lofty 
range, extending N. E., and terminating in Cho- 
coma Peak, in Albany. Squam Mountain is of 
considerable height. There are other mountains. 
The Bearcamp River passes E. into Tamworth ; 
the W. branch passes through Bearcamp Pond. 
There is another pond, not far distant from this, 
from which issues Red Hill River, passing S. into 
Winnipiseogee Lake. A small stream passes W. 
into the Pemigewasset River. About one fourth 
of Squam Lake lies in the S. W. corner of Sand- 
wich. This is a flourishing town, and its produc- 
tions are immerous and valuable. 52 miles N. 
from Concord, and alwut 22 N. W. from Ossipee. 

Sandj/ Crcek^ Pa., Mercer co. A township sit- 
uated between French Creek and Salem towu- 
«hi|i8. 10 mUes N. from Mercer. 

Siiiidi) Creek. N. Y., (jswego co. Watered by 
Litile Sandy Creek and other streams, flowing 
into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the W. 
Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 7 miles N. 
from Pulaski, and 159 N. W. from Albany. 

Sdiidi/ Hill. N. Y., c. h. Washington co. 53 miles 
N. from Albany. On the E. bank of Hudson 
River. The river has a fall of 12 feet in the up- 
per part of the village, and at Baker's Falls, 100 
rods below, a perpendicular descent of 50 feet. 
The place is connected with the Champlain 
Canal by a navigable feeder. There are consid- 
erable manufactories here, and much more power 
to be improved. 

Saudi/ L(ihe. Pa., Mercer co. This township is 
on the E. border of the county. S. from French 
Creek township. 

Sail Felipe. Ts., c. h. Austin co. 

Sandfurd. Me., York co. Sandford is watered 
by Mousum River. It has a good water power, 
and an establishment for the manufacture and 
printing of cotton goods. 35 miles W. S. W. 
from Portland, and is bounded S. W. by Alfred. 

.Saw Francisco Counh/. Ca., c. h. at San Fran- 
cisco, includes the peninsula between San Fran- 
cisco Bay and the Pacific. 



San Francisco. Ca., c. h. San Fmncisco Co. 
The entrance to the Bay of San Franeiseo, 
known as the Golden Gate, is about 3 miles wide, 
and is formed by a gap or opening, extending 5 
or 6 miles through the range of mountains that 
runs along the coast of California. Table Hill, 
not far from the northern sliore of this strait, is 
2500 feet high. Opposite the entrance, just as it 
opens into the bav, arc the Islaiicis of Alcatraz 
and Yerba Buena. 30 miles in the di-^tance, 
nearly due W., rises the peak of Monte Diablo, 
the highest point of the second or interior coast 
range, and overlooking every thing between the 
ocean and the Sierra Nevada. It is between these 
two coast ranges that the Bay of San Francisco 
spreads out, extending in a direction E. of S., up- 
wards of 50 miles, with a breadth varying from 6 
or 7 miles, where it turns S., to near 20 in the 
middle, and diminishing to 2 or 3 at the southern 
extremity, into which flows the Guadaloupe Riv- 
er, on which, and on the siiores of tiie bay, is some 
excellent land. At the N., the Bay of San Fran- 
cisco communicates by a strait not unlike that of 
the Golden Gate, with San Pablo Bay, a basin 
of near 15 miles diameter, into wiiich are dis- 
charged, through a deep navigable channel com- 
ing from the W. and extending in its course into 
Susan Bay, the united waters of the Sacramento 
and San Joaquin, the two principal rivers of Cal- 
ifornia. 

The peninsula between San Francisco Bay and 
the ocean consists chiefly of barren sand hills. 
The city of San Francisco lies Just within the 
northern point of the entrance into the bay, upon 
a deep curve of the shore, and on the sides of 
three hills of sand, which rise steeply from the 
water, tlie middle one receding so as to form 
a bold amphitheatre. 

The Bay of San Francisco was entered by Sir 
Francis Drake during his famous expedition to 
the Pacific, in 1578, before any settlements, ex- 
cept those at St. Augustine, had been formed on 
the Atlantic coast of the United States. It was 
known to the Spaniards 30 years earlier, but was 
neglected till tlieir occupation of Upper Califor- 
nia, which commenced in 1769, not long after 
which San Franci.seo was taken possession of, 
and was subsequently held by a small garrison, 
maintained in a little fort just at the entrance 
into the bay, a hamlet of a few houses growing 
up on the site of the present city. At the time 
of the transfer of California to the United States, 
in 1848, and even as late as April, 1849, San 
Francisco did not contain more than 30 or 40 
houses. But the discovery of gold gave it a sud- 
den impulse, and by the ist of September, 1849, 
there were 500 houses, tents, and sheds, with a 
population, fixed and floating, of 5000 or 6000. 
Streets had been regularly bad out, and already 
there were 3 piers at which small vessels could 
discharge. New buildings, though of the most 
flimsy description, the oldest and most .substan- 
tial of adobes or dried mud, the rest of boards 
and canvas, were held, as well as the city lots, 
at the most extravagant prices. The Parker 
House, an ordinary frame building, of 60 feet 
front, used as a hotel, rented for .$110,000 yearly, 
and other buildings in like proportion or at rate* 
still more extravagant. These enormous renta 
led to a rapid and immense increase of buildinge, 
and, notwithstanding the very high prices of 
building materials and labor, by the beginning 
of 1850, San Francisco had become a real city, 



566 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



with some 20,000 inhahitants, spacious and con- 
venient buililinss, tiiough mostly of wood, in- 
cludinf,' extensive hotels and warehouses, many 
of the frames of which had been shipped round 
Cape Horn, and others from China. Speculation 
and prosperity went on increasing till the city re- 
ceived a severe check hy three successive fires, by 
which a vast extent of frame and canvas build- 
ings were swept away, and immense amounts of 
property destroyed. These fires led, however, to 
the erection of iire-proof buildings of brick. The 
city has also received a great extension by the 
filling up of shallow water lots by sand from the 
neighboring hills, upon which many solid and 
substantial buildings have been built ; and though 
real estate has greatly declined from its former 
extravagant prices, to the ruin of many who 
thought themselves worth millions, the city con- 
tinues to be improved by the erection of solid and 
substantial buildings. Great expenses have also 
been incurred by the city corporation in the im- 
provement of the streets. 

From its local situation in reference to the 
gold region, San Francisco must always re- 
main the great seat of the ocean trade of Califor- 
nia. Already it has extensive mercantile coin- 
jnunications with all parts of the world. It is 
connected witii New York by two lines of steam 
packets, one by the way of Panama, making the 
distance in about four weeks, a packet leaving 
either city every fortnight, and carrying the mail ; 
the other, also a semi-monthly line, by the Lake 
Nicaragua, which accomplishes the distance in 
about four days' less time. The shortest passage 
from San Francisco to New York has been 21 days. 

Not only is the trade with the Atlantic ports of 
the United States very great, but San Francisco 
has an extensive commerce with Chili, from which 
large supplies of flour are derived, and also with 
China, whence a great influx of emigrants is flow- 
ing to California. 

The arrivals at San Francisco for the first six 
months of 1852, ending June 30, were 68 steam- 
ers, 108 ships, 101 barks, 130 brigs, 75 schoon- 
ers, 40 sloops. Total, 522. Total tonnage, 
201,473. The clearances were 77 steamers, 94 
ships, 141 barks, 130 brigs, 229 schooners, 76 
sloops. Total, 747. Total tonnage, 222,805. 

The amount of duties paid is greater than at 
any port of the United States, except New York 
and Boston. 

The arrival of passengers at San Francisco 
from July 1 to 29, 1852, was 9923 ; departures, 
1140; for the first six months of the year 1852, 
the arrivals were 40,000. The present population 
of California is estimated at 240,000. 

Official Report of Deposits of Gold from California. 

At the various U. S. mints in 1848, $44,177 

" " 1849, 6,147,509 

« " " " 18,50, 36,074,062 

" " " " 1851, 55,938,232 

Manifested shijimenls to U. S. ports 
in December, 1851, which did not 
reach the mints in 1851, .... 2,910,214 

Importations into Chili in 
1 85 1 , by oflicial returns 
from that country, . . $2,372,000 

Shipments per steamers in 
1851, on freight to Eu- 
rope and various coun- 
tries, not including Chili, 
Tia Panama, so far 03 



destination was declared 

on manifests $3,600,000 

Add estimate of shipments 
by the same course and 
to same quarters in 1 851, 
for which the destination 
beyond Panama was not 
declared — 50 per cent, 
of above, 1,800,000 

Known shipments by sail- 
ing vessels in 18.51, to 
various foreign ports, . 1,000,000 

Add for amount not man- 
ifested, believed to be as 
large as 1 ,000,000 



Total estimate of exporta- 
tion to foreign countries 
in 1851, 9,772,000 

The early foreign trade 
was very large, par- 
ticul.irly in 1849, from 
Pacific ports. Remit- 
tances in this early trade 
were made chiefly in 
gold dust. The aggre- 
gate shipment to foreign 
countries for 1848, 1849, 
and 1 850, is therefore as- 
sumed for the 3 years to 
be as large as that of 
1851, 9,772,000 

Total estimate of exports to foreign 
countries to December 31, 1851, 
which would not reach U. States 
mint 19,544,000 

120,658,194 

Estimated amount taken overland to 
Mexico, and by passengers to Eu- 
rope, East Indies, Australia, South 
America, (exclusive of Chili.) man- 
ufactured in California and United 
States, and othernise retained by 
individuals leaving the country, and 
therefore not represented in the 
mint deposits, s&y 5 per cent, on 
above, 6,032,909 

In hands of bankers, merchants, and 
traders in San Francisco, per tabu- 
lar statement prepared December 
31, 1851 5,000,000 

In hands of bankers and traders in 
other parts of California and Ore- 
gon, December 31, 1851, .... 2,.500,000 

Estimated half month's yield at mines 
not brought forward December, 
1851, say, 2,500,000 

In circulation — gold dust and Cali- 
fornia private coin, estimated at $20 
per individual, and population esti- 
mated at 212,000, 4,240,009 

Estimated product to December 31, 

1851, 140,931,103 

Estimated product from January 1 to 
June 30, 1852 33,849,774 

Total estimated jiroduct to June 30, 

1852 §174,780,877 

Saiigainojt County^ Is., c. h. at Si)ringfield. On 
a river of the same name, and is boundsd 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



567 



S by Montgomery and Morgan, and W. by 
Fulton. 

Sangerfield, N. Y., Oneida CO. The Chenango 
River and Oriskany Creelv water tliis town, the 
surfjieeof wiiieli is hilly; soil fertile loam, under- 
laid by lime. 15 miles S. from Utica, and 89 N. 
of W. from Albany. 

Sariffercille, Me., Piscataquis co. This beauti- 
ful and thriving town is not mountainous, but it 
is so elevated between Penobscot and Kennebec 
Rivers that the waters of its ponds meet the ocean 
by both of those streams. Sangerville is 70 miles 
N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded by Dover 
on the W. Incorporated 1814. 

Sanilac Count//, Mn., c. h. at S.inilac Mills. E. 
part. On the S. W. shore of Lake Huron. 

SanJoa<jiiim Countg, Ca., c. h. at Stockton. On 
both sides of the lower course of the San Joa- 
quim River. 

San Jose. Ca., c. b. Santa Clara co.. 50 miles 
from San Francisco, is situated in one of the most 
pleasant and healthy valleys in California. It is 
well watered, and for 20 miles N. and S. there is 
a perfect carriage road, witli barely a mould of 
earth to lift a wheel. Its advantages for gardens, 
fruits, and graiiis are of the highest order. The 
quicksilver mines are about 20 miles S. of this 
city. 

San Luis Obispo County, Ca., c. h. at San Luis 
Obispo. On the coast, opposite the head waters of 
the San Joaquim. 

San Luis Obispo, Ca.., c. h. San Luis Obispo 
CO. On the coast, half way from Santa Barbara 
to Monterey. 200 miles S. by E. from San Fran- 
cisco. An unsafe port in winter. It has an ex- 
tensive seaboard district about it, but is not well 
watered. 

Sim Patricio County, Ts., c. h. at San Patricio, 
In the S. E. angle, between the Nueces and the 
Rio Grande. 

San Pedro, Ca., Los Angelos co. The port of 
Pueblo Los Angelos, from which it is 27 miles S. 
on the Bay of San Pedro, about 80 miles N. \V. 
from San Diego Los Angelos, is a good farm 
ing district, celebrated for its grapes, and was 
the former Spanish capital of California, 

Santa [Barbara Counti/, Ca., c. h. at Santa Bar- 
bara. On the coast S. of Cape Conception, to- 
wards the southern extremity of the state. 

Santa Barbara, Ca., c. h. Santa Barbara co. A 
small sea-coast town, pleasantly situated, sur- 
rounded by mountains. 

Santa Clara Count)/, Ca., c. h. at San Jose. 
Around the southernmost waters of San Francisco 
Baj'. Watered by the Guadalupe, near the head 
of which are the quicksilver mines. It contains 
one of the best farming tracts in California. 

Santa Fe, N. M., c. h. Santa Fe Co., and capital 
of the teiTitory. The oldest town in the United 
States, next to St. Aogustine, having been found- 
ed in 1580. It is situated on asniall tributary of 
the Rio Grande called the Cbichito, or Riverof 
Santa Fe, a short distance E. of the Rio del 
Korte, and is approached from the E. through a 
canon or narrow pass of the eastern chain of the 
Rocky Mountains, commencing about 25 miles 
from the town, and extending 10 or 12 miles in 
length, the mountains rising on either side to a 
height of 1000 or 2000 feet, in all cases within 
cannon shot of each other, and in many places 
within point blank musket shot. This continues 
to within 12 or 15 miles of Santa Fe. 

The elevation of Santa Fe above the level of 



the sea is upwards of 6800 feet, higher than the 
highest summits of the White Mountains, and the 
neiglibormg peaks to the N. are many thousand 
feet higher. On leaving the narrow valley in 
which the town stands, varying in wiiltii frutu 
1000 feet to a mile or two. and which is cultivated 
entirely by irrigation, the country presents noth- 
ing but barren hills, utterly incapable, both from 
soil and climate, of producing any thing useful. 
The river, 5 miles below the town, d isa])pears in the 
granitic sands. Tlie houses are of adobes or sun- 
dried bricks, in the Spanish style, generally of one 
story, and built on a square. The interior of the 
square is an open court, and the princi|ial rooms 
open into it. These houses are forbidding in ap- 
pearance, on the outside |>resenting the aspect of 
a collection of brick kilns, but are comfortable 
and convenient within. The tliick walls make 
them cool in summer and warm in winter. The 
better class have good beds, but the inferior peo- 
ple sleep on untanned skins. The women appear 
to be the most retiued and intelligent part of the 
poj)ulation. Those of the upper class dress like 
the American women, except that, instead of a 
bonnet or cap, they wear, both in doors and 
out, a scarf over the head called a rebo?.o. The 
dress of the lower class of women is a sim- 
ple petticoat, with the arms and shoulders bare, 
except what may chance to be covered by the re- 
bozo. The men who have means to do so dress 
after the American fashion ; but by far the greater 
part, when they dress at all. wear leather breech- 
es tight round the hips and open from the knes 
down, shirt and blanket taking tlie place of our 
coat and waistcoat. 

The towii is dependent on the distant hills for 
wood, which is brought in bundles on diminutive 
jackasses ; the only animal that can be subsisted 
in this barren neighborhood witiiout great ex- 
pense. The inhabitants manufacture sugar from 
the cornstalk, which sells at 30 or 40 cents per 
pound. Grain is alwtiys from S2 to S3 the bush- 
el. The fruits of tlie place, including melons, 
the apple, plums, grapes, and apricots, are, all but 
the grapes and apricots, very inditlerent. 

The Rio del Norte itself in this neighborhood 
affords, in its narrow, sandy valley, little or no 
space for agriculture. On the W. side the banks 
are steep walls crowned by layers of basalt, form- 
ing the tiible lands. The E. side is composed of 
rolling sand hills rising gradually to the base of 
the mountains. 

The whole valley of the Upper Del Norte, so 
far as it contains any ground cultivated, or capa- 
ble of cultivation, may be considered as included 
between Taos, in about 3G° 30' N. latitude, and 
Rio Cristobel, in 33- 30', a distance of about 200 
miles in length, but every where very narrow. 
Beginning at La Goga, about 30 miles S. from 
Taos, the banks of the Del Norte e.xhibit a nar 
row, sandy bottom, so situated as to admit of ir 
rigation ; this lasts for about 160 miles. Tin 
river itself is scarcely more than 25 yards wid*. 
and every where fordable. 

30 or 40 miles S. of Santa Fe, amid the moun- 
tains, on the E. of the Del Norte, are gold wash' 
ings, but not very productive or profitable. 

The wealth of the country, which is very poor 
at best, consists of flock.-* of sheej) and cattle, for 
which pasturage is found on the banks of the riy- 
ers, but which are exposed to constant depreda- 
tions from the Indians. 

Santa Bosa County, Fa., c. h. at Miltoa. It 



568 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



is washed on the W. tiy the Escambia, and 
drained by tributaries of Pensacola Bay. 

Saiiiioit, N. Y., Oneida co. On both sides of 
Sadaquada or Saquoit Creek, 90 miles W. N. W. 
from Albany. It contains an inflammable sul- 
phur spring, yielding gas sufficient to light build- 
ings. 

Saraksvil/e, 0., Noble township, Morgan CO. It 
lies near the Buffiilo Fork of Wills Creek. 89 
miles from Columbus, and 28 from McCoanels- 
ville. 

Saranac, N. Y., Clinton co. The Saranac Riv- 
er waters this town, flowing through a valley of 
considerable size and fertility. Surface chiefly 
hilly and mountainous, abounding in iron ore. l.'i 
miles W. from Plattsburg, and 180 N. from Al- 
bany. 

Saratixia County. N. Y., c. h. at Milton. Formed 
from Albany co., in 1791. It is bounded N. by 
Warren eo., E. by the Hudson River, S. by Al- 
bany and Schenectady, and W. by Fulton and 
Herkimer counties. Watered by Mohawk and 
Sacandaga Rivers, Kayaderosscras and Fish 
Creeks, and Saratoga, Ballston, and Round Lakes. 
The Palniertown and Kayaderosseras Mountains 
cover the N. W. part of this county ; the rest of 
the surface is undulating and hilly, interspersed 
with sandy plains. Soil of various qualities, 
being chiefly composed of sandy or gravelly loam 
and clay. The mineral waters of this county are 
unrivalled, and the description of them will be 
found under tlie appropriate head. Agate and 
chalcedony are found in the vicinity of Saratoga 
Springs, and there are several localities of marl 
and bog iron ore. The Saratoga and Schenectady 
and the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroads cross 
this county, along the E. and S. borders of which 
extends the Cliamplain Canal. 

Saratoga, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on the 
E. by the Hudson River, W. by Saratoga Lake, 
and watered by Fish Creek, connecting the two : 
the Champlaiii Canal also passes parallel to the 
river through this town. Surface uneven, and 
soil gravelly loam, with the exception of some 
rich alluvial flats bordering the Hudson. It was 
in this town that General Burgoync surrendered 
to the American army, October 17, 1777. 10 miles 
K. E. from Ballston Spa, and 34 N. from Al- 
bany. 

Saratoga Spring$. N. Y'., Saratoga co. This 
town is watered by Ellis's Creek and some other 
small tributaries of Kayaderosseras Creek, wliicli 
bounds it on the S. Surface hilly on the N. E., 
and chiefly level elsewhere ; soil light sandy loam. 
For an account of the celebrated mineral springs 
in this town, see Fashionable liesorts. 

Sardinia, N. Y'., Eric co. Bounded on the S. 
by Cattaraugus Creek. A hilly town, with a soil 
well suited to grass. 28 miles S. E. from Buffalo, 
and 274 W. from Albany. 

Sarecto, N. C, c. h. Duplin co. About 50 miles 
N. from Wilmington. 

iSaugerties, N." Y., Ulster co. Watered by 
Platterkill .and Esopus Creeks, flowing into the 
Hudson, which bounds it on the E. The W. 
part is covered by the Catskill Mountains, but 
the E. is more level, and the soil good. 10 miles 
K. from Kingston, and 46 S. from Albany. 

Sauqtis, Ms.. Esse.K co. This town formed the 
W. parish of Lynn until 1815, when it was in- 
corporated, and received the name of Saugus, the 
old Indian name of Lynn, and of the river that 
passes through the town. Most of the land on 



the river is excellent and well cultivated. There 
are large tracts of salt meadow towards the sea, 
so large as to form one sevcinh jjart of the area 
of the townt. The land ba<k fi-oin the I'iver is 
rough, and much of it covcretl with wood. Saugus 
River winds delightfully tlirough the meadows, 
and makes a very pictinesqnc appearance. 6 
miles S. W. from Salem, and about tbe same 
distance N. from Boston. 

Saulc County, Wn., c. h. at I'rairie dn Sac. 
Bounded N. and E. by Portage co., .S. by Wiscon- 
sin River, separating it from Dane and Iowa 
counties, and W. by Richland co. Drained by 
Baraboa and otiier tributaries of Wisconsin River, 

Sault de Sainte Marie. This village is situated 
upon the borders of Saint Mary's River, at the 
falls of Ste. Marie, and is an old -Jesuit missionary 
station of the early French settlers of this country, 
and was occupied by them from 1626 tintil tho 
cession of the French possessions in North Amer- 
ica to Great Britain. It is a famous flsliing sta- 
tion, immense quantities of white fish being 
caught and salted there for the markets of the 
West. 

The American Fur Company have long had 
their factory there, and it is now one of the most 
important forwarding places for transportatioa 
of supplies to the miners on the shores of Lake 
Superior, and for transmission of cargoes of cop- 
per from the mines to the cities ujjon our sea- 
coast. 

The Falls of St. Mary arc merely rapids, ther« 
benig only a fall of 20 feet in a mile. Boats 
easily and safely pass down these rapids, and 
there has been a single instani.'C of a sail boat 
passing up the falls under a heavy press of sail. 

Brook trout of the finest flavor and of large 
size are caught in great aliundancc in these rapids. 
White fish are taken by the Indians, by means of 
spears atid scoop nets, directly under the falls. 

It is proposed to cut a ship canal, at the ex- 
pense of the United States government, so that 
tbe navigation of the lower lakes may pass readily 
by these falls into Lake Superior, and an appro- 
priation has been made by Congress for this im- 
portant work. The proposed canal will bo only 
one mile long, and must be carried out into tho 
lake above nearly half a mile in order to enable 
ships to enter it, and a secure sea wall will have 
to be built to prevent tho surf and the ice from 
damaging the locks of the canal. Tlic rocks are 
soft red and gray sandstone, and a canal may be 
cut in it with nearly as much ease as in earth or 
hard soil. Owing to the vast increase of busi- 
ness on Lake Superior, and the importance of the 
mines of that region, it seems highly desirable 
that the government should hasten to construct 
the ship canal at this place, and thus open tho 
vast regions of Lake Superior and of the country 
between that lake and the River Jlississippi for 
settlement. 

The climate of the Sault Ste. Marie is mild and 
cool in summer, but very cold in winter, the ther- 
mometer sinking to the freezing point of mercury 
in the coldest weather. 

There is an old fort at this place, where the 
United States government occasionally (piarters 
a few companies of troops ; but the day has long 
since past when their aid would have been re- 
quired for the protection of the inhabitants from 
Indian depredations, the aborigines being farfroia 
hostile to the white pco|de living among them. 
It is difficult to say wliat is the present populv 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



569 



tion of the Sault Stc. Marie, for it is continually 
fluctuating; wiili the trade of that rejjion ; but it is 
now certainly on the rapit! increase. 

One of llie annual payments to the Indians is 
made here hy the •rovernnient, and in the autumn 
when this takes place, thousands of the native 
Americans throng the Sault to receive each his 
ten silver dollars, or its equivalent in blankets or 
arms, in payment for lands ceded to the United 
States. About S40.000 are annually paid to the 
Indians at this place. 

There are now two or three p;ood hotels at the 
Sault. and travellers are hospitably entertained, 
and find abundant amusement in fishing for 
trout. 

Savannah, Ga. The largest city in the state, a 
port of entry, and the seat of justice of Chatham 
CO. It is 90 miles W. S. W. from Charleston, 
South Carolina, and 158 E. S. E. from Milledge- 
villc. Pojuilation, in 1810, 519.5; 1820, 7523; 
1830, 7776 ; 1840,11,214; 18.50. about 17,000. The 
population of Savannah is subject to considerable 
fluctuations, with the change of the seasons from 
summer to winter. The place having been former- 
ly very unhealthy in the summer months, many 
of the inhabitants were in the habit of visiting the 
north at that season. These not only were at 
home in tlie winter, but many visitors from the 
north, in turn, sought the benefits of a milder 
climate than their own, in this as well as in other 
cities of the south. According to a census of the 
city taken in the summer of 1838, the permanent 
inhabitants amounted to 12,758, to which, accord- 
ing to the computation of the officer employed to 
take the census, 3000 should be added for the 
transient winter ])opuIation ; making a total, 
during that season, of 15.758. Much improve- 
ment in the salubrity of the place during the hot 
season has been realized within the last 30 years, 
in eonsei|uencc of the substitution of the dry for 
the wet cultivation of the rice crop in the low 
swamps of the vicinity, and of better building and 
other municipal regimen in the city. In the opin- 
ion of eminent physicians, the summer in Savannah 
is now even more healthy than the winter. 

The city is built on the S. side of the Savannah 
River, 17 miles from the ocean, on a sandy plain 
40 feet above the level of the river. This" plain, 
which is nearly a perfect level, extends about a 
mile E. and W. upon the river, and for several 
miles S., increasing in width as it extends back 
from tlie river. The city is laid out with regularity 
and beauty, by streets crossing each other at right 
angles, and having between every other street a 
public srpiare, generally enclosed and ornamented 
with trees. These open parks, 18 or 20 in num- 
ber, with their verdant carpeting and shaded 
avenues, together with the rows of trees with 
which the streets generally are lined on both sides 
Lhroughout, give to the city, during the spring 
and summer months, an airy, cool, and rural 
appearance. The space at present covered by 
tlic city is about a mile in length, by three quar- 
ters of a mile in breadth. Tlie buildings are of 
wood, brie k. and stone, and many of them are of 
fine architecture and elegant appearance. For- 
merly the great proportion of wooden buildings 
exposed this city to frequent ravages from fire. 
The year 1820 was rendered memorable by a 
most destructive conflagration, by which 463 
buildings were consumed, occasioning a loss of 
property to the amount of $4,000,000. It has 
eince been rebuilt, ehietiv of brick, with many im- 
■72 



provemcnts in the means of securing cleanliness, 
comfort, and health. Among the public build- 
ings are the court house, jail, exchange, arsenal, 
United States barracks, a market house, several 
fine banking houses, an academy, a theatre, a 
female asylum, a widows' asylum, a hospital, and 
a ])Oorhouse. One of the most splendid structures 
in the city is that of the Independent Presbyterian 
Church, which is constructed of a light-colored 
granite, and cost 8100,000. The city contains 12 
or 14 churches, among which are a rresbyterian, 
an Inde|iendent Presbyterian, a Baptist, .'i African, 
(Baptist,) 2 Episcopal, a Methodist, a Lutheran, 
a Unitarian, a JIariners' Church, a church for the 
Roman Catholics, and a Jews' Synagogue. The 
warehouses arc ranged along the bank of the river, 
3 or 4 stories high on the river side, accessible to 
the lower story from the wharves, and to the 
upper from the city. 

The position and the harbor of Savannah offer 
fine advantages for navigation and eomnierce. The 
harbor is one of the finest on the southern coast 
of the United States. The entrance from the 
sea, over the bar, is full a mile wide, affording, 
without change, a passage of from IS to 21 feet 
of water at low tide. Vessels requiring 13 feet 
of water come up to the wharves of the city, and 
those requiring 15 or 16, to a good anchorage, 
called the Five Fathom Hole, 3 miles below. 
The navigator is guided to the entrance of the 
harbor by the light-house on Tybee Island, which 
having made, there is no dithculty, even for a 
stranger, with the assistance of the Coast Pilot, in 
effecting an entrance without risk, even Alluring a 
heavy gale of wind. Some impediments to the 
navigation, which were |]|aced in the river during 
the revolutionary war, to obstruct the approach 
of the British armed vessels, are not yet entirely 
removed, though their removal was undertaken by 
the United States, and is nearly effected. The tide 
flows up the I'iver 55 miles. Steamboats go up to 
Augusta, 250 miles by the course of the river, 
and jiole boats go up 150 miles farther. There 
are 2 companies employed upon the liver, with 6 
steamboats, 4 of which are of iron, and 30 tow 
boats, of 150 tons' burden each, running to Au- 
gusta. There are also 2 companies, with 1 1 steam- 
boats and 42 tow boats, running through an inland 
coast navigation to Daricn, and up the Alatamaha 
and Oekmulgee Rivers, 650 miles, to Macon. There 
are also running, through an inland coast naviga- 
tion, 2 steamboats to and from Florida; and 4 to 
Charleston, 2 by the inland and 2 by flic outside 
passage. These boats run steadily through the 
winter season, and during the summer whenever 
the state of the rivers permits. There are 3 lines 
of brigs, with 6 vessels in each line, sailing be- 
tween Savannah and New York, making a de- 
parture from each pliice every 2 days, and oc- 
cupying 7 days, on an average, in the passage. 
Savannah is already the centre of commerce for 
a large area of country, which must hereafter be 
very much extended. The commerce of the 
neighboring state of Florida is much better ac- 
commodated at the fine port of Savannah than 
in her own shallow harbors. The dangerous 
navigation round the Florida Cape, and the facility 
of making a railroad communication overland to 
Savannah, must give to this city an advantageous 
position in the south. There are railroads, already 
completed or in process of construction, to Macon, 
in the centre of the state, and 100 miles farther 
W., to connect with tlie Atlantic and Western 



870 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Railroail, which is completed, and runs 136 miles 
farther N. W., to Tennessee River, opening, by a 
direct route to Savannah, tlie commerce of the 
west ; also a branch of the Monroe Kailroad to 
the Chattahoochee River, at a point leading to a 
union witli the Montgomery Railroad, in Alabama, 
and a railroad from the Flint to the Ockmulgee 
Rivers, which easily admits of an extension to the 
Chattahoochee, to drain the produce of Western 
Georgia, and a part of Alabama, to Savannah. 
A canal extends from Savannah to the Ogcechee 
River. Such are the advantages of inland trade 
which are already enjoyed by this city, or are 
fairly open to it in the future. Savannah is noted 
for its exports of tobacco and rice, but particularly 
for that of vast quantities of upland cotton. 

This city was founded by General James Ogle- 
thorpe, in 173.3, and incorporated as acity in 1761. 
Its charter was amended and enlarged in 1787. 
In December, 1778, the city was taken by the 
British, under Colonel Campbell, and held in their 
possession until 1782. 

Savannah, Mo., c. h. Andrew co. 5 miles dis- 
tant from Missouri River. 

Savannah, N. Y., Wayne co. This tovra con- 
tains a small sheet of water called Crusoe Lake, 
the outlet of which flows E. into Seneca River. 
The surface is level, and partly covered by the 
Montezuma Marshes ; soil on the N. and W. quite 
productive. 11 miles E. from Lyons, and 170 N. 
of W. from Albany. 

Savannah, Te., c. h. Hardin co. 

Savot/, Ms., Berkshire co. A wild mountain 
township, whose soil and surface are better adapt- 
ed to grazing than tillage. The people are gen- 
erally farmers. The most compact settlement is 
in the S. part, at the confluence of the two 
streams which constitute the head waters of 
Westfield River. This is sometimes called Sa- 
voy Village, but more commonly Savoy Hol- 
low. 15 miles N. E. from Rittstiel'd, and 114 W. 
by N. from Boston. 

SaxonviUe. Ms., in Framingham, Middlesex co. 
22 miles N. W. from Boston. 

Sai/brock, Ct., Middlesex co. This is one of 
the most ancient towns in the state. Lord Say 
and Seal, Lord Brook, and other gentlemen in 
England, dissatisfied with the government of 
Charles I., contemplating a removal to this coun- 
try, procured, in 1B32, of Robert, Earl of War- 
wick, a patent of all the country " which lies W. 
from Narragansct River, 120 miles on the sea- 
coast ; and from thence, in latitude and breadth 
aforesaid, to the South ,Sca." In 1635, they ap- 
pointed Mr. John Winthrop, a son of the govern- 
or of Massachusetts, to build a fort on Connec- 
ticut River, and appointed him governor for one 
year. 

In the summer of 1639, Colonel George Fen- 
wick, one of the patentees, arrived from England, 
and in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord 
Brook, gave the tract about the mouth of Con- 
necticut River the name of Saybrook. Colonel 
Fenwick superintended the affairs of the colony 
until 1644, when, his associates having relin- 
quished the design of removal to America, he 
sold the jurisdiction of Saybrook to the Connec- 
ticut colony. 

The original limits of the town extended upon 
the E. side of the river for several miles, and in- 
cluded a part of the town of Lyme, The to\vn- 
ship now comprises three parishes, viz., Saybrook, 
Westbrook, and Essex. Saybrook parish is the 



S. E. section of the town. The Indian name for 
this place was Pattaquasset. W. of this is West- 
brook parish, which was called by its Indian name, 
PcK-haug, until (October, 1810. N. of these two 
parishes is Pantapong, or Esse.x. 

The greater part of the townshi)) is uneven 
and stony. There are, however, some extensive 
levels, and tracts of rich soil, particularly in the 
vicinity of Saybrook village, in the southern 
part of the town. Some of the hills, near Con- 
necticut River, have good granite quarries. There 
are several small hari>ors on the Sound, and on 
Connecticut River, at Saybrook Point and Pau- 
tapoug. The bar at the mouth of the Connecti- 
cut is an impediment to navigation. Saybrook 
Harbor is at the mouth of a handsome cove, 
making up from Connecticut River, and extend- 
ing W. almost to Saybrook village. It is often 
resorted to by coasters in bad weather. Large 
quantities of fish are taken in this town. The 
shad fisheries are numerous, and a source of con- 
siderable wealth. Connecticut River shad are 
considered superior to any other in this country. 
White fish are taken upon the shores of the 
Sound, and are very valuable for the purposes of 
manure. The borough of Essex is about 7 miles 
from the mouth of Connecticut River, on the W 
side. It is a place of considerable commerce, 
navigation, and ship building. 

Saybrook Point is a peninsula, circular in its 
form, and connected with the main land by a 
narrow neck, over which the tide sometimes 
flows. 

The land on the point was laid out with 
care, as it was expected to become the residence 
of great men, and the centre of great business 
and wealth. 

About half way between the palisado was 
erected the first building designed for the colle- 
giate school, since named Yale College. This 
institution was founded in 1700, and remained at 
Saybrook 17 years. It was desired by the found- 
ers and others, that the churches sliould have a 
public standard or confession of faith, agreeable 
to which the instruction of the college should be' 
conducted. This led to the adoption of the 
" Savbrook Platform," after the commencement 
in 1708. 

David Gardiner, born at Saybrook, was the 
first white child born in Connecticut. 

Saybrook is a very pleasant town, and full of 
interesting associations. 

Saybrook village is 40 miles S. .S. E. from 
Hartford, 34 E. from New Haven, and 19 W. 
from New London. The New Haven and New 
London Railroad passes through this town. 

Scarboro', Me., Cumberland co.. lies between 
Saco and Portland. A part of this large town, 
called Black Point, lying upon tlie sea was 
granted by the council of Plymouth to Thomas 
Cammock, in 1631 ; this was soon after settled, 
and became of consideralile importance on the 
coast in the fisheries and traile. The land 
is held under that ancient grant at the pres- 
ent day. Another settlement w.as early made by 
a family of Algers, from England, near the cen- 
tre of "the town, and called Duastau Corner, 
whioh name it still bears. This was wholly de- 
stroyed in the Indian war of 1675. It was, 
however, revived by a descendant in the fe- 
male line, through whom that race is still perpet- 
uated. 

Scarboro' is principally an agricultural town. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



571 



for which purpose it fnmishes some rich soil, and 
has a large quantity of salt marsh. Ship build- 
ing, however, continues to be pursued here, al- 
though not to tljc extent it formerly was. Nou- 
8uck River passes througlt the whole length of 
the town. Its present name was given to it in 
1658, when it submitted to the government of 
Massachusetts ; previously the eastern side of 
the river and marsh was called Black Point, and 
the western Blue Point — names which are still 
in familiar use. 

This town has the honor of being the birth- 
place of the distinguished statesman Rufus King, 
and his half brother, William King, the first 

fovernor of Maine. About 8 miles S. from 
'ortland. 

Schaghtkoke, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Watered 
by the Hoosic River and Tomhanie Creek, 
tributaries of the Hudson River, which bounds 
it on the W. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 
10 miles N. from Troy, and 1,5 N. ftom Albany. 

Schellsbim/, Pa., Bedford co., is a small village 
on the main road from Bedford to Pittsburg. 9 
miles N. N. W. from tlie former. 

Scheiiectadi/ Couiili/. N. Y., c. h. at Schenectady. 
Formed from Albany co. in 1809. It is lioundcd 
N. by Montgomery and Saratoga. E. by Saratoga 
and Albany, vS. by Albany, and W. by Schoharie 
and Montgomery counties. Watered by the 
Mohawk and Schoharie Rivers, and a few small 
streams. The surface and soil are various, the 
Mohawk valley containing broad and fertile 
alluvial fiats. I3og iron ore is the only important 
mineral. This county is traversed by the Erie 
Canal, and Mohawk and Hudson, the Schenee- 
tafly and Troy, the Utiea and Schenectady, and 
the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroads. 

Schenectady, N. Y. City and seat of justice of 
Schenectady co. On the "S. bank of the Mohawk 
River. 16 miles N. W. from Albany. The Erie 
Canal, and likewise the railroad routes from Al- 
bany and Troy to Bufl^alo, pass through this city. 
Here also comes in the railroad from Whitehall, 
on Lake Champlain, via Saratoga Springs and 
Ballston Spa. This is the point of embarkation 
for passengers travelling W. by the canal. The 
city is built, with a good degree of regularity, on 
about 20 streets, several of which are intersected 
diagonally by the canal. It contains churches of 
the Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian. Episcopal, 
Baptist, Methodist, Cameronian, Universaiist. 
and Roman Catholic denominations. This is 
the seat of Union College, the buildings of 
which are located on an open and elevated site, 
a little E. of the compact portion of the city. 
See Colleges. 

The settlement of Schenectady dates back to 
the earliest period of our colonial history. When 
in possession of the aborigines, this was the site 
of an Indian village, the name of which. Cou- 
tiuqh-hitrie-gngh-harie, signified a ip-eut multitude 
collected tugetlier ; and it is supposed to have been 
the principal seat of the Mohawks, even before 
the confederacy of the Five Nations. The name 
Schenectady, from tlic Indian Schagh-nac-taa-da, 
signifying her/ond the )>ine plains, denoted its 
local position in relation to Albany and the 
North River; between which and this place such 
plains intervene for several miles on the E. of it. 
A few Hollanders are said to have settled here 
as early as 1620, for the purpose of trading in 
furs with the Indians. The first grant of lands, 
ail appears from the Dutch records, was made 



hero in 1661, to Areut Van Corlaer and others, 
on condition that they purchased the soil from 
the Indians. This was cftected, and a deed 
signed by four Mohawk chiefs, in 1772. 

On the 8th of Febraary, 1B90, the town, then 
consisting of 63 houses and a church, was the 
scene of a general conflagration and most bar- 
barous massacre, by a party of French and In- 
dians from Canada. A " ball.ad " of the times 
says, — 

"They m.irched for two and twenty daies, 
AH Ihrnuph the deepe.st snow ; 
And on a dismal winter night 
They struck the cruel blow. 

" Tliey then were murtlier'd in their beddes. 
Without shame or remor.se ; 
And soon the rtrmrs and streets were strewM 
With many a bleeding corse. 

" Tlie villace soon began to blaze, 
Which showed tlie horrid sight: 
But, O, I scarce can bear to tell 
The miseries of that night. 

" They threw the infants in the fire ; 
The men they did not spare ; 
But killed all which they could find, 
Though aged, or though fair-" 

There is much more of this simple but touch- 
ing ballad, of which the author, who had himself 
led a party from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, 
says, in closing, — 

" I wish that it may slay on earth 
Long after I ajn dead." 

The cruelties which it details are but too faith- 
ful a representation of the atrocities committed 
bv the French upon the English settlements dur- 
ing the wars of that jicriod ; in which they en- 
gaged the savages as their allies, and themselves 
resorted not unfreqnently to their itdiuman modes 
of warfare. In the subsequent French war, in 
1748, Schenectady was again carried by the ene- 
my, and 70 of the citizens slain. 

Schenectady was incorpoi-ated as a city March 
26, 1798. Previous to the opening of the Erie 
Canal, and the Albany and Mohawk Railroad, 
this was a great depository of the commerce of 
the west on its passage to the Hudson. In con- 
sequence of the rapids on the Mohawk, goods 
had to be ti'ansported in wagons over the turn- 
pike to Albany, which had even at that early 
date become the greatest thoroughfare for per- 
sons and property between the Hudson River 
and the western country. To show the immense 
value of the intern.il improvements made by 
the state of New York, we may state that the 
freight of a barrel of flour by wagons from 
Schenectady to Albany was eight or ten times 
more than at the present time It was natural 
to expect that much trade, which had centred 
at Schenectady before the opening of the canal, 
would afterwards be transferred to Albany and 
Troy. But the decline in the prosperity of the 
city, which began to be realized in consequence 
of this change, has been in a good measure pre- 
vented by the concentration of so many railroads 
here, and by its continuing still to be a depot for 
the packet boats on the canal, in which ibe travel, 
by emigrants and others, since that time, has been 
greatly increased. 16 miles W. from Albany, 
and 80 E. from Utiea. 

Schodack, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Bounded on 
the W. by the Hudson River, and watered by a 
few small tributaries. Surface hilly and undn- 



572 



COTOITrES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



lating; soil clay, loam, and gravel. 14 miles S. 
from Troy, and 7 S. liy E. from Albany. 

Schoharie CouDly, N. Y., c. h. at Schoharie. 
Formed from Albany and Otsego eountics in 
1795. It is bounded on the N. by Montgomery, 
E. by Schenectady and Albany, S. by Ulster and 
Delaware, and W. by Otsego co. Watered prin- 
cipally liy Schoharie Creek and its branches. 
Surface hilly and mountainous, the E. part being 
covered by the Catskill Mountains, and Helder- 
berg Hills. Along the borders of the Sclioliarie 
Creek are broad, fertile, alluvial flats, and the 
soil of the uplands is mostly well adapted to 
grass. In this county are a number of caverns, 
containing beautiful specimens of stalactites and 
stalagmites ; water, limestone, and bog iron ore 
also exist in small quantities, and there are sev- 
eral sulphur springs. 

Schoharie, N. Y., c. h. Schoharie co. It is wa- 
tered liy Schoharie and Fox Creeks, which flow 
through broad, fertile valleys. Surface undulat- 
ing and liilly. 32 miles W. from Albany. 

Schroeppel. N. Y., Oswego co. Bounded on the 
S. and W. by Oneida and Oswego Rivers, and 
watered by tributaries of the former. Surface 
rolling; soil sandy loam. 16 miles S. E. from 
Oswego village, and 150 N. W. from Albany. 

(ScAroon, N. Y., Essex co. This town contains 
many lakes and ponds, which are the sources of 
the Scliroon branch of the Hudson River. The 
E. and W. parts are mountainous, being separated 
by a valley of considerable width. Soil chiefly 
sand and sandy loam. 22 miles S. from Elizabeth, 
and 95 N. from Albany. 

Schui/ler County, Is., c. h. at Rushville. Bound- 
ed N. by McDonough co., E. by Fulton, S. by 
Brown, and W. by Marquette and Hancock coun- 
ties. Watered on the S. E. boundary by Illinois 
River, and drained by Crooked, Crane, McKee's, 
and Sugar Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil of 
fine quality. 

Schuyler County, Mo., c, h. at Lancaster. On 
the northern bonier. Drained by head streams 
of the Chariton and Fabins. 

Schuyler, N. Y., Herkimer co. Bounded on the 
S. by the Mohawk River. Surface hilly ; soil 
very rich in the valley of the river. 7 miles W. 
from Herkimer, and 87 N. W. from Albany. 

Schuy/ercille, N. Y., Saratoga co. On the W. 
bank of Hudson River. 3-1 miles N. from Al- 
bany. 

Schuylb'll County, Pa., e. h. at Orwicksburg. 
Berks iiounds this county on the S. E., Dauphin 
S. W., Nortbumherland and Columbia N. W., 
Luzerne N., and Northampton and Lehigh N. E. 
The surface is generally hilly, and some parts 
mountainous. Except near the streams the soil 
is rough, rocky, and sterile. It is drained by 
the streams of Mahony, Mahantango, and Swa- 
tara, flowing into the Susquehanna, and by the 
head branches of Schuylkill. 

Schuylkill Uaren, Pa., Schuylkill co. Situated 
just below the entrance of West Branch into 
Schuylkill River, and on the Schuylkill Canal. 
58 miles N. E. from Ilarrisburg. West Branch 
Railroad extends from this place lo the coal 
mines at the foot of Broad Mountain. 

Schuylkill, Pa., Chester co. Located on Schuyl- 
kill River, and drained by French and Stony 
Creeks. Surface level ; soil sandy loam. 78 
miles S. S. E. from Ilarrisburg. 

Scio, N. Y., Alleghany co. The Genesee River 
and some of its branches water this town. Sur- 



face hilly and broken ; soil moist clay loam. 15 
miles S. from Angelica, and 261 S. of W. from 
Albany. 

Scipio, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded E. by 
Owasco Lake, and is watered by kreams flowing 
into this and Cayuga Lake. Surface somewhat 
undulating ; soil rich loam, clay, and alluvion. 8 
miles S. from Auburn, and 164 W. from Albany. 

Sciolo County, O., e. h. at Portsmouth. Pike 
CO. bounds it on the N., Jackson and Lawrence 
counties on the E., the Ohio River on the S., 
and Adams co. on the W. The land is uneven, 
but very good. The most important streams arc 
the Ohio River, which runs along the southern 
boundary 40 miles, the Big Scioto, Scioto Brush 
Creek, Pine Creek, and Pond, Turkey, and Twin 
Creeks. Stone coal and iron ore are the mineral 
productions. 

Scituate, Ms., Plymouth co. This town, sup- 
posed to be named from its Indian name, Sutuit, 
lies at the mouth of North River, in Massa- 
chusetts Bay, and has a convenient harbor, 2 
miles N. from the mouth of the river, defended 
by rocky clifl's, and Cedar Point, on which is a 
light-house. The North River rises near the 
sources of the Taunton. It passes Pembroke, 
Hanover, and Marshfield, and meets the tide wa- 
ter here. This river is very deep, narrow, and 
crooked, and is noted for the fine ships built on 
its banks. The town extends back from the bay 
a considerable distance ; it contains large tracts 
of salt meadow, and some valuable upland. In 
this large town are a number of handsome vil- 
lages, and some pleasant ponds. The principal 
villages are those at the harbor. Liberty Plain, 
and Snappet, on the border of Hanover. Scituate 
Harbor lies 26 miles S. E. by E. from Boston, 
5 miles from the railroad dcj)0t in Cohasset, and 
17 N. N. W. from Plymouth. 

Scituate, R. I., Providence co. This town was 
a part of Providence until 1731. The surface of 
the town is diversified by hills and valleys. In 
the N. part of the town the soil is a gravelly 
loam, better adapted to grazing than to tillage. 
Pawtuxet River, with several of its branches, 
gives Scituate a good water power, and large 
manufactories, particularly of cotton and wool, 
are found on their banks. There is a valuable 
quarry of freestone in the western part of the 
town. 12 miles W. by S. from Providence. 

Scotlarid County, Mo., c. h. at Memphis, Bound- 
ed N. by Iowa, E. by Clark, S. by Knox, and 
W. by Schuyler co. Surface level, and drained 
by Wyaconda and North Fabius Rivers, and the 
N. fork of Salt River. 

Scotland Neck, N. C, Halifitx co. A bend of 
the Roanoke, which forms the eastern angle of 
the county, gives the village its name. It is sit- 
uated 40 miles below Halifax by water, and by 
post road 100 N. E. from Raleigh. 

Scott County, As., c. h. at Boonville. Bounded 
N. by Crawford and Franklin counties, E. by 
Yell, S. by Montgomery and Polk, and W. by 
Indian territory. Drained by the Petite Jean, a 
branch of the Arkansas River. The Washita 
hills lie on the S. border of this county. 

Scott County, Is., c. h. at Winchester. Bounded 
N. and E. by Morgan co., S. by Greene co.. and 
W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Pike 
CO. Drained by small branches of the Illinois 
River. 

Scott County, la., c. h. at Lexington. Jeimingi 
is on the N. E., Jackson N. W., Jefl'erson E, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



573 



Washington W., Floyd S., and Clarke S. E. 
Several branches of White River cross the 
county. 

Scott County, lo., c. h. at Davenport. Bounded 
N. by Clinton co., E. and S. by the Mississippi 
River, separating it from Illinois, and W. by 
Muscatine and Cedar counties. Wabesipinica 
River runs on its K. E. border, and Allen's, 
Duck, and Crow Creeks drain the interior. 

Scott County, Ky., c. h. at Georgetown. The 
soil is very productive. The conntv has Owen on 
the N., Harrison N. E., Franklin W., Woodford 
S. W.. and Fajette S. E. 

Scott County, Mi , c. h. at Hillsboro'. Bounded 
N. by Leake, E. by Newton, S. by Smith, and 
W. by Jackson co. Watered by brandies of 
Pearl, and by the head branches of Leaf River. 

Sf-'ott County, Mo., c. h. at Benton. Bounded 
N. W. liy Cape Girardeau co., N. E. by the Missis- 
tippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. E. and 
S. by Mississippi and New Madrid counties, and 
W. by Stoddard co. Surface diversified ; soil 
mestly of excellent quality. Whitewater and 
James's Rivers drain this county. 

Scott County, Mo., c. h. at Benton. S. E. part. 
Has the Mississippi on the E., and Whitewater 
on the W. Generally very fertile. 

Scott, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by the inlet 
of Skaneateles Lake and the head branches of the 
Tioughnioga River. Surface somewhat uneven ; 
soil good argillaceous and calcareous loam. 10 
miles N. from Cortland, and 146 W. from Albany. 

Scott, Pa., Wayne co. Bounded W. by the 
Snsc|uehanna River, and drained by Starucea, 
Shrawder's, and Shoohokin Creeks. Surface 
hilly; soil gravel and loam. 199 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. 

Scott County, Te., c. h. at Huntsville. New. 

Scott County, Va., c. h. at Estillville. Tennes- 
see bounds it on the S., Lee co., Va.. W., Cum- 
berland Mountains, or Virginia. N., Russell co., 
Va., N. E., and Washington S. E. Powell's, 
Clinch, and llolslon Rivers, with their numerous 
confluents, drain this county. Surface generally 
hilly, or mountainous. 

Scottsvillf. Ky., c. h. Allen co. On a small 
branch of Big Barren River. 45 miles E. from 
Russellville, and by post road 160 S. W. by S. 
from Frankfort. 

Scoltritle, Ky., c. h. Allen co. On a branch of 
Green River. 148 miles S W. from Frankfort. 

Scriba, N. Y., Oswego co. AVatered by several 
small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the N., while Oswego River forms 
the W. boundary. Surface rather hilly ; soil 
tolerably gnod sandy loam. 162 miles N. W. 
from Albany. 

Scricrn County, Ga., c. h. at Jacksonboro'. 
Effingham co. is on the S. E., Ogeechee River S. 
W.. Burke N. W.. and Savannah River N. E. 
The county is situated between Savannah and 
Ogeeclice Rivers. 

Seabrook. N. H., Rockingham co., was formerlv 
a part of Hampton Falls. The rivers are Black, 
Brown's, and Walton's. Many of the rivulets 
abound with bog ore of iron. This town derives 
its name from the number of rivers and rivulets 
meandering through it. First settlers, Christopher 
Hussy, Josejth Dow. and Thora.as Philbrick, in 
1638. 17 miles S. W. from Portsmouth by rail- 
road, and 50 S. E. from Concord. 

Secircy County, Afi., c. h. at Lebanon. Bounded 
K. by Marion and Fulton, E. by Izard, S. by Van 



Buren, and W. by Newton and CanoU counties. 
Drained by branches of White River. 

Seiircy, As., c. h. White co. On the S. W. 
side of Little Red, a branch of White River. 50 
miles N. N. E. from Little Rock. 

Searsbnri/, Vt., Bennington co. Searsburg is 
too elevated on the Green Mountains either for 
cultivation, population, or wool growing. It pre- 
sents, from almost every point, wild and beauti- 
ful landscapes. 11 miles E. from Bennington, 
anil 20 W. from Brattleboro'. 

Searschle, N. Y., Westchester co. Bounded on 
the W. by Bronx River. Surface rolling ; soil 
sandy and clay loam. 4 miles S. from White 
Plaiu^ and 135 from Albany. 

Searsniont, Me., Wablo co. Searsmont baa a 
good soil, and some beautiful ponds. It is tt 
pleasant and flourishing town, 30 miles E. from 
Augusta, and 12 ,S. W. from Belfast. 

Searsport, Me., Waldo co. On Penobscot Bay- 
Incorporated in 1845, from Prospect and a part, 
of Belfast, which it adjoins on the N. It has a 
good harbor. 

Seaville, Me., Hancock co. This town was in 
corporated in 1838, and was formerly a part of 
the town of Mount Desert. It includes Bart- 
left's, Robinson's, Hardwood, and other smaller 
islands on the coast. 

Sebayo, Me., Cumberland co. This town lies 
between Sebago Lake and Hancock Pond, and 
was taken from Baldwin in 1826. It lies 87 miles 
S. W. by W. from Augusta, and 30 N. W. from 
Portland. It has a good soil, and is watered by 
small streams. 

Sebec, Me., Piscataquis co. A good township. 
87 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 

Scdywich, Me., Hancock co. On the W. side 
of Blue Hill Bay. 87 miles E. of Augusta. 

Sequin, Ts., c. h. Guadaloupe co. 

Seekoiik, Ms., Bristol co. In 1812, the W. part 
of Rehoboth was incorporated into a distinct 
township, by its Indian name of Seekorik, which 
is the Indian name for wild or black yoose. great 
numbers of which used to alight in Seekonk 
River and Cove. The Seekonk and Providence 
Rivers bound this town on the W. There is con- 
siderable water power here. The Boston and 
Providence Railroad passes through the tovvD. 
The distance to Boston is 384 miles. 

Selma, Aa., Dallas co. On the N. bank of 
Alabama River. 83 miles S. S. E. from Tus- 
caloosa. 

Scjnpronius, N. Y., Caynga co. Watered by 
Skaneateles Lake and several small streams. It 
has a rolling surface and ])roductive soil. 16 
miles S. E. from Auburn, and 156 W. from 
Albany. 

Sejieca County, N. Y., c. h. at Ovid and Water- 
loo. Formed from Cayuga CO. in 1804. Bounded 
N. by Wayne, Y,. by Cayuga, S. by Tompkins, 
and W. by Ontario and Yates counties. Cayuga 
Lake forms a part of the E., and Seneca of the 
W. boundary, and across the N. part flows the 
Seneca River. Surface pleasantly diversitied with 
hills and valleys; soil mostly fertile calcareous 
loam and mould. There are some important 
mineral springs in tills county, aiul several ex- 
tensive beds of gypsum. The Cayuga and Seneca 
Canal, and Aulmrn and Rochester Railroad run 
parallel with the Seneca River. 

Seneca. N. Y., Ontario co. Bounded S. E. by 
Seneca Lake, and is watered by Flint Creek. 
Surface undulating and hilly ; soil fertile clay 



574 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



and sandy loam. 15 miles E. from Canandaigua, 
and 179 W. from Albany. 

Seneca FaUs, N. Y., Seneca co. Watered by 
Seneca River, and partly bounded on the E. by 
Cayuga Lake. It i.s also crossed by the Cayuga 
and Seneca Canal. Surface undulating; soil 
chiefly rich loam. 4 miles E. from Waterloo, and 
167 N. of W. from Albany. 

Senecn Count;/, 0., c. h. at Tiffin. Sandusky is 
on the N., Huron on the E., Crawford on the S., 
and Hancock and Wood counties on the W. It 
is a well-watered, fertile county, with a soil of 
rich loam, which produces excellent crops of 
grass and grain. The land is well timbered, and 
is watered by Mad River. In 1820, the county was 
constituted, but not organized until April, 1824. 

Seneca, 0., Margaretta township, Huron co. 

Seneca, O., Monroe co. Guernsey co. on the 
N. of this township, Centre township on the E., 
Enoch township on the S., and Morgan co. on 
the W. 

Sennetl, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by several 
small branches of the Seneca River. Surface 
rolling ; soil gravelly loam and clay. N. from 
Auburn village 4 miles, and N. of W. from Al- 
baiiy l.')4. 

Sevier County, As., c. h. at Paraclifta. Bounded 
N. by Polk, and E. by Pike and Hempstead coun- 
ties, S. by Red River, separating it from Lafay- 
ette CO. and Texas, and W. by Indian territory. 
Drained by North Little River and its tributaries, 
Saline, Casselose. and Rolling Fork Creeks. 

Sevier County, Te., c. h. at Sevierville. In the 
E. part of the state. Drained by French Broad 
and Little Pigeon, its tributary. Great Smoky 
Mountain runs on its S. E. border. 

Sevierville, Te., c. h. Sevier co. A village in 
the fork of French Broad River, on the road 
from Maryville to Dandridge. 25 miles S. E. 
from Knoxville. 

Seward, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by the 
Cobleskill. Has a high and undulating surface, 
and a generally good soil. 15 miles W. from 
Schoharie, and 47 from Albany. 

Sewic/ily, Pa., New Beaver co. A township 
extending from Beaver River, up the right side 
of Ohio River, to the limits of Alleghany co. 

Seymour, Ct., New Haven co. A new town, 
lately the village of Humphreysville, in the town 
of Derby, on the Naugatuck River. 20 miles N. 
E. from Bridgeport, by the Naugatuck Railroad, 
and 12 N. W. from New Haven. A flourishing 
mainifacturing town, the seat of one of the earliest 
manufactures of woollens in the country. 

S/iiifldmry, Vt., Bennington co. Sliaftsbury 
lies between the Battenkill and Walloomsack 
Rivers ; it ha.? no large streams. Some tributa- 
ries of each of these rivers rise here, which afford 
several mill privileges. West Mountain lies 
partly in this town and partly in Arlington ; it 
has a variety of timber. The soil is of a good 
ejuality. The minerals are iron ore, of excellent 
quality, and a beautiful white marble. The set- 
tlement was commenced about the year 1763. 
From Montpelier 97 miles S. W., and 8 N. from 
Bennington. 

Sliniidaken, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by the 
Ncversink River and Esopus Creek. Tlie Cats- 
kill Mountains cover a large part of the surface. 
24 miles W. from Kingston, and 8.3 S. W. from 
Albany. 

Shannon County, }Ao.,<:.\\. at Eminence. Bound- 
ed N. by Crawford co., E. by Reynolds, S. by 



Ripley and Oregon, and W. by Texas co. Drained 
by Current River and branches. 

Shujileiijli, Me., York co. A level farming town. 
103 miles S. W. from Augusta. 

Sharon, Ct., Litchfield co. Sharon lies on the 
W. side of Housatonic River, opposite to Corn- 
wall. The eastern part of the town is elevated, 
mountainous, and stony, but is suited for grazing; 
the western part, which borders on the state of 
New York, is a fertile tract of undulating land, 
and very productive of all sorts of grain. Agri- 
culture is the chief business of the inhabitants. 
The village is situated principally on one street, 
on the eastern side of a beautiful valley. There 
is a beautiful village, called Hitchcock's Cor- 
ner, partly in Sharon and partly in the state of 
New York ; this also is situated in a beautiful 
valley, and rich in agricultural resources. 47 
miles W. by N. from Hartford. 

Sharon, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was ori- 
ginally the second parish of the old town of 
Stoughton, and was incorporated in 1765, by the 
name of Stoughtonham, but the name, becoming 
unpopular, was changed to the scriptural one of 
Sharon. The natural scenery of this town is ex- 
ceedingly beautiful and picturesque. It is the 
height of land between Boston and Providence ; 
and several streams of water here take their rise, 
which, running in opposite directions, fall into 
Massachusetts and Narraganset Bays. Mashapog 
Pond is a beautiful lake, more than a mile in 
length, containing 500 or 600 acres, and rests 
upon a bed of iron ore. Moose Hill is the most 
elevated of a range of hills in the westerly part 
of this town. It is easily accessible, and from its 
summit there is one of the richest, most com- 
manding, and beautiful views in New England. 
The Boston and Providence Railroad passes near 
the centre of the town. 17 miles S. W. from 
Boston by railroad, and 9 S. from Dedham. 

Sharoji, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The streams 
in 'Sharon are small branches of Contoocook 
River, and rise near the S. E. corner of the town. 
Boundary Mountain lies on the line between this 
town and Temple, and has an elevation of 200 
feet above the surrounding country. Sharon is 
better for grazing than for grain. 18 miles W. 
by S. from Amherst, and 48 S. S. W. from Con- 
cord. 

Sharon, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by Bow- 
man's Creek, has a high and undulating surface, 
based upon limestone, which is seen breaking 
through in the form of caverns, and displaying 
interesting stratifications. This town also con- 
tains a celebrated mineral spring. 14 miles W. 
from Schoharie, and 40 W. from Albany. 

Sharon, Vt., Windsor co. White River passes 
through Sharon, and affords it an abundant 
water power. Sharon contains a handsome and 
flourishing village. The surface is broken, but 
the soil warm and productive. The settlement 
was commenced about the year 17G5, by emi- 
grants from Connecticut. 22 miles N. from Wind- 
sor, and 34 S. E. from Montpelier. The Vermont 
Central Railroad passes through Sharon. 

Shasle County, Ca. In the extreme N., on Kla- 
math River. 

Shawangunk, N. Y., Ulster co. The WallkiU 
and Shawangunk Creek water this town. The 
N. W. part is covered by the Shawangunk Moun- 
tain, the E. level and rolling. Soil diversified. 
24 miles S. W. from Kingston, and 87 S. by W. 
from Albanv. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



575 



Shawneetown, Is., Gallatin co. On the N. W. 
bank of Ohio River. 10 miles helow the entrance 
of the Wabash, and 195 S. S. E. from Springfiehl. 
As a place of trade this is among the largest in 
Southern Illinois. 

Shelioyfinn County, Wn., c. h. at Sheboygan. 
Bounded N. by Calumet and Manitoowoc coun- 
ties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Washington co., 
and W. by Fond dn Lac co. Drained by She- 
boygan River and branches, and by branches of 
the Milwaukee. Soil of excellent quality. 

Shetioyyan, Wn., c. h. Sliehoygan co. On the 
S. bank of Sheboygan River, at its entrance into 
Lake Michigan. 

S/ie[fielt/, JIs., Berkshire co. The Indian name 
of this town wa-i /loussaionnock. It was first 
settled in 172.5, and at its incorporation in 173.3, 
it was named after Sheffield in England. Mr. 
Obadiah Noble, from Wcstfield, was the first 
white man who resided in the town. He spent 
the first winter here witli no other human being 
than the Indians. This town includes an exten- 
Bive vale, and, except on tlie E., is generally level. 
In that part there is an extensive chain of consid- 
erable hills. On the W. it is mountainous. Sa- 
conic, or Mount Washington, is about 2.'500 feet 
in height, and presents a magnificent spectacle. 
A part of this mountain is in Sheffield. This 
town affords an almndance of wliite marble, and 
much of an excellent quality. The soil is pro- 
ductive, and in the vale easily tilled. The Housa- 
tonic, wliich passes through the length of the 
town, is here a silent, shiggish stream, from 6 to 
8 rods in breadth. Sheffield is one of those de- 
lightful town":, so richly decorated with lovely 
Talley and majestic mountain scenery. The vil- 
lage is on the W. side of the river. 180 miles 
from Boston by the Ilousutonic and Western 
Railroads, and J^B from Albany. 

Shfffifld, Vt.. Caledonia co. This town lies on 
tlie height of land between Connecticut River 
and Mempbremagog Lake. Branches of Pas- 
sumpsic and Barton Rivers both rise here. It is 
watered by several ponds. The lands are broken, 
and not pi-odnctive. The settlement was com- 
menced about the year 1792. From Danville, 
16 miles X., and 46 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 

Shelbnrue. Ms., Franklin co. This town, until 
1768, was a part of Deerfield, and called '■ Deer- 
field Nortli-West." At its incorporation, it was 
named for Lord Shelburne. Deerfield River 
passes througii tlie town, and in its course falls 
nearly 50 feet, in the distance of 40 rods, thereby 
producing a great hydraulic power. On the 
banks of this river, Shelburne Falls village has 
sprung up. It is neat, handsome, and surround- 
ed by charming scenery. Among other buildings 
it contains a well-endowed academy. From 
Shelburne Falls village at the W. part of the 
town, to Greenfield, is 7 miles. 

SheHmriii; N. H., Coos co. Androscoggin River 
passes through the centre of this town, into which 
fall the waters of Rattle and some smaller streams. 
The soil on each bank of the river is very good, 
producing in abundance grain and grass ; but as we 
rise from the river, the tracts arc mountainous, and 
unfit for cultivation. Mount Moriah, an elevated 
peak of the White Mountains, lies in the S. part 
of Sbellun'ne. Moses' Rock, so called from the 
first man known to have ascended it, (Moses 
Ingalls.) is on the S. side of the river, near the 
centre of the town. It is about 60 feet high 
and 90 feet long, very smooth, and rising in an 



angle of nearly 50°. Shelburne presents much 
wild and beautiful scenery. In this town is an 
extensive and valuable mine of lead ; also excel- 
lent zinc ore. First settlers, David and Benj. 
Ingalls, in 1775. From Concord 123 miles N. 
E., and about 30 S. E. from Lancaster. 

Sfielhiinw, Vt., Chittenden co. Shelburne is 
finely watered by La Plait River, a pond cover- 
ing 600 acres, and by the waters of Lake Cham- 
plain. Shelburne Bay sets into the town, and 
affords a good harbor, and a depot for the interior 
trade on the beautiful Champlain. The soil is 
strong, fertile, and generally well improved. A 
part of this town was annexed to St. George in 
1848. A small settlement was made in this 
town previous to the revolutiou.try war. The 
earliest settlers were two Germans by the name 
of Logan and Pottier, who commenced upon two 
points of land extending into Lake Champlain, 
which still bear the names '' Pottier s Point," and 
" Logan's Point." 33 miles W. by N. from Mont- 
pelier, and 7 S. from Burlington. 

,'Shelhy Coimty, Aa., c. h. at Sheliiyville. This 
county is bounded by Coosa River E., Bibb co. 
S., Tuscaloosa S. W., Jefi'crson N. W., and St. 
Clair N. It is drained by the sources of Cahaba 
River. 

Shelby County, Is., c. h. at Shelbyville. Bound- 
ed N. and N. E. by Macon and Moultrie counties, 
E. by Coles and Cumberland, S. by Effingham 
and Fayette, and W. by Montgomery and Chris- 
tian counties. Drained by Kaskaskia River and 
branches, and by the head Iiranches of the S. 
fork of Sangamon River. Surface level ; soil 
very fertile. 

Shelby County, la., c. h. at Shelbyville. Madi- 
son bounds it on the N., Rush E., Decatur S. E., 
Johnson W., Marion N. W., and Bartholomew 
S. Branches of the E. fork of White River 
drain this county. 

Shelby County, Ky., c. h. at Shelbyville. Hen- 
ry CO. is on the N., Franklin E. and S. E., Jeffer- 
son W., and Spencer S. The soil is highly pro- 
ductive, and is drained by the N. E. fork of Salt 
River, 

Shelby County, Mo., c. h. at Shelbyville. Bound- 
ed N. by Knox and Lewis counties, E. by Marion, 
S. by Monroe, and W. by Macon co. Drained 
by Salt River, on the banks of which coal is 
found, and by North Two Rivers, which affords 
hydraulic power. The surface is level, and the 
soil fertile. 

Shelby, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by Oak 
Orchard Creek. Mostly a levil town, with a 
soil of calcareous loam. 10 miles S. W. from 
Albion, and 260 W. from Albany. 

S/ielby. N. C, c. h. Clevdanil" co. On the E. 
side of First Broad River. There is a fine sol- 
phur spring in the vicinity. 

Shelby County, 0., c. li. at Sidney. Allen and 
Mercer counties are on thcN., l^ogan and Cham- 
paign on the E.. MiaTni on the S.. and Dark 
and Mercer counties on the W. The soil is 
good, and is watered by Turtle, Loraniie's, and 
Musketoe Creeks, and Miami River. The Mi- 
ami Canal passes through the S. W. part of the 
county. In 1819 the county was constituted. 
In 1804 or 1805 it was settled' by James Thatch- 
er, on Loraniie's Creek. 

Shelby County, Te., c. h. at Raleigh. This coun- 
ty has a hilly surface, and is drained by Wolf 
Kiver and its branches. Madison co., Te., bounds 
it on the N. and E., Mis3issii)pi River W., and 



576 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



state of Mississippi S. It includes old Fort Pick- 
erinj, now Memphis. 

Shelbji Count)!, Ts., c. h. at Slielbyville. On 
the E. border, between the eastern heads of the 
Neches and the Sabine. 

Shelhynlle, Aa., e. h. Shelby CO. 

Shelhi/ril/e, Is., c. h. Shelby co. On the W. 
bank of the Kaskaskia River. 60 miles S. E. 
from Springfield. There is a copious sulphur 
sprin? in this place. 

Shelbyville. la., c. h. Shelby co. On Blue Riv- 
er, branch of White River. 25 miles S. E. from 
Indianapolis. 

Shelbi/viUe. Ky., c. h. Shelby co. On Brashears 
Creek, 12 miles above its junction with Salt 
River, and 2.3 miles W. by N. from Frankfort. 

SkeJhi/ville, Mo., c. h. Shelby co. 

Slielhi/ville, Te.. c. h. Bedford co. A town lo- 
cated on the rifrht bank of Duck River. It con- 
tains a bank, printini; office, and the county build- 
ings. 30 miles S. from Murfreesboro'. 

Shelbuville. Ts., c. h. Shelby CO. 

Sheldon, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by 
Tonawanda and Seneca Creeks. Surface hilly ; 
soil moist clay loam. 1.3 miles W. from War- 
saw, and 262 from Albany. 

Sheldon, Vt., Franklin co. This is a good 
township of land. The River Missisco passes 
through it, and Black Creek, a branch of that 
river, gives Sheldon an ample water power. The 
village is a thriving place. The settlement was 
commenced about tlie year 1 790, by Colonel 
Elisha Sheldon and Samuel B. Sheldon, emi- 
grants from .Salisbury, Ct. 46 miles N. W. from 
Montpelier. and 32 N. by E. from Burlington. 

Shelter Island, N. Y., Suffolk co. This town, 
lying lietween Gardiner's and Great Peconic 
Bays, is 6 miles long and 4 wide. Surface 
mostly uneven ; soil light and sandy, but fertile 
in some parts. 20 miles E. from Riverhead, and 
245 S. E. from Albany. 

Shenandoah Conntif, Va., c. h. at Woodstock. 
Blue Ridge, or Culpepper and Madison counties 
are on the S. E., Rockingham S. W., Hardy 
and Hampshire N. W., and Frederick N. E. 
The two main branches of Shenandoah River 
traverse this county, and it is drained by many 
minor tributaries. All parts of tlie county are 
hilly, except the space between the two great 
branches of the Shenandoah, which is very 
mountainous. The soil is productive in grain, 
pasturage, and fruits. 

Shepfierdsi'ille, Ky., c. h. Bullitt co. On the N. 
sideof Salt River. 1 mile from Paroquette Springs 
and 72 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. At the 
springs are fine accommodations for visitors. 

Sherborn, Ms., Middlesex co. Sherborn is 
watered by Charles River on its eastern boundary, 
and by several brooks and pleasant ponds. Its 
Indian name was Bor/i/eston. The soil is good and 
productive. It contains many skilful farmers, 
and some delightful farms. The village is on ele- 
vated land ; it is jilcasant. and commands good 
prospects. 18 miles S. W. from Boston, and 16 
S. from Concord. 

Sherburne, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
the Chenango River, pariillel to which runs the 
Chenango Canal. Surlacc hilly ; soil sandy and 
argilhiccous loam. 12 miles N. from Norwich, 
and 92 W. from Albany. 

Sherburne, S. C, Beaufort district. A village 
214 miles from Columbia by post road. 

S/ierburne, Vt., Rutland co. Killington Peak, 



3924 feet in height, several ponds, and Thun- 
dering Brook, with a handsome fall, lie in this 
town. Queechy River rises here, and along its 
banks is some good land, but the lands are gen- 
erally too elevated even for pasturage. The set- 
tlement was commenced here, in 1785. by Isaiah 
Washburn. The town was organized in 1794. 
From Rutland 10 miles N. E. 

Sheridan, N. Y., Chautauque CO. Watered by 
Scott's. Walnut, and some other creeks flowing 
into L.'ike Erie, which bounds it on the N. W. 
Surface hilly ; soil clay loam and sand. 20 miles 
N. E. from Maysville, and 307 W. from Albany. 

Sherman, Ct., Fairfield co. Sherman was for- 
merly the N. part of New Fairfield, and incorpora- 
ted in 1802. 13 miles N. from Danbury. There 
is a variety of soils in the town, but they are gen- 
erally strong, warm, and productive of-grass and 
grain. A branch of the Housatonie waters the 
town. Iron ore is found here. 

Sherman, N. Y., Chautauque co. French Creek 
waters this town, the surface of which is uneven, 
and the soil clavand gravelly loam, 10 miles S. 
W. from Maysville, and 340 S. of W. fiom Al- 
bany. 

Shiawaxsee County, Mn., c. h. at Corunna. This 
county was incorporated in 1837, and is bounded 
N. by Saginaw, E. by Genesee, S. by Livingston 
and Ingham, and W. by Clinton co. Drained by 
Shiawassee, Looking Glass, and Meshtagayock 
Rivers, which afford hydraulic power. Surface 
level or undulating, and containing anthracite 
coal ; soil fertile. 

Shie/dshoro', Mi., c. h. Hancock co. On the W. 
side of St. Louis Bay, which connects with Lake 
Borgne. S. by E. from Jackson 212 miles. 

Shippen, Pa., McKcan co. Drained by Drift- 
wood Creek, on the margin of which are salt 
springs, and by another branch of Sunenmahoning 
Creek. The surface is rough and mouulainous, 
but in the valleys is some good land. 171 miles N. 
W. from Harrisburg. 

Shij)pinshurg, Pa., Cumberland co. A town and 
borough, situated in the midst of a fertile coun- 
try. It is 11 miles N. E. from Chambersburg, 
aiid 136 W. from Philadelphia. 

Shipping/port, Ky„ Jefferson CO., is a large vil- 
lage, 2 miles below Louisville, at the bottom of 
the Rapids of the Oliio. It is in reality the lower 
part of Louisville, anil at low water is the head 
of steamboat navigation in the Ohio. 

Shirley, Me., Piscataquis co. This town was 
incorporated in 1834. It was formerly No. 3 in 
the 4th range of the Bingham Purchase. It is 
watered by the higher brandies of Piscataquis 
River, and lies about 76 miles N. by E. from Au- 
gusta. 

Shirley, Ms., Middlesex co. Before its incor- 
poration, in 1753, the territory of this town was 
the S. W. part of Groton. The lands arc rather 
level and low ; the soil of some part of them 
is cold and unproductive, but generally they 
make good farms ; some parts of the town, par- 
ticularly along the streams, are under a high state 
of eultiviition, and very jiroductive, Sliirlcy is 
separated from Groton by Nashna River, and 
from Pcpperell by the Squanicook, a liranch of 
the Nnsliua, These streams aftbrd a fine water 
power. In tlie S. part of the town i> a jilcasant 
village, through which the Fitcbburg Railroad 
passes. This village lies 18.i miles N. W. from 
Concord, and 38i N. W. from Boston. About a 
mile S. of this village is a family of more than a 



IX THE UNITED STATES. 



577 



a hundred Shakers, or United Society of Be- 
lievers. 

Shirlci/, Vn., Huntingdon co. A township op- 
posite Ilumiltonvillc, on the right side of Juniata 
River. 

iSlarIeij.il)w/i, Pa., Sliirley township, Huntingdon 
00. A village about 20 miles S. S. E. from Hunt- 
ingdon. 

Shoccoe Springs, N. C., Warren co. A village, 
aeadeniy, and watering-place, about GO miles N. 
E. from Rakish. 

Shorelmm, X\.. Addison co. Shoreham lies on 
the E. side of Lake Cbamplain, and is watered by 
Lemonfair River, a good mill stream. The sur- 
face is level, and the soil remarkably good. There 
is a pleasant Aillage on the banks of the lake. 
This is one of the best farming towns in the 
state. Most of the waters here are impregnat- 
ed with Epsom salts. This is the site of New- 
ton Academy. The settlement was commenced 
about the year 1766, by Colonel Ephraini Doolit- 
tle, Paul Moore, Marshal Newton, and others. 
The settlement was broken up during the revolu- 
tionary war, but was recommenced on the return 
of peace. 12 miles S. W. from Jlrddlebury, and 
about 42 S. W. from Montpelier. 

S/ireceport, La., c. h. Caddo parish. On the W. 
bank of Red River, 380 miles N. W. from New- 
Orleans. 

Sfiretcsbiiri/, Ms., "Worcester co. This town pre- 
sents to the eye an uneven surface, variegated 
with hills and valleys. A range of highland, ex- 
tending from N. to S., passes through the middle 
of the town. The town is well watered by springs 
and rivulets, though there are no large rivers in 
the town. Long Pond, called by the natives 
Quiusigamond, lying in this town by the line of 
Worcester, is a beautiful piece of water. It lies 
in the form of a crescent, nearly 4 miles long as it 
nms, and from 100 rods to near a mile in width. 
The water in some places is 90 feet deep. There 
are 12 islands in this pond of various sizes. Strat- 
ton's Island, which contains 150 acres under cul- 
tivation, has several families living upon it. Some 
of the other islands are more or less cultivated. 
This pond is the principal feeder of Blackstone 
Canal. In the S. W. part of the town is a large 
meadow, which contains excellent peat. 36 miles 
W. S. W. from Boston, and 6 E. by N. from 
Worcester. 

Shrewsburt/. N. J., Monmouth co. This town is 
located near the sea-shore, and is resorted to in 
summer by the people of New York and Phila- 
delphia as a bathing-place. It has a high and dry 
soil. 47 miles N. E. from Trenton, and 77 N. E. 
from I'hiladelphia. 

Shrewsburi/. Vt., Rutland co. Shrewsbury lies 
mostly on the Green Mountains, and the eastern 
part is much elevated. In the N. part is Shrews- 
bury Peak, which is one of the highest summits 
of the Green Mountains, and is more than 4100 
feet above the tide water. Mill and Cold Rivers 
pass through the town, and both are sufficiently 
large for mills. Peal's and Ashley's Ponds are in 
the southerly part. Shrewsbury is well adapted 
to the production of grass, and tlie timber is such 
as is common to the mountain towns. The town 
was chartered in 176.3. From Windsor 22 miles 
W., and 9 S. E. from Rutland. 

Shrewsbury, Ms., Franklin co., was called Road- 
town, from the time of its grant, in 1734, to its in- 
corporation, in 1761. It was first settled by people 
from Sudbury, about the vear 1 738. The tONvn is 
73 



well watered by branches of Mill River, which 
rise here, and by Swift River, which passes 
through the town, and several of its tributaries, 
which also rise here. The surface is elevated, and 
many parts of it arc billy and rocky ; in some 
parts the soil is thin, and not very productive, but 
in other i)art5 the soil is fertile, particularly along 
its numerous brooks and rivers. At the N. W. 
corner of the town, about 4 miles from the centre 
village, is Lock's Pond, covering about 700 acres, 
well stocked with hsh of various kinds. Near 
this beautiful little lake is a neat village. There 
is a mineral spring of some note near the centre 
of the town. It is said to have been opened by 
an earthipiake, in 1S15, and it abounds in muri- 
ate of lime. 16 miles S. E. from Greenfield, and 
74 W. by N. from Boston. 
St(hic-f/, lo., c. h. Fremont co. 
Siditei/, Me., Kennebec CO. This is a very pleas- 
antly situated town, on the W. side of Kennebec 
River, and watered by a large and beautiful pond 
lying in tliis town and Belgrade. 12 miles N. 
from Augusta. 

SiJmi/, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by Ole- 
out Creek and some other branches of the Sus- 
quehanna River, which bounds it on the W 
Surface rather hilly; soil well suited to grazing. 18 
miles W. from Delhi, and 100 S. W. from Albany 
Siilnn/, 0.. c. h. Shelby co. 79 miles W. by N. 
from Columlms. 

SlijourtiPij, la., c. h. Kcokuck co. 
Sitcei' Spring, Pa., Cumberland co. Conedog- 
winit Creek and branches water this town. Sur- 
face billy ; soil calcareous loam and slate, very 
fertile in the valleys. 7 miles N. E. from Car- 
lisle. 

Simpson Conntg, Ky.. c. h. at Franklin. War- 
ren is on the N., Allen E., Logan co. W. and N. 
W., and Tennessee S. 'Two rivers rise in this 
county — Red, a branch of Cumberland, and Big 
Warren, a branch of Green River. 

Simpson Countg, Mi., c. h. at Westville. Bound- 
ed N. by Rankin, E. by Smith, S. by Covington 
and Lawrence counties, and W. by Pearl River, 
separating it from Copiah co. Drained by 
branches of Pearl River. 

Sinisburi/, Ct., Hartford co. Tiie territory of 
this town was formerly a part of Windsor. Its 
Indian name was Massacoe, and it was incorporat- 
ed in 1670. Tlie surface of the town is greatly 
diversified by bills and valleys. A range of 
mountains passes through the town, and there is 
some level and good land within its limits, on 
Farmington River. Tarift'ville, a flourishing 
village, is situated at the north-eastern extremity 
of this town, on the W. bank of the Farmington 
River. 45 miles from New Haven by the Canal 
Railroad. 

Sing Sing, N. Y., in Mount Pleasant township, 
Westchester co. Oh the E. bank of the Hudson 
River. 1 1 2 miles S. from Albany, and 33 miles N. 
from the city of New York. It is pleasantly sit- 
uated, on uneven ground, rising in one part into 
an eminence 180 feet above tide water, overlook- 
ing Tappan and Haverstraw Bays, the Hudson 
and Croton Rivers, and the surrounding country, 
including views of the Palisades and the High- 
lands in the distance. It was incorporated as 
a village in 1813. Near the river is located the 
Mount Pleasant Academy, an incorporated insti- 
tution for boys, which has an edifice, constructed 
of marble, three stories high ; also the Mount 
Pleasant Female Seminary, an incorporated in- 



578 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



stitution, beautifully located, and possessing 
every advantage for a female boarding sehool. 
About half a mile S. of the village is located 
the Mount Pleasant State Prison, better known, 
perhaps, as the Sing Sing State Prison, which 
occupies 130 acres of ground. The buildings 
are in the form of a hollow square, enclosing a 
yard 500 feet by 250. The main prison is 484 
feet in length and 44 in width, fronting westerly 
on the Hudson, being five stories high, and con- 
taining 1000 cells for prisoners. In the front 
and rear are the workshops, together with the 
keeper's house ; and on the S., attached to the 
building, are a chapel, hospital, kitchen, and 
storehouses. These buildings, as well as the 
principal edifice, are all of rough dressed marble, 
quarried on the state farm. The prison for 
female convicts, a more recent structure, stands 
separate from that of the men, on an elevated 
site, and is a haiulsome marble building, of the 
Ionic order. These premises can be distinctly 
traced from the boats, in passing up and down 
the river. The average number of convicts at 
Sing Sing, in the year 1850, was 721, of whom 80 
were females. 

Sing Sing is celebrated for its marble quarries, 
which are worked, to a great extent, by the state 
prison convicts. The marble obtained here is of 
an excellent qu.ality. The village derives its 
name, we are told, from the Indian words Ossin- 
sing, signifying a place (if stone. 

The Croton Aqueduct Bridge at this place, over 
the Sing Sing Creek, constructed of stone ma- 
sonry, in a single arch of 88 feet span, and rising 
about 100 feet from the creek, is an object of 
much curiosity, for its massive strength and ex- 
cellent workmanship. 

Skaneateks, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by 
Skaneateles Lake, the larger part of which lies in 
this town, and by its outlet. Surface undulating ; 
soil very fertile. 16 miles S. W. from Syracuse, 
and 146 W. from Albany. 

SIcowhegan, Me., Somerset co. On the N. side 
of Kennebec Kiver, at Skowhegan Falls, which 
afford a great water power. 5 miles below Nor- 
ridgewoek, and 3.3 N. from Augusta. 

Slatersville, K. I., town of Smithfield, Provi- 
dence CO. A factory village, on a branch of Paw- 
tucket River. 19 iniles N. W. from Providence. 
See Smithfield. 

Smith County, Mi., c. h. at Raleigh. Bounded 
N. by Scott, E. by Jasper, S. by Jones and Co- 
vington, and W. by Simpson and Rankin coun- 
ties. Drained by the head branches of Leaf River. 
Smith Count;/, Te., c. h. at Carthage. Ken- 
tucky is on tiie N., Jackson co. E., White and 
Warren S. E., Wilson S. W., and Summer W. 
At Carthage, Cauey Fork River joins the Cum- 
berland. Surface rather rolling than hilly ; soil 
generally productive. 

Smithfield, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by 
Canaseraga and Cowasalon Creeks. A hilly 
town, with a very fertile soil. 5 miles N. from 
Morrisville, and 106 N. W. from Albany. 

Smithfield, N. C, c. h. Johnson co. Un the E. side 
of Neuse River. 27 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 

Smithfield, R. I., Providence co. This is a large 
town, containing a great variety of surface and soil. 
Smithfield has generally an undulating surface, 
presenting an agreeable diversity of moderate 
eminences and gentle declivities; but in some 
sections it is considerably rough and broken. 
The manufacture of lime is an important and 



extensive business, and nflbrds employment to a 
great number of persons. There is also a quarry 
of white stone at what is called Woonsockct Hill, 
that sustains heat remarkably well, which renders 
it very valuable for furnace hearths. About two 
miles distant from this, there is a quarry, contain- 
ing excellent whetstones, for edge tools. 

The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, with some 
sections of a calcareous loam. It is generally 
rich and fertile, although in some places it has 
been reduced by an exhausting system of culti- 
vation. There are, however, some low and 
marshy tracts, which are generally appropriated 
to mowing, and afford good crops of grass. The 
agricultural productions consist of the various ar- 
ticles common to the climate. 

The waters of the town consist of the Black- 
stone, which washes its north-eastern border, and 
a brancli of this river, nearly of equal size, which 
intersects the town, discharging its waters into 
the former, in the northern section of the town. 
After the union of these streams, the Blackstone 
is from 100 to 200 feet in width. At some 
seasons of the year, it overflows its banks, and 
has been known to rise from 15 to 20 feet above 
its usual height. Besides tlies;e, there are numer- 
ous small streams, some of which afi'ord valuable 
sites for mills. In the S. part of the town, within 
about 4 miles from Providence, there is a consid- 
eraljle body of water, called Scots Pond. It is 
nearly a mile in length, about half a mile in 
width, and of great depth. What is remarkable 
in this pond is the steep descent of its shores. 
Cases have occurred of persons being drowned 
in attempting to water their horses at this 
pond. 

There is a remarkable fall of water upon the 
Blackstone River, called Woonsocket Falls, 
which is considered as quite a curiosity. The 
fall is about 20 feet, not perpendicular, but over 
a precipice of rocks for some distance. The fall 
of the water upon these rocks, through a succession 
of ages, has occasioned numerous excavations, all 
of which are smooth and circular, and some of 
them very large, being suflicient to contain sev- 
eral hogsheads. 

The beautiful village of Woonsocket is situated 
at these falls, on the line of Cumberland ; the 
river dividing the towns and the village into 
nearly equal parts. This village is a beautiful 
place. 1 1 miles from Piovidcnee by the railroad 
from Worcester to Providence. 

Slatersville is another beautiful village in this 
town, on Branch River, about 2 miles W. from 
AVoonsocket. 

Smithfield is a large manufacturing town, con- 
taining many other pleasant villages, almost ex- 
clusively devoted to manufacturing objects. 

Smilhjield, Va., c. h. Isle of Wight co. On a 
branch of James River. 15 miles above Hamp- 
ton, and 65 S. E. from Richmond. 

Smithimrt, Pa., c. h. McKeau co. 196 miles 
N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Smilhlown, N. Y., Suflblk co. Washed on the 
S. by Long Island Sound, and drained by Nes- 
aquake River. Surface chiefly level ; soil sandy 
loam. 28 miles W. from Riverhead, and 197 
S. E. from Albany. 

Smithville, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
Geneganslette and some other small branches of 
Chenango River. Sin-face undulating ; soil sandy 
loam. 15 miles S. W. from Norwich, and 131 
S. of W. from Albany. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



579 



Siniihelllc, N. C, Brunswick co. A village on 
the right bank of Cape Fear Kivor, near the 
month, anil opposite Smith's Island. It has a 
good harlior, anil is the seat of an aeadeniy. 

Smithrilk, N. C, c. h. Brunswick co. On the 
W. bank of Cape Fear River, 2 miles from its 
nioutli, and 173 from Raleigh. It has a good 
harbor. 

Smillirille, Te., c. h. De Kalb co. Near the 
Caney Fork of Cumberland River, and 61 miles 
E. from Nashville. 

Smijnia, De., Kent CO., was formerly the 
Duck Creek, Cross Roads village. The inhab- 
itants carry on a considerable trade in grain. It 
is on Duck Creek. 12 miles a little E. of S. from 
Dover, and 33 S. from Wilmington. 

,Smi/rna, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by 
several branches of Chenango River. Surface 
hilly; soil mostly good, and rich in the valleys. 
12 miles N. from Norwich, and 96 W. from 
Albany. 

Smi/nia, 0„ Freeport township, Harrison co. 
A town 16 miles S. W. from Cadiz, and 100 E. 
from Columbus. 

Smi/tfie Counti/, Va., c. h. Marion. Bounded 
N. E. by Wythe CO., S. E. by Grayson, S. W. by 
Washington, and N. W. by Tazewell co. Wa- 
tered by the head branches of Holston and New 
Rivers. Surface uneven ; soil fertile on the 
streams. 

Smi/tliJicJJ, Pa., Somerset co., is a pleasant vil- 
lage, located on the right bank of Youghiogany 
River, and on the United States road, almost ex- 
actly midway between Brownsville, on Mononga- 
hela, and Cumberland, on Potomac. According 
to Shrivcr's map, Smythiield is 1405 feet above 
the Atlantic tides. 

Snotr/iill, Md., c. h. Worcester co. On the S. 
E. side of Pocomoke River. A port of entry, and 
a place of considerable commerce. 60 miles S. 
E. from Easton, and 20 miles a little S. of E. 
from Princess Ann. 

Snow Hill, JId., c. h. Worcester co. A port of 
entry, on Pocomoke River. 115 miles S. E. from 
Annapolis. 

-s'/ioH- 7////, N. C, c. h. Green co. By post road 
96 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 

Sodiis, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Salmon 
Creek and several small streams flowing into 
Sodus Bay and Lake Ontario, which bound it on 
the N. Surface chiefly level ; soil well suited to 
grass and grain. 12 miles N. from Lyon.s, and 
176 N. of W. from Albany. 

Solano County, Ca., c. h. at Benecia. North of the 
lower course of the Sacramento, and between that 
river and the Nappa. 

Soksliiiri/, Pa., Bucks co. A township between 
Upper MakeHcId and Plumstead, on the S. W. side 
of the Ixivcr Delaware. This township contains 
New Hope. 

Solon, Me.. Somerset co. A good farming 
town, on the E. side of the Kennebec. 44 miles 
N. by W. from Augusta. 

Solon, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by Ostelic 
River and some of its branches. Surface undu- 
lating ; soil fertile, and well adapted for grazing. 
12 miles E. from Cortland, and 140 W. from 
Albany. 

Solon, O., Cuyahoga co. Two streams unite 
in this township and form the Chagrin River. 
40 rods below this junction commences a fall, 
which descends 20 feet in 80 rods, affording a 
valuable water power. l4 miles from this place, 



np the Worster Branch, is another fall of 100 
feet in a mile. On the Aurora Branch, half a 
mile aliove the forks, is another fall of 70 feet in 
SO rods. 150 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 

SomKr!:, Ct, Tolland co. First settled 1713. 
It was incorporated by Massachusetts in 1 734, and 
named in honor of Lord Somers, at the request 
of Governor Belcher. Part of the town is level 
and productive of grass and grain, and part is 
quite elevated, producing good pasturage for 
sheep, and presenting delightful views of the 
valley of Connecticut River. It is watered 
by Scantic River. Somers has a very neat vil- 
lage. 22 miles N. E. from Hartford. 

Somers, N. Y., Westchester co. The Croton 
River and some of its tributaries water this town, 
which contains some extensive plains and some 
uneven surface. Soil diversified, but generally 
adapted to grass or grain. 20 miles N. from 
White Plains, and 120 S. from Albany. 

Sontrrsct, Ky., e. h. Pulaski co. 5 miles N. from 
Cumberland River, and 84 S. S. E. from Frank- 
fort. 

Somerset Conrdij, Me., c. h. at Norridgewock. 
Extending from near the centre to the N. W. 
boundary of the state. The Kennebec flows 
through the southern and settled part. Much 
the larger portion is still unsettled. Surface 
varied with occasional mountains ; soil good. 
The Portland and Montreal Railroad passes 
through it. 

Somerset Connty, Md., e. h. at Princess Ann. 
This county is bounded by Worcester CO., in Md., 
E., Dorchester co. N. W., Sussex co., in De., N. 
E., Pocomoke Bay S., and Chesapeake Bay S. 
W. The surface, though sandy, is generally 
level, and the soil very good. Nanticoke River 
is on the N. W. of this county, and Pocomoke S. 
E., and it is drained by Manokin and Wicomico 
Rivers. 

Somerset, Ms., Bristol co. This was fonnerly 
the Indian Shewamet, and called the Shewamet 
Purchase, a part of Swansey, at its incorporation 
as a town in 1790. This town enjoys almost 
unlimited navigable facilities. It extends its 
whole length and breadth on the deep navigable 
waters of Taunton River and Mount Hope Bay ; 
besides, a part of its western boundary is Lee's 
River, jutting up from Mount Hope Bay to Swan- 
sey village. This town comprises Long Point 
and Shawmut Neck, at the mouth of Taunton 
River. From Slaile's Ferry, across Taunton 
River, to Fall River village, is about lA miles 
S. For distances, see Fall River. 

Somerset County, N. J., c. h. at Somersville. 
This county has Morris on the N., Hunterdon 
S. W. and W., Middlesex S. E., and Essex E. 
The different branches of Raritan River drain 
the entire county. The soil is productive in grain, 
pasturage, and fruit; the surface pleasantly diver- 
sified by hill and dale. 

Somerset, N. Y., Niagara co. Drained by some 
small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the N. Surface level ; soil sandy 
and clay loam. 14 miles N. E. from Lockport, 
and 280 N. of W. from Albany. 

Somerset, ()., e. h. Perry co. 47 miles E. S. E. 
from Columbus. 

Somerset County, Pa., c. h. at Somerset. Cam- 
bria is on the N., Bedford E., Westmoreland 
N. W., Fayette co. W., and Alleghany co., Md., 
S. This county is not very hilly, though en- 
closed on two sides by mountains. The soil is 



580 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



good, and is well adapted for the production of 
grain and meadow grasses. Youghiogany and 
Conetnaugh Rivers drain it. 

Somerset, Pa., c. h. Somerset co. On Cox's 
Creek. 40 miles W. from Harrisburg. 

Somerset, Pa., Somerset co. Drained by Lau- 
rel Hill, Middle, and Cox's Creeks. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil clay. 

Somerset, Pa., Washington co. This township 
is situated between the eastern branch of Char- 
tier's Creek and Piaeon Creek. 

Someiset, Vt., Windham co. Mount Pisgah 
and other elevations give to the surface of this 
townsliip so rough and dreary an aspect, that but 
few are bold enough to attempt the cultivation 
of its soil. It is watered by the upper branches 
of Deerfield River. 14 miles N. E. from Ben- 
nington, and 16 N. W. from Brattleboro'. 

Somers Point, N. J., Atlantic co. On Great 
Egg Harbor Bay, and port of entry for that dis- 
trict. S. from Trenton 91 miles. A place of 
summer resort. 

Somersworth, N. H., Stratford co. The soil is 
well adapted to Indian com. and most kinds of 
grain and grass. The tide flows on the E. side 
of this town, 4 miles, to Quamphegan Falls. 
The S. part of the town bounds on Cochcco River. 
The White Mountains may be seen from the 
summit of Otis Hill. There are but 2 ponds 
of note in this town — Humphrey's, on the line of 
Dover. 200 rods long and 120 wide, and Cole's, 
150 rods long and 75 wide. Red and yellow 
ochre, also iron ore, have been found here. At 
Great Falls, on Salmon River, is a large and 
flourishing village. The water falls 100 feet, 
and produces a power of great value, i^irst set- 
tlers, William Wentworth, John Hall, William 
Stiles, and others. 12 miles N. by W. from Ports- 
mouth, and 45 E. from Concord. The Boston 
and Maine Railroad passes through this town, 
with a branch to the village of Great Falls, 
whence a railroad extends towards Conway. 

Somervilte, Aa., c. h. Morgan co. 5 miles S. 
from Tennessee River, and 133 miles N. N. E. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Somervilte, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was 
set oli' from Charlestown, and incorporated in 
1842. A considerable part of it is elevated above 
the surrounding country. The celebrated hills, 
called Winter and Prospect, are comprised in the 
town of Somerville. The town is bounded in 
part by Mystic River, Miller's Creek, and an arm 
of Charles River. The McLean Asylum for the 
Insane is in this town. A small stream, called 
the Shawsheen, runs through the town. The Milk 
Row Bleaching Company have their extensive 
works in this place. The most extensive and 
beautiful views of the city and surrounding coun- 
try are to be had from the tops of Winter and 
Prospect Hills. From Boston about 3 miles N. 
W. Three important lines of railroads pass 
through the town. 

The Tufts College was chartered A. D. 1852, 
and is situated on land lying partly in Somer- 
ville and partly in Mcdford, given' by Charles 
Tufts, of Somerville, after whom it is named. It 
is 5 miles from Boston, near the Lowell Railroad. 
Its site is one of the finest in the country, and 
commands a view of Boston, its neighboring 
cities and beautiful towns. Its funds amount at 
present to £100,000, raised by subscription, 
through the exertions of Rev. Otis A. Skinner, 
D. D., of Boston. The Institution was established 



by the Universal ists, though it is not sectarian in 
its character, each student being left free to choose 
his own meeting, and to enjoy his own religious 
opinions. The system of instruction is adapted, 
not only to those who wish to fit themselves for 
one of the professions, but also to those who wish 
to pursue the business of a farmer, mechanic, or 
manufacturer, particular attention being paid to 
the natural sciences. 

The buildings are in progress of erection, and 
will probably be completed in 1853. 

Somerville. N. J., c. h. Somerset co., is a neat 
and well-built village, located in a fertile and high- 
ly-cultivated country, on Raritan River. 16 miles 
above New Brunswick, and 38 a little E. of N. 
from Trenton. 

Someri'ille, Te., c. h. Fayette co. Half a mile 
S. from Loosahatchie River, and 185 miles W. S. 
W. from Nashville. 

Sonoma County. Ca. N. of San Pablo Bay, the 
northern expansion of San Francisco Bay. and 
between the Petaloma Creek and Nappa River. 

Sonoma, Ca., c. h. Sonoma co. About 20 miles 
N. W. from Vallejo. This is one of the best 
farming districts in the state. In the Sonoma, 
Napa, and Suisan valleys, the land is good, the 
country healthy, and the temperature is never 
very cold in winter — snow being seen only on 
the highest mountains. This part of the country 
contains the best of grazing land, many ]ilace3 
being covered with clover and with wild oats. 

Sonora, Ca., c. h. Tuolumne co. In the moun- 
tains, on the head waters of Tuolumne River. 

Southampton, Ms., Hampshire co. This town 
was the second parish of Northampton until its 
incorporation in 1753. It is well supplied with 
mill sites, by Manham River, a considerable 
stream. The Canal Railroad to New Haven 
passes through the eastcru part of the town. Lead 
is found here, and there is a subterraneous pas- 
sage leading to a lead mine. This is an artificial 
excavation, mostly in solid rock, of 900 feet in 
length, and large enough to admit a boat. The 
soil is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. 12 
miles N. W. from Springfield, and 118 from Bos- 
ton by the railroads. 

Southampton, N. Y., Suffolk co. Bounded on 
the N. by Great and Little Pcconic Bays, and S. 
by the Atlantic Ocean. Surface chiefly level ; 
soil light sand and sandy loam, very productive 
when well cultivated. 10 miles S. E. from River- 
head, and 247 from Albany. 

Southampton, Pa., Bedford co. Qne of tho 
southern townships. 8 miles S. from the borough 
of Bedford. 

Southampton, Pa., Bucks co. A township op- 
posite the N. W. angle of Philadelphia co., and 
the N. E. angle of Montgomery. 

Southampton Counti/, Va., c. h. at Jerusalem. 
This county is bounded bv North Carolina S., 
Greensville S. W., Sussex N. W., Surry W., and 
Blackwater River of Isle of Wight and Nanse- 
mond E. Nottaway River crosses this county, 
and it is washed by Bl.ackwater River on the E., 
and the Mehere on the S. W. 

Soitthwark, Pa. See Philadelphia. 

South Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. A township N. 
from Ohio River, and adjoining the state of Ohio. 

South Bend. la., c. h. St. Joseph's co. On a 
high bluff on the S. bank of St. Joseph's River. 
Possesses great water privileges. 

Southboro', Ms., Worcester co. Taken from 
Marlboro' in 1727. This is not a large town, but 



TN THE UNITED STATES. 



581 



is one of the prettiest in the county. The surface 
is gently undulating:, -with Pine and Breakneck 
Hills, just high enough to give a fair view of the 
delightful country surrounding them. The soil 
is a strong, gravelly loam, rich, well cnltivated, 
and productive of all the fruits common to a 
New England climate. Sudbury River passes 
the southern border of this town. Stony and 
Angle Brooks, and some smaller streams, afford 
the town an ample water power for domestic use, 
and some to spare. Southhoro' Centre and Fry- 
villc are neat and pleasant villages. The Centre 
vilhige is about .") miles from the Worcester Kail- 
road depot at Westboro', from which to Worces- 
ter is 12 miles W., and to Boston 32 E. N. E. 

Soutlibridije. Ms., Worcester co. Incorporated 
in 1S16. It was taken mostly from Sturbridge, 
but considerable portions from Charlton and 
Dudley. It was formerly called Honest Town. 
The land is generally uneven and hilly, but of 
good qn.ality for grain, frait, pasturage, &e. 
Quinebaug River, an excellent and permanent 
mill stream, passes through the centre and prin- 
cipal parts of this town, uniting with French Riv- 
er, and other streams, to form a bi-auch of the 
Thames. The town has a good, productive soil, 
with pleasant, attractive, and flourishing villages. 
54 miles S. W. from Boston. 

Soul/i B7-islol. N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by 
Mud Creek and some small streams flowing into 
Canandaigua Lake. Surface hilly ; soil tolerably 
good clay loam. 12 miles S. from Canandaigua, 
and 20,") "W. from Albany. 

South Brunswick, N. J., Middlesex co. Drained 
by Lawrence's Brook and tributaries of Mill- 
stone River. Surface somewhat hilly on the W., 
but elsewhere level ; soil fertile sandy loam and 
red shale. 12 miles S. W. from New Bruns- 
wick. 

Soulkburif, Ct., New Haven co. The principal 
Tillage in this town is pleasantly situated on the 
Pamperaug, a fine mill stream, which passes 
through the town. 

The village of South Britain is about 4 miles 
S. W. from the principal or central village ; it is 
a flourishing place. This village is surrounded 
by high liiils and precipices, and has a romantic 
and picturesque appearance. The surface of the 
town is generally uneven ; there is some good 
meadow land on Housatonie, Pamperaug, and 
Shepaug Rivers, and the uplands are warm and 
productive. Some traces of coal have been dis- 
covered. 

The northern part of the town is called " White 
Oak," from an oak tree under which the first jier- 
sons who explored the town encamped. 20 miles 
N. W. from New Haven. 

Southcnsl, N. y., Putnam co. Watered by 
Crotou River. A hilly town, with a rich soil, 
yielding large crops of grass and grain. 5 miles 
E. from Carmel, and 113 S. from Albany. 

Soidhjield, N. Y., Richmond co. Bounded on 
the S. E. by the Narrows and the Lower New 
York Bay. Surface hilly on the N. and level on 
tlie S., comprising some large salt marshes. On 
the E. arc situated Forts Tompkins and Rich- 
mond, and some b.atteries for the protection of 
New York Harbor. 2 miles E. from Richmond, 
and 155 S. from Albany. 

Soulk Ihidky. Ms., Hampshire co. This town 
was formerly the second parish of Hadlej', and 
was first settled about the year 1721. It lies on 
the E. side of Connecticut River, and has a good 



and ])roductive soil. The surface is varied, from 
that of the rich and lovely meadows on the Con- 
necticut, to the lofty summit of Mount Holyoke. 
The village in the centre of the town is very 
pleasant ; it lies al)out .3 miles N. of the village 
at the falls. Hockanum is a small village nearly 
opposite to Northampton, where we cross over to 
visit Mount Holyoke. There is a canal in this 
town, 2 miles long, on the E. side of Connecticut 
River, and a dam across the river of 1100 feet, 
which is constructed to overcome a fall in the 
river of 50 feet. This dam produces a water 
power of great extent. The canal has 5 locks, 
and a cut through solid rock of 40 feet in depth, 
and .300 in length. 5 miles S. by E. from North- 
ampton. 

South ITiimptoii, N. H., Rockingham co. The 
surface is uneven, and the soil of a good quality. 
Powow River [lasses through it, affording valua- 
ble mill sites. 50 miles S. E.from Concord, and 
18 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. The Eastern 
Railroad passes near this town. 

South Hero, Vt.. Grand Isle co. Lake Cham- 
plain bounds this town on all sides. The town 
was formerly a part of North Hero, and was sep- 
arated from it in 17S8. It is supposed that all 
the lands of this island county were once covered 
by the waters of the lake, as clam shells are found 
incorporated with the rocks in the highest places. 
The scenery around these islands is beautiful. 
This vicinity was a favorite resort for the Indians. 
The Sand Bar Bridge connects this island with 
the main land at Milton. This town was char- 
tered to Ethan Allen, Samuel Herrick, and othei-s, 
October 27, 1779. From Burlington 12 miles 
N. W., and 16 S. S. W. from St. Allians. 

SonlkoUl, N. Y.. Sutiolk co. This peninsula, 
constituting the N. E. extremity of Long Island, 
is bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound, and 
E. and S. by Gardiner's .and Great Peconic Bays. 
It comprises Fisher's, Gull, Plum, Rolihins's, and 
several smaller islands. Surface chiefly level; 
soil sandy. 15 miles E.from Riverhead, and 245 
S. E. from Albany. 

Southington, Ct., Hartford co. Southington 
was taken from Farmington in 1779. There are 
some elevations in the town, particularly in the 
eastern part ; l>nt the soil is generally very good 
for all kinds of grain and the pasturage of cattle. 
It is watered by the Qniunipiac, and contains a 
neat village. 21 miles N. from New Haven. 

The inhabitants are generally engaged in agri- 
culture ; yet several kinds of mauufaeturei re- 
ceive considerable attention. 

South Kiugston, K. I., c. h. Washington co. 
This town was formerly a part of North Kings- 
ton. It is the largest town in the state, com- 
prising 98 square miles, and within its limits 
is the noted Point Judith. It has an uneven sur- 
face, a soil of a gravelly loam, based on a granite 
foundation. This town possesses great navigable 
advantages ; its eastern and southern borders be- 
ing washed by the Atlantic Ocean and Narragan- 
set Bay. It contains a great number of fresh 
water ponds, and a large salt pond ; one of the 
fresh water ponds covers an area of between 
3000 and 4000 acres. 

The fisheries on the shores and in the ponds 
of South Kingston are of considerable extent 
and value. The fish taken are principally bass, 
alewives, perch, and smelts. Some portion of 
the inhabitants follow a maritime life for a liveli- 
hood. 



582 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



The principal village in South Kingston is im- 
properiy called " Little Rest Hill," for it is quite 
a snug and comfortable place. 28 miles from 
Provi(icnce by railroad. 

SontJiport, Ct., town of Fairfield, Fairfield co. 
60 miles S. W. from Hartford, at tlie entrance of 
Mill River into a small bay of Long Island 
Sound. It has a good liarbor for vessels of 100 
tons, to improve which the United States govern- 
ment has erected an extensive breakwater. 

Soutlijioii, N. Y., Chemung co. Tlie Chemung 
River waters this town, forming a part of the N. 
boundary. Surface somewhat hilly, witli broad 
fertile flats on the border of llie river. 4 miles 
S. from Elmira, and 203 S. W. from Albany. 

iSoiitli Reading, Ms., Middlesex co. This town 
was formerly the south parish in Reading, and 
was first settled in 1C39. South Reading has a 
varied, pleasant surface, with a good soil. The 
town is well watered by Saugus River and two 
delightful ponds. The village, near the centre of 
the town, is compact, neat, and flourishing. The 
Boston and Maine Railroad passes tln-ough tlie 
town. 10 miles N. from Boston, and 10 W. 
from Salem. 

South Scituate, Ms., Plymouth co. A new 
town taken from Scituate. Tlie Old Colony 
Railroad passes near it. A flourishing agricul- 
tural ])lace. 

South Thomaston, Me., Lincoln co., a new town ; 
taken from Thomaston in 1848, lies on the E. 
side of George's River, and is largely engaged in 
ship building and the coasting trade. In the 
midst of a handsome, fertile, and well-improved 
country. 38 miles S. E. from Augusta. 

Southwlcl:, Ms., Hampden co. This town was 
formerly the south part of Westfield. It is 
elevated, bnt not mountainous ; it comprises a va- 
ried surface, with much good land. It is wa- 
tered by Little River and some small streams. 
There is a pleasant village in tliis town, wliich 
lies 6 miles S. of tlie Westfield depot, on the 
Western Railroad, 108 miles from Boston. The 
village in the S. part of the town is pleasant ; it 
is about 3 miles from the other. 

Spaffhrd, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded by 
Otiseo Lake and its inlet on the E., and Skaneat- 
eles Lake on the W. Surface hilly and broken ; 
soil various. 18 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and 
152 W. from Albany. 

Sparta, Aa., c. h. Conecuh co. On Murder 
Creek, branch of Conecuh River, about 70 miles 
a little E. of N. from Pensacola, and 90 N. E. 
from Mobile. 

Spuria, Ga., c. h. Hancock co. Between the Great 
Ogeecliee and Oconee Rivers, on the dividing 
ground. 25 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. It 
contains 2 academies. 

Sparta, Mo., c. h. Buchanan co. On a head 
branch of Bee Creek. 8 miles S. W. from Roubed- 
oux Landing, on Missouri River. 

Sparta, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by 
Caneseraga Creek. A somewhat hilly town. Soil 
rieh clay loam on the hills, and sandy alluvion in 
the valleys. 12 miles S. from Geneseo, and 231 
W. from Albany. 

Spuria, Te , c. h. White co. On a branch of the 
Caney Fork of Cumberland River. 83 miles E. by 
S. from Nashville. 

Spartanburq District, S. C., c. h. at Spartanburg, 
This district is bounded N. by North Carolina, 
York, and Union districts E., Ennoree River or 
Laurens S., and Greenville W. The soil is 



productive, and the surfiice hilly. Broad River 
and its numerous branches drain this district. 

Spartanhurq, S. C, c. h. Spartanburg district 
98 miles N. W. from Columliia. 

Spencer Counti/, la., c. h. at Rockport. The Ohio 
River is on the S., Warwick co. W., Dubois N., 
and Perry E. Most of the soil is excellent. The 
land is hilly and broken, and drained by small 
creeks. 

Spencer, la., c. h. Owen co. 

Spencer Counti/, Ky., c. h. at Taylorsville. This 
county has Shelby on the N., Anderson E., Nelson 
S., and Jefferson and Bullitt W. The northern 
branch of Rolling Fork River crosses this county, 
from E. to W. 

Speticer, Ms., Worcester co. The whole of this 
town was included in the original grant of Leices- 
ter. It was made a parish in the year 1 744, by 
the name of the West Parish of Leicester, and 
incorporated a town in 1753, by the name of 
Spencer. This town is elevated, and is said to 
be 950 feet above tide water. The sui-face is 
rough and uneven, but the soil is very fertile. It 
is watered by many 'streams, but none of them are 
of much size. S.even Mile River is the largest. 
18 miles W. by S. from Worcester, by the West- 
ern Railroad, and 62 W. by S. from Boston. 

Spencer, N. Y., Tioga co. Cattotong Creek 
and some of its branches water this town. Surface 
hilly; soil gravelly loam. 15 miles N. W. from 
Owego, and 181 S. of W. from Albany. 

Spencer, Te., c. h. Van Buren co. 

Spottsyloania Counli), Va., c. h. Fredericksburg. 
Rapid, Ann, and Rappahannock Rivers are 
on the N. E. of this county. North Anna River 
on the S. W., and Caroline co. on the S. E. The 
surface is pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. 
The sources of Mattapouy River are in this 
county. 

SpottAijhania, Va., c. h. Spottsylvania co. On 
the Po, a branch of Mattapony River. 71 miles 
N. by W. from Richmond. 

Sprinijhoro', O., Clear Creek, Warren co. On 
the N. side of Clear Creek. 84 miles S. W. from 
Columbus. It is named from a spring, which 
affords a water power sufficient for several 
mills. 

Springfield, Is. Capital of the state, and seat of 
justice of Saugamon co. 105 miles N. by E. 
from St. Louis. Since this place was made the 
capital of the state, in 1840, it has had a rapid 
growth. It stands u|)on the confines of a rich and 
beautiful prairie, and is about 4 miles S. of the 
Sangamon River. It was laid out in 1822, upon 
a regular plan, with a public square in the centre, 
and wide streets, crossing each other at right 
angles. The State House, which stands upon the 
centre of the public square, is an elegant building, 
in the Doric style of architecture, for the erection 
of which the state appropriated S50,000. The 
Court House and the State Bank arc also beautiful 
buildings. Several of the churches have handsome 
edifices, many of the hotels and stores are spacious 
and well built, and there is great activity and 
prosperity in the business of the ])lace. A rail- 
road is in operation between Springfield and 
Naples, on the Illinois River, a distance of 53 
miles. This road passes through Jacksonville. 

Spri/iiifield, Ky., c. h. Washington co. 

Springjield, Ms. City, and seat of justice of 
Hampden co. On the E. side of Connecticut 
River. 98 miles W. by S. from Boston, 102 
miles E. by S. from Albany, N. Y., 25 miles 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



583 



N. from Hartford, Ct.. and 20 miles S, from 
Northampton. This is one of the most beauti- 
ful and im|jortiuU inland towns in New Eiif;- 
land. It wa.s settled in 16.35, then ealled by 
its Indian name, A(/aioam. In 1640 tlic name of 
Sprin^'lield was given to the town. Its limits, 
by suooessi\e ]>urtluiscs from the natives, and 
grants from the legislature, became very extensive, 
embracing a territory nearly 25 miles square, from 
which several of the surrounding towns, on each 
side of the river, have been constituted. 

The natural situation of Springfield is I>eautiful. 
Along the river are rich alluvial meadows, highly 
productive, back of which the grounds rise grad- 
ually to a considerable elevation, and terminate 
in a plain extending several miles E. The busi- 
ness part of the city is chiefly on Main Street, 
whieli is bi'oad, and nearly -3 miles in length, and 
contains many elegant buildings. This street 
runs parallel with the Counectieut, at some dis- 
tance from it, and is intersected by a number of 
streets, at right angles, extending towards the 
river, and in the opposite direction, to the cle\ ated 
plain, where the United States armory is located. 
Other streets, parallel or nearly so to Main Street, 
run between this and the heiglit of land, .along the 
rising ground, on which are situated many elegant 
private residences, overlooking the city and the 
valley of the Connecticut far to the S. 

Springfield is the centre of a large inland and 
river commerce, its natural and artificial ail- 
vantages rendering it one of the most important 
commercial de])Ots on CounectFL'ut liivcr. Being 
nearly equidistant from Boston and Albany on 
the line of the Western Railroad and at the point 
of intersection between this and the route extend- 
ing from New Haven N. through the Connecticut 
valley, it is brought into connection by railroad 
communication with the four cardinal points of 
the country, and becomes not only a great thor- 
oughfare of travel between all these jjoints, but 
of necessity, in passing, a place of much tratiie 
and exchange. Several of the most celebrated 
hotels in New England have been established 
here, to answer the increasing demands of tlie 
travelling public on these great routes. 

The United States armory, located here, is 
situated chiefly on the elevated ground about half 
a mile E. of Main Street. The principal build- 
ings are of brick, and are handsomely arranged 
around a square, presenting a fine ajqjearance. 
Erom twelve to tifteen thousand muskets are 
manufactured here annually, and from one hun- 
dred and lifiy to two hundred thousand are stored 
in the arsetials of the establishment. This is the 
largest and most important arsenal of construction 
in the United States, and its establishment at 
Springfield early gave an impulse to the enter- 
prise and pr<isperity of the place. 

On Mill Kiver, which flows into the Connec- 
ticut at the S. E. extremity of the city, there is an 
extensive water power, which is improved for 
paper and iron manufactures, mechanical estab- 
lishments, and mills of various kinds. The 
machine shojjs of the United States armory, in 
which a power is required, are also here. Tliese 
are advantageously located on three difl'erent sites 
along the stream, called the U|qicr, Jliddle, and 
Lower Water shops, the whole comprising 5 sliops, 
in which are 18 water wheels, 10 trip hammejs, 
and about 30 forges. These works, extensive as 
they are, are far from occupying the whole power 
which is owned here by the United States. 



The W. part of the city, where the railroad 
station is located, is more rapidly advancing in 
population and business now than any other. 
A large manufitctory of cars and other apparatus 
for use upon the railroads has been established at 
this point. Two or three of the first-rate hotels 
are located here. 

Several of the church edifices in Springfield are 
handsome structures. That of the First Congre- 
gational Church enjoys the advantage of a beauti- 
ful location, on a green in the centre of the city, 
which is tastefully laid out, enclosed, and orna- 
ni'Mited with shade trees. 

During the insurrection in Massachusetts, in 
1786, commonly known as Shays's rebellion, 
Springtiehl was in part the theatre of the move- 
ments of the insurgents. An attempt wiis made 
to get possession of the United States arsenal, 
and Shays, at the head of 1100 men, marched 
towards it for tliat purpose. Being warned to 
desist, by General Shepherd, who, with a con- 
siderable force, had taken his position near the 
arsenal for its defence, and paying no regard to 
this warning, they were fired u]ion. and tliree of 
their number killed, and one wounded, whereupon 
the whole body jirecipitately dispersed. 

SprinfifielcU La., parish of St. Helena. This is 
the seat of justice, and is located on Notalbany 
River, on the road between New Orleans and 
Natchez. 58 miles from the former, and 93 from 
the hitter place. 

Sprinijfild, Mo., c. li. Greene co. On the head 
waters of James's Fork of White River. 158 miles 
S. W. from Jert'crson City. 

Sprbnijkld, N. H., Sullivan co. A br.inch of 
Sugar Ri\cr. also one of Blackwatcr, have their 
sources in this town ; the former empties into the 
Connecticut, the latter into the Merrimac. There 
are several ponds, viz.. Station, about 250 rods 
long, 140 wide; Cilley, 240 rods long, and .ibout 
80 wide ; Star, Stony, and Morgan's Ponds. 
The land is rough and stony, Imt good for graz- 
ing. Fir-t settlers, Israel Clitt'ord, Israel Clif- 
ford, Jr., Nathaniel Clark, .and Samuel Stevens, 
in 1772. .38 miles N. W. from Concord, and 13 
N. E. from Newport. 

Sprliiij^/hlit, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered in the 
centre by the N. ])art of Otsego Lake, and W. by 
Canadcraga Lake. Sutface elevated and hilly ; 
soil fertile in the valleys. 8 miles N. from Coo- 
perstown, and GDI W. from Albany. 

Sprbiiiiiild. 0., e. h. Clarke co. On the E. 
fork of Mad River, and has great hydraulic priv- 
ileges. The national road, and the road from 
Cincinnati to Sandusky, passes through this 
place, which is also connected by railroad with 
Dayton. 43 miles W. from Columbus. 

Spriiirjjuld, Tc, c. h. Robertson co. On the 
S. bank of the Sulphur Fork of Ked River. 26 
miles N. by W. from Nashville. 

Sprim/jkld. ^'t , Windsor co. The land is gen- 
erally rich, with a deep soil. On the rivers are 
extensive intervales, forming some of the most 
beautiful farms in the state. The principal vil- 
lage is situated on Black River Falls, near the 
centre of the town. This is a flourishing town, 
and the scenery around its neat and handsome 
village is delightful. It was chartered August 
20, 1761. Among the first settlers were Mr. 
Simeon Stevens, and the Hon. Lewis R. Morris. 
70 miles S. from Montpelier, and 24 S. from 
Woodstock. A railroad passes by this town, on 
the E. side of Connecticut River. 



584 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Spring Garden, Va., Pittsylvania Co. A vil- 
lage. By post foad 130 miles S. W. by W. from 
Richmond. 

Spring Place. Ga., c. li. Murray co. 

Springport, N. Y., Cayuj;a co. Watered by 
small streams flowing into Cayujra Lake, which 
bounds it on the W. Surface rolling ; soil fer- 
tile calcareous loam. 9 miles S. W. from Au- 
burn, and 165 W. from Albany. 

Springrillf, N. Y., Erie co. On Spring Creek. 
287 miles W. from Albany. There is a valuable 
water power here, which is improved for flouring 
mills and manufactories of various kinds. 

Springwater, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered 
by the inlet of Hemlock Lake. Surface hilly 
and broken ; soil clay loam, yielding large crops 
of grass. 16 miles S. E. from Geneseo, and 223 
W. from Albany. 

Stafford, Ct., Tolland CO. The surface of the 
town is rough : in some parts mountainous, 
abounding with rocks of primitive formation. Its 
soil is a coarse, liard, and dry gravelly loam, 
generally not very productive. There are several 
minerals in the town, bnt iron ore is the principal. 

The town is watered by Furnace River and 
the Willimantic, which unite in Statlbrd, and af- 
ford a good water power. 

Stafford Mineral Springs have acquired con- 
siderable notice, and are celebrated for their vir- 
tues in curing cutaneous diseases. The cele- 
brated Dr. Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle 
of Bunker Hill, was the first person who ana- 
lyzed these waters, and highly approved their 
virtues. 

By the New London and Willimantic Railroad 
16 miles from the Palmer depot on tlie Massa- 
chusetts Western Railroad, 50 N. from New 
London, 52 by railroad from Hartford, and 24 
by stage. See Fashionable Resorts. 

Stafford, N. J., Monmouth co. This township 
has some good farms, though the soil is generally 
sandy. Mannahankin is the principal settlement. 

Stafford, N. Y., Genesee co. Allen's and 
Black Creeks water this town, the surface of 
which is chiefly level, and the soil clay and grav- 
elly loam, based upon limestone. 5 miles E. 
from Batavia, and 238 W. from Albany. 

Stafford Count;/, Va., c. h. at Staflbrd. Bound- 
ed by Prince William N., Fauquier co. N. W.. 
Rappahannock River S. W. and W., and King 
George co. S. E. It is situated between the Po- 
tomac and Ra|)pahannock Rivers, and has a sandy 
soil and hilly surface. The principal towns are 
Stafli'ord, Falmouth, and North Marlboro'. 

Stafford, Va., c. h. Stafl^ord co. On the N. 
bank of Ra])pahannock River, opposite Freder- 
icksburg, and 73 miles N. from Richmond. 

Stamford, Ct., Fairfield co. Its Indian name 
■was Rippoivams. It was purchased of the natives 
for " twelve coats, twelve hoes, twelve hatchets, 
twelve knives, two kettles, and four fathom of 
white wampum.'' The soil of Stamford is a rich 
gravelly loam, well cultivated, and very productive. 
The surface is undulating, presenting a great va- 
riety of delightful prospects. The town is well 
supplied with mill sites by Mill and Miannas 
Rivers, and within its bay, between .Shi|)pan and 
Greenwich Points, are good harbors for vessels 
of 84 feet draught of water. 

Stamford Borough is a neat village, beautifully 
situated near the Sound, and surrounded by a 
country full of interesting scenery. 40 miles by 
railroad from New Haven, 36 from New York. 



Stamford, Ky., c. h. Lincoln co. Near Dick's 
River. 10 miles S. E. from Danville. 

Stamford, N. Y., Delaware co. The head 
branches of the Delaware River water this town. 
Surface rather hilly and broken ; soil well suited 
to grazing. 16 miles E. from Delhi, and 58 S. 
W. from Albany. 

Stamford, Vt., Bennington co. A mountain 
township, on the line of Massachusetts. Branches 
of the Hoosic and Walloomsack rise here. There 
are several fine fish ponds among the mountains, 
and some good land, but the land is generally too 
elevated for culture. The township was char- 
tered in 1753. 9 miles S. E. from Bennington, 
and 21 W. by S. from Brattleboro'. 

Standish, Me., Cumberland co. Bounded on 
the N. and N. E. by Sebago Lake, and S. W. by 
Saco River. It lies 16 miles N. W. from Port- 
land. This is a good farming town, with t\vo 
pleasant villages. It has Bu.xton on the S., and 
Gorham on the N. E. 

Stanford, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by 
Wappinger's Creek. A hilly and mountainous 
town. Soil chicfiy sandy loam, suitable for graz- 
ing. 16 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 72 
S. from Albany. 

Stanhope, N. J., Susse.^L co. 60 miles N. from 
Trenton, on the Morris Canal, on Musconetcong 
River, which affords a good hydraulic power, by 
a fall of 30 feet, produced at this place by turning 
it from its natural bed. The canal, by an inclined 
plane, here overcomes an ascent of 76 feet. 

Stanli/ Countji, N. C., c. h. at Albemarle. South 
central part. Washed on the W. l)y the Yadkin, 
and on the S. by Rocky River, branches of which 
flow through it from N. to S. 

Stapleton, N. Y., Richmond co. On the E. 
side of Staten Island, 2 miles N. of the Nar- 
rows, at the entrance of New York Harbor. 
The Seamen's Retreat, a hospital for sick and 
disabled seamen, is located here. It was opened 
in 1831. The building is 208 feet long, and 3 
stories high, with wings 32 feet deep, and 2 stories 
high. The grounds attached to it include 37 
acres. 

Stark County, la. In the N. W. angle. The 
Kankakee flows through it from N. to S. W. 

Steuben Counti/, la., c. h. at Angola. In the N. 
E. corner of the state. 

Stark County, Is., c. h. at Towton. N. cen- 
tral part. Spoon River, a western tributary of 
the Illinois, flows through it. 

Stark, N. H., Coos co. This town was former- 
ly named Piercy. It was altered to compliment 
the memory of General Stark. In the N. E. 
part of the town tlie N. and S. branches of the 
Amonoosuck form a junction. Nash's Stream 
falls into this river, in the N. part of the town. 
Piercy's Pond lies on the E. side of the town. 
The soil is extremely broken. Mill Mountain 
is in Stark, and a part of Pilot Mountain. There 
is also a singular ledge opposite JMill Mountain, 
called the Devil's Sliding-Placc. On the S. it 
breaks abruptly into a precipice of nearly 300 
feet, while on the N. cattle may be driven to the 
top. The scenery of this town is well worth 
visiting. First settlers, Caleb and Benjamin 
Smith, in 1788. 10 miles N. E. from Lancaster, 
and 135 N. from Concord. 

atark, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by 
Otsquaga Creek. Surface hilly ; soil fertile cal- 
careous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Herkimer, 
and 69 N. W. from Albany. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



585 



Starh Coiinti/, O., c.Ii. at Orradeen. Port;i;;e ami 
Medina counties are on tlie N., Columbiana and 
Carroll on the E., Carroll and Tuscarawas on the 
S.. and Wayne on the W. The Ohio and Erie 
Canal crosses this county ; the other waters are 
Sugar, Sandy, and sonic other Creeks. Emi- 
grants from Pennsylvania and Maryland were 
the first settlers. Wells, Con;,n-ess, Mead. Sippo. 
and Turkey Foot Lakes are found here. The 
land is excellent for raisini^ wheat. 

fitarl:shoro\ Vt., Addison co. This town is 
watered hy Lewis Creek and Huntington Kiver, 
which are good mill streams. There are three 
springs in tlie to\vn, not inore than i20 rods apart, 
which unite and form a stream of sutHcient power 
for a numiier of mills. The town is rough and 
mountainous. Hog Back iMountain skirts its west- 
ern border, ami East Mountain passes through its 
centre, and divides the waters of the rivers. There 
is some good land in the town, but a large por- 
tion is too elevated for cultivation. Here are 
two pleasant villages. 22 miles W. by S. from 
Montpelier, and 18 N. by E. from Middlcbury. 

Starkei/, N. Y., Yates co. Drained by some 
small streams flowing into Seneca Lake, which 
bounds it on the E. Surface hilly; soil clay 
loam. 10 miles S. E. from Pcnu-Yan, and 190 
W. froiTi Alljany. 

Starks, Me., Somerset co. A good township. 
S7 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 

Slarkrillc. Mi., c. h. Oktibbeha co. 143 miles 
N. E. from Jackson. 

Statesbom' , (ia., e. li. Bullock co. 

Statcsburq, S. C., c. b. Sumpter CO. 

Slutesfilh: N. C. c. li. Iredell co. 145 miles W. 
from Kaleigh. 

K>taitnto>i, Va., Augusta co. An old place, wa- 
tered by Lewis Creek, ahead branch of Shenan- 
doah Kivcr. 16G miles W. N. W. from Rich- 
mond. The ground gradually rises from the 
creek. The streets arc regular and straight, 
though narrow. A lunatic asylum is located 
here. 

Stethville, Mo,, c. h. Crawford co. On the up- 
per waters of the Moramie. 

Stephenson Cotinti/, Is., o. h. at Freeport. On the 
N. border. The Peetoncha branch of the Kock 
River flows through it from N. W. to E. 

Stepltentoirn, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Kinder- 
hook Creek flows through this town. Surfiice 
mostly hilly and mountiunous ; soil fertile, and 
well suited to grazing. 22 miles S. E. from 
Troy, and 21 from Albany. 

Sttrlinr/, Ct., Windham co. This town was 
taken from Voluntown in 1794. The soil is a 
light gravelly and sandy loam, and produces 
good grain. Sterling is watered by two branches 
of Moosup River, a good mill stream. ■' Near 
the centre of this town, there is a cavern, called 
the Devil's Den. possessing very singular and 
curious features." 44 miles E. by S. from Hart- 
ford. 

Sterling, Ms., Worcester co. This was for 
many years the second parish of Lancaster, and 
was first settled in 1720. Its Indian name was 
Chocksel. At its incorporation, in 1781, it was 
named in honor of Lord Sterling, of New Jersey, 
an American general. The surface is hilly and 
uneven, but there is very little broken or waste 
land in it. The soil is fertile. The land is nat- 
urally moist, and by the help of the rivulets the 
water may be turned over the sides of most of 
the hills. There is but one river in the town, 
74 



called Still River, from the placid motion of its 
waters. , In the central part of the town there 
is an uncommonly beautiful little village. 12 
miles N. from Worcester by railroad, and 40 W. 
by N. from Boston. 
" Sleiiinrj, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Little 
Sodus Creek, flowing into a bay of the same name, 
which, with Lake Ontario, bounds it on the N. 
Surface level and undulating; soil chiefly sandy 
loam. 25 miles N. from Auburn, and 172 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Sterling, Vt., Lamoille co. Sterling Peak, in 
the S. part of this town, ranks among the most 
elevated summits of the Green Mountain Range. 
Some streams issue from this mountain town. It 
was first settled in 1799. 5 miles S. W. from 
Hydepark, and 32 N. W. from Montpelier. 

Steuben, Me,, Washington co. A maritime 
township. 107 miles E. from Augusta. 

Steuben Counlij, N. Y., c. h. at Bath. Formed 
from Ontario co. in 1796. It is bounded N. by 
Livingston, Ontario, and Yates counties, E. by 
Seneca Lake and Chemung CO., S. bv Pennsyl- 
vania, and W. by Alleghany co. AVatered by 
the Conhocton and Canistco Rivers, which unite 
in the E. part to form the Chemung, and by 
Seneca and Crooked Lakes. Surface diversified 
with hills and valleys ; soil fertile, and well 
adapted to grazing. It contains some beds of 
iron ore, and several mineral springs. Seneca 
and Crooked Lakes communicate by canals with 
the Erie Canal, and the county is crossed by the 
Corning and Blossburg, and the New York and 
Erie Railroads. 

Steuben, N. Y., Oneida co. Cincinnati Creek 
and some branches of the Mohawk River water 
this town. tSurface hilly; soil moist clay loam, 
well suited to grass. l(i miles N. from the city 
of Utica, and 10:3 N. W. from Alljany. 

Steubeni^itle, O., c. h. JeflTerson co. On the W. 
bank of Ohio River. 141 miles E. N. E. from 
Columbus. It is regularly laid out, and eon- 
tains, besides the county buildings, six or seven 
churches, an elegant town hall and market, sev- 
eral cotton and woollen factories, tiouring mills, 
iron and brass founderies, and other large estab- 
lishments. 

Stewart County, Ga., e. h. at Lunikin. On the 
western border. The Chattahoochee separates it 
from Alabama. 

Stewart County, Te., c. h. at Dover. Kentucky 
is on the N. E., Montgomery co. E., Dickson S. 
E., Humphreys S., and Tennessee River, or Henry 
CO., W. This county is crossed by Cumberland 
River from S. E. to N. W., and is washed on one 
side by the Tennessee. 

Stewartstown, N. II., Coos co. The Connecti- 
cut River is about 15 rods in width at this place. 
The other waters are Bishoi>'s Brook, Dead 
Water, and Mohawk Rivers, and Hall's Stream. 
Little and Great Diamond Ponds are here; they 
are well stocked with salmon trout. There are 
no large mountain^:, although there are many 
elevations. The soil of the intervale is rich, and 
the uplands productive. The first settlements 
were made under grants from Colonel David 
Webster, soon after the close of the revolutionary 
war. 150 miles N. from Concord, and about 40 
N. E. from Lancaster. 

Stillwater, Me., Penobscot co. A very flour 
ishing village on the Lower Falls of Penobscot 
River, in the town of Orono. An immense 
amount of lumber is sawed at this place, and 



586 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



rafted down to the Bangor market. See 
Orono. • 

Stilhcalcr, Ma. Situated on the W. side of St. 
Croix River, at its entrance into tlie liead of 
Lalce St. Croix, about 25 miles N. E. from St. 
Paul, the present capital of the territory, and 
about 20 miles E. by N. from the Falls' of St. 
Anthony. These distances are by the land route 
direct. The trip by water, down the lake and up 
the Mississippi, to these places, is considerably 
longer, especially to the falls, but is the one 
usually chosen, for the accommodations afforded 
by the steamboats, which run regularly on this 
route. 

Stillwater is a large and flourishing town, ad- 
vantageously situated for trade. It has many 
fine buildings, cottages, churches, stores, &e. 
Travellers meet with fine accommodations at the 
hotels in this place, ami find themselves in the 
midst of natural scenery the most beautiful. 

Stillmiter, N. Y., Saratoga co. Watered by 
Anthony's Kill and other small branches of the 
Hudson River, which bounds it on the E. Sur- 
face level and undulating; soil sandy and clay 
loam. In the N. part of this town is situated the 
battle ground where General Burgoyne was de- 
feated by General Gates, the American com- 
mander, in 1777. Here also are Freeman's 
Farm and Bemus's Heights, both famous battle 
grounds, and the meadow wheie the British Gen- 
eral Frazer was mortally wounded. 10 miles 
E. from Ballstou Spa, and 20 N. N. E. from 
Albany. 

Stockbridge, Ms., Berkshire co. The surface is 
exceedingly varied, from tall and m.ijestic moun- 
tains to deep and lovely valleys. The soil in the 
valleys is rich, and produces great crops of grain 
and hay, and the higlier grounds afford the sweet- 
est pasturage. Its water jiower is large and very 
extensive. Stocki)ridgc Mountain lies at the W., 
and Monument Jlountain at tlie S. part of the 
town, and in the S. E. corner the Bcartown 
Mountains rise. On the height of the N. W. spur 
of these mountains is a very narrow and deep 
ravine, perhaps a quarter of a mile long, where 
the rocks of every size and form are thrown to- 
gether in the wildest confusion. This is called 
the " Ice Hole," from the fact that ice remains in 
this chasm through the year. On the E. side of 
the town, and wholly within its limits, is Rattle- 
snake Mountain, about 2 miles in length. The 
Housatonic passes through the town ; its wind- 
ings are many, and c.xtcusi\'e meadows lie on its 
borders. This receives Konkapot Brook from the 
S., and Barnum's, Great Fond, and Mohawk 
Brooks from the N. There are a number of 
large and beautifid ponds in the town, which 
serve to swell the Housatonic. Near the centre 
of the town is a delightful vill.age, situated on an 
elevated plain, between the river and a mountain. 
7 miles S. E. from the depot of the Western Rail- 
road at West Slockbridge, from which it is 11 
miles to Pittsficld, and 162 to Boston. 

Stockbn'di/e, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by 
Oneida Creek. A somewhat hilly town, with 
a fertile soil. 5 miles N. E. from Morrisville, and 
97 N. of W. from Albany. 

Slockbridge, Vt., Windsor co. White River 
runs through the northerly part of this town, and 
in its passage receives the Swecd River from the 
W. The mill privileges at the Great Narrows in 
White River are the best. The whole river is 
here compressed into a channel but a few feet in 



width. Steatite is found here. The settlement 
was commenced in 1784 and 178.5. From Mont- 
pelier 36 miles S. by W., and 2G N. W. from 
Windsor. 

Slockholm, N. -Y., St. Lawrence co. The St 
Regis River and its branches water this town. 
Surface hilly and rather stony; soil fertile mould, 
based upon limestone. 18 miles N. E. from Can- 
ton, ami 227 N. N. W. from Albany. 

Stockport, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by 
Kinderhook Creek, a branch of the Hudson Riv- 
er, which bounds it on the W. 5 miles N. from 
Hudson, and 25 S. from Albany. 

Stockport, Pa., Wayne co. A village on the 
right bank of Delaware River. 180 miles N. 
from Philadelphia, and 40 E. from Montrose. 

Sto<:kton, Ca., c. h. San Joarpiimco. The third 
city in California, ranking next to San Francisco 
and Sacramento. It is situated on the E. bank of 
the San Joaquim River, somewhat more than 
100 miles by water from San Francisco, from 
which it lies due E. There is good navigation 
to this place, at all times, for steamers and ves- 
sels of 400 tons' burden. Stockton lies a little 
S. of the Calaveros River, a tributary of the San 
Joaquim, on an inlet, or, as it is called, a slough, 
which, at a little distance from the San Joaquim, 
divides into 3 branches. The city occupies the 
peninsula between the tw'o northern branches, ex- 
tending also S. to the third branch. It was laid 
out in 1849, by Mr. Weaver, who had emigrated 
to California 7 years before, and had obtained 
from the government a grant of 11 square 
leagues, about 50,000 acres, on condition of ob- 
taining settlers within a specified time. In April, 
1849, the site of the city was occupied by a soli- 
tary rancho in the midst of the marshes. The 
sale of the lots produced S500,000, and by Sep- 
tember, 1849, Stockton was a canvas city of 
1000 inhabitants, with a fleet of merchant vessels 
lying before it. Since that period the population 
has greatly increased, and many substantial build- 
ings have been erected. Its position is such as to 
make it the capital of the southern mining dis- 
trict, as Sacramento is of the northern. 

Tlie southern mines are situated among the 
hills and mountains forming the western slope of 
the Sierra Nevada, commencing some 20 miles 
E. of Stockton, and extending thence E. to the 
banks of the rivers. 

The following account by Bayard Taylor of a 
journey, in the autumn of 1 S49, to the Mokelumujo 
Diggings, N. E. from Stockton, will serve to give 
an idea ot the mines. " The sun was shining 
hotly, the tent streets of Stockton glowing like a 
brick kiln. The thermometer stood at 98°, and 
the parched sandy soil burned through our very 
boot soles. We "therefore resolved to wait till 
evening before starting. We started at four 
o'clock, when a pleasant breeze had sprung up, 
and rode over the level ])lain through beautiful 
groves of oak. The trail was crossed by deep 
dry arroyos, or watercourses, which in the rainy 
season make the country almost impassable. 
Now, however, the very beds of the Tule marshes 
were beginning to dry up. The bed of the Ca- 
varas River, which in the spring is 30 feet deep, 
was perfectly dry, and the trees above its banks 
made a roof which shut out the wind and sand, 
but let in the sunlight. 

" We encamped in the very bed of the river, 
and heaping the loose ground for pillows enjoyed 
a delightful sleep. Leaving soon after sunrise, 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



587 



we entered the liiUs. Tlie country was Jotted 
with picturesque clumps of oak, and as tlie 
ground became higher and more brolien, with 
pines of s])lcndid growth. Now, howe\'cr, the 
ground was parched lil;ea furnace, tlie vegetation 
snapped like glass under the hoofs of our mules, 
and the cracks and seams in the arid soil seemed 
to give out an intense heat. In the glens, wliere 
the little air stirring was cut off, the mercury rose 
to 1 10'\ Crossing several steep spurs, we reached 
the top of the dividing ridge overlooking the 
Jlokelumne valley, and here one of the most 
charming mouutaia landscapes in the world 
opened to our view. Under our very feet, as it 
seemed, iiowed the river, and a little corner of 
level bottom wedged between the bases of the 
hills was clothed with tlic tents of the gold hunt- 
ers, whom we could see burrowing along the 
water. The mountains, range behind range, 
spotted with timber, made a grand indistinct 
background in the murky air. Coming down the 
almost perpendicular side of the hill, near tlie 
bottom, we came upon the Sonorian town, as it 
was called, from the number of Mexican miners 
encamped there. Our first move was for the 
river bottom, where a number of Americans, So- 
norians. Kanakas, and French were at work in 
the hot sun. The bar, as it was called, Avas noth- 
ing more nor less than a level space at the junc- 
tion of the river witii a dry arroyo or gulch, 
which winds for about eight miles among the 
hills. It was hard and rocky, with no loose sand, 
except such as had lodged between the large 
masses of stone, whicli must, of course, be thrown 
aside to get at the gold. The whole sp.ace, con- 
tiiining about four acres, appeared to have been 
turned over with great labor, and all the holes, 
slanting down between the broken strata of slate, 
to have been explored to the bottom. The first 
party we saw had just succeeded in cutting a new 
channel for the shrunken waters of the Moke- 
lumne, and were commencing operations on about 
twenty yards of the river bed, which they had 
laid bare. They were ten in number, and their 
only implements were shovels, a rude cradle for 
the top layer of earth, and flat wooden bowls for 
washing out the sand. Wlien I first saw the men 
carrying heavy stones in the sun, standing nearly 
waist deep in water, and grubbing with their hands 
in the gravel and clay, there seemed to me little 
virtue in resisting the temptation to gold digging ; 
but wlien the shining particles were poured out 
lavishly from a tin basin, I confess there was a 
sudden itching in my fingers to seize the heaviest 
crowbar and tlie biggest shovel. 

" A company of thirty, somewhat farther down 
the river, had made a much larger dam, after a 
month's labor, and a hundred yards of the bed 
were clear. 

" I slept soundly that night, and went down 
early to the river, where I found the party of ten 
bailing out the water which had leaked into the 
river bed during the night. They were standing 
in the run, and had two hours of hard work be- 
fore they could begin to wash. Again the pros- 
pect looked uninviting; but when I went to them 
again towards noon, one of them was scraping up 
the sand from the bed with his knife, and throw- 
ing it into a b.asin, the bottom of which glittered 
with gold. Every knifeful brought out a quanti- 
ty of grains and scales, some of which were as 
large as the finger nail. At last, a two-ounce 
lump fell plump into the pan, and the diggers, 



now in the best possible humor, went on with 
their work with great alacrity. It is only by such 
operations as these, through associated labor, that 
great profits are to be made in those districts 
which have been visited by the first eager horde of 
gold hunters. The deposits most eagerly reached 
are soon c.xliausted by the crowd, and the labor 
required to carry on further work successfully 
deters single individuals from attempting it. 
Those who, retaining their health, return home 
disappointed, say they have been humbugged 
about the gold, when, in tact, they have hum- 
bugged themselves about the icurk. If any one 
expects to dig treasures out of tlie earth in Cali- 
fornia without severe labor, he is wofully mis- 
taken. Of all classes of men, those who pave 
streets and quarry limestone are best adapted for 
gold diggers." 

Stockton, N. Y., Chautauque co. Bear Creek 
and some other small streams water this town. 
Surface undulating ; soil well adapted to grass on 
the uplands, and in the valleys to the growth of 
grain. 7 miles E. from Maysville, and 323 S. of 
W. from AUiany. 

Stoddard Couiiti/, Mo., c. h. at Bloomfield, in 
the S. E. corner, between the St. Francis and 
White Water, contains large lakes, and is largely 
snliject to overflow. 

Stoddard, N. H., Cheshire co., is situated on the 
height of land between Merrimac and Connecti- 
cut Rivers. It is mountainous, and very rocky. 
The soil is bettor adapted to grazing than tillage. 
The S. branch of Ashuelot River, and several other 
streams, water this town. There are \i ponds 
here, some of which are of considerable magni- 
tude. The first family was that of John Taggard, 
whose privations and hardships were very great. 
Their grain was procured at Pcterboro', at the 
distance of 20 miles, which was conveyed by him 
on his back through the pathless wilderness. At 
one time, they had nothing for six days on which 
to subsist but the flesh of the horse. This town 
was formerly called Limerick. It was incorporated 
in 1774, when it received the name of Stoddard, 
from Colonel Samson Stoddard, of Chelmsford, to 
whom, with several others, it was granted. First 
settlers, John Taggard, Reuben Walton, Alex- 
ander Scott, James Mitchell, and others, in 1769. 
14 miles N. N. E. from Keene, and 45 W. S. W. 
from Concord. 

Stokes Count?/, N. C, Germantovvn and Salem 
shire towns. This county is Iioiinded N. Ijy Rock- 
ingham and Guilford counties and Virginia, E. 
by Car. S. by Rowan, and W. Iiy Surry. The 
sources of Dan and Yadkin Rivers drain the 
county. 

Sloneham, Me., Oxford co. Stoneham was in- 
corporated in 1834. It lies westerly of Albany, 
and comprises the grant to Fryebnrg Academy. 

Stoneham, Ms., Midillesex co., comprised the N. 
part of Charlestown until its incorporation, in 
1725. There is some good land in Stoneham, and 
the soil is generally of a gravelly loam, but it is 
too rough and stony for easy cultivation. Spot 
Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, covering an area 
of 233 acres, lies in this town. It is 143 feet 
above sea level. 9 miles N. from Boston, and 2 
E. from the Boston and Lowell Railroad, at Wo- 
burn. 

Slonington, Ct., New London co. This town is 
situated at the eastern extremity of Long Island 
Sound, at the S. E. corner of the state, and on the 
line of Rhode Island. The land is rocky and urt- 



588 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



even, but fertile ami productive. A considerable 
amount of agricultural products is annually sent 
from this town to Nantucket and otber places. It 
is watered by the Mystic and Paucatuek. 

The harbor of Stoninston sets up from the 
Sound, opposite Fisher's Island, and is well pro- 
tected by an expensive breakwater. 

This place is noted for the commercial enter- 
prise of its people. Large capitals are employed 
in the whale, seal, and cod fisheries. This place 
is accommodated with a marine railway, and a 
lighthouse at the entrance of the harbor. 

Stonington borough is located on a narrow 
point of land, extending into the Sound about 
half a mile. It was incorporated in 1801. It is 
handsomely laid out, and is well built. 47 miles 
by railroad from Providence, and 112 from New 
York by water. 

Sloiiy Brook. N. Y., Suffolk CO. On the N. side 
of Long Island, 197 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
It lias a good harbor, and ship building is car- 
ried on. 

Slotti/ County, lo. Central. Between the Iowa 
and Des Moines. 

Stouyhton, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was 
originallj' a part of Dorchester, and was named 
in honor of William Stoughton, lieutenant gov- 
ernor of the province of Massachusetts Bay from 
I6B2 to 1702. Some of the head waters of Ne- 
ponset and Taunton Rivers rise in this town. 
The highest land in the town is a hill called the 
Pinnacle. A large village of shoe manufiicturers 
has, within a few years, " sprung up as if by en- 
chantment." From this village is a railroad to 
the Canton depot of the Boston and Providence 
Railroad, distance 4 miles. This town lies 18 
miles S. from Boston, and 10 S. E. from Dedhara. 
The ancient records of this town are very inter- 
esting. 

Stow, Ms., Middlesex co. This is an ancient 
town, and was first settled about the year 1680. 
The Indians had two names for it, from two hills. 
Pompascitticiitt and Sltabhtilcin. The surface is va- 
ried, and the soil in many parts light and sandy ; 
but it contains much good land for cultivation. 
The Assabet River passes through the town, and 
affords a good water power. 3 miles from the 
Fitchburg Railroad at Acton, which is 25 miles 
from Boston. 

Slotve, Vt., Lamoille co. Waterbury River and 
its branches give this town a good water power. 
Stowe is situated between the Mansfield and 
Ilog's Back Mountains, and contains a large tract 
of level, fertile land. Stowe is a flourishing town, 
and contains 4 neat and pleasant mountain valley 
villages. All that tract of laud formerly called 
Mansfield was annexed to this town in 1848. The 
settlement was commenced about the year 1793. 
From Hydepark 10 miles S., and 37 N. from 
Montpelicr. 

Strakine, Pa., Washington co. A township on 
the head waters of Chartier Creek. 5 miles E. 
from Washington. 

Strafford County, N. H., c. h. at Dover. 
Bounded N. by Belknap co., E. by the state of 
Maine, S. and S. W. by Rockingham and Merri- 
mac counties. The larger rivers are the Piscata- 
qua, Salmon Falls, and Coeheco. The soil is gen- 
erally good. The lands are generally hard of 
cultivation, but the patient laborer finds an ample 
reward for his industry. This county possesses 
a large hydraulic power. Although this county 
has recently lost a large share of its territory by 



the formation of the counties of Belknap and 
Carroll, it still retains, in consequence of its rapid 
increase in population and wealth, its former im- 
portance and power. 

Strafford, N. H., Strafford co. Bow Pond is in 
the S. W. part of the town, and is about G50 rods 
long and 400 wide ; its waters form one of the 
principal branches of the Isinglass River. Front 
Pond lies W. of the Blue Hills, and Wild Goose 
Pond between this town and Pittsfield. There is 
a ^reat variety of scenery here. The range of 
Blue Hills crosses the N. W. part of the town. 
The soil is generally of a good quality. Straf- 
ford was formerly a part of Barrington. 15 miles 
N. W. from Dover, and 30 E. N. E. from Concord. 

Strafford, Vt., Orange co. Strafford contains 
two pleasant villages. The surface is uneven, but 
the soil generally good. It is watered by a prin- 
cipal branch of Ompompanoosuc River, which 
affords several good mill privileges. In th« 
north-easterly part is Podunk Pond, covering 
about 100 acres. In the S. E. corner of Straf- 
ford is an extensive bed of the sulphuret of 
iron, from which immense quantities of copperas 
are made. The settlement of this town wiis com- 
menced just before the revolutionary war. 30 
miles S. S. E. from Montjwlier, and USE. from 
Chelsea. 

Stratford, Ct., Fairfield co. Its Indian name 
was Cupheag. The township is mostly level and 
free from stone, and there is a very rich alluvial 
tract of meadows on the river and harbor. The 
principal street in the town is 1 mile in length, 
running N. and S., parallel to the Hous.atonic; 
it is level, pleasant, and ornamented with shado 
trees. This place lies at the mouth of Housatonic 
River, and has considerable inland and coasting 
trade. Stratford Point, jutting out into the 
Sound, is very pleasant, and a noted landing- 
place for passengers. 13 miles S. W. from New 
Haven by railroad. 

Stratford, N. H., Coos co. This town lies on 
the E. bank of Connecticut River. The soil, ex- 
cept along the river, is rocky, gravelly, and cold. 
The Peaks, two mountains of a conical form, sit- 
uated in the S. E. part of the town, are seen at a 
great distance. Bog Brook, Nash's Stream, and 
several smaller streams, furnish this town with 
water. There is a pond in the S. E. part of the 
town. First settlers, Isaac Johnston, James 
Curtis, James Brown, Josiah Lampkin, and A. 
Blodgett. 18 miles N. from Lancaster, and 137 
N. from Concord. 

Stratford, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by East 
Canada Creek and its branches. A hilly and 
mountainous town, with a ratlier sterile soiL 
15 miles N. W. from Johnstown, and 60 from 
Albany. 

Stratham, N. H., Rockingham co., is about 8 
miles from the sea. The land is even, and well 
calculated for agricultural purposes. Farming is 
so exclusively the employment of the people, that, 
although a navigable river adjoins it, there is 
little attention given to any other pursuit. In the 
E. part of the town, in a swamp, is perhaps th8 
largest deposit of peat in the state. This town 
was a part of Hilton's Purchase. 43 miles S, E. by 
E. from Concord, and 3 E. N. E. from Exeter. 

Stratton, Vt., Windham co. This is a moun- 
tainous town. Branches of Deerfield and Win- 
hall Rivers rise here fj-om two ponds. The soil ia 
cold and generally unprofitable. Stratton was 
settled principally by emigrants from Massaehn- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



589 



setts. IS miles N. E. from Bennington, and 22 
N. W. from Brattlelioro'. 

Sirawntonn, Pa.. 15ue]<s eo. On Tohicon Creek, 
about 40 miles W. of N. from Philadelphia. 

.S/roni/, Me., Franklin CO. A. aood township. On 
both si(ics of Sandy River. 45 miles X. W. from 
Augusta. 

StrouthJiiin/. Pa., c. h. Monroe eo. On the N. 
hank of Snjithfield Creek. 3 miles N. W. from 
tlie Dehiware Water Gap, and 124 N. E. by E. 
from Ilarrisburg. 

Sttirljiirlfic Ms.. "Worcester co. Tliis town was 
formerly called Tantucsque by the IndiaiKS, and 
New Medficid by the English. It is a pleasant 
town, and well watered by Quineban^ Hiver. 
Tire surface is uneven and billy, and the soil hard 
to subdue. There are some good fisli ponds in 
tlie town, which serve to swell the Qulnelnuig. 
1 S miles S. W. from Worcester, and 60 W. S. W. 
from Boston. 

Stut/rrsiiiit. N. Y., Columbia co. On tlie E. 
bank of the Hudson liiver. A billy town wiih a 
productive soil. 12 miles N. from Hudson, and 18 
S. from Albany. 

Succrss, N. H., Coos CO. There are several con- 
siderable mountains in this town, and 2 or .3 
ponds. Narmarcungawack and Live Rivers rise 
here, and pass westerly into the Androscoggin. 
This town is exceedingly rough and hard to cul- 
tivate. First granted, in 1773, to Benjamin Mac- 
kay and others. 1 43 miles N. by E. from Concord, 
and about 30 E. from Lancaster. 

iSiidlnny, Ms.. Middlesex co. This ancient town 
is situated on the W. side of a river of the same 
n.ime. It is watered by a branch of Sudbury 
Kiver, and has some water power. Tlie surface 
is pleasant, and ratlier romantic. Along the 
borders of the river arc large tracts of meadow- 
land, some of which is very valuable. Sudburv 
was first settled in 1638. 19 miles W. from 
Boston, anil 6 S. S. W. from Concord. 

Stidbiiri/, Vt., Rutland eo. Otter Creek touches 
upon the eastern border of this town. The other 
streams are small. Hubbardton Pond extends 
into the S. part, and there are in town several 
smaller ponds, of which Ilinkum Pond is the 
most considerable. The surface is uneven, and a 
high ridge of land extends through the town. 
The soil is generally a rich loam ; the timber 
principally pine, beech, and maple. There is a 
fmall village in the easterly part of the town. 
This town was chartered in 1761 ; the early set- 
tlers were generally from Connecticut. 43 miles 
S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 X. W. from 
Rutland. 

Siiffidd, Ct., Hartford eo. Suffield lies on the 
W. side of Connecticut River, and is bounded N. 
by Massachusetts, to which state it was aliached 
until 17.52. This territory was purchased about 
the year 1670,of two Indian chiefs, for SI 00. The 
surface on the banks of the river is elevated, and 
althongh the town is without mucli alluvial 
meadow, the soil being of a strong, deep loam, is 
\itYy fertile and jiroduetivc. Suflield contains 
some of the best farms in the state. The principal 
village is pleasantly located on rising ground. It 
contains many handsome buildings ; it is the site 
of the Connecticut Literary Institution, and com- 
mands delightful views of the river and circum- 
jacent country. Hi miles N. from Hartford. 

Suffolk Counli/, Ms., c. h. at Boston. It includes 
the city of Boston and the towns of Chelsea, 
North Chelsea, and Winthrop. 



Suffolk County, N. Y., c. h. at Riverhead. 
Incorporated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Long 
Island Sound, E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, 
and W. by Queens co. Surface somewhat broken 
and hilly on the N., but elsewhere level ; soil 
easily tilled and productive. Watered by Peconic 
Kiver and several small streams. There are sev- 
eral islands attached to this county, the prill. -i- 
pal of which are Gardiner's, Shelter, and Fisher's 
Islands. 

Suffolk, N. Y., e. h. SutTolk co. 226 miles 
S. S. E. from Albany. 

Suffolk, Va., c. h. Nansemond co. On the E 
side of Nansemond River. 2S miles N. W. by W 
from Norfolk, and 85 S. E. from Kiclimond. 

Sullimii Cunnit/, la., c. Ii. at Sullivan. Various 
creeks of the Wabash drain this county. It is 
bounded bv Vigo N., Martin E., Davies and Knox 
S., and the" Wabash River W. 

Sullimn, Me.. Hani-ock co. At the head of 
Frenchman's Bay. 93 miles E. from Augusta. 

Su/livan Cuuitti/, Mo., N. part. Watered by trib- 
utaries of the Grand River, which run through 
it from N. to S. 

Sullivan County, N. II., c. li. at Newport. This 
county is bounded N. by Grafton co.. E. by Mer- 
rimac and a part of Ilillsboro' counties, S. by 
Cheshire eo., and W. by Connecticut River, or 
the state of Vermont. It was taken from Chesliiro 
CO. in 1827. The surface is elevated, but not 
mountainous. Croydon Mountain is the highest. 
Along the streams, particularly on Connecticut 
River, the soil is rich and exceedingly productive. 
The uplands produce good grain, and afi'ord ex- 
cellent pasturage. There is a great variety of de- 
lightful scenery in this county. Besides the Con- 
necticut, which waters its whole western frontier, 
the Aslmelot, Cold, Sugar, Little Sugar Rivers, 
and other streams, furnish the county with an 
abundant water power, and Sunajjee Lake and 
numerous ponds give beauty to its otherwise 
varied and picturesque seener}'. 

Sullivan Counti/, N. Y., c. h. at Thompson. 
Formed from Ulster co. in 1809. It is bounded 
N. by Delaware and Ulster, E. by Ulster and 
Orange. S. and S. W. by Orange co. and the Del- 
aware River, which separates it from Pennsylva- 
nia. Watered by several small lakes, and by 
Delaware, Nevcrsink, and Mongoup Rivers. Sur- 
face hilly and mountainous, the Shawangunk 
Mountain lying on the E. border; soil fertile in 
the valleys, and mostly good for grazing on the 
uplands. Lead ore is the princi])al mineral. The 
Delaware and Hudson Canal and the New York 
and Erie Railroad both cross this county. 

Sullivan, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by 
Caneseraga and Chittenango Creeks, flowing into 
Oneida Lake, which bounds it on the N. Surface 
level and undulating; soil of excellent quality, 
consisting of rich alluvion on the N. 18 miles 
N. W. from Morrisville, and 129 from Albany. 

Sullivan County, Va., c. h. at La Port. N. ccQ- 
tral part. Hilly. Drained by northern tributa- 
ries of the W^. branch of the Suscjuehanna. 

Sullivan County, Te., c. h. at Blountville. Scott 
and Washington counties, Va., are on the N., 
Ashe CO.. N. C, E.. Carter co., in Te., S. E., Wash- 
ington S., and Hawkins W. I'art of the surface 
is mountainous, the rest hilly. From E. to W., 
through the whole length of the county, flows 
Holslon River, and in its course receives tho 
Wantauga from the S. E. 

Summer Hill, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by 



590 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOAYSfS, VILLAGES, &c., 



the head branches of Fall Creek. A hiUr town, 
with a pretty good soil. 24 miles S. E. from 
Auburn, and 147 \V. from Albany. 

Summit, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by 
branches of Schoharie Creek, and by Charlotte 
River. This is an elevated and hilly town, with 
a soil well suited to grass. 16 miles S. W. from 
Schoharie, and 52 S. of W. from Albany. 

Summit Count!/, 0., c. h. at Akron. In the 
N. E. angle of the state. Drained by head streams 
of the Tuscarawas, and by the Cuyahoga and 
Little Cuyalioga, which afford much water power. 
Crossed from N. to S. by the Ohio Canal, with 
which the Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal unites 
in this county. 

Sumner, Me., Oxford co. On a branch of the 
Androscoggin. 44 miles W. from Augusta. 

Sumner Count//, Te., c. h. at Gallatin. This 
county is bounded by Kentucky N., Smith E., 
Cumberland River or Wilson S.,' Davison S. W., 
and Robertson N. W. Cumberland River washes 
it on the S., and it is drained by various creeks 
of that stream. 

Sum/)ter County, Aa., c. h. at Livingston. W. 
part. iSetween tlie Tombigbee, by whose affluents 
it is watered, and the Mississippi line. 

Sum/iter Count//, Ga., c. h. at Americus. S. W. 
part. Drained by confluents of the Flint River, 
which washes it on the E. from the Mississippi 
to the Pearl. 

Sumpter District, S. C, c. h. at Sumpterville. 
This district has Santee River or Charleston dis- 
trict on the S., Santee River or Orangeburg S. 
W., Waterce River or Richland W., Kershaw N. 
W., Lynch's Creek River or Darlington N. E., 
and Williamsburg N. The surface is level, and 
the soil generally sandy. A branch of Black 
River, called Great Pedce, drains the centre of 
this district. The canal connecting Santee River 
with Charleston Harbor leaves the Santee nearly 
opposite to the S. E. angle of Sumpter. 

SumjitcrKille, S. C, c. Ii. Sumpter district. On 
the dividing ground between the two main branch- 
es of Black River, about 100 miles a little W. of 
N. from Charleston. 

Sunburi), Ga., Liberty co. A town and port of 
entry on the S. side of Newport River. Cath- 
erine Island, which lies off the entrance of the 
harbor, forms and defends it from the weather. 
An academy was erected here in 1788. 45 miles 
S. by W. from Savannah. 

Sunhury, Pa. Seat of justice of Northumber- 
land CO.- 58 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. 
It is beautifully situated on a broad plain on the 
E. side of the Susquehanna, just below the con- 
fluence of its N. and W. branches at Northum- 
berland. The navigation of the Pennsylvania 
Canal is carried across the river by a basin in 
front of the town, nearly a mile in width, created 
by the Shamokin dam", 2783 feet long, a short 
distance below. A railroad is in operation for 
19 miles, from Sunbury to the Shamokin coal 
mines, which was originally projected to extend 
to Pottsville. An enterprise is on foot for the 
development of a great water power, by the con- 
struction of a short canal from the Susquehan- 
na basin, in the rear of the town, to empty into 
the Shamokin Creek, below the level of the great 
dam. With this improvement, and the abundant 
supplies of coal, iron, and limestone in the imme- 
diate vicinity, Sunbury must become an active 
manufacturing place. A bridge about a mile 
above the town, across the N. branch of the 



Susquehanna, connects it with Northumbcr 
land. k 

Sunderland, Ms., Franklin co. This town lies 
on the E. side of Connecticut River. It was taken 
from Hadley in 1718. The central village of 
Sunderland is pleasantly situated on a fine inter- 
vale of land, on the E. bank of Connecticut River. 
North village is 3 miles from the centre, and 
Plum Tree village 3 miles S. At the central 
village there is a bridge over the Connecticut. 
Mount Toby lies partly in Sunderland and partly 
in Leverett. See Hfounlains and Caves. 90 miles 
W. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. from Greenfield. 

Sunderland, Vt., Bennington co. The Batten 
kill River passes through tlie town, and on it are 
some fine alluvial flats. Roaring Branch origi- 
nates in several large ponds in the eastern part 
of the town, and running westerly, unites with 
the Battenkill in Arlington. The soil consists 
of alluvion, loam, and marl. Near the foot of 
the Green Mountains, the sulphuret of iron is 
found in consideralile quantities. On the side of 
the mountain a vein of lead ore has been discov- 
ered in granular limestone. The settlement was 
commenced in 17G6, by emigrants from Connec- 
ticut. 87 miles S. W. from Montpelicr, and 15 
N. by E. from Bennington. 

Sunjlower Count//, Jli., c. h. at McNutt. New. 

Sunkhaze, Me., Penobscot co. Sunkhazc Stream 
meets the Penobscot, from the E., about 15 miles 
above Old Town village, in Orono. The pUu/ta- 
tion of Sunkhaze lies on this stream, 82 miles N. 
E. from Augusta. 

S/uT//, N. H., Cheshire co., is watered by Ashu- 
elot River, on which there is a tract of valuable 
meadow land, extending almost the whole length 
of the town. On the E. side of Ashuelot River 
is a steep and high mountain, on the summit 
of which is a pond of about 3 acres in extent, 
and about 25 feet depth of water. Surry was 
originally a part of Gilsum and Westmoreland, 
and derived its name from Surry in England. 
First settler, Peter Hayward, in 1764. 52 miles 
S. W. from Concord, and 6 N. W. from Keene. 

Suit// Count//, N. C, Rockford and Huntsvilie 
shire towns. Surry co. is bounded N. by Vir- 
ginia, E. by Stokes co., N. C, S. by Row- 
an and Iredell, and W. by Wilkes and Ashe. 
The surface is hilly, and in part mountainous, and 
the county is drained by the extreme northern 
sources of the Yadkin. 

S/irry Co/int/j, Va., c. h. at Surr\'. This 
countv has James River on the N. and N. E.. Isle 
of wight S. E., Sussex S. W. and W., aiul 
Prince George N. W. In Surry rise tlie N. E. 
sources of Black River, a branch of Noltaway. 

Susq/tekan/ia Co/mt/j, Pa., c. h. at Montrose. 
Broome co., N. Y.. is on the N., Wavne co., 
Pa, E., Luzerne S., and Bradford W". The 
soil generally is of a middling quality, and 
the surface hilly. The local features of this 
county are very peculiar. The Susquehanna en- 
ters and again" retires from its northern border, 
and thence, after an immense sweep through 
Broome and Tioga counties, N. Y., and Bra<i- 
ford CO., Pa., it again reaches, in the N. W. 
angle of Luzerne, within less than 5 miles 
from the S. W. angle of Susquehanna. From this 
singular position, the creeks of the latter county 
flow from its centre like radii of a circle, and yet 
nearly all enter Susquehanna River. 

Sussex County, De., Georgetown and Lewis- 
tovm shire towns. Delaware Bay is on the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



591 



N. E., Atlantic Ocean E., Worcester CO., Mrl., 
S., Somerset co., Md., S. W.. Dorchester anil 
Caroline coiintici, Md., and Kent co., Dc, N. 
I*art of the surface is marshy, hut it is generally 
level. The soil is mostly of a middlins qual- 
ity, though some parts are sandy. The wa- 
ters How from the centre of the county in 
opposite directions. Nanticoke drains its west- 
ern side. Poeomoke has its source near its south- 
ern limits ; Indian Kiver, interlocking sources 
witli lioth tlie preceding, flows into the Atlantic 
Ocean, and Cold Spring, Broadkill, I'runchook, 
Slaughter, Cedar, and Mis])illan Creeks enter the 
Bay of Delaware. 

Sussex Coiiiili/. N. J., is bounded N. E. by 
Orange co., N. Y., N. W. by Delaware River, 
opposite Pike co., Pa., S. E. by Passaic and 
Morris, N. J., and S. W. by Warren. Most of the 
land is hilly, and some mountainous, though 
in the N. E. section the flat ami marshy bot- 
toms of the AVallkill cover a considcrahle space. 
The climate of Sussex difters from tliat of the 
adjacent counties, on account of its superior 
elevation. The extreme western sources of 
the Passaic arc in tliis county. From it also 
flow S. W., towards the Delaware, the Muscone- 
eung, Pcqucst, Flatkill.and Pauling's Creeks, and 
those of the Wallkill X. W. towards the Hudson. 
This county has a great variety of soil, from the 
most fertile alluvion to very barren mountain. The 
valleys of the creeks, particularly those flowing 
towards the Delaware, aflbrd very fine meadow, 
orchard, and grain lands. 

Sussex Conntji, Va., c. h. at Hunting. This 
county has Surry on the N. E., Dinwiddle and 
Prince George N. W.. Greenville S. W., and 
Southampton S. E. The Nottaway River and 
its confluents drain more than four fiftlis of the 
surface. The X. E. section is also watered by 
Black Water River. 

Sussex. Va., c. h. Sussex co. 

Sutter Count!/, Ca. On the E. side of Sacra- 
mento, and on both sides of Feather River. 

Suttim, JIs., Worcester co., was jjurchased of 
the Indians about the year 1704. This is a pleas- 
ant town, watered by the Blackstone River, and 
the Blackstone Canal passes on the northern bor- 
der. The township is generally hilly, though of 
good soil. There are a number nf neat and 
handsome villages in the town, that near the cen- 
tre. WilkinsonviUe, at the N. part of the town, 
and Manchaug, at the S., are the ])rincipal. 
There are a number of beautiful ponds in Sutton, 
and a great curiosity called " Purgatory Cavern." 
8 miles S. by E. from Worcester ty railroad, and 
4.3 W. S. W. from Boston. 

Sutlou, N. H., Merrimac co. Three branches 
of Warner River, and a large branch of Black 
Water River, supi>ly this town with crater. On 
the margin of the last stream is .!ome rich 
meadow and intervale land. There are several 
ponds here : the mo.st important are Long and 
Kesar's ; tlie last is 190 rods square. Kearsarge 
Mountain extends more than half the length of 
Sutton, on the E. side. King's Hill is situated 
on the W. part of Sutton. On the most elevated 
part of this hill there is one of the most extensive 
landscape views in the country. Sutton was 
called Perry's-town from Ohadiah Perry, one of 
its principal proprietors. On the W. bank of 
Kesars Pond were found Indian hearths of stone 
laid with skill and ingenuity, also several Indian 
implements. This town has almost every variety 



of soil, and although the surface is uneven, it 
produces all the grains and grasses common to 
the country. 2.') miles W. N. W. from Con- 
cord 

Sutton, Vt., Caledonia co. Sutton is watered 
by two considerable branches, which unite near 
tlie S. line of Burke, and join the Pa.-sumpsic 
River in Lyndon. There are several ponds, 
of which Fish Pond is the largest. It covers 
about 200 acres. The surface of Sutton is gener- 
ally even, and consideralde tracts of it are so low 
and wet as to be incapable of cultivation. There 
are several hogs of marl in this town. The set- 
tlement of Suiton was commenced alioin the year 
1791, by a Mr. Hackctt, who was soon after joined > 
by other families from Rhode Island and Con- 
necticnt. 21 miles X. from Danville, and 51 N 
E. from Montpclier. 

Su-ainsboro, Ga., c. h. Emanuel co. Near Can- 
nouchce River. 98 miles X^. ^Y. from Savannah, 
and 96 S. E. by E. from Milledgeville. 

Swamjiscot, Ms., Essex co. A new town. A 
fishing village taken from the X. E. part of Lynn. 

Swan Quarter, X. C. c. h. Ilvde co. 20.3 miles 
E. by S. from Raleigh. 

Swansea, Ms., Bristol co. The Indian name of 
this place was Pockannchet . Between Lee's and 
Cole's Rivers lies Mattapoiset Neck, at tlie head 
of which is Swansea village, a place of consider- 
able trade and navigation. This town is favored 
with good navigable waters, and an hydraulic 
power. This town will be memorable on account 
of its being the place where the fir^t English 
blood was shed in King Philiii's war. I mile N. 
W. from Fall River, and 48 miles S. from Boston. 

Su-anton, Vt., Franklin co. This township is sit- 
uated on the E.side of Lake Champlain. Missis- 
co River passes through Swonton, and fertilizes a 
considerable portion of its territory. Tliis river is 
navigable for lake vessels to Swanton Falls, 6 
miles from its mouth. These falls descend 20 
feet, and. with other smaller streams, give to Swan- 
ton a water power of great value. Bog iron ore, 
and an abundance of beautiful marble, arc found 
in this town. The surface and soil are favorable 
to agricultural pursuits, with the exception of a 
part bordering the lake. The village of Swanton 
is pleasantly located, and may boast of the purity 
of its air and water. The first permanent settlers 
here were John Hilikcr and family, about the year 
1787. SO miles N. W. from Mo"ntpclier, and 30 
N. from Burlington by railroad. 

Swam-ille, Jle., Waldo co. This town lies 8 
miles N. from Belfast, and 46 E. by N. from Au- 
gusta. It was incorporated in 1818. It is watered 
by Paasaggassawakeag Lake and River, and pos- 
sesses a pleasant surface and fertile soil. 

Swan:ey, N. IL, Cheshire co. The jn'incipal 
streams in this town are the Ashuelot and the 
South Branch Rivers. The surface is diversified 
with hills, valleys, and swells of upland. There 
is one pond in the ,S. W. part, the source of the 
South Branch. There is a mineral spring, the 
water of which is impregnated with sulphate of 
iron. Smiles S. from Keene, and 60 S. W.from 
Concord. 

Sweet Sprinqs, Va., Monroe co. The medicinal 
virtues of these waters attract yearly a large com- 
pany of valetudinarians. The village is 43 miles 
S. W. from Bath court house, and 93 in the same 
course from .Staunton. 

Sweden, Me., Oxford co. Tlie waters from Ke- 
zer pond in Lovell, pass through this town, and 



592 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



(rive it mill privilcgos. Sweden lies 9 miles N. 
E. from Fryebuig, 19 S. W. from Paris, and 62 
W. S. W.from Angusta. Incorporated 1813. 

Sweden. N. Y., Monroe co. Drained by Salmon 
Creek. Surface undulating ; soil moist argilla- 
ceous loam. Yielding large crops of grass, gram, 
and fruit. 15 miles W. from Rochester, and 241 
N. of W. from Albany. 

Swilzrrlnnd Coiiiiti/.la.., c. h. at Vevay. Inis 
county lias a productive soil and hilly surface. It 
is bounded by Dearborn N.. Ripley N. W., Jef- 
ferson W.. and by the Ohio River E., S. E., and b. 
S(/camore, Is., c. h. Do Kalb co. 
Stitvaiiia, Ga.. e. h. Scriven co. 
Sijracuse, N. Y., shire town of Onondaga co., 
is situated on the Erie Canal, at the point of its 
connection with the Oswego Canal, about one 
mile and a half S. of Onondaga Lake. A railroad 
from Oswego also liere connects with the great 
chain of ra'Flroads between Buffalo and the Hud- 
son River, thus giving to Syracuse the twofold 
advantage of railroads and canals on these most 
important thoroughfares of intercourse and trade 
This flourishing city is one of the sudden and 
magnificent creations in our country of those arti- 
ficial channels and facilities of business which 
have been so grcatlv multiplied and extended 
within the last .-SO years. It was incorporated as 
a village in 18.30, when the population was 2566. 
In 1840 it had a population of 6500 ; and in 1850 
of 22 271. It lies 147 miles W. from Albany by 
railroad, and 178 E. from Buffalo. It is 35 miles 
S. by E. from Oswego. 

This place, as well as others in the township 
of Salina, in wliich it is included, is celebrated 
for the manufacture of salt, made from the salt 
springs which abound in the vicinity. The water 
is brought in iii|>es to Syracuse from Salina a 
mile and a half distant. The fine salt is made by 
boiling, and other modes of applying artihcial 
heat, and the coarse bv solar evaporation. An 
experiment has recently been made, by order ot 
the secretary of war. for the pur])Osc of testing 
the relative' merits of tlic Onondaga and the 
Turk's Island salt, in consetiuence of a prejudice 
heretofore existing against tlie salt of home man- 
ufacture, which had made it a requisite in all con- 
tracts of the government for the packing of pork 
and beef for public stores, expressly to stipulate 
that Turk's Island salt should be used. As the 
result of this experiment upon a lot of 800 barrels 
of pork, it is believed that the virtues of the do- 
mestic article are in all respects equal to those 
of the foreign, while in some points the adyan- 
tan-e is clearly on the side of the former. I he 
Onondaga salt, as it is called, is decidedly the 
best in appearance, being of much the lightest 
color, and is 4 pounds heavier in the bushel. 
There are annually manufactured at Syracuse 
about 800.000 bushels of this coarse solar salt, 
and the amount can be increased to any extent. 
" The springs at Salina. from whicli these works 
are supplied, are pierced through the alluvial, and 
terminate on gravel. A diff'erencc of opinion 
prevails as to the source of the brine. The gen- 
eral opinion is, that beds of rock salt exist here, 
as at other salt springs. Borings have been made 
at several points, and in one instance to the depth 
of 250 feet, without finding fossil salt. But the 
very important fact was elicited that the strength 
of the brine increased with the depth of the well. 
The wells, or springs, ordinarily used, are exca- 
vated only to the depth of 18 or 20 feet. Four- 



teen pounds of salt are manufactured froin a 
cubic foot of the water of the strongest spring. 
The whole amount of revenue to the state from 
the salt made at the four localities of Salina, 
Geddcs, Liverpool, and Syracuse, in 1850, was 
$44,364 03 ; which, at the impost of 6 cents per 
bushel, gives, for the quantity manufactured, 
739,400 bushels. 

To those who remember the appearance of 
this spot, and the country around it, no longer 
ago than 1820, in which year the middle, and 
first constructed, section of the Erie Canal was 
opened for navigation, having penetrated a wild 
and dark wilderness at Rome only to emerge 
from it at this place, and when Syracuse con- 
sisted of only a miserable tavern and a few scat- 
tered and in'ditferent wooden houses, the change 
which the brief period of 30 years has made must 
appear more like enchantment than reality. In 
every thing but the name Syracuse is now ft 
city. Its extent, the magnitude and durability 
of its warehouses, its splendid hotels, its lofty 
spires glittering in the sun, its extended and well- 
built streets, thronged with people full of life and 
activity, and its canal basins crowded with boats, 
lading and unlading at the lofty stone warehouses 
upon''the wharves, all conspire to give to this 
place the aspect of one of our most busy and 
flourishing marts of commerce. 

Tacomj. A landing place on the Delaware. 8 
miles above Philadelphia. Passengers leave tha 
cars at this place and take the steamboat. 

rarjhlMnic, N. Y., Columbia co. Copake Creek 
waters this town. Surface hilly and mountain- 
ous ; soil clay loam, very fertile in the valleys. 
12 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 40 from Albany. 

Talbot Counli/. Ga., c. h. at Talbotton. Bound- 
ed N. W. by Merriwether co., N. E. and E. by 
Flint River, separating it from Upson and Craw- 
ford counties, S. bv Macon, Marion, and Muscogoo 
counties, and W. by Harris co. Drained by 
branches of Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers. 

TalM Coiiiili/, Md., c. h. at Easton. Choptank 
and St. Michael's Bays penetrate into this county, 
also Treadhaven River, to a distance of about 10 
miles. The county occupies the peninsula be- 
tween Tuckahoe River and Choptank, Ches- 
apeake, and St. Michael's Bays. It is bounded 
N by Queen Ann, E. by Tuckahoe River, or 
Caroline co., and S. E. by Choptank Bay, or 
Dorchester co. 

Talbotton, Ga., c. h. Talbot co. _ 

Talladega County, Aa., c. h. at Talladega. Ibis 
county is bounded N. by Benton, E. by Ran- 
dolph, S. by Tallapoosa an<l Coosa, and VV. hj 
Coosa River, separating it from Slielliy and St. 
Clair. The land slopes westward towards the 
Coosa River. 

Talladena. Aa., c. h. Talladega co. 
Tallahassee, Fa. City, capital of the state and 
seat of justice of Leon co. 292 miles W. N. W. 
from St. Augustine. The situation ot this place 
is on elevated ground, having a fine mill stream 
on its eastern border, with a fall of 15 or lb toet, 
after which it disappears in a cleft of the lime- 
stone strata. The adjacent country is rolling 
but not hilly, and the soil good. The city is of 
recent origin, having been commenced in 1824, 
on this rpot being selected as the capital of the 
state. The legislature held its first session there 
the following winter. It was incorporated as a 
city in 1825 It is regularly laid out, containing 



IN THE UMITED STATES. 



593 



a number of public squares, and has among its 
public buildings a state house, court house, jail, 
an academy, and churches of the Episcopal, Pres- 
byterian, and Methodist denominations. It is 
connected by a railroad with Port Leon, 26 miles 
distant, on the A)ipalachce Bay, which may be 
regarded as the port of Tallahassee. 

Tallahatrlice Counti/, Mi., c. h. at Charleston. 
Bounded N. by Ponola co., E. by Yalabusha, S. 
by Carroll and Sunflower, and W. by Sunflower 
and Coahoma counties. ' Drained by Talla- 
hatehee River and tributaries. 

Tallai>oosa Counti/, Aa., c. h. at Dadeville. 
Bounded N. by Talladega and Randolph coun- 
ties, E. by Chambers, S. by Macon and Mont- 
gomery, and W. by Coosa co. Drained by Tal- 
lapoosa River and its tributaries. 

Taliaftrro County, Ga.. c. h. at Crawfordsville. 
Lying in the N. E. part of the state, and having 
Oglethorpe co. on the N., Wilkes on the E. and 
N. E., Hancock on the S. and S. E., and Greene 
on the W. It has a length of 17 miles, and a 
mean width of 8 miles, with an area of 136 S(iuare 
miles. It has a general declivity towards the S. 
E., and is drained in that direction by the higher 
sources of the Ogeechoe and Little Rivers. Its 
staple productions are cotton, corn, and wheat. 
Tallulap, Mi., c. h. Issaquena co. 
Tama County, lo. S. E. central part of the 
state. On the Iowa River. 

Tama<]ua. Pa., Schuylkill co. 79 miles N. E. 
from Harrisburg. On Tamaqua or Little Schuyl- 
kill River. Connected by railroad with Port 
Carbon. Abundance of anthracite coal is found 
in this vicinity, and the coal trade is the principal 
source of w^ealth. 

Taney County, Mo., c. h. at Forsyth. Bounded 
N. by 6reen and Wright counties. E. by Ozark 
CO., S. by Arkansas, and W. by Barry and Law- 
rence counties. Drained by White River and its 
branches. 

Tajjpuhannock, Va., c. h. Essex co. 50 miles 
N. E. by E. from Richmond. A port of entry on 
the Rappahannock. 

Tarboro\ N. C, c. h. Edgecombe co. On the 
W. bank of Tar River, at the head of steam- 
boat navigation, and 76 miles E by N. from Ra- 
leigh. 

TarijfviUe, Ct., in the town of Simsbury, Hart- 
ford CO. On the W. side of Earmington River. 
12 miles N. from Hartford. Here is a large man- 
ufactory of ingrain carpeting. 

Tarlton, 0., Pickaway co. 46 miles S. from 
Columbus. On Salt Creek, a tributary of the 
Scioto. 

Tatimll County, Ga., c. h. at Perry's Mills, is 
bounded N. E. by Canouchee River or Bullock co., 
S. E. by Liberty and Wayne, N. W. by Emanuel, 
W. by Telfair and Montgomory, and S. by Ap- 
pling. On the western boundary of thi< county 
the Oconee and Ockmidgee Rivers unite, and 
turm the Alatamaha. The Alatainaha winds S. E. 
along the county, and receives Great Ohoopee 
from the N. 

Taunton, Ms., one of the shire towns of Bristol 
CO. Situated on Taunton River, at its junction 
with Mill River. By the railroads, .35 miles S. 
from Boston, 20 N. "by W. from New Bedford, 
and 31 E. by N. from Providence, R. I. Popula- 
tion in 1790, 3804; 1800, 3860; 1810, 3907; 
1820, 4520; 1S30, 6042; 1840, 7645; 1850, 
10,431. 
This town contains some excellent land, which 
75 



is under a high state of cultivation. But the at- 
tention of the people has long been turned chiefly 
to manufacturing pursuits. The Taunton Kiver. 
so much celebrated for the multitude of alewivci 
taken from its waters, is no less important for the 
great and widely-distributed water power it pro- 
duces. It is also navigable for small vessels 
between this place .and Fall River, about 17 
miles S. W., where it empties into Mount Hops 
Bay. There is some navigation owned in Taun- 
ton, which is employed in the coastwise trade 
and domestic fishery. 

The village contains a large number of hand- 
some public and private buildings, located around 
and in the vicinity of a beautiful enclosure, called, 
from time immemorial, " Taunton Green.'' This 
public ground is hanilsomely oniamenteii with 
trees, which give a peculiar charm to the place. 
The court bouse, on one side of this green, is a 
tasteful edihce, with a portico of four Ionic 
columns. There are nine or ten churches in the 
place, several of which have beautiful houses of 
worship. Many of the private mansions are 
finely situated, and give evidence of the taste and 
aftiuence of their occupants. 

The Mount Pleasant Cemetery, a shortdistance 
from the green, is laid out on the plan of Mount 
Auburn, near Boston, and is among the most 
pleasing of our rural cemeteries. The ladies of 
Taunton have erected hei'c a chaste and beautiful 
monument to the memory of Miss Elizabeth 
Pool, the pious Puritan lady, of family and for- 
tune, who conceived the bold design of planting 
a church among the Indians in this part of the 
wilderness, and for that jmrpose came, with others, 
from Taunton, in England, in 1639, and formed 
the settlement here. She died in 1654. 

Tliere are in Taunton a large number of cotton 
mills, print works, paper mills, nail factories, 
forges, furnaces, &c. Here are also manufac- 
tures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, chairs, straw 
bonnets, books, bricks, and other articles. Iron 
works were established here as early as 1652, and 
nails, to a large amount, continue to be among 
the products of the manutiicturcs. Britannia 
ware is made here, which, in the quality of the 
metal, and in the beauty of its polish, is said to be 
equal to any which is imported. 

Taunton is approached from all points, with 
great facility, by the dift'erent lines of railroad 
communication connected with the railroad from 
Boston to New Bedford, which passes through 
the town. This town has long attracted the at- 
tention of skilful mechanics and men of wealth 
as a place of business, and of persons of taste and 
elegant leisure as an agreeable and healthful 
place of residence. There are a number of beau- 
tiful ponds in the vicinity, and some high grounds 
from which delightful [jrospects are obtained, of- 
fering attractions, especially in the summer sea- 
son, to persons wishing for temporary as well as 
permanent residence at a convenient remove 
from the heat and bustle of our crowded cities. 

Taylor County, lo. On the southern border 
of the state. 

Taylor County, Ky., c. h. at Campbellsville. 
Central part of the state. New. Taken from 
Green. Drained by affluents of Green Kiver. 
Undulating and fertile. 

Taylor County, Vsi., c. h. at Proutytown. N. 
W. part of the state. Watered by the W. fork 
of the Monongahela, which passes through it 
from S. E. to N. W. Jlllly. 



594 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Tai/hrsfiUc, Tc, c. li. Johnson co. N. from 
Roan's Creek, and 2.')2 miles E. by N. from 
Nashville. 

Tai/lorsvil/e, Is., c. h. Ciiristian co. 26 miles S. 
E. from Springfield. 

Tt-ii/lorsville, Ky., c. h. Spencer co. Near the 
centre of the county^ 30 miles S. E. hv E. from 
IiOuisville, and .30 S. W. by W. from Frankfort. 

Tazewell, Ga., c. h. Marion co. On the E. side 
of South Whitewater Creek, a hrancli of Flint 
River, and 110 miles S. W. from Millcdjreville. 

Tazctrell Comiti/, Is., c. h. at Tremont Incor- 
porated from Peoria co. in 1827, and is hounded 
N. and N. E. by Woodford co., E. liy McLean, S. 
by Lofjan and Mason counties, and W. by the 
Illinois Kiver, separatinjx it from Peoria co. 
Drained by Mackinaw and branches of Sanga- 
mon River. Surface level, or slightly uneven, 
with some swamps ; soil fertile in some portions. 

Tuzewell, Te., c. h. Claiborne co. Near the 
head of Russell's Creek, a branch of Powell's 
River, and 221 miles E. by N. from Nashville. 

Tazewell County^ Va., c. h. at JertcrsonviUe. 
Kentucky and Cabell co., Va., are on the N. W., 
Giles N. E., Washington S., Russel, S. W., 
and Wythe S. E. Part of the surface is moun- 
tainous, and the rest hilly. In this county are the 
sources of Chinchard and Great Sandy Rivers, 
and from its N. E. section flow several branches 
of Great Kanawha. 

Tazewell, Va., c. h. Tazewell co. On the S. 
side of the N. fork of Clinch River. 2S4 miles 
W. by S. from Richmond. 

Telfair Countij, Ga., c. h. at Jacksonville. This 
county is hounded by Appling S., Dooley S. W., 
Pulaski N. W., Little Ockmulgec River or Mont- 
gomery CO. N. E., and Tatnall E. The Ockmulgee 
River enters the N. W. side of this county, and, 
after an immense curve to the S. E., E., and N. E., 
joins the Oconee at its N. E. angle. 

Tecumseh, Mn., c. h. Lenawee co. 56 miles 
S. W. from Detroit. 

Temple, Me., Franklin co. This was formerly 
a part of Kennebec co. It lies 40 miles N. N. W. 
from Augusta, and is bounded N. by Farmington. 
It was incorporated in 1 803. 

Teinple, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The several 
streams which empty into Souhegan River, at 
Wilton, rise among the mountainous tracts on the 
W., and generally from sources within the limits 
of Temple. This town is of considerable eleva- 
tion. From the highest point, in a clear atmos- 
phere, about 20 meeting houses may be seen by 
the naked eye. The surface is uneven and pleas- 
ant; soil tolerably good. Temple is the easterly 
part of what was called Peterboro' Slip. 12 
miles W. by S. from Amherst and 45 S. S. W. 
from Concord. 

Templetun, Ms., Worcester co. This is a fine 
farming town, with a pleasant surface and fertile 
soil. Templcton is somewhat elevated, and sends 
branches both to Miller's River, on its N.. and to 
the Chicopee on its S. These streams afford the 
town a constant and valuable water power. Along 
the streams are fine intervales, and the town is 
well supplied with all the varieties of woods for 
timber and fuel. There are a number of pleasant 
villages in the town ; that in the centre is very 
handsome. BaUhvinsville and Dcdmunsville, two 
neat and flourishing manutiu'turing villages, are 
situated at the N. part of the town, on Otter River, 
a branch of the Miller's. 15 miles W. by S. from 
Ktchbarg, from which to Boston is 50 miles. 



The railroad from Boston to Vermont passes 
through the town. 

Tenstis Parish, La., c. h. at St. Joseph's. On 
the E. border, between the Mississippi and the 
Tensas. 

Terre Bonne Parish, La., c. h. at Houma, 
Bounded N. and E. by Assumption and La 
Fourehe Interior parishes, S. by the Gulf of 
Mexico, and W. by Atchafalaya Bay and Atcha- 
falaya River, which separates it from St. Mary's 
parish. Drained by Terre Bonne, Petite, and 
Grand Bavou, Cailloux, and Bayou de Large 
Rivers. Surface level, and much of it too low for 
cidtivation, but the soil on the borders of th« 
streams is arable and productive. ^ 

Terre Haute, la., c. h. Vigo co. On high ground 
on the E. bank of Wabash River, 73 miles W. 
from Indianapolis. The national road here crosses 
the river, on a fine bridge. It is connected with 
Lake Erie by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and is 
to be connected by railroad with Columbus and 
St. Louis. This town, from its situation and the 
facilities of intercommunication with which it is 
about to be furnished, promises to become one of 
the principal towns of Indian.t. 

Tnokshury, Ms., Middlesex Co., was fonnerly an 
Indian village, a part of Rillerica, and called 
Wamesitt. It has the Concord River on its 
western boundary. The surface is rather level, 
with a thin soil, better adapted to the growth of 
hops and rye than other crops. 5 miles S. E. from 
Lowell, and 20 N. N. W. from Boston. 

Tewk-sburij, N. J., Hunterdon co. Watered by 
Lamington River and Rockaway Creek and 
branches. Surface hilly ; soil fertile clay and 
loam. 14 miles N. E. from Flcmington. 

Texas County, Mo., c. h. at Houston. S. central. 
Watered by Big Piney Fork of Gasconade and 
the head streams of Currant River. 

Theresa, N. Y., JeflTerson co. Watered by Indian 
River. Surface uneven ; soil rather sterile. In- 
corporated in 1841, from the town of Alexandria. 
20 miles N. from Watertown, and 178 N. W. 
from Albany. 

Thetford, Vt., Orange co. This town is pleas- 
antly situated on the W. side of Connecticut 
River, opposite Lyme, New Hampshire. The 
Ompomponoosuc and its branches give the town 
an excellent water power. There are several 
ponds in Thetford, one of which covers about 9 
acres, and is situated on an elevation, the base of 
which is only 4 rods from Connecticut River, and 
100 feet in height. It is very deep ; it has neither 
inlet nor outlet, and contains large quantities of 
perch and other fish. The surface of the town is 
generally rocky and uneven ; it has but little in- 
tervale, but the soil is strong and productive. 
There are 3 neat villages in the town, and a rich 
vein of galena. The settlement was commenced 
in 1764, by John Chamberlain, from Hebron, Ct., 
34 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 18 S. E. 
from Chelsea. On the Passumjjsic Railroad, 11 
miles N. from the White River Junction. 

Th&inas County, Ga., c. h. at Thomasville. 
Bounded N. and E. by Baker and Lowndes 
counties, S. by Florida, and W. by Decatur co. 
Drained by Ocklockany and Ocilla Rivers. 

Thomaston, Ga., c. h. Upson co. 

Thomaslou, Me., Lincoln co., is situated at 
the head of the St. George's River. Here is the 
state prison, the buildings of which occupy a plot 
of 10 acres, including a marble quarry. The 
convicts are principally employed in working 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



595 



granite into various forms for building, wliieli. 
wlien prepared, is transported by water. The 
granite is of excellent quality, and is found in 
large quantities on the river. This is a fine town 
and the neighlmring country is very pleasant and 
fertile, and well cultivated. 36 miles S. E. from 
Aiipusta, and 31 E. from Wiscasset. 

Thompson, Ct., Windham co. This town was 
formerly a part of Killingly, and was first set- 
tled about the year 1715. The surface is hilly, 
but not mountainous ; it presents a pleasing 
variety of elevations and valleys. The soil is 
a gravelly loam, strong, and productive of good 
crops of corn and hay, and affords excellent 
pasturage. French River meets the Quinebaug 
near the centre of the town, and Five Mile Kiver, 
issuing from several ponds, waters the eastern part. 
These streams give to the town a valuable water 
power, and on their banks are the pleasant and 
thriving villages of Masonsville, Fishersville, and 
New Boston. This town is large, and very 
pleasant ; it contains a class of enterprising and 
intelligent agriculturists and mechanics. The 
Indian name of the place was Qiiiniielessett. 47 
miles E. N. E. from Hartford, 27 W. N. W. from 
Providence, and 5.3 S. W. from Boston. 

Thompson, N. Y., c. h. Sullivan co. It is 
watered by Mongoup and Neversink Elvers. 
Surface rather hilly ; soil gravelly and sandy loam. 
113 miles S. W. from Albany. 

Thompsonvillc, Ct., in Enfield, Hartford co. 
At the junction of Freshwater with the Con- 
necticut, and on the railroad from Springfield to 
Hartford. 20 miles N. from Hartford. There is 
here a large manuf^ictory of carpets of the best 
quality. See EnJiM, Ct. 

Thornbury, Pa.. Chester co. Drained by Brandy- 
wine River and Chester Creek. Surface level ; soil 
sandy loam. 87 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. 

Thornhurij, Pa., Delaware co. A township be- 
tween Egmont and Birmingham. 18 miles W. 
S. W. from Philadelphia. 

Thorndike. Mc, Waldo co. An inland town- 
ship. 59 miles N. E. from Augusta. 

Thornton, N. H., Grafton co. This town is wa- 
tered by Pemigewasset and Mad Rivers, and sev- 
eral small brooks. On Mill Brook there is a cas- 
cade, at which the water falls 7 feet in 2 rods, 
and then falls over a rock 42 feet perpendicularly. 
The intervales on the Pemigewasset are produc- 
tive. There are many elevations, but none dis- 
tinguished for a remarkable height. First set- 
tler, Benjamin Iloit, in 1770. 12 miles N. from 
Plymouth, and 55 N. by W. from Concord. 

Three Rivers, Mn., St. Joseph co. 145 miles 
S. W. from Detroit. It lies on St. Joseph River, 
between the junction of Portage River and Stony 
Creek, and has great water privileges. Boats of 
30 tons come up the river to this place. 

Ticonderoqa, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by the 
outlet of Lake George and by some small streams 
flowing into Lake Champlain, which bounds it on 
the E. Surface mostly level on the E., and hilly 
and mountainous on the W. In the S. E. part is 
the peninsula, on which are the ruins of old Fort 
Ticonderoga. 97 miles N. N. E. from Albany. 

Tiffin, O., c. h. Seneca co. On Sandusky River. 
85 miles N. from Columbus. 

Jiliien, Me. Hancock co. A new town taken 
from Mariaville in 1850. 

Tinicnm, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded on the N. 
and E. by Delaware River, and drained by Tini- 
cuin Creek. Tohickon Creek also runs on its S. 



boundary. Surface level or undulating ; soil 
sanily loam. 12 miles N. E. from Dovlestown. 

Tinicnm, Pa.. Delaware co. This township 
consists mostly of grazing farms. It lies on the 
Delaware, below tlio mouth of Darby Creek, 
about 6 miles from Philadelphia, 

Tinmouth, Vt.. Rutland co. This town is sep- 
arated from Wallingford by Otter Creek. Fur- 
nace Brook rises from a pond in the south part 
of the town. This stream has been noted for 
great quantities of fish of an extraordinary size. 
The surface of Tinmouth is hilly, in some" parts 
mountainous. There is good land on the streams, 
and the high land is good for pasturage. There 
are several quarries of beautiful marble in this 
town, and iron ore in abundance. The settlement 
was commenced here about the year 1770. The 
town was organized March 11, 1777. From Rut- 
land. 8 miles S. 

Tiorja Coiintt/. N. Y., c. h. at Owcgo, wai 
formed from Montgomery co. in 1794. It is 
bounded N. by Tompkins and Cortland, E. by 
Broome co., S. by the state of Pennsylvania, aud 
W. by Chemung co., and is watered by the Sus- 
quehanna River and Owego Creek and tributa- 
ries. Surface hilly ; soil well adapted to grazing, 
and in the valleys very fijrtile. This county has 
little mineral wealth. It is traversed by the 
New York and Erie Railroad, which follows 
the valley of the Susquehanna River. 

Tioija, N. Y., Tioga eo. Watered by the Sus- 
quehanna River and some of its branches. Sur- 
face hilly ; soil gravelly loam, very fertile in the 
valleys. 5 miles W. from Owego, and 172 S. 
of \V. from Albany. 

Tioga County, Pa., c. h. at AVellsboro'. 
This county has Steuben co., N. Y., on the N., 
Bradford. Pa., E., Lycoming S. E. and E., and 
Potter W. The soil is of a middling quality, 
the surface broken. The main southern branch 
of Tioga River rises in the S. E. angle, and trav- 
erses this county, flowing N. into New York. 
The sources of Pine Creek drain its S. W. angle. 

Tionesta, Pa., Venango co. Drained by some 
streams flowing into the Susquehanna River, 
which bounds it on the N. W. 206 miles W. N. 
W. from Harrisburg. 

Tippah County, Mi., c. h. at Ripley. Bounded 
N. by Tennessee, E. by Tishamingo co., S. by 
Pontotoc and W. by Marshall co. Drained by 
Hatcbie, Muddy, Wolf, and Tippah Creeks, and 
the head branches of Tallahatchee River. 

Tippecanoe Counti/, la., c. h. at Lafavette. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by White and Carroll 
counties, E. by Clinton. ,S. by Montgomery, and 
W. by Fountain and Warren counties. Drained 
by Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, Wild Cat 
Creek and its branches, which att'ord water power. 
Surface level or undulating, a large part being 
prairie. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses 
this county. 

Tipton, lo., c. h. Cedar co. On a high prairie, 
a little W. from Sugar Creek. 

Tipton County. la., c. h. at Tipton. New. N. 
central part of the state. 

Tipton County, Te., c. h. at Covington. The 
Mississippi River is on the W. of this county, 
Shelby co. S., Fayette S. E., Haywood E., and 
Lauderdale N. The general course of the Mis- 
sissippi River in this county is S. W. It is very 
winding. 

Tislmry, Ms., Dukes co., extends from Vineyard 
Sound on the N. to the sea on the S. The noted 



596 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. 



harbor of Holmes's Hole, in this town, is on Vine- 
yard SounJ. This harbor is large and safe, and 
of suffieient depth of water for the largest mer- 
chantmen. The viUasc at this harbor is pleasant, 
large and nuite a place of business. There are 
some hi.'h lands near the harbor, but the town is 
cenerallv level. Tlicrc is much good land in the 
town La.'oon I'ond communicates with Holmes s 
Hole bv an opening which is only 4 rods wide and 
7 feet deep at higli water. The pond is 3 miles in 
leno-th and 1 in width, and in several places 40 
feet^in'depth. Newtown Tond, in the S. part of 
Tisburv, is a mile and a half long, and has a nat- 
ural communication with the sea, through which 
the tide rises and falls. The largest brooks m the 
island empty into the bead of this pond, not more 
than 100 rods apart, one running from the VV 
and one from the N. W. On the easterly side of 
this pond arc a number of deep coves, around 
which is much marshv land. The wells arc on a 
level with the sea ; the common depth of them is 
from 15 to 20 feet. The water is soft, and of good 
Quality. Holmes's Hole village lies 8 miles N. W. 
from Edgartown, and 77 S. S. E. from Boston by 
railroad and steamboat, via New Bedford. 

Tishomingo County, Mi., c. h. at Jacinto. Bound- 
ed N. by Tennessee. E. by Alabama, S. by Ita- 
wamba co., and \V. by Tippah co. Watered by 
Tennessee River, which runs on its N. i-. boun- 
dary by Yellow and Tuscumbia Creeks, and by 
the head streams of the E. fork of Tombigbee 

^tIhs County, Ts., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. In 
the N. E. angle. Watered by Sulphur iork and 
Cyprus Bayou of Red River. 

■ Tiverton, "R. I., Newport co. This town is con- 
nected with Portsmouth, on the Island of Rhode 
Island, by a stone bridge at a place called How- 
land's Fcrrv. It adjoins Fall River. 

The surface of the town is varied by hills ana 
valleys Its structure is granite, and the land, in 
some parts, is stony. The soil is principally a 
cravcUy loam, and capable of producing good 
Srops There are valuable forests of timber in 
the town. 13 miles N. E. from Newport. 

The navi-ablc privileges of Tiverton are of a 
superior kind, and are improved, to some extent, 
in the fishery and foreign and domestic trade. 
There are large ponds in the town, well supplied 
with fish These ponds produce a water power 
vh\ch is applied to the manufacture of cotton and 
other materials. 

The captor of the British General Prescott was 

a native of Tiverton. Hisnamewas Tak, a slave, 

the property of Thomas Sisson, a wealthy farmer. 

" Duriii- the revolution, Tak was sent by his 

master into the army, to serve as a substitute for 

anotlier man wlio was drafted. \Vhen Co onel 

Barton took General Prescott on Long Island, 

Tak was one of Colonel Barton's chosen men, 

and the one on whom lie most depended. Having 

entered the house where General Prescott was 

qnartered, Colonel Barton, followed by Tak and 

two or three others, proceeded silently to the door 

of the chamber where General Prescott was sleep- 

incr The colonel, finding the door fastened, turned 

Km\ whispered to Tak, ' I wish that door opened 

General Prescott taken, and carried by the guard 

to the lioat, without the least noise or disturbance.' 

" Tak stepped back two or three paces, then 

plun-'ing violently against the door, burst it open, 

and nished into the middle of the room. At the 

game instant, General Prescott sprang from bis 



bed, and seized his gold watch, hanging upon the 
wall. Tak sprang upon him like a tiger, and 
clasping the general in his brawny arms, said in a 
low, stern voice, • One word, and you are a dead 
man.' Then hastily snatching the general's cloak, 
and wrapping it round his body, and at the same 
time telling his comi)anions to take the rest of 
his clothes, he took the general in his arms, as if 
a cliild, and ran with him by the guard towards 
the boat, followed by Colonel Barton and the rest 
of his little company." 

Tak was more tlian 6 feet in height, well pro- 
portioned, and remarkable for his shrewdness, 
agility, and strength. He attained great age, and 
w-as never known to taste of any kind of meat. 
Tivoli, N. Y.. Dutchess co. On the E. bank 
of Hudson River, opposite Saugerties. 51 mile» 
S. from Albanv. There is a steam ferry here. 

Tohy Pa., Clarion co. Bounded on the N. by 
Clarion River, and W. by the Alleghany, and 
drained by Licking. Catfish, Cherryrun, and Red 
Bank Creeks. Surface undulating or level ; soil 
loam. Copperas and salt are found here. 190 
miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Todd County, Kv.. c. h. at Elkton. Muhlenbnrg 
is on the N., Logan E., Christian W., and Rob- 
ertson CO., Te., S. Red River, a branch of Cum- 
berland, and Muddy Fork, a branch of Green 
River, drain this county. 

rofe/o.O., Lucas CO. City. Situated on the W. 
side of Manmee River, near its entrance into Mau- 
mee Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Erie, 
134 miles N. N. W. of Columbus. Popuhuion in 
1840, 1322 ; in 1850,3819. It is 66 miles S. from 
Detroit, between which place and Toledo steam- 
boats plv upon the lake daily. Steamboats run 
regularly between Bufl'alo and Toledo, 310 miles, 
touching at the intermediate ports of Cleveland 
and Sandusky. A railroad. 33 miles in length, 
connects Toledo with the Michigan Southern Rail- 
road at Adrian, and thence, with the southern ex- 
tremity of Lake Michigan. The Miami and Erie 
Canal, 247 miles long, connects Toledo with Cin- 
cinnati i and the Wabash and Erie Canal, extend- 
in"- from this point through the circuit of the Wa- 
ba'sh yallev, will unite the waters of Lake Erie with 
those of the Ohio at Evansville, la., 324 miles be- 
low Cincinnati. The whole length of this canal 
will be 460 miles, opening to Toledo the valuable 
internal resources of Indiana and Eastern Illinois. 
Bv these canals, connecting the commerce of the 
lakes with that of the lower valleys of the Ohio 
and Mississippi, one of the most important chan- 
nels of trade is opened between the eastern cities 
and the vast interior of the W. The produc- 
tions of the S. and S. W.. wliicli, during the sea- 
son of 1846, reached Toledo by these two canals, 
exceeded 3.000,000 of dollars in value. By its 
position, and the aid of these great internal im- 
provements, Toledo is evidently destined to b« 
one of the greatest gathering points of the agri- 
cultural products of the country. 

Toledo is extended for more than a mile along 
the river bank ; but the business chiefly concen- 
trates at its upper and lower extremities or land- 
ings, whicli were originally two distinct settle- 
ments, called Port Lawrence and Vistula. At 
these points, especially at the upper landing for- 
merly Port Lawrence, the city is compactly built, 
with stores, warehouses, dwellings, and public 
houses, among which are many large and impos- 
incT edifices. Toledo was incorporated as a city 
in^lSSe, about 5 years after the settlement at Vi»- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



597 



tula commenced. There are churclics hero of 
the Presliyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Lutheran, 
and Roman Catholic denominations. 

Aboiittheyear 1833, there arose a serious honn- 
dary dispute Ijetwcen the state of Ohio and tlie 
territorial government of Michigan, the chief 
importance of whicli tnrncd upon tlie value, to 
Ohio, in the opinion of licr leading men, of this 
harbor at the moutli of the Maumee, to enable 
her to realize the Ijenefit of her canals to the 
Ohio and the Waliasli valleys, Tlie difficulty, 
which had arisen from a discrepancy between one 
of the provisions of the ordinance of 1787 and 
the terms upon wbicli Ohio had been admitted 
into the Union, was finally adjusted by Congress, 
by giving to Michigan, instead of this small strip 
of disputed territory, averaging about 8 miles in 
width, the whole of the extensive tract lying be- 
tween Lakes Jticbigan and Superior, now so 
valuaiile for its rich deposits of copper and other 
minerals. 

Tollaml Conntij. Ct., c. h. at Tolland. This 
county was taken from Hartford and Wind- 
ham counties in 1786. It is bounded N. by Mas- 
sachusetts, K.by Windham, S. by New London, 
and W. by Hartford counties. 

The western part of the county lies within the 
great valley of the Connecticut ; it is generally 
A"eA3 from stone, undulating, fertile, and produc- 
tive; the eastern section is within the granitic 
range which extends through the state: much 
of this portion of the country is covered with for- 
ests ; that part which is cleared affords good 
grazing. The Scantic, Willimantic, Salmon, 
Hockannm, and Hop Rivers, with their tributa- 
ries, afibi'd the county a good water jiower. 

TolUtml, Ct., c. h. Tolland co. Situated on the 
nearest mail route from Hartford to Boston. 18 
miles E. N. E. from Hartford. Its products are 
English grain, grass, jiotatoes, &c. The land is 
rather sterile, mountainous, and uneven. The 
inhabitants are industrious and intelligent. 

Tolland, Ms., Hampden co., was taken from 
Granville and Sandisfield in 1810. It was for- 
merly called Southfield. This township is on 
elevated land ada|ited for grazing. It is watered 
by Farmington River, the western boundary of 
tlie town, which is here a beautiful and lively 
stream. Tolland has a neat village in the centre 
of the town, and another on the border of the 
river, called New Boston. 22 miles W. from 
Springfield, and 120 W. S. W. from Boston. 

Tompkins Count!/, N. Y., c. h. at Ithaca, was 
incorporated from Cayuga and Seneca counties 
in 1817. It is bounded N. by Seneca and Cayu- 
ga, E. by Cortland, S. by Tioga and Chemung, 
and W. Iiy Chemung co. and Seneca Lake. Wa- 
tered by Cayuga Lake and Inlet, and Six Mile 
and Fall Creeks. Surface hilly but arable ; soil 
well adapted to grazing, and in tlie valleys to the 
growtli of grass, grain, and fruit. This county 
has little mineral wealth. The Cayuga Lake and 
Inlet and the Cayuga and Seneca Canal open a 
water communication with the Erie Canal, and 
the Ithaca and Owego Railroad also crosses this 
eounty. 

Tompl-ins, N. Y., Delaware co. The Mohawk, 
or W. branch of the Delaware, winds through 
this town, forming the W. boundary for some 
iiistance. Surface hillv and mountainous. 22 
miles S. W. from Delhi, and 100 S. W. from 
Albany. 

Tompkinsvitle, Ky., c. h. Monroe co. On a branch 



of Big Barren River. 15S miles S. S. W. from 
Frankfort. 

Tompb'nsville, N. Y., Richmond co. Situat- 
ed on Staten Island, 6 miles S. from New 
York, witii which it is connected by steam ferry 
boats. It is pleasantly situated, overlooking the 
quarantine ground, and is the site of a marine 
hospital, or lazaretto, for the reception of sick 
seamen arriving from foreign jiorts. It is open 
only from the 1st of April to tlie 1st of Novem- 
ber." This building is 177 feet long and 3 stories 
high. Here are also other hospitals for patients 
from the city with contagious diseases, which 
have spacious buildings and ample grounds, sub- 
stantially enclosed. 

Tonawandu, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ton- 
awanda Creek, and comprises Grand Island, lying 
in Niagara River. Surface ehiefiy level, and soil 
fertile. 10 miles N. from Buffalo, and 288 W. 
from Albany. 

Topsjield, Me., Washington co. This town- 
ship was number eight in the second range N. of 
the Bingham Penobscot Purchase. It was in- 
corporated in tlie year 18.38. This town lies 
about GO miles N. E. from Bangor. 

Topxficld, Ms., Esse.x co. Before the incor- 
poration of this town, in 1650, it was called by 
the Indians Shewefiueineadt/, and by the whites 
N(w Meadows. This in a pleasant town, watered 
by Ipswich River and its branches. The sur- 
face is diversified. There are some i\nQ tracts 
of intervale in the town, and the uplands possess 
a strong soil. Topsfield was first settled about 
the year 1642. 21 miles N. by E. from Boston, 
and 9 N. by W. from Salem. 

Tb/isAnni, Me., asbiretowu of Lincoln co. On 
the N. side of the Androscoggin, at the head of 
navigation, opposite to Brunswick, in common 
with which it enjoys from that river a great hy- 
draulic power. A place of considerable trade, 
particularly in lumber. 

Tojisliam, Vt., Orange co. Topsham is on ele- 
vated ground, with a rocky, strong soil, adapted 
to grazing. It contains much granite, and is 
watered by the upper branches of Wait's River, 
which propel a number of mills. The settlement 
was commenced about the year 1781. The first 
settlers were mostly from New Hampshire. 19 
miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 15 N. E. from 
Chelsea. 

Torrington, Ct., Litchfield co. This town was 
first settled in 1737. Its surface is diversified by 
hills and valleys, and the soil is better adapted 
to grazing than the culture of grain. Two 
branches of Naugatuek River meet at Wolcott- 
ville, a beautiful village in the S. part of the town. 
This village is situated in a valley, and near it a 
good bed of copper ore has recently been discov- 
ered ; and Mr, Israel Coe, the ]n-o|irietor, lias 
commenced the manufacture of brass kettles 
the first establishment of the kind, it is believed, 
in the United States. 26 miles W. N. W. from 
Hartford. 

Wolcottville owes its rise, principally, to Oliver 
Wolcott, secretary of the United States treas- 
ury during the administrations of Washington 
and John Adams, and governor of Connecticut 
10 successive years. He was born at Litchfield, 
and died in New York, 1833, aged 74. 

Tbfi/on, Is., c. h. Stark co, 

Towamensing, Pa,. Montgomery co. Drained 
by Shippack and Towamensing Creeks, Surface 
level ; soil red ehale. 9 miles from Norristown. 



598 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Toiranda, Pa., Br.iilfonl co. Tliis viUftj,'e is the 
seat of justice, and is located on the ri^;lit l)anli 
of the Susquehanna Kivcr. Excellent hitumi- 
nous coal has been discovered in the mountain 
valleys S. AV. from Towanda. 137 miles N. by 
E. from Harrisburi;. 

Townseml, JIs.. Miildlcscx co. This town was 
formerly a part of " Turkey Hills," or Fitchburg, 
and was called North Town. The surface is fjen- 
erally level ; there is a f;ood deal of pine plain 
in the town. The Squanicook, a good mill 
stream, rises in this town, and joins the Nashua 
in Shirley. On this stream, at the eastern part 
of the town, is a pleasant, flourishing little vil- 
lage, called Townsend Harbor. About 4 miles 
AV. from this is the west village. There is a fe- 
male seminary in this place. At Centreville, a 
neat village, is an academy for youth of both 
sexes. Townsend west village lies 8 miles N. 
N. E. from Fitchburg, and 42 N. W. from Boston. 
Townshend, Vt., Windham co. West River 
passes through this town with considerable rapid- 
ity. Along its banks are some tracts of good 
intervale ; but the surface of the town is general- 
ly hilly, and the soil more calculated for grazing 
than tillage. The first settlement was com- 
menced here in 1761, by Joseph Tyler, who was 
Boon joined by John Hazelton. 28 miles N. E. 
from Bennington, and 95 S. from Montpelier. 

Tiiu'is Count!/, Ts., c. h. at Austin. S. central. 
On both sides of the Colorado. 

Tredypin, Pa., Chester co. Drained by Valley 
Creek. Surface gently sloping ; soil calcareous 
loam. 

Tremont, Me., Hancock co. New. 
Trenton, Me., Hancock co. 7 miles S. by E. 
from Ellsworth, on navigable waters. 

Trenton, N. J. City, capital of the state, and 
seat of justice of Mercer co. 29 miles N. E. 
from Philadelphia, and .57 miles S. W. from New 
York. Population in 1810. 300.3 ; in 1820, 3942 ; 
1830,3925; 1840,4035; 18.50,6766. 

Trenton is situated at the head of sloop navi- 
gation, on the E. side of the Delaware River, op- 
posite the lower falls. The Assunpink Creek 
here enters the Delaware. At the foot of the 
falls, or rapids, the Delaware is crossed by a fine 
bridge, 1 100 feet in length, consisting of 5 arches, 
resting upon stone piers, which is considered a 
superior specimen of this species of architect- 
ure. It was built in 1806, at an expense of 
$180,000. The Philadelphia and Trenton Rail- 
road is carried over the river on this bridge. The 
ground on which the city is built, as well as the 
surface of the town generally, is considerably 
varied. The districts of Mill Hill, Bloomsburg, 
and Lamberton, included in the borough of 
South Trenton, and extending about a mile 
down the river, may in a general description be 
regarded as a part of the city. 

Trenton is regularly laid out, and has many 
handsome stores, dwellings, and other edifices. 
The public buildings in the city pro)ier are the 
slate house, the govenujr's house, a ]nil)lic libra- 
ry, a lyceum, and 7 or 8 houses of public wor- 
ship. The state house is beautifully situated 
near the Delaware, commanding a fine view 
of the river and the surrounding country. It is 
100 feet long and 60 feet wide, built of stone, and 
stuccoed to resemble granite. Several of the 
public offices are fire-proof buildings. The gov- 
ernor's house is a plain but commodious edifice. 
The public buildings in South Trenton are the 



court house, the state prison, and 4 or 5 churches. 
The court house is a handsome edifice of brick, 
stuccoed, in the Grecian style of architect- 
ure, with a portico of 6 Ionic columns on each 
end, and surmounted with a balcony. The state 
prison is well situated, near tlie Delaware and 
Raritan Canal, and the railroad from Phila- 
delphia to New York. The walls, 20 feet high 
and 3 feet thick, enclose an area of 4 acres. Tho 
entrance is through the main building, in which 
reside the family of the warden and his assist- 
ants, to an observatory in the rear, from which 
diverge, at an angle ot 45 ilcgrees, on each side, 
the two eori'idors. in which are the cells for the 
prisoners. If the enlargement of this penitentia- 
ry is ever wanted, it is the design to add other 
radii, in conformity to the plan of these corri- 
dors. 

The Delaware and Raritan Canal, which forms 
an inland navigation from Brunswick to this 
place, passes through the city. It is 42 miles 
long, 75 feet wide, and 7 feet deep, and is suf- 
ficient for the passage of small sloops. It crosses 
the Assunpink Creek, on a fine stone aqueduct. 
It was finished in 1834, at a cost of $2,500,000. 

The Delaware is navigable for large boats 
above the falls at Trenton, as far as Easton, Pa. 
The New Jersey Railroad, between New York 
and Philadelphia, via Newark, Elizabethtown, 
and Princeton, passes through this place. 

Trenton was first settled in 1 720 ; and received 
a city charter in 1792. It will ever be memora- 
ble as the place where the favor of Providenca 
began decidedly to smile on the American arms 
in the war of the revolution ; for here, on tho 
night of December 25, 1776, at a gloomy period 
of the war, Washington crossed the Delaware, 
witli 2400 of the continental troops, and sud- 
denly attacked and captured 1000 Hessians of 
the British army, " which greatly revived the 
spirit of the nation, and had an important influ- 
ence on the final result of the contest." The 
ground on which the Hessians laid down their 
arms is a little to the N. E. of the state house. 

Trenton is an admirable site for manufacturing 
purposes, possessing, as it does, an e-xtensive wa- 
ter power, created by artificial means, from the 
falls on the Delaware, and the waters of the As- 
sunpink Creek. 

Ircnton, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Nine 
Mile and West Canada Creeks, on the latter of 
which are situated the celebrated Trenton Falls. 
Surface hilly; soil fertile clay loam. 12 miles 
N. from Utica, and 92 N. W. from Albany. 

Trenton Falls, N. Y., Oneida co. On West 
Canada Creek. 93 miles N. W. by W. from Al- 
bany. See Fashionable liesorts. 

Trenton, N. C, c. h. Jones co., is on Trent Riv- 
er. 20 miles a little S. of W. from Newbern, 
and by post road 139 S. E. from Raleigh. 

Trescott, Me., Washington co. This is an At- 
lantic town, and bounded N. E. by Lubec. It 
comprises Moose Cove, Bailey's Mistake, and 
Haycock Harbors, and is flourishing in its trade 
and navigation. It was incorporated in 1827. 

Trianijle, N. Y., Broome co. The Tioughnioga 
and Ostelic Rivers form a junction in this town, 
the surface of which is hilly, and the soil well 
suited to grass. 16 miles N. from Binghampton, 
and 132 S. W. from Albany. 

Triqi] Omnty, Ky., c. h. at Cadiz. Bounded 
N. W.'by Liringsto'n co., N. E. by Caldwell and 
Christiaii, S. E. by the state of Tennessee, and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



599 



S. W. by Tennessee llivcr. Cumberland River 
winds obliquely through tliis county to the N. \V. 
The surface is mostly low and flat. 

Trimble Counli/, Ky., c. h.at Bedford. Bounded 
W. and N. by the Ohio River, separating it from 
Indian;), E. by Carroll and Henry counties, and 
S. by Oldham co. Drained by the Little Ken- 
tucky and other branches of the Ohio River. 

TriiiUii Counti/, Ca. On the N. coast. 

Tioiqidmrg, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by 
Cowanesque Creek. Surface undulating ; soil 
clay and gravelly loam, well suited to grass. 25 
miles S. W. from Bath, and 247 from Albany. 

Troii, Aa., c. h. I'ike co. 174 miles S. E. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Troy, la., c. h. Perry co. Above the mouth of 
Anderson's Creek, on the Oliio River. .'iO miles 
above the mouth of Green River and 16S S. S. 
W. from Indianapolis. 

Troy, Me., Waldo co. Formerly called Joy. 
A fertile inland township. 39 miles N. E. from 
Augusta. 

Troy, Mo., e. h. Lincoln co. On the S. W. side 
of Cuivre River. 129 miles E. N. E. from Jeffer- 
«on City. 

Troi^, N. H., Cheshire co. The inhabitants are 
principally agriculturists. The soil and pro- 
ductions are similar to those of Fit^william. It 
possesses but few water privileges. This town 
was taken from Marlboro' and Fitzwilliam. 54 
miles S. W. from Concord, and 12 S. E. from 
Keene. 

I'roy, N. Y. City, port of entry, and seat of 
justice of Rensselaer co. Situated on the E. 
bank of Hudson River, 6 miles N. from Albany, 
and 150 N. from New York. Population in 1810, 
3895; in 1820, 5264; in 18.30, 11,405; in 1840, 
19,3.34; in 1850,28,785. The city is built on a 
Bomcvvhat elevated plain, extending from the 
river i>ack to a range of hills terminating ab- 
ruiJtly about 1 mile E., and furnishing from 
their brows, elevated from 300 to 400 feet, a com- 
manding and beautiful view of the city and sur- 
rounding country. Mount Ida, directly in the 
rear of the broadest part of the city, and Mount 
Olympus, towards the northern pari, are the emi- 
nences most distinguished for tlie line |)rospects 
which they aftbrd. Two streams, the Wynants- 
kill and Poestenkill, .aftbrding an extensive water 
power, empty into the Hud.son, within the limits 
of the city ; the latter rolling down, through a 
narrow and picturesque ravine, S. of Mount Ida, 
with successive short rapids and beautiful cas- 
cades, and forming an object of interest well 
worthy of a visit from the curious tr.aveller. The 
Wynantskill has a wider valley, through which a 
road passes, ascending to the upper level of the 
country. 

The comp,act portion of the city is built N. of 
the Poestenkill, and extends along the Hudson 
for a distance of about 3 miles. The river, having 
a curve here, has given that form, for a consider- 
able distance, to the great business street imme- 
diately on its bank. With this exception, the 
streets are laid out straight, intersecting each 
other, for the most part, at right angles. In con- 
sequence of this curve in River Street, several of 
the most important streets, which are parallel to 
the general course of the river, fall into it at their 
termination towards the central part of the city. 
This feature of the place, combining with its 
prevailing regularity, unites the greatest sim- 
plicity and beauty of arrangement with the most 



entire facilities for business purposes. A rail- 
road track is laid through the centre of River 
Street, upon which the cars from all the railroads 
coming into Troy are taken by horses tlirough 
the city, passing in front of the princijial hotels, 
and leaving their passengers where they may 
severally desire — a desideratum, in this mode of 
travelling, which obviates almost the only incon- 
venience to which it is ordinarily subject, that of 
taking carriages for conveyance to and from tha 
stations. 

There are numerous hotels in Troy, several of 
which are of the lirst class. Among these are 
the Jlansion House and the Troy House, both 
equally well situated in respect to the conven- 
ience above mentioned. The great seat of busi- 
ness is River Street, which extends the whole 
length of the city, and is built up on both sides, 
with many s|)lcndid and spacious stores and ware- 
houses. The streets running back from the river 
are handsomely built and quiet ; and most of 
them are adorned with beautiful shade trees, 
giving an air of neatness, elegance, and comfort 
to the city, which make it one of the most attrac- 
tive places to sojourn or reside in of any in the 
country. Many of the public squares and private 
gardens are ornamented with fountains, perma- 
nently supplied from the public reservoir on the 
neighboring hills, which also sends an abundance 
of excellent water in pipes to all the streets and 
dwellings. The elevation of this reservoir is 75 
feet above the city, giving a sufficient head to 
carry the water into the uppermost stories of the 
buildings, and, in case of fire, to throw it upon and 
over them, from the numerous hydrants at the 
corners of the streets, with the force of the most 
powerful engines. 

Of the public buildings in Troy, the court 
house is one of the most splendid. It is con- 
structed of the Sing Sing marble, after a Grecian 
model. One of the Presbyterian churches, too, 
is a costly and beautiful edifice, in the same style 
of architecture. St. Paul's Episcopal Church is a 
noble specimen of the Gothic style, erected at an 
expense of about S50,000. There are in Troy from 
16 to 20 churches, of the various denominations. 
The Presbyteriiins have 4, the Episcopalians 3. 
and the Methodists and Baptists 2 or more 
each. Besides these there are churches of the 
Scotch Presbyterians, Friends, and Roman Cath- 
olics. 

The Troy Female Seminary, established in 
this place through the exertions of Mrs. Emma 
Willard, holds a preeminent rank among insti- 
tutions of this kind in our country. The school 
was commenced by Mrs. Willard in 1814, at 
Middlebury, Vt. In 1819, having received incor- 
poration from the legislature of New York, it 
was removed to Waterford. In 1821 it was 
again removed to Troy, the corporation of this 
city having voted S4000 towards the erection of 
suitable buildings for its accommodation. Thes« 
buildings are beautifully situated in the central 
part of the city, with a finely-omamentcd ground 
in front. This school has educated at least 5000 
pupils. Since 1837 it has received from the state 
a share of the benefit of the literature fund, by 
which its library, apjiaratus, &c., are re]ilenished 
from time to time, and made more and more 
complete. 

The Rensselaer Institute, founded by the late 
Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, for the 
thorough practical education of young men for 



500 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



the profession of civil engineering, is also located 
at Troy. 

While the natural facilities enjoyed by this 
eity for commercial prosj)crity are good, they are 
such, at the same time, as must have required that 
spirit ijf enterprise and thrift for which its inhab- 
itants have ever been distinguished, to render 
them fully available. In this they have been 
eminently successful. Being at the head of sloop 
and steamboat navigation on the noble Hudson, 
they have extensively availed themselves of this 
advantage, in connection with that of several 
artificial channels of communication to this point. 
The Champlain and Hudson Canal, which opens 
an extensive trade with the N., and the Erie 
Canal, which reaches the opposite side of the 
Hudson from the W., have each contributed 
essentially to the prosperity of Troy. Railroads 
also centre here which connect the city with 
Boston, via the great Western Railroad, on the E., 
with New York on the S., with the ports of Lake 
Erie, via Schenectady, Utica, Roclicster, &c., on 
the AV., and with Canada and Vermont, via 
Lake Champlain, on the N. The latter crosses 
the Hudson a little above the centre of the city, 
on a substantial bridge 1650 feet in length. Other 
Tery important projects of internal improvement 
are now in an encouraging course of consumma- 
tion. One of these is the construction of a rail- 
road from Troy to connect with the Boston and 
Fitchburg Railroad at Greenfield on Connecticut 
River, thus forming a new and most direct and 
eligible route to Boston. The chief obstacle to the 
complete success of this enterprise — the excava- 
tion of a tunnel through the Hoosic Mountain — 
seems likely now to yield to the energy and per- 
severance of the capitalists engaged in its accom- 
plishment. However flourishing, therefore, this 
beautiful city has been in the past, its future pros- 
pects are still more flattering. It will be seen that 
Troy, although a little N. of Boston, is, with 
that city, almost in the direct line of intercom- 
munication between Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, 
and other principal depots of the produce of the 
west, and the greatest marts of our commerce in 
Europe. When the enterprising sjnrit of the 
citizens of Boston and Troy shall have succeeded 
in the great undertaking of tunnelling the Hoosic 
Mountain, thereby bringing the two cities within 
170 miles of each other, and upon a grade which 
will defy competition, between the eastern ter- 
minus of the Erie Canal and the waters of Bos- 
ton Harbor, no one can doubt that Troy must 
become one of the greatest inland cities of our 
country. 

There are also immense facilities for manufac- 
turing pur]joses, which have been or may yet be 
developed within and around this city. Consid- 
erable is already done with the power afforded 
by the Poestenkill and Wynantskill. The state 
dam, which has been thrown across the Hudson, 
just above the city, renders the waters of that 
river extensively available for manufacturing 
operations. Indeed, if we extend our view to 
the privileges upon the Mohawk, from the Cohoes 
Falls to its mouth, it may be said that the hy- 
draulic power available for manufacturing pur- 
poses within a circuit of 5 miles around llic city 
of Troy, is more than sufficient to turn every 
spindle now in operation in the United States. 

In 1720 a grant of 490 acres extending along 
the Hudson between the Poestenkill and Meadow 
Creek, and including the ground on which Troy 



was afterwards laid out, was made by tlie propri- 
etor of Renssclaerwyck to Derick Van D.rhey 
den, at the rent of 3 bushels and .3 pecks of 
wheat, and 4 fat fowls annually. Portions of this 
land were occupied by him and his descendants 
for a farm, and the village which sprang u|) here 
was aftenvards known by the name of Van /Jnr- 
heyden. Tliis village was incorporated liy the 
nameof Troy in 1796. But the principal settlers 
of Troy were emigrants from New England, 
who, seeing the advantages of its position, ijoth 
in an agricultural and commercial point of view, 
induced the proprietors to lay it out into town 
lots, and turned their attention, with all tlieir 
characteristic enterprise, to the means of its en- 
largement and prosperity. Under these good 
auspices Troy has grown to its present flotu'ish- 
ing condition. 

Troij, O., c. h. Miami co. On the W. bank of 
the Great Miami River. 68 miles W. by N. from 
Columbus, and 21 N. from Dayton. Tlie Miami 
Canal passes through it. 

Troij, Te., c. h. Obion co. 147 miles N. W. 
by W. from Murfreesboro'. 

Troy, Vt., Orleans co. This town is well wa- 
tered by Missisco River and several of its trib- 
utaries. The fells on the Missisco, in the N, 
part, are a considerable curiosity. Hero the 
river precipitates itself down a ledge of rocks 
about 70 feet. The soil is in general a strong 
loam, suitable for grass and most kinds of grain ; 
the surface is generally level, and along the river 
are tracts of intervale. Iron ore of an excellent 
quality is found here, and also some minerals. 
The settlement was commenced about the year 
1800, by emigrants from different towns on the 
Connecticut River. 10 miles N. from Irasburg, 
and 47 N. from Montpelier. 

Trumbull, Ct., Fairfield co. This territory was 
fonnerly called North Stratford, and was taken 
from Stratford in 1798. It is watered by tha 
Pcquannock, which empties into Bridgeport Har- 
bor. The surface is varied by hills and valleys ; 
the soil is a gravelly loam, productive of good 
crops of grain and hay. Tamtashua Hill, in the 
N. part of the town, is the first land seen in this 
direction from the ocean. 5 miles N. from 
Bridgeport. 

Trumbull County, O., c. h. at Warren. Ashta- 
bula CO. is on the N., the state of Pennsylvania 
on the E., Columbiana on the .S., and Portago 
and Geauga counties on tiie W. The land is 
valuable for farming, and is watered by the Ma- 
honing River and Canal, and Musketoe Creek. 

Truro, Ms., Barnstable co. Truro lies on both 
sides of C'ajie Cod, between WellHeet and Prov- 
incetown. It was the Pamet of the Indians. 
Pamet River, which sets up from Cape Cod Bay, 
about the centre of the town, afforils a good har- 
bor for fishermen. There is in this town, near 
the lighthouse, a vast body of clay, called the 
" Clay Pounds.'' There are also in the town a 
number of beautiful ponds, and 200 acres of peat 
land. Pamet village, at the head of the river of 
that name, is very jdoasant and fiourishing, is a 
fine location, and easy of access ibr all tho»e who 
wish to enjoy sea air, bathing, and marine sce- 
nery, in their greatest perfection, on terra firinci. 
Another neat settlement, called Pond village, 
lies about 3 miles N. from Pamet. 37 miles bo- 
low Barnstable, 102 from Boston by land, and 
about 60 by water. 

Truxtoiu N. Y., Cortland co. The Tioughnio- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



601 



ga River waters this town. Surface undulating ; 
soil arffillaceous mould, and calcareous gravel. 
12 miles N. E. from Cortland, and 131 \V. from 
Albany. 

Tn/'dn'ii'en, Pa., Chester co. This township 
adjoins Klontgomery co. on the N. E., and lies 
between Oharlestown and Radnor townships. 

TuftuiiOoir/, N. II., Carroll co. There arc sev- 
eral ponds in this town, together with many small 
streams, running into Winnipiseogee Lake. The 
soil is varions. There are several arms of the 
lake stretching far into the town, and presenting 
from tlic elevated parts a succession of beautiful 
views. First settlers, Benjamin Bean, Phinehas 
Graves, and Joseph Peavey, about 1780. !iO miles 
E. by N. from Concord, and about 8 W. from 
Ossipee. 

Tulli/, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Onon- 
daga Creek and some small lakes which are the 
iources of the Tioughnioga River. This is 
mostly a level town, with a soil well suited to 
grass. 16 miles S. from Syracuse, and 128 W. 
from Albany. 

TucLertoit, N. J., Little Egg Harbor, Burlington 
00. This village and port of entry is situated on 
the Atlantic C)cean, at the head of Tuckerton 
Mill Creek, which empties into the Bay of Little 
Egg Harbor. It is handsomely laid out, the 
streets crossing at ri^^ht angles, and shaded with 
poplar and willow trees. From Philadelphia it is 
52 miles. 6 miles from Little Egg Harbor Bay, 
and 69 miles S. from Trenton. The manufacture 
of salt is carried on here, and wood and lumber 
are exported. The place is resorted to in the 
summer for sea bathing. 

Tunica County, Mi., e. h. at Peyton. Bounded 
N. iiy l)e Soto co., E. by De Soto and Ponola, S. 
by Tallahatchee co., and W. by Coahoma co. 
and the Mississippi River, dividing it from Ar- 
kansas. Drained by Cold Water River and 
«ome smaller branches of the Mississippi. There 
are several small lakes in this county. 

Tunk/taiinocL-, Pa., e. h. Wyoming co. Bounded 
S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by 
Tunkhannock and Meshoppen Creeks. Surface 
uneven ; soil fertile on the margins of the streams. 
154 miles X. N. E. from Harrisburg. 55 miles 
above Wilkesbarre. 

Tuolumne Counly, Ca., e. h. at Sonora, stretches 
across the valley of the San Joaquim, into the 
mountain ranircs on both sides. 

Turin, N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by some 
small streams flowing into Black River, which 
bounds it on the E. Surface rolling ; .soil rich 
lo.am. 6 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 121 N. 
W. from Albany. 

Turner, Me., Oxford eo. A tributary of the 
AndroscoKgin meets that river in this town, and 
finely waters it. The soil of Turner is good, and 
its surface jtleasant. There is a number of thriv- 
ing villai^cs in tlie town ; there are considerable 
trade and some manufactures, hut the business 
of the people is generally agricultural. It has 
Livermore on its N.. Leeils and Greene on its E., 
Minot and Auburn on its S., and Bucktielil and 
Hebron on its W. .38 miles W. S. W. from Au- 
gusta, and 14 E. from Paris. 

Tuscarawas (/ounty, O., c. h. at New Philadel- 
phia, Stark bounds it on the N., Harrison and 
Carrol (Ml the E., Harrison and Guernsey on the 
6., and Coshocton and Holmes counties on the W. 
It is watered by Tuscarawas, Sandy, Conoton, 
Stillwater, and Sugar Creeks. Emigrants from 
76 



Pennsylvania and Virginia settled here about the 
year 1 803 or 1 804 ; they were mostly of German 
origin. 

Tuscaloosa County, Aa., c. h. at Tuscaloosa. 
This county is bounded N. by Jett'erson, K. by 
Shelby and Bibb, W. by Pickens, and S. by Perry 
and Greene. 

Tuscaloosa, A.a. City .md shire town of Tusca- 
loosa CO. On the left bank of the Black Warrior 
River. 123 miles N. W. from Montgomery, and 
■about 2.J0 miles N. from Mobile. It is at the 
head of steandioat navigation from the Mobile 
Bay. This was the seat of government of the 
state until recently, when the capital was removed 
to Montgomery. The city is handsomely laid 
out. and contains, besides the county buildings, 
several churches, a masonic hall, an academy, a 
lyeeum for boys, an athencTjum for young ladies, 
the Alabama Institute, and the halls of the Uni- 
versity of Alabama, which is located here. The 
university buildings are situated about a mile E. 
of the centre of the city. They are 5 in number, 
besides jjrofessors' houses, and make an imposing 
appearance. See Collcqes, 

Tuscumbia, Mo., c. h. Miller co. On the N. W. 
side of Osage River. 3.') miles S. W. from Jeffer- 
son City. 

Tuskeyee, Aa., c. h. Macon co. On a branch of 
Tallapoosa River. 152 miles E. S. E. from Tus- 
caloosa. 

Tivifffjs Couyjtif, Ga., c. h. at Marion. Wilkinson 
is on the N. E.,' Pulaski S. E., Jones N. W., and 
Ockmulgee River, or Monroe co., W. 

Tylioine. Pa.. Perry co. A township joining the 
S. E. side of the Tuscarora Mountain. 

Tyler County, Ts., c. h, at Woodville. In the 
S. Fi. angle, on the W. side of the Neclies. 

Tyler County, Va., c. h. at Middlebourne, has a 
fertile soil, but broken suiface. It is bounded 
N. W. by the Ohio Kivcr, N. by Ohio co., S. E. 
by Harrison, and S. W. by Wood. 

Tyni}^boro\ Ms,, MidiUcsex co., was formerly 
attached to Dunstable. It was incorporated as a 
district in 1789, to enable it to receive a donation 
from Mrs, Sarah Winslow, daughter of Ebenezer 
Tyng, for whom the town was named. This is a 
pleasant town, on both sides of Merrimac River. 
There is not nuicli water power in the town, and 
the soil is light and sandy. The name of the first 
white inhabitant was Cranwell, originally from 
England, Imt last from Boston. Tyngsboro', by 
the railroads, lies 8 miles W. by N. from Lowell, 
and 34 N. W. from Boston. 

Tyre, N. Y., Seneca co. Watered by Clyde, a 
branch of Seneca River, which bounds it on the 
E. Surface level ; soil calcareous and sandy 
loam. 8 miles N. E. from Waterloo, and 171 N. 
of W. from Albany. 

Tyrinyham, Ms., Berkshire co. This town was 
first settled in 1 739. It is said to have received its 
name at the suggestion of Lord Viscount Ilowe, 
a few days before he fell in battle at Ticonderoga, 
July 6, 1758, who owned lands in Tyringham, in 
England. This town is twice crossed by two 
heavy ranges of hills. In the hollow between 
these ranges, the Hop Brook, rising in a small 
pond in Otis, flows westerly, and discharges itself 
into the Housatonic, in Lee. It derives its name 
from the wild hops which formerly grew upon 
its banks. In this town are a number of pondj 
and small rivers, whose waters fall into the 
Housatonic. Although the surface is rough and 
uneven, yet the soil is strong and productive 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VIIXAGES, &c., 



602 



There is a neat and pretty village near the centre 
of the town, which lies 20 miles S. by E. from 
Pittsfield, ami 134 W. S. W. from Boston. From 
this village, about 3 miles N., are Hop Brook and 
Shaker villages. , , -n u -n 

Tijrone Pa., Adams co. Bounded B. by Ber- 
mudian and W. hy Conewago Creek. Surface 
level ; soil gravel and red shale. 10 mdes JN. J!i. 
from Gettysburg. ^ . :, . cu 

Ti/rone, Pa., Perry CO. Dramed by Sherman s 
Creek and branches. Surface mountainous ; soil 
fertile calcareous loam in the valleys. 

Tiirone, Pa., Huntingdon co. A township on 
Sinking Creek. U miles N. W. from Hunt- 
ingdon. , . L . 

Turone, Pa., Perry co. A township between 
Big'Buffalo and Sherman's Creek, with Rye Tip 
in the E., and Tvboine in the W. 

Tp-one, Pa.. Fayette co. A township between 
Toiighioganv Kivcr and Jacob's Creek. 

T?,ro"e, N". Y., Steuben co. Watered by Mud 
Creek. A hilly town. Soil calcareous loam and 
clay yielding large crops of grain. 16 miles N. 
E. from Bath, and 204 W. from Albany. 

Ti/rrd Comty. N. C, c. h. at Elizabeth. This 
Bounty is divided into two nearly equal parts, by 
Alligator River or Bay, which puts up from Al- 
bemarle Sound. It has a poor, sandy soil, but 
level surface. It is bounded N. by Albemarle 
Sound. E. bv Roanoke Sound, S. E by Pain- 
Uco Sound, S. by Hyde co., and W. by Wash- 
ington. 



Ulster Comty, N. Y., c. h. at Kingston. Incor- 
porated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Greene co 
E. bv the Hudson River, S. by Orange, and W. 
by Sullivan and Delaware counties. Watered by 
Kondout, Shawangunk, and Esopus Creeks, and 
the Wallkill. The CatskiU Mountains coyer the 
N W and tlie Shawanguuk the S. portion ot 
this county. The soil on the borders of the streams 
is very fertile, and on the uplands well suited to 
grazin.-. The water power is of great impor- 
tance, and water limestone, marl, and lead ore are 
abundant. There are also several sulphur springs 
of some note. The Delaware and Hudson Canal 
follows tlie course of tlie Rondout to within A 
miles of tlie Hudson, for which distance the stream 
itself is navigable. ■ itt i „i. „f 

Vlster, Pa., Bradford co. On the W. bank of 
tiie Susquehanna River. 142 miles N. by E. 
from Harrisburg. . 

Ulster Pa., Bradford co. A town on the nght 
gide of Susquehanna River, above Towanda. 

Ulmses, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by 
gome small streams flowing into Cayuga Lake, 
which bounds it on the E. Surface undulatinL', 
sloping towards the lake; soil good 8™^'=''y 
loam. 8 miles N. W. from Ithaca, and 1/5 W. 

from Albany. . 

Unadilhu N. Y., Otsego co. This town is wa- 
tered by the Unadilla and Susquelianna Ivivers, 
which form a iuiiction in the S. W. part. Surface 
hillv and broken, with some fertile alluvion tiats; 
the soil of the uplands is rich, and well suited to 
grass. 30 miles S.W. from Cooperstown, and 
100 S. of W. from Albany. 

Uncasville. Ct.. in MontviUe, New London co. 
45 miles S. E. from Hartford. An Indian village 
on the Mohegan reservation, between Ivorwich 
and New London. There are a chapel a school 
house, and a house for a teacher, towards the erec- 
tion of which the United States appropriated 



$500, with an annuity of $400 for the teacher^ 

^""^nderA^/, Vt., Chittenden co. The head 
branches of Brown's River water tins town. 
The surface is hilly and broken, and the soil 
hard The settlement was commenced about 
the year 1786. 15 miles N. E. from Burlington, 
and 26 N. W. from Montpelier. . 

Union County, As., c. h. at Champagnole, u 
bounded N. by Washita co., E. by the Washita 
River, separating it from Bradley co., S. by 
Louisiana, and W. by Lafayette co. Drained by 
tributaries of the Washita River. 

Unio>i, Ct., Tolland co. The surface of Union 
is hilly with a hard and unproductive soil. 
Mashapaug and Breakneck Ponds, lying in this 
town are the principal sources of Quinebaug 
River. A branch of the Natchaug also nse« 
here. 33 miles N. E. from Hartford. 

Union County, Ga., c. h. at BlairsviUe. Bound- 
ed N. by North Carolina, E. by South Carolina 
and Habersham co., S. by Lumpkin, and W. by 
Gilmer co. Surface uneven, and watered by 
Hiawassee River and branches. 

Union County, Is., Hamburg and Jonesburg 
shire towns. Jackson and Franklin counties ara 
on the N., Johnson E., and Mississippi River on 

' "union County, la., c. h. at Liberty. Bounded 
N. bv Wayne bo., E. by Ohio, S. by FrankUn cOj, 
and "W. by Favette co. Drained by the L. tork 
of Whitewater "River and its branches, which af- 
ford hydraulic power. Surface undulating; soil 

"Union County, Ky., c. h. at Morganfield ThiJ 
county is situated opposite the mouth of Wabasb 
River, and is bounded by Henderson co. N. Is 
Hopkins S. E., the Ohio River W. and N. W, 
and Tradewater River, or Livingston co., b. W. 

Union Parish, La., c. h. at Farmersville a 
bounded N. hy Arkansas, E. by the Washi» 
River, separating it from Morehouse parish, h. 
by Washita and Jackson parishes, and W. by 
Claiborne parish. Drained by De Arbon. 
River and branches, and by other tributaries of 
the Washita. . „j 

Union, Me., Lincoln co. This pleasant and 
flourishing town is watered by Muscongus and 
St George Rivers, and by several beautiful 
ponds. The soil is fertile, and the surface gen- 
erally swelling. Union was incorporated in 1 -86. 
It is 28 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 7 N. by W. 

from Warren. . . ., , i „» 

Union at,/, Mn., Branch co. At the head of 
navigation, on St. Joseph's Kivf,--, at its .lunct.on 
with Coldwatcr River. 116 miles W. S. W. from 
Detroit It possesses an extensive water powet 
Union N. Y., Broome co. Watered by ^anti- 
coke Creek and other streams flowmg into th« 
Susquehanna River, which bounds it on the Is. 
Surface undulating; soil rich gr''ve"y lo«>u. 6 
miles W. from Binghampton, and 150 S. W. from 

^^u'mon Vale, N. Y., Dutchess co. The FishkiU 
Creek waters this town, the surface ot which 18 
hilly and rolling, having thcMatteawan IvHli-'« on 
the E.; soil gravel, clay, and loam. 12 mile* 
E. from Poughkcepsie, and 85 S. from A1'";'V;. 
Union County, O., c. h. at Marysvil le. Bounded 
N. bv Hardin and Marion, E. bv Delawaie, b. by 
Madison and Franklin and W by tliampaign 
and Logan comities. Darby, Mill, Bokes, and 
Rush Creeks rise in this county, and furnish it 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



60d 



with a good supply of water. The lanj is level, 
fertile, and ^vcll adapted to grazing. The county 
wa.s organized in 1820, and settled in 1799, by 
George Uecd. Samuel Mitchell, and several others, 
all UMtives of Pennsylvania. 

Uniuit Cuiuily, I'a., c. h. at New Berlin. 
This county is bounded by Lycoming co. N., 
Centre W., Jlifliin S. and S. W.. and Susquehan- 
na Hiver E. It is mountainous and much broken, 
but the river and creek lands are highly produc- 
tive. Susunchanna River washes the greatest 
lengtii of this county, and it is drained by White 
Deer. Buffalo. Penn's, and Mahoning Creeks. 

Union, Pa.. Bciks co. Bounded N. by the Schuyl- 
kill lliver, and drained by Mill, French, and Six- 
pence Creeks. Surface very hilly ; soil gravelly 
and sterile. 

Union, Pa., Luzerne co. A township extend- 
ing from the Susquehanna River to the E. limit 
of Lycoming co. 13 miles below Wilkesbarre. 

Ifiiion, Pa., Union co. Watered by the Sus- 
quehanna River and its W. branch. Surface 
mountainous ; soil calcareous loam. 

Union, Pa., c. h. Fayette Co. On both sides 
of Redstone Creek. About 4 miles from the 
western foot of Laurel Hill, 186 a little S. of 
W. from Ilarrisburg, and 276 W. from Phil- 
adelpliia. 

Union, Pa., Fayette CO. A township around 
the borough of the same name. On both sides 
of Redstone Creek. 12 miles S. E. from Browns- 
Tillc. 

Union, Pa., Huntingdon co. A township in 
Trough Creek valley. 15 miles nearly S. from 
Huntingdon. 

Union District, S. C, c. h. at Union. This dis- 
trict is bounded by Broad River, or York, Ches- 
ter, and Fairfield districts E., Ennoree River, or 
Newberry, and Laurens districts S. W., and Spar- 
tanburg \V. and N. W. Besides the two rivers, 
which form i)art of its boundary, it is drained by 
Pacolet and Tyger Rivers. 

Union, V.I., e. h. Monroe co. 229 miles W. 
from Richmond. 

Unionvitk', S. C, e. h. Union District. On a 
small branch of Tyger River. 70 miles N. W. 
from Columbia. 

Unity. N. II.. Snllivan co. Little Sugar River 
has its source in Whortleberry Pond and Beaver 
Meadow, in the N. part of the town, jiasscs 
through its centre, and empties into the Connec- 
ticut at Charlesto^vTi. Cold Pond is partly in 
this town. From Gihnan's Pond, in the E. part, 
proceeds a branch of Sugar River, flowing through 
New|jort. Perry's Mountain is in the S. W. part, 
and partly in Cliarlestown. Unity is an uneven 
township, but the soil is favorable for grazing. It 
is excellent for fla.x. This town was called Unity 
from tlie happy termination of a dispute which 
had long sui)sisted between certain of the inhabit- 
ants of Kingston and Ilampstead, claiming the 
same tracts of land, under two different grants. 
First .settlers, John Ladd and Moses Thurston, 
in 1769. .'ju miles W. by N. from Concord, and 
9 S. from Newport. 

U/tpcr Alioicay^s CVce/r, N. J., Salem CO. Drained 
by Alloway's and Stow Creeks. The surface is 
undulating; the soil clay and loam in the N. E., 
and sandy, gravelly loam in the S. W. portions. 
7 miles S. E. from Salem. 

Ui'iur Alton, Is., Madison co. Adjoining the 
town of Alton, on elevated ground, about 2i 
miles back from the Mississippi. 



Upper Bern, Pa., Berks co. Drained by a 
stream flowing into the Schuylkill River, which 
bounds it on the E. Blue Mountain lies on its 
N. border. 

Upper, N. J., Cape May co. This town is 
bounded S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and drained 
by Tuckahoe and Cedar Swamp Creeks. Suiface 
level; soil sand and clay. It lies 13 miles N. E. 
from Cape May Court House. 

Upper Chirhester, Pa., Delaware co. Drained 
by Hook and Naaman's Creeks. Surface level ; 
soil loamy. 

Upper Diirhij, Pa., Delaware co. Drained by 
Darby and Cobb's Creeks, which aflbrd hydraulic 
power. Surface hilly ; soil loamy. 

Upper Freeliold, N. J., Monmouth co. A town- 
ship on the S. side of the River Shrewsbury. 12 
miles S. from Amboy. 

Upper Hanover. Pa., Montgomery co. Watered 
by Perkiomen Creek and branches. Surface 
hilly; soil red shale. 82 miles E. from Harris- 
burg. 

Upper Mahantango, Pa., Schuylkill co. Drained 
by two branches of Mahantango Creek. Surface 
hilly ; soil sterile, consisting of red shale and 
gravel. 

Upper Makejield, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded N. 
by Pidcock's Creek. Surface undulating ; soil 
clay and sandy loam. 

Upper Marlboro', Md., Prince George's co. A 
little W. from Patu.xent River, and 23 miles S. 
W. from Annapolis. 

Upper Merion, Pa.. Montgomery co. Drained 
by Valley and Gulf Creeks, which afl'ord hydrau- 
lic power. Surface undulating; soil calcareous 
loam. 

Upper Milford, Pa., Lehigh co. Drained by 
the N. branch of Perkiomen Creek and the head 
streams of Upper Saucon Creek. Surface most- 
ly hilly ; soil gravel and red shale of medium 
quality. 

Upper Nazareth, Pa., Northampton co. Drained 
by two branches of Manoosky Creek. Surface 
undulating ; soil productive gravel and slate. 

Upper Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded 
W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by 
Mahantango, and Great and Little Wiconisco 
Creeks. Surface jjartly mountainous ; soil red 
shale. 22 miles N. from Ilarrisburg. 

Upper Penn's Neck, N. J., Salem eo. Located 
on the E. bank of the Delaware River. Surface 
level ; soil light sandy loam. 

Upper Proci(ience,V&.. Montgomery CO. Bound- 
ed S. W. by the Schuylkill River, and drained 
by Perkiomen and Mingo Creeks. Surface hilly ; 
soil gravelly loam and red shale. 

Upper St. Clair, Pa., Alleghany co. Drained 
by Chartier's Creek. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 

Upper Saljbrd. Pa., Montgomery co. Perkio- 
men and Rich Valley Creeks drain this town, 
the surface of which is level, and the soil red 
shale and loam. 10 miles N. N. W. from Nor- 
ristown. 

Upper Sandnskij. O., c. h. Wyandot co. 64 
miles N. from Columbus. It w.as laid out in 
1843. The neighboring district was occupied 
till recently by the VVyandots. 

Upper Saucon, Pa., Lehigh co. Drained by 
Saucon Creek. Surface diversified; soil calcare- 
ous loam in the valleys. South Mountain, in 
which iron ore is found, lies in the N. part of this 
town. 6 miles N. E. from Nortiiampion. 

Upper Swatara, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by 



604 



COtTNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Swatara Creek. Surface diversified ; soil grav- 
elly. 

Upper Tulpehocken, Pa., Berks co. Watered by 
Tulpehooken Creek and its tributaries, Northkill 
and Little Nortlikill Creeks. Surface diversified ; 
soil fertile calcareous loam and gravel. Tbe 
Union Canal runs along the S. border of this 
town. 

Upshur County, Ts., c. h. at Gilme. In the 
N. E. angle of the state, between the Upper Sa- 
bine and Cypress Bayou. 

Upson County, Ga., c. h. at Thomaston. W. 
part. Drained by branches of the Flint, which 
washes it on the b. W. 

Upton, Ms., Worcester co. Previous to its in- 
corporation, in 173.5, this town was attached to 
Mendon, Sutton, Uxbridge, and Hopkinton. The 
surface is partly plain land, and partly rough 
and hilly, with a strong soil. West River, a 
branch of the Blackstone, rises from a pond in 
Upton, and furnishes a power for a number of 
mills. Near Pratt's Pond and two otlier beautiful 
little lakes is a pleasant village, near the centre 
of the town, which lies 13 miles S. E. from 
Worcester, and about 7 S. from the Worcester 
Railroad at Westboro', from which it is 32 miles 
to Boston. 

Urhana, N. Y., Steuben co. The S. part of 
Crooked Lake and its inlet water this town. 
Surface rather hilly ; soil clay and loam. 6 miles 
N. E. from Bath, and 207 W. from Albany. 

Urhana, 0., c. h. Champlain co. 46 miles W. 
by N. from Columbus. 

Urhana, Va., Middlesex co. A village and sea- 
port on the S. E. side of Rappahannock River. 
12 miles S. W. from Lancaster, and 60 N. by W. 
from Williamsburg. 

Urhauna, Is., e. Ii. Champaign CO. On the S. 
side of the Salt Fork of Vermilion River. 92 
miles E. N. E. from Springfield. 

Ulica, N. Y. City and seat of justice of Onei- 
da CO. Situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk 
River, on the site of old Fort Schuvler. 93 miles 
W. by N. from Albany, and 232 E. from Buffalo. 
Population in I'820, 2972 ; in 1830, 8323 ; in 1840, 
12,782; in 1850, 17,642. Utica has a jileasant 
location, on ground gradually ascending from the 
river, and commanding a tine prospect from its 
more elevated parts. It is well built, having 
many fine stores and large and elegant dwellings. 
The streets are laid out with a good degree of 
regularity, generally, but not always crossing 
each other at right angles. They are neat and 
spacious, some of them 100 feet wide, and well 
paved. It contains a court house, offices for the 
clerks of the Supreme and United States' Courts, 
about 20 churches of the various denominations, 
an Exchange building, an academy, a mnscum, 
a Protestant and a IJonian Catholic Orphan 
Asylum, and various other charitable institutions. 

The New York State Lunatic Asylum, at Uti- 
ca, is situated on somewhat elevated ground, 
about a mile W. of the city. It has fine build- 
ings, with a farm of 160 acres attached. It 
contained about 500 patients in 1850. 

The country around Utica is fertile, and the 
city is the centre of an active and extensive trade. 
Railroads, canals, and turnpikes radiate from it 
in all directions. The great Western Railroad, 
from Albany and Troy to Buil'ulo, and the great 
Eric Canal between the same points, pass through 
Utica. The Chenango Canal also comes in here 
from Binghampton, which is on the Erie Rail- 



road, and on the Susquehanna River, 96 miles to 
the S. E. 

The Erie Canal has been widened, wliere it 
passes through the city, to 70 feet, and made 7 
feet deep, and presents a fine appearance from 
the substantial and beautiful bridges with whicli 
it is spanned. A culvert has been constructed 
in the city from the canal to the river, at an ex- 
pense of about S100,0n0. It is surrounded by 
one of the finest and richest agricultural districts 
in the union, and is a wealthy and flourishing 
place of business. 

The first building erected within the limits of 
Utica was a mud fort, constructed during the old 
French war, and named Fort Schuyler. It occu- 
pied the portage, or carrying place between the 
Mohawk and Wood Creek, which discharge 
through Lake Oneida, into lake Ontario. 

In 1798 Utica took its present name, being 
incorporated as a village. It was but an in- 
considerable village until about the year 1800, 
when the location of the Seneca "Turnpike, 
crossing the Mohawk at tliis potait, operated to 
make it an important place of deposit and trade. 
In 1817 it was taken from Whitestown, and 
received a separate incorporation as a town. It 
was incorporated as a city in 1832. It is divided 
into 6 wards, and is governed by a mayor and 12 
aldermen. 

Uxbridge, Ms., Worcester co. This large, 
wealthy, and flourishing town was, until 1727, 
the W. part of ancient Mendon. Its Indian name 
was Wacuntug, The central part of the town 
has a fair soil ; the surrounding hills are moist, 
and well adapted to grazing and orchards. There 
are in the town a quarry of stone and an iron 
mine. Uxbridge enjoys important advantages in 
being situated, for nearly its whole length, on the 
Blackstone River and Canal, as well as from the 
water power of West and Mumford Rivers, which 
here join the Blackstone. There are a number 
of flourishing manufacturing villages in Uxbridge, 
situated in valleys, and surrounded by picturesque 
scenery. The principal village is situated at the 
north part of the town. The railroad from 
Worcester to Providence passes thi-ough it. 16 
miles S. E. from Worcester, and 40 S. W. from 
Boston. 

Vallejo, Ca., Solano co. See Appendix, No 1. 

Valley Forge, Pa., Schuylkill, Chester co. At 
the entrance of Valley Creek into Schuylkill 
River. 20 miles N. W. from Philadelphia, and 
81 E. by S. from Harrisburg. The ccleiirated 
winter quarters of the American army in 1777. 

Van Bnren County, As., c. h. at Clinton. 
Bounded N. by Searcy, Izard, and Independence 
counties, E. by Independence and White, 8. by 
Conway, and VV. by Pope co. Little Red River 
and branches, and some branches of the Arkan- 
sas, water this county. 

Ian Buren County, lo., c. h. at Keosauque. 
Bounded N. by Warello and Jefferson counties, 
E. by Henry and Lee, S. by Missouri, and W. 
hy Davis co. Drained by Des Moines Kiver 
and branches. Iron, copper, tin ore, and niarblo 
are found in this county. The soil is fertile. 

Van Buren, Me., Aroostook co. A new town. 

Van Buren County, Mn., c. h. at Pawpaw 
Bounded N. by Allegan co., E. by Kalamazoo, S. 
by Cass, and W. by Berrien co. and Lake Mich- 
igan. Drained by Pawpaw River and its trilv 
utaries, the S. branch of Black River, Dowago- 
ake and Brush Creeks, all which afford good 



IN TUB UNITED STATES. 



605 



water power. The surface is level, and the soil 
productive. 

Van Bureii, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by 
Camp Brook, a branch of Seneca River, which 
bounds it on the N. Surface rolling ; soil sandy 
loam and clay 12 miles N. W. from Syracuse, 
and 145 N. W. from Albany. 

1 «;i Biiren Harbor, N. Y., Chautauqne CO. On 
the S. shore of Lake Erie. Has a good steam- 
boat landing. 5 miles S. E. from Dunkirk, and 
S34 W. liy S. from Albany. 

VancehHrij, Ky., Lewis co. This village is sit- 
uated near the Ohio Kiver. 3.5 miles N. E. by E. 
from Washington. Near this place are salt 
works. 

Van Wert, 0., c. h. Van Wert co. On a branch 
of tlie Little Auglaize. 136 miles N. W. by W. 
from Columbus. 

Vamtalia, Is., c. h. Fayette co. Situated on 
the Kaskaskia River. 73 miles S. E. from 
Springfield, and 82 N. E. from St. Louis. Until 
1840 this was the capital of the state. The town 
k regularly laid out, with streets 80 feet wide, 
crossing each other at right angles, and a hand- 
»ome jHiblic square in the centre. The public 
buildings are a court house, jail, a United States 
land office, and churches of different denomina- 
tions. The national road extends to this place. 

Vanderburg County, la., c. Ii. at Evansville. 
Bounded N. by Gibson, E. by Warrick co., 
S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken- 
tucky, and W. by Posey co. Drained by Big 
Pigeon, Blue, Grass, Locust, and Little Creeks. 
Surface mostly hilly ; soil very fertile in the S. 
part. 

1 OH Wert County, 0., c. h. at Van Wert. Bounded 
on the N. by Paulding, E. by Putnam and Allen, 
S. by Mercer, and W. by the State of Indiana. 
This county was constituted in 1820. It was 
named in honor of Van Wert, one of the men 
who took up Major Andre, a I5ritish spy. The 
soil is various j the land level, and of a good 
quality. Some prairies are found here. The St. 
Mary's Kiver is the principal stream. There are 
several others, and all furnish an excellent sup- 
ply of water. The Miami Canal crosses the 
eastern part. 

Van Zandt Counti/, Ts., c. h. at Jordan's Sa- 
line. In the N. E. angle of the state, on the 
head waters of the Sabine. 

Varick; N. Y., Seneca co. Bounded E. by 
Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lake. Surface elc^ 
vated in the centre ; soil fertile, yielding large 
crops of grain. 8 miles S. from Waterloo, and 
180 W. from Albany. 

Vassalboro', Me. This is a large and flourish- 
ing town, on the E. side of Kennebec River, op- 
posite to Sidney. There arc several large and 
beautiful ponds in the town, from which issue two 
excellent mill streams, one a branch of the Se- 
basticook, the other of the Kennebec. This is a 
place of considerable interior trade and business 
on the river. Vessels of considerable burden 
pass to the ocean from Vassalboro', by means of 
the Kennebec Dam. The valleys arc very pleas- 
ant, and the surface and soil of the town varied 
and fertile. 12 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 

Vaiant/o Counti/, Pa., c. ii. at Franklin. There 
is much good soil along the watercourses, but 
the surface generally is broken. Armstrong is 
on the S. E. of this county, Butler S. W., Mercer 
W., Crawford N. W., Warren N. E., and Jeffer- 



.son E. Through this county winds the Alle- 
ghany River, and in its course receives French 
Creek. 

Venice, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Salmon 
Creek. Surface undulating ; soil clay and grav- 
elly loam, based upon lime and gy|)sum. 1 .'S 
miles S. from Auburn, and 1G2 W. from Al- 
bany. 

Verqennes, Vt., Addison co. This city is beau- 
tifully located at the falls on Otter Creek, and is 
7 miles from Lake Cbamplain. Otter Creek, at 
this place, is about .500 feet wide, and, at the falls, 
is separated by two islands, which form 3 distinct 
(:ills of 37 feet. These falls produce a great hy- 
draulic power, rendered more valuable by being 
situated in the heart of a fertile country, and on 
the navigable waters of the lake. The railroad 
between Boston and Burlington passes through 
this city. Here are united, in great perfection, 
the two great powers, — water for mills, and steam 
for transportation, — which cannot fail to render 
any place that possesses them an iinijortant mart 
for trade and manufacture. The first settlement 
within the present limits of Vergennes was mada 
in 17C6, by Donald Mcintosh, a native of Sco^ 
land, who was in the battle of CuUoden. 12 miles 
N. W. from Middlebury, and 21 S. by E. from 
Burlington. 

Vermilion Counti/, Is., c. h. at Danville. Bound- 
ed N. by Iroquois co., E. by Indiana, and S. and 
W. by Champaign. Big and Little Vermilion 
Rivers drain this county the surface of which is 
undulating, and the soil fertile. 

Vermilion County, la., c. h. at Newport. 
Bounded W. by Vermilion co. Is., and crossed 
by the river of the same name. 

Vermilion Parish, La. On the southern border 
E. On the shore of the gulf, between Vermilion 
Bay and Mermentau Lake and River. Low and 
swampy. 

Vermilion, 0., Richland co. A township 85 
miles N. E. from Columbus. 

Vernon, Ct., Tolland co. Rock village and 
Tankerooson are pleasant and flourishing manu- 
facturing villages. The Hockanum, and a branch 
of that river, the Tankerooson, are the principal 
streams. 

Vernon was first settled in 1716. It was a part 
of East Windsor and Bolton until 1808. Tim 
surface of the town is varied by hills and valleys , 
the soil is a gravelly loam, and sandy, but good for 
grain and grass. 12 miles from Hartford. 

Vernon, la., c. h. Jennings co. 

Vernon, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Oneida 
and Shenandoah Creeks, has an undulating surface 
and fertile soil. 16 miles W. from Utica, and 1 13 
N. W. from Albany. 

Vernon, Te., c. h. Hickman co. On Pine Creek 
62 miles S. W. from Nashville. 

Vernon, Vt , Windham co. Vernon lies on the 
W. side of Connecticut River, opposite to Win- 
chester, N. II. The surface is generally moun- 
tainous and rocky. There are in the town hue 
forests of oak and ciiestnut timber, and quarries 
of slate. This was one of the first settled towns 
in the state, but the precise time of its commence- 
ment is not known. The earliest inhabitants were 
emigrants from Northampton and Northfield.Ms. 
18 miles S. E. from Newfane, and about 50 S. 
from Windsor. The Connectient River Railroad 
passes through the town. 

Verona, N. Y., Oneida co. Bounded on the K. 



606 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



by WooJ Creek, and W. by Oneida Lake, and 
watered liy some small streams flowing into the 
former. The Erie and Oneida Lake Canals also 
form a junction in this town. Surface level and 
Bwampy ; soil fertile. 120 miles W. from Utica. 

VersaiUes, Mo., c. li. Morgan CO. 

Versailles, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded S. by 
the Youghiogeny River, and W. by the Monon- 
gahela, and drained by Turtle Creek and Long 
Run. Surface hilly; soil loam. 12 miles S.E. 
from Pittsburg. 

Versailles, Ky., c. h. Woodford co. 12 miles 
W. from Lexington, and 12 S. E. from Frank- 
fort. 

Versailles, la., e. h. Ripley CO., is on Laughery 
Creek. 45 miles W. from Cincinnati, and, by 
post road, 69 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 

Vershire, Vt., Orange co. The surface is un- 
even and stony, but furnishes good pasturage. 
Branches of Ompomponoosuc River rise here, but 
give the town no valuable water power. The 
settlement commenced here in 1780, and the town 
was organized in 1783. 25 miles S. E. from 
Montpelier, and 6 E. by S. from Chelsea. 

Vestal, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Choco- 
nut Creek and some other tributaries of the Sus- 
quehanna River, which bounds it on the N. 
Surface rather ridgy and uueven ; soil of good 
quality on the flats. 8 miles S. W. from Bing- 
hampton, and 154 from Albany. 

Veteran, N. Y., Chemung co. A tributary of 
Seneca Lake, a fine mill stream, waters this town. 
The surface is hilly and soil productive. 1 1 miles 
N. from Elmira, and 190 W. from Albany. 

Vevaij. la., c. h. Switzerland co. On the N. E. 
bank of Ohio River. It was settled by Swiss 
emigrants, who cultivate the vine in this vicinity 
with good success. 94 miles S. E. from In- 
dianapolis. 65 miles by water, and 45 by land, 
below Cincinnati. 

Vicksharg, Mi., Warren co. Situated on the 
E. bank of the Mississippi. 50 miles N. N. E. 
from Natcliez, and about 45 W. from Jackson, 
the capital of the state, with which it is connected 
by a railroad. The town is on a high bluft', about 
200 feet above the river. The scenery is very line 
from the bluffs in this neighborhood. The Wal- 
nut Hills, a little above Vicksburg, rise boldly, 
with alternate swells and gullies, to the height of 
nearly 500 feet, and form one of the most strik- 
ing views met with by the traveller on the Lower 
Mississippi. This town has 4 or 5 churches, 2 
of which, the Methodist and the Roman Catholic, 
are fine structures, several private schools, and 
1 public school supported by special tax, con- 
taining about 500 scholars. An active business 
is done here in the preparation of lumber and 
building materials by saw mills, shingle factories, 
and brick yards. About 90,000 bales of cotton 
are annually shipped from this place to New 
Orleans. 

Victor, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Mud 
Creek. A somewhat hilly town. Soil sandy and 
clay loam upon a layer of lime. 12 miles N. W. 
from Canandaigua, and 203 N. of W. from 
Albany. 

Victoria County, Ts., c. h. at Victoria. Near 
the coast between the Guadaloupc and La Baeea 
Bay. 

Viclorij, Vt., Essex co. This unorganized town 
was granted November 6, 1780, and chartered Sep- 
tember 6, 1781, to Ebenezer Fisk and others. It 



is watered by Moose River. 20 miles W. from 
Guildhall, and 54 N. E. from Montpelier. 

Victor II, N. Y., Cayuga co. Sod us Creek waters 
this town, the surface of which is undulating, and 
the soil gravelly loam. 20 miles N. from Auburn, 
and 167 N. W.'from Albany. 

Vidalia, La. Parish of Concordia. Directly 
opposite Natchez, on the right bank of the Mis- 
sissippi. 

Vienna, Md., Dorchester co. A port of entry 
and village on the W. side of Nanticoke River. 
13 miles N. W. from Salisbury, on the Wicomoca, 
and 33 from Snow Hill, in the same direction. 

Vienna, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Fish 
Creek and other streams, flowing into Oneida 
Lake, which partly bounds it on the S. Surface 
undulating ; soil mostly productive. 30 miles N. 
W. from Utica, and 125 W. from Albany. 

Vieima, Is., c. h. Johnson co. On a small 
branch of Cash River. 40 miles N. E. from the 
mouth of Ohio, and 156 S. from Vandalia. 

Vigo County, la., c. h. at Terre Haute. Wabash 
River crosses this county from N. to S. The 
st.ite of Illinois is on the W., Parke N., Putnam 
E., and Sullivan S. 

Villanova, N. Y., Chautauque co. Conne- 
wango Creek and some of its tributaries water 
this town, the surface of which is hilly and 
broken, and the soil well suited to grass. 22 
miles N. E. from Maysville, and 318 W. by S. 
from Albany. 

Vinal Haven, Me., Waldo CO., includes the Fox 
Islands, at the mouth of Penobscot Bay. About 
50 miles below Bangor. 

Vincent, Pa., Chester Co. Frencli Creek runs 
nearly through the middle of this town. Tho 
village is situated between Pikeland and East 
Nantmill, on the S. W. side of Schuylkill River. 
30 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. 

Vlncennes, la., e. h. Knox co. In the midst of 
a fine prairie, on the E. bank of Wabash River, 
100 miles from its mouth. The oldest settlement 
in the state, having been established by the 
French a,s a trading post in 1730. It extends 
over half a mile along the river, which is naviga- 
ble to this place. The streets are wide, and 
cross each other at right angles. There are ex- 
cellent schools here, and a valuable library for 
popular use. The trade is considerable, and a 
handsome capital is employed in cotton and 
other manufactures. A railroad communication 
is in progress with Cincinnati and St. Louis. 118 
miles from Indianapolis. 

Vinton, la., c. h. Benton co. 

Vinton, 0., Gallia co. On the W. side of Big 
Raccoon Creek, 20 miles from its junction with 
Ohio River, and 92 S. by E. from Columbus. 
There is an abundance of mineral coal and iron 
in the vicinity. 

Virgil, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by East 
Owego Creek and the Tioughnioga River. It is 
a somewhat hilly town, with a fertile soil. 9 
miles S. from Cortland, and 148 S. of W. from 
Albany. 

Volney, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by Black 
Creek, a tributarj- of the Oswego River, which 
bounds it on the W. Surface undulating; soil 
sandy loam. 1 1 miles S. E. from Oswego, and 
159 N. W. from Albany. 

Voluntonm, Ct., Windham co. This town was 
incorporated in 1719. It derived its name from 
the circumstance that most of its territory wa» 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



607 



granted, in IG96, to voluntecis in the Narragan- 
eet war. The surface is in some parts liilly ; but 
the prevailing character of the surface and soil 
is a sanily and gravelly loam. The town is 
wate.cd by Wood River, a branch of the Pawca- 
tuck. 14 miles E. from Norwich. 

Wabasli County, Is., c. h. at Mount Carmel. In 
the S. E. part of the state, on the waters of Wa- 
bash River. 

Walmsh County, la., c. h. at Wabash. In the 
N. part of the state, on both sides of the Wabash 
River. 

Waculla County, Fa. Central part of the state, 
on Appalachee Bay. 

Wadt'sliom, N. C, c. h. Anson co. On a branch 
of the Great Pedee River, called Brown Creek. 70 
miles W. from Fayetteville, and 143 S. E. from 
Raleigh. 

Wtidesboro', Kv., c. h. Callaway co. 255 miles 
S. W. from Frankfort. 

Wailsfield, Vt., Washington co. The soil of 
this town is diversified, but generally a mellow 
loam, deep, and of excellent quality, producing 
crass and grain in the greatest abundance. Mad 
River passes through the town, and receives here 
Mill and Shepherd's Brook from the W., and 
Fay's and Pine Brook from the E., all of which 
are sutficient for mills. The intervales and high 
lands are of an excellent quality. A range of 
high lands runs through the eastern part of the 
town, the chief summit of which is called Bald 
Mountain. The first settlers were General Wait 
and family, who moved into this town in 1789. 
From Montpelier 20 miles S. W. 

W(dv County, N. C. c. h. at Raleigh. This coun- 
ty is bounded N. by Granville, N. E. by Franklin, 
S. E. Iiy Johnson, W. by Chatham and Orange, 
and S. W. by Cumberland and Chatham. From 
N. to S. through the county winds Neusc River, 
iind it is drained by the various branches of that 
stream. 

Wakefield, N. H., Carroll co. Province Pond 
lies between Wakefield and Effingham, and is 480 
rods long and 400 wide. Pine River Pond is the 
source of the river of that name, flowing N. W. 
into Ossipee Lake. The principal branch of the 
Piscataqna has its rise in Piscataqua Lake, for- 
merly called East Pond, between Wakefield and 
Newfield, Me. LovewcU's Pond, in the S. part of 
this town, is about 700 rods long and 275 wide. It 
derived its name from Captain John LovewcU, of 
Dunstable, who. on the 20th of February, 1725, 
surjirised and destroyed a party of Indians en- 
camped on the side of the pond. Wakefield is a 
pleasant town ; possesses an excellent water pow- 
er ; has a good soil and some excellent farms. 50 
miles N. E. from Concord, and aliout 10 S. E. 
from Ossipee. A railroad from Great Falls to 
Conway is to pass through this town. 

Wak-esha County, Wn. In the S. E. angle of 
the state. 

Wulden, Vt., Caledonia co. This is an elevated 
town, between the head waters of Winooski and 
Lamoille Rivers. Cole's Pond, lying in the town, 
produces a small stream called Joe's Brook. The 
surface is generally rough, but the soil in some 
parts of the town produces good crops. Nathaniel 
Perkins, Esq., movei nis family into this town- 
ship in January, 1789, and his was for three 
Tears the only family in Walden. 10 miles 
N. W. from Danville, and 25 N. E. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Waldo County, Me., c. h. at Belfast. Southern 



central. Bounded E. by Penobscot River and 
Bay. Undulating and fertile, with good facilities 
for both navigation and agriculture. 

Waldo, Me., Waldo co. Its surface is pleasant, 
and its soil fertile ; it abounds with mill sites. 44 
miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 7 W. N. W. 
from Belfast. 

Waldotioro' , Me., Lincoln co. A port of entry, 
on both sides of Muscongus River. The tonnage 
of the district, which includes several neighboring 
towns, exceeds 100,000 tons. The soil is good, 
and there is a large water power in the vicinity. 
37 miles S. E. from Augusta. 

Wales, Me., Lincoln co. There is a beautiful 
pond lying partly in Wales and partly in Lisbon ; 
its outlet meets the Androscoggin a few miles 
above Topsham. Wales is an agricultural town 
of good soil and even surface. 20 miles S. W. 
from Augusta, and 26 N. W. from Wiscasset. 
Incorporated 1816. 

iru/fs, Ms., Hampden co.. was formerly a part 
of Brimfield, and called South Brimfiekl. This 
is a mountainous township, but there is much 
good land in the valleys, and most of the high 
lands aflord excellent grazing. Near the village 
in the centre of the town is a beautiful ]iond, the 
outlet of which is the rise of the Wales Branch 
of Quinebaug River. This stream aft'ords the 
town a good water power. From the top of 
Hitchcock's Hill, in the N. W. corner of the 
town, 1190 feet above the sen, is a splendid 
prospect. Wales was named for James Wales, 
Esq., one of the principal men in the town, 
at its incorporation, in 1828. 9 miles S. E. from 
the depot of the Western Railroad at Palmer, 
from which to Boston is 83 miles. 

Wales, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Seneca 
Creek. Has an undulating surface, and good 
soil. 18 miles S. E. from Buti'alo, and 268 W. 
from Albany. 

Walker County, Aa., c. h. at Jasper. Has Frank- 
lin, Lawrence, and Morgan on the N., Blount E^ 
Jeft'erson and Tuscaloosa S., and Marion and 
Fayette W. The higher branches of Tuscaloosa 
River drain the county. 

Walker County, Ga., c. h. at La Fayette. In 
the N. W. corner of the state. Includes the 
height of land between the waters of the Ten- 
nessee and tiiose of the Coosa. Rough and hilly, 
with fertile valleys. 

Walker. Pa., Huntingdon Co. The Raystown 
branch of the Juniata River bounds this town 
on the E. and S. Its surface is hilly ; soil good 
calcareous loam in the valleys. 

Walker County, Ts., c. h. at Huntsville. East- 
ern central. On the W. side of Trinity. 

Walliniifiird, Ct., New Haven co. Its length 
from E. to W. is nearly 7 miles, and its breadth 
about 6. The prevailing surface is pleasantly 
diversified with moderate hills and dales ; the 
eastern extremity of the township is mountain- 
ous. The soil is generally excellent, excepting 
a tract called Wallingford Plain, consisting of 
coarse sand, situated on the eastern bank of the 
Quinnipiac. The town is watered by the Quin- 
nipiae, a valuable mill stream, which passes 
through the extent of the town. Yaleville is a 
little manufacturing village in the northern sec- 
tion of the town. The principal village of Wal- 
lingford is beautifully situated on a fine elevation 
tqiwards of a mile H of the river, on two parallel 
streets extending along the ridge of the hill. 
Wallingford originally belonged to New Ha- 



608 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Tcn, and was calleil New Haven village. 13 
miles N. from New Haven. 

WalUngford, Vt., KiitlanrI co. This town is 
watered by Otter Creek, Mill River, and by 3 
ponds, one of which, Hiram's Pond, covering an 
area of 350 acres, lies on very elevated ground, 
and is one of the principal sources of Otter 
Creek. These mountaia ponds are very hand- 
tome, and contain fish. The soil is generally 
good ; that on the banks of Otter Creek is very 
fertile and productive. A range of primitive 
limestone passes through the western part of the 
town, in which have been opened several quaiTies 
of excellent marble. Green Hill, situated near 
the centre, is composed almost entirely of quartz. 
A part of White Hocks, belonging to Green 
Mountain range, appears to be granite, the rest 
quartz. At the foot of White Rooks are large 
cavities, formed by the fallen rocks, called the 
ieebeds, in wliich ice is found in abundance 
throush the summer season. The village of 
Wallingford is pleasantly located on the hanks of 
Otter Creek, near one of the ponds. The settle- 
ment was commenced in 1773, by Abraham Jack- 
son and family. 10 miles S.by E. from Rutland, 
and 42 N. N. E. from Bennington. The railroad 
between Boston and Rutland passes through the 
town. 

Wallkill, N. Y., Orange eo. The Wallkill and 
Shawangunk Creek water this town. Surface 
undulating and hilly ; soil well adapted to graz- 
ing. 22 miles W. from Newburg, and 105 S. 
S. W. from Albany. 

Wtdpole, Ms., Norfolk CO. Walpole was a part 
of Dedham until 1724. The surface presents a 
pleasing variety of hill and valley, and its soil 
generally is of a good quality. Three beautiful 
tributaries to the Ncponset meet in this town. 
These streams afford the town a. good water 
power. This is a flourishing town with a num- 
ber of pleasant villages within its borders. The 
S. village lies 3 miles from the E. village. The 
E. village lies 9 miles S. by W. from Dedham, 
and 19 S. S. W. from Boston. 

WaJ/iole, N. H., Cheshire eo. This town is 
beautifully diversified by hills and vales. The 
soil is similar to that of other towns on Connecti- 
cut River. The intervales afford excellent till- 
age; the uplands are inferior to none in the 
state. Cold River passes through the N. part, 
and forms a junction with the Connecticut. There 
is a lofty hill, called Fall Mountain, a part of the 
range of Mount Toby, the highest parts of 
which are about 780 feet above the level of the 
river. Tlie village of Walpole is situated at the 
foot of the hill, on a plain. Drewsville, in this 
town, is a pleasant village, romantically situated 
near the falls. Bellows Falls, on Connecticut 
River, separate this town from Rockingham, Vt. 
At the bridge, which crosses the river at this 
place, first built in 1785, and 365 feet in length, is 
a most interesting and sublime view. The river 
here is compressed into a narrow strait, between 
steep rocks, and, for nearly a quarter of a mile, 
ie hurried on with great ra|)idity and loud roaring. 
In no place is the fall per|jcndicular, to any con- 
siderable extent ; but in the distance of half a 
mile, the waters descend 42 feet. A canal, with 
9 locks, passes round these falls, on the W. side. 
First settler. Colonel Benjamin Bellows, in 1749. 
From Concord 60 miles 8. W. by W., and 22 N. 
W. from Keene by railroad from Boston. 

Widterboro\ S. C.CoUeton district. On a branch 



of Ashepoo River. This village is situated 46 
miles a little N. of W. from Charleston, and by 
post road 178 miles S. S. E. from Columbia. 

Waltham, Ms., Middlesex CO., was the W. par- 
ish of Watertown, until its incorporation, in 1738. 
The surface is moderatelv level, with some eleva- 
tions. Prospect Hill, 482 feet above the level of 
the sea, presents a delightful view of Boston, its 
harbor, and the adjacent country. A part of 
Fresh Pond lies within the limits of this town. 
The soil is generally not very fertile. Walthatn 
Plain is a beautiful triict of land, under a high 
state of cultivation. On the road over this plain 
is a continuous village. Charles River p.asses 
through the town. Beaver and Mead's Ponds are 
handsome sheets of water, well stored with fish. 
The former produces a mill stream, which ])asses 
to Sudliurv River. The Fitchburg Railroad 
passes through Waltham. 9 miles W.by N.from 
Boston, and 1 1 E. S. E. from Concord. 

Waltham, Vt., Addison co. Buck Mountain 
lies near the centre of Waltham, and is the high- 
est land in the county west of the Green Moun- 
tains. Waltham lies" on the E. side of Otter 
Creek. At this place the creek is sluggish, and 
affords no mill privileges. The soil is generally 
good ; that along the stream is excellent. Tha 
settlement of Waltham was commenced jiist ba- 
fore the revolutionary war, by a family of Gris- 
wolds and others, froin Connecticut. 9 miles K 
W. from Middlebury, and 40 S. W. from Mont- 
pelicr. 

Walton Countij, Fa., c. h. at Euchee Anna. 
Bounded N. by Alabama, E. by the Choctaw- 
hatchee River, separating it from Jackson and 
Washington counties, S. by Choetawhatchee Bay, 
and W. by Santa Rosa co. Drained by Yellow 
Water and Shoal Rivers and branches, and White 
and Alequa Creeks. Soil fertile in the N. por- 
tions. 

Walton County, Ga., c. h. at Monroe. Gwmnett 
bounds this county on the W., Hall N. W., New- 
ton S. W.. Oconee River, or Jackson and Clark, 
N. E., and Morgan and Jasper S. E. It is drained 
bv the sources of Oconee and Ockmulgee Rivers. 
■ Walton, N. Y., Delaware co. The W. branch 
of the Delaware River and some of itstrilmtaries 
flow through this town. Surface hilly and moun- 
tainous ; soil well suited to grazing. 13 milca 
S. W. from Delhi, and 94 from Albany. 

Walworth, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by sev- 
eral small streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario. 
Surface rolling; soil fertile gravelly loam. 18 
miles N. W. from Lyons, and 199 N.of W. from 
Albany. 

Waluorth Coun(i/, Wn.,e.h. at Elkhorn. Bound- 
ed N. by Jeft'erson and Waukesha counties, E. by 
Racine 'co., S. bv Illinois, and W. by Rock co. 
Watered bv Turtle River and its branches, by 
branches of Fox River, ami by Geneva Lake, 
which lies in its S. part. The surface is level, and 
the soil verv rich. 

Wanahta, County, Ma. On the uppermost wa- 
ters of the Mississippi. 

Wantaiic, N. J., Sussex co. Situated on the 
N. border of the state, and drained by Deep 
Clove River and Papakating Creek, head branch- 
es of the Wallkill River. Surface undulating on 
the E., but hilly and mountainous on the W. 
Wapankonetta, O., c. h. Auglaise co. 
Wapello County, lo., c. h. at Ottumwa. S. E. 
part The Des Moines piUses through it from N 
W. to S. E. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



609 



Wajidh, lo., c. h. Louisa co.. received its name 
from a chief of tlie Eox Indians, wlio I'csided 
l:ere until 1836. It is regnlavly laid out with 
ftreets and s(|uarcs, and i.s neatly built. 

Wanhboro', Vt., Windliara co. The surface is 
liilly. and in some parts ruckv, and the soil is hard. 
Wardshoro' is watered hy West Kivcr, and con- 
tain.-; a number of minerals. There are some 
mills in the town, but the water power is not ex- 
tensive. The settlement was commenced June, 
1 7S0, l)v people from Jlilford and Sturliridi,'e. Ms. 
15 miles N.'W. from Brattlcboro", and 20 N. E. 
from Bennington. 

]Vare Cottiitij, Ga., e. h. at Waresboro'. Bound- 
ed N. Iiy Telfair and Appling, and E. by W.iyne 
and Camden counties, S. by Florida, a. id W. by 
Lowndes and Irwin counties. Drained bf San- 
tilla Kiver and branches, and liy the head branrlies 
of Suwannee and St. Mary's Kivers. This county 
contains the greater part of Okefinokee Swamp, 
a tract of land .about 280 miles in circumforcnee, 
which in wet seasons is entirely submerged, with 
the exception of a number of islands. The land 
in the remainder of the county is fertile, but, lying 
low. is liable to intindation. 

Ware, Ms., Hampshire co. Ware w.as former- 
ly connected with Brooklield and Paliucr, and 
was called "Ware River Parish. Ware possesses 
a most extensive and valuable water power, by 
Ware and Swift Rivers, and Beaver branch, all 
branches of the Chicopee. Ware contains a 
beautiful village, surrounded by high lands and 
picturesque scenery. 5 miles N. W. from the 
Warren depot on the Western Railroad, which is 
"u miles W. by S. from Boston. 

]Vanhom, Ms., Plymouth co. This town for- 
merly comprised the E. end of Rochester, and a 
pliint.ition belonging to Plymouth. The Indians 
called this place Wanaijantat. The town was 
first settled about the year 1682. It lies at the 
head of Buzzard's Bay, and is watered by the 
AVeweantic, W^ankinco, and Agawam Rivers, 
which severally fall about 50 feet, thereby pro- 
ducing a great and ^■aluablc water power. Ware- 
ham ])resents a rare instance of the union of 
hydraulic and navigable privileges. This town 
is largely engaged in the iron manufocture. 
crossed by nine mill dams for the purpose of car- 
rying several rolling .and puddling mills, and ex- 
tensive nail and hoop factories. There are also 
a number of fum.aces for castings, miinufactures 
of salt, and other establishments. The harbor 
of Wareham is good, and safe for vessels drawing 
12 feet of water. The soil is generally light and 
sandy. Imt there is much good salt marsh. There 
is a good deal of oak and pitch pine timber in the 
town. There are a number of expensive bridges 
across the streams, and 6 villages, called the 
Narrows, Centre, Agawam, Tihonet, Washington, 
and Poles. The rivers and ponds of Wareham 
nliounil with a great variety of fish, the shores 
with oysters, lobsters, &.C., while the deer and fox 
gambol in the forests. .'52 miles S. S. E. from 
Boston, and l.") S. from Plymouth. 

Waresbori)', Ga., c. h. Ware co. A little S. 
from Santilla River. 75 miles N. W. from St. 
Marv's, and 212 miles S. S. E. from Milledge- 
ville' 

Warner, N. II., Menimnc co. This town is 15 
miles from Concord. It is watered by Warner 
River, a handsome stream which rises in the Sun- 
apee Mountain in Newbury. The lands, though 
broken, have in general a good soil. Mink Hills 



lie in the W. |)art, and furnish fine orchards and 
good pasturage. There are 4 ponds, viz., Tom, 
Bear, Bagley, and Pleasant Ponds. This town 
w.as granted in 1735, by the General Court of 
Massachusetts, to Deacon Thomas Stevens and 
others. It was incorporated in 1774. 

Wttrren, As., o. h. Bradley eo. 

Warre}!, Ct., Litchfield co. Warren was t.aken 
from Kent in 17SG. The town is watered by 
Siie]iaug River, a branch of the Housatonic, and 
by a large and handsome pond, called Raumaug. 
AVarrcn is hilly and rocky, and in some ])arts 
mountainous. 38 miles W. from Hartford. 

Warren Coiinli/, Ga., c. h. at Warrenton. Wilkes 
is on the N., Columbia N. E. and E., Jeft'erson 
S.E., and Great Ogecchee River, or Washington, 
and Hancock S. W. 

Warren C'oiiH^y, Is., c. h. at Monmouth. Formed 
in IS25, and incorporated in 1830. It is bounded 
N. by Mercer co.. E. by Knox and Fulton, S. by 
McDonougli, and W. by Henderson co. Drained 
by Henderson River and its branches, and by 
Ellison, Camp, and Honey Creeks. Surfivee level, 
and in the W. part liable to inundation ; soil very 
fertile. 

Vf'arren Cuunlij, la., c. h. at Williamsport. In- 
corporated in 1828. Bounded N. by Benton co., 
E. by Tippecanoe. S. E. by the Wabash River, 
separating it from Fountain co., S. by Vermilion 
CO.. and W. by Illinois. 

Warren Cotinti/, lo., c. h. at Indiivnola. S. cen- 
tral. Watered by South River and other south- 
ern tri!)utaries of the Des Moines. 

]Vurren Conntij, Ky., c. h. at Bowling Green. 
This county is bounded N. by Grayson and Hart, 
E. Ijv Barren or Green River, N. W. by Butler, 
S. W. by Logan, S. by Simpson, and S. E. by 
Allen. It is divided into two nearly equal sec- 
tions, by Big Barren River. 

Warren, Me. One of shire towns of Lincoln 
CO. This town is situated on both sides of St. 
George River, at the head of the tide waters, and 
is bounded N. by Union, S. by Camden and 
Thomaston. E. by Gushing, and W. by Waldo- 
boro'. 34 miles S\ E. from Augusta. 

The location of this town is very favorable for 
manufactures and navig.ation. The lumber busi- 
ness is not so largo as formerly, yet considerable 
quaniitics are now sawed and shipped. Ship 
building is an important branch of business, and 
the manufacture of lime from a superior quality 
of limestone, with wddch this section of country 
abounds, is carried on extensively, and is annu- 
ally increasing. The village is well located and 
pleasant. 

Warren, Ms., Worcester co. Warren was for- 
merly attached to Brookfield, Brimfield, and 
Palmer, until its incorporation by the name of 
Western, in 1742. In 1834, it took its present 
name, in honor of the meraorv of the patriot 
Warren, who full at Bunker Hill. The land, 
though rather rough, is productive. The River 
Quaboag p.isses through the town. Coy's Hill, 
in the N. part, affords abundance of granite. At 
the foot of the hill iron ore has been found, and 
a mineral spring been discovered. Warren has a 
fine water power. The Quaboag Seminary is in 
this town. The Western Railroad passes through 
Warren, and the depot is 73 miles W. liy (3. from 
Boston, and 25 E. N. E. from Springfield. 

Warren County, Mi., c. h. at Vieksburg. Bound- 
ed N. E. by Yazoo co., E. and S. by the Big Black 
Kiver, separating it from Hinds and Claiborne 



610 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



counties, W. by the Mississippi River, separating 
it from Louisiana, and N. W. t)y Ya/.oo River, 
separating it from Issacpiena co. Drained by 
branches of tlie Big Black River. Surface rough 
and hilly on the E., and liable to inundation in the 
W. portions; soil fertile. The Vieksburg and 
Brandon Railroad traverses this county. 

Warren County, Mo., c. h. at Warrenton. E. 
part, on the N. bank of the Missouri. 

Warren, N. H., Grafton co. This town is 
watered by the N. branch of Baker's River, wliich, 
near the S. line, furnishes valuable mil! sites. 
The S. E. part presents a mountainous aspect, 
having a large portion of Carrs Mountain on its 
south-eastern border. Copper ore is found bere. 
Warren was granted by charter, July 14, 17(;.3. 
From Haverhill, 14 miles S. E., and 6.') N. by 
W. from Concord. 

Warren County, N. J., c. h. at Belvidcro. In- 
corporated in 1824. Bounded N. by Sussex co., 
E. by Morris, S. E. and S. by Hunterdon co., and 
W. by the Delaware River, separating it from 
Pennsylvania. Drained by Pequest, I'aulinskill, 
and Powhatcong Rivers. The sur&ce is uneven, 
having Musconetcong or Schooley's Mountain on 
the S. E. border. 

Warren Countyj'S. Y., c.h. at Caldwell. Formed 
from Washington co. in 1813. It is bound- 
ed N. by Essex CO., E. by Washington and Lake 
George, S. by Saratoga, and W. by Hamilton co. 
Watered by the Main and Schroon branches of 
the Hudson, which here unite, and by Lake Geoi'ge 
or Horicon, and several smaller lakes. Surface 
high, hilly, and broken, the Palmertown Jtoun- 
tains covering the E., the Kayaderosseras tlie 
central, and the Adirondack tlie W. portions. 
Great quantities of magnetic, oxide, and hematite 
iron ores are found in this county, besides marl, 
graphite, and other minerals. 

Warren, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by 
Nowadaga Creek, and some streams flowing into 
Canaseraga and Otsego Lakes. The surface is 
hilly, the uplands being well adapted to grazing, 
and the valleys to the growth of grain. 12 miles 
S. from Herkimer, and 68 N. of W. from Albany. 

Warren County, N. C, c. h. at Warrenton. 
Mecklenburg and Brunswick counties, Va., are 
on the N., Northampton and Fairfax counties, N. 
C, E., Franklin S., and Granville W. Through 
the N. E. angle of the county crosses Roanoke 
River, and it is drained by several creeks, which 
flow into that stream, and by Fishing Creek, a 
branch of Tar River. 

Warren County, 0., c. h. at Lebanon. Green 
and Montgomery counties are on the N., Clinton 
on the E., Clermont and Hamilton on the S., and 
Butler on the W. This county was settled in 
the early part of the year 1796; the land is of a 
fine ([uality, and is well watered by the Great 
and Little Miami Rivers, and several smaller 
streams. 

Warren, 0., c. h. Trumbull co. 

Warren, 0., Belmont co. The heads of Cap- 
tina and Stillwater Creeks water this township. 
It is wealthy and agricultural, with rolling land, 
excellent for grain and tobacco. Within two or 
three miles of this place is a remarkable ancient 
fortification. It is a circular enclosure, of 4 or 
5 acres, surrounded with a wall, from 3 to G feet 
high, and in some places 15 feet broad at the 
base. Trees of as large a growth as any in the 
neighboring forests grow on and within the walls. 

Warren County, Pa., c. h. at Warren. Chautau- 



que and Cattaraugus counties are on the N, 
McKean E., Jefferson and Venango S., and 
Crawforil and Eric W. This county is well wa- 
tered. The Alleghany River winds obliquely 
through it, and within it receives the discharge 
of Chautauquo Lake, or Connewango Creek, Bro- 
ken Straw Creek, and several other large creeks. 
The surface is hilly, much of the soil good, and 
some highly fertile. 

Wan-en, Pa., c. h. Warren co.. occupies an ele- 
vated position on the N. bank of Alleghany 
River, at the month of Connewango Creek. 

Warren, Pa., Bradford co. Wepasening Creek 
and its branches water this town, the surface of 
which is hilly, ami the soil gravelly loam. 17 
miles N. E. from Towanda. 

Warren, R. I., Bristol co. This small town, 
comprising an area of only about 2600 acres, is 
situated on the E. side of Narragansct Bay. It 
is 11 miles S. E. from Providence, and 19 N. by 
E. from Newport. Incorporated 1746. The sur- 
face of Warren is undulating, with a soil of 
rich mould, very fertile and productive. War- 
ren has a safe and commodious harbor for ves- 
sels of 300 ton.s' burden. Ship building has been 
])ursued bere to a great extent. The village is 
delightfully situated on a rise of ground front- 
ing the harbor. 

Warren County. Te., c. h. at McMlnville. 
Franklin bounds this county on the S., Ruther- 
ford W., Wilson and Smith N. W., Caney Fork 
River, or White, N. E., and Bledsoe S. E." It is 
drained mostly by the Creeks of Caney Fork 
River. 

Warren, Vt., Washington co. Warren is wa- 
tered by Mad River, and, although between the 
two Green Mountain ranges, the surfoce is not 
much broken. The settlement was commenced 
about the year 1797. 23 miles S. W. from Mont- 
pelier. 

Warren County, Va., c. h. at Front Royal. 
Bounded N. by Frederick and Clarke counties, E. 
by Fauquier and Rappahannock, S. by Page, 
and W. Ijy Shenandoah co. Drained by tho 
Shenandoah River. 

Warrenton, Aa.. c. h. Marshall co. On the E. 
side of a branch of Tennessee River. 135 miles 
N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Warrenslnuy, Mo., c. h. Johnson co. On 
Blackwater River, above Post Oak Fork, and 98 
miles W. from Jeft'erson City. 

Warrensbiiry, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on 
the E. by the Schroon branch, and \Y. I>y the 
main stream of the Hudson, the two uniting on 
the S. boundary of the town. Surface hilly and 
mountainous ; soil fertile in the valley of the 
Hudson. 6 miles N. W. from Caldwell", and 68 
N. from Albany. 

Warrenton, Ga., c. h. Warren co. 44 miles E. 
N. E.from MiUedgevillc. 

Warrenton, N. C, c. h. Warren co. At the 
head of Fishing Creek. 62 miles N. N. E. from 
Raleigh. 

Warrenton, Va., c. h. Fauquier co. 102 miles 
N. by W. from Richmond. 

Warsaw, Is., Hancock co. On the E. side of 
Mississippi River, at the foot of Des Moines 
Rapids, and 114 miles W. N. W. from Spring- 
field. 

Warsaw, la., c. h. Kosciusco co. On the E. 
side of Tippecanoe River. 126 miles N. by E. 
from Indianapolis. 

Warsaw, Ky., c. h. Gallatin co. la the north- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



611 



eastcni part of the county. 43 miles from 
Fmiikfort. 

IlVisaw, Mo., c. h. Benton co. On tlie N. side 
of Usage River. 80 miles S. W. by \V. iVom 
JcttVrson City. 

\]'(irsini', N. Y., c. li. Wyoming co. Watcreil 
by Allen's Creek, wbicb flows tiirougli a broad 
aiid fertile valley. Surface hilly in some parts, 
and soil remarkably fertile, yieldiuf; large crops 
of grass and grain. 248 miles W. from Albany. 

ICur.ww, Pa., Jefferson co. Watered by a 
branch of Bank Creek, a tributary of the Alle- 
ghany. 168 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 

U'urwick Coniiti/, la., e. b. at Booncvillc. Big 
and Little Pigeon and some other creeks drain 
this county. It is bounded N. by Pike and Du- 
bois, E. anil S. E. by Spencer, W. by Vanderburg 
and Posey, and S. by the Ohio Kiver. 

Warwick, Ms.. Franklin co. The territory of 
this town was granted, in 1736, to the descend- 
ants of .39 soldiers, who' went from Roxbury and 
Brookline, in an expedition to Canada, in iCi'Jd; 
all of whom perished, save one liy tlie name of 
Newell. The tract was called Ro.xbnry Canada 
until its incorporation by its present name in 
ITfi.'B. It was first settled" about 1744, and its In- 
dian name was S/iaomct. This town is elevated, 
ami contains Mount Grace. The soil is strong, 
warm, and produces excellent pasturage. There 
are no considerable streams in the town. Morse 
Pond, a pleasant sheet of water, furnishes an 
abundance of fine trout, pickerel, and perch. 
There is a ]ileasant village in the centre of the 
town, which lies 16 miles N. E. from Greenfield, 
and 7.") W. N. W. fi-om Boston. 

Warwick; N. Y., Orange co. Watered by t!ie 
Wallkill and some branches of the Passaic River. 
Contains on the W. a portion of the '■ Drowned 
Lands.'' Surface uneven and mountainous ; soil 
diversified, but mostly good. 24 miles S. W. 
from Newlmrg, and 116 S. S. W. from Albany. 

Warwick, R. I., Kent eo. This important town, 
the Indian Sliawomct, is situated on the W. side 
of Narraganset Bay. ."i miles S. from Providence. 
The surface of the town, along the bay, is gener- 
ally level, but the westerly part is hilly, so much 
Bo, that from some of the elevations a large part 
of the state may be seen in a clear day. The 
prevailing .soil is a gravelly loam, strong, and 
productive of grain, grass, fruits, and vegetables. 
The town is well supplied with a great variety of 
fish, and forests of walnut, oak, and chestnut. 
Pawtuxet River washes the northern part of 
the town, and meets the waters of the Narragan- 
set at this place, separating Warwick from Crans- 
ton. An arm of the bay extends westward, giving 
to Warwick and East Greenwich a number of 
excellent harbors. Vessels of 50 tons' burden 
pass to the flourishing village of Apponaug, 
between 4 and 5 miles from the bay. This vil- 
lage is pleasantly located, 10 miles S. from I'rov- 
idence, and is the site of considerable enterprise 
in ship building, the fishery, and the coasting trade. 

Pawtuxet village is at the mouth of Pawtuxet 
River, a port of entry, and lies partly in Warwick 
and partly in Cranston. This beautiful village, 
5 miles s! from Providence, is celebrated for its 
great hydraulic jiower on navigable waters. War- 
wick is eminently distinguished as a manufactur- 
ing town. 

" Within a mile from the village of Apponaug 
may be seen a huge rock, so completely balanced 
upon another, and its equilibrium so exact, that a 



boy 14 years of age m.ay set it in such motion 
that the contact or collision caused thereby pro- 
duces a sound somewhat like that of a drum, but 
more sonorous, which, in a still evening, may be 
heard a distance of 6 or 8 miles. Hence, from 
time immemorial, it has gone by the name of the 
i^rum l{ock. From the ponderous weight of that 
part which is thus 'nicely balanced, it is generally 
believed that no other than the hand of nature 
ever could have done it. Yet some are inclined 
to believe that it was thus ])laecd by the herculean 
labor of some tribe of the natives. There re- 
mains no doubt hut that this was a place of their 
resort or eneampment, and that the Drum Roc& 
served them eitiier to give an alarm iu case of 
danger, or to call the tribe together from their 
daily avocations. This rock is considered as a 
great curiosity, excites much attention, and con- 
sequently is at the present day a place of much 
resort, particularly in the pleasant season of the 
year." 

Warwick Co'uili/. Va., c. h. at Warwick. It is 
l)ouuded N. W. by James co., N. E. by York, S. E. 
by Elizabeth co., and S, W. by James River. 

Warwick, Va., c. h. Warwick co, 79 miles 
E. S. E. from Richmond. 

Washiniitun Voiniti/, Aa., c. h. at Old Washing- 
ton. Mississippi is on the W. of this county. Choc- 
taw CO. N., Tombigbce River E., and Mobile co^ 
S. It has a moderately hilly surface, and soil, 
except in a few places near the streams, sterile, 
and covered generally with pine. Drained by 
branches of the Tomliigbee River, 

Wasla'nriton, Aa., c. h. Autauga co. At the 
mouth of Autauga Creek, on the right bank of 
Alabama River. 2.3 miles above Cahaba. 

W(islan<ifon Connti/, As., c. h. at Fayetteville. 
Bounded N. by Benton co., E. by Madison, S. by 
Franklin and Crawford counties, and W. by 
Iniiian territory. Drained by a head branch of 
White River. Surface hilly and broken. 

Washinrjton, Ct., Litchfield co. Jude.a, the first 
society in this town, was a part of Wooilbury 
until 1741, It was first settled in 1734, It was 
incorporated as a town in 1779, 40 miles S. W, 
from Hartford, and 10 S. W. from Litchfield. 

"A liirge part of this town is elevated and 
mountainous. Limestone abounds in many of 
the valleys. Several quarries of marble have 
been worked, from which considerable quantities 
have been raised. Iron ore has been found in 
various places. Ochre, fuller's earth, and white 
clay have also been found. The town is wa- 
tered by the Shepaug River, a branch of the 
Ilousatonic, which passes through the whole 
length of the town, dividing it into two nearly 
equal parts. The town is divided into two so- 
cieties, Judea and New Preston. 

" There is in Judea, orWashington, as it is called, 
about 2 miles S. W. of the centre of the to\vn, 
a place called Steep Rock. From the top of this 
eminence, which is easy of access, the beholder 
has one of the most interesting and beautiful 
prospects in the state." 

Washinijton Couiiti/, D. C, c. h, at Washing- 
ton, is bounded S, E by Potomac River, and W,, 
N,, and E. by Maryland, The soil is of middling 
(juality, and the surface hilly. It includes the 
whole of the district, 

WashiiKfton, D. C. The seat of government of 
the United States is situated on the N. bank of 
the Potomac, in the angle between that river and 
the eastern branch, near the head of navigation. 



612 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



and distant from the Atlantic, via the river and 
the Chesapeake Bay, about 290 miles. 

It was at the suggestion of General Washing- 
ton that this particular site for the federal city 
was fixed upon. The ground on which it stands 
was ceded to the United States by the state of 
Maryland on the 2.3d December, 1788. The city 
is laid out on a magnificent plan, including 5000 
acres, or over 8 square miles, sufiicienl to accom- 
modate a million of inhabitants or more. The 
extent of this plan, which has caused Washington 
to be called a city of' magnificent distances," gave 
to the place for' a long time a very scattered ap- 
pearance ; but the rapidity with which of late years 
the city has been built up seems to give hopes 
that the expectations of the original founders 
may be at least partially fulfilled. 

The ground on which Washington stands has 
a general elevation of about 40 feet above the 
level of the river, with some points still higher. 
The streets run N. and S., E. and W., across 
which, in a diagonal direction, run a series of 
broad avenues, designed to facilitate communica- 
tion from one part of the city to another, five 
of them radiating from the Capitol, and five 
others from the President's House. The avenues 
and principal streets are from 1.30 to 160 feet wide, 
and the points at which they meet are selected 
as sites for public buildings. The avenues are 
named from the dificrent states ; the streets, be- 
ginning at the Capitol, are designated, those N. 
and S. of it as A North and A South, B North 
and B South. &c., and tho.'se E. and W. of it as First 
East, First West, Second East, Second West, 
&c. Pennsylvania Avenue, extending about a 
mile from the Capitol to the President's House, 
is the most compactly built, and forms the prin- 
cipal thoroughfare. 

The Capitol, standing on Capitol Hill, near 
the centre of the city plot, is the most striking 
building in the city, and the first object that fixes 
attention on approaching it. Elevated 72 feet 
above tide water, it commands an extensive 
view of the city and surrounding country. 

The building, independently of the additions 
now in progress, is of freestone, and occupies an 
area of more than an acre and a half. It is 352 
feet in length from N. to S., with a depth from E. 
to W. of 121 feet. On the E. front is a splendid 
projecting portico, 160 feet wide, of 22 lofty 
Corinthian columns, greatly admired for the 
grandeur of its design and the beauty of its 
execution. It is approached by a noble (light of 
steps, and is ornamented by two gigantic nuirhle 
statues representing War and Peace. This east- 
ern front faces a wide plain not yet much built 
upon. On the western front is a projection 83 
feet in width, adorned by a recessed portico of 10 
Corinthian columns. iVoin this front there is a 
rapid descent of some 30 or 40 feet, to the level 
of Pennsylvania Avenue, and the building is ap- 
proached on this side by winding walks and sev- 
eral flights of steps. In the middle of the build- 
ing, between these two porticoes and the two 
wings on either side, is the Kotunda, a grand cir- 
cular hall 95 feet in diameter, and tlie same in 
height. To the top of the dome over the Rotunda, 
and from which it is lighted, the height of the 
building is 120 feet. The walls of the Rotunda 
are adorned with magnificent paintings, witli 
figures as large as life. Four of them, by Trum- 
bull, representing the signing of the Declaration 
of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne, the 



surrender of Cornwallis, and Washington's resig- 
nation of his commission, are ])articularly valua- 
ble on account of the portraits which they con- 
tain. There are, besides, the Baj)tlsm of Poca- 
hontas, by Chapman, the Embarkation of the 
Pilgrims, by Weir, and the Landing of Columbus, 
by Vanderlyn. One panel is yet unfilled. The 
room is also adorned with sculptures in alio 
rilicm, representing the rescue of Smith by the 
interposition of Pocahontas, the landing of the 
Pilgrims, Penn's Indian treaty, and Boone in 
murderous conllict witli the Indians. The library 
room, on the W. of the rotunda, is 92 feet by 34, 
and 36 feet high. A large part of the library 
was recently destroyed by an ai'cidental fire, but 
eft'cctual steps have been taken to replace it. 
The wings, which are 121 feet in depth, contain, 
the northern one, the Senate Chamber, and that 
on the S., the Chamber of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. The Senate Chamber is 78 feet 
diameter and 45 high, and of a semicircular 
form. The vice president's chair has a canopy 
of rich crimson drapery, held by the talons of an 
eagle : above and behind the chair is a gallery for 
spectators, supported by Ionic columns of varie- 
gated marble, and another gallery extends round 
the semicircle. In the basement below is the 
room occupied by the Supreme Court. The Hall 
of the House of Representatives, in the S. wing, 
is semicircular like the Senate Chamber, but larg- 
er, being 96 feet diameter, and 60 feet high. The 
dome of this hall is supported by 24 Corinthian 
columns, of the beautiful variegated Potomac mar- 
ble, highly polished. As in the Senate Chamber, 
the seats are so arranged as to face the speaker, 
whose chair, placed opposite the circular sweep, 
is considerably elevated, and is approached by 
avenues radiating from it as a centre. The gal- 
lery above the speaker's chair is reserved for 
ladies ; another, for gentlemen, extends round 
the semicircle. 

The Capitol, begun in 1793, planned by Charles 
Bulfinch of Boston, and continued under the su- 
perintendence of M. Latrobe, was many years in 
building, and has cost more than $2,000,000 in 
the whole. It was first occupied in 1800, the 
northern wing only being then completed, at a 
cost of $480^000. In 1814, after the completion 
of the southern wing, which cost §308,000, but 
before the erection of the Rotunda and porticoes, 
during the Britisli occupation of Washington, the 
building was set on fire, and the roofs and inte- 
rior were burned. The wings were repaii'cd and 
occupied in 1819. The centre building was com- 
pleted in 1S27, costing about a million. The 
sandstone of which the Capitol is built is very 
perishable, cracking oif by the efi'eet of the rain 
and frosts ; and to save it from rapid disintegra- 
tion it is necessary to keep it covered with a coat 
of paint. Loud complaints have always been 
made that the Representatives' Hall, in spite of 
its splendid appearance, is very badly adapted 
for either hearing or speaking, and at length 
measures have been taken for providing new 
chambers for the Senate and House by the erec- 
tion of two additional wings, which are now in 
progress. 

This extension of the Capitol consists of two 
wing buildings of marble placed at the N. and S. 
ends of the present structure, at the distance of 
44 feet from it, with connecting corridors. Each 
building is 142 feet 8 inches front, from N. to S., 
by 238 feet 10 inches deep, from E. to W., ex- 



IN THE UNITF.n STATKS. 



613 



cUisivo of the porticoes and steps ; the con-iilors 
consist of passages leading from the centre build- 
ing to the wings, of 21 feet 4 inches in width, 
wi"th outside colonnades, which make the entire 
width of each corridor 56 feet 8 inches. 

The wing buildings have porticoes on the E. 
front, extending the whole width, with a flight of 
steps to each, corresponding to the steps of the 
present Capitol. Each of these porticoes has a 
centre projection of 10 feet 4 inches by 78 feet in 
width ; thus forming a double portico in the centre 
of the fac;ade, similar in general design to that of 
the present eastern portico. There is also a por- 
tico on the W. front of each wing, 105 feet 8 
inches in width, projecting 10 feet 6 inches; and 
on the N. and S. fronts, porticoes of the same pro- 
jection, each of which is 121 feet 4 inches in 
width. 

The whole extent of the buildings, from N. to 
S., when finished, will be 751 feet 4 inches, and 
the greatest width from E. to W., including 
porticoes and steps, ,324 feet. 

Tlie ground actnally covered by the buildings, 
including the porticoes and steps, and exclusive 
of the court vards, is 15.3,112 square feet, or 652 
square feet more than three and a half acres ; of 
which there is covered by the present building 
61,201 square feet, and by the new wings and 
corridors 91.911. 

Tlie architecture of the exterior is designed to 
correspond in its principal features to that of the 
present building, and the disposition of the vari- 
ous parts is intended to ])resent the appearance 
of one harmonious structure, and to impart 
di>rnity to the present building, rather than to 
interfere with its proportions, or detract from its 
grandeur and beauty. 

The principal entrance to each wing is on the 
eastern front ; the apjiroach to it is by means of a 
flight of .39 steps, flanked by massy cheek blocks, 
similar to those of the present building, with a 
vaulted carriage way below to enter the bascmciit. 
The front dooropeiis into a vestibule of 27 feet in 
width, leading into a hall 55 feet sciuare, lighted 
from the roof, and embellished by 20 marble 
columns, supporting an entablature and l)alus- 
tradc ; this colonnade will support the galleries 
for approaching the otfices in the second story. 
These halls will be enriched with marble anta; 
against the walls in both stories, and lighted by 
ornamental stained glass skylights, supported by 
iron rafters. 

From each hall a vaulted passage, of 26 feet 10 
inches in width, leads into a corridor of 23 feet 6 
inches, running across each wing from N. to S., 
and uniting it with the centre building. 

The Hail of Kepresentatives occupies the west- 
ern half of the S. wing, and is lighted on 3 sides 
bv 50 windows. Its dimensions are 130 feet from 
N. to S.. and 97 feet 10 inches from E. to W. 
The ceiling is .35 feet in height, deejily panelled 
and ornamented with brackets, pendants, and 
enriched mouldings; the panels will be filled in 
with ornamental glass, through which light will 
be transmitted from skylights in the roof. 

The floor of the House is large enough to ac- 
commodate 400 members with separate desks, 
and allow amjile space for lobbies and seats for 
distinguished visitors, while at thi^ same time it 
may be conveniently adapted to the number of 
representatives which at present constitute this 
fcvanch of the legislature. 

The galleries for spectators extend around 3 



sides of tlie hall, and arc designed to accommo- 
date 1200 persons ; they are approached by 2 
spacious flights of marble stairs. 

The soutiicrn and western porticoes open into 
the hall, and will be ajqn-opriated exclusively to 
the use of the members, and such as have the 
privilege of the floor of the House. 

The Senate Chamber is located on the western 
half of the N. wing, and is lighted on the N. and 
W. bv 26 windows. Its dimensions are 70 feet 
6 inches by 97 feet 10 inches ; the ceiling is 35 
feet in height, with sunken panels and ornaments, 
similar to those of the House of Representatives 
already described. There is ample room in this 
hall for separate seats for 100 senators, allowing 
at the same time all the space that will ever l>e 
required for lobbies and the accommodation of 
distinguished visitors. 

The galleries, like those of the Hall of Repre- 
sentatives, occupy 3 sides of the chamber, and 
contain accommodations for 1200 persons ; they 
are approached by 2 flights of marble stairs, like 
those of the S. wi'ng. The galleries of each of 
the halls have ,A'i'c spacious doorways, which will 
afl^ord ingress and egress without crowding, or 
causing inconvenience to the audience or disturb- 
ance of the members. 

The Senate Chamber and the Hall of Repre- 
sentatives arc both designed with reference to the 
principles of acoustics. The magnitude of these 
rooms, especially tlie latter, and the fact that they 
are to be constructed for speaking in from every 
point, render it necessary to avoid all forms that 
would produce echoes, and at the same time to 
present reflecting surfaces enough to give power 
to the voice without resolving the sound with 
greater intensity on one point than on another. 
To attain these" objects, the rooms are made rec- 
tangular, and the ceilings comparatively low 
ami flat. 

The whole number of rooms in both wings, ex- 
elusive of the legislative halls, is 101 ; all of 
which arc vaulted with bricks, and rendered 
completely fire-proof 95 of these rooms are 
lighted directly from the outside, by one or more 
windows, andtlie remaining 6 depend on second- 
ary light, and are designed for the storing of doc- 
uments, stationery, &c. 

The warming of the buildings will be eflfeeted 
by means of liot-water pipes enclosed in chambers 
erected in the cellars, and connected with boilers 
for heating the water ; the external air will be 
admitted into these chambers, where it will be 
warmed and conducted by flues to all the halls 
and rooms in the luiildings. An artificial draught 
will be created by means of fans placed at the 
bottom of the air shafts, and worked by a small 
steam engine erected in the cellar of the centre 
building, and kept continually at work during 
cold weather. By these means, a constant breeze 
of warm air will be thrown into every room, by 
which a corrcs|Hinding volume of air previously 
in the room will lie displaced ; thus assisting the 
process of ventilation, and creating a circulation 
of the atmosi)hcrc which could not be attained by 
anv other process. 

The time required for the completion of the 
additions is five years, and the estimated expense, 
82,575,000. The architect is Thomas U. Wal- 
ter, Esq. 

The grounds about the Ca])itoI, 22 acres in 
extent, have been enclosed, beautifully laid out, 
and ornamented with walks, fountains, trees, 



614 



COXJNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



flowers, and shrubbery. In tlie enclosure oppo- 
site the eastern front lias been placed Grucnou!,;li's 
colossal statue of Wushingtou, iu a sitting posture, 
twice as large as life. 

The President's House, one mile W. of the 
Capitol, is a very beautiful building, also of free 
stone, 170 feet long and 80 feet deep, ornamented 
on its N. front, facing Lafayette Square, with a 
portico of 4 Ionic cohunns. Tlie garden front 
on the S. has a circular colonnade of G Ionic 
columns. Not far from the President's House are 
the offices of the executive departments. These 
are plain edifices of brick, 1.30 feet long by 60 
wide, except the treasury building, wliicli is of 
freestone, 336 feet long, with a wing in the rear 
190 feet deep, and witli a colonnade in front of 
32 massive pillars. It contains 1.^)0 apartments. 
The General Land Office occupies tlic third 
story. 

The General Post Office, on E. Street West, 
running from Seventh to Eighth Streets N., is 
an extensive marble building, with two wings, 
adorned in front and at the ends with fluted 
columns. 

The Patent Office, between Seventh and Ninth 
Streets W., and F and G Streets N., built of 
freestone and marble, 270 feet long, and in tlie 
centre 170 feet deep, is the handsomest of all the 
public offices. The portico, copied from the 
Parthenon at Athens, consists of 16 columns, 
50 feet high, in a double row. This edifice is 
partly occupied as a National Sluscum, and as a 
receptacle for models of new inventions. There 
are two wings of marble now in course of 
erection. 

The Smithsonian Institute, on a 19 acre plot 
of ground, granted by tlie government, in the 
southern part of the city, between Seventh and 
Twelfth Streets, is built of reddish sandstone, in 
the ancient style of Norman architecture, and is 
447 feet in length, with a width where broadest 
of 132 feet. It has 10 towers, one of which is 
145 feet high, and the others 100 feet, and makes 
an imposing appearance. 

The central portion of the building contains, 
on the first floor, a library, 134 feet by 50, di- 
vided into alcoves, and a hall for jihilsosopliical 
apparatus, 65 feet by 50. The second story con- 
tains the Museum, 200 feet by 50. This is divided 
into 3 aisles, the centre aisle being 40 feet in 
height. 

The E. wing contains a lecture room, capable 
of accommodating 1000 persons. The eastern 
range contains laboratories, workshops, rooms 
for apparatus, offices, &c. 

The western wing and range contains two large 
rooms, one of which will be used as a reading 
room. Beneath are rooms for unpacking books, 
and other purposes of the library. 

The Smithsonian Institution derives its name 
and endowment from James Smithson, Esq., of 
England. 

Mr. Smithson was a son of the first Duke of 
Northumberland. He was educated at Oxford, 
wlicre he distinguished himself by his scientific 
attainments. He was an associate of most of the 
eminent men of science of the last generation in 
England. He had no fixed residence, and formed 
no family ties. He died at Genoa, June 27, 
1829. 

From the property which he received by his 
mother, and the ample annuity allowed him by 
his father, his frugality enabled him to accumulate 



a fortune, which, at the time of bis death, amount 
ed to about .t 120,000 sterling. 

By his will, he directed that the income of this 
properly should be paid to a nephew during his 
life, and that the property itself should descend 
to his children, if he had any, absolutely and 
forever. 

" In case of the death of my said nephew with- 
out leaving a child, or children, or of the death of 
the child or chiUlreu he may have had under the 
age of 21 years, or intestate, I then bequeath the 
whole of my property to the United States of 
America, to found at Wushinf/ton, under tlie naiiis 
of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for 
the increase and dijfusion of knowledge amonq mtn^ 

Such are the words of the will, and the only 
words of Smithson which have come to us re- 
lating to this remarkable bequest. 

Of the reasons which led him to make this 
disposal of his fortune, we know nothing except 
by inference. He was never in America, had no 
friends or acquaintances here, and is supposed to 
have had no particular fondness for republican 
institutions. , 

The event having occurred, in which the claim 
of the United States attached, the particulars of 
the bequest were communicated to our govern- 
ment, and both Houses of Congress passed a liill, 
which was approved the 1st of July, 1836, author 
izing the president to appoint an agent to pros- 
ecute, in the Court of Chancery of England, the 
right of the United States to the bequest, and 
pledging the faith of the United States to the 
application of the fund to the purposes designated 
by the donor. 

It was paid into the treasury of the United 
States, in sovereigns, during the month of Sep- 
tember, 1838. 

The amount of the fund at this time was 
$515,169. It was not till 8 years after this period, 
10th August, 1846, that th"e act establishing the 
Smithsonian Institution was finally passed. 

This act creates an establishment, to be called 
the Smithsonian Institution, composed of the 
president and vice president of the United States, 
the secretaries of state, of the treasuiT, of war, 
and the navy, the postmaster general, attorney 
general, and mayor of Washington, with such 
others as they may elect honorary members. It 
devolves the immediate government of the Insti- 
tution upon a board of regents, of 15 members; 
namely, the vice president of the United States, 
the chief justice of the Supreme Court, and the 
mayor of the city of Washington, ex ojjicio, 3 
members of the Senate, to be appointed by the 
president thereof, 3 members of the House, to be 
appointed by the speaker, and 6 persons to be 
chosen from the citizens at large, by joint resolu- 
tion of the Senate and House, 2 of whom shall 
be membcis of the National Institute, and the 
other 4 inhabitants of states, and no two from 
the same state. 

The act establishes a permanent loan of the 
original fund (8515,169) to the United States, at 
6 per cent, interest ; appropriates the accumulated 
interest, then amounting to §242,129, or so much 
as might be needed, together with so much of tlic 
accruing income as might be unexpended in any 
year, for the Section of a building : provides for 
the establishment of a library, museum, chemical 
laboratory, &e., and left most of the details of the 
organization to the board of regents. 

The cost of the building is limited (with furni- 



IX THE UNITED STATES. 



615 



tnre. gradinn- the jriouinh. &c.) to .?25n.OOO. This 
will he takt'Ti miistly fium the iiicomp of the ori- 
ginal and iinililing f'muU. so as to savt; Sir>0,OOIJ 
of ihi' liuildinu- fund, whic-li AviU hi' added to llie ori- 
ginal fund, making a permanent fund of 5073. OUO, 
yielding; iicai'ly $4l).00U ]icr annum. 

Tiiis income, with all sums leceivcd from other 
sources, is to be permanently and equally divided 
between two great methods of increasing and 
dirt'using kriowledgc — tlie first by i)uhlieations, 
researciies, and le<-tures — the second Iiy col- 
lections of literature, science, and art. 

The first two volumes of a :;eries entitled 
^ Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge." in 
4to., liave been issued ; also several \\oiks in a 
series of a more popular character, and in 8vo. 
form, entitled " Smitlisonian Reports." It is 
proposed, also, to publish, for still wider circula- 
tion, a montlily "Bulletin." Kesearches in vari- 
ous departments of science have been instituted, 
or aided by the Institution, and several courses 
of free lectures have been delivered. 

The library has been commenced. Measures 
have been taken, also, for supplying the cabinet 
of natural history and the gallery of art. 

The Wasliington iVIonument, in the same part 
of tl'.e city, W. of Fifteenth Street, is in progress 
of erection, from private subscriptions collected 
throughout the Union. The following is the 
descrijition of the design, as put forth by the 
Monument Association. The rotunda remains 
to be built, but the obelisk has already attained 
a height of 70 or 80 feet. 

'• The design embraces the idea of a grand 
circular colonnaded buihling, 2.^0 feet in diame- 
ter and 100 feet high, from which springs an 
obelisk shaft, 70 feet at the base and .500 feet hi,gh, 
making a total elevation of 517 feet above the 
grouml. 

'■ This vast rotunda, forming the grand liase of 
the moniiincnt, is to be surrounded by 30 columns 
of massive proportions, ijcing 12 feet in diameter, 
and 4"i feet high, elevated Ujion a lofty base or 
stylobate of 20 feet elevation and 300 feet srpiare. 
surmounted by an entablature 20 feet higli, and 
crowned by a massive balustrade 15 feet in 
height, 

•' The terrace outside of the colonnade is 25 
feet wide, and the pronaos, or walk within the 
colonnade, including the column space, 25 feet. 
The walks enclosing the ccUa, or gallery within, 
are fretted with 30 massive anta;, (pilasters,) 10 
feet wide, 45 feet high, and 74 feet projection, 
answering to the columns in front, surmounted 
by their approj)riate architrave. The deep re- 
cesses formed by the projection of the ant;e pro- 
vide suitable niches for the reception of statues. 

" This spacious gallery and rotunda, which jjrop- 
erly may be denominated the '• National I'arthe- 
nou," is lighted in 4 grand divisions from above, 
and by its circular form, presents each subject 
decorating its walls in an interesting point of 
view, and with proper effect, as the curiosity is 
kept up every moment, from tlie whole room not 
being presented to the eye at one glance, as in 
the ease of a straight gallery. 

" Entering the centre pier through an arched 
way, you pass into a sj)aeious circular area, and 
ascend with an easy grade, by a railway, to the 
grand terrace, 75 feet above the base of the inon- 
umenf. This terrace is 700 feet in circumfer- 
ence, 1,80 feet wide, enclosed by a colonnaded 
balustrade, 1 5 feet high with its base and capping. 



•■ In the centre of the grand terrace rises the 
lofty obelisk shaft of the monument, 50 feet square 
at the base, and 400 feet high, diminishing as it 
rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet square. On 
each face of the shaft is sculptured the four 
leading events in General Washington's eventful 
career, in Uc^sn rilicro, and above this the shaft 
is perfectly plain to within 50 feet of its summit, 
where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the 
glory which the name of Washington has at- 
tained. 

■■ To ascend to the summit of the column, the 
same facilities as below are provided within the 
shaft, by an easy, .graded gallery, which may be tra- 
versed by a railway, terminating in a circular 
observatory 20 feet in diameter, around which, at 
the top, is a lookout gallery, which opens a pros- 
pect all around the hoi'izon. 

•• In the centre of the monninent is placed the 
tomb of ^Vasbington, to receive his remains should 
they be removed thither, the descent to which is 
by a broad flight of steps." Many states, cities 
and corporations have contributed blocks to this 
monument, highly ornamented, which form part 
of the inside wall, and the inscriptions on which 
can be read as one ascends. 

The Navy Yard, on the E. branch of the Poto- 
mac, about a mile E. of the Capitol, has au area 
of 27 acres, enclosed by a substantial brick wall. 
Many e.xtensive manufacturing operations for the 
sujijilv of the navy are carried on here. 

Half a mile beyond the Navy Yard, in the east- 
ern section of the city, a mile and a half from the 
Ca[Mtol, is the Congressional Burying Ground, 
containing 10 acres, near the eastern branch, 
tastefully lairl out and neatly kept. 

The arsenal is about one mile S. of the Capitol, 
on Greenleaf Point, between the Potomac and 
the eastern bi-anch. 

Not the least important and interesting of the 
jHililic establishments is the National Observatory, 
nearlv a mile W. of the President's House,, near 
Georgetown, between Twenty-Third and Twenty- 
Fifth Streets. The building is 50 feet square, 
and 3 stories high, ornamented with a movable 
dome, and provided with the best astronomical 
instruments. 

The principal city and county buildings are an 
unfinished anil shabliy City Hall, in which the 
courts are helil, the County Jail, a large, new build- 
ing, 3 stories high, and the Penitentiary, a large 
building of freestone, on Greenleaf Point, facing 
the Poto'mac and adjoining the Arsenal grounds. 

Columbian College is beautifully situated on 
elevated ground, commanding a broad view of 
thd surrounding countrv. The college edifice is 
5 stories high, 117 feet long and 47 wide. 

Washington is separated from Georgetown by 
Kock Creek, over which are two bridges. A 
bridge a mile long, across the Potomac, leads to 
Alexandria, with which also there is steamboat 
communication. There are also bridges across 
the eastern branch, which, though deep enough 
to float a frigate opposite the navy yard, soon 
dwindles to a shallow stream. Vessels requiring 
14 feet of water can come up to Potomac Bridge. 
The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which commu- 
nicates with a local canal extending through the 
city S. of Pennsylvania Avenue, opens a com- 
munication with an extensive back country ; but 
the trade of Washington is almost entirely lim- 
ited to the articles required for the consumption 
of the city. 



616 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Population in 1800,3210; in 1810, 8208; in 
1820, 13,247; in 1830, 18.227; in 1840, 23,364; 
in 1850, 40,001, of wliom about a quarter part 
arc colored. Congress meets annually at Wash- 
ington on the first Momlay of Deeembei-, and 
the Supreme Court of tlie United States annually 
on tlie first Jlonday of January. 

Wasliini/ton Cvuiiti/. Fa., c. h. at Holmes Valley. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by Jaekson eo., E. by the 
Appalacliicola River, separating it from Gadsden 
CO., S. by Calhoun co. and the Gulf of Mcxieo, 
and W. by the Choetawhatehce River, separating 
it from Walton co. Drained by Eeonfina River, 
and by branches of tlie Choetawhatehce River. 
In the S. part of this county is the fine Bay of 8t. 
Andrews. There is some good soil in the N. 
portions, but it is mostly sterile. 

Washin(jto7i Counti/. Ga., c. h. at Sandersville. 
Oconee River, of Wilkinson co., is on the S. W., 
Hancock N.W., Ogeechee River, orWarren, N. E., 
Jefi'erson E., and Emanuel and Laurens S. E. 

Washington, Ga., c. h. Wilkes co. On Kettle 
Creek, a branch of Little River. 50 miles W. 
N. W. from Augusta, and 78 N. E. from Mil- 
ledgeville.- 

Washinc/ton Counti/, Is., c. h. at Covington. 
Randolph is on the S. of this county, St. Clair W., 
Madison and Bond N., and Jeftcrson E. Kaskas- 
kias River pa^ges obliquely through it. 

Washington Count//, la., c. h. at Salem. This 
CO. is bounded by Floyd S. E., Harrison S.. Or- 
ange and Lawrence W., White River, or Jack- 
son, N., and Scott E. Big Blue River rises in 
this county, and flows S. into Ohio River. 

Wasliimjton, la., c. h. Davis eo. Between the 
two main branches of White River. 20 miles 
S. E. by E. from Vincennes, and 103 8. S. W. 
from Indianapolis. 

Washinc/ton, la., c. h. Daviess co. 4 miles E. 
from the West Fork of White River, and 106 
S. W. from Indianapolis. 

Washintjton Couuti/, lo., c. h. at AYashington. 
Bounded N. and N. E. by Iowa and Johnson 
counties, E, by Louisa, S. by Henry and Jeffer- 
son, and W. by Keokuk co. Drained by Iowa 
Kivcr, Long and Crooked Creeks, and by a branch 
of Skunk River. The soil is fertile. 

Washinffion Count//. Ky., c. h. at Springfield. 
Green is on the S. of this county, Nelson W. and 
N. W., Salt River, or Erankliii, N., Mercer E., 
and Casey S. E. The various sources of Salt 
River drain the county. 

Washinqton. Kv., c. h. Mason co. 77 miles 
E. S. E. from Frankfort. 

Washington Parish, La. Tliis parish is bounded 
by Mississippi N., Pearl River E., parish of St. 
Tammany S., and Tangipao River, or St. Helena, 
W. It has a moderately hilly surface, and gen- 
erally stei-ile soil, covered with pine timber. 
Bogue, Chitto, and Chifuncte Rivers are the 
principal streams. 

Washinyton Count//, Me., c. h. at Machias. In 
the S. E. corner of the state, between the coast 
on the S. E., and Passamaquoddy Bay and St. 
Croi.\ River on the N. E. Has a great extent 
of coast, and abounds in bays and harbors. The 
settlements are confined to tide waters. The 
soil is cold, and not favorable to cultivation. 
The interior is covered with dense forests. 

Woshini/ton, Me., Lincoln co. Formerly called 
Putnam. 35 miles E. from Augusta. 

Washington Count//, Md. Hagerstown, Han- 
cock, and Williarasport, shire towns. Potomac 



River, or Virginia, is on the S. of this county, 
Alleghany co., Md., W., Pennsylvania N., and 
Frederick co., Md., E. The county is well watered, 
and is traversed by Connolaways, Licking, Con- 
ococheague, Antietam, and other large creeks 
flowing from Pennsylvania into Potomac River. 
The surface is much broken by mountains and 
bills, though much of the river and creek alluvial 
soil is excellent. 

Wusliinglon, Ms., Berkshire Co., was first set- 
tled in 1760, and was called Greenwood, and 
for some lime Ilartwood. Its Indian name was 
Tukonick. This town is situated on the Green 
Mountain range, and its surface is greatly di- 
versified by hills and valleys. It is, however, 
a fine township for grazing, and within its 
limits are many large and productive farms. 
No large river waters the town, but the crystal 
s])rings which gush from the mountains, and 
the sparkling ponds which decorate the valleys, 
give to the town an ample water power for 
domestic uses. The jjrincipal settlement is beau- 
tifully located in a mountain valley, through 
which the Western Railroad passes. 138 miles 
W. from Boston, and 13 S. E. from Pittsfield. 

Washington, Mn., Macomb co. Stony Creek 
and the head branches of the Middle Fork of 
Clinton River water this town, the soil of which 
is fertile, yielding large crops of grain. 

Washington County, Ma., c. h. at Stillwater. In 
the angle between the St. Croix and Mississippi. 

Washington, Mi. Recently the seat of govern- 
ment of the state. 6 miles N. E. from Natchez, 
and 84 S. W. from Jackson, on the left hank of 
St. Catharine Creek, on a higli, dry, and healthy 
site. In 1802 Jefferson College was incorpo- 
rated, and located in this town. 

]Wishington County. Mo., c. h. at Potosi. Sit- 
uated S. from Franklin, and S. W. from JeflTer- 
son and St. Genevieve. This county lies on the 
heads of Big Black, Gasconade, Merrimac, and 
St. Francis Rivers. It has a hilly, mountainous, 
and broken surface, though much fertile soil is 
found in detached places, particularly along the 
banks of the Merrimac, Big River, and other 
streams. A great part of the lead mines of 
Missouri are included within the limits of this 
county. 

Washinf/ton, N. H., Sullivan co. This town is 
hilly, but not mountainous. Lovewell's ]\Ioun- 
tain, so called, from Captain Lovewell's killing 
7 Indians near it, is of a conical sha))e, about 
three fourths of a mile in diamctci'. Washing- 
ton abounds with springs, rivulets, and luttural 
ponds. Uf the last there are 1 6, some of con- 
siderable magnitude. Island Pond, so called 
from its being full of islands, is 2 miles long 
and li wide. Ashnelot is 1^ miles long and 1 
wide; Half Moon is 1^ miles in length; Brock- 
way's, a beautiful sheet of w*ater, lying on a 
white sand, is one mile long, and half a milo 
wide. Long Pond, lying in this town and .Stod- 
dard, is 5 miles in length. Tliese ponds abound 
with a variety of fish. The borders i)reseiit de- 
liglnful scenery. The soil is deep and moist, 
better for grass than tillage. The first settlers 
had 180 acres of land each for settling. First 
settler. Reuben Kidder, Esq., in 1768. 35 miles 
W. from Concord, and about 16 S. E. from 
Newport. 

Washiinjton, N. J., Burlington Co. A township 
adjoining Little Egg Harbor. The soil is sandy, 
and covered with pines. Bog ore abounds in 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



617 



the low lantls ; that mixed with iiiountaiii ore is 
manufactured into all kinds of inin and cast- 
ings. 

Wcishii>fj/on, N. J., Gloiicestei' co. AVaterod 
by Pensauken and Cooper's Creeks, and sonic 
branches of Atsion River. Its surface is level ; 
its soil light sand and loam. Shell marl is found 
here. 

Washinr/ton County. N. Y., Kingslniiy and Sa- 
lem shire tuvvns. Formed from Albany co. in 1772. 
It is lioiinded N. by Warren and Essex counties 
and Vermont, E. by Lake Ciiam]ilain and Ver- 
mont, S. by Rensselaer, and W. by Saratoija and 
Warren counties and Lake George. The Bat- 
tenkill, Paivlet, Poullncy, and Hoosic Kivers, 
and Wood Creek, are its principal streams. Sur- 
face hilly and mountainous, being partly covered 
by the Palmertovvn range. Soil various, but 
warm and fertile in many parts. The ditferent 
kinds of iron ore, marl, lime, marble, and water 
lime are the principal mineral productions. The 
Cham]dain Canal traverses this county. 

Wasltington. N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by 
tributaries of Wappinger's and Ten Mile Creeks. 
Surface hilly and uneven, being covered on the 
E. by the Matteawan Mountains. Soil fertile, 
yielding fine crops of grass and grain. 12 miles 
N. E, from Poughkeepsie village, and 88 S. from 
Albany. 

Wafliington Count;/, N. C, c. h. at Plymouth. 
The county is bounded N. by Koanoke Kiverand 
Albemarle Sound, Tyrrell co. E., Martin W.. and 
Hyde and Beaufort S. The soil generally is 
thin and sterile ; the smface level and in part 
marshy, 

Wdsliinoton. N. C, c. h. Beaufort co. On the 
X. side of Tar River, at its junction with Pamlico 
lliver, and 127 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. A 
seaport largely engaged in tiic lumber trade. 

Washinijtoii County, O., c. h. at iMarietta. 
Eying on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the 
Muskingum, and having Morgan and Monroe 
counties on the N., the Ohio River separating it 
from Virginia on the S. E., and Athens and a 
part of Morgan co. on the W. This county, with 
boundaries originally embracing nearly one half 
the territory of the state, was constituted July 
27, 17S8, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, 
being the first county established within the limits 
of Ohio. AA^ith the settlement of this county were 
laid the foundations of this great and flourishing 
state, under the auspices of the " New England 
Ohio Company," orgainzed in New England in 
1787. Forty-seven men, after making a toilsome 
journey across the Alleghanies, in the winter of 
that year, by the old Indian patli, which has 
since been followed by the national road from 
Cumberland to Wheeling, planted themselves at 
the mouth of the Muskingum, on the spot wdiere 
Marricita now stands, which had been previously 
lelected for the commencement of their colony. 
General Rufus Putnam had the superintendence 
of the enterprise ; and others of the company, as 
well as many of those who joined the colony 
afterwards, had served as officers or soldiers in 
tlie war of tlic revolution. They were a set of 
men of whose fitness for such a purpose Wash- 
ington was able to say, " No colony in America 
was ever settled under such favorable auspices as 
that which was first commenced at the Musking- 
um. Information, property, and strength will be 
its characteristics. 1 know many of the settlers 
personally j and there never were men better 
78 



calculated to promote the welfare of such a com- 
munity." 

The present extent of Washington county is 
45 miles in length from E. to W., and fi'om 12 to 
22 miles in breadth from N. to S., containing 
about 71.3 square miles. The Muskingum, by a 
circuitous but generally S. E. course, divides the 
county nearly in the middle. Other streams are 
the Little JIuskingum, Little Ilockhocking, Big 
Run, Bear Creek, Wolf Creek, Duck Creek, Cat's 
Creek, Rainbow Creek, and Pawpaw Creek. The 
C)hio River washes the whole south-e.astern boun- 
dary of the county. The genci-al surface, with the 
exception of the broad strips of alluvial lands upon 
the Ohio and the Muski)igum Rivers, is hilly or 
broken. While there arc extensive tracts of ara- 
ble and fertile lands in the middle and western 
parts of the county, the uplands arc better 
adapted, in general, to pasturage than to tillage. 
The staple productions are sheep, cattle, and 
horses, pork, wool, fruit, grains of various kinds, 
and the products of the dairy. Stone coal is 
aliundant, especially on the Muskingum River. 
On the waters of the I'awpaw are found great 
quantities of iron pyrites, bedded in the clay at 
the bottom of the creek. Near these localities 
are the remains of numerous furnaces, built of 
stone, with hearths of clay, containing cinders 
and pieces of stone coal, partly consumed, which 
had been used in smelting these ores. These 
remains are very ancient, some of them having 
large forest trees growing upon their ruins. In 
the vicinity of Marietta there are also other an- 
cient works, which appear to have been designed 
and used as fortifications, and which are a great 
curiosity to travellers. 

Wasfnn;iton, 0., c. h. Fayette co. 38 miles S. W. 
from Columbus, and 30 N. W. from C^hillicothe. 

U'dshini/ton Counlij, On. In the lower valley 
of the Willamette. 

]\'ashini/lon County, Pa., c. h. at AVashington. 
Bounded N. by Beaver CO., N. E. by Alleghany, 
S. by Green. E. by Monongahela River, or West- 
moreland and Fayette, and AV. by Vi)ginia. It 
has a productive soil and hilly stirl'ace. The 
height of land between Ohio and Monongahela 
Rivers is occupied by this county, and the creeks 
flow from its central parts like radii from a com- 
mon centre. 

]Vas!ilnr/ton, Pa., c. h. Wdshington co. 209 
miles AA'. from Harrisburg. AVashingtoa Col- 
lego is located here, (see Colleges;) likewise a 
female seminary. There are numerous stores in 
the village, and an active trade centres here. 
The college edifice stands to the E. of the town, 
is constructed of stone, three stories high, and 
sufficiently spacious to accommodate 150 students. 

Washington, Pa, Lycoming co. A township 
situated opposite Williamsport, in the great bend 
of the AV. branch of the Susquehanna. 

Washington County, R. I., c. h. at South Kings- 
ton. S. AV. part. Surface diversified and hilly. 
Fertile. An excellent grazing district. The 
coast has but two or three smaller harbors. The 
Pawcatuek, which flows S. through the W. part, 
is the principal river. The Stoninglon Railroad 
traverses this county from N. E. to S. AV. 

Washington County, Te., c. h. at Jonesboro'. 
This county has a hilly ami broken surface. No- 
lachucky River drains its southern i>art, and 
Holston its northern. It is bounded N. by Sulli- 
van, E. by Carter, W. by Greene co., Te., and S. 
by North Carolina. 



618 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Washington, Te., e. Ii. Rhea co. On the right 
bank of Tennessee lliver, about 100 miles below 
Knoxville, and 80 miles S. E. by E. from Mur- 
freesboro'. 

Washinf/lon Coiwti/, Ts,, e. h. at Wasliington. 
S. E. eential. On the W. side of the Brazos. 

W^ushinijton CoHntif, Vt., c. h. at Montpelier. 
This county is nearly in the centre of the state, 
and the princij)al part of it lies between the two 
ranges of the Green Mountains. It is bounded 
N. by Lamoille and part of Chittenden and Cale- 
donia counties, E. by Caledonia co., S. by Orange 
and Addison counties, and W. by Addison and 
Chittenden counties. It was incorporated in 1810, 
by the name of Jetferson, and took its present name 
in 1814. This county is finely watered by tlic Wi- 
nooski River and many of its important branches. 
The surface of the county is uneven, hilly, and 
in .some parts mountainous, but there is much 
valuable land along the streams. There are large 
bodies of beautiful granite in the county, and 
sljte of various kinds. 

WasMiifiton, Vt., Orange co. Branches of Wi- 
nooski, Wait's, and White Rivers rise in this 
town, but afford no considerable water jiowcr. 
There is some excellent land along the streams, 
and the uplands are generally arable, and afford 
good pasturage. There is a neat village in the 
town. The settlement was commenced in 178.T, 
by Daniel Morse, who was soon joined by his 
brother, John Morse. 15 miles S. by E. from 
Montpelier. 

\Vashin(jto)i Coimti/, Va., c. h. at Abingdon. 
This countv has Tennessee on the S., Scott co., 
Va., W., Russell N. W., Tazewell N., Wythe N. 
E., and Grayson S. E. It lies in the various val- 
leys of the two great branches of Holston River, 
and is drained by tliose streams and their numer- 
ous confluents. The soil is fertile, though gen- 
erally billy. 

Washington Count//, Wn., c. h. at Washington. 
Bounded N. by Fond du Lac and Sheboygan 
counties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Milwaukie 
and Waukesha counties, ami W. by Dodge co. 
Drained by Milwaukie and Menemonee Rivers. 

Washita (according to the French, Oiiachitta) 
Parish, La., c. h. at Monroe. Lying towards 
the N. E. pan of the state, drained by the Wa- 
shita River and its branches, and the sources of 
tlie Little River. Its length from E. to W. is 9U 
miles, and its mean widtli 60 miles. It is exten- 
sively covered with pine forest ; and in some 
parts, on the rivers, the land is liable to be over- 
flowed. Where the soil will admit of cultivation, 
cotton is the chief article of production. 

Washtenaw Count;/, Mn., c. h. at Ann Arbor. 
Incorporated in 18-J6. Bounded N. by Livings- 
ton and Oakland counties, E. by Wayne, S. by 
Monroe and Lenawee, and AY. by Jackson co. 
Watered by Huron, Raisin, Macon, and Saline 
Rivers, Mullet's, Honey, Mill, and Taint Creeks, 
and several lakes. Surface slightly undulating ; 
soil rich clay and loam. Most of its streams af- 
ford hydraulic power. 

Waterbury, Ct., New Haven co. The Indian 
Mattatuck, a territory comprising this and some 
of the neighboring towns, being 18 miles in 
length, and 10 miles in width, was sold by the 
red men to the whites, in the year 1B84. " for di- 
vers good causes and 39 pounds." This piece of 
ground was supposed, by the white men, to af- 
ford sufficient room and accommodations for thirt;/ 
families. 



There are soine good lands on the borders of 
the streams, within the present limits of Water- 
bury ; but the surface of the town is generally 
rough, and the soil difficult of cultivation. 

The site upon which the borough of Water- 
bury stands is situated in a valley, which is 
washed by Mad River on the E., and the Nauga- 
tuck on the W. 32 miles from Bridgeport by 
the Naugatuck Railroad. 

Watcrhoro\ Me., York co. This town is wa- 
tered by a large and pleasant pond, which emp- 
ties into Little Ossipee River, a branch of the 
Saco, and by the bead branches of the Mousum, 
a stream which meets the ocean at Kennebunk. 
This is a flourishing town, with a pleasant sur- 
face and good soil. It lies 24 miles W. from 
Portland, and is bounded S. by Alfred. 

Waterhurij, Vt., Washington co. The surfaes 
is generally level, with some pleasant swells. 
The soil is warm and fertile, and the lands on 
the rivers are not excelled in richness by any in 
the state. Waterbury is separated from Dux- 
bury by Winooski River, which, with Waterbury 
River and other streams, affords the town a good 
water power. In the S. W. corner of the town, 
the passage of Winooski River through a consid- 
ei'able hill lias worn a channel through the rocks. 
The chasm is at present about 100 feet wide, and 
nearly as deep. 

This town was first settled by Mr. James 
Marsh, who moved here with his wife and 8 
children, in June, 1784, and for nearly a year this 
family scarcely saw a human being iuit them- 
selves. 12 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 26 
E. S. E. from Burlington. The railroad from 
Boston to Burlington passes through this town. 

WaterfonI, Ct., New London co. This town 
was taken from New London in 1801. It is 
washed on the E. side by the River Thames, and 
on the S. by Long Island Sound, from which a bay 
or inlet extends, between Millstone and Black 
Points, quite into the centre of the town, afford- 
ing a liarbor for small vessels. This is a resort 
for fishermen on the Sound, and many species 
of the finny tribe are taken captive. There are a 
number of ponds in the town. On the New Ha- 
ven and New London Railroad, 4 miles from 
New London. 

Waterford, Me., Oxford co. It has a number 
of l)eautiful ponds. The surface is generally level, 
and the soil good. .57 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 

Watin-furd, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated at 
the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. 
Surface undulating; soil alluvion and sand. 19 
miles S. E. from IJallston Spa, and 10 N. from 
Albany. The village of Waterford is situated 
on the W. bank of the Hudson at the head of 
sloop navigation. The Champlain Canal passes 
through it, and enters the river here. The Troy 
and Saratoga Railroad passes through it. It has 
various manufactures, and considerable business. 
.5 miles from Troy. 

Waterford, Vt., Caledonia co. The W. part 
of Waterford is watered by the Passumpsic, and 
the N. border by Moose River. A part of ths 
town borders on Fifteen Mile Falls, in Connecti- 
cut River. The banks of that river are steep al 
this place, and form but little intervale. The 
uplands are rough and stony. The settlement 
of the town was commenced in 1787. IS miles 
S. E. from Danville, and 48 N. E. from ilontpe- 
lier. The Passumpsic Railroad passes through 
the town. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



619 



Waterloo, Mo., c. h. Clark CO. A little TV. 
from Mississippi River, W. from the entrance of 
Dcs Moines River, and I8G miles N. by E. from 
Jefferson City. 

]Vulerliin, N. Y., c. h. Seneca co. Watered by 
Seneca River, parallel to which rnns the Ca- 
yu;;a and Seneca Canal. Surfoce chiefly level ; 
soil ricli calcareous loam. 173 miles N. of W. 
from Alliany. 

]Vatcrlown, Ct., Litchfield co. Watcrtown was 
formerly a parish in Waterbury, by the name of 
Wcstbury. It was incorporated as a town in 
1780. The township is frenerally uneven, or 
rather hilly ; but some sections are level. The 
prevailing soil is a dry gravelly loam, and best 
adapted to grazing; but the different grains com- 
mon to this part of the country arc cultivated. 
Steel's Brook, a sprightly stream, passes through 
the central part of the town, and for a mile be- 
low and some distance aljove the centre of the 
town, a chain of rich meailows, though small in 
extent, border the sides of this stream. This is 
the birthplace of John Trumbull, the poet. 26 
miles N. by W. from New Haven, and 10 S. E. 
from Litchfield. 

Walertoini, Ms., Middlesex co. The name of 
Watcrtown is said to have originated from the 
circumstance of its being a '' well-watered place,'' 
or. perliaps, from its being situated on a consid- 
erable fresh-water river, and the communication 
with Boston being at first liy icater, in boats. 
Tlic Indian name of the town was Pof]srjmsset. 
Charles River gives this town a good water 
power ; it passes along its whole southern bor- 
der. This river is navigable to the centre of the 
town for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. The 
surface is diversified by hills and valleys. A part 
of Fresh Pond and a part of Mount Auburn 
Cemetery lie in this town. On the N. bank of 
t)ie river, the United States Arsenal occupies a 
site of 40 acres of ground. Watcrtown village 
lies aliont 7 miles W. from Boston, and 12 S. E. 
from Concord. The Fitchburg Railroad jiasscs 
on the N. side of the town, and the Worcester 
Railroad on the S. 

Watertown, N. Y., c. h. Jefferson co. Watered 
by Stony and Sandy Creeks, and on the N. hy 
Black River, which affords immense hydraulic 
power at this place. Surface rather uneven ; soil 
fertile. 160 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Wiitinille, Me., Kennebec co., is situated on 
the W. bank of the Kennebec River, opposite to 
Winslow, and bounded N. by Fairfield, and S. by 
Sidney. It contains 30 square miles, mostly of 
the best quality of farming land of the Kennebec 
region. Seven twelfths of the population is esti- 
mated to be agricultural. The principal village, 
of about fSO houses, is on the Kenneliec, at Ti- 
conic Falls. These falls are 18 feet in height, ex- 
tending quite across the river. In the town there 
arc many saw, 4 grist mills, carding machines, 
plaster mills, also extensive tanneries, and a ma- 
chine shop, iron foundery, a branch of the cele- 
brated Fairbanks establishment in Vermont, sup- 
plies a great portion of the interior of the state 
with ploughs. Waterville College is situated here. 
Sec t'oUiyes. 

The water power at Waterville and vicinity is 
Tcry great. A circle described from the Ticonic 
Falls, before named, as a centre, with a radius of 
5 miles, includes 2 falls across the whole Kenne- 
bec, at Kendall's Mills, 2 miles above Waterville ; 
2 falls, 5 miles distant, oa the Scbasticook, a 



largo tributary stream ; and an indefinite series 
of falls upon the Emerson Stream, from the cas- 
cade to its confluence, besides numerous rapids, 
which could easily be dammed, on all these 
streams. It is believed that no similar circle of 
10 miles diameter in New England comprehends 
so large and convenient water power. But a very 
small part of this power is yet occu]iicd. The 
river is navigable to this place from the dam at 
Augusta. Connected with Portland, 82 miles 
S. W. by Railroad. 

WaleiTille, N. H., Grafton co. This town com- 
prises the territory called Gillis and Foss Grant, 
until its incorporation in 1829. It was granted 
June 29, 1819, to Josiah Gillis, Moses Foss, Jr., 
and others. The latter commenced the settle- 
ment some years since. It is watered by Mad 
and Swift Rivers. 

Waferrillf, Vt., Lamoille co. Waterville is en- 
vironed by mountains, and is itself mountainous. 
It is watered by a branch of Lamoille River 
There are many good mill privileges in this town, 
and some fine land on the borders of its streams. 
The settlement commenced here about the year 
1789. 12 miles N. W. from Hydepark, and 39 N. 
W. from Montpelier. 

Waten-liet, N. Y., Albany co. This township 
lies on the W. side of Hudson River, opposite 
the city of Troy, and 6 miles N. from tlie city 
of Albany. The Jlohawk River waters its north- 
ern part. The surface is level or undulating on 
the E., with some extensive flats on the Hudson, 
which are productive and well cultivated. The 
western part rises into hills. Several islands, ly- 
ing at the confluence of the Mohawk with the 
Hudson, belong to this township. The Cham- 
plain Canal, crossing the mouths of the Jlohawk 
in the northern part of this town, and bearing to 
the right, forms a junction with the Erie Canal, 
after which their united channel traverses its east- 
ern border to Albany. At the Cohoes Falls, on 
the Mohawk, an immense water ])ower has been 
developed, and considerably occupied. (See 
Ftis/iioiiable Htsorfs.) At Port Schuyler a race- 
way is taken from the Erie Canal, supplying sev- 
eral hydraulic works. A small creek, at the S.E. 
course of the town, furnishes the power for a facto- 
ry, and for mills. In this town there is a Shaker 
settlement, sometimes called yiikiii/iuni, estab 
lished in 1770, by Ann Lee, the first in the United 
States. They occupy about 2000 acres of land. 

Watson, N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by Inde- 
pendence Creek and other streams flowing into 
Black River, which bounds it on the W. Surface 
hilly and mountainous; soil sandy loam. 16 
miles N. E. from Martinsburg, and 135 N. W 
from Albany. 

Wawarsin^, N. Y., Ulster co., is watered by 
Rondout Creek and its tributaries, affording fine 
hydraulic power at this place. Surface hilly and 
mountainous, the ,Sliawangunk Mountain cover- 
ing the E. part ; soil gravelly loam and clay, 
plumbago, lead, and iron ore are found in this 
vicinity. 22 miles S. W. from Kingston, and 81 
from Albany. 

Wayland, Ms., Middlesex co. The name of 
this town was East Sudbury from 1780 to 1835. 
It lies on the E. side of Sudbury River, and was 
once a part of Sudbury. The surface is pleasant, 
and the soil generally good. 16 miles W. from 
Boston, and 7 S. from Concord. 

Wu!]}ie Counti/, (ia., c. h. at Tuckerville. 
Wayne county has Glynn on the S. E., Camden 



^0 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



and Applinf; S., Appling anil Tatnall W., and 
Alatanialia, or Elhert and Jlclntosli counties, 
N. E. Great and Little St. Ilia Rivers traverse 
tliis county, and Turtle River rises in it. 

Wai/ue Count)/, Is., has Johnson and Union 
S., Jackson and Randolph W., Jefferson N., and 
White and Gallatin E. The W. branch of Little 
Wabash drains the county. 

Wayne Count;/, la., c. h. at Centreville. Ohio 
is on the E., Union co., la., S., Eayette S. W., 
Henry W., and Randolph N. The sources of 
Whitewater River drain the county. 

Wai/nc County, lo., c. h. at Corydon. On the 
southern border. Central. Watered by the S. 
fork of Chariton River. 

Wayne County, Ky., c. h. at Monticello. This 
county is drained principally by Big Sinking 
Creek, a branch of the Cumberland. It is bound- 
ed N. by Cumberland River, or Adair and Pu- 
laski counties, E. by Whitely, S. by Tennessee, 
and W. hy Cumberland co., in Kentucky. 

Waynr, Jle., Ivennebec co. Wayne lies N. of 
Leeds, and is situated a little below the centre of 
a chain of beautiful lakes or ponds, whose outlet, 
which passes through the town, falls into the An- 
droscoggin. The centre of tlie town is about 4 
miles E. of the Androscoggin, and 16 W. from 
Augusta. The surface of the town is undulating, 
and the soil fertile. It was incorporated in 1798. 

Wayne County, Mn., c. h. at Detroit. Detroit 
River and St. Clair Lake are on the S. E., 
McComb CO. N. E., Oakland N. W., and Monroe 
S. W. and S. It has generally a level surface, 
rising by a very gentle acclivity from Lake St. 
Clair and Detroit River, and gradually becoming 
flat, receding from these waters. This county has 
a very productive soil, and is drained by the Ri- 
viere Rouge. 

Wayne County, Mi., c. h. at Winchester. This 
county is bounded by Alal)ama E., Greene co., in 
Michigan, S., Covington W., and the Choctaw 
country N. Chiekasawhay and other branches of 
Pascagoula River drain it. 

Wayne County, N. Y., c. h. at Lyons, was formed 
from Ontario CO. in 1823. It is bounded N. by 
Lake Ontario, E. by Cayuga, S. by Seneca and 
Ontario, and W. by Monroe co. Watered by 
Clyde River and several small streams flowing 
into Lake Ontario. Surface undulating and some- 
what ridgy ; soil fertile, yielding abundant har- 
vests of fruit and grain. Diflerent kinds of iron 
ore, gypsum, marl, and water limestone are abun- 
dant; there are also numerous sulphur and a few 
salt springs. The Erie Canal follows the course 
of the Clyde River through this town. 

Wayne, N. Y., Stcuben CO. Watered hy Little 
and Mud Lakes on the E., and Crooked Lake on 
the W. Surface chiefly level ; soil well adapted 
to grain. U miles N. E. from Bath, and 198 W. 
from Albany. 

Wayne County, N. C, c. h. at AVaynesboro'. 
Wayne co. is bounded N. by Nash and Edge- 
comb, E. liy Greene and Lenoir, N. W. by John- 
son, S. W. by Sampson, and S. by Duplin. 
Neuse River crosses the county. 

Wayne County, O., c. h. at Wooster. Medina 
CO. is on the N., Stark on the E., Coshocton on 
the S., and Richland on the W. It was laid out 
in 1808, by General Wayne, from whom it de- 
rived its name ; but it was not organized until 
January, 1812. People from Pennsylvania set- 
tled hero in 1805. The land is excellent, and is 
high and elevated, with extensive prairies scat- 



tered here and there. The most important sticams 
arc Killbnck River, Chippewa, Sugar, and the 
Lake Fork of Mohican Creek. 

Wayne County, Pa., c. h. at Bethany. New 
York is on the N. of this county, Delaware Riv- 
er, or Delaware co., N. Y.. E., Pike co. S. E., 
and Luzerne and Sustiuehanna counties W. It 
is drained by the Lackawaxen and other creeks 
of the Delaware. It has a hilly ami broken sur- 
face, and generally thin and jioor soil. 

Wayne, Pa., Erie co. French Creek and a 
branch of Broken Straw Creek water this town, 
the surfoce of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly 
loam. 250 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Wayne, Pa., Greene co. Watered by Dunk- 
ark's Creek and branches. Stu'face hilly ; soil 
loam. 15 miles S. W. from Waynesburg. 

Waytie, Pa., Mifflin co. This town is bounded 
on the E. by the Blue Ridge, and drained by the 
Juniata River. 

Wayne County, Te., c.h. at Waynesboro'. Lau- 
derdale CO., in Alabama, is on the S., Hardin co., 
Te., W., Perry N., and Lawrence E. The great 
bend of the Tennessee River encircles this county, 
where that stream turns N. on entering the state ; 
and though in no place actually reaching Tennes- 
see River, the creeks of this county arc discharged 
from it like radii from a centre. 

Wayne County, Va., c. h. at Trout's Hill. W. 
part. Separated from Kentucky by the Big 
Sandy, and from Ohio by the Ohio River. Hilly. 

Wayne, Va., c. h. Wayne co. 

Waynesboro', Ga., c. h. Burke co. On a branch 
of Brier Creek. 82 miles E. from Milledgeville. 

Wayneaboro', N. C, c. h. Wayne co. On the 
N. side of Neuse River, just below the entrance 
of Little River, and 51 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 

Waynesbury, Pa., c. h. Greene co. On the 
N. side of Ten Mile Creek, 12 miles from its 
mouth, and 222 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. 

Waynesboro', Te., c. h. Wayne co. On the W. 
side of Green River. 99 miles S. W. from Nash- 
ville. 

Waynesboro', Va.. Augusta co. On South Riv- 
er, at the W. foot of Blue Ridge. 30 miles W. 
by N. from Charlottesville, and 105 miles W. N. 
W. from Richmond. Has a fine water power, 
and contains extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

Weare, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The only river 
in Weare is the N. W. branch of Piscataquog; it 
aftbrds some good mill sites. Here are 3 ponds. 
Rattlesnake Hill, nearly in the centre of the N. 
line of the town, abounds with shelving rocks, 
abrupt precipices, forming dens and caves. Dur- 
ing the summer season, the reptile from which it 
takes its name, is frequently found. The town, 
though rather broken, is not mountainous. It 
has small swamps and some good meadows. It 
received its name in honor of Meshcch Weare, 
chief justice of the province of New Hampshire. 
First settlers, emigrants from Massacliusctts, 
about the vear 1749. From Concord 14 miles 
S. W., and"l7 N. N. W. from Amherst. 

Weathcrsjiild, Vt., Windsor co. Thistownlies 
on the W. side of Connecticut River, at the 
" Bow," so called from a bend in the river. It 
contains large tracts of rich meadow land, and 
the uplands are of a good quality. This town is 
large, and contains a number of pleasant villages. 
It is watered by several ])0]ids and by Black 
River. From Mt. Ascutney, at the N. part of tha 
town, is a delightful prospect. Perkinsville, situ- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



621 



ated in the soutli-wcstcrn part of tlie town, de- 
rives its name I'rom a Mr. Perliins, a capitalist 
from Boston, who, in IS.'JO, purchased a small 
woollen faeiory, which he yreatly enlarged, thus 
giving an imjndse to the business of the village, 
and attracting the attention of other capitalists 
to improve the favorable advantages aftbrded by 
the rajpids in Black River to engage in the same 
enterprise. The early settlers emigrated ])rinei- 
pally from Connecticut. 70 miles S. by K. from 
Montjielier, and about 10 below Wind.<or. The 
Sullivan Railroad passes on the opposite side of 
the river. 

IVtlih Couiiti/, Ts., c. h. at Larido. 

]\'ebslLi\ Ms., Worcester co. This town was 
incorporated iu IS.IS, and named iu compliment 
to Hon. Daniel Webster, It included a part of 
Dudley and O.xford, and a tract of land previ- 
ously unimorporatcd, French River and a pond 
give this place a large and unfailing water power. 
Tlie original name of this pond was Cltahana- 
koiii/ktmium, the same name by which Dudley 
was known. The fall at the outlet of this pond 
is 24 feet, which is increased, after it empties into 
French River, to about 90 feet, before it joins the 
Qaineijaiig. The features of this town are rather 
rough. There are a number of pleasant and 
flourishing villages in Webster but Merino vil- 
lage, jjarty iti this town and partly in Dudley, is 
the largest. This village, through which the 
Worcester and Norwich Railroad passes, lies 16 
miles S. from Worcester, and 60 S. W. from 
Boston. 

Wilstcr. N. y., Slonroe co. Watered by a few 
small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the N. Surface level or slightly 
uneven; soil gravelly loam and sand. 10 miles 
N. W. from Rochester, and 216 N. of W. from 
Albany. 

llW'fton), Aa., c. h. Coffee co. 

Weldim, N. C, Halifax eo. Situated at the 
Great Fall.s of Roanoke River, on the S. W. side, 
12 miles above Halifax, and 95 N, E. from Ra- 
leigh. Connected by railroad with Raleigh and 
Wilmington on the S., and Peterburg and Forts- 
moutli till the N. 

M'lJIjlcit, Ms., Barnstable co. E.xtends across 
Cajje L'od. It was taken from Eastham in 1 76.3. 
Its Indian name was Punnoiiakanit. The village 
is on the W. side of the cape ; it is neatly built, 
and although its soil is light and sandy, it pre- 
sents a handsome appearance. Welltleet Bay 
sets into the town from the S., and is se|iaratcd 
from Cape Cod Bay by several islands, which 
form a good harbor, at a place called '■ Deej) 
Hole." The eastern section of the town is wood- 
ed to the edge of the ocean, which lashes a 
emooth, sandy beach. This is one of the most 
thriving towns in the state. 30 miles below Barn- 
stable, and 95 E. S. E. from Boston by land, and 
65 by water. 

Wells Ontiitj/^ la., c, h, at Blufl'ton. Incorpo- 
rated in 1837. Bounded N. by Allen, E. by 
Adams, S. by Jay and Blackford, and W, by 
Grant and Huntington counties. Drained by 
Wabash River, which affords fine water power. 

Wells, Me,, York co. An ancient town, con- 
taining 35,000 acres, about one fifth of which is 
waste. There are extensive salt meadows, and a 
harbor for the small vessels, 30 miles S. W, by 
S, from Portland, 

Wells, N, Y,, Hamilton co. Sacondaga River 
waters this town. Surface diversified ; soil chiefly 



))roiluctive, 8 miles E. from Lake Pleasant, and 
~-2 N. W. from Albanv. 

Wells, Pa., Bradford co. Watered by South 
Creek and branches, and by a branch of Scely 
Creek. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 

l)W/s, Vt., Rutland co. A part of this town- 
ship is level, and a part mountainous. The soil 
is generally good, and jn'oductive of grain and 
pasturage. The principal stream issues from 
Wells Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, partly in 
Poultney, 5 miles in length, and covering 2000 
acres. At the outlet of this pond is a snug vil- 
lage. The settlement was commenced by Ogden 
Mallary, about the year 1768. 65 miles S, S, W. 
from jNIonfpelier, and 13 S, W, from Rutland, 

Welhbnn/, Va., c. h, Brooke co. On the E. 
side of Oiiio River, at the mouth of Buffalo 
Creek. 16 miles N. by E. from Wheeling, and 
344 N. W. from Richmond. It has mills and 
manufactories of various kinds, and is surrounded 
by incxhatistildc beds of bituminous coal. 

' Wellsi-itle, O., Columbiauaco. OnilieN.bank 
of Ohio River, at the mouth of Little Yellow 
Creek. 51 miles E.N. E. from Columbus. This 
place has an extensive trade with the interior, 
and exports large quantities of flour. 

Wendell, Ms., Franklin CO., was formerly part 
of Shutesbury and Erving, and was incorjiorated 
in 1781, and named in honor of Oliver Wendell. 
Esq. This town is on elevated ground, and is 
the source of streams which flow to the Chico- 
pee on the S., and Miller's River on the N. Its 
soil is strong and fertile, and well adajjted for 
grain and grass. Miller's River aflords a valua- 
ble water power, and on its banks are some fine 
intervale and delightful scenery. At the N. part 
of the town. Bear IMountain rears its he.ad, 1281 
feet in height. There is a handsome village in 
the town, about 4 miles S. of the river, and SO 
W. by N. from Boston. 

Wendell, N. H., Sullivan co. A considerable 
part of Lake Sunapee lies iu this town. The 
surface of this lake is said to contain 4095 acres, 
of wdiich 2720 acres are in Wendell. Here is 
the principal source of vSugar River, which flows 
from the lake near its centre from N. to S. There 
are 3 small ponds, containing an area of about 
300 acres. The town received its name from 
John Wendell, one of the principal proprietors. 
First settlers ; in 1772 emigrants from It. I, settled 
hero, 40 miles N, W, from Concord, and 7 E, 
from Newport, 

Wei{hiini, Ms., Essex CO, This town was for- 
merly if part of Salem, It was first settled about 
1638, and was called Enon. The surface is pleas- 
ant, and the soil generally of a good quality, 
Wenham or Enon Pond is a beautiful sheet of 
water, of irregular form, comprising an area of 
about a mile scitiare, and affords an abundance 
of excellent fish, 6 miles N, from Salem, and 20 
N, from Boston, The Eastern Railroad passes 
through the centre of the town, near the |)ond, 

Wenlock, Vt,, Essex co. This mountain town 
gives rise to a principal branch of Nulhcgan 
River, The lauds here are too elevated for cul- 
tivation. In 1791 the town was chartered. 30 
miles N. W. from Guildhall, and 73 N. E. from 
Montpelier. 

Wcnticorth, N. II., Grafton co. This town is 
watered by Baker's River, on which is a fall of 
18 or 20 feet, aflbrding a valuable hydraulie 
power. Here are but few ponds. Bakers, situ- 
ated on Orford liue, is the most considerable ; 



622 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



the outlet of which is riillcil Pond Brooli, ami 
nffords water sulBcient fur several valuahlc mill 
sites. In the E. part of the town lies part of 
Carr's Mountain. A part of the elevation called 
Mount Cuba lies in the W. part of Wcntworth. 
This mountain contains inexhaustible quantities 
of the best limestone. Iron ore is found here. 
The soil is generally good. The town received 
its name from Governor Benning Wentworth. 
The first settlement comtuenced a few years be- 
fore the revolutionary war. 1 5 miles N. W. from 
Plvmouth, and about 50 N. N. W. from Concord. 
iVcntworth, N. C, c. h. Rockingham eo. On a 
branch of Dan River. 116 miles N. W. from 
Raleigh. 

West Almond, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered 
by Angelica Creek. A hilly town, with a good 
Boil. 6 miles E. from Angelica, and 248 W. from 
Albany. 

West Bath, Me., Lincoln co. Adjoining the 
city of Bath. 

'West Bloomfield, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered 
by Honeoye Creek. Surface rather hilly; soil 
chiefly clay, based upon slate and lime. 14 miles 
W. from Canandaigua, and 208 N. of W. from 
Albany. 

We'stboro', Ms., Worcester co., was a part of 
Marlboro', and called Chauncy village until its 
incorporation in 1717. The waters of this town 
consist of some of the sources of Concord and 
Blackstone Rivers, which funiish a good water 
power. There are several handsome ponds in 
the town, well stocked with fish. This is a beau- 
tiful town : the surface is diversified, and the soil 
good. There are a number of neat and handsome 
villages in Westboro'. 12 miles E. from Worces- 
ter, and 32 W. from Boston. 

West BoijIstoH, Ms., Worcester eo. This town 
once comprised a part of Boylston, Holden, and 
Sterling. It was first settled about the year 1720. 
Tlie surface is very pleasant, the soil good and 
well cultivated. The Quinepexet and Stillwater 
Rivers meet the Nashua in this town, and aflTord 
a water power of much value. There arc in the 
town a number of pleas.tnt manufiicturing villages. 
There is a romantic spot, called Pleasant Valley, 
in this town ; it was once the bed of a small pond, 
and lies about a mile S. from the principal vil- 
lage. 8 miles N. from Worcester, and 42 W. 
from Boston. 

West Bradford, Pa., Chester co. Bounded S. 
W. by Brandywine Creek, and drained by its 
branches, which aft'ord good water power. Sur- 
face hilly ; soil calcareous loam. 1 1 miles S. W. 
from Chester. 

West Bridqewater, Ms., Plymouth co., was 
taken from Bridgewater in 1822. The surface 
is generally level, and its soil is capalile of pro- 
ducing large crops. A large branch of Taunton 
River gives this town a good water power. Cen- 
tre and Madagascar villages, about two miles 
apart, are neat, and busy in the labors of domestic 
industry. 21 miles S. from Boston by railroad, 
and 20 N. W. from Plymouth. 

Westbrook; Me., Cumberland co. A trading 
end manufacturing town, adjoining Portland on 
the N. 52 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. The 
principal village is called Saccarappa. 

West Cambrid<ie, Ms., Middlesex co. This was 
the W. parish of Cambridge, called Menotomy, 
until its incorporation in 1807. A part of the 
lands is low and swampy, but the general fea- 
tures of the town are pleasant. Spy, Little, and 



a part of Fresh Pond lie in this town ; they 
abound with fish, and add much to the beauty of 
the place. These ponds cover an area of about 
200 acres, and furnish large quantities of ice for 
transportation. In this town are some pleasant 
villages. Sucker Brook, though a snuiU stream, 
furnishes a good water |)ower. The descent of 
this stream is so great, that dams are erected in 
the town, for appropriating its waters 9 different 
times. From Boston by railroad, fj miles. 

irc-s* Carlisle, O., Pike township, Coshocton 
CO. A village 60 miles from Columbus, and 22 
N. E. from Newark. 

West Charleston, O.. Bethel township. Miami 
CO. This town is located on an elevated, healthy 
spot. 12 miles N. from Dayton. 

Westchester Connti/, N. Y., Bedford and White 
Plains shire towns, was incorporated in 168.3. 
It is bounded N. by Putnam co.. E. by the state 
of Conneeticuf, S. by Long Island Sound and the 
Haerlem River, and W. Iiy the Hudson. Surface 
hilly and uneven ; soil fertile in m.any parts. 
Watered by Croton, Bronx, .and Sawmill Rivers. 
It is rich in mineral productions, the principal 
of which arc ii'on and lead ores and marble. 

Westchester, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered 
by Bronx, Haerlem, and East Rivers. Surface 
hilly and rolling; soil clay loam, mostly fertile. 
Marble is quarried here in large qnantities. 10 
miles S. from White Plains, and 150 S. from 
Albany. 

Westchester, Pa., c. h. Chester eo., may vie with 
any other place in the U. S. of equal popul.ation, 
in neatness of its buildings, beauty of site, and 
healthful position. It has daily intercourse with 
Philadelphia by a railro.ad, and is 22 miles W. 
from it. 2 miles W. from Brandywine River, and 
73 E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 

W^esterli/, R. I., Washington co. In the S. W. 
angle of the state, between the Atlantic and the 
Pacantuck, at the mouth of which it has a har- 
bor. The village is finely located at the head of 
navigation, 6 miles from the sea, on the Provi- 
dence and Stonington Railroad, 40 miles S. S. 
W. from Providence. 

At Westerly is presented the very singular 
feature of two Sabbaths every week. Almost one 
half of the inhabitants are Seventh Day Baptists, 
who keep Saturday with great sacredness. and on 
no account will do any work. The remainder 
observe Sunday .as a holy day, and as studiously 
avoid all labor. The result is, that on Saturday, 
a portion may be seen going to church, a part of 
the stores are closed, and some of the factories 
are short-handed or closed entirely. On Sunday 
the same thing is to be observed. A part are 
engaged in worship and acts of devotion, while 
their neighbors are busily at work, and public 
worship is disturbed by the din of business and 
the noisy bustle of the crowd. Both parties ap- 
pear strictly conscientious, and live peaceably 
together, although the partial observance of two 
days is very annoying and inconvenient. 

'West Farms, N. Y., Westchester co. On 
Bronx River. 11 miles N. E. from New York, 
and 146 S. from Albany. Connected with New 
York city by railroad. 

Westjield, Ms., Hampden eo. A beautiful place 
on Westfield River. The (own is famous for its 
manufacture of whips. Several other manufac- 
tures are also carried on. It has an academy of 
good repute. 10 miles W. from Springfield, on 
the Western Railroad. 



IN THE UNITKD STATES. 



623 



West Flndlaif, Pa.. Washinfiton co. WatereJ 
by liranclies of Wheeling; Creek. Surface hilly ; 
soil loam. 2.')1 miles W. from Harrisburg. 

Weslford. Ms.. Middlesex co. This is a good 
farmiiiu' town, on elevated ground. The surface 
and soil are well adapted to the growth of grain, 
grass, and fruit. Quantities of fine granite, 
called " Chelmsford granite," are found here, 
quarried, and transported. Westford is watered 
by several beautiful ponds, and by Stony Brook, 
which rises in the town. The village in the 
centre nf the town is handsomely situated on a 
swell of line land. 2S miles N. W. from Boston, 
and 10 N. \V. from Concord. 

Wesffird, N. Y., Otsego co. Elk and Cherry 
Valley Creeks water this town. Surface hilly; 
Boil productive sandy loam. 8 miles S. E. from 
Cooper>towii, and 6S W. from Albany. 

ir«(/orf/, Vt., Chittenden eo. Westford was 
settled soon after the revolutionary war, by 
Hczekiah Parmelee and others. The town is 
well watered by Brown's River, a branch of the 
Lamoille. The surface is rough, and the soil 
good for grazing. 1.3 miles N. N. E. from Bur- 
lint'lon, and 35 N. W. from Montpelier. 

West Goshfn. Pa., Chester co. Drained by 
branches of Chester Creek, and of Braudywine 
River. Surface gently sloping ; soil sandy loam. 

Wtsth'ifiiplun, Ms., Hampshire co.. was first 
settled about the year 1767, and formed the W. 
parish of Xortliampton. until its incorporation in 
1778. The features of the town arc generally 
rough, but pleasing ; the soil is good. A number 
of streams rise in tlie high lands, among which is 
the Manhan, affording a water power sutHcient for 
doitiesiic uses. There is a neat village near the 
centre of Westhampton, which lies 8 miles W. S. 
'W. from Northampton, and 98 Vf. by S. from 
Boston. 

H'f.sV ITinru, Vt.. Rutland co. West Haven 
was set off from Fair Haven in 1792. It is well 
watered by Ilubbardston and Poultnev Rivers, 
and Cogman's Creek, on the former of which are 
handsome falls and mill sites. 19 miles W. from 
Rutland. 

WiSt IJemptlld, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded 
W. by the Susquehanna River, N. by Chiipies 
Creek, and drained by Strickler's Creek. Sur- 
face hilly ; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles W. 
from Lancaster. 

West Liberti/, Ky., c. h. Morgan co. On the N. 
E. side of Licking River. 107 milis E. by S. 
from Frankfort. 

Wslminster, Md., Frederick co. This village 
is situated on the road from Baltimore to Cham- 
bersburg. 30 miles N. W. from Baltimore, and 
a similar distance N. E. from Frederick. 

Weslminster, Ms., Worcester co. This town 
lies on the range of high lands which separate 
the waters of the Connecticut and Merrimac. 
Several streams, rising from large ponds in this 
town and its neighborhood, produce a considera- 
ble water power. The town was first settled in 
1737. There is a handsome village in the centre. 
50 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 20 N. by 
W. from Worcester. 

Weslnihistir, Vt., Windham co. The surface 
and soil of Westminster arc favoBable for agricul- 
ture. The principal and oldest village is delight- 
fully situated in the E. parish, on the bank of 
Connecticut River. It is enclosed by a semi- 
circle of hills, which touch the river about 2 miles 
above and below the town. It is this barrier 



which, while it contributes to the natural l)eauty 
of the place, has, by turning the watercourses in 
another direction, deprived it of all tho*e facil-'' 
ities of access and of water power which have so 
much contributed to the rapid growth of some of 
the neighboring villages. The earliest perma- 
nent settlers came from Northfield, Ms., and 
from Ashford and Middleton, Ct., about 1741, 
and were soon followed by others from the same 
states. 82 miles S. from Montpelier, and 13 N. E. 
from Newfane. This town lies a little below 
Bellows Falls, and is in the vicinity of two rail- 
roads. 

West Monroe, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by 
Bay Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, which 
bounds it on the S. Surface level ; .soil sandy 
loam. 2.') miles S. E. from Oswego, and 147 N. 
W. from Albany. 

ircs'(Hor<", Vt., Orleans co. Westmore con- 
tains Willougldiy's Lake, a handsome sheet of 
water, surrounded by Mounts Hor, Pico, and 
other elevations. Branches of Barton. Clyde, 
and Passumpsic Rivers rise in this ami other 
ponds in the town. Westmore appears to be too 
high for the habitation of many people, or cattle. 
The settlement commenced here about the year 
1800 : it was abandoned during the war of 1812, 
l)\it resumed on the return of peace. 12 miles E. 
from Irasburg, atid 52 N. E. from Mont|telier. 

Wistinoreland, N. H., Cheshire co. Tliis town 
lies on the E. side of Connecticut River, and is 
watered by several small streams, which empty 
into it. The one issuing from Spafford's Lake, 
in Chesterfield, is the largest, and afibnls some 
of the best water privileges in tlie town. The sur- 
face is less varied tlian the neighboring towns. 
First settlers: four families settled in 1741. 6:') 
miles S. W. from Concord, and about 10 W. 
from Keene. A railroad passes through the 
town. 

Westmorclanel, N. Y., Oneida co. Oriskany 
Creek and one of its branches water this town. 
Surface level; soil chieflv fertile loam. 12 miles 
W. from Utica, and 105 N. of W. from Albany. 

Westmoreland Coitnti/, Pa, c. h. at Greensbnrg. 
Somerset is on the S., Washington AY., Alle- 
ghany N. W., Armstrong and Indiana N., and 
Bedford E. This county is well watered. The 
Monongahela forms its extreme western border, 
near which it is traversed by the Youghiogany. 
Its entire northern limit is formed by the Kis- 
kiminitas, and its north-western by the Alle- 
ghany, whilst its surface is drained by the numer- 
ous confluents of these rivers. The country is 
hilly, and in part mountainous 5 soil productive 
in grain, pasturage, and fruit. 

Westmoreland Coiinti/, Va., c. h. at Leeds. Po- 
tomac River is on the N. E. of this county, King 
George co. N. W.. Rappahannock River and 
Richmond S., and Northumberland S. E. 

ll'c',s( Xeieliiiri/, ils., Essex CO. This delightful 
agricultural town was taken from ancient New- 
bury in 1819. It occupies an elevated situation 
on the S. bank of the Merrimac. The soil is 
excellent. The town is connected with Rocks 
Village, Haverhill, by an excellent bridge over 
the Jlerrimac. West Newbury lies 4 miles W. 
from Newburyport, and, by tlie railroad from 
Newl)uryport, 38 N. from Ijoston. 

Weston, Ct.. Fairfield co. Weston was taken 
from Fairfield in 1787. It was settled in 1738. 
The town is watered by Saugatuck and Mill 
Rivers and a pleasant brook, which furnish a 



624 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



good water power. Tlicre are some valuable 
|(iiiills for manufactures in the town, but the chief 
business of the inhabitants is agricultural. The 
soil is a gravelly loam, with an uneven surface. 
60 miles S. W. from Hartford. 

Weston, Me., Washington co. This town was 
incorporated in IS.'Jd. It is the half township 
granted to Hampden Academy. It lies a few 
miles W. from Grand Lake. It is watered by 
Baskahcgan River, and is about 90 miles N. E. 
from Bangor. 

Weston. Ms., Middlesex co. Previous to its 
incorporation, in 1713, the territory of this town 
was a part of Watertown. The town was settled 
about 1G7.3. It is on high ground, and its surface 
is varied by hills and valleys. The soil is good 
and well improved. There are some small 
streams in the town. Stony Brook and others, 
and Charles River, wash its eastern border. 
The Worcester Railroad passes its south-eastern 
corner, and the Fitchburg Railroad goes through 
the N. part of the town. 14 miles W. by S. from 
Boston, and 9 S. S. E. from Concord. 

Weston, Vt, Windsor co. West River passes 
through this town, and on its banks are some 
good lands and two pleasant villages. It was 
set off from Andover in 1790, and organized as a 
town in ISOO. 66 miles S. by W. from Montpe- 
lier, and '22 from Windsor. 

West Fenn, Ta , Schuylkill co. Watered by 
Little Schuylkill River and Mahoning and Lizard 
Creeks. Surfiice hilly, abounding with anthra- 
cite coal; soil gravelly and unproductive. 79 
miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 

West Peiinshoro', Pa., Cumberland co. Bound- 
ed N. by Couedogwinit Creek. Surface level; 
soil calcareous loam. 8 miles W. from Carlisle. 

West Pikeland, Pa., Chester co. Watered by 
some branches of Schuylkill River, which afford 
hydraulic power. Surface gently sloping ; soil 
sandy loam. 

West Point, N. Y.. Orange CO., Cornwall town- 
ship. Situated on the W. bunk of the Hudson. 93 
miles from Albany, and .'i2 N. from New York. 
This is the site of one of the most important 
fortresses during the revolutionary war, and is 
now the scat of the United States Military 
School, organized in 1S02. During the war, this 
post was emphatically the key of the country, as 
it commanded the river, and prevented the Brit- 
ish from holding communication with their prov- 
inces in Canada. At this point, the hill, com- 
posed of huge crags and blocks of stone, protrudes 
to the middle of the river, impelling the current 
towards the opposite bank, and reducing the chan- 
nel to less than half a mile in breadth. This 
natural formation was eminently favorable to the 
object of the fortifications erected here. The 
cliff selected for the fortress rises from the river 
in 3 retreating terraces ; upon the third of which, 
188 feet above the water, and spreading out into 
a plain of more than a mile in circumference, old 
Fort Clinton was erected. Upon some of the 
eminences rising still higher in the rear, redoubts 
were erected covering this fort ; one of which 
was Fort Putnam, at the height of .'JQS feet above 
the river, the ruins of which are still seen. On 
Constitution Island, which is a mass of rock, to- 
wards the opposite side of the river, works of 
strong defence were also constructed ; and a 
heavy chain, supported by buoys, was stretched 
across the angle made by the river, forming an 
effectual bar to the passage of the enemy's ships. 



These works were constructed under tlie direc- 
tion of the celebrated Kosciusco, as engineer ; to 
whose memory a monument has been erected 
about 30 rods E. of the hotel in the vicinity of 
'• Kosciusco's Garden," a spot to which the ■' Polish 
chieftain was accustomed to retire for study and 
reflection." 

These fortifications were defended by 4000 
men. They were built in a single year, almost 
without cost to the country. The French engi- 
neers, superintending the execution of their own 
plans to the minutest details, received no emolu- 
ment, and the soldiers who labored at tliom had 
no pay. The British had a strong desire to pos- 
sess themselves of this important post; and its 
surrender, as is well known, -.vas to have been tha 
first fruit of Arnold's treason, which was provi- 
dentially prevented by the detection of M.ajor 
Andre, and the discovery of the corrcspoudeuco 
in his possession. 

These grounds, now occu])icd by the national 
Military Academy, were ceded to the United 
States government, by the state of New York, 
in 1826. Here are erected, for the purposes ol 
this institution, two stone barracks, one 3 and 
the other 4 stories high, with accommodations 
for 250 cadets, the number authorized to be re- 
ceived by law ; also a large 3 story building, 275 
feet long by 7.5 feet wide, for the recitation and 
drawing rooms, for military exercises in winter, 
and for a depository of apparatus, models, &c. 
Besides these, there is a beautiful stone building, 
2 stories high, 150 feet in length by 60 in width, 
in the Gothic style of the period of Elizabeth, 
designed for tlie library and philosophical appa- 
ratus, with an astronomical observatory upon one 
of the 3 towers with which the N. front is orna- 
mented ; a chapel ; a hospital ; a mess hall ; and 
17 separate dwellings for the officers of the in- 
stitution, with many other necessary buildings. 
There is a spacious hotel, finely situated at ths 
brow of the hill, built of stone, surrounded with 
a beautiful piazza for promenade, and com mantl- 
ing in front a full view of the plain and build- 
ings of the academy, and in the rear a most en- 
chanting prospect of the river and Highlands. 
During the months of July and August, the ca- 
dets leave their barracks, and encamp upon the 
plain ; and their time is devoted to a series of 
drills and evolutions upon parade, which are 
highly interesting to visitors. 

West Point, Ky., Hardin co. On the S. side 
of the Ohio, just below the mouth of Salt River, 
and 75 miles W. by S. from Frankfoit. 

TCes^/wrt, Ct., Fairfield co. This pleasant 
town was called Saugatuck, the name of a river 
that passes through it, until 1S35. It was taken 
from the towns of Fairfield, Norwalk, and Weston. 

Westport, Me., Lincoln co. This town is sur- 
rounded by the waters of Sheepscot River and 
Bay, and is bounded N. by Wiscasset, E. by 
Edgecoml) and Boothbay, and S. and W. by 
Sheepscot's Bay and Georgetown. It is 29 miles 
S. by E. from Augusta. Incorporated in 1828. 

^Vestport. Ky., c. h. Oldham co. 

Westport, Ms., Bristol co,, lies near the en- 
trance into Buzzard's Bay, on the N. side. It has 
an excellent iiarbor near the sea, formed by 
Horse Neck Beach, extending in front of a large 
and handsome maritime village, called Westport 
Point, situated between the E. and W. branches 
of Acoakset River, which meet the tide waters 
here. This town was attached to Dartmouth 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



625 



until its incoi^ioration in 17S7. Acoaksct River, 
extending; the ivliole length of the town, affords 
a good water power. There is anotlier flourish- 
ing village in the town, called the Head of West- 
port, on the Acoakset. There is much good 
land here, but the surface is somewhat varied. 
The village at the harbor lies aliont 12 miles S. 
W. from New Bedford, and 67 S. from Boston. 

iVisl/mii, N. Y., Essex co. Watered l)y Black 
Creek and several small streams flo\ung into 
Lake Cham]ilain. which bounds it on the E. 
Surface level on the E. and hilly on the W. ; soil 
clav and loam, chiefly fertile. 5 miles Vj. from 
Elizabeth, and 123 N.N. W. from Albany. 

M'csl Ruckhitl, Fa.. Bucks co. Watered liy 
Perkiomen Creek and a branch of Tobickon 
Creek. Surface hilly; soil gravel. 92 miles E. 
N. E. from Ilarrishui-g. 

]Vc»t lioAnirij, Ms., Norfolk co. A new tow^n, 
taken in 1S52 from the city of Koxbury, includ- 
ing the parish of West Roxbury, and tiie village 
of Jamaica Plain. 

Wist Sprimifidd, Ms., Hampden co. This is 
a large, pleasant, and tiourishing agricultural 
town, situated on the W. bank of Connecticut 
River, and watered by the beautiful Westfield 
River froni W. to E. The surface of the town is 
delightfully varied by hills and valleys. Proven's 
Mountain is the principal elevation. The soil is 
greatly varied, but for the mo.^t part tlie lands are 
excellent. There are a number of pleasant and 
flourishing villages in this large town ; those 
called West Springfield, Agawam, and Feed- 
ing Hills, are the principal. This town was 
formerly a part of Springfield, and called 
iSprinyJitkl Monutaius. It was first settled about 
1654. The town is connected with Springfield 
by a bridge, four ferries, and by the Western Rail- 
road, which crosses the river by a viaduct, and 
passes through the town. 100 miles W. S. W. 
from Boston, and 100 E. S. E. from Albany. 

West Slock-ljriJi/e, Ms., Berkshire co., was for- 
merly a part of Stockbridge. It was purchased 
of the Stoekbridge Indians, by the whites, and 
called Queensboro', until its incorporation in 1774. 
A collection of rugged hills occupy the centre of 
the town. Tom Ball Mountain is near the S. 
W. corner, and Stoekbridge Mountain is on the 
tftstern side. The S. and south-eastern parts 
consist of rough, broken land. Lime cjuarries 
abound, and much valuable marble is found here. 
West Stoekbridge village, watered by Williams 
River, is a pleasant, busy place; it is the termi- 
nus of the Housatonic Railroad from Bridgeport, 
on Long I>hind Sound, but is united to the VVest- 
crn Railroad by a branch railroad to t!ie state 
line, where a depot on the Western Railroad in 
this town is located. From this depot the dis- 
tJinces by railrriads are, to Boston 162 miles, to 
Albany .38 miles. 

West J'rni/. N. Y., upon the W. side of the Hud- 
son, opposite Troy, is properly a suburb of that 
city, and is connected with it by a bridge at tlie N. 
part, and liy three ferries farther S., which ply con- 
tinually between the two places. It lies within the 
limits of the townsliip of Watervliet. It was incor- 
porated as a village in 1836, comprising what was 
before called the village of Watervliet, with Gib- 
bonsville and Port Schuyler. Outlet locks here 
connect the Erie and Champlain Canals with the 
Hudson River. It has a valuable water power, 
derived from the canal. There is a United States 
arsenal, established here in 1813, which has scv- 
79 



eral extensive buildings of stone and brick, with 
a large store of arms, arranged and kept in fine 
order. Attached to this establishment are about 
100 acres of land, enclosed by an iron fence in 
front, and by a wall on the sides and rear, con- 
taining in ail nearly 40 buildings. A fine Mac- 
adamized road coimccts West Troy with Albany, 
6 miles distant. Enjoying similar advantages 
for trade and business with Troy herself, this 
flourishing suburb is destined, with the parent 
city, to a rapid growth. 

West Turin. N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by 
Fish Creek and Salmon River, and partly bounded 
on tlie E. by Black River, in which are the High 
Falls. The Black River Canal also enters the 
river on the W. side, just below the falls. Sur- 
face mostly undulating ; soil rich sandy loam and 
clay. 11 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 125 
N. W. from Albany. 

West Union, lo., c. h. Fayette co. 

West Union, N. Y.. Steuben co. Incorporated 
in 1843. 

West Union, O., Tiffin township, c. h. Adams 
CO. Lies 100 miles S. from Columbus, and 55 S. 
W. from Chillicothe. 

Wist Union, O; c. h. Adams co., 106 miles S. 
from Columbus. 

West Unwn, Va.. c. h. Doddridge co. 

Westvillc, Mi., c. h. Simpson co. A little S. 
from Strong, a branch of Pearl Rirer, and 55 miles 
from Jackson. 

Westville, N. Y., Franklin co. Watered by 
Salmon River. Is mostly a level town; soil 
sandv loam. 8 miles N. W. from Malone, and 
220 N. from Albany. 

West Windsor. Vt., Windsor co. The western 
part of the beautiful town of Windsor was set off 
in the year 1848, and called by the above name. 

Wetliersfield, Ct., Hartford co. A very fertile 
town on Connecticut River, adjoining Hartford, 
and famous for the cultivation of onions, which 
are raised in large quantities for exportation. 
The state prison is here. It is situated on a cove 
which sets back from the Connecticut at the N. 
end of the village. The apartments of tlie warden 
are at the E. end of the prison building. The 
hall, or central part, is 154 feet long, 43 feet wide, 
and 30 feet higli, including 200 cells, in whicli the 
male jirisoners are locked up at night. The W. 
cud is used as tlie female department, containing 
cells, rooms for labor, kitchen and apartments for 
the matron. To the N. of the prison is a quadran- 
gular yard, containing the workshops in which the 
convicts perform tiicir daily labor. 

Witliersjieltl, N. Y., Wyoming Co. Watered 
by Tonawamla and Wiskoy Creeks. Surface 
rolling; soil well suited to grass. 10 miles S. 
W. from Warsaw, and 258 W. from Albany. 

Wetiinifika, Aa , Montgomery co. This town 
and village are situated on the Coosa River, a 
few miles above its junction with Tallai)oosa, to 
form the Alabama, and by post road 110 miles 
E. by S. E. from Tuscaloosa. It is m a healthy 
and fertile section of country, at the head of 
steamboat navigation, and is a flourishing village. 

Wetzel Cuunti/, Va., c. h. at New Martinsville. 
N. W. part of the state. On the Ohio River. 
Watered by Fishing Creek. Hilly. 

Wfybridi/e, Vt., Addison co. Weybridge ia 
watered by Otter Creek, which affords it good 
mill sites. Lemonfair River, a sluggish stream, 
also waters it. Some parts of the town are 
mountainous, but the soil is generally good ; the 



626 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



basis being limestone, it yields good crops. The 
settlement was commenced about the beginning 
of the revolutionary war, by Daniel Stow and 
John Sanford, but tlie settlers were soon after 
dispersed or made prisoners by the enemy. The 
settlement was recommenced on the return of 
peace. The first settlers were mostly from Mas- 
sachusetts. 30 miles S. by E. from Burlington. 

Wepnouth, Ms., Norfolk co. Tliis place was 
called Wessaguset by the Indians, and Weymouth 
by the English, after a town in England, from 
which emigrants came in 1624. This was the 
second settlement made by white men in New 
England. The surface is pleasantly diversified 
by hills and valleys ; the soil is a strong, gravelly 
loam, with a granite superstructure. Weymouth 
is finely watered by large and beautiful ponds, 
and by two important arms of Boston Harbor, 
called Fore and Back Kivers. Between these 
rivers is a large tract of gently swelling land, of 
good soil, extending to Quincy, and is united to 
Quincy Point by a bridge across Fore River. 
There are several pleasant villages in Wey- 
mouth, but the principal place of business is at 
Weymouth Landing, so called, or Washington 
Square, at the head of Fore River, on the line of, 
and connected with, a large village in Braintree. 
The South Shore Railroad from Boston to Cohas- 
set passes through this ])leasant and flourishing 
Tillage. The village at the S. part of the town is 
pleasantly situated on elevated ground, 3 miles 
S. from Washington Square. The Old Colony 
Railroad passes through this part of the town. 
14 miles from Boston. From Weymouth Land- 
ing it is 11 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 24 N 
N. W. from Plymouth. Among other manufac- 
tures, that of boots and shoes is extensively car- 
ried on. 

Wharton, Pa., Potter co. Watered by a branch 
of Stony Creek. 179 miles W. S. W. from Har- 
risburg. 

Wharton County, Ts., c. h. at Wharton. On 
both sides of the Colorado, towards its mouth. 

WhartonvUk, Va., Fauquier co. A village 
about 40 miles from North Carolina. 

Whately, Ms., Franklin co. Previous to its in- 
corporation, in 1771, this town comprised the N. 
part of Hatfield. The Connecticut River bounds 
it on the E., and the town is well watered by Mill 
River and West Brook. In this town is a con- 
siderable quantity of intervale land on Connecti- 
cut River, but it is not of the first quality. The 
principal street runs parallel with tlie river, about 
2 miles westward. Between this street and the 
river is an extensive tract of swampy land, called 
Whately Swamp. Westward of the street the 
township is hilly, and the soil in many places 
rich and fertile. The village of West Whyatel is 
pleasantly located amid the high grounds at the 
W. part of the town. About 2 miles northward 
from this village is Mount Esther. 11 miles S. 
from Greenfield, and 90 W. by N. from Boston. 
The railroad between Springfield and Greenfield 
passes through this town. 

Wheatjidd, N. Y., Niagara co. Bounded S. by 
Tonawanda Creek, and S. W. by the Niagara 
River. Surface undulating ; soil chiefly fertile 
loam. 12 miles W.from Lockport, and 289 N. 
of W. from Albany. 

Wheatland, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by 
Alien's Creek, a tributary of the Genesee River, 
which bounds it on the E. Surface undulating ; 



soil productive calcareous loam. 17 miles S. W 
from Rochester, and 232 W. from Albany. 

Wheeler, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by sev- 
eral streams flowing into Conhocton River, which 
partly bounds it on tlie S. W. Sui-fiice hilly ; 
soil sandy loam and clay. 7 miles N. from Bath, 
and 210 W. from Albany. 

Wheeling, Va. City, and seat of justice of 
Ohio CO. Situated on the E. side of the Ohio 
River. About 35 miles N. W. from Richmond, 
308 W. by N. from Baltimore, and 383 N. by W. 
from Cincinnati. The hills back of the city come 
so near the river as to leave rather a small area for 
building, so that the place is fi)rced to extend 
along the high alluvial bank, principally on one 
street, for a distance of about 2 miles. It lies on 
both sides of the Wheeling Creek, which here 
empties into the Ohio. This was the site of old 
Fort Henry, and the seat of importint operations 
in the early wars with the Indians. A tine stone 
bridge over the mouth of this creek connects the 
upjjcr and lower portions of the city. It is the 
most important place in commerce and manufac- 
tures in Western Virginia. It contains several 
handsome churches, and other -public and pri- 
vate buildings. It has cotton mills, rolling mills, 
glass works, a silk factory, a steam engine fac- 
tory, &c. A large business is done in the build- 
ing of steamboats. The Virginia Iron Works, 
located here, turn out from 1000 to 1200 kegs of 
very superior nails per week. 

The national road, from Cumberland across 
the Alleghany Mountains to St. Louis, passes 
through Wheeling, and the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad terminates here, making this place a 
great thoroughfare of travel between the east and 
west. The Ohio River is hero crossed by a 
magnificent wire suspension bridge, erected at a 
cost of over $200,000. The span '(said to be the 
longest in the world) is 1010 feet, from centre to 
centre of the stone supporting towers, and its height 
above low-water mark is 97 feet. The height of 
the towers on the Wheeling side is 153i feet 
above low-water mark, and 60 feet above the 
abutment on which they stand. The entire 
bridge is supported by 12 wire cables, 1380 feet 
in length, and 4 inches in diameter, each com- 
posed of 550 strands. These cables are laid in 
pairs, 3 pairs on each side of the flooring. The 
bridge has a carriage way, 17 feet wide, and two 
foot-walks, 3^ feet wide. The wire for this stu- 
pendous and beautiful structure was manufac- 
tured by D. Richards & Co., an enterprising firm 
in Wheeling. 

Wheelock, Vt., Caledonia co. There is some good 
Ijnd in this town, but a great part of it is moun- 
tainous or hilly, and fit only for pasturage. The 
streams flow N. W. into the Lamoille, and S. E. 
into the Passumpsic. This town was granted, in 
1785, to Moore's (Indian) Charity School, at 
Dartmouth College, and named in honor of John 
Wheelock, who was at that time president of that 
institution. The first settlers were Joseph Page, 
Abraham Morrill, and Dudley Swascy, in 1790. 
44 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 10 N. from 
Danville. 

Whitfield County, Ga. New. In the N. W. 
angle of the state. 

White County, As., c. h. at Searcy. Bounded 
N. by Independence co., E. by White River, sep- 
arating it from Jackson and St. Francis counties, 
S. by Pulaski co., and W. by Conway and Van 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



627 



Bnren counties. Drained by Little Red and 
other branches of White River. 

White Count!/, Is., c. h. at Carmi. Waliash 
River is on the E., Gallatin co. S., Franklin and 
Jefferson \V.. and Wayne and Edwards N. Lit- 
tle Wabash River drains most of the county. 

White Counti/, la., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded 
N. by Pula'ski ec, E. by Cass and Can-oil, S. by 
Tippecanoe, and W. by Benton and Jasper coun- 
ties. Drained by Tippecanoe River and branches. 
The surface is level, much of it being prairie, 
and the soil fertile. 

White Count)/, Te., c. h. at Sparta. White 
CO. is bounded bv Bledsoe S. E., Warren W., 
Caney Fork River S. W., Smith N. W., Jackson 
N., and Overton N. E. The eastern branches of 
Caney Fork River drain the county. 

White Creel-, N. Y., Washington co. Watered 
by Owl and Little White Creeks, flowing into 
the Hoosie River, which partly bounds it on the 
S. Surfiice hilly ; soil rich sandy loam. 12 miles 
S. from Salem, and 42 N. E. from Albany. 

Whitefield, Me., Lincoln eo. Sheepscot River 
passes through this town, giving it fertility, beauty, 
and a good water power. It has Windsor on the 
N.. Jert'crson on the E., Alna on the S., and 
Pittston on the W. 16 miles S. E. from Au- 
gusta. 

Whitefield, N. H., Coos co. The soil is gen- 
erally tiiin and light, of easy cultivation, and 
tolerably good. In the N. part low spruce 
swamps abound. Here lie part of Blake's, Long, 
Round, and Little River Ponds, besides two other 
small ponds. The second of these is a beautiful 
sheet of water, of considerable size, abounding 
with fish. John's River pas.ses through this 
town. First settlers. Major Burns and others, 
who settled soon after 1774. 120 miles N. from 
Concord, and about 12 S. E. from Lancaster. 

Whitehall, N. Y., Washington co. At the S. 
end of Lake Champlain. 7.3 miles N. from Al- 
bany, and 82 miles S. from Burlington, Vt. This 
place derives its importance from its peculiarly 
favorable situation for business, at the junction 
of the Champlain Canal, from Albany and Troy, 
with the lake, and from its being a thoroughfare 
of travel on the great route between New York 
and Canada. The place is located in a romantic 
situation, at the mouth of a river called Wood 
Creek, which descends through a rocky ravine, 
and over a fall of about 20 feet, into the lake. 
The village is compactly built between the bold 
and lofty clift's which overlook the town, and 
consists of about 150 houses ; a number of mills, 
for which the river furnishes a fine water power ; 
numerous warehouses for the forwarding and 
commission business ; several churches, and other 
public buildings. This place was occupied by 
Burgoyne as his head-quarters, for a considerable 
time, and on the heights overlooking the harbor 
are the remains of a battery and blockhouse 
erected by him. Some of the finest steamboats 
on any of our waters ply between this place and 
St. John's, in Canada, 150 miles distant, whence 
there is steam communication direct to Mon- 
treal. There is also a continuous line of railroad 
communication N., via Rutland, Middlebury, and 
Burlington, to Montreal, E. to Boston, and" S. to 
Saratoga Springs, Troy, Albany, and Schenec- 
tady, and the great routes of travel centring at 
these places. 

Wldtthead, Me., Lincoln county. An island 
off the town of St. George, with a light and 



tower 30 feet in height. The light bears about 
S. W. by S., 9 miles from Owl's Head. 

Wiiitety Countij, Ky., c. h. at Whitely. Ten- 
nessee is on the S. of this county, Wayne co., 
Ky., W., Rockcastle River, or Pulaski co. N. W., 
Knox N. E., and Harlan E. From S. E. to N. 
W. the county is crossed by the Cumberland 
River. 

Whitemarsh, Pa., Montgomery co. White- 
marsh has long been noted for its elegant and 
variegated marble. The village lies 12 miles N. 
from Philadelphia. . 

White Plains, N. Y., c. h. Westchester co. It 
is watered l>y the Bronx River and Mamaroneck 
Creek. Sudace somewhat hilly ; soil chiefly 
loam, well suited to grass. 131 miles S. from 
Albany. 

White Sulphur Springs, Va., Greenbrier co. See 
Fashionable Resorts. 

Whitesides Counti/, Is., c. h. at Lyndon. Formed 
from Jo Daviess county in 18.36. It is bounded 
N. by Carroll Co., E. by Ogle and Lee, S. by Bu- 
reau and Henry counties, and W. by Rock Island 
CO. and the Mississippi River, separating it from 
Iowa. Drained by Rock River and its branches. 
Surface level, or slightly uneven ; soil fertile. 

Whitestowr,, N. Y., Oneida Co. Half shire town 
with Rome. It is watered by Oriskany and Sad- 
aquada Creeks, flowing into the Mohawk River, 
which bounds it on the N. E. Surface undulating, 
with broad fertile valleys ; soil rich calcareous 
loam. 97 miles N. W. from Albany. 

Whitini), Me., Washington co. This town 
lies at the head of Maehias Bay, and is watered 
by several ponds and a good mill stream. It 
lies 152 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 6 
N. E. from Maehias. Incorporated 1825. 

Whiting, Vt., Addison co. Otter Creek waters 
the eastern border of the town, but affords no 
mill privileges. Along the eastern part of the 
town, near Otter Creek, is a swamp which covers 
2000 or 3000 acres. It affords an abundance of 
excellent cedar, pine, ash, &c. The soil is gen- 
erally of the marly kind, and produces good 
grass and grain. John Wilson erected the first 
hou.se in Whiting in 1772, and in June, 1773, a 
family by the name of Bolster moved into it. 
During the revolution the settlement w.is aban- 
doned, but was recommenced at tlie close of the 
war. 40 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 
S. from Middlebury. 

Whitinghani, Vt., Windham CO. Deerfield 
River runs througli the whole length of this 
town, along the western part. There are many 
other smaller streams in dift'erent parts. There 
are two natural ponds. Sawdawda Pond is so 
called from an Indian of that name, who formerly 
lived near it, and was afterwards supposed to 
have been drowned in going down Deerfield 
River. The surface of Whitinghani is uneven, 
but the soil is generally good, and has a variety 
of timber. A mineral spring was discovered 
here in 1822. The western part of the town 
abounds with limestone. The settlement was 
commenced in 1770, by Mr. Bratlin and Silas 
Hamlinton. 17 miles W. by S. from Brattle- 
boro'. and 18 E. S. E. from Bennington. 

Whitley County, la., c. h. at Whitley. Bounded 
N. by Noble co., E. by Allen, S. by Huntington 
and Wabash, and W. by Kosciusco co. Eel River 
and its tributaries water this county, affording 
hydraulic power. The soil is fertile. 

Whitley, la., c. h. Whitley co. On the N. Vf. 



628 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



side of Eel River. 120 miles N. N. E. from In- 
dianapolis. 

Whitley County, Ky. Wayne co. bounds this 
county on the \V., Pulaski and Laurel N., Knox 
E., and Claiborne and Campbell counties, of 
Tennessee, S. 

Whitley, Ky., c. h. AVhitley co. On the S. side 
of Cumberland River. 125 miles S. S. E. from 
Frankfort. 

Whitpaine, Pa., Montgomery co. On the W. 
side of Wissahicon Creek. This township is 
situated 15 miles N. N. W. from Phihidclphia. 

Whiteshnry, Ky., c. !i. Letcher co. 

Whiteritle, N. C., c. h. Columbus co. On theE. 
side of Beaver Dam Creek. 125 miles S. by W. 
from Raleigh. 

Whitesville, N. C, Columbus co. This village 
is located on Beaver Dam, a brancli of Wac- 
camaw River. It is the seat qf justice, and lies 
118 miles S. from Raleigh. 

Whitneycille, Me., Washington co. 

Wichford, R. I., Washington co. Situated on 
a W. branch of Narraganset Bay, and has a good 
harbor. S. from Providence 22 miles. It has 
considerable shipping in the West India and 
coasting trade. 

Wiconisco, Pa., Dauphin co. Watered by Wi- 
conisco Creek, which enters the Susquclianna 
River at this place. Distant 53 miles N. from 
Harrisburg. 

Wiggins Ferry, Is., St. Clair co. On the Mis- 
sissippi, opposite St. Louis, Mo., and 95 miles S. 
by W. from Springfield. It has constant com- 
munication with St. Louis by steam ferry boats. 

Wilbraham, Ms., Hampden CO., was first 
settled in 1731. Before its incorporation, in 
1763, it was the fourth parish of Springfield, and 
called Springfield Mountains. This town is 
watered by tlie Chicopee, and several of its 
small tributaries. The surface is diversified by 
hills and valleys, and the soil is well adapted to 
agricultural pursuits. The Wesleyan Academy, 
in Wilbraham, is an institution of great value, 
and in high reputation. It is situated at the 
N. part of the town, in a pleasant village, about 
3 miles from the Western Railroad. From this 
village, by the railroad, it is 9 miles to Springfield, 
and 89 from Boston. South Wilbraham village 
lies 4 miles S. from the academy, and 2 N. from 
Rattlesnake Hill. 

Wilcox County, Aa., c. h. at Canton. Butler is 
on the S. E. of this county, Monroe S., Clarke and 
Marengo W., Dallas N., and Montgomery N. E. 
Through the county, from N. to S. passes the 
Alabama River. 

Willas Cniinty, Ga., c. h. at Washington. Co- 
lumbia and Warren are on the S. E., Greene S. 
W., Oglethorpe N. W., and Broad River, or 
Jefferson co., and Lincoln E. 

Wilkes County, N. C. This county is situated 
in a valley between mountains, and is drained by 
the sources of Yadkiu River. A small village at 
the court house is the ]>rincipal place. 

Witkeslmrre, Pa. Shire town of Luzerne co., in 
the Wyoming valley. 114 miles N. E. of Harris- 
burg, and about 120 N. N. W. from Philadelphia. 
This town was laid out in 1773, by Colonel 
Durkee, who gave it the compound name it bears 
in honor of two eminent and zealous advocates of 
the American cause in the British Parliament — 
Wilkes and Barre. It is situated on a high bank 
of the Susquehanna River, which is here spanned 
by a fine bridge, and occupies one of the most 



splendid sites in the state. The town is regularly 
laid out, but upon a plan, perhaps, entirely unique. 
There are four streets forming a parallelogram 
of equal sides, enclosed by which are four others 
running diagonally to these, and forming a dia- 
mond within the outer square, containing about 4 
acres. This diagonal square is the public green, 
in which are the cliurches, the court house, and 
other buildings. At the angles it is cut bv the 
sides of tlie parallelogram which surrounik it. 
The western angle is opposite the bridge, with 
the width of Main Street intervening. The 
bridge connects Wilkesbarre with the village of 
Kingston. 

This is now a place of considerable business. 
There is here one of the most extensive rolling- 
mills in the country. The iron for these work-s is 
brought by canal from Danville. The Pennsyl- 
vania North Branch Canal passes E. of tlie town ; 
and a railroad runs over the mountains 20 miles 
to the Lehigh at White Haven. The rich coal 
mine of the Baltimore Company is about 2 miles 
N. E. of the village. 

The first settlers of this town, and of the beauti- 
ful valley in which it is situated, were principally 
from Connecticut. The inhabitants are still a 
highly-intelligent and moral people, retaining, in 
a good degree, the manners, habits, and enterprise 
of their New England fathers. 

The valley of Wyoming, it is well known, is 
one of the most enchanting spots in its natural 
features, and one of the richest in historical asso- 
ciations, among the localities of our country. We 
cannot indulge in any extended description here, 
or enter into the minute incidents of its thrilling 
history. The site of Fort Wyoming was wliero 
the court house now stands. There was another 
fort a little below the bridge. Fort Durgee was 
half a mile below, and on the hill, N. of the vil- 
lage, the remains of the old redoubts are still 
visible. 

'• The severe and long-continued struggle for 
the possession of this country," says Professor 
Silliman, who visited this valley in 1S29, ''which 
was sustained by the original Connecticut settlers 
from 50 to 80 years since, and the repeated at- 
tempts which were made to disposses them by 
arms, sufficiently evince the high estimation in 
which it was held by all parties. . . No one 
wlio now surveys this charming valley can wonder 
that they would not quietly relinquish their claims. 
. . Few landscapes that I have seen," he adds, 
" can vie with the valley of Wyoming. The first 
glance of a stranger, entering at either end, or 
crossing the mountain ridges which divide it 
(like the Happy Valley of Abyssinia) from the rest 
of the world, fills him with tlie peculiar pleasure 
produced by a fine landscape, combining richness, 
beauty, variety, and grandeur." 

The visitor to this beautiful valley will not fail 
to inquire for the battle ground, which was the 
scene of such a desperate conflict, and bloody 
massacre during the war of the revolution. The 
site of Forty Fort, the place where the liitle force 
of Wyoming was chiefiy concentrated, to defend 
their settlement against an invading army of about 
three times their number, composed of British- 
American loyalists and Indians, is two or three 
miles N. of Wilkesbarre, on the Kingston side of 
the river, and about as much farther still to the' 
N. is the plain, on and near which most of the 
men of Wyoming were slain, in and after the 
battle, — chiefly in their flight, and after sur- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



6-29 



rendering themselves prisoners of war. Only 60 
of the men wlio went into this hattlc survived. 
The shiin were buried about a montii afterwards 
in one common prave. A beautiful monument 
has recently been erected on the spot where their 
ashes moulder, to commemorate tlieir heroic 
martyrdom in defence of their homes, their liber- 
ties, and their country's cause. 

ll7//,f.s/»ro', N. C, c. h. Wilkes co. On the S. 
Bide of Yadkin River. 172 miles W. N. W. from 
Raleiffh. 

Wilhinson Coinittj, Ga., e. h. at Irwinton. This 
county is bounded N. E. by Oconee River, or 
Washington co., S. E. by Laurens, S. \V. by 
Twififrs, and N. W. by Jones. 

Wilkinson Connli/, Mi., c. h. at Woodville. 
Mississippi River is on the W., New Feliciana, 
La., S., Homochitto River, or Adams co.. Mi., 
N. W., Homochitto River, or Franklin co., N. E.. 
and Amite E. 

Will Couiiti/. Is., c. h. at Juliet. Bounded N. 
by Du Pa^e and Cook counties, Vj. iiy Indiana, 
S, by Iroquois and Vermilion, and W. by Grun- 
dy and Kendall counties. Watered by Dcs- 
piaines River and Kankakee River and their 
branches. 

Williams Count!/, O., c. h. at Defiance. This 
county has an excellent soil, very valuable for 
grain and grass. It is well supplied with water 
by many streams, the principal of wliich are the 
Mauwee, Auglaise, Little St. Joseph's, and Tif- 
fin. On Maumee River are the Sulphur Springs ; 
they are clear and cold, and have a strong odor, 
perceptible for a quarter of a mile. The Wabash 
and Erie Canal passes through the county, and 
will increase its business. 

Williamsbm-fj, Ms., Hampshire CO. This town- 
ship was granted, in 1736, to volunteers, for scr- 
Ticcs against the Indians in 1704. It was attached 
to Hatfield, and called Hatfield Addition, until 
its incorporation in 1771. The surfiice is quite 
elevated, but pleasantly variegated by hills and 
valleys : the soil is warm and fertile. It is wa- 
tered by Mill River, a fine stream, wliich passes 
through tlie centre of the town. Haydensvillc. a 
flourishing village, is located in W^iUiamsburg. 
8 miles N. W. from Northampton, and 95 W. 
from Boston. 

Williantsljurr/, Mi., c. h. Covington co. Situ- 
(ited between the head branches of Leaf River. 
82 miles S. E. from Jackson. 

Willionislnii-fj, N. Y., in the township of Bnsh- 
wick. Kings co., on Long Island, aliout 3 miles 
N, E. of Brooklyn, and opposite to the N. part of 
the city of New York. It lies extended about a 
mile and a half on the b.ank of the East River, 
which has a bold elevation from the water at this 
place. Here are several large and substantial 
docks, with ample depth of water, for safe and 
convenient moorings for vessels of the largest 
class. It is but a few years since Williamsburg 
was but an inconsiderable village. An act of 
incorporation was obtained for it as a village in 
1827, a steam ferry having previously been estab- 
lished to the foot of Grand Street, ^!ew York, by 
which an impulse was given to its prosperity. A 
gteam ferry boat also now plies between this 
place and Peck Slip, at the lower part of New 
York, which accommodates a rapidly-increasing 
number of merchants and other men of business, 
who come here to find a pleasant residence out 
of the city. So great has been the progress of 
improvement, that the ancient village of Bush- 



wick, wliich was formerly quite distinct from that 
of Williamsburg, can scarcely be identified. 

Williamsburg has now about 30 streets graded 
and regulated, some of which are paved, and one 
Macadamized ; and the number of streets per- 
manently laid out amounts to over 70. It has 
several churches of different denominations, 
many large and handsome blocks of stores and 
warehouses, and numerous dwellings enjoying 
the best advantages of situation. The population 
in 1840 was 5094; in 1S45, 11,338; and in 1850, 
30,780. 

Williamshurr/ District, S. C, Williamsburg 
and Kiniistree shire towns. This district has 
Santee River on the S. \V., Sumpter district N, 
W., Lynch's Creek, or Marion district, N. E., and 
Georgelown S. E. A branch of Great Pedee, 
called Black River, drains the district. 

Wiltitnnstnirg. Va., c. h. James City co. This 
village was formerly the metropolis of Virginia. 
It is situated on the E side of a small creek that 
runs into James River, 32 miles E. by S. from 
Richmond, and 175 S. by E. from North Caro- 
lina. The streets are laid out with great regular- 
ity, and the public edifices exhibit the ruins of 
comparative graiuleur, particularly the Capitol 
and college. The college, called the College of 
William and Mary, was endowed by the royal 
government with a clear and certain revenue of 
£3000 per annum. Though built to accommo- 
date 100 pupils, it has seldom more than 40. 
Attempts have recently been made to revive the 
former prosperous state of this institution. See 
C^^llf'fjes. 

Willi<imson Countfi, Is., c. h. at Bainbridge. 
Bounded N. by, Franklin co., E. by Gallatin, S. 
by Johnson and Union, and W. by Jackson co. 
Drained by Muddy Creek, a branch of the Mis- 
sissippi, and Saline, a branch of the Oiiio River. 

Williamson, N. Y,, AVayne co. Watered by 
several small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, 
which bounds it on tlie N. 17 miles N. W. from 
Lyons, and 200 N. of W. from Albany. 

Williamson Conntij, Te., c. h. at Franklin 
Bedford bounds it on the S. E., Duck River or 
Murr.iy S.. Dickson W., Davidson N., and Ruth- 
erford N. E. Harpeth River, a branch of Cum- 
berland, rises in this county, and drains its north- 
ern side. Duck River and its branches water the 
southern parts. 

Williamson Conntij. Ts., c. h. at Georgetown. 
E. of the Colorado. 

Williamsport, la., c. h. Warren co. On the W. 
bank of Wabash River. 78 miles W. N. W. from 
Indianapolis. 

Willianisport, Md., Washington co. On the E 
side of Potomac River, at the entrance of Coneeo. 
cheague Creek, 107 miles N. W. from Annapolis 
The Chesapeake and t.liiio Canal passes through it 

Williamsiiort, Pa., Washington co. This place 
was formerly called Parkinson's Ferry. It is at 
the mouth of Pigeon Creek, on Monongahela 
River. 18 miles E. from Washington. 

Williamsport. Pa., c. h. Lycoming CO. On tht 
N. bank of the W. fork of Susquelianna River. 
93 miles N. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania 
Canal passes through it, and a railroad, 25 miles 
long. Connects it with Ralston, 65 miles S. from 
Tioga, and 160 N. W. from Philadelphia, 

Williamston. N. C, e. h. Martin co. On the S 
side of Roanoke River. 25 miles W. from Plym- 
outh, and 53 N. W. from Washington, on Pam- 
lico River. 



630 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



Williamstown, Ivy-, c. h. Grant county. On the 
E. side of Eagle Creek, a branch of Kentucky 
River, and 49 miles N. N. E. I'roni Frankfort. 

Williamstown, Ms., Berkshire co. This town is 
situated in a large and fertile valley, surrounded 
by romantic elevations, and watered by Hoosic 
and Green Rivers. It was first settled about the 
year 1751, and was called Uuosic by the Indians. 
The general character of the soil is clayey ; but 
in few places is the clay so liard and stiff as to be 
injurious to its fertility. Loam predominates in 
some places, and a few spots of some extent may 
be called gravelly. Some of the best lands lie 
along the Hoosic and Green Rivers. But the 
hills, also, and generally the mountain sides, al- 
most, and sometimes quite up to their tops, have 
a good, and, in many places, an excellent soil, 
suited both to grazing and tillage. The village in 
this town is delightfully situated on a gentle rise 
from the river. Williams College, in this town, 
is handsomely located. {See Cotler/cs.) 125 miles 
W. N. W. from Boston, and 24 N.'from Pittslield. 
About 5 miles W. from North Adams, and thence 
by railroad to Boston, 171. 

Wil/iamstowii, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by 
a branch of Eish Creek, and by Salmon Creek. 
Surface level; soil moist sandy loam, well suited 
to grass. 28 miles E. from Oswego, and 137 N. 
W. from Albany. 

Winiamsi-ille, N. Y., Erie co. On Ellicott's 
Creek. 278 miles W. from Albany. Large quan- 
tities of water lime, or cement, are produced from 
the vicinity. 

Williamstown, Vt., Orange co. Williamstown 
lies on the height of land between Winooski and 
White Rivers, and contains no large sti-eams. A 
brook, which here runs down a steep hill towards 
the W., divides naturally, and while one part runs 
to the N., forming Stevens's Branch of Winooski 
River, the other runs to the S., forming the 
second branch of White River. The turnpike 
from Royalton to Montpelier passes along these 
streams, and is known by the name of the Gulf 
Road, from the deep ravine through which it 
passes in this town, near the head of the second 
branch. In this ravine a medicinal spring has 
been discovered. Williamstown is timbered prin- 
cipally with hard wood, and the soil is well adapt- 
ed to the production of grass. Tlicre is a small 
but pleasant village near the centre of the town. 
The settlement was commenced in June, 1784. 
From Montpelier 10 miles S. E., and about the 
same distance N. W. from Chelsea. 

Willimantic, Ct., Windham co. A factory vil- 
lage, on the N. side of Willimantic River. 32 
miles E. from Hartford, and 30 N. from New 
London by railroad. 

Willinboio', N. J., Burlington co. Bounded N. 
W. by the Delaware River. Surface mostly level ; 
soil good sandy loam. 7 miles N. W. from Mount 
Holly. 

Williston, Vt., Chittenden co. This is an ex- 
cellent farming town, of a rich soil, with an un- 
even surface, but not mountainous. Williston is 
watered by Winooski River and some smaller 
■treams. but its water power is small. Thomas 
Chittenden was the father of this town. He came 
here in 1774. When the Vermont constitution 
was established, in 1778, Mr. Chittenden was se- 
lected as a candidate for governor, to which of- 
fice he was annually elected, with the exception 
of one year, till his death, in 1797. 27 miles W. 
N. W. from Montpelier. This town adjoins Bur- 



lington, and is easy of access to lake and railroad 
transportation. 

WilloHffhbij, O. A township in Lake co., lying 
on the shore of Lake Erie, and extending 8 miles 
from N. to S., and 5 from E. to W. The lands 
are productive and highly cultivated. 

There is a flourishing village in this township, 
of the same name, situated on the Chagrin River, 
two miles and a half from its mouth, 11 miles S. 
W. from Farisville, the county seat, 19 miles E. 
from Cleveland, and 158 N. E. from (Columbus. 
This village, and the township to wliich it belongs, 
were both formerly called Chagrin, from the name 
of the river. This name was changed for Wil- 
loughby in 1834. The first settlement was made 
here by the eccentric pioneer, David Abbot, and 
others with him, about the year 1799. The first 
organized town meeting was held in 1815. 

This was the site, for some years, of a flourish- 
ing and well-conducted Medical Institution, which 
was founded in 1834, and provided with a spacious 
brick edifice, pleasantly located, and with an am- 
ple corps of instnictors. This institution has 
since been removed to Columbus. The village 
contains a Presbyterian and a Methodist church. 
Tradition says that a bloody battle was fought 
here in early days between hostile Indian tribes ; 
and some human bones, which were thrown up 
when preparing the foundations for the Medical 
College, have been supposed to be the bones of 
the slain. 

Willow Grove, Pa., Montgomery co. In a 
beautiful vale, 13 miles N. from Philadelphia, and 
1 U E. from Harrisburg. The buildings are chiefly 
of stone. It is a place of summer residence for 
the citizens from Philadelphia. 

Willsboro', N. Y., Essex co. Watered by Bo- 
quet River and some other tributaries of Lake 
Champlain, which bounds it on the E. Surface 
mostly level on the E., and hilly on the W. ; soil 
rich clay loam. 15 miles N. E. from Elizabeth, 
add 137 N.N. E. from Albany. 

Wilhltire, 0., c. h. Van Wert co. 

Wilminciton, De., New Castle co. City, and 
port of entry. Situated between Brandy wine and 
Christiana Creeks, 1 mile above their junction, 47 
miles N. from Dover, and 28 miles S. W. from 
Philadelphia. Population in 1830, 6628 ; in 1840, 
8367; in 1850, 13.931. Both the business and 
population of the place have rapidly increased 
within a few years past. It is situated in the midst 
of one of the finest agricultural districts in the Mid- 
dle States. Its site, like that of Philadelphia, and 
of Baltimore, is on the outer edge of the primi- 
tive formation, and on the inner edge of the sea 
sand alluvion. The city is built on ground grad- 
ually rising to the height of 112 feet above the 
level of tide water. It is laid out with regularity ; 
the streets, which are broad and airy, crossing 
each other at right angles. It is supplied with 
water from the Bi-andywinc, by waterworks, like 
those of Philadelphia. The place is well built; 
the houses are generally of brick, and many of 
them are elegant. It has several churches of dif- 
ferent denominations, and is distinguished for its 
excellent private schools. The principal pub- 
lic buildings are a city hall, a hospital and 
almshouse, two market houses, several banks, and 
an arsenal. The hospital is a large edifice, 126 
feet long, and 3 stories high, located upon a fine, 
healthy eminence. 

Wilmington is the largest place in Delaware, 
and, next to Philadelphia, the greatest mart of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



631 



trade in the basin of the Delaware River. Tlie 
Christiana admits ve.sscls drawing 14 feet of 
water to the city ; and those drawing 8 feet ean 
come up the Brandywine. Considerable shippini^ 
is owned here, and the whale fisliery is carried on 
to some extent from this port. 

But Wilininjrton is more distinguished for its 
Tarious liinds of manufactures than for its mari- 
time commerce. The falls of the Brandywine. in 
the immediate neighborhood, alTord a valualile 
water power, wiiieh is rendered available to a 
great extent for the operations of nuicliinery ; ap- 
plied to flouring mills, paper mills, saw mills, cot- 
ton, woollen, and various other manufactories. 
The flouring mills at Wilmington are among the 
largest in the United States. The making of 
gunpowder has been carried on here extensively 
for many years. Within 10 miles of this place, 
there is a large number of important manufac- 
tories, rendering it one of the largest manufac- 
turing districts in the Uuited States south of 
Philadulphia. 

Wilmiiii/ton, Ms., Middlesex eo. At the time 
of its ineor]ioration, in 1730, this town was a part 
of Woburn and Reading. The surface is gener- 
ally level, with a light and sandy soil, well adapt- 
ed for the growth of hops. The wood is eliicHy 
pine, and much charcoal is made. The town is 
watered by a branch of Ipswich River, and the 
Middlesex Canal passes through it. The Boston 
and Lowell and Boston and Maine Railroads 
pass through this town. 15 miles N. W. from 
Boston, and 1 1 S. E. from Lowell. 

Wilmington, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by the 
Saranac and the W. branch of the Au Sable 
River. Surface mountainous ; soil fertile in some 
of the valleys. In this vkiuity are immense beds 
of excellent iron ore. 28 miles N. W. from Eli/,- 
abcth, and 148 N. from Albany. 

}yilniiiif/ton, N. C., port of entry and seat of 
justice of New Hanover co. 90 miles S. E. from 
Fayetteville, and 148 S. S. E. from Raleigh. It 
is ou the E. side of Cape Fear River, about 35 
miles from the sea. The harbor has a dangerous 
shoal at its entrance, but will admit vessels of 
20U tons. There are two islands enclosed by dif- 
ferent channels of the river, opposite the town, 
which att'ord some of the finest rice fields in the 
state. Wilmington is well situated for trade, 
tliough not accounted healthy in its location. It 
is at the termituis of the great scries of soulhei'u 
railroads extending from New York, and branch- 
ing in various directions from the main route. 

Wiimtnijtun, Va., Fluvanna co. A village. 60 
miles N. W. by W. from Richmond. 

Wihiiinf/tun, O., c. h. Clinton co. On Todd's 
Fork, a branch of Little Miami River. 72 miles 
S. W. from Columbus. 

Wilminr/lon, Vt., Windham co. The E. and 
W. branches of DcerHeld River unite in this 
town, which, with the waters of Beaver and Cold 
Brooks, and of Ray's I'ond, a large and beauti- 
ful sheet of water, a valuable mill jjower is pro- 
duced. Ti]ei9 are some line tracts of land iu the 
town, and a considerable portion that is rough 
and hard to till. The village is pleasant and 
thriving. Wilmington was settled before the 
revolutionary war, but increased but slowly until 
the peace. 17 miles E. from Bennington, and 
14 S. W. from Newfiine. 

Wilino/, N. II., Merrimac eo. The streams 
forming Blackwatcr River have their origin in 
the vicinity of Wilmot. They ati'ord a good 



number of mill sites. The town is composed of 
hills and valleys. There are no largo collections 
of water, nor any mountains, excepting Kear- 
sarge, whose summit forms the southern boundary. 
It received its name from De Wilmot, an Eng- 
lishman. In 1775 this to\vn was granted to 
Joseph Miuot, Matthew Thornton, and others. 
30 miles N. W. from Concord. 

U7/«i«/(, N. Y., Herkimer co. This large 
town contains numerous lakes and ponds, send- 
ing forth streams in every direction. The land 
is mostly productive in summer crops, and well 
suited to grazing. 35 miles N. from Herkimer, 
and 100 N. W. from Albany. 

Wilna. N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by In- 
dian and Black Rivers. Surface chiefly level; 
soil sandy and clay loam. 15 miles E. from Wa- 
tertown, and 151 N. W. from Albany. 

Wilson. Me. This town was incorporated in 
1836, as "township number 9 in the 9lh range, 
N. of the Waldo Patent in the county of Som- 
erset." 

Wilson, N. Y., Niagara co. Watered by How- 
ell's and Tuscarora Creeks, flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surface 
chiefly level ; soil gravelly and sandy loam and 
clay. 10 miles N. W. from Lockport, and 294 
N. of W. from Albany. 

Wilson Countij, Te., c. h. at Lebanon. Sumner 
CO., or Cumberland River, bounds the N. W. part. 
Smith is on the E., Warren S. E., Rutherford S. 
W., ami Davidson W. 

Wilton, Ct., Fairfield co. Wilton was taken 
from the N. part of Norwalk, in 1802. The sur- 
face of the town is broken by two ridges of hills, 
but the soil is a gravelly loam, and productive of 
grain and a great variety of fruit. Agriculture 
is the principal business of the inhabitants. The 
town is watered by Norwalk River. 

A classical school, of high reputation, was es- 
tablished here in 1818, by Ilawley Olmstead, 
Esq. This school is worth a million of the sil- 
ver mines that were discovered and worked ia 
this town during the revolution. 

Wilton, Me., Franklin co. This is one of tha 
most flourishing agricultural townships in the 
state. It has a fertile soil, a beautiful surface, 
and two pleasant villages. It lies a little dis- 
tance from Sandy River. 

Wilton has an adequate water power for com- 
mon purposes, produced by streams issuing from 
beautiful ponds in the town. The people are 
principally agriculturists. 38 miles W. N. W. 
from Augusta. 

Wilton, N. H., Ilillsboro' co. Souhegan is the 
principal river, which, with its branches, i)roduces 
a valualile water jiower. This town has neither 
mountains, ponds, nor swamps. It is, in general, 
of strong and excellent soil. Good clay is found 
in plenty near the streams. There are several 
quarries of excellent stone for splitting and hew- 
ing. The town derived its name from Wilton, 
an ancient borough in Wiltshire, England. First 
settlers, three families from Danvers, Ms. ; two by 
the name of Putnam, and one by the name of Dale. 
Settled in 1738. 9 miles W. by S. from Am- 
herst, and 40 S. by W. from Concord. A rail- 
road passes through here. 

Wilton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Watered by a 
branch of the Hudson River. Surface slightly 
uneven on the E., and hilly on the W. 12 miles 
N. from Ballstou Spa village, and 42 miles from 
Albanv 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



Winchendon, Ms., Worcester co. Before its in- 
corporation, in 1764, this town was called " Ips- 
wich Canada," it having been granted to the 
neirs of soldiers from Ipswich, who served in an 
cx|)edition to Canada in 1690. It was first set- 
tled about the year 1752. The surface is some- 
what uneven, but not mountainous ; there are 
many rocks, but the soil is deep, strong, and fer- 
tile. Tills town is watered by several streams, 
which afford a good water power, but particular- 
ly by Miller's River, a noble mill stream, which 
takes its rise from Monomonack Pond, partly in 
this town and partly in Rindge. There are fine 
quarries of granite in the town, and a spring 
tinctured with iron and sulphur. There ai-e a 
number of neat and flourishing villages, called 
Robinsonville, BuUardsville, Waterville, Spring, 
North, and New Boston ; near the latter is a 
beautiful pond. The excellent water power 
in the town, and the Boston and Vermont Rail- 
road passing through it, will place Winchendon 
high on the list of manufactui-ing towns. 38 
miles N. N. W. from Worcester, and about 20 
W. N. W. from Fitchburg, from which to Boston 
is 50 miles. 

Winchester, Ct., Litchfield co. The geological 
character of the town is primitive ; the rocks 
consisting of granite, mica, slate, &c. The soil 
is gravelly, hard, and coarse : it afl^ords good 
grazing. 

The borough of Clifton was incorporated in 
1832. It is a flourishing village, principally 
built in a narrow valley, on the banks of a mill 
stream, called Mad River, which is a tributary 
of Farmington River. The valley at this place 
is but barely of sufficient width to admit of a 
street, with buildings on each side, the ground 
rising immediately in every direction. West- 
ward of the main street in the village, a road 
passes up a steep hill for nearly a quarter of a 
mile, where, upon an elevated plain, is an inter- 
esting lake, or pond, which is one of the largest 
bodies of water in the state, being three and a 
half miles in length, and three fourths of a mile 
in breadth. The outlet of this lake presents a 
novel scene ; it consists of a small stream, com- 
pressed within a narrow channel, and literally 
tossed from rock to rock till it unites with Mad 
River. 

Winsted, or the East village, is very pleasant. 
Winchester lies within the " evergreen district,'' 
so named from the forests of hemlock and other 
evergreen trees, with which it abounds. These 
" Green Woods " present one of the most impres- 
sive scenes which can be found in an American 
forest. 26 miles N. W. from Hartford. 

Winchester, la., c. h. Randolph co. 81 miles 
E. N. E. from Indianapolis. 

Winchester, Ky., c. h. Clarke co. 44 miles 
E. S. E. from Frankfort. 

Winchester, Ms., Middlesex co. Formed in 
1852, from parts of Woburn, Medford, and West 
Cambridge. 

Winchester, Mi., c. h. Wayne co. 

Winchesta; N. H., Cheshire co. The face of 
this town is diversified with hills and valleys. 
The soil is of an excellent quality. Ashuelot 
River passes through the centre of this town, 
affording a great hydraulic power. It is bor- 
dered on each bank by extensive intervales, of a 
fertility rarely excelled. There are otiier small 
streams running through the town. The centre 
Tillage is on the S. E. bank of the Ashuelot ; it is 



very handsome : at the lower end of it, the street 
is adorned with a beautiful row of native evergreen 
trees, which extend nearly half a mile. Two m'lles 
W. is another manufacturing village, and in the 
S. E. part is another. First settlers, Josiah Wil- 
lard and others, settled about the year 1732. 
13 miles S. W. from Keene, and 65 S. W. from 
Concord. 

Winchester, Te., c. h. Franklin co. 
Winchester, Va., c. h. Frederick co. This town is 
located on a branch of Opeguan Creek, in a very 
productive part of Virginia, and possesses, for its 
relative population, much solid wealth. It lies 74 
miles a little N. of W. from Washington city, and 
146 a little W. of N. from Richmond. 

Wind Gap, Pa., Northampton co. 110 miles 
N. from Ilarrisburg. Situated at the Wind Gap, 
so called, one of the celebrated gorges among the 
Alleghany Mountains, through which the road 
passes from Easton to Wilkesbarre. The scenery 
here is very romantic. It is 15 miles S. of the 
Water Gap, through which the Delaware finds its 
way through the mountains. 

Windham C'unnti/, Ct., c. h. at Brooklyn. This 
county is uniformly hilly, yet no part of it 
is mountainous or very elevated. The pre- 
vailing soil is a primitive gravelly loam. The 
greatest portion of the county is stony and con- 
siderably rough, and the lands generally best 
adapted for grazing, and many sections afl'ord 
some of the richest dairy farms in the state. The 
Quinebaug and Shetucket, with their branches, 
intersect this county, and ali'ord many valuable 
water privileges for mills and manufacturing 
purposes. The valley of the Quinebaug River 
comprises the best land in the county. 

Windham county originally belonged to the 
counties of Hartford imd New London. It was 
incorporated as a county in May, 1720. 

This county is bounded N. by Massachusetts, 
E. by Rhode Island, S. by the county of New- 
London, and W. by Tolland county. ' 

Windham, Ct., Windham co. The territory of 
this town, Mansfield, and Canterbury was given 
by Joshua, a son of Uncas, the celebrated Mohe- 
gan sachem, to John Mason, James Fitch, and 
others, in the year 1675. 

" Lieutenant John Gates, a pious Puritan, who 
served in the wars in England, holding his com- 
mission under Cromwell, when Charles II. came 
to the throne, fled to this country for safety. He 
landed first in Virginia, where he procured a negro 
servant to attend him. But when ailvertisements 
and pursuers were spread through this countrv, 
to apprehend the adherents of the protector, lie 
left Virginia, came to New York, and from thence 
to Norwich. Still feeling that he should be se- 
curer in a more retired place, he came to this new 
plantation, dug the first cellar, and with his ser- 
vant, raised in Windham the first English habita- 
tion, in the spring of 1689. The settlers, rapidly 
increasing, petitioned the General Court, and 
obtained a grant of town privileges in May, 
1692. 

It has an uneven surface, with a tolerable soil. 
It is pleasantly located, compactly and neatly 
built, and contains the charm of antii|uity in as 
great perfection as can probably be found in Now 
England. 

The borough of Willimantic is 3 miles W, from 
Windham village. It is well situated on Willi- 
mantic River. It is built principally on one street, 
and contains some very handsome buildings. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



633 



Willimantic Eivcf rises in the rountv of Tol- 
land, and. witli the Natchaug, forms the Shetucket 
in Windliain. 

iVimUiaiii, Me., Cumhcrhmd co. Windham lies 
on the N. 1'^. side of I'rcsunipsent Ixiver, which 
separates it from Goriiam. It is 14 miles N. X. W. 
from Portland. This is a valnable farmiiig; town, 
and the inlmbitants are principally employed in 
agriculture. Branches of the I'resiirapsent give 
the town good mill privileges. There are two 
pleasant villages in the town, and several beauti- 
ful fish ponds. 

]ViinIhim. N. H., Rockingham co. Policy Pond 
lies in this town and in Salem. Cabot's Pond lies 
E. of the centre of the town. Golden Pond is in 
the S., and Mitchel's in the N. E. part. Beaver 
Kivcr forms the western boundary, upon wliicli are 
some meadow lands. The t»wn is well supplied 
with small streams, which afford fine fish. Wind- 
ham was originally a part of Londonderry. 33 
miles S. by E. from Concord, and 20 S. E. from 
Exeter. 

Windliam, N. Y., Greene co. The Bataviakill 
flows E. and W. through this town. Surfoce 
hilly and mountainous ; soil good in some of the 
vallevs, and well suited to grazing on tho hills. 
18 miles W. from Catskill, and 44 S. W. from 
Albany. 

lf7"c//(aHi, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Big 
and Little Mahoopeny Creeks. Surfiice moun- 
tainous ; soil mostly fertile. 25 miles N. W. from 
Wilkcsbarrc. 

Wimlliaiii, Pa., Bradford co. Drained by We- 
p.assening Creek, a branch of the Susquelianna 
River. Surface hilly; soil gravelly. 162 miles 
N. by E. from Harrisbnrg. 

W'imiham County, Vt., c. h. at Fayetteville. 
This county is bounded N. by Windsor co., E. by 
Connecticut River, S. by the state of Massachu- 
setts, and W. by the county of Bennington. 
The surface is much broken Ijy hills and valleys ; 
tlie westcra part is very elevated, and con- 
tains a part of the Green Mountain range. The 
geological character of the county is primitive. 
Immense quantities of granite are found in all 
parts of the county, most of which is of fine 
grain and very handsome. A variety of min- 
erals are found here. The soil of the county is 
various, from the rich and alluvial meadows' on 
the Connecticut, to the cold and rugged lands on 
the sides of the mountains. Windham county 
is finely watered by William's, Saxton's, and West 
Rivers, with their branches, and by numerous 
other streams. These waters give the county a 
great hydraulic power. 

Windhitm, Vt., Windham CO. Branches of 
West, William's, and Saxton's Rivers give this 
town a good water power. The surface is ele- 
vated ; the soil, thou^'li strong, is better .adapted 
for grazing than tillage. Windham was formerly 
a part of Londonderry. A variety of minerals 
are found here. There is in this town a beautiful 
pond. Edward Aiken, James McCormick, and 
John Woodburn were the first settlers. 30 miles 
N. E. from Bennington, and 25 S. W. from 
Windsor. 

\Viud:Uir^ Ct.. Hartford co. This most ancient 
town is situated on the W. side of Connecticut 
River. The surface is generally level, having 
6orae extensive plains. The soil is various, and 
free from stone ; some of it is light, but a large 
proportion of it is fertile, containing extensive 
tracts of rich meadow. Farmingtou River passes 
SO 



through the town, and meeting the Connecticut, 
gives the town a good hydraulic power. 

At a place called Pine Meadow, at the com- 
mencement of the locks on the Enfield Canal, a 
variety of ship and other timber is prepared for 
market. Pine Meadow is opposite to Warehouse 
Point, in East Windsor. 

The centre village in Windsor is pleasantly 
extended on the banks of the Connecticut. 

Poquonnuek village is a few miles N. from the 
centre. It is a manufacturing village, delightfully 
situated at the head of navigation on Farmington 
River. 

Windsor Locls. A^ manufacturing village in 
the N. part of Windsor, on the W. bank of Con- 
necticut River, 12 miles above Hartford. At this 
place, the Connecticut River Company (whose of- 
fice is at Hartford) have expended over $300,000 
in constructing a niivigable canal over the low- 
er rapids in the river, known as Enfield Falls. 
The canal and locks are navigable for freight 
boats of 85 tons' burden, and for all the steam- 
boats going above Hartford ; and furnish an 
immense water power for manufacturing pur- 
poses. 

The fall is 32 feet. The present capacity of 
this canal is about 200,000 spindles' (lOwer, and 
may be increased considerably by enlarging the 
dam at the head. The water power is about one 
fourth occupied. 

The best of mill sites may be selected on the 
land between the canal and the river, for 2 miles 
above the locks, on all of which is to be found a 
rock foundation of red sandstone, which, being 
excavated, furnishes a cheap and valuable mate- 
rial for buildings. The New Haven, Hartford, 
and Springfield Railroad runs for 2 miles on the 
margin of this extensive water power, having a 
station in tho village, 1 2 miles below Springfield. 

Windsor, Me., Kennebec co. 12 miles from 
Augusta, to which it lies adjacent on the W. 

Windsor, Ms., Berkshire co. Noah Nash gave 
tho province of Massachusetts 1430 pounds for 
this township, in 1762. It was first settled about 
the year 1766. Its Indian name was Ouschun- 
Icamaug. It was incorporated by tho name of 
Gageboro', in 1771, but after the revolutionary 
war beg.an, in 1777, the name was changed, be- 
cause Gageboro' might seem to perpetuate the 
memory of the detested General Gage. This 
town has a lofty elevation, and surface somewhat 
uneven. It is watered by the Westncld and 
Housatonic Rivers, which receive several brooks 
in their passage through the town. On the Hou- 
sittonic, near the line of Dalton, are falls, judged 
to be about 70 feet. The soil is warm, and finely 
adapted for grazing. There are some excellent 
farms in Windsor. The town is remarkable for 
the longevity of its iiihabit.ants. which is doubt- 
less owing to the purity of its air and water. 
12 miles N. E. from Pittsfield, and 120 W. by N 
from Boston, by the old road. 

Windsor, N. H., IliUsboro' co. This town 
contains only 3335 acres. It is diversified with 
hills ; its soil is strong, good for grazing and 
grain. Black Pond, near the centre, is said to 
be 160 rods long and 80 broad, and a pond neai 
the S. E. corner is about 80 rods long and 40 wide 
30 miles S. W. from Concord, and about 27 N. W 
from Amherst. 

Windsor, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by tha 
Susquehanna River and some of its branches. 
Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil Well adapted 



634 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &.C., 



to grazing. 12 miles S. E. from Binghampton, 
and 138 S. W. from Albany. 

Windsor, N. C, c. h. Bertie co. On Casliie 
River, about 100 miles S. W. from Norfolk, in 
Virginia, and by post road 194 miles N. E. by E. 
from Raleigh. 

Windsor, Pa., Berks co. Bounded E. by 
Maiden Creek, and W. by Schuylkill River and 
Canal. Surface hilly, Blue Mountain occupying 
the N. W. part ; soil gravelly and sterile. 

Windsor, Pa., York co. A town on the S. W. 
side of Susquehanna River. 10 miles E. from 
York. 

Windsor Connlij, Vt., c. h. at Woodstock. This 
county is bounded N. by the county of Orange, 
E. by Connecticut River, S. by Windham co., 
and W. by Rutland and a part of Addison coun- 
ties. Windsor county is watered by AVliite, 
Queeehy, Black, West, and William's Rivers, and 
by other excellent mill streams. The surface is 
uneven, and in some parts mountainous, but gen- 
erally not too elevated to admit of cultivation ; 
the soil produces fine crops of grain, hay, vege- 
tables, and fruits. The lands are peculiarly 
adapted for grazing. The beautiful Connecticut, 
which washes its whole eastern boundary, gives 
to this county large tracts of alluvial meadow 
land, and affords it a navigable channel to the 
seai)oard. The hydraulic power of the county 
is very large, and its local position is such as to 
induce men of enterprise and capital to embark 
in manufacturing operations, which are annually 
increasing, with fair prospects of success. 

Windsor, Vt., Windsor co. Situated on the 
W. side of Connecticut River. 55 miles S. by 
E. from Montpelier, and 1.39 N. W. from Boston 
by railroad. First settled in 1764. lis surface 
is uneven, but there are but few parts of it unfit 
for cultivation. It contains large tracts of allu- 
vial meadow, ami the uplands are generally fer- 
tile. Mill Brook waters the S. part of the town, 
and furnishes it with excellent mill sites. The 
manufactures of the town are numerous and val- 
uable. The agricultural interests are also valua- 
ble : 10,000 sheep are annually sheared in tlie 
town, and many neat cattle, horses, and produc- 
tions of the dairy are annually transported to its 
various markets. 

The village of Windsor is on elevated ground, 
on the bank of the river; it is compactly and 
somewhat irregularly built, but very beautiful. 
There are but few villages in our country whicli 
make a more deligbtl'ul appearance. It contains 
a great number of handsome dwelling houses 
and stores. Some of the private houses, churches, 
and other public buildings are in a style of supe- 
rior elegance. This is the site of the Vermont 
State Prison. The streets are wide and beauti- 
fully shaded. The scenery around Windsor is 
highly picturesque. From the high lands across 
the river, in Cornish, which is united to Windsor 
by a bridge, or on the Ascutney, at the S. part 
of the town, some of the best landscapes in our 
country are presented to view. 

This town has become the centre of an impor- 
tant commerce, both from the river and a fertile 
interior country. The favorable position of 
Windsor, as a place of trade, was early discov- 
ered, and it has been fortunate in possessing a 
succession of men, who, by their enterprise and 
wealth, have rendered it one of the most flourish- 
ing towns on Connecticut River. 

A railroad through AViudsor connects it with 



the great routes running N. to Burlington and 
Montreal, E. to Concord and Boston, and S. to 
Springfield, Hartford, &c. 

Winhall, Vt., Bennington co. This town was 
chartered in 1761. and its settlement commenced 
during the revolutionary war. Tlie surface is 
rough, and the soil not very productive. Win- 
hall River rises in this town, and aftbrds it a 
good water power. 3.3 miles S. W. fiom Wind- 
sor, and 25 N. F. from Bennington. 

Winnumac, la., c. h. Pulaski co. 100 miles N. 
by W. from Indianapolis. 

Winnebago County, Is., c. h. at Rockford, 
Formed in 1836. Bounded N. by Wisconsin, E. 
by Boone co., S. by Ogle, and W. by Stephen- 
son CO. Drained by Rock, Kishwaukie, and 
Peckatonokee Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil 
fertile. • 

Winnelario County, Wn., Oshkosh seat of jus- 
tice. Bounded N. by Brown co., E. by Lake 
Winnebago, S. by Fond du Lac co., and W. by 
Marquette and Brown counties. Ilrained by 
Neenah, or Fox, and Pauwaygun Rivers and 
tributaries. 

Winneshiek County, lo., c. h. at Decorali. In the 
N. E. angle, bordering on Minnesota. Watered 
by the Upper Iowa anil Turkey Rivers. 

WinnsUiro', S. C, Fairfield district. Between 
Wateree and Little Rivers. 29 miles N. N. W. 
from Columbia. There is a Baptist Literary and 
Theological Seminary in the vicinity, with sev- 
eral fine brick edifices. 

Winslow, Me., Kennebec co. A fine town on 
the Kennebec River, opposite Waterville, with a 
fertile soil and large water power. 18 miles N. 
by E. from Augusta. 

Winston Cowh/^, Mi., c. h. at Louisville. Bound- 
ed N. by Choctaw and Oktibbeha counties, E. by 
Noxubee, S. by Kemper and Neshoba, and W. 
by Atala co. Drained by tributaries of Pearl 
and Tombigbee Rivers. 

Winton, N. C, c. h. Hertford co. This village 
is located on Chowan River, about two miles 
lielow the junction of Meherin and Nottaway 
Rivers. Bv post road 153 miles N.E. from Ra- 
leigh, and 60 N. W. from Norfolk, Va. 

Winterset, lo., c. h. Madison co. 

Winthrop, Me., Kennebec co. 10 miles W. 
from Augusta. It comprises 6 large pouds, the 
outlets to which aflord a good water power 
There are two villages, 4 miles apart, and mani>- 
factories of leather, boots, and shoes. 

Winthrop, Ms., Suffolk co. A now town, taken 
from Chelsea, including Point Shirley, which 
forms Boston Harbor on the N. E. 

Wirt, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Van 
Campen's and Little Genesee Creeks. Surface 
high and undulating; soil chiefly s.andy loam. 
15 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 270 from 
Albany. 

Wirt County, Va. New. Taken from Logan. 
S. W. part. VVatered by the Big Sandy, which 
separates it from Kentucky. Hilly. 

Wirt, Va., c. h. Wirt co. 

Wiscasset, Me., Lincoln co. Wiscasset is a 
shire town and a port of entry, situated on the 
W. side of Sheepscot River. 20 miles from the 
sea, 42 N. E. from Portland, and 10 N. E from 
Bath. 

Wiscasset contains a noble harbor for vessels 
of the largest class ; it is easy of access, and 
seldom obstructed by ice. For many years pre- 
vious to the commencement of the commercial 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



635 



restrictions in 1807, Wiscasset was one of the 
most active and flourishing seaports in Maine. 
During tlie disastrous period whicli followed, 
Wiscasset suS'ered severely in common witli all 
towns largely engaged in navigation. 

Since tlic termination of the war, the town has 
been slowly but safely progressing in wealth and 
prosperity. In addition to its commerce in lum- 
ber and "ship building, tliis place is largely and 
profitably engaged in the fishery, for which pur- 
suit it is admirably located. 

Tlie village of Wiscasset is delightfully sit- 
uated on rising ground, in view of the harbor. 
The court house, churches, stores, and dwelling 
houses are built with taste, and many of them with 
elegance. A more beautiful village is rarely seen. 

Woburn, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was 
granted by the General Court to the town and 
church of Charlestown, in 1640; settled there- 
from early in 1641, and called Charlestown vil- 
lage, lu 1642 it was incorporated under its 
present name. The surface is uneven, and very 
much diversified by hills, dales, and woods. It 
contains several beautiful sheets of water, par- 
ticularly Horn Pond. Middlesex Canal passes 
by the side of the pond, and makes a descent of 
45 feet, by means of three double locks. The 
waters of this and several smaller ponds, after 
furnishing some valuable and well-im])roved wa- 
ter power, fall into Mystic River, through Jlystic 
Pond, in Medford. The soil is various, but gen- 
erally strong and rough ; much of it is fertile, 
and the town contains some beautiful farms. 
Villages have sprung up in various parts. The 
Boston and Lowell Railroad passes from S. to 
N., through the easterly part of the town, from 
which is a branch railroad to Woburn Centre. 
Warren Academy, incorporated in 1828, is de- 
lightfully situated near the centre, on a beautiful 
eminence. 10 miles N. W. by N. from Boston, 
and 16 S. E. from Lowell. 

^Vok^ott, Ct., New Haven co. This is a small 
town, watered by a branch of Naugatuck River. 
The town was incorporated in 1796. The 
territory was formerly a parish in the towns 
of Farmington and Waterbury, and from tliat 
circumstance was called '" Farmingbury.'' The 
lands in Wolcott are elevated, rough, stony, and 
hard to cultivate. One of the highest bills in 
this part of the state lies in this town. It com- 
mands a very extended prospect of Long Island 
Sound and tlie adjacent country. 22 miles N. 
from New Haven. 

]Volcolt, Vt., Lamoille co. Wolcott is well 
watered by Lamoille River, and by Green and 
Wild Branch, its tributaries. Fish Pond, in 
Wolcott, is a pretty piece of water, an<l bears 
an appropriate name. There is some good grain 
land in the town, but most of the lands are tit 
only for pasturage. Wolcott was chartered to 
Joshua Stanton and others, in 1781. 10 miles 
!S. E. from llyde Park, and 37 N. from Mont- 
pclier. 

]\'uljiboro\ N. H., Carroll co. The soil is rocky, 
but ])roductive, and the face of the country level. 
The wood is principally oak and other hard tim- 
ber. The only river is Smith's ; it issues from 
a large pond of the same name, in the S. E. part 
of the town. Near the bridge over Smith's Riv- 
er is a pleasant village. Winnipiseogee Lake lies 
on the S. W. of this town. A steamboat plies 
daily from Alton, 10 miles S., in connection with 
the Cocbeco Railroad terminating there, to accom- 



modate travellers to the Wliite Mountains, for 
whose convenience a fine hotel has been erected 
at Wolfeboro'. The charter of Wolfeboro' was 
granted in 1770. to Governor John Wentworth. 
Mark H. Wentworth, and others. At the foot of 
a hill, near one of the ponds, is a mineral spring. 
The scenery in this town is splendid. First 
settlers, B. Blake, J. Lucas, James Lary, J. Ful- 
lerton, and others. 45 miles N. E. from Con- 
cord, and about 8 S. W. from Ossipec. 

Wood Count!/, O., c. h. at Perrysburg. Lucas 
CO. is on the N., Sandusky and Seneca on the 
E., Hancock on the S., and Henry on the W. 
In February, 1820, the county was organized. 
Tliis county is level, and has an excellent alluvial 
soil, based upon limestone. Black Swamp lies 
mostly in this county, and has been taken for 
farming purposes, as it has a rich, productive soil. 
It has a variety of timber, and iron ore is found 
in abundance. 

Wood County, Va., c. h. at Belleville. Ohio 
River bounds it on the N. W., Tyler co., Va., N. 
E., Louis CO. S. E., and Mason S. W. Little 
Kanawlia River drains it mostly. 

Wvodbridge, Ct., New Haven co. The territory 
of tliis town belonged to the towns of New Haven 
and Milford, and was called the parish of ''Am- 
ity" from 1739 until its incorporation in 1784. 
West River runs on the W. side of West Rock, a 
range of mountains on the eastern border of the 
town. The surface of the town is hilly, but the 
soil is excellent for grazing. 

The regicides Goffe and Whalley had a num- 
ber of places of concealment in the limits of 
Woodbridge, the most noted of which is Hatchet 
Harbor, or the Lodge, near a beautiful spring, in 
a valley, about 7 miles from New Haven. 

Woodbury, Ct., Lit<;hfield co. The settlement 
of this town commenced in the year 1672. It 
was incorporated in 1674. This is a good graz- 
ing township; the soil is generally warm and 
fertile. The village is situated in a pleasant vab 
ley, and watered by a number of small streams, 
which foiTO the Pomperaug. It is surrounded by 
high hills on every side, forming a kind of amphi 
theatre, which renders it strikingly romantic 
The village contains some handsome buildings. 

Bethel Rock, near the village of Woodbury, ii 
about 40 feet in height, and ]irojects over 3 oi 
4 feet, forming a kind of shelter from the wind 
and rain. There is a fine grove near it. This 
spot is frequently visited ; it excites solemn and 
pleasing impressions. 

Woodbury, N. J., c. h. Gloucester co. At the 
head of mivigation, on Woodbury Creek, a l>ranch 
of Delaware Itiver. S. S. W. from Trenton 37 
miles. 

Woodbury, Pa., Bedford co. Drained Ity Yel- 
low Creek and branches, and by the Frankstown 
branch of Juniata River. Surface mountainous, 
containing iron ore ; soil calcareous loam, gravel, 
and slate. 113 miles W. from Harrisburg. 

Woodbury, Te., c. h. Cannon co. 

Woodbury, Vt., Washington co. Woodbury 
was first settled in 1800. The town is watered 
by branches of Winooski and Lamoille Rivers, 
and probably contains a greater immber of pond'* 
than any other town in the slate. The surface 
is rough, but the soil is good for grazing. 15 
miles N. by E. from Montpelier. 

Woodfind County, Is., c. h. at Woodford. Bound 
ed If. by Marshall co., E. iiy Livingston and Mc- 
Lean, S. by McLean and Tazewell counties, and 



636 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TO^TNS, VILLAGES, &c., 



W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Peo- 
ria CO. Drained Ipy Mackinaw River. 

Woodford Coiniti/. Ky., c. h. at Versailles. Ken- 
tucky River is on "the \V., Franklin N. W., Scott 
N. E., Fayette E., ami Jessamine S. E. 

Woodford, Vt., Bennington co. Wooilford 
contains several Iar;;e ponds, from which i>sue 
liranclies of Walloomsack and Deerfield Rivers. 
The greater part of this town is too elevated and 
broken for cnltivation. It is a good location for 
the sportsman. Tiie town began to be settled 
iminediately after the revolutionary war. 7 miles 
E. from Bennington, on the road to Brattleboro'. 

WoodhuU, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by 
Tuscarora Creek. Has an uneven surface, and 
tolerably good soil. 20 miles S. from Bath, and 
225 S. W.from Albany. 

Woodsfcld, 0., c. h. Monroe co. On elevated 
ground, 18 miles from Ohio River, and 117 E. 
from Columbus. 

Woods Hole. Ms., Barnstable co. In the town 
of Falmouth. See Falinoulh. 

Woodstock, Ct., Windham co. The surface of 
the town is characteristically hilly, hut not moun- 
tainous or broken, and comprises very little waste 
land, most or all of the eminences being capable 
of cultivation. The prevailing soil is a deep 
gravelly loam, which is strong and fertile. It is 
liest adapted to grazing. It may be considered 
one of the richest agricultural towns in this part 
of the state. The town is divided into 3 parts, 
Tiz., the old society of Woodstock, West Wood- 
stock or New Roxbury, and Muddy Brook Socie 
ty or North Woodstock. 

The villages of Thompson, North Killingly, 
and Dudley, in Massachusetts, on corresponding 
elevations, are in fair view from the village in 
Old Woodstock. The village of Muddy Brook, 
or North Woodstock, is about 3 miles distant, sit- 
uated in a beautiful valley, through which Muddy 
Brook, a fine mill stream, passes. 

Woodstoch, Me., Oxford co. In part mountain- 
ous, but with some fertile land. 42 miles W. 
from Augusta. 

Woodstocic, N. H., Grafton co. The Pemige- 
wasset passes through the eastern section of this 
town. The three branches of this river unite in 
the N. part of AVoodstoek. There are several 
brooks and rivulets which supply this ])laee with 
a number of mill privileges. The ponds are nu- 
merous. Cushman's Mountain in the S. W., 
Black in the N. W., and Blue in the W., are the 
highest elevations. Among these mountains, 
branches of the Wild Amonoosuck and Baker's 
Rivers, and Moosehillock Brook, have their 
sources. On the last stream is a beautiful cas- 
cade. There are here two springs, which have 
been termed medicinal. This town has some 
fine scenery. First settlers, John Riant and 
others, in i773. 20 miles N. from Plymouth, 
and 62 N. from Concord. 

Woodstock. N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by the 
Saghkill and other branches of Esopus Creek. 
The Catskill Mountains cover most of the sur- 
face ; soil clay, gravel, and loam of indifferent 
quality. 12 miles N. W. from Kingston, and 57 
S. W.'from Albany. 

Woodstock, Vt., c. h. Windsor co. Well watered 
by Quechee River and its branches. The soil is 
generally very fertile, with a pleasant surface of 
hills and vales. AVoodstock Green, so called, is a 
beautiful village. The court hou,se, planned and 
built under the supervision of Ammi B. Young, 



Esq , the architect of the custom house in Boston, 
is one of the most chaste and classical structures 
in New England. The S. village is neat and 
pleasant; it is about 5 miles from the Green. 
Tlie settlement of this town was commenced by 
Mr. James Sanderson, who moved his family 
here about the year 1768. 46 miles S. from 
Montpelier, and l"l N. W. from Windsor. 

Woodstock, Va., c. h. Shenandoah co. About 1 
mile from the W. bank of the N. fork of Shenan- 
doah^ River, and 150 N. N. W. from Richmond. 

Woodvitk, Aa., c. h. Jackson co. 163 miles N. 
E. from Tuscaloosa. 

Woodcille, Mi., c. h. Wilkinson co. 135 miles 
S. W. from Jackson. Connected with the Mis- 
sissippi River by a railroad to St. Francisville, 
29 miles. 

Woodcille, Ts., c. h. Tyler co. 

Woolwich, Me., Lincoln co. Woolwich lies a 
little above Bath, on the E. side of Kennebec 
River. 32 miles S. from Augusta, and 7 W. 
from Wiscasset. It was incorporated in 1759. 
Woolwich has several ponds and small streams, 
and its navigable privileges are valual)lc. 

Woolwich, N. J., Gloucester co. Bounded N. 
W. by the Delaware River, and drained by Pe- 
paups, Little Timber, Raccoon, and Oldman's 
Creeks. Surface level ; soil sandy. 11 miles S. 
W. from Woodbury. 

Woonsockcl Falls, R. I., Providence co. In the 
towns of Smithfield and Cumberland, at the falls 
of Blackstone River, whicli afford a great water 
power. 15 miles N. N. W. from Providence. 
See Smithfield, R. I. 

Wmsler, O., c. h. Wayne co. Oil the forks of 
Killbuck and Apple Creeks, and was named for 
General Wooster, who was killed at Danbury, 
Ct., in the year 1777, during the revolutionary 
war. 6 1 miles S. W. from Cleveland, and 89 N. 
E. from Columbus. 

Worcester County, Md., c. h. at Snow Hill. 
Delaware co. is on the N., the Atlantic Ocean E.. 
eastern shore of Virginia S., and Somerset CO., 
Md., W. The Poeomoke River drains the greater 
part of this county. 

Worcester County, Ms., c. h. at Worcester. 
This county crosses the state from New Hamp- 
shire on the N. to the states of Connecticut and 
Rhode Island on the S. It is bounded W. by 
the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hamp- 
den, and E. by Norfolk and Middlesex counties. 
This is the largest county in the state. Its terri- 
tory is larger than the state of Rhode Island, and 
its population greater than that of the state of 
Delaware. Its surface is rather undulating than 
hilly. Wachusct Mountain is its highest eleva- 
tion. Tlie soil is generally strong, and j^roduces 
all kinds of grain, grasses, fruits, &c., common to 
its climate. Its water power is abundant in 
almost every town, and perhaps in no section of 
New England are the interests of agriculture, 
commerce, and manufactures more completely 
blended, nor can there be found better resources 
for their united support. Its principal rivers arc 
the Blackstone, Quinebaug, Nashua, Ware, ^K1- 
ler's, and Mill. The Blackstone Canal passes 
from the centre of the county to the city of 
Pfovidence, and several important railroads 
pierce the country in various directions, which 
with their various branches, afford a rapid com- 
munication to the capital of the state, and to 
distant towns and cities at the N., the W,, and 
the S. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



637 



Worcester, Ms. City, and scat of justice of 
Worcester co. 44 miles 1)V railroad W. from 
Boston, 54 E. from Siirin<;"ficld, 4.3 N. W. from 
Providence, R. I., anil .59 N. W. from Norwich, 
Ct. Poi.ulation in 1 790. 2095 ; 1 800, 24 1 1 ; 1 8 1 0, 
25T7; 1820, 2966; 1830, 4173; 1840, 7497: 
1850, 17,059. , . . , 

An attempt was made to settle this part ot the 
country as early as 1675, but the hostility of the 
Indians was such as to prevent a permanent set- 
tlement until 1713. The Indians, wlio were 
very numerous, bad towns on Tatnuck and J5oi,'- 
cachoas Hills. They called the ncifjlilionng 
country Quinshiamoml. the name of a lake, or 
Long roiul, whicli skirts the eastern border of 
the town. . 

It is stated that "in 1718 there were m the 
town 58 humble dwelling houses ; some were fur- 
nished with windows of diamond glass, ' while 
others obtained the light '-through the dim 
transparcncv of oiled paper." 

The surfa'ce of the town is pleasantly varied by 
hills and vallevs. The greatest elevation is that 
of Chandler's Hill, 748 feet above the sea, from 
which a fine view of the beautiful country sur- 
roundini' it is presented. The soil is various, and 
suited to the cultivation of all the grains, grasses, 
vegetables, fruits, and flowers common to a New 
Eiigland climate, ami the uncommon enterprise 
aniT skill displayed in the cultivation of the soil 
have covered tlie face of this section of the state 
Willi beauty and abundance. 

Worcester was originally very large, including 
the territory of some of the surrounding towns. 
Its present boundaries are N. by Holden and 
West Boylston, E. by Shrewsbury, S. by Mill- 
bury and Auburn, and W. by Leicester and 
Paxton. A numlicr of the streams which fonn 
the head waters of tlie Blackstone meet in this 
town, and furnish a considerable water power. 

The central situation of Worcester, both in re- 
gard to the county and the st^te, the fertility of 
Us soil, and tliat of the surrounding country, the 
salubrity of its climate, and the industry, intelli- 
gence, a'nd wealth of its people, have long since 
entitled it to the honor of being called the chief 
town in the " heart of the commonwealth." 

The city of Worcester is delightfully situated, 
in a valley, surrounded by hills of gentle acclivity. 
It has long been one of the most flourishing 
places in the interior of New England, and by the 
enterprise and wealth of its inhabitants, without 
the natural advantage of any navigable stream, it 
early became tlie mart of a large and prosperous 
business, giving it very much the appearance of a 
commercial town. It has taken an enlightened 
and timelv interest in every form of internal im- 
provemeiit whi»h has arisen, for the purpose of 
overcotning the natural disadvantage of its in- 
terior location, and facilitating its communication 
with the seaboard, and every part of tlic country. 
The greatest of these enterprises, before railroads 
were introduced, was that of the Blackstone Ca- 
nal opening the navigation for boats to the tide 
waters at Providence, R. I. But all other means 
of comniunicatitm and business, even the great 
navigalile rivers themselves, are now in a measure 
supcr.-cdcd by that which the railroad supplies. 
Of these Worcester has become a great central 
point. We have given above the direction and 
distance to the important seaports of Boston, 
Providence, and Norwich, with each of which 
Worcester is connected by railroads ; and also to 



Springfield, which is on the Western Railroad 
from Worcester to Albany, at the i)oiiit ot its in- 
tersection with the great chain of railroads rnn- 
nin" through the Connecticut valley trom Canada 
to New York. On the N. from Worcester there 
are two railroads, one connecting at Fitcbburg 
witli the roads E., W., and N. from tliat place and 
the other eMending to meet the great Northern 
Railroad at Nashua, N. H.. and connecting at an 
intermediate point with roads running through 
Lowell and Lawrence, and thcnee to Portland, 
Mc. Worcester is thus made one of the greatest 
thoroughfares of travel in New England and an 
eligible seat of manufacturing and other business 
operations. . 

There are manv handsome streets m Worcester, 
but the most elegant, as well as the most impor- 
tant, is Main Street, which is about a mile and a 
half in length, straight, broad, and shaded with 
manv beautiful trees. On tliis street are the prm- 
ciiiaf retail stores, the banks, the largest hotels, 
the court house, the city hall, and three or lour 
handsome houses of pulilic worship. There are 
likewise, on both sides of this street, some of the 
most splendid private mansions in New England. 
The ground rises rapidly immediately \. . ot 
Main Street, and aff'ords a beautifully-elevated site 
for all tliat portion of the city which extends in 
that direction. E. of Main Street the ground falls 
awav more gradually to the small stream which 
winds its way tlirough the bottom of the valley, 
and rises again on the opposite side, swelling in 
the northern part into the beautiful lull on which 
the State Lunatic Asvlum is situated. Towards 
the S. part of the citv there is a spacious gaeen, 
opening E. from Main Street, on winch stands the 
large and venerable meeting house of the hrst 
church, whieli is now known as the (Jld South in 
Worcester. Fronting upon the N. side ot the green 
another liandsomc church edihce, and a third, 
beauiifuUv situated, opposite the casterii end. 
Nearly all' the leading denominations ot Christians 
are provided with good houses of ]jublic worship. 
The hall of the American Antbiuarian Society 
is a handsome edifice, on Main Street, erected in 
1820, at a cost of about SI 0,000, to contain the 
uniciue and interesting library and antiquities of 
the society. It consists of a central edihee, 50 
feet bv 40. and two stories high, with wings each 20 
by 28' feet, also two stories high This important 
society, and its valuable library, owe their origin 
to the' sagacious foresight, generosity, and public 
spirit of Isaiah Thomas, LL. 1). Mr. Thomas 
was the father of New England printers. He pub- 
lished, in 1775, the first newspaper in Worcester, 
and, a few years later, the first English Bible in 
America. He was a gentleman of great patriot- 
ism and liberalitv. His donation to this library 
consisted of 3000 volumes, of his own careful 
selection. This institution is open freely to the 
public, and is visited by great numbers from every 
l)art of the country. 

The State Lunatic Asvlum has very extensive 
buildings, bcautifullv situated on an eminence 
eastward of the city, and surronmled by extensive 
and highlv-ornamentcd grounds. The W. front 
consists of a spacious centre building, 4 stories 
high, with wings of 3 stories. The other sides of 
the square are complctelv enclosed by the build- 
ings of the establishment. Those on the N. and 
S.' sides correspond in size and structure with the 
wings in front, and are 134 feet in length. I ho 
plan and arrangements of this noble institution 



638 



COUNTIES, CITIES. TOWNS. VILLAGES, &.C., 



are excellent thion^hoiit. rendering it a model for 
some of tiiose wliich liave been more recently 
built in other states. It is in place to remark 
here, that "Worcester is extremely well suited to 
the sanitary inirpose.s of such an institution, from 
the great salubrity of its climate. It is almost en- 
tirely exempt from those chilling easterly winds 
which so much prevail at certain seasons of the 
year on the Atlantic coast. 

The Roman Catholic College of the Holy 
Cross has a fine location upon a rounded hill, 
about a mile and a half S. W. of the city. See 
CoUefjes. 

Two other institutions or academies of the 
higher class, one for males, and the other for fe- 
males, are situated, about the same distance, more 
directly W. of tlie city. The public and private 
schools, and other literary institutions in Worces- 
ter are of a high order. In no part of New Eng- 
land is education more honored and cherished than 
here. 

There are several public houses in Worcester, 
which are among the best in the country, de- 
manded and sustained by the vast amount of 
travel which comes to the city. An abundance 
of pure soft water is brought in by an aqueduct 
from the neighboring hills, for the supply of these 
establishments, and of the inhabitants generally. 

The manufactures of Worcester are important, 
and of great variety, including cotton and wool- 
len fabrics to a large amount, carpetings, both of. 
wool and cotton, paper, wire, castings, machinery, 
carriages and railroad cars, brass and tin wares, 
musical instruments, hats, straw bonnets, shoes, 
harnesses, and numerous other articles. In these 
departments of industry a large amount of capi- 
tal is employed, and great ingenuity and activity 
are displayed. 

This place presents a striking example of what 
railroads have done, and will continue to do, in 
favor of tlie growth and prosperity of hundreds 
of other places in our country similarly situated. 
Before the railroad between Boston and Worces- 
ter went into operation, the freight on a ton of 
merchandise was SIO, and the time of transporta- 
tion two days ; now it is $2, and the time three 
hours. It is obvious that by this means much of 
our trade and commerce will be transferred from 
the seaboard to such convenient points in the in- 
terior where real estate and the means of living 
generally can be obtained at a much lower cost. 
Our commercial cities on the coast, instead of 
continuing to be chiefly rivals to each other, have 
now much more to fear from the springing up of 
such places as these, in the tendency there is 
to make them merely deposits of merchandise 
for the country, rather than, as heretofore, its ex- 
clusive marts of trade. 

Worcester, N. Y., Otsego co. Charlotte River 
and some of its branches water this town. Sur- 
face hilly ; soil favorable to the growth of grass 
and grain. 14 miles S. E. from Cooperstown, 
and .56 S. of W. from Albany. 

Worcester, Vt., Washington co. A branch of 
Winooski River gives this to^vn a good water 
power, which is used for various purposes. Much 
of this township is mountainous ; but there is 
some good land along the stream, and the high 
lands afford good pasturage for cattle. The set- 
tlement was commenced in 1797, by George 
Martin and John Ridlan, emigrants from Kenne- 
bec, Me. The town was organized March 3, 
803. 8 miles N. from Montpelier. 



Wortliinijlon. Ms., Hampshire co. This town- 
ship occuities an elevated situation near the cen- 
tre of the Green Mountain range, upon its east- 
ern declivity. The waters arc discharged into 
the Connecticut by the Westfield River, the prin- 
cipal branch of which washes the S. W. bounda- 
ry of the town, and other branches pass through 
the middle and N. E. parts. It is one of the 
best townships of land in this vicinity ; the sur- 
face is handsome and pleasant, and much of the 
soil rich and productive. 107 miles W. from 
Boston, and 18 E. from Pittsfield. 

Worihinejton. 0,, in Sharon township, Franklin 
CO. 9 miles N. from Columbus. This pleasant 
and thriving town stands on the left bank of the 
Whetstone River, which is the E. fork of the 
Scioto. The township to which it belongs was 
settled by the Scioto Company, formed in Gran- 
by, Ct., in 1801, and embracing 40 associates, to 
which number the company was limited by its 
articles. This number was filled up by persons 
from the counties of Hartford and Litchfield, Ct., 
and Hampshire and Berkshire, Ms. Their reg- 
ulations, requiring the immediate establishment 
of public worship, and of a school for their chil- 
dren, were strictly adhered to. The first year of 
their enterprise saw 100 settlers in their new 
home. Their first 4th of July was celebrated in 
an original and novel manner. 17 gigantic trees, 
equal to the then existing number of the states 
in the Federal Union, having previously been 
cut so that a few blows of the axe would fell 
them to the ground, were made at sunrise, in lieu 
of ordnance, to thunder in successive peals 
through the resounding wilderness their national 
salute. 

Worthington is handsomely laid out, with 10 
streets extending N. and S., parallel to each 
other, and to the general course of the river, and 
7 E. and W. It is neatly built, the greater part 
both of the private and public structures being 
of brick. There arc churches here of several de- 
nominations ; also a classical academy, of high 
repute, and a flourishing female seminary. Colo- 
nel James Kilboume, who, as pioneer and agent of 
the Scioto Company, located their purchase, and 
afterwards laid out this town, it is said con- 
structed t\\&Jirst map of the state of Ohio. 

Wretitham, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was a 
part of Dedham until its incorporation, in 1673. 
It was first settled about the year 16G7, and was 
named after a town in England. Its Indian 
name was Wollonopange. The surface is ])leas- 
antly diversified by hills and valleys. Joe's Rock 
Hill and Red Brush Hill are the most elevated 
grounds. The soil is generally of a good qual- 
ity. From the high lands, and a large and beau- 
tiful pond, called by the Indiaif name pf the 
town, branches of the Charles and Ncponset rise. 
These streams, though not large, afl'ord the town 
an excellent hydraulic power. There is a curi- 
ous cavern in the town, called " Wampum's 
Rock." Eagle Factory village, Shepardsville, 
the village near the centre of the town, and the 
one in the N. part, are all pleasant villages. 27 
miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 16 N. from 
Providence. 

Wriciht Coimli/. Mo., c. h. at Hartville. Bound- 
ed N. by Camden and Pulaski counties, E. by 
Texas co., S. by Oiark and Taney, and W. by 
Green and Dallas counties. Drained by tho 
head branches of Gasconade River. 

Wrightsviile, Pa., York co. On the W bank 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



639 



of Siisquchamia River. 31 miles from Ilarvis- 
biirg. A briil>.'e ,5690 feet in length connects tins 
place with C'ulunihia, on the opposite side of the 
river. It is connected by railroad with York, 
Gettvsbm-g. Baltimore, and Philadelphia. 

\\''i/aliisinij. Pa., Bradford eo. This town lies 
adjacent to and includes the mouth of Wyalu- 
sing Creek. 50 miles N. W. from Wilkesbarre, 
and 30 S. W. by W. from Montrose. 

Wi/oining County, N. Y., c. h. at "Warsaw. 
Formed from Genesee co. in 1841. It is bound- 
ed N. by Genesee, E. by Livingston, S. by Alle- 
ghany and Cattaraugus, and W. by Erie co. Its 
principal waters are Silver Lake, Allen's, Tona- 
wanda, and Cattaraugus Creeks, and the Gene- 
see Kivor. wliich courses its S. E. corner. Sur- 
face unilulating ; soil well adapted to grass and 
grain, and in the valleys of the streams remark- 
ably fertile. 

Wijoniing Count!/, Pa., c. h. at Tunkhannock. 
Formed from Luzerne co. in 1 .?4 1 , and is bounded 
N. by Susquehanna co.. E. and S. by Luzerne, 
and W. by Lycoming and Bradford counties 
Drained by Susquehanna Kivcr and branches. 

M'l/oiniiig, Pa. See ]Vilf:€sltarre. 

]\ ijoniinq Couuti/,Y-A. New. Taken from Lo- 
gan. S. W. part. Includes the upper waters of 
the Guyandotte and Sandy Kivcrs. iVIountainous. 

\Vi/the County. Va., c. h. at Wytlieville. This 
county occupies the countrv- between tlie head wa- 
ters of Tennessee and Great Kanawlia. It is 
bounded by Gravson S. E. and S., Washington 
S. W., Tazewell N. W., and Giles and Mont- 
gomery N. E. 

Wijihei-iUe, Va., c. h. Wythe co. 

Xenia, 0., Xenia township, c. h. Green co. A 
pleasant town, situated on Sliawnee Creek. 3 
miles from the Little Miami River. It is sur- 
rounded by a higlily cultivated, fertile country. 

Yalobusha County, Mi., c. h. at Coffeeville. 
Bounded N. by Ponola and Lafayette counties, 
E. by Cliickasaw. S. by Choctaw and Carroll, and 
W. by Tallahatchee CO. Drained by the Yala- 
busha Uiver and brandies. 

Yam Uilt County, On., c. h. at La Fayette. 
Between the Willamette and the coast. 

Yaticey County, N. C, c. h. at Burnsville. Bound- 
ed W. and N. by the Stone Mountains, whicli 
separate it from Tennessee, and by Ashe CO., E. by 
Caldwell, Burke, and McDowell counties, and S. 
by Buncombe co. Drained by the Nolaehucky 
River and its branches. This county contains 
the higliest land in the United States E. of the 
Rocky Mountains, Black Mountain being ele- 
vated 6476 feet above the ocean. Copperas is 
found here. 

Yancryfilk, Va., Louisa co., lies 14 miles N. 
from Caroline Court House, and 60 N. W. from 
Richmond. 

Yarmouth, Me., Cumberland co. A pleasant 
town on Casco Bay. 10 miles N. of Portland, 
with which it is connected by the Portland and 
Montreal Railroad, and 42 S. E. from Augusta. 
There is a fine stream of water, on which is a pa- 
per mill and other manufactories. It was for- 
merly called North Yarmouth. 

Yarmoutli, Ms., Barnstable co., was first settled 
in the year 1637. It was called Mattaclicesd, or 
Muttackeest, by the Indians. It was incorporated 
as a towni in 1639. The soil in many parts is 
quite productive. There are large tracts of salt 



meadow in the town, which is very valuable. 
German's Hill, 136 feet above the sea, is the 
highest land in the town. Yarmouth extends 
across Cape Cod, and has good harliors on each 
side of it, of ample depth of water for fishing and 
coasting vessels. In this town are a number of 
large and beautiful ponds, of pure and soft fresh 
water. From one of these ponds issues Bass 
River, atlbrding a small water power ; at its 
mouth is a good harbor. The government of the 
United States have recently erected a breakwater 
for its protection. There are a number of pleas- 
ant villages in this town : those called Yarmouth, 
Yarmouth Port, South Yarmouth, and West 
Yarmouth are the most im|)ortant. The second 
tempei'ancc society ever established was organized 
in Yarmouth, in 1817. a short time after the es- 
tablishment of that in Boston, which was the first 
in the world. In and about the numerous ponds 
and large salt meadows, in this town and Barn- 
statile, are found an abundance of fowl and fish 
in their season. Yarmouth Port lies 4 miles E. 
from Barnstable, and 69 S. E. from Boston. 

Yates County, N. Y., c. h. at Milo. Formed 
from Ontario in 1823. It is bounded N. by On- 
tario CO., E. by Seneca Lake, S. by Steuben, and 
W. by Steuben and Ontario counties. Surface 
pleasantly diversified ; soil various, but mostly 
very fertile. This county contains an inflamma- 
ble gas, a sulphur, and a salt spring. Seneca 
and Crooked Lakes lie parti}- within its limits, 
and are united by the outlet ami Crooked Lake 
Canal. It is also watered on the N. W. by Can- 
andaigna Lake. 

Yatfs, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by John- 
son's Creek and other small streams flowing into 
Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Sur- 
face level : soil sandy and clav loam. 12 miles 
N. from Albion, and" 267 N. of AV. from Albany. 

Yell County, As., c. h. at Danville. Bounded 
N. by Johnson and Pope counties, E. by Perry, 
S. by Montgomeiy, and W. by Scott co. Drained 
by the Petite Jean, La Fevc, and other branches 
of the Arkansas River, wliieli runs on its N. E. 
boundary. 

Yofikers, N. Y., Westchester eo. Watered on 
the E. by Bronx and Saw Mill Rivers, and 
bounded on the W. by the Hudson. Surface 
somewhat rough and uneven ; soil clay and 
sandy loam. 10 miles S. W. from White Plains, 
and 130 S. from Alb.any. 

York County, Me., c. h. at Alfred. In the S. W. 
corner of the state. Watered by the Salmon 
Falls on its W. border, and the Saco on the E. 
The soil is hard and rocky, yet with some good 
land; surface rough and uneven, with occasional 
mountains. Tlie seacoast is without harljors, 
except two or three inferior ones. Tlie railroad 
from Boston to Portland jiasses through it, i)ar- 
allel with the coast. 

York, Me., c. h. York co. This is an ancient 
maritime town, on the coast lietwecn Kittery and 
Wells. It is bounded W. by South Berwick 
This was for many years the shire town, and the 
place of holding the courts and keeping the 
records for the whole province, until the counties 
of Cumberland and Lincoln were set ofi' in 1760. 

York has a court house and jail, but all the 
county courts have been, within a few years past, 
removed to Alfred. The principal harbor is 
York River, about 6 miles from I'ortsmouth, N. 
H., with water sufficient for vessels from 200 to 
300 tons' burden. The entrance, however, is dif 



640 



COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. 



ficult, being narrow and crooked. The other 
harbor is Cape Ncddock, aliout 4 miles N. E. of 
the former, navifjable about a mile from the sea 
at full tides only ; it having a sand bar at its 
month sufficient to prevent vessels of any consid- 
erable burden passing at low water. 

The settlement of tliis place began about the 
year 1630. It was then called Agamenticus, 
(see AfiamenticiK,) from a mountain of tliat name 
in the N. part of the town. This town was nearly 
destroyed by the Indians and French in 1692, who, 
coming on snowshoes, surprised the unwary in- 
habitants at early morning. 45 miles S.W. from 
Portland, and 9 N. by E. from Portsmouth, N. H. 

York, Mn., Washtenaw co. 46 miles W. from 
Detroit. 

York, N. Y., Livingston co. On the W. side of 
the Genesee River, and drained by two or three of 
its tributaries. Surface pretty level, sloping to- 
wards the river; soil very fertile, producing fine 
crops of grain. 7 miles N. W. from Genesee, and 
237 N. of W. from Albany. 

Yoric Count!/, Pa., c. h. at York. Maryland is on 
the S. of this county, Adams co., Pa., W., Cum- 
berland CO. N. W., and Susquehanna River N. E. 
It is principally drained by Conewago and Co- 
dorus Creeks. It has a varied soil and hilly 
surface. 

York; Pa., c. h. York co. Situated on both 
sides of Codorus Creek. The village is laid out 
on a plain, with streets at right angles to each 
other, and contains the county buildings, jail, 
academy, and almshouse. 21 miles S. W. by W. 
from Lancaster, and 1 1 nearly W. from Columbia, 
on the Susquehanna. It is connected by rail- 
road with Baltimore and Philadelphia. 

York Haven, Pa., York co. Situated opposite 
Portsmouth, on the W. side of Susquehanna River, 
below Conewago Palls, and 14 miles S. from 
Harrisburg. 

York Sulphur S/vings, Pa.. Adams co. S. from 
Carlisle 1.5, and from Harrisburg 21 miles. The 
springs at this place have valuable properties, 
and are provided with good accommodations for 
visitors. 

York District, S. C, Yorkville chief town. This 
district is bounded by Lincoln and Rutherford 
counties, N. C, N., Catawba River, or Lancaster 
district, E., Chester S., and Broad River, or Union 
and Spartanburg districts, S. W. 

Ymk Count!/, Va., e. h. at York. Y'ork River 
bounds this county on the N. and N. E., Eliza- 
beth City and Warwick counties S., and James 
city CO. S. W. and N. W. 

Yorkshire, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by 
Cattaraugus C^reek and some of its branches. 
This is mostly a level town, with a fertile soil. 
15 miles N. E. from Ellicottville, and 274 W. from 
Albany. 

Yorktou:n, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered by 
Croton River and several small ponds. Surface 
hilly and mountainous in the N. part ; soil mostly 
of good quality. 16 miles N. from White Plains, 
and 117 S. from Albany. 

Yorkloum,Va..e.h York co. Port of entry. 70 
miles E. S. E. from Richmond. It is on the S. 
side of York River, opposite Gloucester. This 
place is memorable as the scene of the surren- 
der of Lord Cornwallis, October 19, 1781. The 
place of surrender was on the S. side of the road 
to Hampton, about half a mile E. of the town. 
The Moore House, on Temple Farm, yet stand- 
ng on the banks of the river, about a mile below 



Yorktown, is memorable as the house in which 
Lord Cornwallis signed the articles of capitula- 
tion. Various other localities of special interest 
are pointed out as being connected with this im- 
portant event, by which the war of the American 
revolution was brought to a successful close. 

Yorktown was incorporated in 1705, and was 
once a flourishing village, with considerable com- 
merce. The Swan Tavern here is said to be the 
oldest in Virginia. There are now not more than 
40 or 50 dwellings, many of which are going 
rapidly to decay. On the banks of its beautiful 
river stands the ruins of an old church, built 150 
years ago, and burned by the great fire in 1814 
There are also, on what is called the Temple 
Farm, many old ruins indicating the site of an 
ancient settlement. 

Yorkville, N. Y., New York co. On the Haerlera 
Railroad. 5 miles N. from the City Hall. See 
Neiv York Citi/. 

Yorkville, S. C, c. h. York district. On a 
branch of JJroad River. 79 miles N. by W. from 
Columbia. 

York Count!], Ca., c. h. at Fremont. Between 
the W. bank of the Sacramento and the coast 
range of mountains. 

Younqsville, Pa., Warren co. A village by post 
road .'128 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 

Ypsitanti, Mn., Washtenaw co. On both sides 
of Huron River, and also drained by Stony 
Creek. 30 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 

Yuba County, Ca., c. h. at Marysville. B. of 
Feather River, on the slope of the mountains. 

Zaneafield, 0., Logan co. The 1 1 th of October, 
1819, this town was laid out. It took its name 
from the original propi'ictor, Isaac Zane. It lies 
near the source of JIad River, 47 miles N. W. 
from Columbus, and 5 S. E. from Bcllefontaino. 

Zmesville, O. Shire town of JNIuskingura co. 
On the E. side of Muskingum River, opposite 
the entrance of the Licking River. 54 miles E. 
of Columbus, and about SO miles from Marietta, 
by the course of the Muskingum, or 65 miles by 
land. It is on the national road, which hero 
crosses the Muskingum. 74 miles W. from 
Wheeling. 

At the point where Zanesville is located, the 
river sweeps round a kind of horseshoe curve, 
embosoming the town, and sep.arating it from the 
villages of West Zanesville, which lies opposite, 
above the mouth of the Licking. South Zanes- 
ville, immediately below, and Putnam, still farther 
down. A fine bridge connects Zanesville with 
Putnam ; and another, about half a mile above, 
is thrown over from Zanesville main street to a 
point in the river where the bridge forks : one of 
the branches connecting with South Zanesville, 
on the route of the national road, and the other 
connecting with West Zanesville. In its course 
round this curve, through a distance of about a 
mile and three (juartors, the Muskingum falls 8 
or 10 feet, which, by the aid of a d.mi, gives a 
fall of over 16 feet; thus furnishing a very exten- 
sive water power for hydraulic purposes. There 
is also a considerable water power on the Licking 
River. Besides these extensive facilities for busi- 
ness, there is an abundant supply of bituminous 
coal in the hills which surround Zanesville, ren- 
dering the employment of steam power cheaply 
and easily available. 

The principal manufacturing establishments at 
Zanesville, including those located at South and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



641 



West Zancsville and Putnam, are iron foimdcries, 
flouring mills, glass works, woollen factories, oil 
mills, paper mills, saw mills, machine shops, &c. ; 
besides which there are numerous other establish- 
ments of less magnitude. 

There are several printing offices in Zanesville, 
fiom which are issued 4 or 5 weekly newspapers. 
This place has as man}* as 12 or 15 churches, of 
different denominations, some of which have 
large and beautiful houses of worshij>. Much 
attention is given to the subject of education. 
The founder of the settlement, Jolin Melntire, 
left a large estate to found and sustain a school 
for the benefit of the poor. This school has a 
tine brick building. Besides this there are two 
large buildings for schools of the highest class, 
one for males and one for females, provided by the 
town. There is also an excellent female seminary 
in Putnam, the advantages of which are scarcely 
less available for the inhabitants of Zanesville 
than for the beautiful village where it is located. 
Indeed, these two places, being only separated by 
the river, are, in many respects, virtually one 
community ; although the settlement on the l*ut- 
nam side, having been chiclly commenced by 
New Englanders, has more the character and ap- 
pearance of a New England village. 

Zanesville is abundantly supplied with pure 
water, for use in the dwellings, and for extinguish- 
ing fires, by an aqueduct, constructed at a cost to 
the town of about $42,000. The water is raised 
by a powerful forcing pump from the river into a 
reservoir on a hill IGOieet high, and is thence dis- 
tributed by about 7 miles of iron pipe through- 
out the place. The reservoir has a capacity of 
81 



7.50,000 gallons, creating ahead suflicient to throw 
the water, through hose applied to tlie hydrants, 
above the highest buildings. 

For a place not yet enjoying the advant.ages 
of railroad.s, Zanesville is well situated in respect 
to communication with other parts of the country. 
The national road, a fine Macadamized turnpike 
bnilt by the United States government, to con- 
nect the Atlantic States with the Mississippi val- 
ley, commences at Cumberland, at the eastern 
foot of the Alleghany Mountains, crosses over 
the mountains westward, to Wliecling, Va., and 
crossing the Ohio Kivcr by the celebrated wire 
suspension bridge, passes through Zanesville, and 
thence onward through the centre of the state. 
On this great road there is always an immense 
travel. The Muskingum, by dams, locks, and 
short canals, is rendered navigable for steamboats 
from its mouth to Dresden, lij miles above Zanes- 
ville ; where is a navigable side c\it, of about 24 
miles, to the Ohio Canal ; through which com- 
munication is had S. through the interior of the 
state, W. by a connecting canal to Pittsburg, and 
N. to Cleveland, on Lake Eric. One or more 
steamboats ran regularly from Zanesville to Dres- 
den, and others of larger size ply on the Mus- 
kingum and Ohio Kivers, between this place and 
Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and New Orleans. 

Z'hulon, As., c. h. Pike co. 

Z>'lnilon, Ga., c. h. Pike co. 

Zonr, 0., Tuscarawas co. A German settlement 
on the E. side of Tuscarawas River. 120 miles 
N. E. from Columbus. A peculiarly neat and 
pleasant village, and much visited by strangers 
for its fine garden of exotics 



TABLE 



of tlie latitude and loiicitude of some of the most important places in the United Slates ; also of tlie most considerable 
places in the British Provinces, Mexico, and the West India Islands, and of some of the principal marts for American com- 
merce in Europe and 8outh America. All the places are in N. latitude, except those marked S. ; and all in VV. longi- 
lude, except those marked E. The Observatory, in England, from which longitude is taken, is at Greenwich, 5 miles 
E. from London. For the latitude and longitude of the capitals of the states and territories, see p. 2ti2. 



Amherst, Ms 

Amsterdam, Holland 

Annapolis, N. S 

Auburn, N. Y 

Augusta, Ga 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Batavia, N. Y 

Bath, Me 

Beaufort, S. C 

Bennington, Vt 

Bermuda Island, N. part... . 

Brattleboro', Vt 

Brunswick, Me 

Buenos Ayrcs, S. A 

Buffalo.K. Y 

Burlington, Vt 

Burlington, N. J 

Cadi2, Spain 

Cambridge, Ms 

Camden, S. C 

Canandaigua, N. Y 

Cape Ann, Ms 

Cape Cod, Ms 

Castine, Me 

Chagres, S. A 

Charlottetomi, P. E. Island 

Chicago, Is 

Cincinnati, O 

Cleveland, 

Constantinople, Turk, in Eu. 

Copenhagen, Denmark 

Copper Harbor, L. Sup., Mn. 

Dayton, O 

Detroit, Mn 

Dover, N. H 

Dunkirk, N. Y 

Easton, Md 

Eastport, Me 

Edenton, N. C 

Frederick, Md 

Fredericksburg, A'a 

Fredericton, N. B 

Georgetown, S. C 

Gibraltar, Spain 

Greenfield, Ms 

Hagerstown, Md 

Halifax, N. S 

Havanna, Cuba 

Havre de Grace, France 

Holmes Hole, Ms 

Horn, Cape 

Hudson, N. Y 

Hudson, O 

Huntsville, Aa 

Key West, Fa 

Kingston, Canada 

Kingston, Jamaica 

Kno-xville, Te 

Lancaster, Pa 

Lexington, Ky 

I jma, S. A 

Lisbon, Portugal 

Liverpool, England 

Lockport, N. Y 

London, England 

Louis^■ille, Ky 

Lowell, Ms 

Lynchburg, Va 

Lynn, Ms 

Machias Bay, Me 

Marblehead, Ms 

Memphis, Te 

Mexico, capital 

Middletown, Ct 

Milwaukie, Wn 



Latitude. 



42 22 

52 23 
44 47 
42 .55 

33 28 

39 17 
44 48 

42 59 

43 55 
32 26 
42 42 

32 22 

42 52 

43 53 

34 35 S. 
42 53 

44 27 

40 5 
36 32 
42 23 

34 17 
42 54 
42 38 
42 .2 
42 23 

9 20 

46 15 
42 
39 6 

41 31 

41 1 
55 41 

47 23 
39 4-1 

42 24 

43 13 
42 2-5 

38 46 

44 54 

39 
39 24 

38 34 
46 3 

33 21 

36 7 
42 35 

39 37 
44 39 

23 9 
49 29 

41 27 
55 58 S. 

42 14 

41 15 

34 36 

24 32 
44 8 

18 1 

35 59 

40 3 
38 6 
12 3 S. 
38 42 

53 25 

43 U 
51 31 
38 3 

42 39 

37 30 
42 28 

44 33 

42 30 

35 15 

19 26 

41 33 

43 4 



Longitude. 


O 1 

72 31 


4 53E. 


65 50 


76 28 


81 54 


76 38 


68 47 


78 13 


69 49 


80 41 


73 


64 28 


72 27 


69 55 


58 31 


78 55 


73 10 


74 53 


6 17 


71 8 


80 33 


77 17 


70 35 


70 4 


68 45 


80 


63 7 


.87 35 


84 27 


81 46 


28 55 E. 


12 35 E. 


87 49 


84 11 


82 S8 


70 54 


79 15 


76 8 


66 56 


77 7 


77 IS 


77 38 


66 45 


79 17 


6 19 


72 37 


77 35 


63 37 


82 14 


7E. 


70 37 


67 21 


73 46 


81 25 


86 57 


81 48 


76 40 


76 33 


83 54 


76 21 


84 18 


77 7 


9 8 


2 59 


78 46 


5 37 


85 30 


71 19 


79 22 


70 57 


VJ"^ 


70 51 


90 


99 5 


72 39 


87 57 



Mobile, Aa 

Montevideo, S. A 

jSIontreal. Canada 

Mount Washington, N. H... 

Nantucket, Ms 

Naples, Italy 

Natchez, Mi 

Newark, N. J 

New Bedford, Ms 

Newbern, N. C 

Newburyport, Ms 

Newcastle, De 

New London, Ct 

Newport, R. I 

New York citj' 

Niagara, Fort 

Nobsque Point, Ms 

Norfolk, Va 

Northampton, Ms 

Norwich, Ct 

Ogdensburg, N. Y 

Oswego, N. Y 

Panama, S. A 

Paris, France 

Pensacola, Fa 

Pernambuco, S. A 

Petersburg, Va 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Pictou, N. S 

Pittsburg, Pa 

Pittsfield, Ms 

Plattsburg, N. Y 

PljTnouth, Ms 

Port au Prince, Hayti 

Portland, Me 

Portsmouth, N. H 

Poughkcepsie, N. Y 

Princeton, N. J 

Quebec, Canada 

Kochcster, N. Y 

Rutland, Vt 

Sable, Cape, N. S 

Sable, Cape, Fa 

Sackett's Harbor, N. Y 

Saco, Me 

Salem, Ms 

San Francisco, Ca 

Savannah, Ga 

Springfield, Ms 

St. Anthony's Falls, on the 

Mississippi 

St. Augustine, Fa 

St. John, N. B 

St. Johns, Newfoundland... 

St. Louis, Mo , , . 

St. Petersburg, Russia 

Stockholm, Sweden 

Toronto, or York, Canada.... 

Troy, N. Y 

University of Virginia 

Utica, N.Y 

Vandalia, Is 

Vera Cniz, Mexico 

Vevay, la 

Vincennes, la 

Washington, D. C 

Washington, Mi 

West I'oint, N. Y 

^ilieeling, A'a 

Williamsto^^^l, Ms 

Wilmington, De 

Wihnington, N. C 

Worcester, Ms 

York, Me 

York, Pa 

Yorktown, Ya 



Latitude. 



30 42 

34 55 S. 
45 31 

41 17 
40 50 
•31 34 

40 45 

41 38 

35 20 

42 49 

39 40 
41 22 
41 2.5 

40 43 

43 14 

41 31 

36 51 

42 19 

41 33 

44 41 

43 28 
8 59 

48 51 

30 24 

8 13 S. 

37 14 

39 57 

45 51 

40 32 

42 27 

44 42 

41 .57 

18 40 

43 40 
43 5 

41 41 

40 21 

46 49 
43 8 
43 37 
43 26 
24 50 
43 55 

43 31 

42 31 

37 30 
32 5 

42 6 

44 15 
29 49 

45 20 

47 32 

38 37 
59 56 
59 21 

43 40 

42 44 
38 2 

43 7 
38 50 

19 12 
38 46 
38 43 

38 54 

31 36 

41 24 
40 7 

42 43 

39 41 
34 11 

42 10 

43 10 
39 58 
37 13 



DESCRIPTIONS 



MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, 
AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. 



*^* We have thought proper to place in a separate chapter the most important places of public 
resort, curiosity, and entertainment, which persons travelling, and seeking health or pleasure, are 
desirous of bringing readily under their notice. This we have done for greater convenience of reference, 
as they must otherwise have been sought promiscuously throughout the entire work ; and likewise for 
the purpose of giving more particular details of description, in many cases, than would be suitable to the 
general brevity with which the great majority of towns, villages, &c., must be noticed. 

There are, of course, very many places of the same class with those included in this chapter, but of 
less consequence, which are briefly described in connection with the towns where they are situated. These, 
being known in their own immediate neighborhood, will naturally be referred to under the localities 
where they belong. Such is the progress of the country, however, that it will not be thought strange if 
some of these, and others yet unknown, should soon become as important as any which have been 
here described 



ASCUTNEY MOUNTAIN, VT. 
From the summit of Ais lofty mountain, on 
the rij.'ht bank of the Coanecticut, near tlie beau- 
tiful town of Windsor, is presented one of the 
richest and most variegated landscapes in New 
England. See Mountai)is,&c.. p. 168. 

AVON SPRINGS, N. V., 
Are situated in the Genesee valley, about 20 
miles S. from Rochester, and 25 from Canandai- 
gua. The village is delightfully situated about 
half a mile E. of the Genesee River, on a terrace 
elevated about 100 feet above its banks, command- 
in;,' an extensive prospect of its fertile valley and 
the adjacent country. This place is becoming 
more and more a place of resort for persons de- 
siring' the l)eneiit of its medicinal waters, which 
are found peculiarly efficacious in disorders of the 
digestive organs, riieumatisra, and gout, all sorts 
of cutaneous aftections, and in every kind of oi)- 
struetion of the alimentary system. The springs 
are on the S. W. of the village. The two most 
valuable are distintrnishcd as the Upper and 
Lower Springs. Their properties are similar, 
differing only in the relative proportions of the 



same mineral ingredients. There arc several 
large and well-kej)t hotels, two of which are at 
the springs, and others are in the village. There 
are extensive accommodations for batiiing con- 
veniently arranged in connection with these 
houses, and likewise separate from them. The 
place is thus rendered delightfully attractive, in 
the summer season, for persons seeking recrea- 
tion and pleasure, as well as for tlie invalid. The 
Genesee Valley Canal, between Rochester and 
Mount Morris, passes witliin about 2 miles of the 
springs, on wliicli a line of boats runs up and 
down daily. There are also, during the season, 
lines of stages running every day between this 
place and Rochester. 

BAI,I,.STON SPA, N. Y. 
Is situated in the town of Milton, .Sar.atoga co., 
in a valley near the Kayadooscras Creek, 32 
miles N. of Albany, and 25 fiom Troy, with which 
it is connected by the Rensselaer and Saratoga 
Railroad. Its mineral waters were formerly much 
celebrated, but have since lost some of their prop- 
erties, and are relatively of less \;\\nc since the 
discovery of springs in such variety at Saratoga, 7 



64t 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



miles N. The oUicst and most esteemed fountain 
is denominated the " Publie Well," which is in 
the W. part of the village, and issues from a bed 
of blue cla}' and gravel. It is said to have been 
first discovered in 1769. There arc other springs 
possessing the same medicinal pi'operties, but of 
less note. 

The Sans Souci Hotel, erected in 180.3 for the 
accommodation of visitors, is a popular establish- 
ment, delightfully situated near the centre of the 
village. The main building is 160 feet long, with 
wings extending back 153 feet, and is surrounded 
by beautiful pleasure grounds. It can accommo- 
date about 150 visitors, and is often thronged, 
during the summer months, with temjiorary resi- 
dents from every part of the United States, and 
from other countries. 

Lonff Lake, 5 miles S., is a favorite resort for 
those who are fond of fishing. The village was 
incorporated in 1807, and has about 2000 inhab- 
itants. It contains a number of hotels besides 
the Sans Souci, and several private boarding- 
houses for visitors during the summer months. 
There are churches of the Presbyterian, Episco- 
pal, Baptist, and Methodist denominations. 

BELLOWS FALLS, VT. 
See Walpole, N. H., or Rockingham, Vt. 

BLACK MOIINTAIN, N. C. 
This mountain, which is about 30 miles N. 
from Morgantown, rises to the height of 6476 
feet, which is 250 feet higher than Mt. Washing- 
ton, N. H., and is one of the highest elevations 
in the United States. In its near vicinity also are 
the summits called Grandfather Mountain and 
Grandmother Mountain ; the former 5560 feet, and 
the latter 2500 feet in height. 

BLENNEEUASSET'S ISLAND, 
In the Ohio River, about 14 miles below Ma- 
rietta, is celebrated as having formerly lieen the 
residence of Mr. Blennerhassct, an Irish gentle- 
man of distinction, who came to this country and 
built for himself a splendid scat upon this island. 
He expended here large sums of money in the 
decoration of his mansion, and in the elegant and 
tasteful arrangement of his gardens and pleasure 
grounds. His wife was a very accomplished lady, 
and his house became the resort of the most pol- 
ished and literary society. Unfortunately, how- 
ever, this gentleman became involved in tiie trea- 
sonable projects of Aaron Burr ; having been in- 
duced by him to embark with all his wealth in 
his famous scheme for bringing about the ilisniem- 
berment of the United States, and the establish- 
ment of a separate government in the south-west. 
The consequence was, that Blcnncrhasset was 
ruined in fortune and reputation ; his splendid 
mansion was deserted and went to decay ; and this 
once beautiful place now presents only a mass of 
ruins. For what it once was, and because of the 
melancholy historical interest which belongs to 
it, we have given the notice of this island a place 
in this section of our work. 

BLUE HILLS, MS. 

This range of hills lies about 10 miles S. from 
Boston, in the county of Norlblk, and from its 
proximity to several of the most populous cities 
and towns, the most cultivated and luxuriant 
landscapes, and the chief commercial marts and 
harbors of the commonwealth, its summits, though 



not absolutely of great elevation, command some 
of the most interesting and lovely prospects to be 
found in this or in any country. The range has 
several summits in different parts, which, though 
varying in height, have each their respective fea- 
tures of interest to the spectator. 

The most elevated height is at the wTstern ex- 
tremity, in the S. W. part of Milton, where the 
hill is 710 feet above the ocean. From this po- 
sition a prospect of almost unexampled beauty 
and extent is spread out before the eye. The 
eight cities of Boston, Charlestown, Cambridge, 
Roxbury, Salem, Lynn, Lowell, and Lawrence ; 
the beautiful suburbs of Boston, embracing the 
towns of Chelsea, Brookline, Brighton, Water- 
town, Newton, Dedham, Borchester, Milton, 
Quincy, Braintree, Randolph, Weymouth, Hing- 
ham, and many others, with the broad expanse 
of Massachusetts Bay and Boston harbor, stud- 
ded with islands and whitened with sails from 
every sea, seem all to be lying at the feet of the 
spectator. Of some of the objects of this go> 
geous scene, President Hitchcock thus speaks, in 
his work on the " Scenographical Geology " of 
Massachusetts : " One circumstance of peculiar 
interest is the proximity of these hills to Boston, 
whose numerous edifices, masts, spires, and tow- 
ers, and, nobly peering above tlic rest, the dome 
of the State House, present before the observer a 
most forcible e.\amplc of human skill and indus- 
try, vicing with and almost eclipsing nature. 
Aud the high state of cultivation cxiubited in 
the vicinity of Boston, with the numerous elegant 
mansions of private gentlemen crowning almost 
every hill, and imparting an air of freshness and 
animation to the valley and the plain, testify how 
much taste and wealth can do in giving new 
charms to the face of nature. From these hills 
the observer has also a fine view of Boston harbor. 
. . . To look out upon the ocean is alw.ays an 
imposing sight ; but when that ocean is studded 
with islands most picturesque in shajje and posi- 
tion, and the frequent sail is seen gliding among 
them, he must be insensible indeed whose soul 
does not kindle at the scene, and linger upon it 
with delight." 

Besides the State House, and other imposing 
edifices in Boston, there are also the venerable 
college buildings at Cambridge, the Monument 
on Bunker Hill, the granite for which was quar- 
I'ied from a part of this range, the Asylums and 
Hospitals at South Boston, the Navy Yard at 
Charlestown, Dorchester Heights, and the mas- 
sive fortifications upon some of the islands in the 
harbor, which will not fail to arrest the attention 
of the observer. 

The prospect from these hills is remarkable for 
its extent as well as for its luxuriance and beauty. 
Although their elevation is not great, yet there is 
nothing to intercept the view on the N. between 
them and the Grand Jlon.idnoc ; the E. is open 
to Massachusetts Bay and the oceaTi ; the S. to 
the counties of Plymouth and Bristol ; and on 
the W. the horizonis only limited by the Waehu- 
sett Mountain, which lies in Princeton, aliout 60 
miles distant. This height is plainly discernible, 
in a clear atmosphere, by the naked eye. 

The Blue Hills constitute a convenient land- 
mark for vessels boun{i into Massachusetts Bay, 
being the first land which is seen on their ap- 
proach from the sea ; and whenever seen, they 
have always a blue appearance, which circum- 
stance has'given them the name they bear. The 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



6.45 



most elevated summit of this range lies about 
half a mile from the roads wliicli pass at its base 
iu various directions, and may lie ascended by 
several paths from the diti'crent sides. 

BLUE SULI'UUK Sl'KI^G, VA. 
This spring is situated in the region of the 
other Virginia springs, in a beautifully pic- 
turesque valley, on Muddy Creek, a small tribu- 
tary of the Greenbrier River. It is about 20 
miles W. of the celebrated White Sulphur Spriuf/^. 
The medicinal properties of the Blue Snlplmr 
are considered as valuable, and draw a large num- 
ber of visitors. Accommodations are afforded at 
the public houses for about 300 guests. Tliis 
place is about 200 miles W. of Riclimond, and is 
reached by the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and 
Louisa Railroads, as far as Gordonsvillc, thence 
by stage, via Staunton and tlie Natural Bridge, to 
the springs. For particulars of this and other 
•outes, see While Sulphur Springs. 

BOOTHBAY, ME. 

This place, frequently known as Toimisend Har- 
bor, which is celebrated as one of the largest and 
most commodious harbors on the Atlantic coast, 
has become quite a fashionable resort for seekers 
of health and pleasure from the towns on the 
Kennebec River and other parts of Maine. Fish- 
ing and fowling here are exceeding good, and 
tlie convenient pleasure trips in boats among the 
islands in the bay afford no small enjoyment to 
the visitors. 

Among the thousands of coasting vessels which 
swarm upon this coast, many hundreds are fre- 
quently; seen within this harbor at the same time, 
enjoying a safe retreat from the raging storm 
without. Boothbay lies about 12 miles E. of the 
mouth of tlie Kennebec, and 24 miles from the 
city of Bath. 

EEAXDYWIKE SPRINGS, DE. 

These celebrated springs are situated near the 
Brandywinc Creek, and arc reached by carriages 
from Wilmington. They are much resorted to, 
both for health and pleasure, by the citizens of 
Wilmington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other 
places. Distant from Wilmington but a few 
miles. 

BURNING SPRINGS, N. T. 

There is one of these curious springs, or rather 
eruptions of inflammable gas from the earth, sit- 
uated in a ravine on the W. side of Bristol, 8 
miles S. E. from Canandaigua. The gas rises 
through fissures of the slate rock, at the margin 
and in the bed of a brook. Where it issues from 
the rock it burns with a steady and beautiful 
flame. In winter, it forms openings in the su- 
perincumbent snow; and, being set on tire, it 
presents the carious spectacle of a flame rising 
out of the snow. In very cold weather, tubes of 
ice arc formed around those currents to the height 
of two or three feet. When burning in a still 
evening, these natural lights may bo seen pre- 
senting a novel and beautiful appearance. 

There is .another of these burning springs near 
the village of Barcelona, 51 miles W. of Buffalo, 
which has been applied to the useful purpose of 
maintaining a Light on the southern shore of 
Lake Erie. The gas escapes from the bed of 
a creek about 4 mile distant from the lake, and 
is carried in pipes to the light-house. There are 
other-similar springs in tlie U. S. 



CAPE ANN, MS. 
See towns of Gloucester and lior.hporl. 

CAPE MAY, N. J. 
This place, situated at the mouth of Delaware 
Bay, on the N. E. side, has, for a number of years 
past, become an attractive watering-place, much 
frequented by the citizens of I'hiladelpliia and 
others. During the summer season, a steamboat 
runs from the city to the cape, and affords a 
pleasant trip. The beach is unsurj^assed as a 
bathing-phice. and the accommodations for the 
entertainment of visitors arc of the first order. 
Distance from Fhiladelijhia, 102 miles. 

CARROLLTON GARDENS, LA. 
This pleasant resort for tlie citizens of New 
Orleans is at Carrollton, a rapidly improving 
place, about 6 miles above the city, on the Mis- 
sissi|i|)i. A railroad extends from the centre of 
New Orleans to this place, and it is occupied as a 
place of residence by many who do business in 
the city. Excellent cars run over the road every 
few minutes during the day and evening. 

CATAWBA FALLS, N. C. 
Situated on the left of the Swaiinanoa road, so 
called, leading from Morgantown to Nashville, 
tlirough the Swannanoa Gap, and about 5 miles 
distant from the road. These fails are much vis- 
ited by tourists, and are well worthy the attention 
and admiration they receive. The Catawba River 
is a branch of the Saiitee. Sec Waturce Jiiver, 
p. 236. 

COIIASSET ROCKS, MS. 

These storm-beaten rocks, wliich liave been the 
means of sending so many sliipwrecked mariners 
to a watery grave, lie at the entrance of Co- 
h.asset harbor, a few miles S. E. of the light- 
house at the entrance of Boston harbor, extend- 
ing about 3 miles from the town, and quite 
out into Massachusetts Bay. The outline of the 
sliorc at this point is such as necessarily to expose 
tills place to the most jiowerful action of the sea, 
which has consequently here laid bare, to the 
skeleton, this brawny limb of " New England's 
rock-bound coast." The area covered with these 
ledges embraces many hundred square acres. It 
is a place of imminent hazard to vessels coming 
on the coast, and many have been the wreclcs 
here experienced, with great destruction of life. 
The attempt was made, in 1849, to establish a 
light-house ujion the outer extremity of these 
rocks, where, of course, the sea breaks over them 
with .all its force. On the ledge known by mari- 
ners as Minot's Ledge, a structure was erected, 
consisting of iron ])iles, inserted from 5 to 6 feet 
in the rock, eight inches in diameter at the base, 
and four and a half inches at the top, nine in 
number, one being in the centre, and firmly 
braced by iron rods connecting them one with 
another. The breadth of this structure at the 
base was 25 feet, and its height "5 feet. It was 
first lighted January 1, 1850. In the great gale 
of April 16, 1S31, this light-house was entirely 
beaten down, and now lies buried in the sea. 
Two persons, who had the care of the light, were 
lost in its destruction. A light-ship has since 
been placed at this station. 

Coliasset is a pleasant place of summer resort 
for the citizens of Boston, from which it is dis- 
tant, by railroad, 22 miles. Amid the rocks on the 



616> 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



opposite siilc of the harbor from the town, at a 
place called " The Glades," a very good house of 
entertainment has been established, affording fine 
advantages for enjoying sea air, sea bathing, and 
fisliing. '• The Glades " is also a favorite resort, 
in the proper season, for shooting the various 
kinds of sea fowl, which frequent this coast in 
countless numbers. This place may be approached 
either by crossing from the village in boats, or 
by a road about three miles round the harbor. 
Many of the rocks of this remarkable locality 
are of singular composition, and well worthy the 
attention of the geologist. See Cohassct. 

COHOES FALLS, N. Y. 
These falls are described in our account of the 
Moliawk River. See p. 220. 

CONEY ISLAND, N. Y 
See p. 184. 

CKOWN POINT, N. Y., 
Is the name of an ancient fort, built by the 
French, in 17.31, in the town of the same name, 
upon the N. E. extremity of a point of land jut- 
ting out into Lake Champlain. After the de- 
struction of the old French fort, a new fortress 
was constructed here by Lord Amherst, which 
was built of wood and earth, enclosing an area 
of 1500 square yards, and surrounded by a deep 
and broad ditch, cut with immense labor in the 
solid granite. There was a gateway on the north, 
a drawbridge and a covered way to the lake. 
These works are said to have cost the British 
government 2.000,000 sterling. Near this point, 
on the 13th of October, 1776, the American 
fleet, under Arnold, was destroyed, and his ex- 
pedition aganist Canada terminated. Crown 
point lies about 35 miles north from Whitehall. 



DIGHTON EOCK, 
See town of Dighton. 



MS. 



DKENNON SPRINGS, KY'., 
Situated in Henry county, about 20 miles from 
die mouth of the Kentucky River, and about a 
mile and a half back from the river. They are 
easily reached from Frankfort, 40 miles, Louis- 
ville, 78 miles, and Cincinnati, 95 miles, by 
steamboats, which run back and forth daily dur- 
ing the season of company at the springs. Every 
variety of sulphur and chalybeate waters are to 
be found among the fountains of this fashionable 
resort. 

FLUSHING, N. Y. 
This pleasant resort for the citizens of New 
York is in the town of the same name, on Long 
Island, to which the reader is referred. 

FOET TICONDEROGA, N. Y. 
This old fort, in the town of the same name, 
erected by the French in 1756, and by them called 
•' CarriUon," is on the western shore of Lake 
Champlain, 24 miles from Whitehall, and 58 
miles from Burlington. It is at this point that 
the delightful and much frequented route to Sar- 
atoga Springs, by the way of Lake George, di- 
verges from the more direct route, by way of 
Whitehall. Passengers here leave the Champlain 
boats for stage coaches, by which they are con- 
veyed over a hilly but romantic road about 3 
miles, to the village of Ticondcroga, at the head 
of Lake George, and thenee down the lake, 36 



miles, by steamboat, to the Lake House, at its 
southern extremity. Ticondcroga was originally 
a place of nmch strength, having, fron> its situa- 
tion with water on three sides, great natural ad- 
vantages for a post of defence. It was taken 
from the English by the brave Colonel Ethan 
Allen, at the head of 83 Green Mountain Boys, 
at the commencement of the revolutionary war, in 
1775. It was recaptured a however, by General 
Burgoyne, two years afterwards, and held by tho 
British during the war. Burgoyne gained a posi- 
tion for a battery of artillery upon the summit of 
Mount Hope, about a mile north, from which he 
successfully stormed the fort. The ruins of this 
ancient fortress, which still remain, arc sutBcient- 
ly entire to give the visitor a pretty correct idea 
of the outline and interior of this celebrated 
stronghold. From Burlington to Ticondcroga, 
it is 58 miles, and thence to Saratoga Springs, by 
the route above described, 69 miles ; from Bos- 
ton to Saratoga Springs, by this route, 367 miles. 

FRANCONIA NOTCH, N. H 
This pass through the western flank of the 
White Mountains, on the route from Littleton to 
the central part of New Hampshire, though less 
rugged and grand in its features, is by many 
thought to be not inferior in interest, on ths 
whole, to the celebrated pass on the east of it, 
known, by way of eminence, as " The Notch oftlit 
White Mountains." The mountains between 
which the Franconia Notch passes are those 
which have received the names of Mount Lafai]' 
elte and Mount Jackson. Persons who visit the 
White Mountains will not consider their excur- 
sion as complete until they have passed through 
the Franconia Notch. The grand and the beau- 
tiful are so blended in its wild scenery-, that the 
observer scarcely knows with which of these 
great emotions he is most absorbed. There are 
also several particular objects of curious and im- 
pressive interest, on the way through this moun- 
tain pass, which travellers pause to notice. One 
of these, and one which has been declared to bo 
the greatest natural curiosity of the state, is the 
" Old Man of the Mountain ; " who, as he claims 
the title, without dispute, of " the oldest inhab- 
itant," so he enjoys, without fear of rotation in 
office, the highest seat of ]iromotion in New 
Hampshire. On a bold and nearly perpendicular 
front of the rock which terminates one of the 
jutting cliffs of Mount Jackson, at the height of 
1000 feet, in full relief against the western sky, 
and looking in calm majesty towards the south, 
is seen this wonderful profile of the human face, 
delineated with striking exactness and in gigan- 
tic proportions, wearing from age to age the same 
undisturbed expression of sovereign dignity and 
hoary wisdom. No one who has stood and gazed, 
in a serene day, upon the face of the Old Man of 
the Mountain, can ever forget the visual image, 
or lose the moral impression he has there re- 
ceived. This profile is produced by a peculiar 
combination of the surfaces and angles of five 
massive granite blocks, which nature has piled 
upon this bald and storm-beaten height. A guide- 
board is placed upon the stage road, a short dis- 
tance south of the Lafayette Hotel, which is kept 
here for the entertainment of visitors, to indicate 
the true position from which to vi(j\v this curious 
freak of nature. 

Another object of great interest to be visited, 
two or three miles south, is " The Flume." Of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



647 



this, Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Boston, in his work 
on tlic Geology of New Hampshire, thus speaks : 

" The Fluiiie is a deep chasm, having mural 
precipices of granite on each side, while a moun- 
tain torrent rushes through its midst, falling over 
precipitous crags and loose masses of rock. 
During tlic freshets of the spring season, and in 
earlv summer, it is not practicable to walk in the 
lied of the Flume. But in the driest season of 
the year, tliorc is but little water in it, and the 
bottom of the ravine aflbrds a good foot path. 

•' The direction of this rocky tisurc is N. 80° 
E., and it appears to have resulted, not from the 
abrasion of the rocks by the action of running 
water, but to have been produced originally by 
a fracture of the uplifted rocks. The walls of 
the chasm on either hand exhibit proofs in tivor 
of this oiiiuion ; for they are not water worn, liut 
]Mescut surfaces of fracture, and the projecting 
ledges on each side are still comparatively sharp, 
and well defined in their outlines. 

'• One of the most remarkable objects in the 
Flume is an immense rounded block of granite, 
which hangs overhead, supported merely by 
small surfaces of contact against its sides. It 
appears to the traveller looking at it from below 
as if ready to fall upon him." 

This Notch, in a remarkable manner, resembles 
the Great Notch, in its leading natural character- 
istics. Like that, it forms an extraordinary nat- 
ural avenue for a road, which connects the region 
of the upper Connecticut Kiver with the seaboard. 
Ill the same manner, also, it has its river, taking 
its rise from a pond, called Ferrin's Pond, near 
the head of the Notcli, and rapidly increasing as 
it flows onward, receiving perennial supplies from 
the mountain sides, and often swollen to a mad- 
dening torrent, by the rains which fall upon their 
broad ami steep declivities. This river is the 
most N. branch of the Pemigewasset ; and uniting 
with two other branches, from the E. and W., in 
the N. part of the town of Woodstock, forms 
one of the princijial sources of the Merrimack, 
which, after jierforming such wonders of pro- 
ductive industry at Manchester, Lowell, Andover, 
and Lawrence, falls into the ocean at Newbury- 
jiort. 

Travellers visiting the White Mountains by 
this route proceed by railroad from Boston to 
Concord. N. H., 76 miles ; thence by railroad to 
I*lvmouth, 51 miles; thence up the valley of the 
Pemigewasset, by railroad and stage to the Flume 
Jloitse. 24 miles ; thence through the Notch, by 
tlie Old Man of the Mountain, to the LofayMe 
/louse, 5 miles farther; in all, 153 miles from 
Boston. From this the distance to Fulyan's 
ir/iiVe Mountain House, via Bethlem, is 16 miles. 
From the Lafayette House N. to Littleton is 12 
miles. 

GINGERCAKE ROCKS, N. C. 

This remarkable pile of rocks gives its name 
to the mountain summit, upon the top of which 
it is seen. They are situated in the mountainous 
part of Burke co., amidst wild and romantic 
scenery. The pile consists of two rocks, of dif- 
ferent form and character, so poised as to stand 
firmly upon an exceedingly small base. The 
first or lower section, composed of a brittle slate 
stone, is in the form of the half of an inverted 
pyramid. Its truncated top, which, by its invert- 
ed position, becomes the base, upon which the 
whole is supported, is only 4 feet in diameter. 



The centre of gravity to this part of the pile, 
would fall much without the base upon which it 
rests, were it not most accurately balanced in its 
position by the second or superincnmbcnt rock, 
which is a table of mountain granite, .32 feet in 
length, 18 in breadth, and 2 feet thick, resting 
horizontally upon the other with a sufficient ex- 
cess of its projection and weight, opposite to the 
preponderance of the inverted pyramid beneath, 
to ]iroduce a perfect counterpoise. The form and 
outline of this upper rock is as rcmarkalde as that 
of the other, being as true in the proportions above 
given as if it had come from the hand of an artist. 
The lower section is about 29 feet high, which, 
being increased by the tliickness of the upper sec- 
tion, makes the entire altitude .31 feet. 

A visitor to tliis curious freak of nature re- 
marks that '• within the presence of tliis strange 
pile, the predominant feeling, after tliat of admi- 
ration, is fear. An attempt to reason one's self 
into a feeling of conscious security is utterly fu- 
tile. The argument that it has stood there per- 
haps for thousands of years, amid the raging 
winds and rocking earth, is met and opposed by 
the ocular fact of its standing before you almost 
upon nothing; and. appro.ach it at wliat point 
you will, it appears leaning towards you." 

As these rocks stand upon the summit of the 
mountain, they can be seen, in a clear atmosphere, 
from a distance of many miles, looming np 
above the horizon, against the clear Iduo sky, in 
which they seem to float like a little fantastic 
cloud. 

The prospect from this mountain summit to- 
wards other distant points is also sublimely grand. 
Looking north, the eye runs down a ravine be- 
tween precipices from 800 to 1200 feet high, at 
the bottom of which the Linville Kiver, one of the 
sources of the Catawba, dashes its jmre waters 
along its rocky bed. From the top of one of the 
clift's which overhangs this chasm is seen a shaft 
of rock shooting out over the gulf below, at the 
height of 1500 feet. This is known in the neigh- 
borhood by the name of the Ilau^k's Dill, from its 
resemblance to the beak of that bird. 

On the left of this, from the point of observa- 
tion, and about 5 miles distant, is the famous 
Table Rod-, of Burke CO., which rises, upon the 
verge of the Catawba valley, to tlie height of 
2500 feet. It appears, as seen from this point, to 
have the shape of a perfect cone. 

There are few mountain districts in which is 
presented such a various display of the strange, 
the wild, the beauiiful, and the grand, as here. 

GUILFORD rOIST, CT., 

Situated in the old town of Guilford, on the 
shore of Long Island Sound, 15 miles E. of New 
Haven. The point runs out a short distance 
into the water, aljout one mile from the centre of 
the town. This has long been a place of resort, 
in the summer season, for the citizens of New 
Haven, Hartford, and other places, in pursuit of 
health and recreation. Good accommodations 
are found at the Point itself, and also at tlie ho- 
tels and boarding-houses in the village. 

IIAMITON BEACH, N- H 
This beach is on the Atlantic coast, in Rock- 
ingham CO., about 12 miles S. of Portsmouth, and 
about 7 miles S. W. from E.xcter. It is little in- 
ferior to the celebrated Nahant Beach, near Bos 



648 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



ton, and has long been the resort of invalids and 
parties of pleasure. There is a jjood hotel for 
the accommodation of visitors. There is, near 
tliis place, an abrupt and siuy;ularly-shaped prom- 
ontory, extending into the sea, and dividing the 
beaches, which had otherwise been continuous, 
on either side, called Great Boar's Head. The 
fishing is very good here a little distance from 
the Bhorc. 

IIAKFEK'S FERRY, VA. 

This spot, so celebrated for its wild and miijes- 
tic scenery, is in Jefferson co., at the confluence 
of Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, where, after 
the union of their waters, thev find a passage 
through the rocky barrier of the Blue Ridge, 
1200 feet in height. Jlr. Jcft'erson, in his " Notes 
on Virginia,'' lias given a full and graphic ac- 
count of the scene which is here presented, which 
he characterizes as " one of the most stupendous 
in nature." " .left'erson's Rock," the spot where 
it is said Mr. Jcft'erson wrote his description, is a 
pile of huge, detached rocks, leaning over the 
precipitous clitFs of the Shenandoah, and looking 
into the mountain gorge of the Potomac. Its top 
is 12 feet square, and almost level ; whilst its 
base does not exceed .5 feet in width, resting 
upon a larger mass of rock, jutting out from the 
bill. Mr. Jefferson pronounces the scenery at 
this place as " worth a trip across the ocean to 
behold." 

There is also a most enchanting prospect ob- 
tained from the summit of a mountain opposite, 
about a mile and a half farther up, on the Mary- 
land side of ilic river. Tlie eye here reaches a 
very wide extent of country, fields, woodlands, 
and plantations ; while the Shenandoah, as it is 
traceable upon tlie magic picture, appears like a 
series of beautiful lakes. 

A bridge, 750 feet long, crosses the Potomac at 
Harper's Ferry. The U. S. have located an 
armory and an arsenal at this place, which are 
well worthy the attention of the tourist. Nearly 
9000 stand of arras are annually manufactured 
hero, employing about 240 hands. The hotels at 
this place afford excellent accommodations for 
visitors. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad here finds a 
passage through the Blue Ridge, in its route be- 
tween Baltimore and Cumberland. The distance 
from Baltimore is 82 miles, and from Cumber- 
land 96 miles. The Winchester Railroad also 
connects this point with Winchester, Va., 32 
miles distant. 



UAREODSBURG SPRFNGS, KY. 

This celebrated watering-place is situated in a 
town of the same name, near the geographical 
centre of the state, a few miles S. W. of the Ken- 
tucky River. Tlie springs are 6 or 8 in number, 
bursting out near the summit of the limestone 
ridge on whicli the village of Harrodsburg is 
built. 

The Epsom Spring issues in the most copious 
stream, has a feebler sulphurous smell, and a 
lower temperature than the others, and therefore 
is the one chielly used. This spring contains the 
following ingredients : Carbonate of magnesia, 
sulphate of soda, sulphate of lime, carbonate of 
limo, and sulphuretted hydrogen. Temperature 
60 degrees. There is, as this an.alysis shows, a 
striking analogy between the constitution of the 



Epsom Spring and that of the Seidlitz Spring of 
Bohemia ; which was examined, and its powers 
warmly extolled by the cclchratcd llofl'iiian, in 
1721, and has maintained its reputation unal)ated 
for more than a century. 

The Chalybeate Sprmg is the same in constitu- 
tion with the above, with the addition of iron, 
and a stronger impregnation of sulphuretted hy- 
drogen. Temperature 65°. 

Prom their composition, the sanative effects of 
these waters will be easily infen-ed. They are 
gently purgative, diaphoretic, and diuretic. They 
diminish arterial action, ])romote various secre- 
tions, and exert an alterative influence upon the 
system. Hence they are clearly beneficial in all 
diseases attended by inflammation : in obsiruo- 
lions of the viscera; dysentery; chronic rheuma- 
tism, and gout in its earlier stages ; in cutaneoui 
diseases; and in comjiLaints of the chest following 
colds, measles, or scarlatina, or dependent upon 
inflammation of the bronchia. 

For those from the S. and W. in search of 
health or recreation, this watering-place affords 
a delightful retreat in tlie summer months ; and 
the number who resort to it is every year increas- 
ing. There have been some $.300,000 expended 
upon the premises ; and there is. perhaps, no es- 
tablishment of the kind in the United States, 
owned by an individual proprietor, which sur- 
passes this in the means aftbrded for making a 
residence there desirable. 

In the neighborhood of the springs are the 
Grat/ Mural Cliffs of the Kentucky River, which 
are visited as a great natural curiosity. Here the 
river flows, in a narrow and winding ravine, 
nearly 400 feet deep ; and otters, in its high and 
precipitous banks, embellished with evergreens, 
much to interest those who have a taste for tha 
sublime and beautiful in natural scenery. 

The distance of these springs from Louisville, 
on the Ohio River, via Shelbyville, Frankfort, and 
Lawrenceburg, is about 120 miles. 

HOBOKEN, N. J. 
This delightful place of recreation for the citi- 
zens of New York lies on the opposite bank of 
the Hudson, immediately N. of Jersey City. 
During the warm summer months, the steam 
ferry boats running back and forth between IIo- 
boken and New York are continually crowded 
with persons seeking refreshment in this charm- 
ing retreat from the heated and thronged streels 
of the city. 

HOPKINTON SPRINGS, MS. 
These mineral springs have become somewhat 
celel>rated. They contain carltonic acid, carbon- 
ate of lime, and iron. They are tliree in nuTnber, 
each difl'cring in its properties from the others. 
They are situated near White Hall Pond, which 
abounds in fish of various kinds. At this place, 
a large and commodious hotel has been kept for 
many years, and has become a favorite resort for 
persons in pursuit of health or pleasure, where 
ample provision is made for all their wants. The 
Boston and Worcester Raihoad passes within 
three and a half miles of the springs, at West- 
borough, 32 miles W. from Boston. 

HOT SPRINGS, AS. 
This place, situated a few miles N. of tha 
Washita River, and about 50 miles from Little 



IN THE UNITKD STATES. 



649 



Rock, tlic cniiital of the stale, is becoming every 
season more and more popular. Its waters have 
been found etfieacious in chronic diseases, such as 
scrofula, rheumatism. &C. Visitors to these springs 
lind every accomitiodatioii suited to their wishes, 
at the line hotel established for their reception. 

HOT SPRINGS, VA., 

Situated in the western section of the state, in 
the vicinity of tlie other Virginia Springs, about 
■MO miles W. of Richmond. They arc live mil»s 
distant from the Warm Springs. They are ro- 
mantically situated in a valley surrounded by 
mountain peaks. There are 6 se])arate springs, 
which range in temperature frotn 98° to 100° of 
Falireuheit. Each of the springs supplies a distinct 
bath ; and the spout baths are natural spouts. The 
bathing establishment has recently undergone 
considerable improvement. The hotels, or l)uiM- 
ings at the springs, are sutticicnt for the comfort- 
able accommodation of loO persons. 

These waters, as critically analyzed by Profess- 
or William 13. Uodgers, of the University of Vir- 
ginia, contain the following saline ingredients in 
each 100 cubic inches, viz.: Carbonate of lime, 
7ul3; carbonateof magnesia, 1.324; sulphate of 
lime, l..'S02; sulpliate of magnesia, 1.530; sul- 
phate of soda, 1.3G3 ; chloride of sodium and mag- 
nesium, wiili a trace of chloride of calcium, 0.105 ; 
)>roto-earbonate of iron, 0.096 ; silica, 0.045. The 
Ux-u gases consist of nitrogen, oxygen, and car- 
bonic acid gas. 

These waters, when taken internally, are anti- 
acid, mildly a|)erient, and freely diuretic and 
diaphoretic. When used as a general bath, their 
eti'ects are great, frequently excelling all expecta- 
tion. They relax contracted tendons, excite the 
action of the absorbent vessels, promote glandular 
secretions, exert a marked and salutary influence 
over the biliary and uterine systems, and often, in 
a sliort time, relieve excruciating pain, caused by 
long-standing disease in some vital organ. 

For the routes to this place, see White Sulphur 
Sprin(/s. 

HOUSE OF KATUEE, IS. 
This name is applied to a curious natural cav- 
ern in the rock, on the shore of the Ohio River, 
24 miles below Shawneetown. Passengers on 
the boats will not fail to have it pointed out to 
them as they pass ; and sometimes, at their re- 
quest, the captain,; are so obliging as to stop their 
boats for a short time, to allow an opportunity of 
visiting the cave. The names of many visitors 
are graven on its front. The entrance is just 
above high water mark, and is about 20 feet high, 
leading into a spacious chamber with an arched 
roof .30 feet hi)jh, and extending back 125 feet. 
Families of emigrants, descending the river, have 
occasionally found a winter asylum in this cave, 
ilason, the noted pirate and outlaw, who, about 
the year 1800, subsisted with his banditti, for some 
time, by waylaying, robbing,'and murdering the 
boatmen upon the river, made this cavern his 
rendezvous. He was finally shot by one of liis 
own comrades, in order to obtain the reward of 
S500, oflered by the governor of Mississippi for his 
head. 

ISDIAN SrltlNGS, GA. 
This fashionnlilc watering-place is situated in 
Butts CO., 52 miles N. W. from MiUedgcvillc. 
The spring.s arc in the forks of two creeks wliich 
82 



empty into the Ockmidgce, and about 10 miles W 
of that river. They contain suli)hur and other 
ingredients, and arc considered efficacious as a 
remedy for gravel, rheumatism, cutaneous and 
other diseases. Visitors here find good accotnmo. 
dations. 

ISLES OF SHOALS, ME. AND N. H., 
Off Portsmouth, N. H. These shoals are 7 in 
number, lying about 9 miles out at sea. The 
largest of the islands, familiarly known as Hog 
Island, contains 350 acres, and has an elevation in 
its highest parts of 50 feet above the sea. Upon 
this island a hotel has recently been erected, afford- 
ing pleasant accommodations for water parties 
from Portsmouth, from Hampton and Rye 
Beaches, and the neighboring towns, and also for 
persons wishing to remain a few days or weeks in 
summer, as it were, at sea, without any of the dis- 
comforts of a sea voyage. The place is much more 
frequented than formerly by parties of pleasure. 
See Isles of Shoals, p. 204. 

LATONIAN SPRINGS, KY. 
This is a pleasant and fashionable place of 
resort during the summer months, situated 4 
miles back from Covington, on the opposite side 
of the (Jhio River from Cincinnati. Linden Groce 
Ccmeterji, in the immedi.ate vicinity of the springs, 
is an attractive place of the kind. 

LONG BRANCH, N. J. 

This popular place of resort for those fond of 
sea-shore recreations is on the E. coast of N. J., 
32 miles from New York. The Ocean House, a 
short distance from Long Branch, is also a hotel 
of the first order. The constant sea breeze and 
the convenient sea bathing here to be enjoyed 
have a fine effect in restoring the exhausted en- 
ergies of the human system. There is admirable 
s]Jort for the angler in the vicinity. The Shrews- 
bury River on the one side, and the ocean on the 
other, swarm with many delicate varieties of the 
finny tribe. 

In the neighborhood of Long Branch are also 
Slirewshwij, Red Bonk, and Tinton Falls, which 
are all places of great resort. The above locali- 
ties are reached by a steamboat, running at con- 
venient periods from New York. 

LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, GA. 

The range on which this lofty summit is situ- 
ated commences in the N. W. part of the state, 
and rises to the height of 2000 feet. The view 
from Lookout Mountain is very grand, over- 
looking a vast extent of country, and comprising 
every variety of landscape. Encircling the brow 
of the mountain is a natural palisade of naked 
rocks, from 70 to 100 feet in height. The rail- 
roads from Savannah and Charleston approach 
near to this mountain. 

MADISON'S CAVE, VA. 
This cave is situated in the vicinity of Weir's 
Cave, and somewhat resembles that remarkable 
curiosity. It is, however, much less extensive, 
not exceeding 300 feet. 

MADISON SPRINGS, GA , 

Are in Madi.son co., about 100 miles N. 

from Milledgeville, 23 miles N. E. from Athens, 

and 7 miles from Daniclsville, the shire town 

of the county. The water.s are impregnated with 



650 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



iron, and are useful in cutaneous diseases. This 
is a place of fashionable resort, where visitors 
meet with every attention. 

MAMMOTH CAVE, KY. 

This stupendous wonder of nature is situated in 
Edmonson co., about 90 miles S. from Louisville, 
and about equally distant, in a N. E. direction, 
from Nashville, Te. A large and commodious 
hotel has been erected, two or three Imndred paces 
from the mouth of the cave, for the accommoda- 
tion of visitors. The tourist leaves the stage 
road about 6 miles from the entrance to the cave, 
and passes through some of the most romantic 
and beautiful scenery in reaching tliis public 
house, where he finds every thing provided to 
render liis visit agreeable and instructive. It is 
only within a few years that this cave has been 
very extensively explored ; and it is still sup- 
posed that but a small part of it, in comparison 
with the whole, has ever been trodden by the foot 
of man. It has been estimated that the length 
of alt the different avenues and branches, when 
added together, would make more than GOO miles. 
As far as known, there are in the cave 240 ave- 
nues, 47 domes, 8 cataracts, and 23 pits. The 
darkness, deeper than that of the blackest mid- 
night, which pervades these subterranean re- 
cesses, and which is little more than rendered 
visible by the torches which tlie visitors carry 
with them, renders it difficult for the spectator 
to form any thing like an adequate idea of its 
vast dimensions, its great heights and depths in 
the different apartment.s, and of the singularity 
and beauty of the natural decorations tliey con- 
tain. The recent attempt of an adventurous 
artist, however, to obtain drawings of a number 
of the different avenues, halls, and" chambers, for 
the purpose of illustrating the hidden wonders 
of this natural phenomenon to the eye by the aid 
of the beautiful illusion of the moving panorama, 
has been, in a great degree, successful. The 
diilerent parts of the cave selected for this pur- 
pose were illuminated by hundreds of liglits, 
placed at different points, so as to give the most 
powerful and just eflFect to the ever-varying per- 
spective within. 

Immediately upon entering the mouth of the 
cave, the visitor perceives a sensible change in 
the temperature of the atmosphere, which is that 
of 59° Fahr., and remains so uniformly, winter 
and summer. No impure air exists in any part 
of it ; decomposition and putrefaction are un- 
known ; and combustion is perfect. Visitors 
going in and out are not liable to contract colds ; 
but, on the contrary, colds are commonly re- 
lieved by a visit to the cave. No reptiles of any 
description are found here. It is a curious fact 
that fish without eyes have been caught in the 
rivers of this cave. Tliey have been dissected 
by skilful anatomists, it is said, who declare that 
they are without the slightest indication of an 
organ similar to the eye, and also that they pos- 
sess other anomalies in their organization interest- 
ing to the naturalist. These fishes are from 3 to 
6 inches in length. Specimens of them are found 
in most of our collections of natural history. 

The cave is also inhabited by two species of 
rats and a species of crickets, neither of which 
partake of the peculiarity of the fishes, — of the 
want of eyes, — for in both of these animals that 
organ is very largely developed. These rats are 
white and very large. Professor Agassiz has 



some specimens of them in the collection at 
Cambridge. In the winter, millions of bats find 
here a resting-place well suited to their wants. 

During the last war with England, a saltpetre 
manufactory was established in this cave ; and, 
although it was discontinued in 1815, wheel 
tracks are still to be seen as clear and distinct 
as if made yesterday. The guides also point 
out corn cobs which were brought into the cave at 
that time, and which are perfectly fresh and sound. 

The waters of the cave are of the purest kind ; 
and, besides the springs and streams of fresh 
water, there are one or two sulphur s])rings. 
Tliere are streams, lakes, and waterfalls of suffi- 
cient width and depth to compare well with those 
of the world above ground. Some of these riv- 
ers, as they are called, are navigated by boats of 
sufficient size to carry 12 persons; and one of 
them, called the Echo, is said to bo broad and 
deep enough, at all times, to float the largest 
steamers. The rivers of the Mammoth Cavo 
were never crossed till 1840. Some of them 
flow in deep channels, the sides of which rise 
high aliove their ordinary level. After heavy 
rains, they are sometimes swollen so as to rise 
more tlian 50 feet. At such tiroes the streams, 
and especially the cataracts, of the cave, exhibit 
a most terrific appearance. Grcat'excrtions have 
been made to discover the sources of these 
streams, and where they find their outlets : yet 
they still remain, in this respect, as much a mys- 
tery as ever. 

" Darkly tilou cliiiest onward. 
Thou deep and tiidden wave ! 
The lanchin<! sunshine hath not loolted 
Into thy hidden cave." 

The different apartments and passages of this 
wonderful subterranean labyrinth have many of 
them received names, from their resemblance, 
more or less real, to the most celebrated interiors 
and decorations of architectural design. A few 
only can be here described. 

At the Cave House, erected near the entrance 
by Dr. Croghan, the late proprietor of this won- 
der of the world, those visiting the cave are sup- 
plied with lights, guides, and whatever else may 
be required for their expedition. The air of the 
cave, as you enter, gives a pleasant sensation of 
refreshing coolness. As you continue descending 
some irregular stone steps, the daylight fades 
and the gloom deepens. Nothing is heard save 
your own footsteps, and the sound of the waters 
leaping from a precipice over your head and fall- 
ing on the rocks below. A beautiful stream of 
water falls over the mouth of the cave, as one 
writer has remarked, as if it were the remnant 
of a graceful curtain, which had formerly con- 
cealed this wonder from the gaze of man. Look- 
ing back towards tlie orifice, the light of the 
external day a]>pears dim, as if it were the twi- 
light of evening. Looking before you, if looking 
it may be called, — what a world of darkness ! 
With all your torches how little can be seen ! 
A strange sensation comes over you, as with 
hesitating step you proceed. 

The fiist great expansion of the cavern which 
you enter is the Great Vestibule, an immense 
hall, covering an area of an acre and a half, 
with a dome, lost in the darkness, 100 feet high, 
unsupported by a single pillar. By kindling a 
fire at this spot, the vast dimensions of the cham- 
ber maybe faintly discovered. "Far up above 
your head," says one, " is seen the gray ceiling 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



65] 



rolling dimly away like a clouJ, and many but- 
tresses bendinc; under their weight begin to pro- 
ject their enormous masses from their sliadowy 
wall." Two avenues lead out of this hall, at 
opposite extremities, which arc about 100 feet 
wide and 500 feet long, with roofs as flat and 
smooth almost as if finished by the mason's 
trowel. About half a mile farther on, you pass 
the Kentucky Clitfs, so called from tlieir resem- 
blance to the famous clitfs on the Kentucky 
River. About half a mile beyond these is the 
Church, which is 300 feet in circuinfcrence, and 
its ceiling 6.3 feet high. A huge protuberance 
of the rock on one side serves the fancy for a 
pulpit, and a recess in the wall, in a correspond- 
ing position, serves for a gallery. From this 
hint of nature, religious worship "has more than 
once been celebrated here. Concerts of music 
have been held here, which have been said to 
jirodnce singularly fine eft'ccts. After leaving 
the Cliurch, a passage leads off at an acute angle 
from the main cave to the Gothic Avenue, whicli 
is nearly 50 feet wide, 15 feet high, and about 2 
miles in length. The ceiling of this avenue is 
so smooth and white that it is difficult to believe 
that the trowel of the m.-ison has not been used 
upon it. A good road c^cfends through its entire 
length, and so pleasant is the temperature, pu- 
rity, and salubrity of its atmosphere, that it has 
been selected as a most desir.able promenade for 
invalids, who have sometimes reported to this 
cave for their health. In one of the recesses of 
this avenue were to be seen, as late a.s 1813, two 
mummies in a good state of preservation, one of 
which was a female, in a sitting posture, with 
arms folded, and having before lier various arti- 
cles of her wardrobe. When, or by whom, these 
remains were placed in this dark and silent 
sepulchre, is of course unknown. A little far- 
ther on in this direction are the Registry Rooms, 
the ceiling of which, Ijcing jicifectly white and 
smooth, sei-ves as the register of the cave. Thou- 
sands of names have been traced upon it with 
the smoke of the torches. Next is the Gothic 
Chapel, a hall of almost overwhelming grandeur, 
elliptical in form, and 80 feet long by 50 in 
width. Immense stalagmites have been" formed 
at each end, which almost close the entrance. 
There are also two rows of smaller pillars, ex- 
tending from the ceiling on each side of the wall 
through its entire length. These impart to it, 
when strongly lighted up, the grand and solenm 
effect of a Gothic cathedral. Near this place is 
Brewer's Studio, a small room to which this 
name has recently been given by Mr. Brewer, 
author of the celebrated Panorama of the Mam- 
moth Cave, from whose descriptions many of 
these notices have been compiled. lie finished 
many of his sketches in this room. One or two 
other points of curious interest, such as the Dev- 
il's Arm-chair and the Lover's Leap, bring you 
to the termination of this Gothic Avenue. 

Returning back to the main cave by another 
route, of more than a mile, through uninteresting 
scenery, and proceeding onward with this grand 
gallery, you soon reach the Star Chamber, one 
of the most brilliant apartments in the whole 
cave, and called by this name from the myriads 
of glittering points reflecting the light of the 
torches from tlic darkness overhead. The resem- 
blance here to the splendid canopy of night is 
very perfect. Further on, the Chief City, or 
Temple, is formed by an immense dome, which 



rises 120 feet high, and covers an area of 2 acres. 
It exceeds in size the Cave of Staffa, and rivals 
the celebrated vault in the Grotto of Anti[)aros. 
In passing through it from side to side, the <Iome 
appears to follow the spectator, like the sky in 
passing from place to place on the earth. In 
comparison with this dome of nature's rearing, 
the most celebrated of human structure sink 
into insignificance. There are, however, other 
domes in this wonderful cave, which, for height 
and extent, are even more extraordinary than 
this. Such is that, especially, which is called 
the Mammoth Dome. This dome of domes is 
nearly 400 feet above the floor of the room which 
it covers. Its elevation has been carefully de- 
termined Iiy a competent civil engineer. 

It would be impossible, within the limits of 
this article, to describe in detail the mivny objects 
of curiosity and scenes of grandeur which are to 
be found in the apparently interminable recesses 
of the Mammoth Cave. The names of the prin- 
cipal apartments, not already mentioned, will 
serve, by the aid of the foregoing descriptions, 
to suggest to the imagination of the reader some 
idea of their most imi)ressive characteristics. 
Such are the Giant's Coffin, the Labyrinth, the 
Cascade, Gorin's Dome, the Bottomless Pit, the 
Winding Way, the Bandit's Hall, Great Relief 
Hall, River Hall and Dead Sea. Natural Bridge 
over the River Styx, (80 feet high,) Pass of El- 
Ghor, Crogan's Hall, City of the Tombs, Saint 
Cecilia's Grotto, Silliman's Avenue, Great West- 
ern Vestibule, Sfartha's Vineyard, Snowball 
Room, the Holy Sepulchre, Cleveland's Cabinet, 
Serena's Harbor, Fairy Grotto, Paradise, and 
others of a hardly less remarkable character. 

To select one only from this list of wouders 
for the conclusion of our descriptions, we would 
ofl'er the remarks of an intelligent clergyman, 
who lately paid a visit to the cave, upon that 
splendid hall known by the name of Cleveland's 
Cabinet. "The most imaginative poet," says 
this gentleman, '^ never conceived or painted a 
palace of such exquisite beauty and loveliness 
as Cleveland's Cabinet. Were the wealth of 
princes bestowed on the most skilful lapidaries, 
with a view of rivalling the splendors of this 
single chamber, the attempt would be vain. The 
Cabinet was discovered by Mr. Patten of Louis- 
ville and Mr. Craig of Philadelphia, accompa- 
nied by Stephen, the guide, and extends in nearly 
a direct line about 14 miles, (the guides say 2 
miles.) It is a perfect arch, of 50 feet span, and 
of an average height of 10 feet iti the centre — 
just high enough to be viewed with ease in all 
its parts. The base of the whole is carbonate 
(sulj>hate) of lime, in jiart of a dazzling white- 
ness and perfectly smooth, and in part crystal- 
lized, so as to glitter like diamonds in the light. 
Growing from this, in eiuUessly diversified forms, 
is a substance resembling selenite, translucent 
and imperlvctly larainatcd. Some of the crys- 
tals bear a striking resemblance to branches of 
celery ; others, a foot or more in length, have the 
color and appearance of vanilla cream candy ; 
others are set in sulphate of lime in the form of 
a rose ; and others roll out from the base in 
forms resembling the ornaments on the capital 
of a Corinthian column. Some of the incrusta- 
tions are massive and splendid, others are as 
delicate as the lily, or as fancy work of shell or 
wax. Think of traversing an arched way like 
this for a mile and a half; and all the wonders 



652 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



of the tales of youth — Arabian Nights, and all 
— seem tame, compared with the livin<r, drowing 
reality. Here and tliere, tlirouizh tlic whole ex- 
tent, you will find openings in the sides, into 
whieh you may thrust the person, and often 
stand erect, ia little grottoes, perfectly incrusted 
with a delicate, white substance, reflecting the 
light from a thousand different points. All the 
way you might have heard us exclaiming, VVon- 
deifu'l ! wonderful ! O Lord, how manifold are 
thy works ! " 

The route by which this cave is commonly 
reached is by the daily line of U. S. mail stages 
from Louisville to Nashville, over a very good 
turnpike road. The stock has been subscrilicd 
for a railroad between these places, and in a few 
years the cave will be rendered much easier of 
access. 

MITCHELL'S PEAK, N. C. 

This lofty peak, which now enjoys the reputa- 
tion of being the highest summit on the E. side 
of the Rocky Mountains, is seen on the road 
leading from Morgantown to Asheville, through 
the Swannanoa Gap, a few miles from where the 
Gap is entered. This name was given it in honor 
of Professor Miteliell, of Cincinnati, who has 
recently determined its altitude to be more 
than 250 feet higher than Mt. Washington in 
N. H., wliich had always before been supposed to 
be the highest land in the U. S., E. of the great 
chain of the Rocky Mts. 

SIONADNOCK MOXJNTAIN, N. H. 
This lofty mountain, whose summit is 3718 
feet above the level of the sea, is situated in the 
towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, about 22 miles E. 
of Connecticut River, and 10 miles N. of the 
southern boundary of the state. It has long been 
visited as one of the most celebrated mountain 
heights in New England. The jirospeet from its 
toj) is most extensive and delightful. The ascent 
has been much improved within a few years past, 
and, for so great a height, is by no means ditB- 
cult. Visitors have not unfrequently found a 
serene and beautiful atmosphere upon the summit 
of this mountain, while thunder, lightning, and 
tempest have been raging below. For a more 
minute description, see the towns above named. 

MOHTAUK POINT, N. Y. 
See Mountains, &c., p. 221. 

MOKTMOEEKCI FALLS, CANADA. 
This beautiful cataract is the greatest natural 
curiosity in the vicinity of Quebec. It is about 
9 miles N. E. of the city, by the usual land route, 
on the river of the same name, whicli, coming 
from the N. W., in a stream about 60 yards wide, 
here falls directly into the St. Lawrence, over 
a perpendicular precipice 250 feet in height. 
Viewed from a distance, this magnificent waterfall 
appears like a motionless streak of snow upon 
the precipitous bank of the river. It is seen to 
great advantage from the St. Lawrence, immedi- 
ately abreast of the cataract, where it appears a 
mighty torrent, projected with incredible velocity 
over the lofty clitl' into the river, acquiring a 
fleecy whiteness as it falls ; wliile tlie sun, in tine 
contrast with the snowy effulgence of the falling 
water, paints a deeply-tinted rainbow on the vapor 
at its base. The breadtli of the full is 100 feet, 
and its lieight, as will be perceived from a com- 
parison, is about 100 feet greater than that of 



Niagara Falls. The volume of water is so much 
less than that of Niagara, that the effect of the 
fall, in sublimity and grandeur of ini|>rcssion, 
bears no comparison, of course, to the effect of 
tliat stupendous cataract. Yet, from its great 
perpendicular descent, the ample woods with 
wliich it is fringed, and the broken rocks which 
surround and intersect its channel, sending it 
over the brink in foam resembling snow, sjjar- 
kling in the light with its myriad crystal points, it 
has long been regarded as one of the most ro- 
mantic and beautiful curiosities of the kind on 
the American continent. These falls may be 
seen in all their beauty an<l grandeur from the 
snmiTiit of the hill, near the shore of tlie St. 
Lawrence, and also on the S. side, from a position 
which may be gained with no great difficulty, 
part of the way down the bank. 

On the hill near the falls is the house which 
was once the residence of the late Duke of Kent. 
It is now the residence of the proprietor of the 
extensive saw mills in the vicinity. These mills 
are carried by water taken out of the Montmo- 
rcnci, about half a mile above the falls. They 
have upwards of a hundred saws in motion, and 
are said to be capable of turning out an entire 
cargo of planks in a day. 

It was on the high grounds N. of these falls 
that General Wolfe first encountered the French, 
in 1759, and was repulsed, with the loss of 700 
men — a disaster which he so fully retrieved for 
the British arms, though at the cost of his own life, 
a few days afterwards, upon the Plains of Abraham. 

The ride from the city to the falls, on the S. 
side, is through the suburb of St. Roch, over the 
St. Charles River, near its mouth, and onward 
amidst beautiful farms and orchards to the pretty 
village of Beauport, which is well worth seeing, 
as" furnishing a specimen of the better sort of 
Canadian country settlements. The view of 
Quebec, of Point Levi, of tlie St. Lawrence, and 
other interesting points, which is enjoyed in re- 
turning over tliis beautiful drive, is sulKciently 
splendid of itself to compensate all the trouble of 
obtaining it. 

MONTREAL, 

City, river port, seat of government, and chief 
mart of the commerce of Canada. Tlie com- 
munication with this city from the U. S. has be- 
come so free and frequent, both for purposes of 
business and of pleasure, that we deem it de- 
sirable to give in this work a brief notice of the 
place. Its position at the head of ship naviga- 
tion on the St. Lawrence, and near the conflu- 
ence of that river with the Ottawa, in connection 
with its situation in relation to the U. S., renders 
it necessarily one of the most important com- 
mercial emporiums of America. It is the centre 
of the trade between Canada and the States, 
which is carried on by Lake Champlain and the 
Hudson to New York ; with the west by the La- 
ehine and Welland Canals and the lakes ; and 
with New England by the railroads connecting 
with its ports. It is situated on the S. side of 
the largo island from which it takes its name, 
and extends, with its suburbs, nearly two miles 
along the bank of the St. Lawrence, having, for 
some distance, nearly an equal breadth inland. 
It is divided into the Upper and the Lower towns, 
although the difference of elevation between the 
two parts is but slight. The Upper town, being 
the more modern, is the more handsomely Ijuilt. 

The situation and appearance of the city from 



m THE UNITED STATES. 



653 



the water Bomcwiiat resembles that of Albany ; 
inercased, however, in picturesque beauty by the 
hill in the rear, originally called Mount i-toi/al, 
which rises, about a mile from the city, to the 
height of 5,")0 feet, forming a prominent object in 
the picture from every jioint of view. The bat- 
tleniented wall, with wliich the old city was once 
surrouniled, has fallen into decay ; so that it is 
somewhat less like a European city in a|)pearanee 
than it formerly was, being now entirely open, 
and the wooded heights around covered with 
villas and ])leasure grounds. Tlie jirincipal 
streets run parallel to the river, being crossed by 
others at right angles. Along the bank of the 
river, fronting npon the quays, is an extensive 
line of stone warehouses. Commissioners Street 
and Water Street arc nearest to the river, and 
the next is St. I'aul's Street, which is the great 
commercial thoroughfare, running the whole 
length of the city. Notre Dame Street, wliich is 
the Broadway of Montreal, extends in the same 
direction along the summit of the elevation of 
the Lower town, as it is seen from the river. In 
the Upper town and suburbs, which are mostly 
inhal)ited by the principal merchants, the houses 
are handsomely built in the modern style ; but in 
the Lower town they are very generally of a 
gloomy-looking gray stone, with dark iron win- 
dow shutters and tinned roofs, giving to the 
place I'ather an antiquated and heavy aspect. 
There is, however, a great appearance of strength 
and durability in these stone structures, which 
makes a favorable impression concerning the 
character and wealth of the place. To the tour- 
ist approaching Montreal upon the St. Lawrence, 
it presents the aspect of a " City of Granite." A 
massive stone quay extends along the whole river 
front, curving inward, and forming, with its 
wharves, a convenient harbor for the shipping. 
A broad space upon its brow, and in the rear, 
affords a delightful promenade in summer ; and 
whenever any grand arrival or departure upon 
the river calls out the population of the city, this 
position, which olfers unequalled advantages to 
the convenience of a multitude of spectators, 
presents an animated and imposing spectacle. 
Immediately fronting the St. Lawrence is the 
Bonsecours Market, which, by its architectural 
embellishments, at once attracts the eye. But 
the most remarkable public edifice in Montreal, 
towering above every thing else, is the French 
Catholic Church of Notre Dame, commonly, but 
erroneously, called the French Cathedral. The 
Cathedral, or Bishop's Church, in Montreal, is 
in the W. part of the city. This Church of 
Notre Dame, situated on the street of the same 
name, and fronting on a public square, is tlie 
largest religious edifice in America. The length, 
from E. to W., is 225 feet, and the breadth l.'i4 
feet. There are towers at each of the corners, 
on its Gothic front, 220 feet in height ; in one of 
which is hung the largest bell in the W. hemi- 
sphere. The interior contains 9 spacious aisles, 
with 1244 pews, and will accommodate 10,000 
people. The service here is conducted in the 
French language. St. Patrick's is another large 
church, for the accommodation of the Irish Cath- 
olics, capable of containing about 7000 persons. 
There are other church edifices, of various de- 
nominations, and numerous public buildings, 
which are imposing in their architecture. Among 
these are the Government House ; the Seminary 
of St. Sulpice ; the Hotel Dieu, and the Soeurs 



Noires, two large nunneries ; the Court House 
and Prison ; some fine banks ; and an extensive 
range of barracks, for 2000 men. The hotels 
are numerous, some of them affording elegant 
accommodations for the travelling public. In 
one of the public squares is a colossal statue of 
Lord Nelson, placed upon a Doric column, the 
pedestal of which is covered with bass-reliefs 
representing his principal naval actions. " Mon- 
treal," says the British Whig, "is unquestionably 
the cleanest city in her majesty's dominions ; al- 
though at one time it had the very contrary repu- 
tation." The labors of the corpoi'ation, in this 
respect, are worthy of all praise, not merely for 
the extreme cleanliness of the city, but for the 
good order and peifect quiet maintained both day 
and night. The cheapness of cab and caleehe hire 
in Montreal is a fact which will not fail to interest 
the stranger visiting the jilace. For an English 
shilling you can traverse the entire length of the 
city and return again to your hotel. 

In the year 1640, an association was formed 
in France, of persons actuated by religious zeal, 
for the purpose of colonizing the Island of 
Mount Royal. To this association the king 
ceded the wliole island, which is about 70 miles 
in circumference. The spot selected for the city 
was consecrated by the superior of the Jesuits; 
the " Queen of Angels " was supplicated to take 
it under her protection, .and it was called, at first, 
after her name, " La Ville Marie." In 1644 the 
wiiole of this beautiful domain, which, on ac- 
count of its fertility, has been called the '■ Garden 
of Canada," became the property of the St. Snl- 
picians of Paris, and w"as by them afterwards 
conveyed to the seminary established by that 
order at Monireal. At the cou(iuest of Canada 
by Great Britain, in 1760, the property and reve- 
nues of the scignories, and all estates belonging 
to existing religious institutions, were guarantied 
to the possessors. Within the last half century 
many capitalists from England and Scotland 
have become residents of ilontreal, and have in- 
fused a vigor and energy which are manifest in 
its greatly-extended commerce, and in the im- 
provements which are continually taking place. 
At the same time it is true, that every thing 
about the city still speaks of its French origin ; 
and so tenacious have been the French of their 
nationality, that a century of English rule has 
failed materially to alter their habits and manners. 

The distance from Montreal to Boston is 339 
miles, and to New York 406 miles. 

MOUNT EVEEETT, MS. 

This is the most lofty of the summits of the 
Taconic range, situated in the E. part of the 
town of Mount Washington, which lies in the S 
W. corner of the state. From the fact that, in 
connection with much of the surrounding ele 
vated region of the Taconic Mountains, it consti- 
tutes the township of Mount Washington, the 
name of this mountain has often been confound- 
ed with that of the town. By the people of the 
vicinity it has sometimes been called Biild Moun- 
tain, and Bdld Peak. We prefer, however, the 
name of Mount Eveuett, which President 
Hitchcock has given to it in his Geology of Mas 
saehusetts, in honor of Edward Everett, LL, D. 

The height of this mountain is 2624 feet. The 
scenery in its immediate neighborhood is of the 
boldest ifnd most romantic description. The 
whole township, as before intimated, consists of 



MIKERAL SPEINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



one vast pile of mountains belon-inf to the Ta- 
conic range, ,v!,ich skirt. Massachusetts on its 
western border. There are valleys here, but 
the valleys themselves are not loss than from 
1000 ,0 2000 feet above the llousatonirwhie™ 
flows about 5 miles E. of the centre valley or 
busmess part of the town. On the sides of this 
mountam valley are mountains risin<r, some 500 
and some 1000 feet, from whieh deseemlsome of 
the most beautiful cascades in nature The 
mountain on the E„ and nearest the Housatonic, 
;s the mountam of which we are now speaking 
We copy President Hitclicock's description of 
Uie view from this lofty summit. 

" Its central part is a somewhat conical, almost 
naked emmenee, except that numerous yellow 
pines, two or three feet high, and whortleberry 
bushes have fi.xed themselves wherever the crev- 
ices of the rock afford sufficient soil. Thence 
the view from the summit is entirely unobstruct- 
ed. And what a view ! 

' In depth, in height, in circuit, how serene 

?n':.XL;tair,''"''"'^'-°f"'''''»'^>™'''^ 
A reveUition infinite it seems.' 

" You feel yourself to be standing above every 
thing around you, and possess the proud con- 
sciousness of literally looking down upon all ter- 
restrial scenes. Before you, on the E., the val- 
ley t, rough which the Housatonic meanders 
stretches far northward in Ms., and southward into 
Ct., sprinkled over with copse and glebe, with 
small sheets of water and beautiful villages. To 
the h. E especially, a large sheet of water ap- 

In the q W M" ^'"'^•''"' '^^ '"'P^^^i^s beauty. 
In the S. W., the gigantic Alcnder, Riga, and 
her mountains, more remote, seem to bear the 
blue heavens on their heads, in calm majesty; 
«hle, stretching across the far distant west, the 
UitskiUs hang like the curtains of the sky 
(->. what a glorious display of mountains all 
around you! 0, how does one, on such a spot, 
turn round and round, and drink in new glories 
and feel his heart swelling more and more with 
emotions of sublimity, until the tired optic nerve 
shrinks from its office ! 

^I'LV"^ 's certainly the grandest prospect in 
Ma.ssacliusetts though others are more beautiful. 
And the first hour that one spends in such a spot 
IS among the richest treasures that memory lays 
up m her storehouse." ^ 

The best way of getting to Mount Everett 
from any part of Ms., is through Egremont 
which lies 25 miles S. by W. from Pittsfield! 
J<_rom Egremont, you pass along a vast uncul- 
tiva ed slope, to the height of nearly 2000 feet 
until you reach the broad valley where the 
inhabuants reside^ The distance from Boston 
IS 183 miles W. From Hudson, N. Y., the dis- 
tance E IS about 20 miles. You pass the beau- 
tiful lake in Copake, and up through the ro- 
mantic gorge on the W. side of the mountain 

In the near neighborhood of Mount Everett 
there i.s a waterfall upon the side of a deep gulf' 
which is well worth visiting, for the lovers of im- 
pressive scenery. It has received the name of 
Bashapish, or Bash-Pish Fall and Gorge. The 
stream descends rapidly towards the'W be- 
tween perpendicular wills of rock, nearly 100 
feet; striking then against a perpendicular mass 

fl ?t, '. r" "'^'^V '"™' "'"'"-'t ^" "gl" angles, 
to the left, and then to rush down a.declivitv 
sloping at an angle of about S0°, in a trough 



be less than 50 or 60 feet. And here the torrent 
having ior centunes been dashing against the 
edges of the strata, while at the saSe tfme its bed 
has been smking, has worn out a dome-shaped 
eavity to the depth of 194 feet; that is, measur- 
foot oflhe f?,l'r'' "'° ''''"■'"'"^'"S '=l'ff 'o tlic 
By creeping along the S. side of the stream 
where the wall is nearly perpendicular, one cau 
descend quite to the foot of the fall, where he 
hnds himself enclosed on the E., S., and W by 
a vast wall of rock, which, as it rises, curves out- 
ward, so that, when he looks upward, he sees its 
surface, at the licight of nearly 200 feet, project- 
ing beyond the b.ose as much as 25 feet. A man 
111 such a spot cannot but feel his own impotence. 
I here is a position upon the verge of this over- 
Jianging precipice from which a look down into 
this yawning chasm may be obtained. Those 
who visit these falls should not fail to ascend to 
this position, otherwise they will lose half the in- 
terest of the scene. 

The day is not far distant when Mount Ever- 
ett, and the scenery around it, will be visited by 
thousands, yearly, with an admiration equal to 
that e-xcited by the most celebrated mountain 
neights in our country. 

MOUNT HOLYOKE, MS., 
Situated in the S. part of the town of Hadlev 
on the E. side of Connecticut River, opposite to' 
the Great Meadows of Northampton, and about 3 
miles E. of the centre of that beautiful town 
Ihis mountain is 830 feet above the river and 
presents from its summit one of the most cli'arm- 
ing prospects any where to be found in this coun- 
try- The lovely valley of the Connecticut, with 
all Its natural lu.xuriance, and all its adornments 
of cultivation and wealth, lies in view, more or 
less distinctly, according to the distance of its 
several parts, for an extent of 50 or 60 miles, from 
, ■ r. summits of the mountains in Meri- 

den, Ct., about 15 miles from Long Island Sound 
may be distinctly seen from the top of Mt IIol- 
yoke. In a clear atmosphere, Hartford is visible 
about 45 miles to the S. The beautiful meadows 
of Northampton and Hadlev, spreading out di- 
rectly under the eye of the spectator, with their 
vast and variegated carpet of ploughed field 
grass and grain, through the midst of which, in a 
gracefully winding course, the silver stream of 
the Connecticut is threading its shining way, 
having the handsome towns of Northampton, 
Hadley, and Amherst set in difl'erent points, as 
gems upon the bosom of the landscape, consti- 
tute an entire vision of loveliness, such as almost 
makes the beholder feel that he has been trans- 
ported into some Elysian land. The collen^ 
buddings, in Amherst; the Mount Ilolvoke Fe- 
male beminary, in South Hadley; Hopkins Acad- 
emy, in Old Hadley ; the beautif'ul range of build- 
nigs upon Round Hill, Northampton, now occu- 
1"' -i?-,,^ •■'^■''^''™'^d water cure establishment; 
the WiUiston Seminary, in East Hampton; a 
large number of cluircli spires, and other public 
edihccs ; and last, though not least, the new city 
of llolyoke, growing up on the W. bank of the 
river at South Hadley Falls, arc points of inter- 
est which arrest and fix the eve, as it wanders 
over this charming scene. 

On the opposite side of the Connecticut, a little 
to the S. W., Mt. Tom, the hoary compeer of 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



655 



Mt. Holyoke, lifts up its nifrffcd form more tlian 
1200 feet aliovc the vale, and constitutes almost 
tlie only feature of native wildncss wliicli has de- 
tied the sulHluinpr toneli of man. Even here, if 
tlie not inii>roi>aIile theory of some geologists be 
correct, tlic modifying hand of nature has accom- 
I)lished one of its most remarkable achievements 
in the excavation of a rocky channel for tlie Con- 
necticut, between these two mountain beiglits, 
which are supposed originally to have formed a 
connected cliain.at a considerable elevation above 
their ]irescnt bases. The appearance of the bold 
clilfs at the Kock Ferry crossing, as well as the 
form of the vast alluvial basin which would be 
embraced within the sweep of this mountain 
range, if only a connection here were formed, to- 
gether with other geological characteristics, ren- 
der this theory, extraordinary as it may seem, 
almost a matter of obvious demonstration. 

A winding road has been constructed within a 
few year-^, by which carriages ascend aliout two 
thirds of the distance towards the summit of Mt. 
Holyoke ; and the remainder of the ascent, thougli 
steep, is aceom])lished without difficulty. A build- 
ing has been erected on the summit, where com- 
fortable rest and refreshments may be enjoyed. 

There are few, if any, mountain prospects in 
our country, which lie so near to a great thor- 
oughfare of travel, and are so easily accessible, 
ii-s this ; few where so much delightful gratifica- 
tion can be obtained at so little expense of time 
and troulile. In short, there arc few, if any, 
which, for extent and variety of interest adapted 
to give pleasure to a refined and cultivated taste, 
can be compared with advantage to this grand 
enchanting panorama, in which nature and art 
seem rivalling each other, for the meed of admi- 
ration. 

MOUKT HOPE, R. I. 

This interesting locality, once the sent of the 
celebrated King Philip, is situated in Bristol, the 
shire town of Bristol co., which is the Po/inji- 
oc);et of the Indians, lying between the Narra- 
gan.sct and Mount Hope Bays. The summit of 
the hill is about 2 miles N. E. of the court 
house, anil though not elevated more than .300 
feet above tide water, alfords a most extensive 
anil delightful prospect. Here is still shown, at 
a little distance from the apex of the mount, as 
it falls off towards Mount Hope Bay, a sheltered 
niche or alcove in the rock, where, as tradition 
says, King Philiii had his royal scat, and where 
he presided in the council of warriors and 
sachems, wlio either acknowledged fealty to his 
realm, or yielded themselves to the lead of his 
superior prowess. By means of an extensive alli- 
ance of the Indian tribes, Philip finally made a 
desperate assault upon the Euglish settlements in 
1 675, with the design of exterminating them from 
the Amcricasi shores. The flame of war was 
lighted u|i in different parts of the country, and 
continued for more than a year to desolate New- 
England. The first attack was made on Sunday, 
June 20. I67.T. Philip was killed when attempt- 
ing to escape from the pursuit of Captain Church, 
on Saturday, August 12, 1G76. 

MOUNT A-EKNOX, VA. 
This venerated spot, where once resided the 
father of his country, and where his ashes now 
repose, is universally regarded with a sacred in- 
terest. It is on the \V. bank of the Potomac, 15 
miles S. from the city of Washington, and 8 



from Alexandria. General Washington's man- 
sion is still in a good state of preservation. The 
new tomb into which his remains were removed 
in IS.'iO, and subscijuently placeii in a marble 
sarcoph.agus, is in a retired situation a short dis- 
tance from the house. It is a plain but substan- 
tial structure of brick, with an iron gate at the 
entrance, through the bars of which are seen two 
sarcophagi of white marble, in which slumber, 
side by side, the mortal remains of that great and 
good man and of his amiable consort. 

The old tomb, in which the remains of Wash- 
ington were first deposited, and which is now 
going to decay, is upon an elevation in full view 
from the river. 

A glimpse of tliis interesting spot may be had 
from the Potomac steamer, on its way from Wash- 
ingtuu to the railroad terminus at Acquia Creek. 
But to visit the place, it is necessary to stop at 
Alexandria, and take a private conveyance to 
Mount Vernon. 

NAIIANT, MS. 

This celebrated watering-place is a part of the 
beautiful town of Lynn. It is a peninsula, jutting 
out about 5 miles into Massachusetts Bay, and 
forms Lytm Bay on the S. From Boston to 
Nahant Hotel, on the E. point of the peninsula, 
by land, is 14 miles ; from the centre of Lynn, 5 ; 
and from Salem, 9 miles. On the N. E. side of 
this peninsula is a beach of great length and 
smoothness. It is so hard that a horse's foot- 
steps are scarcely visible ; and, from lialf tide to 
low water, it affords a ride of superior excellence. 
Much may be said in praise of Nahant without 
exaggeration. Its formation, situation, and rug- 
ged shore excite the curiosity of all, and many 
thousands annually visit it for health or pleasure. 

It is only 10 miles N. E. from Boston, by the 
steamboats continually plying in summer months. 
At this place are good fishing and fowling, and 
excellent accommodations; the ocean scenery is 
exceedingly I}eautiful in fair weather, and truly 
sublime in a storm. 

This is one of the oldest and most celebrated 
watering-places in New England, and a place to 
which many of the wealthy citizens of Boston, 
having provided themselves with pleasant cot- 
tages, resort in the summer months with their 
families. The Nahant Hotel is a large and 
well-kept house near the termination of the pen 
insula. 

NANTASKET BEACH, MS. 
This delightful retreat in the summer months, 
for those who wish to enjoy the luxuries of sea 
air, bathing, fishing, fowling, &c., is approached 
by tlie South Shore Uailroad, passing through 
the pleasant towns of Dorchester, Quiiicy, Brain- 
tree, Weymouth, and Hingham,to the Nantasket 
station, about .3 miles from the latter place, and 
2 miles from Cohasset. Tlie ride from the station 
to the head of the peninsula of Nantasket is about 
2 miles, where are several large and well-kept 
houses of entertainment. Thence you proceed 
over a beautiful, level, and hard beach, aliout 4 
miles in length. After passing the beach, yoB 
turn to the left nearly at a right angle, and cross 
a narrow neck of land, which brings you upon a 
fine highland, which constitutes the ancient town 
of Hull, the termination of which is Point Alder- 
ton, directly opposite the Boston light-house. 
On the N. and E. sides of this peninsula is Mas- 



656 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



sachusetts Bay; on the S. and W. is included a 
large portion of Boston o\itwavd harbor, contain- 
ing many beautiful islands, and the entrances to 
Hinfjham, Weymouth Fore and Back Rivers, 
and Quincy Bay. Among many islands here, of 
great beauty, is George's Ishind, on which is nearly 
completed one of the strongest forts on the Amer- 
ican coast, for the protection of the city and port 
of Boston ; also Long Island, which has recently 
become celebrated as a watering-place. 

The peninsular promontory on which Hull is 
.situated, from its position in the midst of the 
waters, and from the pleasant situations which 
have been erected here by our wealthy citizens 
for summer residence, has become to the people 
of Boston a second Nahant. The view of the har- 
bor from this point, with its many lovely islands, 
the light-house opposite, and the animated spec- 
tacle of going and returning ships, steamers, and 
pleasure boats upon its waters, is beyond descrip- 
tion beautiful. Ilere also, as well as at the beach, 
are good houses of entertainment. 

This little town, in addition to these natural 
attractions, has an interesting and venerable an- 
tiquity. It was a mart of commerce, and the 
residence of eminent men, 6 years before Boston 
bore its present name, and 4 years before Salem 
became a town. The ease with which it was ca- 
pable of being defended from the incursions of the 
Indians led to its early occupation as a place of 
residence. On the highest ground are the remains 
of an ancient fort, within which was a well, said 
to be 100 feet deep. 

The first settlers of Dorchester received the 
hospitalities of the citizens of this place in June, 
1660; and, in grateful remembrance, every suc- 
ceeding generation pays frequent visits to this 
hallowed spot. 

Tlie distance from Boston to Hull, by land, is 
22 miles ; and by water 9 miles. A splendid 
steamboat, which plies between Boston and Hing- 
ham, passing near Forts Independence and War- 
ren, Thompson's Island, on which is the Boston 
Farm School, Spectacle Island, Hospital Island, 
the islands above named, and several others, 
touches at this place, and affords one of the most 
delightful trips any where to be enjoyed. 

NATURAL, BRIDGE, VA., 
A stupendous natural arch of limestone rock, 
upon which a road passes over a small stream, 
called Cedar Creek, in the south part of Rock- 
bridge CO., a short distance frotn its entrance into 
James River. It is on the ascent of a hill, wliicli 
seems to have been cloven through its length by 
some great convulsion of nature. This is re- 
garded by many as one of the greatest natural 
curiosities in the United vStates. The height 
of the bridge above the stream, to the top, is 21.5 
feet ; the chasm which it spans is 50 feet wide at 
the bottom, and 90 feet at the top ; the average 
width of the arch is 80 feet, being narrowest in 
the middle ; and its thickness, from the under to 
the upper surface, is 5.5 feet. The bridge is cov- 
ered with a stratum of clayey earth, from 4 to 6 
feet deep, having a natural parapet of rocks on 
either side, rendered Krm by trees and shrubbery. 
The view from the top, for those who dure ap- 
proach and look over the parapet into the abyss 
below, is awfully grand. From below it is equally 
sublime, and being divested of painful apprehen- 
sions, is more interesting. In looking up to this 
stupendous arch, at once so massive and so light, 



and springing, as it were, up to heaven, the emo- 
tions of sublimity %vhich are experienced are 
beyond the power of language to express. The 
names of many adventurous visitants are seen 
upon a portion of its walls, where they have been 
ambitious to excel those who have gone before 
them, in the height which they could ascend. The 
name of Washington still remains, where he 
climbed up, and engraved it in the rock with his 
own hands, 25 feet from the base. Through the 
chasm, which continues narrow, deep, and straight, 
for a considerable distance above and below the 
bridge, a limited but very pleasing view is ob- 
tained of North Mountain on the one side, and 
of the Blue Ridge on the other, each about 5 miles 
distant. 

The Natural Bridge is made to answer a very 
useful purpose ; as the turnpike road, wliich is car- 
ried over it, conid not otherwise find a passage 
across this gulf for several miles. It lies 156 
miles W. from Richmond. 

NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, N. Y. 

These celebrated warm springs are situated in 
the lovely valley of New Lebanon, a short dis- 
tance W. of the Ms. line. The spot is sur- 
rounded by cultivated hills, which present a 
panorama of scenery greatly variegated and pe- 
culiarly pleasing to the eye. This place has long 
been known as a great resort for visitors from all 
directions, who come to enjoy the romantic sce- 
nery of the region and the beneficial influence of 
its tepid waters. The warm spring, which is on 
the side of a hill, is 10 feet in diameter, and 4 
feet deep, and discharges water enough to sup- 
ply a small mill power, to which the stream, at a 
little distance from the source, has been applied. 
The temperature of these waters is 72° Fahren- 
heit at all seasons of the year. They are clear 
as crystal, tasteless, inodorous, and soft, which 
renders them delightful for the warm bath, for 
which they are so much used ; being found bene- 
ficial in cutaneous affections, rheumatism, internal 
obstructions, liver complaint, nervous debility, 
and other diseases. 

Besides this abundant supply of warm water, 
there are numerous rills gushing out of the sides 
of the mountains here, which are almost as cold 
as ice. These, also, are peculiarly clear and pure. 

This place lias very judiciously been selected 
for the erection of an establishment for the water 
cure, which has of late years been introduced into 
our country from Germany. 

A railroad will soon be completed, passing 
through this place, and connecting it with the 
Western Railroad, about 7 miles distant. From 
this point to Albany, about 33 miles ; to Boston, 
about 167 miles; to. New York, via Bridgeport 
and Long Island Sound, 160 miles. 

NEWPORT, R. I. 

This place, so " beautiful for situation," and 
so interesting for its antiquities, lias become 
one of the most celebrated summer resorts 
in the United States. It is located on the S. 
W. side of the rich and fertile island of Rhode 
Island, lying within the mouth of Narraganset 
Bay, 5 miles from the ocean. Its harbor, one of 
the finest in the world, spreads W. before the 
town, which is built on a gentle declivity to the 
shore, and appears beautifully as it is ai)proached 
upon the water. Its insular situation gives to 
Newport the advantage of a cool, refreshing sea 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



GoZ 



bvceze from almost every point of the compass ; 
so that ill all the hot mouths it is one of the 
most c'omfortalile iilaces of resilience any where 
to be fuiinil. On this account, it has loni; been a 
favorite place of fashionable resort, especially 
for visitors from the south. Within a few years 
past, a number of large and splendid hotels have 
liccn erected, affording the best accommodations 
that could be desired for all who come ; so that, 
in tills respect, New'port is now the rival of Sar- 
atoga itself 

The largest of these establishments are the 
Ocean House, situated at the S. end of Bellevne 
Street: the AtlmUir House, at the head of Pelliam 
Street; and the HclUvne House, havin*; its most 
extensive front on Catharine Street. The Ocean 
Douse was first built in 1843, by a comiiany, 
which has since been incorporated by the leijis- 
lature of Rhode Island. In August, 1845, tliis 
edifice was entirely burnt to the ground ; ami 
in the following autumn and winter, it was re- 
built with great additions to its extent and 
splendor. These arc the most extensive estab- 
lishments, for the entertainmeiit of company, in 
tow'n ; but there are a number of others, where 
boarders arc handsomely accommodated, and for 
a few weeks in summer they are all generallv 
filled. 

Newport is rendered attractive not only by its 
cool and salubrious climate, but also by several 
objects of cnrious interest to the lovers of anti- 
quarian research : its splendid beaches, adapted 
in the highest degree to the lu.xiiry of surf bath- 
ing ; its abundant means of enjoyment for those 
who are fond of the pleasures of sailing or 
fishing in its secure and capacious bay and har- 
bor; and the many beautiful rides over the 
area of the island in the rear of the town, upon 
roads of the finest description, and amidst the 
beautiful shrubbery and verdure, which its rich 
soil and moistened atmosphere sustain in fresh 
luxuriance. 

Among the antiquities of Ne\vport is what is 
commonly called the Old Stone Mill; which 
is one of the very few works of human structure 
in our eoimtry, the origin and design of which 
are involved in impenetrable mystery. That it 
may have been once fitted up and used for a mill, 
is perhaps probable, from the fact that it is men- 
tioned in the will of Governor Benedict Arnold, 
who, in 1G57, succeeded to Roger Williams in 
the government of Rhode Island, as '■ my old 
stone-built wind mill ; " but that the structure 
was originally intended for such a purpose, is 
what few, considering its peculiar configuration 
and unknown antiquity, will be able to believe. 
There is no record, nor any traditionary legend, 
worthy of credit, to satisfy inquiry concerning 
the date, design, or artificers of this curious edi- 
fice. These jioints have oecasioned much specu- 
lation ; but all has been vain as to any satisfac- 
tory result. 

This buililing, which, besides the above name, 
is frequently called the Old Totcer, and the 
Newport Ruin, is a circular tower, 234 feet ill 
diameter, and 2S4 feet high, composed of irregu- 
lar, rough stones, said to bear no affinity to the 
rocks of the island. The body of this building 
is delated upon 8 round pillars of the same 
material, arches being turned between the pillars. 
The height of these pillars is about 10 feet. The 
v.-alls of the tower above arc 18 inches tliick, 
b tiing uac narrow loophole on the K., one oil 

sa * 



the W., and one on the S. sides. On the E. side 
is a fireplace, with its flue in the wall. The 
roof and floors, if any it had, were of ]jerishable 
materials, and arc gone, leaving the interior 
open to the sky. It stands on a vacant lot upon 
the hill, a little E. of Spring Street, and between 
Feiham and Jlill Streets. It has been supposed, 
by some, to have been built by the Northmen for 
a religious use ; others have maintained that it 
was reared by the early inhabitants, as a place of 
refuge and defence against the Indians. The 
former of these hypotheses is of course conjec- 
tural, and the latter seems intrinsicallv improb- 
able. 

The company which annually visits Newport 
is of a peculiarly select and elevated character. 
The place diflers in this resjject from most of our 
fashionable resorts. It is not health or amuse- 
ment which is here sought, so much as comfort, 
and fine society, and freedom from the cares of 
business and professional engagements. It is true 
UKiny are here from the gay and pleasure-loving 
circles in the eonmninity; but the greater part 
of those who come are persons who aim to find 
in these elegant establishments, or in the beauti- 
ful cottages and summer houses which they have 
])rovided for themselves, a residence for the time 
being, partaking somewhat of the character of 
the homes of high life in the cities. 

This beautiful island is approached by a daily 
line of steamboats from New York, from which 
it is distant 157 miles N. E. ; and from Boston, 
also daily, by railroad and steamboat, about 70 
miles. 

NIAGARA FALLS. 

These falls, in the Niagara River, which is 
the outlet of the great lakes of North America, 
containing one half of all the fresh water on the 
globe, are justly regarded as one of the most 
sublime and imposing spectacles in nature. The 
river, which flows from Lake Erie in a channel 
three fourths of a mile wide, and from 20 to 40 
feet deep, and which is, at this place, about the 
same width, while pressing with great force down 
the declivity of the rapids for almost 3 miles 
above, is here precipitated over a perpendicular 
descent of IGO feet, with a tremendous roar, 
which is ordinarily heard from 15 to 30 miles, 
and has sometimes been heard at Toronto, a dis- 
tance of 45 miles. It has been estimated that 
the volume of water carried over Niagara is not 
less than six hundred and seuenti/ thousand tons in 
a minute. It is the vastness of elements like 
these, entering into the conception of this stu- 
pendous natural phenomenon, which carries the 
emotions of wonder and sublimity with which 
it strikes the outward senses to their liighest 
bounds. 

About three miles above the falls commence 
the rapids. Tliese are caused by a descent 
in the bed of the river of about 52 to 57 feet, in 
the course of which are numerous ledges of rocks 
from 2 to 4 feet high, extending wholly across 
the channel, over which this mighty volume of 
waters, in a dashing and foaming toiTcnr, is hur- 
ried on towards the tremendous cataract. The 
declivity of the river's bed is a little greater on 
the British than on the American side, as denoted 
by the numbers expressed above. This circum- 
stance, together with a bend in the course of the 
stream, causes the jirincipal weight of the water, 
computed to be about seven eighths of the whole, 
to be thrown towards the Canadian side of tho 



e.'s 



MINERAL SPRraGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



river, and consequently to be carried over the 
^'reat Uorscslioe Fall, which is that part of the 
cataract between Goat Island and the Canadian 
shore. The view of these rapids to be obtained 
from Goat Island, or from the opposite shore, 
were the wonder to end here, would be enough 
to reward the ])ains of the longest journey. 
Nearly in the middle, in respect to distance, the 
falls are separated by Goat Island, which has 
also received the name of Ii'is Island. This 
island, which contains about 75 acres, and is cov- 
ered in part with a wild forest, extends to the 
brow and to the bottom of the precipice ; and, 
from its own romantic situation, and the advan- 
tage it affords for viewing the surrounding pano- 
rama from many interesting points, which other- 
wise could never have been approached, constitutes 
one of the most pleasing features of the scene. 
A few rods from Goat Island, towards the Amer- 
ican shore, the fall is again divided by the pro- 
jecting of a small island, called Prospect or Luna 
Island. The section which is included between 
these islands is denominated the Central Fall, or 
the Cascade. The distance across the fall, from 
the American shore to Goat Island, is 65 rods : 
across the front of Goat Island, 78 rods ; around 
the Horseshoe Fall, from Goat Island to the 
Canada shore, 144 rods; and directly across, 
from the island to Table Rock, 74 rods. The 
curve of this fall is somewhat less like that of 
a horseshoe than it formerly was, having ap- 
proached a more angular form in the middle. 
The greatest height of the falls is near the shore 
on the American side, where the descent is 163 
feet ; near Goat Island, on the same side, it is 
158 feet; near Goat Island, on the Canada side, 
it is 154 feet ; and at its termination, near Table 
Rock, on the Canada shore, it is 150 feet. Vis- 
itors are often somewhat disappointed, at first, in 
their impressions of tlie height of the falls, 
which is owing to the unanticipated effect of their 
other immense proportions, — in length and in 
volume of water. When time and varying jjoints 
of view have enabled the mind to stretch itself, 
in some measure, to take in these vast dimensions 
of the scene before it, then the awful grandeur 
of the height from which these mighty floods are 
descending, will not fail to be realized with al- 
most overwhelming emotions. The different 
views which are to be obtained from below the 
falls are specially subservient to this effect. 

The situation of a small island in the rapids 
above the American Fall, about midway between 
the shore and Goat Island, which is called Bath 
Island, encouraged the attempt to construct a 
bridge, over which the former might be safely 
reached. The work, though one of extreme 
difficulty and hazard, was successfully accom- 
plished in 1818. This bridge, from the Ameri- 
can shore to Bath Island, is 28 rods in length, 
and then 16 rods between Bath and Goat Islands. 
It crosses the rapids only 64 rods above the cat- 
aract. On Bath Island a toll-house is estab- 
lished, where a register of the names of visitors 
is kept, and the payment of a fee of 25 cents 
entitles each person to pass and repass as often 
as he may desire during the period of his stay. 
On this island an extensive paper mill has been 
•established. The immense water power which 
might be obtained at these falls, for manufac- 
turing purposes, is not improved to any great 
extent, on account of their exposed frontier sit- 
uation in the event of war. 



At the lowest extremity of Goat Island, towards 
the American side, a fine view is i)vesented of 
the Central and the American Falls, of the river 
below, of the iron suspension bridge, spanning 
the gulf in the distance, at the height of 200 feet, 
and of the Whirlpool, caused by a violent angle 
in the rushing torrent two miles below, which is 
just distinguishable by the cloud of foam which 
it sends into the air. Those of firm nerves may 
here approach to the very verge of the jjrecipice, 
and look directly down at the descent of the 
Cascade, or Central Fall, which rolls over tho 
precipice at their feet, in a clear, unbroken col- 
umn, 158 feet high. Beneath and behind this 
fall is the celebrated Cave of the Winds. From 
Luna Island, which is here connected with Goat 
Island by a foot bridge, a similar view of the 
American Fall is obtained, and tlie finest which 
is to be had from any position above the banks. 
The broad and massive stream pours over ths 
brink 1G.3 feet, into the depth below. At the 
opposite extremity of this great cataract, upon 
the American shore, is also a fine position, at 
Prospect Place, for a view of the entire falls, 
considered on the whole as the best ])anoramic 
view which is to be had from the American side. 
From the S. W. angle of Goat Island, towards 
the British side, a most grand view is presented 
of the Horseshoe Fall, the basin beneath, and the 
rapids above. A bridge, called the Terrapin 
Bridge, has been carried over the rapids at this 
point, about 250 feet, obliquely, towards the brink 
of the fall, to a position upon the rocks, where a 
stone tower has been erected, called Prospect 
Tower, wdiich, from its open gallery at the top, 
45 feet high, furnishes a magnificent view of the 
whole of this stupendous scene. For a view of 
the rapids, perhaps no other point of observation 
is equal to this. From this point the Horseshoe 
Fall is seen with the finest advantage, under the 
light of the morning sun, striking almost directly 
upon its front, and spanning the clouds of vapor 
with its brilliant bow. This also is the place to 
enjoy the scene by the evening moonlight. The 
bridge was formerly extended s.bout 50 or 60 feet 
beyond the tower, so as to project a few feet over 
the edge of the precipice, enabling the spectator 
to look directly down 1 50 feet to the boiling basin 
into which the cataract of the Horseshoe Fall 
descends. This, however, has been considered as 
too daring an exposure of life to be prudently 
encountered, and therefore this extension of the 
Terrapin Bridge has been broken uji. 

There is a descent to the bottom of the falls 
from the front of Goat Island, which is accom- 
plished by a covered winding staircase, erected 
in the year 1829 by the late Nicholas Biddic, Esq., 
of Philadelphia, and known as the Biddle Stair- 
case. The descent from the island to tlie margin 
of the river here is 185 feet. From the foot of 
the stairs, to the left, a path leads to the Uorsc- 
slioe Fall, by which, when the wind is favorable-, 
a passage may be effected with safety for some 
way behind the sheet of falling water. To the 
right, from the staircase, a path leads to the cel- 
ebrated Cave of the Winds, situated directly be- 
hind the Central Fall, towards the American side. 
This cave, formed by a recess in the wall of the 
precipice, is about 120 feet across. 50 feet in 
width, and 100 feet high. The sheet of water on 
the one side, and the projecting rock on the other, 
form an overhanging arch of awful grandeur; 
and from the back of the cave, the sight and 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



659 



sound of the rushing waters, and of the rever- 
berating winds pent up in their rockj- confines, 
thrill tlie soul with emotions never to be forgotten. 

Tlic ]):\ssagc of tlie river from one side to the 
other is cflTeetcd with case and safety by a ferry. 
a few rods below the American Fall. This is 
maintained, during the season of the greatest 
concourse of vi,sitors. by running a small steam- 
boat across, and at other seasons by small boats 
with oars. The descent to the ferry on the Amer- 
ican side is by a stairway, and also by a rail car, 
upon an inclined plane at an angle of 35'^, 
and S25 feet in length, carried down and up by 
the action of a wheel turned by water. On the 
British side, a winding carriage road has been 
constructed. One of the best views of the falls, 
particularly of those on the American side, is that 
wliicli is enjoyed from tlie boat while crossing this 
fcnw. The depth of the water here is 2.'>0 feet. 

A pleasing view of the falls is obtained from 
the wire suspension bridge, about 2 miles below, 
whicli is itself a wonder of art, now constituting 
an additional object of admiration for visitors 
at the falls. It spans the narrow gorge of the 
Niagara River by a reach, from pier to jiier, of 
8no feet in length and 230 feet above the water 
The width of the bridge is 40 feet. It is sup- 
ported by IG wire cables, 1100 feet long and 
upwards of 12 inches in circumference, having a 
strength equal to 6500 tons tension strain. 

But the best single and comprehensive view of 
the falls is obtained from the banks on the Cana- 
dian shore, where a full view of the great Cres- 
cent or Horseshoe Fall is presented on the right, 
while those on the American side, though more 
distant, are seen in their whole breadtli pouring 
down almost directly in front. 

Table Rock, situated near the angle made by 
the shore on the Canada side with the precipice 
over which the Horseshoe Fall descends, is a 
broad projecting crag, 150 feet above the bed of 
the river, from which this fearful cataract, with the 
agitated waters botii above and below, and the 
American Fall, in comparative distance, are seen 
with the finest advantage. Portions of this rock 
have fallen oil", at diH'crent times within the mem- 
ory of man, somewhat curt.ailing its original 
dimensions. This fact, together with the changes 
in the shape of the British Fall, from a compara- 
tively gradual curve, according to authentic data, 
in 1678, to its present more angular outline, might 
seem to favor the belief of some geologists, that 
the falls have been, and arc still, continn,ally re- 
ceding, and leaving behind them the high banks 
of a channel which they have been excavating 
perhaps ever since the creation. It is certain, 
however, that the lapse of 250 years has wit- 
nessed no perceptible alteration in the geograph- 
ical position of this wonder of nature. 

Near Table Rock there is another staircase bv 
which visitors may descend to the foot of the 
Horseshoe Fall, and place themselves in a situ- 
ation to feel the full impression of that tremen- 
dous power which is making the rocky founda- 
tions underneath to tremble. Here, too, those 
who are able to do it may pass, with a guide to 
direct them, a distance of 230 feet behind this 
great sheet of water, to a narrow ledge, upon 
which there is scarcely space to stand, called Ter- 
mination Rock, and there gaze at the arch above, 
which appears threatening to fall and crush them, 
or look down into the abyss as far as the flashing 
waters and the rising mists will permit the eye 



to penetrate. There are many features of sub- 
limity and of beauty belonging to a full descrip- 
tion of the Falls of Niagara, which must pass 
unnoticed here. 

It is the opinion of those who have been long 
resident near the falls, th.at not even the ditt'erent 
kinds of iish that chance to be carried down ever 
escape with life ; wild fowl too, it is said, never 
escape destruction if once brought by any means 
near to the verge of the main cataract. Three 
large British vessels, stationed on Lake Erie 
during the war of 1812, were, at the close of the 
war, declared unfit for service, and condemned- 
Permission was obtained to send them over the 
falls. The first was torn to pieces by the rapids, 
and went over in fragments ; the second foun- 
dered before she reached the falls ; but the third, 
which was stronger, took the leap in gallant 
style, and retained her figure till she was hidden 
in the mist below. A reward of 10 dollars, which 
had been offered for the largest fragn)ent of wood 
from either wreck, was finally paid for the only 
splinter which was found, which was not above a 
foot in length, ragged, and crushed as by a vice. 

There arc other falls in this country which 
have a greater perpendicular descent than those 
of Niagara ; but there are none, either in this or 
any other ]iart of the known world, where such a 
mass of water, with such tremendous power, is 
precipitated from so great a height. If any thing 
can add to the emotions of sublimity awakened 
by these amazing ilemonstrations of the (Creator's 
might, it is the thought of their untiring en- 
durance — of the centuries through which the 
" voice of God as the sound of many waters " 
here has thundered its eternal peal. 

" Tliese groaning rorlts tfie .^Imiphty's finper piled ; 
Fur .ifres liere his painted liow has smiled. 
Marking the changes and tlie cliance of time — 
Eternal — beautiful — serene — sublime ! ■* 

NICOJACK CAVE, GA. 

This vast cave is situated in the N. W. ex 
tremity of the state, having its entrance about 20 
miles S. W. of the Lookout Mountain, and h;df 
a mile from the S. bank of the Tennessee. The 
width of the entrance is 25 feet, and the roof va- 
ries from 5 to 60 feet in height. The Students' 
Cai'e, first explored by the students of Mercer 
University in 1848, which has its entrance about 
4 miles distant, in Tennessee, is supposed to be 
connected with this. 

The interior passages and apartments of these 
eaves aft'ord much both to astonish and delight the 
visitor. Sjiacious rooms and lofty domes, tall 
columns and glittering pendants from the ceil- 
ings, arches and resemblances to architectural 
fa(;ades, entablatures, and other decorations, con- 
stitute a succession of interesting objects, the ex- 
tent of which is not definitely known. The rail- 
roads from Charleston and Savannah to the 
Tennessee River afford a ready communication 
with the region in which these caves are situated. 

OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN, N. U. 

See Franconia Notch, p. 266. 

OLD OECUAKD BEACH, ME. 

This fine beach is in the town of Saco, which 
lies on the Eastern Railroad, about 15 miles 
S. W. of Portland. From the mouth of the Saco 
River, which here enters the ocean, the beach 



660 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



stretches 5 miles and more to tlie N. E., and is 
uncommonly smooth and hard over its whole 
extent. The situation is retired and agreeable 
for visitors, being separated from the town by a 
narrow tract of pine wood, through which there 
are cool and pleasant rides. Accommodations 
are provided here for a considerable number of 
visitors. 

ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS, N. T., 
Are upon the shores and in tlie neighborhood 
of the lake of this name, which lies wholly in 
Onondaga co. They are principally owned by 
the state, and bring to it a haudsome revenue. 
They are the largest and best in the U. S. The 
making of salt, both by solar evaporation and by 
artificial heat, is carried on very extensively at 
Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes, places 
adjoining each other, which are all included 
within the limits of the Onondaga Salt Springs 
Reservation., The original Reservation, indeed, 
embraced a much larger extent ; but the whole, 
not included within these several places, has 
been sold to private landholders. 

Salt was first made on this tract at Salt Point, 
near the margin of the lake, and within the pres- 
ent limits of Salina. The earliest systematic 
arrangements for carrying on the business, as 
far as records show, date back as far as 1787. 
The principal spring is at Salina, which affords 
an inexhaustible supply of water, yielding, to 
every 40 gallons about one bushel of pure salt. 
The water is forced up by hydraulic engines into 
a large reservoir, from which it is conducted in 
pipes to the various works at Syracuse, and other 
places in the vicinity. The amount of the duty 
on salt, accruing to the state from these works, 
in 1850, was $44,364. 

PASSAIC FALLS, N. J. 
These beautiful falls are on the Passaic River, 
at Paterson, 13 miles N. of Newark, and 17 
miles from New York. They are easily reached 
by railroad from New York, and constitute one 
of the fovorite resorts for citizens and strangers 
from the city. The river here, after pouring 
over a dam several feet high, erected immedi- 
ately on the brow of the falls, and rushing thence 
down a steep declivity, on its natural rocky bed, 
some 20 or 30 feet, finally makes a plunge over 
a perpendicular precipice, about 60 feet high, into 
a chasm between two walls of the rock, from 
which the waters emerge through a fissure 
at right angles to the direction of the cataract. 
The rocks, being of a basaltic character, are of 
rectilinear form, and perpendicullir in their posi- 
tion, which gives a remarkably bold and impos- 
ing aspect to the scenery. This also accounts 
for the comparatively smooth surfaces of this 
deep excavation. By the dam above the falls, a 
portion of the river is diverted for the purpose 
of obtaining the valuable water power by which 
the extensive iactories at Paterson are carried 
on. This has much diminished the beauty of 
the falls, except at seasons of high water, when 
they appear in their original grandeur. 

PHILLIPS'S POINT, MS., 
Juts out into Massachusetts Bay, about 3 miles 
N. of the centre of Lynn, on the N. side of the 
entrance to the peninsula on which Nahant is 
situated. Here is a beach of great beauty, of 
about half a mile iu length. The access to this 



delightful spot is so easy, and the natural charms 
of the place so great, that, with public accommo- 
dations which are all that guests can desire, it has 
become a favorite place of fashionable resort. 
The distance from Boston is 12 miles. 

PICTURED ROCKS, LAKE SUPERIOR. 
See p. 251. 

PINE ORCHARD, N. Y., 
Is the name given to an elevated ten-ace of 
table land, or ledge, upon the Catskill Moun- 
tains, about 2300 feet above the level of the 
Hudson River. Formerly it was covered with a 
scattered growth of pines, which, in its wild state, 
give to it the name of Pine Orchard. Upon the 
E. verge of this table of rock, of about 6 acres in 
extent, stands the Catskill Mountain House, 
about 140 feet in length, and 4 stories high, 
wliich has been erected for the accommodation 
of visitors, who resort here in great numbers in 
the summer season, to enjoy the extensive pros- 
pect, the cool, exhilarating atmosphere, and the 
wild surrounding scenery. Few places of fash- 
ionable resort present stronger attractions than 
this. A line of stages runs between Catskill on 
the Hudson River and the Mountain House, a 
distance of 12 miles. The ride to the foot of the 
mountain is not specially interesting ; but the 
ascent, by a very circuitous route, from every 
successive opening and turn of which some new 
and more extensive vista is presented to the eye 
contimmlly, is in a high degree inspiring and de- 
lightful. And when at length the lofty eminence 
is reached, there opens, from the front of the noble 
edifice, a prospect of vast extent and beauty ; 
embracing an apparently endless succession of 
woods and waters, farms and villages, towns and 
cities, spread out as in a boundless panorama, 
over which all inequalities of surface are over- 
looked. The beautiful Hudson appears nar- 
rowed in the distance, with numerous vessels 
scattered along its silvery line, discerned, as far 
as the eye can reach, by their canvas gleaming in 
the sun, and with the trailing cloud of some 
smoking steamboat almost constantly iu sight. 

The view embraces an area of about 70 miles 
NT and S. Far in the E. outline rise the Tagh- 
kanic mountains, and the highlands of Ct. and 
Ms. To the left are seen the Green Mountains of 
Vt., stretching away into the N. till their blue 
summits are blended with the sky. At other 
times all the prospect below is enveloped in a 
rolling sea of mist and cloud, surging witli the 
wind, and presenting ever new and fanciful 
forms to the sight. Thunder storms are not un- 
frcquently seen passing below the spectator, while 
the atmosphere is delightfully clear and cool 
around him. There are two small lakes a short 
distance behind the Mountain House, which, 
uniting their outlets in one stream, and pouring 
them over a precipice 175 feet at one leap, and 
80 feet at another, into an immense ravine be- 
tween two mountain ridges, present a watci'fall 
which is one of the most wild and at the same 
time pleasing curiosities of nature. This is the 
source of the Kaaterskill River, which winds ita 
way into the Hudson at Catskill village. A view 
of these falls is easily obtained by a walk or ride 
of a mile or two from Pine Orchard. 

PLUM ISLAND, MS. 
See NewburypoH. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



661 



PLEASANT MOUNTAIN, ME. 

This mountain, wliicii is now much resorted to 
for its cool, invigorating air and lovely prospect, 
by the people of our eastern cities, is situated in 
the town of Bridgeton, by the travelled route alio«t 
50 miles \V. from Portland. The excursion to 
the foot of the mountain is itself a delij;litfal one, 
having the pleasant A'ariety of a ride in the vms 
10 miles out. to Gorham, and thence 8 miles by 
stage coach to the Sebago Lake, over which, and 
the other lakes connected with it by romantic 
etreams, the trip to Bridgeton, .30 miles, in the 
little steamer wliich plies upon these waters, is 
quite enchanting. The mountain is more tlian 
2000 feet above the level of the sea. The view 
from its summit is extensive, reaching to the 
ocean on one hand and the White Mountains on 
the other, and embracing 30 or 40 beautiful sheets 
of water, with the steamer, like a thing of life, 
winding her way among them ; together with 
many neat and pretty villages, which dot the 
landscape in various directions. Sometimes the 
morning mists are seen lying along the valleys, 
giving the spectator to realize something like the 
privilege of a celestial elevation above the clouds. 

The ascent is accomplished with perfect case, 
by a good mountain path, for about one mile, on 
horseback or on foot, as may suit the visitor. An 
excellent house has been erected on the summit, 
where boarders can enjoy every comfort and 
luxury they may desire, from a well-s])read table, 
neat and well-fui-nishcd apartments, piano-forte, 
and other accompaniments of our fashionalile 
hotels. No elevation, perhaps, in New England, 
is so easily reached, where at once so fine a pros- 
pect may be enjoyed, and the accommodations of 
so comfortable a home obtained. 

PLYMOUTH ROCK, MS. 

This interesting locality takes the precedence, 
in some important respects, of .all other places 
of public resort in our country. A natural and 
laudable desire to stand upon the spot where the 
forefathers of New England landed fi-om the 
Mayflower, in 1020; to survey the natm-al fea- 
tures of the harbor, and the sliore on which, in 
its wild and wintry desolation, their eyes first 
rested as their home in the new world ; and to 
feel the inspiration of the scenes where our glo- 
rious institutions of civil and religious freedom 
were first conceived and nurtured ; cannot fail 
to operate, with increasing numbers of our citi- 
zens, to induce them, at least once in their lives, 
to make a pilgrimage to the Rock of Plymouth. 

" No New Englandcr," says Dr. Dwight, " who 
is willing to indulge his native feelings, can stand 
upon the rock where our ancestors set the first 
foot after their arrival on the American shore, 
without experiencing emotions very ditfcrent from 
those which are e.xcited by any common object 
of the same nature. No New Englandcr could 
be willing to have that rock buried and forgotten. 
Let him reason as much, as coldly, and as in- 
geniously as he pleases, he will still regard that 
spot with emotions wholly different from those 
which are excited by other places of equal or 
even superior importance. . . . Plymouth was 
the first town huilt in New England by civilized 
man ; and those by whom it was built were infe- 
rior in worth to no body of men whose names 
are recorded in history during the last seventeen 
hundred years. A kind of venerableness arising 
from these f;tcts attaches to this town, which may 



be termed a prejudice. Still it has its foundation 
in the nature of man, and will never be eradicat- 
ed, either by philosophy or ridicule. . . . Wlien 
we call to mind the history of their sufferings on 
both sides of the Atlantic, when we remember 
their preeminent patience, their unspotted piety, 
their immovalilc fortitude, their undaunted reso- 
lution, their love to each other, their justice and 
humanity to the savages, ami their freedom from 
all those stains which elsewhere spotteii the ch.ar- 
acter even of their companions in artliction, we 
cannot but view them as illustrious brothers, 
claiming the veneration and a]iplause of all their 
posterity. 

" The institutions, civil, literary, and religious, 
by which New England is distinguished on this 
side the Atlantic, began here. Here the maimer 
of holding lands in free socage, now universal 
in this country, commenced. Here the right of 
sufl^rage was imparted to every citizen, to every 
inhabitant not disqualified by poverty or vice. 
Here was formed the first establishment of towns, 
of the local legislature which is called a town 
meeting, and of the peculiar town executive 
styled the selectmen. Here the fir.st parochial 
school was set up. and the system originated for 
communicating to every child in the community 
the knowledge of reading, writing, and arithme- 
tic. Here, also, the first building was erected for 
the worship of God, the first religious assembly 
gathered, and the first minister called and settled, 
by the voice of the church and congregation. 
On these simple foundations has since been erect- 
ed a structure of good order, peace, liberty, 
knowledge, morals, and religion, with which 
nothing on this side the Atlantic can bear a re- 
mote com])arison." 

Since the opening of the Old Colony Railroad, 
in 184.'>, connecting Plymouth with Boston, from 
which it is distant 374 miles S. E., the access to 
this interesting spot is rendered easy, and the 
luimber of visitors, especially in the summer 
season, has very much increased. The Samoset 
House, a spacious and well-kept hotel, in a de- 
lightful situation, looking out upon the h.arbor, 
ofi'cring the most tempting inducements to per- 
sons from the city to find a residence here dur- 
ing the heat of summer, and always filled with 
boarders during that season, furnishes anothei 
means of augmenting the uumber of strangers in 
Plymouth, who are interested to find out what- 
ever is to be seen or known of the antiquities of 
the place. 

The first object, of course, for which the visitor 
inquire?, is. The Kocic, — "Forefathers' 
Rock." This remains, except a portion of it 
which has been placed in front of Pilgrim Hall, in 
its original position, where the Pilgrims stepped 
upon it from their " shallop ; " although the 
whole appearance of the spot has been changed 
by the erection of a wharf and warehouses over 
and around it. The rock lies buried to its sur- 
face in the earth at the head of "Hedge's Wharf'," 
and lietween two stores which stand on either 
side of the passage to the wharf from Water 
Street, a few feet S. of North Street. The top of 
the rock is bare, and upon a level with the pres- 
ent surface of the ground. It is about 6^ feet 
broad in its horizontal diameter, and, since the 
removal of the portion which lies in front of 
Pilgrim Hall, about 4 feet in vertical thickness. 
In its geological character it is a Bowlder, like 
the Pilgrims themselves, a stranger upon these 



662 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



shores ; and is described as " an extremely hard 
variety of scienitic granite, of a dark gray color. 
The mica is in very small quantity, in tine black 
particles ; and the rock, bj' its rounded edges, 
i)ears evidence of its solid character, as well as of 
the attempts to break specimens from it; which, 
fortunately, its extreme hardness renders seldom 
successful." 

De Tocfiueville, in his work on America, makes 
the following beautiful comment upon Plymouth 
Rock : " This rock," he says, " has become an 
object of veneration in the United States. I 
have seen bits of it carefully preserved in several 
towns of the Union. Does not this sufficiently 
show that all human power and greatness is in 
the soul of man ? Here is a stone, which the 
feet of a few outcasts pressed for an instant ; and 
the stone becomes famous ; it is treasured by 
a great nation ; its very dust is shared as a relic. 
' And what has become of the gateways of a 
tliousand palaces ? Who cares for them 1 " 

Should the stranger inquire how it is known 
with certainty that this is the very rock which 
first received the feet of the Pilgrims, it may be 
well to state, that, besides the general and undis- 
puted tradition to that effect, among a people 
from tlie first intelligent and well informed, and 
in addition to the natural probability of the fact, 
from the size and situation of this solitary bowl- 
der lying at the water's edge, the following cir- 
cumstances, in themselves full of interest, have 
placed til is matter beyond a doubt. Elder 
Thomas Faunce, the last ruling elder in the first 
cliurch of Plymouth, who was Ijorn at Plymouth 
in 1646, was of course well acquainted with a 
considerable number of those who arrived in the 
Mayflower, some of whom were still alive un- 
til he was of the age of 20 or 25 years. He 
lived to the year 174.'), and died in his 99th year. 
In the year 1741, Elder Faunce, learning that 
preparations were making for the erection of a 
wharf near or over the rock, and feeling an 
anxiety in regard to its exposure, in the march 
of improvement, to be injured or displaced, 
though at the advanced age of 95 years, and in 
declining health, left his residence, about 3 miles 
distant, and, in the presence of many citizens, 
pointed out the rock as that on which the Pil- 
grims landed, and then himself took a final leave 
of this cherished memorial of the fathers. These 
circumstances have been related by several aged 
persons, who were present on the occasion, to 
those of the present generation ; particularly by 
the late honorable Ephraim Spooner, deacon of 
tire first church of Plymouth 41 years, and 52 
years town clerk, who "died in 181 S, and who, as 
was happily said by President HoUey, in his ad- 
dress at the commemoration of the landing in 
1817, •' knew and conversed with Elder Faunce, 
who personally knew the first settlers ; — so Poly- 
carp conversed with St. John, the beloved disci- 
ple of our Savior." 

Allusion has been made to the fact that a por- 
tion of Forefathers' Rock has been removed and 
placed in front of Pilgrim Hall. This came 
about in the following manner : In the year 
1774, when the spirit of national independence 
was coming to its crisis in the controversy with 
the parent country, some zealous whigs, seeking 
to avail themselves in this great cause of the pa- 
triotic associations connected with Plymouth 
Rock, undertook to procure its removal to the 
town square, where a liberty pole was to be 



erected over it, and it was to be made the talis- 
man of resistance to civil oppression. In the 
attempt to raise it from its bed, however, the 
rock was split asunder ; which by some was in- 
terpreted as a favorable omen, indicating a final 
separation between the colonies and tlie mother 
country. After some hesitation, the conclusion 
was, to leave the lower part of the rock in its 
place, and to remove the other, which was accord- 
ingly carried to the town square, and honored as 
before mentioned. Here it remained until 18.34; 
when, on the anniversary of American Independ- 
ence, it was again removed to the area in front 
of Pilgrim Hall, and enclosed in an elliptical 
iron railing prepared for its reception ; into the 
festoons of which are cast the 41 immortal names 
who subscribed the first civil compact, on board 
the Mayflower, November U, 1620. 

Pleasing and appropriate, however, as is this 
honored eushrinement of the fragment of the rock 
which has been removed, it is matter of much 
greater felicitation to the sons of the Pilgrims, 
that the great body of it remains, to mark the 
spot where they first descended upon the shores 
of the new world, and took possession of its wide 
domain, as an asylum for liberty and truth. To 
one standing upon this sacred spot, how full of 
force and beauty is the graphic language of 
Daniel Webster, in his centennial address of 1820 1 

" Beneath us is the rock on which New Eng- 
land received the feet of the Pilgrims. We seem 
even to behold them, as they struggle with the 
elements, and with toilsome eftbrts gain the 
shore. We listen to the chiefs in council ; we 
see the unexampled exhibition of female fortitude 
and resignation ; we hear the whisperings of 
youthful impatience ; and we see, what a painter 
of our own has also represented by his pencil, 
chilled and shivering childhood, houseless but for 
a mother's arms, couchless but for a mother's 
breast, till our own blood almost freezes. The 
mild dignity of Carvek and of Bradford ; 
the decisive and soldierlike air of Standish; 
the devout Brewster; the enterprising Al- 
LERTON ; the general firmness and thoughtful- 
ness of the whole band ; their conscious joy for 
dangers escaped ; their deep solicitude about 
dangers to come ; their trust in Heaven ; their 
high religious faith, full of confidence and antici- 
pation, — all these seem to belong to this place, 
and to be present upon this occasion, to fill us 
with reverence and admiration." 

From the Rock the visitor will naturally turn to 
Pilgrim Hall. This handsome edifice, erected 
by the Pilgrim Society, which was formeil in 
1820, to commemorate the landing, and to honor 
the memory, of the Pilgrims, is situated on the 
E. side of Court Street, a short distance N. of 
Court Square. The corner stone of this monu- 
mental edifice was laid, with religious solemnities, 
September 1, 1824. It is constructed of granite, 
in a plain and substantial style of architecture. 70 
feet ill length by 40 feet in width, having a pedi- 
ment in front, supported by six Doric columns. 
In the body of the building is a spacious hall, 
ap])ropriated to the reception of interesting relies 
and memorials of the Pilgrims, and to the meet- 
ings of the Pilgrim Society. In the basement is 
a dining-room, intended for their accommodation 
whenever a great commemoration of the landing 
is held at Plymouth. 

The objects of interest in Pilgrim Hall are too 
many to be here particularly described. The 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



663 



fine liistoni';il painting, representing; tlio Umiling 
of the Vil^N-ims, designed and executed liv tlie 
late HenrvSargent, Esq., of Boston, and liy liim 
prescnted'to tlie Pilgrim Society, occupies a con- 
spicuous position on tlie cast end of the room. 
It is on a canvas 13 feet hy IC, and embraces, in 
its interesting group of figures, all the most nn- 
portant personages of that memorable day. to- 
.^cthcr witli S.4M0SET, the Indian sagamore, who, 
hy artistic license, is made to be an astonished, 
tl'iough not unfriendly observer of the scene. The 
roonf contains a portrait of the first Governor 
Winslow, and also of the second governor, his son, 
copied from the originals, painted in Loudon. 
There are, besides these, many others of great 
value, but none of those who came in the Jlay- 
flower, excejit that of Winslow. 

Among a great variety of antiquarian relics arc, 
a chair of Governor Carver, the sword of Miles 
Standish. the original letter of King rinlip to 
Governor Trince, and many utensils and articles 
of furniture brought over in the Mayflower. Tliere 
13 also here a library, composed of ancient and 
appropriate books, to which, as well as to the 
cabinet itself, additions are continually making. 
The early records of the colony, with the original 
signatures of the first men in authority, are kept 
iifthe oftice of the Register of Probate, at the 
court house, and are very politely cxliil>ited by 
him to all who are interested to call and exam- 
. ine them. 

BuuvixG HiLi, is the next interesting locality 
which will attract the steps of the stranger in 
Plvmouth. This was originally called Fort Hill, 
because it was here that in 1622 the Pilgrims erect- 
ed a building for defence against apprehended in- 
vasions from the Indians, upon which their soli- 
tary piece of ordnance was mounted. This build- 
ing '■ served them also for a meeting-house, and 
was fitted accordingly for that use." A second 
and more substantial fort was erected here on the 
approacli of Fhiliji's war, in 1675. The site of 
this ancient fort is distinctly marked, on the S. 
E. part of the hill, overlooking the bay and the 
surrounding country in even- direction. 

Governor Carver,' and those of the Pilgrims who 
died during the first year, were not buried in this 
ground, but upon Cole's Hill, a lower elevation, 
near the water's edge, just above where the higli 
terrace wall from Water Street now is, which was 
in the close vicinity of the first enclosure made 
for their habitations. These early graves were 
carefuUv smoothed over, in order that the In- 
dians m'ight not perceive how greatly death had 
reduced tlieir numerical strength. 

Burying Hill, however, soon after 1622, began 
to be liscd as their place of sepulture ; and here 
ihe generations of the dead in Plymouth have been 
gathered to their fathers for more "than two cen- 
turies and a quarter. Guides have been placed 
along the jjaths, which have been tastefully laid 
out tlirough the ground, to direct the notice oi 
the visitor to some of the earliest and most hal- 
lowed -raves. No dates, however, are legible 
upon tiresc stones earlier than 16S1. But a new 
white marble monument has been placed over tlic 
grave of Governor 15u.\UFORD ; who was chosen 
governor afier the death of Carver, in 1G21, and 
was elected to the same office every year until 
his death, in 1C.")7, excepting for five years, 
when, as Winthrop says, he '■ by importunity 

^"l^position on Burying Hill is the one of all I 



others to bo chosen for the purpose of bringing 
under the eye at one view all the interesting 
localities of Plymouth. Imagining, therefore, 
that our readers stand with ns 



" On the liill of liallowcd blow, 
Where the Tilgrim sleepctli now," 

we shall, as rapidly as possible, complete our 
survev of whatever is most intimately associated 
here with the memory of the Pilgrim Fathers. 

Lying before us on the E. are the harbor and 
the bay? above wliicli our point of observation is 
elevated 165 feet. From this point the eye is 
enaldcd, in a clear atmosphere, sometimes to 
discern the white sand cliffs of Cape Cod, across 
the bav at a distance of 25 miles ; within which, 
on the 11th of November, 1620, the Mayflower, 
after a passage of 98 days, joyfully cast her 
anchor, and where she remained until the coast . 
had been explored to find a place of settlement. 
There, on that dav, before taking the first step 
in this urgent undertaking, the Pilgrims drew up 
and sin-ncd their ever-memorable comjiact for a 
free government ; of which John Quiney Adams 
has said, " This is perhaps the only instance iii 
human liistorv of that positive origiaal social 
compact which speculative philosophers have 
imagined as the only legitimate source of gov- 
ernment. Here," he adds, "was a unanimous 
and personal assent, by all the iudividuals of the 
community, to the association by which they 
became a nation." 

Contracting now the scope of vision to the 
entrance of the harbor, about 8 miles E. of the 
town, Mmiomet Puiid is seen on the right or S. 
side which is the termination of Mauomet Hill, 
about 400 feet high ; and on the left or N. side, 
the Garnet, a jiroraontory connected with Marsh- 
field by a low beach, and forming a fine situation 
for the beautiful double light which has been 
placed upon it. 

A tongue of laud springing from the shore on 
the S. side of the harbor, and cxtciuliiig N. 3 
miles, directly in front of the town, from half a 
mile 10 a mile distant from it, divides this lessei 
bay into the outer and the inner harbors. On 
the outward side of this natural barrier there is 
the fine beach so well known as Pli/mouih Beach, 
which is commensurate with its whole extent. 

From the Gurnet, along the N. side of the 
outer harbor, and round the point of the beach, 
lies the Channel, through which, after careful 
soundings had been made, the Mayflower, with 
her precious freight, was finally brought up as 
far as to an anchorage a little N. E. of the 
Beach's Point, where .she lay from the 16th of 
December to the 5th of April following, a period 
of 110 davs. 

Nearly in the same range beyond, and ajipar- 
ently in conjunction with the Duxbury shore, 
on the N. side of the harbor, is seen darks 
hiand. memorable as the sjjot where the first 
New EngLiiid Sabbath was kept, by a portion of 
the Pilgnms, while the JIaytlower was yet lying 
at Cape Cod. Being out in their shallop on an 
exploring tour, they were driven by a storm, on 
the night of December 8, to take shelter under 
the lee of this island, which is jjrotected, in some 
measure, from the violence of the ocean by a 
projecting head land, a little to the S. E., called 
Saipiish. This v.as their first introduction into 
Plymouth harbor, and is the true original of 
Mis. Uemans's graphic picture : — 



664 



MINERAI, SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. 



" The breaking waves dashed high 
On a stem and rnrk-bimnd coast ; 
And the woods against a stormy sky 
Their giant liranrhcs tossed ; — 

*' And the heav-y night Imng dark 
The hills and waters o'er. 
When a hand of e.\ile3 moored their hark 
On wild rs'ew England's shore." 

The 9th being extremely cold, they spent the 
day in drying their arms, repairing their shallop, 
and exploring the island. The next day being 
the Sabbath, " they rested according to the com- 
mandment ; " and here, their company being 
eighteen in number, they prayed and sang praises 
for the first time on those heathen shores to Him 
for whose pure faith and worship thoy had suf- 
fered and sacrificed so much in coming to this 
new world. 

" Amidst the storm they sang ; — 
And the stars heard, and the sea I 
And the sounding aisles of tlie dim woods rang 
To the anthem of the free I " 

A short distance to the left of Clark's Island, 
on the Duxbury shore, there rises, directly from 
the water's edge, a low and regularly-formed hill, 
entirely under cultivation, which is known as 
Captain's Hill; this being a portion of the 
land assigned at an early period to Cvptain 
Standish, the intrepid military leader of the 
Pilgrims. Upon this fjxrm he settled, and built a 
house near where the little cluster of buildings 
now stands, at a little distance from the shore, on 
the S. W. side of the hill. Some ruins of this 
ancient house, which was finally consumed by 
fire,- still remain to attract the curiosity of the 
antiquarian. 

Contracting now our view within the precincts 
of the town itself, which lies spread out around 
ns, it will be easy to trace the plan of the settle- 
ment, as it was first laid out and occupied by the 
Pilgrims. We look directly down before us 
through Lei/den Street, running from the Town 
Square, in ifront of the Gothic meeting-house, to 
the water side ; lying as near as may be upon the 
steep margin of the stream which here flows into 
the harbor from the \V. It was along this street, 
formerly called First Street, that on the afternoon 
of the 28th of December, they proceeded to meas- 
ure out their grounds, intending to build a row of 
houses upon each side of the street, commencing 
from what is now Town Square. "And first," 
they say, "we took notice how many families 
there were : willing all single men that had no 
wives to join with some family, as they thought 
fit, that so we might build fewer houses ; which 
was done, and we reduced them to nineteen fam- 
ilies. To greater families we allotted larger 
plots : to every person half a pole in breadth and 
three in length ; and so lots were cast where every 
man should lie ; wliich was done and staked out. 
We thought this proportion was large enough at 
the first, for houses and gardens, to empale them 
round ; considering the weakness of our people, 

many of them growing ill with colds,'' &c 

" We agreed that every man should build his own 
house ; tkinkity, b;/ that course, men toould make 
more haste than workinej in eommon^ 

They had previously completed one frame 
building, about 20 feet square, which was to 
serve them as a common shelter, until separate 
dwellings could be erected. This, which was the 
first building in the colony, was situated on the 



S. side of the street, near tlie S. E. declivity of the 
hill towards the water side. 

The first meeting-house stood in the Town 
Square, very nearly upon what is now the site of 
the meeting-house built in 1840, by the Trinit.a- 
rian, or Third Church, which, in honor of the 
Pilgrims, has taken the name of the Church of the 
Pilf/rimage. 

The most elevated ground which is seen on the 
S. from Burying Hill, and immediately in the 
rear of that part of the town which lies on tho 
opposite side of the stream, is known as Wat- 
son's Hill. By the Fathers it was called Slrau!- 
berri/ Hill. It was on the summit of this hill that 
Massasoit iippeared with his train of sixty men ; 
and fi'om this place hostages were exchanged be- 
tween him and the Pilgrims in the town, and ne- 
gotiations carried on, in consequence of which the 
first treaty of peace and fiiendship was established 
with the Indians. 

The general aspect of the landscape south of 
the town is quite unique, moulded by the drift 
formation, which overlies this section of the 
co.ast, and presenting a congeries of little rounded 
hillocks, which reminds one of the rolling sea 
itself. This singular contour of the surface ac- 
counts for a great number of beautiful ponds, 
said to be about 200, within the precincts of tho 
town. But our limits, already much exceeded, 
forbid us to point out other interesting locali- 
ties. The view presented from this eminence, 
embracing the harbor and the shores of the b,iy 
for miles around, esi>ecially when clothed with 
the associations of histoiy peculiar to the spot, 
is not inferior in interest and beauty to any in the 
country. 

Before we take leave of it, let us be reminded 
again that we stand among the graves of the Pil- 
grims, and of the venerated forefathers who early 
joined them in their sacred enterprise. We tread 
upon the ashes of those to whom we are indebted, 
under Providence, for all which we hold most 
valuable in our religious, civil, and social inherit- 
ance as a people. Verily tliey have received, in 
glorious measure, the recompense of the " blessed 
dead," who rest from their labors, and their ivorksdo 
follow them. 

We caimot better conclude than witli an ex- 
tract from the beautiful Ijymn of Dr. Oliver 
Wendell Holmes, at the celebration of the Land 
ing, in 1846 : — 

"The weary Pilgrim slumbers, 

llis resting-place unknown , 
His hands were crossed, his lids were closed, 

The dust was o'er him thrown ; 
Tlie drifting stiil, the mouldering leaf 

Along the sod were blown ; 
His mound has melted into earth ; 

His memory lives alone. 

" So lot it live unfading. 

The memory of the dead. 
Long as the pale .inejnone 

.'Springs where their tears were shed. 
Or raining in the sutnmer's wind, 

In tiakes of burning red. 
The wild rose sprinkles with Its leaves 

The turf where once they bled I 

"Yea, when the frowning bulwarks. 

That guard this holy strand. 
Have sunk beneath the tratnpiing surge, 

In beds of sparkling sand, 
While in the waste of ocean. 

One hoary rock shall stand. 
Be this its latest legend — 

Hlri: was the PiL»;ai.M's la:<d." 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



6G5 



QUEBEC. 

City ami river port d( Canada, on the W. Iiank 
of the St. Lawrence, about 340 miles from it.s 
month, and about ISO miles below Montreal. 
As many of our readers will be interested to 
know some of the more important partirulars 
of a place so remarkable in its features, and so 
much frequented by persons from the United 
States on their excursions of pleasure in the 
summer months, we shall give a brief notice of 
it here. 

Quebec is situated upon the extremity of an 
elevated ridpe, or bluft', between the St. Lawrence 
and the St. Charles Rivers, at their point of junc- 
tion. Its ground jilan in this respect very nearly 
resembles that of the city of New York. The 
extreme angle of this promontory of rock, upon 
and around whicir the city is built, and which is 
called Ca]ie Diamond, rises, on the sicle next to 
the St. Lawrence, almost perpendicularly to the 
heiglit of about 340 feet, giving to the place, 
and especially to the citadel which crowns its 
summit, a most commanding appearance, from 
whatever direction it is first ajiproachcd. On 
tlie 17th of May, 1841, a large portion, about 
2,^0 feet, of this clitf fell aw,ay, causing the ruin 
of several buildings and the death of about 
30 persons. 

Quebec is naturally divided into the Upper 
and the Lower town. The Lower town, which 
is the oldest, .and lies wholly without the walls, 
partly at the foot of Ca])e Diamond and partly 
extending round to the St. Charles, has narrow 
and dirty streets, which are in some parts steep 
and winding, "the most crowded parts of the 
old to^vn of Edinburgh not being more irregular 
or confined than the Lower town of Quebec." 
The streets in tiic UiJjicr town, though rather 
narrow, arc generally clean, and paved or mac- 
adamized. Both sections are almost wholly built 
of stone, and the public buildings and most of 
the houses in the Upper town are roofed with 
tin. the glitter of which in the sun has a very 
brilliant efi'cct, though not altogetlicr iii kceiiing 
with the venerable aspect and associations of the 
place in other respects. The public buildings 
arc substantial rather than elegant. The Koman 
Catholic Cathedral of Notre Dame ; tlie Cathe- 
dral of the English Church ; the old Episcopal 
palace, afterwards, for a time, the seat of the 
Canadian legislature ; the ^piadrangular build- 
ing, formerly the College of Jesuits, but now a 
barrack; with the Quebec Bank; — all these in 
tlic Upper town, and the government warehouses 
in the Lower town, constitute the princi[)al jiublic 
edifices. There are three nunneries in Quebec, 
one of which, the ffotd Diai, answers a valuable 
purpose as a hospital. It was founded by the 
Duchess Aiguillon in 1637. Its chapel contains 
some fine paintings. The Lrstiliiic A^iunien/. near 
tlie centre of the Upper town, founded in 1G39, is 
a neat building surrounded by a garden. The 
chapel is ornamented with appropriate decora- 
tions and with handsome paintings. The nuns 
of this institution are vciy rigid in their seclusion. 
Only persons of distinction arc admitted within 
tJie walls, though admittance to the chapel can 
be more freely cnjovcd upon ajiplication to the 
chaplain. The body of the French General 
Moittcalm was deposited within this convent. 

Near the cathedral is the Pliice d'Arnies, or 
parade ground, where, on the E. of the Pcnta- 
gon, once stood the Castle of St. Louis, the 
84 



foundation of which was laid by Cbamiilain in 
1624. Tlie position is a most cominanding one, 
upon the very brink of an almost perpendicular 
precipice of rock, 200 feet above the river, flow- 
ing almost at its base. This castle was the resi- 
dence of the French and English governors, 
until it was destroyed by fire in 18:34. Lord 
Durham, during his administration, liad the site 
cleared and levelled, floored with wood, and con- 
verted into a spacious platform, with a railing 
carried quite over the edge of the precipice, mak- 
ing it one of the most beautiful |iroinenades 
imaginable. From this platform, which is called 
Lord Durhnm^s Tinrace, is had an extensive view 
of tlie St. Lawrence, as far down as the Isle of 
Orleans ; of the harbor filled with shi]iping, and 
the opposite bank of the river; with Point Levi; 
the village of D'Aubigny ; and the road, leading 
up through one continuous line of cottages, to 
the Falls of the Chaudiere ; with the mountains 
in the distance gradually fading from the view. 
From this point of observation, much of the 
Lower town and of the shipping at the wharves 
lies far below the eye, and almost directly under 
the feet of the sjiectator. 

Crossing the Place d' Amies from the Terrace 
to Dcs Carrieres Street, the visitor will see the 
beautiful monument, erected by Lord Dalhousie, 
" To the Immortal Memory of Wolfe and Mont- 
calm." This monument, at the period of its erec- 
tion, stood in the gardens of the chateau. 

But to the American visitor, Quebec is most 
extraordinary for the costliness, (lerfection, and 
strength of its means of defence against an invad- 
ing enemy. It is. in the first place, by its natural 
situation, a "munition of rocks" — the " Giii- 
raltar of America." The whole Ujipcr town is 
surrounded by a lofty wall, with fortifications, 
about 3 miles in extent. All communication 
from without is through massive gates, protected 
by heavy cannon, and attended by a military 
guard constantly on duty. The W. jiart of the 
city, being comparatively deficient in natural 
strength, has been covered by a combination of 
regidar works, upon the most approved system, 
comprising ranijiarts, bastion, ditch, and glacis. 
In advance of these, also, to strengthen the de- 
fences of the city on the W.. this being the only 
quarter from which an invader can approach by 
land, 4 martello towers have been erected on the 
Plains of Abraham. They extend from the St. 
Lawrence to the Coteau St. Genevieve, at the dis- 
tance of 500 or 600 yards from each other. They 
are constructed with almost impregnable strength 
on their outer side, and the platform on the top 
is furnished with cannon of a heavy calibre ; but 
on the side next to the city, they are so built as 
to be easily battered down by the guns from the 
walls or from the citadel, in the event of an ene- 
my's gaining possession of them. The citadel 
itself occupies the highest ]ioint of Cajie Diamond, 
from which it frowns with terror upon the foe in 
every direction in which access can be had to the 
city by water or by land. This fortress is cou- 
strncted ujion the most gigantic scale, and upon 
the most approved princiijles of the art. It in- 
cludes an area of about 40 acres, arconimodates 
the garrison, and contains a beautiful jiarade 
ground, with a prison, and with magazines and 
warlike implements, which are immense. The 
officers' barrack is a fine building, looking di- 
rectly down upon the St. Lawrence. The sol- 
diers' quarters are under the ramparts. If not 



666 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



aocompaoictl to the citadel by a citizen, the vis- 
itor must obtain a ticket of admission from the 
otEce of the adjutant fjeneral in tlie city, upon 
which he will be courteously received, and will 
have the honor of a guard to accomjiany him to 
all parts of the work which the regulations permit 
the stranger to inspect. It is ap|n-oached by a 
zigzag pathway, with 32-pounders staring you in 
the face at every turn. Wlien inside, it looks like 
a world in itself; though not that in which it 
might seem the lion would ever lie down with the 
lamb. The walk around the ramparts is the most 
delightful that can be imagined, commanding a 
prospect in every direction of 50 miles in extent, 
replete with all the elements which enter into the 
formation of a perfect landscape. The author 
of Hochelaga thus glowingly describes this pano- 
ramic view from the citadel : " Take mountain, 
and plain, sinuous river and broad tranquil water, 
stately ship and tiny boat, gentle hill and shady 
valley, bold headland and rich fruitful field, 
frowning battlement and cheerful villa, flowery 
garden and sombre forest ; — grou]) them all into 
the choicest ])icture of ideal beauty your fancy 
can create ; arch it over with a cloudless sky ; 
light it up with a radiant sun ; and, lest the scene 
should be too dazzling, hang a veil of light haze 
over all, to soften tho light and perfect the re- 
pose; — you will then have seen Quebec on this 
September morning." 

Besides what has been above described, there 
is the extensive suburb of St. Roch. lying beyond 
the ramparts on the N. W., between the Upper 
to\vn and the S. shore of the St. Charles River, 
which is the only portion of Quebec built on ground 
approaching to a smooth and level surfiice. Al- 
most the wiiole of this section, comprising near a 
third part of the city, was desolated by lire a 
number of years ago, and has been but very im- 
perfectly rebuilt. 

The Plains of Abraham, covered with pastures 
and cultivated fields, lie spread out on the W. of 
the city, so remarkable in history as the scene of 
the sanguinary conflict, as the result of which, in 
1759, Quebec was taken from the French, by the 
British army under the command of the brave 
General Wolfe, who received here his mortal 
wound, and died upon the field, at the moment 
when victory declared in bis favor. The spot is 
marked by a small stone monument, on which he 
breathed his last in the arms of bis friends, ex- 
claiming, as he heard the shouts, " They fly ! they 
fly!" "Then I die happy." The French Gen- 
eral Montcalm also was killed in the action. 

The spot is also marked upon the bottom of the 
clif}', in the Lower town, near which General Mont- 
gomery, together witli most of his personal staif, 
was killed during the American revolution, while 
making an attempt, in the night, to force an 
entrance into the city. The remains of the gen- 
eral were interred by a soldier, and were removed 
in 1818 to New York, where they now rest, in 
front of St. Paul's- Church, on Broadway. 

There are several places of resort, which arc 
well worthy of a visit, in the vicinity of Quebec. 
The most celebrated are the Falls of Montmo- 
renci, 9 miles N. E. ; the Falls of the Chaudiere, 
12 miles S. W.; Lake St. Charles, IG miles N. 
W. ; the Indian village of Lorctte, 8 miles on the 
road to the lake ; and tho delightful excursion, 
along the bank of the St. Lawrence, about 8 miles 
out, to Cape Rouge, passing over the I'hiins of 
Abraham, and by Wolfe's Cove, where Wolfe 



disembarked his army. The roads on all thesa 
routes are mostly good, ami the ol)liging French 
drivers are not unreasonable in their charges. 

Steamboats run constantly, during the travel- 
ling season, between Quebec and Montreal ; and 
also from Quebec to the River Saguenay, 140 
miles down the St. Lawrence, and then up the 
Saguenay from 50 to 90 miles, which has become 
a fashionable excursion. 

The principal hotels in Quebec are the Albion, 
in Palace Street, and Payne's Hotel, in St. Ann 
Street, in the Upper town ; and in the Lower 
town, the Ottawa House and the St. L.awrcnco 
Hotel. 

RED SDLrnUR SPKINGS, VA. 

These springs are situated in the S. part of 
Monroe co., 42 miles from the White Sulphur, 
17 miles from the Salt Sulphur, and 32 miles 
from the Sweet Springs. They are among the 
most celebrated of the Virginia springs for their 
medicinal effects, and are visited by a larger pro- 
portion of invalids, perhaps, than any other. 
Their decidedly beneficial influence upon con- 
sumptive patients, in the earlier stages of that 
disease, has given them an extensive reputation. 
Neuralgic cases, also, of the most obstinate char- 
acter, have yielded to their influence. Scrofula, 
diseased liver, chronic diarrhoea, chronic rheuma- 
tism, gravel, dropsy, and diseases of the skin are 
among the disorders for which these waters have 
been found an efficacious remedy. 

" The Red Sulphur water," says a physician 
who has given an account of them from personal 
observation, "is decidedly sedative in its efiects. 
It subdues chronic inflammation, tranquillizes 
irritation, and reduces the frequency of the pulse 
in the most astonishing manner. It has been 
considered peculiarly adapted to the cure of pul- 
monary diseases ; but its good effects equally 
extend to all cases of sub-acute inflammation, 
whether seated in the stomach, liver, spleen, iiv 
testines, kidneys, or bladder, and most particu- 
larly in the mucous membrane." 

The following is the result of an analysis of 
these waters by Professor Rogers, the geologist 
of Virginia : — 

To 1 gallon, sulphuretted hydrogen, cubic 
inches, 4.54 ; carbonic acid, 8.75 ; nitrogen, 4.25 ; 
making the gaseous contents 17.54. 

Solid contents of 32 cubic inches of water, 
1.25; consisting of sulphate of soda, lime, and 
magnesia, carbonate of lime, and muriate of sodx 

Temperature, 54° Fahrenheit. 

A visitor to the Red Sulphur Si)rings thus 
describes the natural situation and the accommo- 
dations of the place ; — 

" The approach to the village is beautifully 
romantic and picturesque. Wending his way 
around a high mountain, the weary traveller is 
for a moment charmed out of his fatigue by the 
sudden view of his resting-place, some hundreds 
of feet immediately beneath him. Continuing 
the circuitous descent, he at length reaches a 
ravine, which conducts him, after a few rugged 
steps, to the entrance of a verdant glen, sur- 
rounded on all sides by lofty mountains. Tho 
S. end of this enchanting vale, wliich is tho 
widest portion of it, is about 200 feet in width. 
Its course is nearly N. for about 150 yards, when 
it begins gradually to contract, and change its 
direction to the N. W. and W., until it terminates 
in a narrow point. This bcauiifully secluded 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



667 



Tem]pe is the chosen site of the village. The S. 
portion, just at the base of the E. luui W. moun- 
tains, is tliat upon wliich stand the variou>i edi- 
fices for tlie accommodation of visitors. Tliesc 
buildings are spacious and conveniently ar- 
rani^ed ; the servants are prompt and obedient ; 
and tlio table d'Mte is abundantly supi)licd 
with every thing that can tempt the appetite. 
The promenades are beautifully embellished, 
and shaded from the midday sun by large sugar 
maples, the natives of tlie forest." 

The springs arc situated in the S. W. part of 
the valley, and the water is collected into two 
white marble fountains, over which is thrown a 
beautiful ociagon-sliaped pavilion. 

liegular stages, or post coaches, arrive here dai- 
ly, both from the N. and S. For further particu- 
lai-s of the general route, see White Suljihitr i>j>rini/s. 

RICHFIELD SPEINGS, N. Y., 
Situated in Otsego co., on the N. side of 
Schuyler's Lake, aliout 1 mile from the lake 
shore. They are reached by the railroad, from 
the E. or W., to Herkimer, whence stage coaches 
and other conveyances convey passengers to the 
springs, 12 miles distant. The accommodations 
for visitors are very convenient and agreeable, 
having been greatly enlarged and improved within 
a recent period. The hotels are of the first class, 
supplying every luxury and comfort usually found 
at these resorts. At the lake, pleasure boats and 
fishing apparatus arc kept in readiness for vis- 
itors. The ride to Otsego Lake is over a. fine 
road, a distance of 6 miles. 

The ftdlowing is an analysis of the Sulphur 
Spring ; Bicarbonate of soda. 20 grains ; bicar- 
bonate of lime, 10 grains j chloride of sodium 
and magnesia, I..'j; sulphate of magnesia, 90; 
hydro-sulplnite of magnesia and lime, 2 ; sulphate 
of lime, 90; solid matter, 153.5; sulphuretted 
hydrogen gas, 20.8 inches per gallon. — These are 
sometimes known as Canaderaga Sjiriii(js. 

ROAN MOUNTAIN, N. C. 
The location of this mountain is .35 miles 
N. W. of Morgantown, and about 15 miles from 
Black Mountain, which we have mentioned in its 
place. The height of this mountain is 6038 feet. 
It is ascended with less difiiculty than Black 
Mountain, and, though less elevated by more 
than 500 feet, is considered more beautiful as a 
height to be visited. Near its S. W. extremity 
there is a body of rocks resembling in ajppear- 
ance the ruins of an ancient castle. 

ROCKAWAY BE.\CH, LONG ISLAND, N. Y'. 
This fashionable watering-place is on the At- 
lantic shore of Long Island, about 20 miles from 
New York. The principal hotel is the Marine 
Pavilion, which is a splendid establishment, erect- 
ed in IS.'U, upon the beach, only a short distance 
from the ocean. There is also another hotel, 
which is well kept, and several boarding-houses, 
where the visitor or the invalid may enjoy the 
invigorating ocean breezes with less of cost and 
display than at the hotels. The most convenient 
route to Dockaway is by the Long Island Rail- 
road to Jamaica, 12 miles from New York, and 
thence 8 miles by stage to the beach. 

EYE REACH, N. H. 

The sea-coast in this town extends about G 
miles, making nearly one tilth of the whole sea- 



board of N. H. There are within this distance 
two or three beautiful beaches, or rather portions 
of the beach, to which resort is had for sea bath- 
ing and summer recreations. At the principal 
jilace of resort, known as Rye Beaih, there are 
pleasant accommodations provided for the enter- 
tainment of visitors. It lies E. of Portsmouth 
about 6 miles. 

SACHEM'S HEAD, CT 

This is an attractive watering-place on the 
Connecticut shore of Long Island Sound. 16 
miles E. of New Haven, and 3 miles E. of Guil- 
ford Point. It has a spacious and elegant hotel, 
with ample accommodations for visitors. The 
place is wild and picturesipie, and the sea breeze, 
liathing, rides, &c., are peculiarly grateful and 
refreshing during the sultry summer months. . 

SAGUENAY RIVER, CANADA. 

Within a few years, the trip by steamboat from 
Quebec to this remarkable river, occupying from 
three to four days, has become a very fashionable 
excursion. We shall include in this article, 
therefore, some notices of the most interesting 
places wliich may deserve the attention of the 
tourist upon such a trip. 

Starting from Quebec, and descending the St- 
Lawrence, the J'alh of Monimorcnci arc seen to 
great advantage, about 7 miles below, precipi- 
tating their snow-white cataract over the lofty 
bank into the river. For a particular description 
of these falls, the reader is referred to the article 
upon that interesting natural curiosity, on page 
272. The Island of Orleans is next passed, on 
the left ; the principal ship channel of the river 
being that upon the N. W. side of the island. 
This is a fertile tract embraced within two encir- 
cling arms of the St. Lawrence, 21 miles long by 
6 or 7 miles wide, and in part covered with foresL 
It rises from 50 to 100 feet above the water. S. 
Patrick's Hole, 1 1 miles below Quebec, on the 
Orleans shore, is a fine anchorage for vessels of 
the largest size. Here, about 25 years ago, an 
immense ship was built, of 3700 tons register, 
with a view of taking her to England, and saving 
the duty on the timber of which she Avas cora- 
])oscd. She crossed the Atlantic ; but as tho 
object was defeated, she returned again to this 
country. In tho attempt to make a second 
voyage, she was wrecked. Fourteen miles below 
Quebec, on the other side of this island, is the 
Parish of St. Laurent. The S. E. shore of the 
St. Lawrence, for many miles below Point Levi, 
presents a succession of villages ami hamlets, con- 
sisting each of a cluster of houses after the French 
Canadian style, one story high, with bodi roof and 
sides painted white, afid with a church standing 
in the midst. After passing Madam Island, 26 
miles from Quebec, the river widens to 10 miles, 
and continues generally to increase in width to itJi 
mouth. Cape Tourment. 30 miles below Quebec, 
is a bold promontory rising to the height of 2000 
feet, and seen at a great distance. Grasse Island, 
o])posite this promontory, is the Quarantine Sta~ 
lion for vessels inward hound, ami has a hospital, 
a Roman Catholic ch.apel. and other buildings 
suited to the design of the establishment. Goose 
Island, 45 miles from Quebec, is owucil by the 
nuns, and is cultivated as a farm by tenants. 
About 70 miles below Quebec is tlic Isle aux 
Coudres, (Isle of Filberts.) said to have been so 
named by Jacques Cartier, on his first voyage of 



66S 



MINKRAL SrRraCS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



discoveiT up the St. Lawrence. On tlie S. E. 
shore of this ishinil is St. Anne, where is a Catho- 
lic college, and a settlement of consideralile size. 
Kammiraska, on the S. E. shore, about 90 miles 
below Quebec, containing aliout 1600 inliabitants, 
has become a favorite jjlace of resort, (luring the 
summer months, for the inhabitants of Montreal 
and Quebec, for jjurposes of fishing and bath- 
ing, and is doubtless destined to beconte a fash- 
ionable watering-plaee, where, as the waters are 
perfectly salt, invalids and the seekers of pleas- 
ure may enjoy sea-bathing and other recreations. 
There is a settlement at the mouth of the Paver 
Du Loup, which comes into the St. Lawrence from 
the S. E. 120 miles below Quebec, containing 
some 1 500 or 1 800 inhabitants. Here commences 
the great road from the St. Lawrence River to tlie 
St. John's, by the way of the Madawaska River 
and settlement. As you come to the mouth of 
the Saguenay, which is 140 miles from Quebec, 
tlie waters of the St. Lawrence take a blackish 
appearance, which is perceivable for many miles 
below, extending far out into the river. This 
discoloration is occasioned by the entrance of the 
waters of this great tributary, which are of a very 
dark hue. Off the mouth of this river is Red 
Island, and nearly opposite is Green Island, which 
are among the first of the islands met with in 
ascending the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence 
River, below this point, assumes an imposing ap- 
pearance ; being clear of islands, and gradually 
widening until its breadth exceeds 100 miles. 

We are now at the mouth of the Saguenat, 
to visit which is the principal object of the excur- 
sion. From the strange, wild, and romantic char- 
acter of the scenery along its banks, as well as 
from the great depth and almost inky blackness 
of its waters, this may be considered as unques- 
tionably the most remarkable river on the Amer- 
ican continent. It is about a mile wide at its 
confluence with the St. Lawrence ; and, in differ- 
ent parts of its coin'se above, is often from 2 to 3 
miles in width. It is one of the most important 
tributaries of this great river ; its volume of wa- 
ter is indeed immense ; and the depth and force 
of its current is so sensibly felt at its junction 
with the St. Lawrence, that vessels going up or 
down are obliged to yield to its influence for sev- 
eral miles. With the exception of the St. Law- 
rence itself, it is decidedly the largest river E. of 
the Appalachian chain of mountains. It is the 
only outlet of the beautiful Lake of St. John, 
which lies about 140 miles nearly W. from the 
River St. Lawrence, in an immense valley forming 
]iart of the territory belonging to the Hudson's 
Bay Company. This lake is nearly circular in 
its form, being between 3Q and 40 miles in diam- 
eter ; and it constitutes the great natural reser- 
voir into which no less than twelve rivers, and 
many smaller streams, discharge their waters. 
The Saguenay is the channel by wOuch this vast 
collection of water finds its way to the St. Law- 
rence, draining an area of country which is more 
extensive than all the rest of Lower Canada, 
although but little known, and till lately almost 
entirely uninhabited, except by one or two hun- 
dred Indian families. 

The first half of the course of the river lies 
through a wilderness of hills, covered with an 
unbroken forest of pine, fir, and spruce ; ami 
numerous and formidable rapids in this part 
render the navigation difficult, and even hazard- 
oas, except to experienced canoe-men. Below 



C/iicoulimi, however, which is 68 miles from its 
mouth, it is navigable for the largest vessels. 
From the flalla Bai/, which is 12 or 15 miles 
below Chicoutimi, the passage of the waters of 
the Saguenay, for the whole distance of 50 miles 
to the St. Lawrence, is one of the wonders of na- 
ture. They penetrate through solid mountains 
of sienitic granite, which seem to have been 
split asunder by the tipheavings of an earth- 
quake, thus forming an immense canal, with banks 
of perpendicular rocks, towering up to 1500 or 
2000 feet above the water, which is about 150 
fathoms deep nearly the whole distance. In many 
places the largest vessel m.ay run close to the 
perjjendicular cliffs, with 100 fathoms water. Its 
depth, at several different points indeed, has 
never been ascertained. It has been plumbed, in 
some of these places, with a line of 330 fathoms, 
or 1980 feet, and that, too, immediately at the base 
of the cliff, and yet no bottom found. 

Mr. Lanman, a talented artist and an accom- 
plished writer, who recently made a tour through 
Lower Canada, thus speaks of the Saguenay : 
" Imagine, for a moment, an extensive country 
of rocky and thinly-clad mountains, suddenly 
separated by some convulsion of nature, so as to 
form an almost bottomless chasm, varying from 
1 to 2 miles in width ; and then imagine this 
chasm suddenly half filled with water, and that 
the moss of centuries has softened the rugged 
walls on either side, and you will have a pretty 
accurate idea of the Saguenay." " Generally 
speaking," he continues, " these towering bul- 
warks are not content to loom perpendicularly 
into the air, but they must needs bend over as if 
to look at their own savage features reflected in 
the deep. . . . Awful beyond expression is the sen- 
sation which one experiences in sailing along the 
S.aguenay, raising his eye heavenward, to behold, 
hanging directly over his head, a mass of granite 
apparently ready to totter and fall, and weighing 
perhaps a million of tons. Terrible and sub- 
lime, beyond the imagery of the most daring 
poet, are these cliffs ; which, while they proclaim 
the omnipotent power of God, at the same time 
wdiisper into the ear of man that he is but as the 
moth that flutters in the noontide air." Another 
writer has remarked that " the power and pride 
of man is as much humbled, in some parts of 
tliis tremendous chasm, as in the immediato 
presence of Niagara Falls." 

Not the least remarkable feature of this river 
is the ridge of rocks lying across its mouth. 
This ridge is below the surface, and through it is 
a channel 120 feet deep, on the upper side of 
which the depth immediately increases to 840 
feet ; so that, even at its mouth, the bed of the 
Saguenay is absolutely 600 feet, or thereabout, 
below that of the St. Lawrence, into which it 
empties. 

After entering the river, the hills soon rise 
abruptly from the water's edge, presenting an 
appearance, at first somewhat similar to the en- 
trance into the Highlands, from the N., on the 
Hudson River. Tudoiisac, at the mouth of the 
SaguiMiay, on the St. Lawrence, is a small place, 
occupicil as a trading post with the Indians, by 
the Hudson's Bay Company. Tete du Bonle is a 
rouiul mountain peak about a mile from Tadousac. 
The Tu'o Profiles, a few miles farther up, ele- 
vated several hundred feet above the water, bear 
a striking resemblance to the outline of the 
human face. At St. John's Bay, 28 miles abova 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



669 



Tadousac. are extensive lumber estahlishments. 
Eternity Point, and IViniti/ Point, on the S. side 
of the river, 34 miles from the mouth, arc two 
enormous masses of rock, risinj^ abruptly from 
the waters cdjie to the hei^dit of 1500 feet. Fifty- 
seven miles from Tadousac opens the I/a-lia 
Bay. or Grmt Bay, as it is sometimes called. At 
the head of this hay there is a larj;e himbcriug 
establishment, with several extensive saw-mills, 
■which is said to >;ive em|iIoyTnent to 2000 persons 
living in the regions of the Saguenay and the St. 
Lawrence. At Chicoutimi, 6S miles from Ta- 
dousac, where our steamboat excursion must 
necessarily terminate, is another trading post of 
the Hudson's Bay Company. Two or three dwell- 
ings, and a small but vener.able looking Roman 
Catholic chapel, constitute the settlement. It is 
one of those stations where, in former days, the 
Jesuit missionaries established a home for them- 
selves. The church edihce, which yet remains to 
attest their religious zeal, is believed to be one 
of the first erected in Canada. Standing here, in 
so romantic and remote a spot, it is a peculiarly 
agreeable oliject. It is about 100 yards from the 
margin of the stream, in the centre of a plat of 
greensward, set out with shrubbery, with forest- 
trees crowning the rising ground in the rear. 
The old bell, still remaining in the tower, is cov- 
ered with characters, or hieroglyphics, which the 
most learned visitors have not been able to in- 
terpret. Here assemble, in the months of June 
and July, every year, the children of the forest, 
some of them from the far north, to meet the 
Catliolic jtriests, who visit the place at that sea- 
son, to minister to the spiritual wants of such as 
still adhere to the religion which their fathers 
were taught in earlier ages, and reverence the 
spot lialhjwed by traditional as.soeiations. The 
Indians in tiie immediate neighborhood have, in 
a great measure, abandoned the use of strong 
drink, ami have become orderly and decent in 
comparison with the other scattered remnants of 
their race. 

Beyond this point all traces of civilization end. 
But the region of the Saguenay cannot long 
remain waste and unoccupied. It is doubtless 
destined to become the aI>ode of an active and en- 
terprising population. The aspect of the country 
around Chicoutimi is divested of the rugged 
character which distinguishes the banks of the 
Saguenay for the first 50 miles ; and as the 
traveller penetrates into the interior, the a])pear- 
ance of the country indicates a sujierior soil. 
The climate, which, in the vicinity of Lake St. 
John, approaches very nearly to that of the dis- 
trict of Montreal, is well adapted to the purjioses 
of agriculture ; and the virgin soil cannot fail to 
repay the labor which shall be bestowed upon it. 

ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS. 
These falls are on the Upper Mississippi River, 
about 7 miles above Fort Snelling. They are a 
succession of boisterous rapids, with one cataract 
about midway, of 16 feet perpendicular descent. 
The Mississippi is here forced through a narrow, 
descending channel, which is blocked up with 
huge rocks piled one upon another, sometimes to 
an enormous height, and assuming many and 
singularly unnatural appearances. It is through 
and arouml these jagged rocks that the river urges 
its fretted course, foaming and tumbling with a 
deafening roar. The river seems to slop for a 
moment ere it encounters the fall j then, breaking 



through every obstacle, it plunges on, its huge 
billows breaking on the rocks, and throwing a 
shower of spray over each little rocky island m 
the channel. There is great grandeur and beauty 
in the scenery at these foils. The whole descent 
of the river here is about 40 feet. Steamboats 
freighted witli merchandise for the country above 
St. Anthony's Falls here find an important carry- 
ing-place, and it is remarkable that this is the 
only cariying-plaee in the whole lengtli of this 
nuigniticcut river. From these falls to St. Louis, 
792 miles. 

SALISBURY BEACH, MS. 
This pleasant beach, from 4. to 5 miles distant 
from Newburyport, is celebrated for its beauty 
and salubrity, and is much frequented during the 
warm season. 

SALT SULI'IIUR SPRINGS, VA. 
This pleasant watering place is situated in 
Monroe eo., 24 miles distant from the White 
Sulphur Sjjrings. They are encircled by moun- 
tains on every side. They arc much visited by 
invalids and others, and enjoy a high reputation 
for the virtues of their waters, as well as for the 
excellent accommodations with ivhich they are 
furnished. The temperature of their waters va- 
ries from 49° to 50° Fahrenheit. 

s.\ratoc;a springs, n. y. 

This is the most celebrated watering-jjlace in 
the U. S. There are here, within the distance of 
about half a mile, as many as It) or 12 mineral 
springs, with properties considerably various, and 
all highly efficacious in their remedial use. This 
place has become the annual resort of thousands, 
es]>ecially during the months of July and August, 
who come in pursuit of health or jileasure, from 
every section of this country and of Europe. 
Large and s])lendid accommodations arc jjrovidcd 
in the various hotels and boarding-houses, which, 
in the season of company, are often thronged 
with visitors, presenting an animated scene of 
gaycty, luxury, and display. 

The village, which is in the N. part of the 
township of Saratoga, is pleasantly situated on a 
sandy plain, in part surrounded by a beautiful 
grove of pines, having its principal street upon 
the W. margin of a narrow vale in which the 
springs are I'ound. On this broad street the 
largest hotels are situated, with several of the 
churches and other public edifices, which give to 
it an imposing appearance. The United States 
Hotel, which is perhaps the most extensive and 
magnificent of these establishments, is a large, 
four story brick edifice, furnishing accommoda- 
tions for about 400 guests, located in a central po- 
sition, and within a short distance of all the most 
important mineral springs. Congress Ilall and 
Unior. Ilall are both large and elegant establish- 
ment'), situated also at the S. pai t of the village, 
near the Congress Sp)ing. All these houses have 
beautiful grounds connected with them in the 
rear, with spacious piazzas and colonnades, and 
are fitted up with s|)ccial reference to tlic demands 
of the moie wealthy and pleasuioloving portion 
of the visitors at the spi'ings. They are oidy kept 
open during the season of fashionable resort. The 
Pavilion Hotel, which was of this class, was de- 
stroyed by fire in 1843. Other houses, as the 
Amei-iean Hotel, Columbian Hotel, Montgom- 
ery Hull, Adelpbi Hotel, aud Washington Hall 



670 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



remain open during tlie wliole year. Besides 
these, tlicre are several respeetable liotels of less 
note, atibrdini; good accommodations botli sum- 
mer and winter. Near tlie springs there arc sev- 
eral public bathing-houses, where cold and warm 
water, and shower baths, can at all times be ob- 
tained. 

The celebrated mineral waters, which are the 
gi'cat cause of attraction to this place, require a 
more particular notice. They issue from the 
limestone formation, which underlies the whole 
Burface of sandy soil upon which the village is 
built ; most of them coming out near the margin 
of a small stream whidi runs through the village, 
in the narrow valley on the E. of the princi|)al 
Btrcet. It is not known at what precise period 
these springs were first discovered. It is said 
tliat the wliites discovered tliem by remarking the 
track of the deer, who frequented tliem in such 
numbers as to wear a path to the spot. In 1773, 
a settlement was established here for the double 
pur])Ose of trading with the Indians, and of accom- 
modating invalids who might seek the benefit of 
two of these fountains of health, which were then 
all that were known. These were those since dis- 
tinguished as the Flat Rock and the Bitjh Rock 
Springs, which had made themselves more ob- 
vious than the rest by a remarkable limestone 
deposit around their orifices. 

There are now ten or twelve different springs 
coming to the surface, within the extent of about 
half a mile, in whose waters the mineral elements 
of soda, magnesia, lime, and iron, with others in 
less volume, are combined, in different propor- 
tions, with carbonic acid gas. Their prevailing 
character is tliat of saline and chalyheale waters. 
Congress Spring, Washington Spring, Putnam's 
Spring, Pavilion Spring, Iodine Spring, Hamilton 
Spring. Empire Spring, and the Flat Rock and 
High Kock Springs, may be mentioned as the 
most celebrated for their medicinal virtues. A 
cluster, known as the " Ten Springs," is situated 
about a mile E. of the village, the most valued 
of which is known as the Union Spring. The 
Mansion House, a well-kept summer establish- 
ment, is near to this locality. 

The Coiirjress Sprlnr/ is the most copious, the 
most frequented, and the most salubrious of all 
the springs in Saratoga. It was discovered in 
1792, by a member of Congress, named Gillman, 
issuing from an aperture in the side of a rock, 
which formed the margin of a little brook. Af- 
ter several years, the supply from this small ori- 
fice in the rock being wholly insufficient to meet 
the increasing demands of visitors, an attempt 
was made to remove the obstructions to its more 
abundant flow ; in consequence of which the 
spring for a time disappeared, and was supposed 
to he forever lost. But at length signs of gas 
were observed rising through the watei-, from the 
bottom of the brook, which led to the ultimate 
recovery of this most invaluable fountain. By 
turning aside the stream, and digging about 8 
feet through marl and gravel to the rock, its per- 
manent source was found, and over it a tube 10 
inches square was placed, through which an 
abundant supply of the finest mineral water con- 
tinually rises to the surface. The Pavilion Spring 
also is brought from an orifice in the rock 40 feet 
under ground, and tubed up at great expense. 
This spring contains more of the carbonic acid 
gas than any other, and next to the Congress is 
most resorted to. 



These waters are highly efTicacious in many 
inveterate cases of disease. But even this is not 
their most important benefit. They have an al- 
most magic effect upon the healthy system, to 
renovate and irtvigorate its energies, when relaxed 
from long confinement to business, or from sed- 
entary habits, and to remove the latent causes of 
languor and disease. Their chief medicinal 
properties are of the cathartic and tonic kinds. 
Large quantities of these waters are bottled, 
transported, and sold in the various cities, which 
is one of the methods in which the springs, 
which are mostly the property of individuals, 
are made a source of profit to their several own- 
ers. For the use of the water at the springs 
no expense is incurred, except what is volun- 
tarily given to those in wailing. It is a sufficient 
proof of the estimation in which they are held, 
to state that upwards of 35,000 persons generally 
visit Saratoga during the summer season, and 
that there are sometimes not less than 3000 vis- 
itors at the same time in the various hotels and 
boarding-houses. 

We copy the following analysis of several of 
the above-named springs from the little work of 
Dr. R. L. Allen, a physician resident at Sara- 
toga:— 

Congress Sprinrj. To one cubic gallon : chloride 
of sodium, grs. 390.246 ; hydriodate of soda, and 
bromide of potassium, 6.000 ; carbonate of soda, 
9.213; carbonate of magnesia, 100.981 ; carbon- 
ate of lime, 103.416; carbonate of iron. 1.000; 
silex and alumina, 1.036. Solid contents, 61 1.892 
Carbonic acid gas, 386.188 ; atmospheric air, 
3.261. Gaseous contents, 389.449. 

Hiffli Rock Sprinff. To one gallon : chloride 
of sodium, grs. 190.233 ; carbonate of magne- 
sia, 62.100 ; carbonate of lime, 71. .533; carbonate 
of soda, 18.421 ; carbonate of iron, 4.233 ; hydri- 
odate of soda, 2.177 ; silex and alumina, 2.500; 
hydriobromate of potash, a small quantity. Solid 
contents, 351.197. 

Carbonic acid gas, 331.666; atmospheric air, 
2.000. Gaseous contents, 333.666. 

Uamillon Spring. To one gallon ; chloride of 
sodium, grs. 290.500 ; carbonate of soda, 33.500 ; 
carbonate of lime, 95.321 ; carbonate of magne- 
sia, 38.000 ; carbon.ate of iron, 4.500 ; hydriodate 
of soda, 3.500 ; bromide of potash, a trace ; silex 
and alumina, 1.000. Solid contents, 466.321. 

Carbonic acid gas, 340.777 ; atmospheric air, 
2.461. Gaseous contents, 343.238. Tempera- 
ture of the water, 48'^. 

Putnam's Spring. To one gallon ; chloride of 
sodium, grs. 220.000 ; carbonate of soda, 15.321 ; 
carbonate of magnesia, 45.500 ; carbonate of lime, 
70.433 ; carbonate of iron, 5.333 ; hydriodate of 
soda, 2.500 ; bromide of potash, a trace ; silex 
and alumina, 1.500. Solid contents, 370.587. . 
Carbonic acid gas, 317.753; atmospheric air, 
3.080. Gaseous contents, 320.833. Tempera- 
ture, 48°. 

Iodine Spring. To one gallon : chloride of 
sodium, grs. 147.665; carbonate of magneshi, 
73.348; carbonate of lime, 28.955 ; carbonate of 
soda, 3.000 ; carbonate of iron, .900 ; hydriodate 
of soda, 3.566. Solid contents, 257.434.' 

Carbonic acid gas, 344.000 ; atmospheric air, 
2.500. (jaseous contents, 346.5. 

Parilion Sprinq. To one gallon : chloride of 
sodium, grs. 183.814; carbonate of soda, 6.000 
carbonate of lime, 59.593 ; carbonate of magnesia, 
58.266; carbonate of iron, 4.133 ; iodide, sodium. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



671 



and bromkic of potassa, 2.5GG ; sulphate of soda, 
1.000; alumina, a trace; silex,1.000. Solid con- 
tents, 316..372. 

Carbonic acid, 369.166 ; atmospheric air, 3.333. 
Gaseous contents, 372.499. 

Ernpirc Spring. To one gallon : chloride of 
sodium, tcrs. 213!756 ; bi-carbonate of lime, 24.678 ; 
bi-earboiiate of magnesia, 113.459: bi-carbonate 
of soda, .■i3.5S4 ; hydriodate of potassa, 9.600 ; 
iron, 0.500 ; silex and alumina, 1.300. Solid con- 
tents, 399.877. 

Carbonic acid gas, 260.132 ; atmospheric air, 
3.314. Gaseous contents, 263.446. 

Tliese sjirings arc situated 23 miles from 
Schenectady, and 37 from Albany. To New 
York, by Schenectady and Albany, 182 miles ; 
to Utica by Sclienectady, 95 miles ; to Jlontreal, 
by Lakes George and Champlain, 226 miles ; 
by Whitehall and Lake Champlain, 219 miles; 
to Boston, by way of Troy, 238 miles. A very 
pleasant way of getting to the springs from the 
northward and eastward is by the way of Lake 
Champlain and Lake George. See Fort Ticon- 
deror/a, p. 266. 

SAYBROOK POINT, CT. 
The situation of this ancient town on the W. 
shore and at the mouth of Connecticut Kivcr, 
having Long Lsland Sound on the S., gives it a 
tine exposure to the cool, invigorating breezes 
from the salt water ; and offers at the same time 
peculiar facilities for pleasure excursions upon 
the river, which liere spreads out into a broad and 
beautiful sheet of water. The Point is a penin- 
sula about one mile in length, crescent-shaped in 
form, and connected with the main land by a 
narrow neck, over which the tide sometimes flows. 
The harbor, making up from the river, lies in the 
bosom of this peninsula, on the side opposite the 
sea. Towards its extremity the land is elevated, 
and spread out to about three quarters of a mile 
in breadth, affording space for a considerable set- 
tlement, which has existed here from the earliest 
colonial history of the country. Indeed, the ven- 
erable antiipiities and important historical asso- 
ciations of this spot, constitute one of its peculiar 
attractions as a place of temporary resort. The 
monument of the Lady Fenwick is still e.xtant, 
a hand.some estate on the opposite side of the 
river being held, it is said, from an original grant, 
on the condition of keeping it in a good state of 
preservation. A square was laid out on this 
peninsula, on whicli it was intended to erect 
houses for Cromwell, I'ym, Ilasselrig, and Hamp- 
den, who. it is understood, had actually embarked 
in the Thames to occupy this ground. Here, too, 
are to be seen some relics of the ancient founda- 
tions of Yale College, which had its location on 
this point for 15 years. The old burial-ground, 
also, is a place of great interest to be visited. 

Lvme. on the opposite bank of the river, is like- 
wise" a pleasant town, affording delightful accom- 
modations to persons from the cities and the 
interior seeking the refreshment of a sojourn in 
the summer on the sea-coast. There arc two 
hotels on Saybrook Point, which are delightfully 
situated and' well kept ; also many other places 
where board can be obtained. Steamboats run 
down the river to New York and to New London, 
Ct., stopping at Saybrook. It will soon be 
reached also by the New Haven and New- 
London Railroad, which is in process of con- 
struction. 



SCHOOLET'.S MOUNTAIN, N. J. 

This is a place of much fashionable resort, 
during the summer months, for its pure air and 
romantic scenery. Belmont Hall, an excellent 
public house, is located on its top, at an elevation 
of 2000 feet, from which the prospect is almost 
unrivalled. There is also, near the summit, a 
mineral spring of considerable celebrity. It con- 
tains muriate of soda, muriate of lime, muriate 
of magnesia, sulphate of lime, carbonate of mag- 
nesia, silex, and carbon.ated oxide of iron. It 
has a temperature of 56° Fahrenheit, and dis- 
charges 30 gallons an hour. 

Seven miles from the spring, on the mountain, 
is Budd's Pond, 2 miles long and 1 mile wide, 
of great depth, and clear as crystal, which abounds 
with fish, and is furnished with a ]ilcasure boat 
for the use of fishing parties and parties of pleas- 
ure. 

This place is approached from New York by 
railroad to Morristown, 32 miles, from whicli the 
mountain is about 20 miles. Philailelphia pas- 
sengers leave the cars at New Brunswick, and 
take the stage via Somerville. It i? 86 miles 
from Philadelphia, via Trenton. 

SHAnON SPRINGS, N. Y. 

In the town of Sharon, in Schoharie co., about 
45 miles \V. of Ali]any by the Cherry Valley 
Turnpike. They arc also reached by stages from 
Canajoharic, on the Utica and Schenectady Kail- 
road, from which place they are distant about 12 
miles, in a. S.W. direction. There are two springs, 
called the Sulphur and the Magnesia Springs, 
situated at the foot of a hill, near the village, 
about half a mile N. of the turn|:)ike road. These 
waters are highly impregnated with sulphur, 
strongly resembling the White Sulphur Springs 
of Virginia. They are pure and clear, and have 
been found to be highly ethcacious in cutaneous, 
dyspeptic, and rheumatic complaints. They have 
an exhilarating effect upon the spirits, invigorat. 
ing the system, and purifying the complexion, 
and in some respects possess medicinal and heal- 
ing properties unsurpassed by any in the country. 

The Pavilion House, at this place, is a large 
establishment, well constructed, and admirably 
arranged to accommodate a great number of 
visitors. It stands upon a commanding emi-- 
nence, having a piazza with lofty columns in 
front, which give to it an elegant and inviting 
appearance. The ]irospect towards the N. is al- 
most unlimited, and by many considered hardly 
inferior to that from the Catskill Mountain 
House. Its elevated situation, always securing a 
pure and bracing atmosphere, conspires with the 
use of the waters to render the residence of vis- 
itors here in hot weather delightfully salubrious 
and refreshing. 

SIA8C0NSET, SIS. 
See Nantucket. 

SQUANTUM, MS. 

This is a small, rocky peninsula, jutting out 
between Dorchester and Quincy Bays, in Boston ■ 
harbor, 5 miles S. of Boston, and near the mouth 
of Neponset River. It has ever been celebrated as 
a favorite resort, first by the red men, and after- 
wards by the whites, for fishing and fowling. 

In 1621, when our Pilgrim Fathers, 10 in num- 
ber, with Squantum, or Tisquantum, and two 
other Indians for their guides, made their first 



672 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



excursion to Massachusetts Bay, us related by 
Winslow, they ancliored at nit^lit under Naiitasket 
Head, and then ran over to the Uorcliester shore 
at this place, wliich tliey called Sijuanttim, from 
the name of the friendly Indian who accompanied 
them. 

This place is admirably adapted to the enjoy- 
ment of sea air and bathing, and to the procuring 
of shell and otiier fish. In the warm season of 
the year, it is frequently tlironged by visitors from 
Boston and the neighboring towns, who obtain* 
tliese luxuries in great abundance, and at a mod- 
erate expense. On the approach to Squantum 
by land, the ride is through some of the finest 
farms in the vicinity of Boston. Indeed tlie ap- 
proach to this little peninsula, either by land or 
water, is delightful. 

STAFFORD SPRINGS, CT. 
These mineral waters have had a considerable 
notoriety ever since the settlement of that por- 
tion of Connecticut in which they are situated. 
The Indians first made the early inhabitants ac- 
quainted with their existence, it having been their 
practice, from time immemorial, to resort to them 
in the warm season, and to plant their wigwams 
around them. They recommended the water as 
an eye water ; but gave, as their own particular 
reason for drinking it, that it " enlivened their 
spirits." It is said that, in 1766, Dr. Joseph War- 
ren, afterwards General Warren, the patriot, who 
fell on Bunker Hill, made a careful examination 
of these waters, and had thoughts of purchasing 
the laud on w'hich they rise, witli a view of estab- 
lishing himself there. 

There arc two distinct springs, the medicinal 
properties of which are considerably diverse. 
One of them, and that which has been longest 
known, contains a solution of iron, sustained by 
carbonic acid gas ; a portion of marine salt ; some 
earthy substances, and an element called natron, 
or native alkali. This spring has been pro- 
nounced by chemists to be one of the most effi- 
cacious of the chalybeate springs in the United 
States. 

The other spring, as analyzed by Professor 
Silliman in 1810, contains hydrogen gas and sul- 
phur in large proportions, and a small propor- 
tion of iron. 

In the year 1765, an effectual cure occurring of 
e most obstinate case of cutaneous disease, which 
had baffled all medical .skill, very much raised 
the reputation of tliese springs ; in consequence 
of which they immediately became a place of 
much resort for persons afflicted with various 
diseases. Within a few years past, it has been 
ascertained, as it is confidently believed, that the 
use of these waters operates as a thorough and 
effectual means of eradicating scrofula from the 
human system. 

Dr. WilLird subsequently carried into execu- 
tion the plan of the lamented Dr. Warren, by 
building a large hotel for the reception of invalids 
and others. This establishment has been con- 
tinued, with enlargements and improvements, to 
the present time. The situation is one which has 
many attractions for the lovers of bold and ro- 
mantic scenery : and affords a most grateful 
retreat in summer from the heat, din, and dust of 
our large cities and crowded marts of business. 
The New London, Willimantic, and Palmer 
Railroad, connecting with the Western Railroad 
at the latter place, passes by Stafford Springs, 



thus making the place easy of access from Bos 
ton. New York, and all other places on the prin 
cipal routes through New England. 

SWEET SPRINGS, VA. 
These springs arc situated in a wide and beau- 
tiful valley among the mountains in the E. ex- 
tremity of Monroe Co., the region of the mineral 
springs of Virginia. Their temperature is 73° 
Fahrenheit. They are celebrated for the tonic 
power of their waters, whetlicr used externally 
or internally. They are only 17 miles distant E. 
from the celebrated White Sulphur Springs. 

TINTON FALLS, N. J. 
See Long Branch. 

TRENTON FALLS, N. Y , 
Eighteen miles N. E. from Utica, arc on the 
AVest Canada Creek, in the town of Trenton. 
These falls are among the most interesting of the 
natural curiosities of the U. S. The creek, or 
stream, here has its bed, for a distance of two or 
three miles, deep in the stratum of dark-colored 
limestone, which underlies the soil, and the whole 
is so densely embosomed in the primitive forest, 
that no token of the long and deep gorge through 
which the waters rush is visible till you are on 
the very brink. In one place, the banks of this 
gulf are about 140 feet in perpendicular height. 
The average breadth, between the banks, is about 
200 feet. Within a distance of two miles, ihero 
are no less than six distinct cascades, interchan- 
ging with rapids as picturesque as the falls them- 
selves. From the Upper Falls, where the water 
pitches over a descent of 20 feet, into a spacious 
basin, the river dashes along down its rocky bed 
for about a mile, to the second falls, called the 
Cascades, consisting of two pitches, with inter- 
vening rapids, having a fjill of 18 feet. A little 
below is the third fall, called the MiUdam, from 
the regularity and smoothness of the sheet of 
water, which here rolls over a precipice of 20 
feet. About 40 rods below this arc the High 
Falls. At this place, the most remarkable fea- 
tures of the spectacle are presented. The volume 
of the river is separated by rifts in the ledge into 
three distinct cataracts, which have a perpendic- 
ular fall of 109 feet, from the brink, of the preci- 
pice to the bed of the stream below. Here, of 
course, the ravine has become very deep, and the 
lofty walls of bare and shelving rocks on each 
side, as seen from the bottom, surmounted and 
overhung by their wooded banks, combine with 
the triple cataract to present a scene of the wild- 
est grandeur. About 70 rods farther down is 
the fifth, or Sherman's Falls, which have a dc- 
sciSnt of nearly 40 feet ; and, after a current of 
less declivity than the rapids above, the stream 
reaches the" last of this beautiful succession of 
cataracts, at Conrad's Falls, where the jjitch is 
about 15 feet; making an aggregate of ;! 12 feet 
descent in two miles, including the rapids. The 
Falls, at all times interesting, become intensely 
so in the season of the annual floods. The path 
which the observer must take, in order to obtain 
any adequate view of the scene, is found by de 
scending a stairway at the lower end of the ra- 
vine, to the bottom, and pursuing his course 
along the strand, up the stream. This path a 
part of the way is easy, and part of the way it is 
more difficult, being for some distance along a 
narrow shelf of rocks, upon the immediate verge 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



673 



of the riisliin^' waters. This passage was former- 
ly somewhat ilaiifcerous, being without the iron 
chain wliich now protects it, ami has ohtaineil a 
meUineholy notoriety from the loss of two inter- 
esting young females, who fell, a few years ago, 
from tlie narrow ledge above tlie cascailes into 
the boiling stream below, and were seen no 
more. 

WACHUSET MOUNTAIN, M.S. 

This mountain is situated in the N. W. part 
of Princeton. It rears its eonir'al head 2018 
feet above JIassachusetts Bay. The base is cov- 
ered with a lieavy growth of wood, wliicli dwin- 
dles to mere shrubbery as you approach tlie 
summit, giving the mountain, when seen from 
a distance, an exceedingly l)cautiful ap|)carancc. 
The hand of art could hardly have sliorn its 
sides to more exactness than nature has dis- 
played in proportioning the growth of wood to 
the ascent. Tlie prospect from this mountain, 
on a clear summer morning, is delightful in the 
extreme. To the observer from its top, the 
whole state lies spread out like a map. On the 
one hand is visible the harbor of Boston ; on the 
other tlie Monadnoek is seen rearing its bald and 
broken summit to the clouds ; while the Hoosie 
and Green Mts. fade away in the distance, and 
mingle with the blue horizon. The numerous 
and beautiful villages, with their churches and 
spires, scattered thickly in all direction.s, give a 
charm to the scene. This is the most lofty sum- 
mit in the state E. of Connecticut Kiver. 

Tills mountain was much resorted to by the 
native Indians, and tradition says, in many in- 
stances, for the purpose of discovering the loca- 
tion of the early settlers hy means of the smoke 
of their fires. The roads to its base are so good, 
and its ascent not difficult, that it is now much 
visited during the summer months. 

A \ery large and commodious hotel has re- 
cently been erected, which aftbrds agreeable en- 
tertainment to its numerous visitors. The moun- 
tain is easily approached by railroads to within 
a few miles of its base. Distance from Boston, 
52 miles W. 

WARM SPEJNGS, VA. 
This is among the oldest of the watering- 
places in this part of the country. It is situated 
in Bath co., about 40 miles N. of the White 
Sulphur Springs. The water, which is very 
transparent, has a temperature of 98'^ Fahrenheit. 
The accommodations for entertainment and for 
bathing here are excellent. 

WAI!M SPRINCS, N. C. 
Situated in Buncombe Co., on the E. bank of 
tlie French Broad River, about ."i? miles N. W. 
from Ashcville, and W. from Raleigh 294 miles. 
These springs have a most romantic locality, on 
the road leading through the Swannanoa Gap, 
in the mountains of the Blue Ridge. The above- 
named river finds here its course through this 
gap in the mountains, which is so narrow and 
so closely shut up on both sides, much of the 
way, as scarcely to afford space for a road to be 
constructed on the river's bank. Yet here has 
been built a tine macadamized road, following 
the course of the river, and having its founda- 
tions in many places supported hy walls or piers 
■resting on the river's bed. It is a work well 
worthy of the attention and admiration of the 
85 



traveller, as a fine monument of tlic triumph of 
human enterprise over the obstacles of nature. 
The scenery on this road is wild, rugged, and 
picturesque in a high degree. 

In the course through this romantic pass oc- 
curs a lieautil'ul plateau, upon the left or S. bank 
of the river, formed by a recess in the highlands, 
in the midst of which are these springs, which 
afford a very delightful watering-place, much 
resorted to by invalids and by the seekers of 
pleasure from this and the neighboring states. 
The main building erected for the accommoda- 
tion of visitors is of brick, 280 feet in length, 
with a piazza on the entire front, supported by 
13 large columns. The edifice is surrounded by 
charming pleasure grounds and gardens. The 
climate of this delightful spot is one of the most 
salubrious in the world, a visit to it, as ha been 
said, "insuring health and vigor to the debili- 
tated, its crystal waters, pure air, and exercise 
among the mountains dispelling all traces of 
dyspepsia and ennui.'' 

Below the springs, by the course of the river, 
in the vicinity of the road, is the celebrated 
Painlnl Rock, which is a lofty wall from 200 to 
300 feet high, stained of a yellow color, by the 
water oozing through its crevices from beds of 
clay, and bringing with it, perhaps, some ochre, 
or other mineral substance. 

TTEIU'S CAVE, VA. 

This is considered as one of the most beautiful 
caverns in the world. It extends about 2500 
feet in length, and is divided into a number of 
apartments, differing in size and in the beauty of 
their decorations. Some of the most extensive 
have received the names of " Washington Hall," 
" Congress Hall," " Solomon's Temple," " Or- 
gan Room," " Deacon's Room," &c. The walU 
consist of the most beautiful crystallized carbon- 
ate of lime, or calcareous spar. That which gives 
this cavern such a peculiar s[)Iendor is the great 
variety in form and color of the crystals with 
which its walls and ceilings arc adorned, as thej 
refiect the light of the torches with which thesa 
subterranean recesses are explored. Some of 
the apartments seem to bo furnished, as it were, 
by the upholsterer, with hangings of rich and 
graceful drapery, formed by thin sheets of the 
same kind of incrustation ; and from the lofty 
roof of one of the halls there is a sheet of this 
description which appears as if flo.ating in the 
air, to which the appellation of " Elijah's Man- 
tle " has been given. 

The person who has the charge of this care 
gives every requisite attention to the accommo- 
dation of visitors. It lies 17 miles N. E. from 
Staunton. 

WELLS BEACH, ME. 
A pleasant place of summer resort, in the iowa 
of Wells, 8 or 10 miles E. of the station for that 
place, on the Eastern Railroad. The facilities 
for sea bathing, sailing, fishing, and riding, upon 
the beach, are fine. The village is near the water, 
aft'ording abundant accommodations to visitors, 
at reasonable rates for board. 

WHITE MOUNTAINS, N. H. 

These mountains are situated in the county of 

Coos, in the N. part of the state. They extend 

about 20 miles, from S. W. to N. E., and are the 

more elevated parts of a range extending many 



674 



MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



miles in that direction. Their base is about 10 
miles broad. 

The Indian name of these mountains, accord- 
ing to Dr. Belknap, was Aqiocochook. An ancient 
tradition ijrcvailcd among the savages, that a 
deluge once overspread the land, and destroyed 
every human being, except a single powwow and 
his wife, who sheltered themselves in these ele- 
vated regions, and thus preserved the race from 
extermination. The fancy of the natives peopled 
these mountains with beings of a superior rank, 
who were invisible to the human eye, but some- 
times indicated their presence by tcmjiests, which 
they were believed to control with absolute au- 
thority. The savages, therefore, never attempted 
to ascend the summit, deeming the attempt peril- 
ous, and success impossible. But they frequented 
the defiles and environs of the mountains, and 
of course propagated many extravagant descrip- 
tions of their appearance ; declaring, among other 
things equally credible, that they had seen car- 
buncles at immense heights, wliicli, in the dark- 
ness of night, shone with the most brilliant and 
dazzling splendor. 

President Aldcn states, that the White Moun- 
tains were called, by one of the eastern tribes, 
Waumbekketmethna. Waumbekket signifies white., 
and methna, mountains. 

These mountains are the highest in New Eng- 
land ; and, if we except the Rocky Mountains, 
whose height has not been ascertained, and one 
or two peaks in North Carolina, they are the 
most lofty of any in the United States. Their 
great elevation has always rendered them exceed- 
ingly interesting, both to the aboriginal inhabit- 
ants and to our ancestors. They were visited 
by Neal, Joeelyn, and Field, as early as 16.32, 
who gave romantic accounts of their adventures, 
and of the extent and sublimity of the moun- 
tains. Tlicy called them the Crystal Hills. 

Since that time this mountainous region has 
been repeatedly explored by hunters and men of 
science. 

Although these mountains are 65 miles distant 
from the ocean, their snow-white summits are 
distinctly visible, in good weather, more than 50 
miles from shore. Their appearance, at that 
distance, is that of a silvery cloud skirting the 
horizon. 

The names here given are those generally ap- 
propriated to the ditferent summits : Mount M^ash- 
inglon is known by its superior elevation, and by 
its being the southern of the tliree highest pe.aks. 
Mou7it Adams is known by its sharp, terminating 
peak, and being the second north of Washington. 
Jefferson is situated between these two. Madison 
is the eastern peak of the range. Monroe is the 
first to the south of Washington. Franklin is the 
second south, and is known by its level surface. 
Lafai/ette is known by its conical shape, and being 
the third south of Washington. The ascent to 
the summits of these mountains, though fatiguing, 
is not dangerous; and the visitant is richly re- 
warded for his labor and curiosity. In passing 
from the Notch to tlie highest summit, the trav- 
eller crosses the summits of Mounts Lafayette, 
Franklin, and Monroe. In accomplishing this, 
he must pass tlirough a forest, and cross several 
ravines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor 
are they discovered at a great distance ; for tlie 
trees fill them up exactly even with the mountain 
on each side, and their branches interlock with 
•ach other in such a manner that it is very diffi- 



cult to pass through them, and they are so stiff 
and thick as almost to support a man's weight. 
Mount Lafayette is easily ascended. Its top, to 
the extent of five or six acres, is smooth, and 
gradually slopes away in every direction from its 
centre. It even has a verdant appearance, as it 
is every where covered with short grass, which 
grows in little tufts, to the height of tour or fivo 
inches. Among these tufts, mountain flowers 
are thinly scattered, which add life and beauty to 
the scene. The prospect from this summit is 
beautiful. To the N., the eye is dazzled with the 
splendor of Mount Washington ■, N. W. are seen 
the settlements in Joft'crson ; W., the courses of 
the Amonoosuck, as though delineated on a map ; 
S. W., the Moosehillock and Haystack are dis- 
covered ; S., Chocorua Peak ; S. E., the settle- 
ments and mountains in Bartlett ; E., only dark 
mountains and forests. On descending this 
mountain, a small patch of water is found at its 
base, from which the ascent is gradual to the 
summit of Mount Franklin. After crossing this 
mountain, you pass over the east pinnacle of 
Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a plain 
of some extent, at the foot of Mount Washing- 
ton. Here is a fine resting-place, on the margin 
of a beautiful slieet of water, of an oval form, 
covering about three fourths of an acre. The 
waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep. Not a 
living creature is to be seen in the waters at this 
height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of any 
kind grow in or around them, to obscure the 
clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they 
rest. A small spring discharges itself into this 
pond, at its south-east angle. Another pond, of 
about two thirds its size, lies north-west of this. 
Directly before you, the pinnacle of Mouut Wash- 
ington rises with majestic grandeur, like an im- 
mense pyramid, or some vast Kremlin, in this 
magnificent city of mountains. Tlie ])innacle is 
elevated about 1500 feet above the plain, and is 
composed principally of huge rocks of granite 
and gneiss, piled together, presenting a variety 
of colors and forms. 

In ascending, you must pass enormous masses 
of loose stone : but a ride of half an hour will 
generally carry you to the summit. The view 
from this point is wonderfully grand and pictu- 
resque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, ponds, 
rivers, towns, and villages meet the delighted 
eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters 
along the eastern horizon. To the north is seen 
the lofty summits of Adams and Jeft'erson ; and 
to the cast, a little detached from the range, 
stands Mount JIadison. Mount Washington is 
supported on the north by a high ridge, which 
extends to Mount Jett'erson ; on the north-cast by 
a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur, 
extending far away in that direction ; east, by a 
promontory, which breaks oH^ abruptly at St. 
Anthony's Nose ; south and south-east by a grassy 
plain, in summer, of more than 40 acres. At the 
south-eastern extremity of this plain a ridge com- 
mences, which slopes gracefully away towards 
the vale of the Saco, upon which, at short dis- 
tances from each other, arise rocks, resembling. 
in some places, towers ; in others, representing 
the various orders of architecture. 

It would be vain in us to attempt a description 
of the varied wonders which here astonish and 
delight the beholder. To those who have visited 
these mountains, our description would be tamo ■ 
and uninteresting : and he who has never ascend- 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



675 



ed their Iioary summits cannot realize tlie extent 
and maftniticcnce of the scene. These mountains 
are decidedly of primitive formation. Nothin'.; 
of volcanic orifrin has ever yet been discovered, 
on the most dilin;ent research. TIjcv have for 
ages, probably, exhibited the same unvarvinir 
aspect. No minerals are here found of much 
rarity or value. The rock which most abounds 
is schistus, intermixed with greenstone, mica, 
granite, and gneiss. The three higlicst peaks arc 
composed entirely of fragments of rocks, heaped 
together in confusion, but pretty firmly fi.xed in 
their situations. These rocks arc an intermediate 
Bubstance between gneiss and micaceous schistus ; 
they are excessively rough and coarse, and gray, 
almost black, with "lichens. The mica in them is 
abundant, of ditlcrent colors — red, black, and 
limpid ; and, though sometimes several inches in 
diameter, 3'et most often irregularly stratified. 
The granite contains emerald, tourmaline, of 
which are found some beautiful specimens, and 
garnets, besides its proper constituents. Crystals 
of quartz, pyrites, actinote, jasper, porphyry, 
fluate of lime, and magnetic iron ore are some- 
times obtained. 

During nine or ten months of the year, the 
summits of the mountains are covered with snow 
and ice, giving them a bright and dazzling ap- 
pearance. On every side are long and winding 
gullies, deepening in their descent to the plains 
below. 

Here some of the finest rivers of New England 
originate. The Saco flows from the east side of 
the mountains ; the branches of the Androscog- 
gin from the north ; the Amonoosuck, and other 
tributaries of the Connecticut, from the west ; 
and the Pemigewasset from the soutli, its foun- 
tain being near that of the Saco. The sides of 
the hills are, in many parts, covered with soil ; 
but this is very superficial in all cases, and every 
spot that can be reached by running water is left 
destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles, 
of which, likewise, the river bottoms are exclu- 
sively composed. In these cold and elevated 
regions, the period for the growth of vegetables 
is extremely brief; the mountains must be for- 
ever sterile. Moss and lichens may be found 
near the summits, but of a meagre and scanty 
growth ; looking as if they had wandered from 
tlieir proper zone below, into those realms of 
barren desolation. 

A visit of Mr. Vines to the White Mountains, 
described by Winthrop, is worthy of notice. It 
was performed in the month of August, 1642, by 
him, in company with Thomas Gorges, the dep- 
uty governor. Darby Field, who was living at 
Exeter, 1639, has the credit of being the first 
traveller to these mountains. His journey, also, 
is described by Winthrop, who says it was per- 
formed in the year 16.32. He appears to have 
returned by the way of Saco. " The report ho 
brought," says Winthrop, "of shining stones, &c., 
caused divers others to travel thither, but they 
found nothing worth their pains. Mr. Gorges 
and Mr. Vines, two of the magistrates of Sir F. 
Gorges' province, went thither about the end of 
this month," (August.) They set out. prohaI>ly, 
a few days after the return of Field, dazzled by 
the visions of diamonds, and other precious min- 
erals, with which the fancy of this man had gar- 
nished his story. " They went up Saco River in 
birch canoes; and that way they found it 90 
miles to Pegwagget, an Indian town, but by land 



it^is hut 60. Upon Saco River thev found many 
thousand acres of rich meadow, but there are ten 
falls, which hinder boats. &c. From the Indian 
town they went up hill, (for the most part.) about 
.30 miles in wooily lands ; then thev went about 
7 or 8 miles u])on shattered rocks^ without tree 
or grass, very steep all the wav. At the top is a 
plain, about .3 or 4 miles over, all shattered stones; 
anil upon that is another rock, or spire, about a 
mile in height, and about an acre of ground at 
the top. At the top of the plain ari,se four great 
rivers, each of >hem so much water at the first 
issue as would drive a mill : Connecticut River 
from two heads, at the north-west and south-west, 
which join in one about 60 miles off ; Saco River 
on the .south-east ; Amaseoggin, which runs into 
Caseo Bay at the north-east; and the Kennebec, 
at the north by east. The mountain runs east 
and west, 30 or 40 miles, but the peak is above 
all the rest. They went and returned in fifteen 
days." This description of the mountains was 
probably communicated by Mr. Vines to Gov- 
ernor Winthrop. It conveys a very accurate idea 
of them, as they now strike the traveller. 

The Notch of the While Afoimtaivs is a phrase 
appropriated to a very narrow defile, extending 
two miles in length, between two huge cliti's, ap- 
parently rent asunder by some vast convulsion 
of nature, probably that of the deluge. The 
entrance of the chasm on the east side is formed 
by two rocks, standing perpendicular, at the dis- 
tance of 22 feet from each other; one about 20 
feet in height, the other about 12. The road 
from Lancaster to Portland passes through this 
notch, following the course of the head stream 
of the Saco. 

The scenery at this jdacc is exceedingly beau- 
tiful and grand. The mountain, otherwi-^e a con- 
tinued range, is here cloven quite down to its 
base, opening a passage for the waters of the 
Saco. The gap is so narrow, that space has with 
difficulty iiccn found for the road. About half a 
mile from the entrance of tlie chasm is seen a 
most beautiful cascade, issuing from a mountain 
on the right, about 800 feet above the suhjaeent 
valley, and about two miles distant. The stream 
passes over a scries of rocks, almost perpendicu- 
lar, with a course so little broken as to preserve 
the appearance of a uniform current, and yet so 
far disturbed as to be perfectly white. This 
beautiful stream, which passes down a stupendous 
precipice, is called by Dwight tlie Silver Cascade. 
It is probably one of the most beautiful in the 
world. 

At the distance of three fourths of a mile from 
the entrance of the chasm is a brook, called the 
Flume, which falls from a height of 240 or 2.')0 
feet, over three precipices ; down the first two in 
a single current, and over the last in three, which 
unite again at the bottom, in a small basin, formed 
by the hand of nature in the rocks. The water 
is pure and transparent, and it would be impossi- 
ble for a brook of its size to be modelled into 
more diversified or delightful forms. 

It is by no means strange that the unlettered 
Indian fancied the.se regions to be the abodes of 
celestial beings ; while' the scholar, wiihout a 
stretch of fancy, in calling to mind the mythol- 
ogy of Greece," might find here a fit place for the 
assemblies and sports of the Dryads, Naiads, and 
Oreads. 

Avalanches, or alides, from the mountains. 0» 
the 28th of August, 1826, there occurred one o' 



676 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



tlic most remarkable floods ever known in tiiis 
mountainous region, and which was attended by 
the awful calamity of the destruction of a whole 
family, by an avalanche, or slide, from the moun- 
tains. 

These avalanches, as they are termed in Swit- 
zerland, are produced by heavy rains ; they com- 
mence, gcneruUy, near the highest limits of 
vegetation on the mountains, which, on some of 
them, is near their summits ; the slides widening 
anil deepening in their downward course, carrying 
along all the trees, shrubbery, loose rocks and 
earth, from their granite foundations. At this 
time there were probably thousands of acres reft 
from the sides of the mountain, and carried to 
the valley in the Notch below. 

The house inhabited by Captain Samuel Willey 
and his fiimily stood on the westerly side of the 
road, in the Notch, and a few rods distant from 
the high bluff, which rises with fearful rapidity to 
the height of 2000 feet. Adjoining was a barn 
and wood-house ; in front was a beautiful little 
meadow, covered with crops ; and the Saco passed 
along at the foot of the easterly precipice. 

Nearly in range of the house, a slide from the 
extreme point of the westerly hill came down, in 
a deep and horrible mass, "to within aliout five 
rods of the dwelling, where its course appears to 
have been checked by a large block of granite, 
which, falling on a flat surface, backed the roll- 
ing mass for a moment, until it separated into 
two streams, one of which rushed down by the 
north end of the house, crushing the barn, and 
spreading itself over the meadow; the other 
passing down on the south side, and swallowing 
up the unfortunate beings who probably attempt- 
ed to fly to a shelter, which, it is said, had been 
erected a few rods distant. This shelter, what- 
ever it might have been, was completely over- 
whelmed; rocks, weighing ten to fifty tons, being 
scattered about the place, and indeed in every 
direction, rendering escape utterly impossible. 
The house remained untouched, though large 
stones and trunks of trees made fearful ajjproaches 
to its walls ; and the moving mass, which sep- 
arated behind the building, arjain united in its 
front! The house alone could have been their 
refuge from the horrible uproar around — the 
only spot untouched by the crumbling and con- 
suming power of the storm. 

The family consisted of nine persons : Captain 
Willcv. his wife, five children, and two men, by 
the names of Nickerson and Allen. 

Travellers visiting this section of country, in 
autumn, will be gratified with the rich and varied 
beauties of autumnal foliage common in this 
country, but more particularly so at the north, 
and which is thus described by Dr. Dwight ; — 

*• The bosom of both ranges of mountains was 
overspread, in all the inferior regions, by a mix- 
ture of evergreens, with trees, whose leaves are 
deciduous. The annual foliage had been already 
changed by the frosts. Of the effects of this 
change it is, perhaps, impossible for an inhabit- 
ant of Great Britain, as I have been assured by 
several foreigners, to form an adequate concep- 
tion, without visiting an American forest. When 
I was a youth, I remarked that Thomson had 
entirely omitted, in his Seasons, this fine part of 
autumnal imagery. Upon inquiring of an Eng- 
lish gentleman the probable cause of the omission, 
he informed me that no such scenery existed in 
Great Britain. In this country it is often among 



the most splendid beauties of nature. All the 
leaves of trees, which are not evergreens, are, by 
the first severe frost, changed from their verdure 
towards the perfection of that color, which they 
are capable of ultimately assuming, through yel- 
low, orange, and red, to a pretty deep brown. 
As the frost aft'ects different trees, and the differ- 
ent leaves of the same tree, in very different 
degrees, a vast multitude of tinctures are com- 
monly found on those of a single tree, and always 
on those of a grove or forest. These colors, also, 
in all their varieties, are generally full ; and, in 
many instances, are among the most exquisite 
which are to be found in the regions of nature. 
Different sorts of trees are susceptible of different 
degrees of this beauty. Among them the maple 
is preeminently distinguished, by the prodigious 
varieties, the finish, beauty, and the intense lustre 
of its hues, varying through all the dyes, be- 
tween a rich green and the most perfect crim- 
son, or, more definitely, the red of the prismatic 
image." 

Visits to these mountains are annually in- 
creasing. The roads and public houses on the 
various routes to them are excellent ; and the 
scenery, in extent and variety, is of surpassing 
beauty and grandeur. 

The following apostrophe to Mount Washing 
ton was written by an American poet : — 

" Ttiine is the summit where tlie clouds repose. 
Or, eddyinp wildly, round thy clitfs are bonie ; 
When Tempest mounts his ru.sliing car, and tllrows 
His billowy mist amid the thunder's home ! 
Far down the deep ravines the whirlwinds come, 
And bow the forests as they sweep atone; 
While, roaring deeply from their rocky womb, 
The storm comes forth, and, hurrying darkly on, 

Amid the echoing peaks the revelry prolong ! 
***** 

" Mount of the clouds 1 when winter round thee throws 
The hoary njantle of the dying year, 
Siihlime, amid thy canopy of snows, 
Thy towers in bright magnificence appear! 
'Tis then we view thee with a chilling fear, 
Till summer robes thee in her tints of blue ; 
When, lo! in softened grandeur, far, yet clear, 
Thy battlements .stand clothed in heaven's own hue, 

To swell, as Freedom's home, on man's ujibounded view ! 



ROUTES TO THE WUITE MOUNT.II.VS. 

1. From Boston, via Portland, Me. — From Bos- 
ton by railroad to Portland, 105 miles, and thence 
by railroad to Gorbam, N. H., 91 miles. Dis- 
tance from Boston, 196 miles. At this place a 
hotel has been erected to accommodate visitors, 
5 miles fi-om the base of Mount Washington, and 
a road luas been laid out to the summit on the 
north side of the mountain. 

Another route from Portland is by railroad to 
Gorham, Me., 10 miles, and thence by stage 8 
miles, to the steamboat running across the Sebago 
Lake and other small lakes and streams connect- 
ed with it, to Bridgeton, a distance of 30 miles; 
thence by stage to Fabyan's new house in Con- 
way, 20 miles ; thence to " Old Crawford's," south 
of the Notch, 24 miles ; to the Willey House, 
within the Notch, 6 miles ; and throiigh it to 
■' Tom Crawford's," 2 miles. From this place 
Mount Washington is ascended from the south- 
west, over the summits of Mounts Lafayette, 
Franklin, and Monroe, as described in the fore- 
going article. From Crawford's to the White 
Mountain House, kept by Fabyan, the route con- 
tinues by stage 4 miles, making the distance from 
Boston, this way, 189 miles. The ascent to the 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



677 



summit of Mount Washinhton, from this place, 
is aci-ompliflied on horscbacl<. Tlie distance to 
tlie summit is 9 miles, about 5 of wliich are over 
a comparatively smooth and level road, to the 
base of the mountain. 

These routes, particularly the latter, are verv 
inviting. The journey from Boston to Portland 
may be made cither by the Eastern Railroad, 
which passes along the coast, through tlie beauti- 
ful towns of Lynn, Salem, Newburyport, Ports- 
mouth, and Saco ; or by the Boston and Maine 
Railroad, which runs a great part of the distance 
upon a nearly parallel route, a few miles in the 
interior, passing by Andover, Lawrence, and 
Haverhill, in Ms., Exeter, Dover, and Salmon 
Falls, in N. H., and uniting with the eastern route 
at South Berwick, Me. 

From Portland, the route to Gorham, N. H., 
north of Mount Washington, has the recommen- 
dation of being direct and expeditious, being all 
the way by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Rail- 
road ; and when this road shall have been carried 
through, to connect with the railroad already 
opened upon the other end of the route, from 
where it strikes the Connecticut River to Mon- 
treal, this route will accommodntc a great number 
of visitors, especially those who have not the 
time to spare for a visit to the Notch. 

But the route from Portland by way of Sebago 
Lake will Ijc preferred, of coarse, by those who 
wish to pass through the Notch, as well as to as- 
cend the mountains. This is truly a delightful 
route, presenting every variety of scenery which 
these romantic regions afford. The passage of 
30 miles through the lakes and the winding 
streams which connect them, in a pleasant day, 
is almost enchanting. At Bridgeton, too, the 
traveller is in the vicinity of Plmsant ^foulllain, 
described on p. 280, which, with its tine hotel, 
and prospect upon the summit, offers a delightful 
resting-place for any time which the tourist may 
have to spare. After passing through the Notch, 
this route continues to Littleton, on Connecticut 
River, which is only 18 miles beywid Fabyan's 
White Mountain House, and is the point to 
which travellers arc brouglit upon two or three 
other favorite routes to this alpine region of the 
north. One of these is that from Boston through 
the Franconia Notch ; and the distance from Lit- 
tleton to the Lafayette House, near the Olrl Man 
of the M,i:iiiliiin. inthe passage through this Notch, 
is onlv 12 miles. See p. 2G6. 

2. l^rom Buston, via Dover, N. II., and Lale 
Winnipiscoijce. — ¥rom Boston, by the Boston 
and Maine Railroad, or upper route to Portland, 
as it is called, as far as Dover, N. H., 68 miles ; 
thence by the Cocheco Railroad, through Roch- 
ester, to Xlton Bay, at the south-east extremity 
of Lake Winnipiseogee, 28 miles, wdiere passen- 
gers take the elegant little steamboat which runs 
upon the lake for Wolfboro', a distance of 10 
miles; whence they pass by stage co.aches to 
Conwav, 32 miles ; and thence onward to the 
White Mountains, by the remainder of the route, 
as described in No. 1. 

This is the shortest route between Boston and 
the White Mountains, the whole distance to the 
White Mountain House being only 174 miles. 
It is likewise a very pleasant route, passing 
through the fine towns of Andover, Lawrence, 
Haverhill, Exeter, and Dover, on the upper route 
to Portland, and then, after leaving that route, 
furnishing the agreeable variety of a sad upon 



the beautiful water.s of the Winnipiseogee. At 
Wolfboro' a spacious hotel has lately been erect- 
ed, for the accommodation of travellers upon this 
route. 

3. From Boston, via Concord, N. II., and Lake 
Wimiipiseoijee. — By railroad to Concord, 76 
miles ; thence by railroad to Weir's Station, on 
the south-western shore of Lake Winnipiseogee, 
33 miles from Concord ; thence on the lake, 10 
miles, to Centre Harbor ; aiul thence by stage to 
Fabyan's New House at Conway, 30 miles. From 
Conway, by stage, the route is the same as de- 
scribed in No. 1. The distance from Boston to 
the White Mountain House, by this route, is 185 
miles. 

This route is one of great interest to the trav- 
eller in all its parts. The section between Boston 
and Concord passes through some of the finest 
cultivated portions of Ms. and N. H., lying chiefly 
along the valley of the Merrimack, on which are 
situated the great manufacturing towns of Lowell, 
Nashua, anil Manchester. Concord, which is the 
capital of N. H., is one of the handsomest places 
in New England. From Concord, northward, 
through the Merrimack and the Pemigewasset 
valleys, the features of the route approach more 
to wildness, but are, at the same time, picturesque 
and lovely in a high degree. 

The trip over the lake is also very agreeable in 
a different way. atfonling a most delightful ex- 
cursion u]ion the clear waters ami among the 
fairy islands of this miniature Archipelago, and 
bringing up at the jdeasantly-situated and well- 
kept hotel of Mr. Coe, at Centre Harbor. Be- 
tween this place and Conway, the route lies by 
Red Hill and Chocorua Mountain, the former of 
which is easily ascended from Centre Harbor, 
and at^'ords a delightful view of the Winnipiseo- 
gee and the surrounding country. The travel- 
ling ]niblic are much indebted to the enterprise 
of Captain William Walker, formerly of Con- 
cord, who was the first to make the experiment 
of jdacing upon this lovely sheet of water a 
steamlioat, fitted up and furnished in such a style 
as to he worthy of their patronage. 

4. From Boston, via Concord, N. H., and the 
Franconia Notch. — To Concord by railroad, 76 
miles ; thence by railroad, on the same route as 
in No. 3, to Meredith Bridge, 27 miles from Con- 
cord ; to Weir's Station, on Lake Winnipiseogee, 
6 miles ; to Plymouth, 18 miles. From Plymouth 
the route is north by stage up the Pemigewasset 
valley, to the Flume House, 24 miles; thence 
through the Franconia Notch, by the Old Man 
of the Mountain, to the L.afayette House, 5 miles. 
From this place, the stage route is to Littleton, 
12 miles, and from Littleton to the White Moun- 
tain House, as described in other routes, 18 mile.s 
making the whole distance from Boston 186 
miles. 

Some time and travel may be saved, when at 
the Lafavetle House, by taking a private convey- 
ance direct to Bethlem" and the White Mountain 
House, only 16 miles — reducing the distance 
from Boston to 172 miles. 

This route, besides the part which is common 
to this and No. 3, is much admired on account 
of the ride which it afl'ords through the Franco 
nia Notch. This should certainly be enjoyed, 
either in going or returning, by all visitors to tho 
White Mountains. The whole country has scarce 
ly any excursion to offer more agreeably excitiUK 
than the trip from Plymouth to Littleton, through 



678 



MINEBAI, SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, 



this gram) avenue amon;; the highlands of the 
north. For a particular clcscri]ition of this 
Notch, sec p. 266. 

5. From New York, via Connecticut River. — 
From New York to Hartford, Ct., by railroad, via 
New Haven, the distance is 118 miles; thence to 
Springfield. 26 miles ; to Northampton, 17 miles ; 
to Greentield, 19 miles ; to Brattlcboro, '25 miles j 
to Bellows Falls, 24 miles; to Windsor, 17 miles; 
to White Kivcr, 14 miles; to Hanover, Dart- 
mouth Collef;e, and Norwich University, 6 miles ; 
to Wells River, 34 miles — makinf; an uninter- 
rupted route by railroad, from New York to this 
place, of 300 miles. From Wells River to Lit- 
tleton, the distance by stajje is 12 miles. From 
Littleton, the route to the White Mountain House 
is as before described, and the distance 18 miles. 
Whole distance from New York, 330 miles. 

This is one of the most pleasant routes of 
travel which can be chosen in any direction from 
New York. The lovely scenery and rich culti- 
vation of the Connecticut valley, with the flour- 
ishing towns lying at brief intervals on both sides 
of the river, only a small part of which have 
been named above, present a landscape which for 
wealth, beauty, and extent, is not surp.issed by 
any in the United States. 

6. From New York, via Hudson River, Saratoga, 
and Whitehall. — Another route from New York 
to the White Mountains is up the North River, 
to Albany, 145 miles ; thence by railroad to 
Schenectady, 16 miles; to Ballston Spa, 14 miles; 
to Saratoga Springs, 7 miles. Or from Albany, 
via Troy, to Saratoga, 37 miles. From Sara- 
toga by railroad, to Whitehall, at the south- 
ern extremity of Lake Champlain, 40 miles ; 
thence by railroad, via Castleton, to Rutland, 25 
miles ; thence to Bellows Falls, 55 miles, where 
the route connects with the Connecticut River 
route, described in No. 5. The whole distance 
from New York to the White Mountain House, 
by this route, is 403 miles. 

Those who may prefer to do so can take the 
steamboats from Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, 
to Burlington, Vt., 78 miles ; thence by railroad 
to Montpelicr, the capital of Vermont, 40 miles ; 
and thence to the junction with the Connecticut 
River route, at the mouth of White River, 52 
miles below Littleton, N. H. 

Another beautiful variation of this route from 
New York is that by the way of Lake George, 
which leaves the railroad at the Morcau Station, 
16 miles north of Saratoga Springs, and thence 
by stage over a plank road to Caldwell, at the 
southern extremity of the lake, 14 miles. A 
steamboat daily plies on Lake George, to meet 
the boats on Lake Champlain, at Ticonderoga. 

Nothing in the way of travelling excursions, 
for the distance over which you pass, combines a 
greater and more pleasing variety of gratitica- 
tions, from scenery, society, and art, than this 
route from New York to the White Mountains, 
by whichever of the variations above mentioned 
it is pursued. Common to them all is the de- 
lightful trip up the North River, and the visit to 
the Springs, in respect to which the reader, if 
not already acquainted with these celebrated 
resorts, will find interesting particulars given 
under the descriptions of the same, on pp. 201 
and 289. For a description of Lake George, see 
also p. 195. 

The distance from New York to the White 
Mountains, via Boston, 216 miles, and thence by 



the shortest route, via Dover and Winnipiseogen 
Lake, to the White Mountain House, 174 miles, 
is 390 miles. 

WHITE SULPllUU SrniNGS, VA. 

These are the most celebrated and the most gen- 
erally visited of all the mineral springs of Vir- 
ginia, and are to the south what Saratoga is to the 
north. They arc situated on a branch of the 
Greenbrier River, in the county of the same name, 
on the western declivity of the Alleghany ridge, 
some 6 or 8 miles from tlie summit of the moun- 
tains. They are in an elevated and beautifully 
picturesque valley, hemmed in by mountains on 
every side. Thousands resort to them annu.illy 
either to enjoy the benetit of the waters, or in 
pursuit of recreation and amusement. 

According to an analysis of the waters hy 
Professor Rodgers, the solid matter procured 1>t 
evaporation from 100 cubic inches weighs 63.54 
grains, compo.sed of sulphate of lime, sulphate 
of magnesia, sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, 
carbonate of magnesia, chloride of magnesium, 
chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, peroxide 
of iron, phosphate of lime, sulphate and hydrate 
of sodium, organic matter, precipitated sulphur, 
iodine. The gaseous matter consists of sulphu- 
retted hydrogen, carbonic acid, nitrogen, and oxy- 
gen. It is obvious, from this analysis, that tiio 
water must exert a very positive agency upon the 
system. Its remedial virtues extend chiefly to 
diseases of the liver, kidneys, alimentary canal, 
and to scrofula, rheumatism, and neuralgia. 

This place was known to the aborigines as one 
of the most important licks of the deer and elk. 
The fame of an extraordinary cure, in 1772, ex- 
perienced by a woman whose disease had balBed 
all medical skill, and who was brought here on a 
litter 40 miles, attracted many sick persons to 
the spring ; and from that time it lias been grow- 
ing in favor with the public. 

A visitor to the springs thus describes the 
place : — 

'• Nature has done every thing to make this an 
enchanting spot. The valley opens about half a 
mile in breadth, winding in length from east to 
west, with graceful undulations, beyond the eye's 
reach. The fountain issues from the foot of a 
gentle slope, terminating in the low interv.al upon 
a small and beautiful river. The ground ascends 
from the spring eastward, rising to a considerable 
eminence on the left, and spreading east and 
south into a wide and beautiful lawn. The lawn 
and walks cover perhaps fifty acres. A few rods 
from the spring, at the right, are the hotel, the 
dining hall, the ball-room : all the rest of the 
ground is occupied mainly with cabins. These 
are rows of contiguous buildings, one story high, 
mostly of wood, some of brick, and a few of 
hewed logs whitewashed. The framed cabins 
are all painted white. Directly to the right of 
the spring, and very near it, is Spring Row ; far- 
ther eastward, with a continuous piazza, shaded 
with vines, is Virginia Row ; at right angles with 
this, crossing the lawn in the middle, is South 
Carolina Row ; heading the eastern extremity of 
the lawn is Bachelor's Row ; on the north side of 
the lawn, beginning nearest the spring, are Ala- 
bama, Louisiana, Paradise, and Baltimore Rows 
— the last of which is the niost elegant in the 
place. Without the enclosure, southward from 
the fountain, is Broadway ; and a little west from 
this, on the Guyandot road, is Wolf Row. The 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



G79 



appearance of these caMns, or cottages, painted, 
decorated, lookin;,' fortli from tlie green foliage, 
and tastefully arranged, is beautiful and impos- 
ing. The fountain is covered with a stately 
Doric dome, sustained by twelve large pillars 
and surmounted with a colossal statue of llygeia, 
looking towards the rising sun." 

There are numerous routes to the Va. s])rings, 
all of which within a few year.? have been greatly 
improved. One of the iileasantest and most ex- 
peditious routes from I5altimore is by the rail- 
road tlience to Harper's Ferry ; thence by railroad 
to Winchester; thence by stage to Staunton. 
From Staunton there are two routes, one direetlv 
across the mountains, to the warm and hot 
springs ; the other, via Lexington, to the Natural 
Bridge, and thence to the White Sulphur Sprint's. 
These springs are 304 miles W. of Baltimore. 

Another route from Baltimore is by Washing- 
ton city, and thence by steamer to Acrpiia Creek, 
and over the Kiehraond, Fredericksburg, and 
Louisa Bailroads, to Gordonsville. From this 
place the route is by stage, via Charlottesville, to 
Staunton, and thence to the springs by either of 
the two routes described above. 

Travellers from the states S. of Va. take the 
railroad at Wilmington, N. C, for liichmond. 
They have thence a conveyance by the canal, 150 
miles, to Lynchburg, and thence by stage, either 
over the road leading by the Natural Bridge, or 
by the way of Liberty, Fiucastle, and the Sweet 
Springs, to the White Sulphur. 

The usual route to the Va. springs, from the 
W. and S. W., is by leaving the steamboats on 
the Ohio River, at Guyandotte, and thence pro- 
ceeding by stage to the springs. From Guyan- 
dotte to the White Sulphur Springs, the distance 
is about IGO miles. 

WUEELIXG SUSPENSION BRIDGE, VA. 
See Wheeling. 

WINNlrlSEOGEE LAKE, N. H. 

This lake possesses singular charms. How- 
ever romantic and beautiful Lake George, the 
charmer of all travellers, appears in its elevation, 
the purity of its waters, its depth, its rapid outlet, 
its 365 islanils which bespangle its bosom, its 
mountain scenery, its fish, its mineralogy, still, 
in all but its historic fame, it h,as a rival at the 
east, in the Winnipiseogec of New Hampshire. 

There are more than forty different ways of 
spelling the name of this lake, a« might he shown 
by (|Uotiug thC), authorities. It was formerly 
wTitten as' though it had six syllables ; but the 
pronunciation which has generally obtained with 
those best acquainted with the region of the lake, 
and the Indian pronunciation of the name, was 
Wtn-nc-pe-sock-e. 

The lake is in the counties of Belknap and 
Carrol. Its form is very irregular. At the west 
end it is divided into "three large b.ays; on the 
north is a fourth ; and at the cast end there arc 
three others. Its general course is from north- 



west to south-east ; its length is about 25 niilos, 
and it varies in width from one to ten iTiilcs! 
This lake is environed hy the pleasant towns of 
Moultonboro', Tuftonboro', Wolfcboro', Centre 
Harbor. Meredith, Gilford, and Alton, and over- 
looked by other delightful towns. 

The waters of the Winnipiseogec are remark- 
ably pure, and its depth in some places is saiil to 
be unfathomable. Its sources are principally 
from springs within its ho.som. Its outlet is the 
rapid river of its own name. Its height above 
the level of tlie sea is 472 feet. It is stored with 
a great variety of excellent lish ; in the summer 
season, steamboats, sloojis, and smaller vessels 
ply on its waters, and in the winter season it 
presents an icy expansion of great usefulness 
and beauty. 

Like Casco Bay and Lake George, this lake is 
said to contain 305 islands. Without supposing 
the days of the year to have been considted on 
the subject, the number is very great, several of 
which comprise farms of from 200 to 500 acres, 
the product of some of which, under good culti- 
vation, has been, extraordinary as it may seem, ■ 
as high as 1 13 bushels of corn to the acre. 

The waters of this lake not only serve as a 
lovely ornament to the .scenery of this region, 
and as a means of recreation and amusement to 
the mnltitude who pass and repass upon them, 
but answer an im|)ortant purpose as a great res- 
ervoir of power for the extensive manufacturing 
establishments at Manchester, Lowell, and other 
places which are located on the Merrimac River, 
its outlet to the sea. The fall of this immense 
body of water, in its passage to the ocean, is so 
great that its power for manufacturing purposes 
can hardly be computed. 

The route from Portland to this beautiful in- 
land water is by railroad to Dover, N. H., 42 
miles, and thence by railroad to Alton Bay, 28 
miles: whole distance from Portland, 70 miles. 
From Alton B.ay a fine steamer runs over the 
lake to Wolfboro', and to Centre Harbor, at dif- 
ferent points on the opposite shore, and also to 
Weir's Station, at its south-western extremity, 
where the Boston, Concord and Montreal Rail- 
road pas,ses. At Wolfhoro' and at Centre Har- 
bor there are excellent hotels for the entertain- 
ment of travellers ; and both of these places are 
points of departure from the lake, on different 
routes for the White Mountains. For routes from 
Boston and other places, converging to these 
points, the reader is referred to Routes to the 
White Mountains, p. 296. 

The facility with which this charming lake is 
now reached, by the various routes from our large 
cities on the sea-coast, cannot fail to render the 
region of its fertile shores, at no distant day, an 
eligilde locality for the country seats of persons 
of taste and w-calth ; where they may come and 
enjoy, if any where on earth, through the ex- 
pression of natural scenery, that which it is said 
the Indians meant by the name Winnii'ISEOOEK 
— The smile of the Great ^'pirit. 



LIGHT-HOUSES 



THE UNITED STATES 



•** The following table is taken from the list of light-houses, beacons, and floating lights, ^^^th the 
names of the states in which they arc situated, their places of location, their latitude and longitude, 
and some remarks, as copied from a pamphlet containing an account of the light-houses in the United 
States, on July 1, 1851, and published by authority. Latitude all N. ; longitude all "W. from Green- 
wich, 5 miles E. from London. "Within a few years, many of these light-houses have been rebuilt, 
or repaired, and furnished with plate glass. The light-houses on the American coast are considered by 
mariners in excellent condition at the present time. 



MAINE. 
.Portland. Portland Head, off Portland har- 
bor, S. side. Lat. 43°39'. Lon. 70°17'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. 

Seguin. On Island of Scguin, off mouth of 
Kennebec River. Lat. 43° 41' 36". Lon. 69° 
44'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
166 feet. 

Whitehead. On Whitehead Island, S. W. of 
W. entrance to Penobscot Bay. Lat. 43° 57'. 
Lon. 69" 4'. Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 58 feet, 

Franklin Island. On N. end of Franklin Isl- 
and, W. of entrance to St. George's River. Lat. 
43" 52'. Lon. 69° 19'. Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 50 feet. 

Wood Island. On Wood Island, near entrance 
to Saco harbor. Lat. 43° 27'. Lon. 70° 18' 30". 
Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 63 
feet. 

West Quoddy Head. On West Quoddy Head, 
near Eastport, S. side of entrance to West Quod- 
dy Bay. Lat.44°49' 18". Lon. 66° 59'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. 

Petit Manan. On S. end of Petit Manan Isl- 
and. Lat. 44" 22'. Lon. 67° 49'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 53 feet. 

Pond Island. W. side of entrance to Kennebec 
River. Lat. 43° 45'. Lon. 69° 46'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea. 52 feet. 

Burnt Island. On Burnt Island, W. side of 
To^vnsend harbor, Lincoln co. . . . Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 55 feet 6 inches. 

Libliy Island. On Libby's Island, entrance of 
MachinsBay. Lat. 44° 34'. Lon. 67° 22'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. 

ilonheijan Island. On Monhegan Island, Lin- 
■coln CO. Lat. 43° 44' 30". Lon. 69° 18'. Re- 



volving. Height of lantern above the sea, 170 
feet. Red and white light. 

OivVs Head. W. side of AV. entrance of Pe- 
nobscot Bay, off Thomaston harbor. Lat. 44° 
3' 50". Lon. 69°. Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 117 feet. 

Moose Peak: On Mistake Island, S. W. of W. 
entrance to the Bay of Fundy. Lat. 44° 28' 
Lon. 67° 31' 9". Revolving. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 53 feet 8 inches. 

Malinicus lloek, (2 lights.) On Matinicus Rock 
a sea light off Penobscot Bay. Lat. 43° 46 24". 
Lon. 68° 49'. Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 82 feet 6 inches. 

Pemaquid Point. On Pemaquid Point, S. W 
of entrance to Bristol B.ay, and E. side of entrance 
to John's Bay. Lat. 43"° 48'. Lon. 69° 29' 30". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 64 feet 

Baker^s Island. On Baker's lalund, off Mount 
Desert, and S. of entrance to Frenchman's Bav 
L.at. 44° 13' 20". Lon. 68° 8'. Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 69 feet 8 inches. 

Cape Elizabeth, ( 2 lights.) On Cape Elizabeth, 
S. S. E. of Portland. Lat. 43° 33' 36". Lon. 
70° 11' 36". Fixed and revolving. 300 yards 
apart. Height of lantern above the sea, 140 feet. 

Dice's Head. On Dice's Head, near Castine 
Lat. 44° 23' 12". Lon. 68° 49' 30". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 1 16 feet. 

Hendrick's Head. On Hendrick's Head, mouth 
of Shccpscot River, E. side. Lat. 43° 47' .30" 
Lon. 69" 39'. Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 39 feet. 

Mount Desert Rock. Ocean light on Mount 
Desert Rock, about 20 miles S. S. E. of Mount 
Desert Island. Lat. 43° 58'. Lon. 68° 00' 30". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 56 feet 
6 inches. 



Brou,,'s ITead Oa southern of the Fox Isl 

Lat 44 5', Lon. G8"46'. Fixed. Hei-ht of 
lantern above the sea 80 feet ''"-'o'u ot 

mrshall's Point. On Marshall's Point Lin- 
coln CO. Lat. 43- 53' 20". Lon. 69- 13'. FiteS 
Height of lantern above the sea, 30 feet 

V Z'e Zf 430°o;^ ^t""^^ ^-"'^"'^•^ '^»'-'«'>-. 
ir L.' f , , -' ■ ^°"- '0 ^5'. Fi.xed 

Height of lantern above the sea, 33 feet 

.ygro Island. S. side of entrance to Camden 
harbor Penobscot Bay. Lat. 44° U'. Lon 6™ 
^V.^ i ixed. Iletght of lantern above the sea, 50 

Fart Point. On Old Fort Point, above Castine 
u, show the entrance to Prospect harbor. ' 
1- i.xcd. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet 

Boon M,nd. On Boon Island, off York har- 
bor. Lat. 43° 8'. Lon. 70^29'. Fi.xed. He lit 
of lantern above the sea, 70 feet 

Ulf Tn' u""f n """■ ""■ f"^"'" ^^'''^"''- bead of 
Isle ai. Haut Bay to guide N. E. entrance to 
1 cnobscot Bay. Lat. 44° 24'. Lon. 68° 46° 
I'lxed. Height of lantern above the se.i, loo 

nw"f'r •^'''°"'^- Off the mouth of Pleasant 
Rner, E side. Lat. 44° 27'. Lon. 67- 43' 
u,,' J^"Sht of lantern above the sea, 47 feet' 
Ked light. 

Bear hhmd. On one of the Cranberrv Islands 
about 5 miles N. W. of Bakers Island liiht: Lat' 
44^ 16'. Lon. 68- 12'. Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 95 feet. 

S„ddkf,ack Ledge Near S. W. end of Isle au 

Haut, and E. side of entrance Isle au Haut Bay. 

Ua. 43- 59' Lon. 68- 36' 30". Fi.xed. Ueicht 

ol lantern above the sea, 62 feet. 

Litlle liirer In Cutler, on an island at the 

mouth of Little River harbor Fi.xed 

Prospect Harbor. On Goat Island, in said har- 
bor. . . . Fixed. 

Grmders Point. At Gilkey's harbor, in Pe- 
nobscot Bay Fixed. , u j. t. 

Beaurhamp Point. On Indian Island, at mouth 
« Lroose Kiver, entrance to Camden harbor. 
. . i-ixed. 

NEW HAMP.SUIRE. 
Portsmouth, (or Newcastle.) S. W. side of in- 
ner entrance to Portsmouth harbor. Lat 43° 3' 
30". Lon. 70° 43'. Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 90 feet. 

r 1 "'''"f ^,{»"'"'"^- '^be south-western island of the 
pies of bhoals, ocean light. Lat. 42- 58'. Lon 
.0- 37'.30" Kevolving. Height of lantern above 

Whale's Back. N. and E. side of outer entrance 
tolortsmouth harbor. Lat. 43° 3'. Lon. 70- 
41'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
S8 feet. Two lights, one 10 feet above the other, 
but seen as one light at about 6 miles distant 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



68] 



MASSACHU.SETr.S. 
Boston. N. side of main outer entrance to Bos- 
ton harbor. Lat. 42° 19' 41". Lon. 70 ^ 53' 43" 
Kevolving. Height of lantern above the sea, IQ 
feet. 

Thatcher's Island, (2 lights.) On Thatcher's 
Island, about 2 miles off Cape Ann. Lat 4'^- 
3*21". Lon. 70° 34' 48". Fixed. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Two Ii<'ht-house« 
both fixed lights. 

Baker's Island, (2 liglits.) On Baker's Island, 
b. side of principal or N. E. entrance to Salem 
86 



nSs-E?FV^-^-^^ 

feepv-et^rre.'&i^rsjr-'^'''^ •''''- «'* 

S s^dr'/'':""'' ^- "k'"^) 0" P'umb Island 

tern above the sea, 54 feet "^ "^ '"''" 

TrS:^'' L^' ^'":f'\ Outside of Cape Cod, 
H„; w L.t.4JJ2'23". Lon. 70° 3' 5.5". Fixed 
Height of lantern above the sea, 180 feet. 
JJyooulh, (2 lights.) On Gur ,et Point N side 
of entrance ,0 Plymouth harbor. L.a. i^^' 00' 
12. Lon. ,0-36' 21". Fixed Hn;,i,, ci 
tern above the sea, 90 fiet ^ ' "'^'''"" 

t,.i^'^".'""o^'"''"- On said point, E. side of en- 
tmnce to S-iuam harbor, or bav. Lat 42° 39' 
43". Lon. 70- 41' 12". Fi.xed. " Hei.-ht of Ian 
tern above the sea, 50 feet ° 

Scttuate, (2 lights.) On Cedar Point N side 
of entrance to Scituate harbor, and abou ^, mil ' 
southward of Cohasset Kocks. Lat 4-' !•' , '» 
Lon. 700 43' 15". Fixe.l. Height 'o( I'mten,' 

1^41. one red, and abont 15 feet below the other 
and consequently visible at much less distance 
hscont.nued u, 1849, on lighting Minofs liock 
light, and revived and repaired in 1851 
I at 4"°^."/ Ti.' ^^f'-'-l^^^.'^h- point of Cape Cod 
IWW f1 I>on. 70- 14' 53". Kevolving. 

lleiglit of lantern above the sea 3>' feet 

Long Island Ilmd. On N. end of Long Island 
Boston Bay. an,l S. side of inner ship entrance 
Lat. 42° 19' 48". Lon. 70° 57' 41" Fixed' 
Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet 

Pen Pound Island On Ten Pound Island, in 
L,ape Ann, or Gloucester harlior. Lat 4-' 3->' 
10". Lon. 70° 40'. Fixed. Height of l.a'ntern 
above the sea, 45 feet. 

Billingsgate Island. On Billingsgate Island 
W. side of entrance to Wellfleet. Lat 41° 51'' 
38". Lon. 70 -4' .32". Fixed. Height of Ian- 
tern above the sea, 40 feet. 

Sandg AWL W. side of entrance to Barnsta- 
ble harbor, Cape Cod Bav. Lat 41 ' 43' •>1" 
Lon. 70° 1 7' 9". Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 40 feet. 

L^ng Point On Long Point Shoal, inside Cape 
Cod, and W. side of entrance to Provincctown 
harbor. Lat. 42^ 1' 50". Lon. 70° In' 50". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 35 feet 
Gloucester Point. On Gloucester Point E side 
of entrance to Gloucester or Cape Ann harbor 
Lat. 42- .34' 49". Lon. 70° 40' 10". Fi.xed 
Height of lantern above the sea. 57 feet. 

Straltsnmulh Harbor. On Straitmouth Island, 
r«. side of Cajie Ann. Lat. 42° 39' 41". Lon 
70° 35' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 40 feet. 

Marbleheail E. entrance to Marblehead har- 
bor, S.E. side. Lat. 42° 32' 3". Lon. 70^.50' 
5". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 
feet. 

Ipswich, (2 lights.) On Patche's Beach, S. side 
of entrance to Ipswich harbor. Lat. 42° 41' 8". 
Lon. 70° 46' 17". Fixed and revolving. Height 
of lantern aljove the sea. 40 feet. Two towers 
and lights, each 30 feet high, 500 feet from each 
other. 

Gayhcad. On Gavlicad, \V. point Martha's 
•Vineyard. Lat. 41° 20' ,54". Lon. 70° 50' 26". 
Kevolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 172 
feet. 



682 



XIGHT-HOUSES IN THE tTNITED STATES. 



Clark's Point. On said point, W. side of en- 
trance to New Bedford harbor. Lat. 4 1^35' .14". 
Lon. 70° 54' 21". Fixed. Hciglit of lantern 
above tlie sea, .'J2 feet. 

CuUerhmk Island. On S. W. point of Cutter- 
hunk Island, and S. of W. entrance to Buzzard's 
Bay. Lat. 41° 24' 52". Lon. 7U° 57' 17". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 48 feet 6 inches. 
Nantucket Light. On Great or Sandy Point, 
the N. point of Nantucket Island. Lat. 41° 2.3' 
24". Lon. 70° 3' I". Fi.xed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 70 feet. 

Nantucket Beacon. Nantucket harbor, Brant 
Point. Lat. 41° 17' 24". Lon. 70°5'51". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. 

Nantucket Harbor Light. Nantucket harbor. S. 
Bide. Lat. 41° 16'. Lon. 70° 6'. Fi.xed. Har- 
bor light. 

Cape Poqe. N. E. point, Martha's Vinevard. 
Lat. 41° 25' 18". Lon. 70° 27' 19". Fixed. 
Heiglit of l.intern above the sea, 55 feet. 

Chatham, (2 lights.) Chatham harbor, inside. 
Lat. 41° 40' 16". Lon. 69° 57' 12". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Two 
lights, 70 feet apart. 

Point Gammon. On said point, S. side of Cape 
Cod, inside of entrance to Hyannis harbor. Lat. 
41° 36' 35". Lon. 70° 16' IG". Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. 

Holmes's Hole. On W. chop of Holmes's Hole 
harbor. Lat. 41° 28' 57". Lon. 70° 36' 27". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. 
Tarpaulin Cove. W. side Tarpaulin Cove, 
Vineyard Sound. Lat. 41° 28' 7''. Lon. 70° 45' 
45". Fixed. Height of lantern above tlie sea, 
80 feet. 

Bird Islaiid. On said island in Buzzard's Bav, 
E. side of entrance to Sippican harbor. Lat. 41° 
40' 9". Lon. 70° 43' 21". Eevolving. Height 
of lantern al)ove the sea, 31 feet. 

Monomoij Point. On Sandy Point, S. extrem- 
ity Cape Cod. Lat. 41° 33' 35". Lon. 69° 59' 
56". Fi.xed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
33 feet. 

Nobsque Point. On said point of Vineyard 
Sound, E. S. E. of entrance to Wood's Hole. 
Lat. 41° 30' 57". Lon. 70° 39' 37". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. 

Dumpling Puck. Buzzard's Bay, S. S. W. of 
New Bedford, and of Clark's Point light. Lat. 
41° 32' 17". Lon. 70° 55' .36". Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 43 feet. 

Edgartown. At entrance to Edgartown harbor, 
Martha's Vineyard. Lat. 41° 23' 27". Lon. 70° 
30' 29". Fixed. Height of lantern above the 
6ea, 50 feet. 

Ned's Point. Near Mattapoisctt, E. New Bed- 
ford. Lat. 41° 41' 1". Lnn. 71° 2'. Fixed. 

Nauset Beach, (3 beacon lights.) E. side Cape 
Cod. Lat. 41° 51' 40". Lon. 69° 57' 21". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Three 
lights, 15 feet high, 50 yards apart. 

Mayo's Beach, (WcH'fleet.) Harbor light, in- 
side Cape Cod, head of Wcllfleet Bay. Lat. 42° 
55'. Lon. 70° 2'. Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 30 feet. 

Nantucket Cliff, (2 beacons.) In Nantucket 
harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the 
sea, 150 feet. Two harbor beacon lights. 

Sankatg Head. On Sankaty Head, at the S. E. 
extremity of the Island of Nantucket, S. by W. 
23 miles from Pollock's Rip light vessel, and S. 
by E. 9 miles from Nantucket Great Point light. 



Lat. 41° 16' 58". Lon. 69° 58' 16". Flashes in 
1(J and 3 minutes. Lenticular light of 2d order. 

Hi/annis. At Hyannis, Barnstable co., at en- 
trance to Hvannis harbor. Lat. 41° 38'. Lon. 
70° 18'. Fi'xed. 

Wing's Neck. On Wing's Neck, Sandwich, in 
Buzz.ard's Bay. . . . Fixed. 

Palmer's Island. On N. E. extremity of said 
island, in New Bedford harbor. . . . Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 27 feet. 

Minot's Rock, (destroyed.) On said rocks, the 
outermost of Cohasset Rocks, about 9 miles S. E. 
i E. from Boston light-house. Lat. 42° 16' 8". 
Lon. 70° 45' 55". Revolving. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 66 feet. Blown down April 16, 1851. 

Parmet Harbor. On N. side of said harbor, 
southerly end of Salt Works Tower of Truro. 
. . . Fi.xed. Red light. 

Floating Lights. Brandijwine Shoal. Ton- 
nage 129. Light boat sent to replace Minot's 
Rock light-house, destroyed. Two lamps, 1 2 cy- 
lindrical wicks each, one on the foremast, 43 feet, 
the other on the after mast, 45 feet elevation. 
Stationed here in 1851. 

Tuckernuck Shoal. Tonnage 125. On Cross 
Rip, N. W. of Nantucket. One lamp with 8 cylin- 
drical wicks, elevated about 38 feet above the sea. 
Vineyard Sound. Tonnage 145. Near the rocks 
called ■' Sow and Pigs." Two lamps, 9 wicks each, 
elevated, one 40, the other 50 feet above the sea. 

Pollock's Pip. Tonnage 145. Otf Chatham, 
Ms. One lamp with 9 wicks, elevated about 40 
feet. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Newport. On S. point of Conanicut Island, 
called Beaver Tail. Lat. 41° 26' 30". Lon. 71° 
24' 24". Fixed. Height of lantern above tlie 
scii 98 feet. 

Watch inn. On Watch Point, S. E. of Ston- 
ington,about 2 miles. Lat. 41° 18' 9". Lon. 71° 
52' 3". Revolving. Height of lantern above the 
sea, 73 feet. 

Point Judith. On S. E. point of NaiTaganset 
Shore, between, and nearly in a range with; 
Beaver Tail and Block Island lights. "Lat. 41° 
21' 35". Lon. 71° 29' 25". Revolving. Height 
of Lantern above the sea, 74 feet. 

Goat Island. On N. end of Goat Island, New- 
port harbor. Lat. 41° 30'. Lon. 71° 19' 50". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 43 feet 

Dutch Island. On S. end of Dutch Island- 
Lat. 41° 29'30". Lon. 71° 26'. Fi.xed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 56 feet. 

Warwick Neck. On S. end of Warwick Neck. 
Lat. 41° 34'. Lon. 71° 29'. Fixed. Bay light. 

Nayat Point. On Nayat Point, Proviilenco 
River. Lat. 41° 44'. Lon. 71° 22'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 38 feet. Bav 
light. 

Block Island, (2 lights.) On N. end of Block 
Island. Lat. 41° 13' 24". Lon. 71° 35' 4". 
Fixed. Height of lantern abose the sea, 58 feet. 
Two lights placed one on each end of the keeper's 
house. 

Poplar Point. Wiekford, North Kingston. Lat 
41° 35'. Lon. 71° 26' 40". Fixed. Bay light 

VERMONT. 
Juniper Island. On Juniper Island, Lake 
Champlain, S. side of entrance to Burlington 
harbor. Lat. 44° 27'. Lon. 73° 13'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above tlio sea, 95 feet. 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



683 



CONNECTICUT. 

Nac London. \V. side of entrance to Kiver 
Thames. Lat. 41° 18' 55". Lon. 72° 5' 56". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, HI 
feet. 

Fnullner's Island. On Faulkner's Island, off 
Guilford harbor. Lat. 41° 12' 38". Lon. 72°39' 
4G". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 93 
feet. 

Li/mlc Point. Mouth of the Connecticut Riv- 
er, \V. side. Lat. 41 ' 16' 1.3". Lon. 72° 20' 59". 
Fixed, lleiglit of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. 

Stoniuyton. On narrow point of land, E. side 
of entrance to Stonington harbor. Lat. 41° 19' 
34". Lon. 71° 54' 52". Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 62 feet. 

^fu^Jl:ns Point. In Groton, N. side Fislier's 
Island' Sound, near Mvstic. Lat. 41° 18' 54". 
Lon. 71° 59' 54". Fixed. 

Fire Mile Point. Entrance of New Haven 
harbor, E. side. Lat. 41° 14' 52". Lon. 72° 54' 
47". Fi.xed. Height of lantern above tlie sea, 
85 feet. 

SlriilJ'ord Point. On said point, S. of Stratford, 
at entrance of harbor or river. Lat. 41° 9' 2". 
Lon. 73° G' 46". Revolving. Height of lantern 
above tlie sea, 44 feet. 

Fiiinmither Island. Entrance of Blaek Roek 
harbor. Fairfield. Lat. 41° 8' 27". Lon. 73° 13' 
31". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
71 feet. 

Aoriralk Island. Entrance of Norwalk River. 
Lat. 41° 2' 50". Lon. 73° 25' 4'.3". Revolving. 
Heiglit of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Part 
red shades. 

Gmit Captain's Island. On said island, near 
Greenwich Point, Fairfield co. Lat. 40° 58' 52". 
Lon. 73° 37' 59". Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 62 feet. „ 

yortli Dumplin. On North Dumplin Island, in 
Fisher's Island Sound. . . . Fixed. Red shades. 

Floating Lights. Bartlett's Reef. Tonnage 
145. Ort' New London. One lamp witli 9 wicks, 
45 feet elevation. 

Eel Grass Shoal. Tonnage 41. On said shoal. 
One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. 

NE'VF YOUK. 

Eaton's Neck. E. side of entrance to Hunting- 
ton Bay. Long Island. Lat. 40° 57' 9". Lon. 
7.3° 24'' 18". Fixed. Height of lantern above 
tlie sea, 134 fet;t. 

Ejrcution Rocks. Oft" Sand's Point. Long Isl- 
.and Sound. . . . Height of lantern above the sea, 
54 feet. Red shades. 

Sand's Point. On Sand's Point, Long Island 
Sound, E. of entrance to Cow Bay. Lat. 40° 51' 
52". Lon. 73° 44' 21". Fi.xed. " 

Old Field Point. On Old Field Point, Long 
Island, N. side, opposite Stratford light. Lat. 40° 
58' 33". Lon. 73° 7' 41". Fixed. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 67 feet 6 inches. 

Fire Island Inlet. E. side Fire Island Inlet. 
Long Island, S. side. Lat. 40° 37' 46". Lon. 73° 
13' 38". Revolving. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 89 feet 3 inches. 

Thror/r/'s Neck. On S. E. point of Throgg's 
Neck, Westchester, E. of Hell Gate. Lat. 40° 48' 
15". Lon. 73° 48' 1". Fixed. 

Stoni/ Point. On the W. side of the Hudson, 
below 'West Point. . . . Fixed. 

Fori Tompkins. On Staten Island, W. side of 



the Narrows. Lat. 40° 35' 57". Lon. 74° 3' 50". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 89 feet. 

Coxsackie. On the Hudson River, W. side, near 
Coxsaekic. . . . Fixed. River li^'ht. 

Four Mile Point. At Four Mile Point. 4 miles 
from Hudson, on the Hudson River, \V. side. . . . 
Fixed. River light. 

Saugerties. At the mouth of Saugerties Creek, 
on tlie Hudson, W. side. . . . Fixed. Uiver light. 

Stui/i-esant. Near Stuyvesant, on the Hudson 
River, E. side. . . . Fixed'. River light. 

Rondoiit Creek. Opposite mouth of said creek, 
Ulster CO., and entrance of Hudson and Delaware 
Canal. . . . Fixed. River light. 

Montauk. E. end of Long Island. Lat. 41° 4' 
10". Lon. 71° 51' 58". Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 160 feet. 

Little (jiill Island. On said island, near N. E. 
end of Long Island .Sound, S. side of main en- 
trance. Lat. 41° 12' 18". Lon. 72° 6' 57. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 50 feet. 

PI'iinh Island. Near N. E. extremity of Long 
Island, and N. of Gardiner's Bav. L;it. 41° 10' 
21". Lon. 72° 13' 14". Revolving. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 63 feet. 

Buffalo, (on Pier.) At junction of Buffalo 
Creek and Lake Erie, on pier. Lat. 42° 50'. Lon. 
78° 59'. Fixed. Height of lantern aliove the 
sea, 47 feet G inches. 

Portland Ilarlxr. At Portland, S. E. shore of 
Lake Erie. Lat. 42° 32' 41". Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Lighted with 
natural gas. 

Dunkirk Liijht. At Dunkirk, Lake Erie, S. E 
shore. . . . Fixed. 

Galloo Island. On W. point Galloo Island, E. 
part of Lake Ontario. Lat. 43° 51'. Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 59 feet. 

Osweqo. At entrance of tl>5wego harbor. Lake 
Ontario, end of \V. pier. Lat. 43^ 28'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 82 feet. Beacon 
on a pier. 

Cattaraugus Beacon. On pier, mouth of Catta- 
raugus Creek, Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. 

Dunkirk Beacon. Dunkirk harbor, Lake Erie. 
. . . Fi.xed. Height of lantern above tlie sea, 25 
feet. 

Genesee, (and temporary beacon lamp.) W. 
side of entrance to port of Genesee, Lake Onta- 
rio, mouth of Genesee River. Lat. 43-' 12' 30". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 83 
feet. 

Sodus Day and Beacon. At entrance to Sodns 
harbor. Lake Ontario, \V. side; beacon on W. 
pier. Lat. 43° 19'. Revolving. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, C6 feet. Two liglits, maia 
light revolving. 

Tibliett's Point. S. E. side of S. entrance to St. 
.Lawrence River, Lake Ontario. Lat. 44° 9'. 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 feet. 

Horse Island. On W. end of said island, and 
W. of Sackett's Harbor Fixed. 

Niai/ara Fort. At junction of Niai.'ar.i River 
ami Lake Ontario, E. siilf. Lat. 4:1° IS' 20''. 
Fixeil. Height of lantern above the sea, 78 feet. 

Stonei/ Point. On said point, E. cud of Lake 
Ontario. . . . Revolving. 

Oi/denshurg. On St, Lawrence River, mouth 
of Oswegatchie Kiver. Lat. 44^ 45'. Lon. 75° 
30'. Fi.xed River liyht. 

Princes Bill/. On Staten Island, near S. E. end. 
Lat. 40° 30'' 22". Lon. 74° 13' 24". Fixed 
Height of lantern above the sea, lOG feet. 



684 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Esoptis Meadows. Opposite Esopus, on Hudson 
River, W. side. . . . Fixed. 

Rob^iiiss Reef. Off the upper end of Staten 
Island, S. W. part of New York Bay. Lat. 40° 
39' 21". Lon. 74° 4' 30". Fixed. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 66 feet. 

Cediir Jsland. Near E. end of Long Island, in 
Sag Harbor. Lat. 41° 2' 18". Lon. 72^ 16' 6". 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 32 feet. 
Harbor litrht. 

SiU'er Crcelc. On Lake Erie, S. E. side en- 
trance to harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 27 feet. 

Salmon Ri«er. On Lake Ontario, S. E. end, N. 
side of entrance to Port Ontario, Oswego co. 
. . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 
feet. 

Rock Island Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On 
said island, in St. Lawrence River. . . . Fixed. 

Sunken Rock Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On 
said rock, or Bush Island, in St. Lawrence River. 
. . . Fixed. 

Crossover Island Beacon, ( Thousand Isles.) On 
said island, in St. Lawrence River. . . . Fixed. 

Cumherland Head. On Lake Champlain, near 
Platt.sburg. Lat. 44° 42'. Lon. 73° 20'. Fixed. 
-Height of lantern above the sea, 45 feet. Inland 
light. 

Split Rock. On Lake Champlain, near Essex. 
Lat. 44° 12'. Lon. 73° 18'. Fixed. Height of 
lantei-n above the sea, 110 feet. Inland light. 

Floating Lights. New York, (Dist.) 
Stratford Point. Tonnage 100. Off said point, 
on Middle Ground, Long Island Sound. Two 
lamps, 1 on fore and the other on mainmast, each 
lamp 9 cylindrical wicks. 

Sand if Hook. Tonnage 230. Seven miles out- 
side of "Sandy Hook, in 15 fiUhoms water. Two 
lamps, 1 on foremast, .50 feet, the other on main- 
mast, CO feet elevation, each lamp 9 cylindrical 

wicks. 

KEW JERSEY. 

Sand\i Hook, (main light, and 2 beacons.) 
Sandy Hook, N. W. point of New Jersey, and S. 
of entrance to New Yoik harbor. Lat. 40° 27' 
37". Lon. 74° 00' 42". Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 90 feet. 

Highlands of Neversink, (2 lights.) On High- 
lands of Neversink, S. of Sandy Hook lights. 
Lat. 40° 23' 40". Lon. 7.3° 59' 42". Two lights, 
1 revolving. Hciglit of lantern above the sea, 
248 feet. Two lights, 100 yards apart ; 1 fixed ; 
S. light revolves ; French lenticular apparatus, 
1st and 2d orders. 

Barneqat Shoals. S. side of Barnegat Inlet, and 
N. end of Long Beach. Lat. 39° 45' 54". Lon. 
74° 6' 56". Fixed. 

Cape ilaxj. On S. W. point of Cape May, N. 
of entrance to Delaware Bay. Lat. 38° 55' 45". 
Lon. 74° 58' 33". Revolving. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 88 feet. 

Eqq Island. Delaware Bav, N. side, nearly ^. 
N. VV.of CapeMay. Lat. 39° 10' 28". Lon. 75° 
8 56'-. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
42 feet. Lighted with gas in 1845. 

Cohanzey Creek. Delaware Bay, N. side, and 
W. side of said creek. Lat. 39- 20' 15". Lon. 
75° 22' 12". Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea. 42 feet. Lighted with gas in 1845. 

Tucker's Beach. On said beach, near midway 
between Old Inlet and New Inlet. Lat. 39° 30' 
17" Lon. 74° 17' 31". Fixed. Red shades. 



Bergen Point. On a block at the extremity of 
a reef of rocks off Bergen Point, in the Kilns. 
. . . Fixed. 

Maurice River. On the bank of Maurice River 
Cove, E. point of said river, and S. W. side of 

Havstack Island, in Delaware Bay Fixed. 

Passaic River. At the moutli of said river, on 
a block in 4 feet of low water, near head of New- 
ark Bay, about 5 miles above Bergen Point light, 
and to guide into Passaic and Hackensack Rivers. 
. . . Fixed. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Presque Isle. At entrance of Presque Isle Bay, 
Lake Erie. Lat. 42° 8' 14". Fixed. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 73 feet. 

Presque Isle Beacon. Entrance of Presque Isle 

Bay, Lake Erie Fixed. Height of lantern 

above the sea, 26 feet. 

FoH MiJHin. On pier in Delaware River, op- 
posite said fort. . . . Fixed. , . ,-, i 
Brandywine Shoal. Brandywinc Shoal, in Del- 
aware Bay. 

DELAWARE. 
Cape Henlopen. On Cape Henlopen, S. side of 
entrance to Delaware Bay. Lat. 38° 46' 35". Lon. 
75° 5' 37". Fixed. Height of lantern above the 
sea, 180 feet. 

Cape Henlopen Beacon. Cape Henlopen, S. side 
of entrance to Delaware Bav, about i of a mile 
from main light. Lat. 38° 47' 21". Lon. 75° 5' 
44". Fixed. 

Bombaii Hook. ' N. W. end of B. Bay Hook 
Island. Delaware Bay. Lat. 39° 21' 43", Lon. 
75° 31' 13". Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 46 feet. 

Mahon's Ditch. At Mahon's Ditch, Delaware 
Bay, S. side. Lat. 39° 10' 13". Lon. 75° 24' 
38''. Fixed. , 

Mispillion Creek. At mouth of said creek, S. 
side. Delaware Bay. Lat. 38° 56' 34". Lon. 75° 
19' 24". Fixed. 

Christiana River. At mouth of said river or 
creek, N. side. Lat. 39° 43' 12". Lon. 75° 31' 
50". ' Fixed. Lighted with gas. 

Reedn Island. On said island, N. W. part of 
Delaware Bay, at entrance of Delaware River. 
Lat. 39° 29' '57". Lon. 75° 34' 44". Fixed. 
Lighted with gas. 

Breakwater. On Delaware Breakwater. Lat. 
38° 47' 50". Lon. 75° 7' 3". Fixed. Red light. 



Floatino Lights. Delaware, (Dist.) Five 
Fathom Bank. Tonnage 195. On said bank, 
off Cape May. Two lamps, one on foremast, 
40 feet, the other on mainmast, 45 feet eleva- 
tion, 12 cylindrical wicks. 

Upper Middle Shoal. (No. 2.) Tonnage 131. 
Near the middle of Delaware Bay, N. W. of 
Brandywine Shoals. One lamp, 12 cylindrical 
wicks,'about 45 feet elevation. 

MARYLAND. 

Bodkin Island. On Bodkin Island, S. side of 
entrance to Patapsco River and port of Balti- 
more, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 39° 8'. Lon. 76° 
25' 50". Fixed. 

North Point, (2 lights.) On North Point, at N. 
side of entrance to Patapsco River, Chesapeake 
Bay. Upper light lat. 39° 11' 45". Lon. 76^ 27' 
17''. Lower light lat. 39° 11' 35". Lon. 76° 26' 
54". Fixed. Two lights to range with ship 
channel. 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



685 



Thomn.<s Point. On Thomas's I'oint, S. of 
entrance to Annapolis, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 
38° .54 2S". Lon. 7IV- 27' 34". Fixed. ' 

Pool'i Island. On Pool's Island, in Chesapeake 
Bav Harford CO., N. E. of North Point lights. 
Lat.' 39° 17' 22". Lon. 76^ 16' 21". Eixcd. 

Smith's Island. On Smith's Island, in Chesa- 
peake Bay, ort' Somerset eo., and opposite en- 
trance to "the Potomac. Lat. 37' 53' 13". Lon. 
76° 14' 39". Fixed. 

('uncord Point. (Havre de Grace.) On Point I 
Concord, at entrance of Susquehanna Kiver, 
Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 39° 32' 30". Lon. 76° .5' 
42". Fixed. 

Core Point. On Cove Point, N. of entrance to 
Patuxent River, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 38° 23' 
6". Lon. 76° 23' 17". Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 150 feet. 

Point LooLout. On Point Lookout, N. side of 
entrance to Potomac Kiver, Chesapeake Bay. 
Lat. 3.8- 2' 14". Lon. 76° 19' 43". Fixed. 

La:aretto Point. Near Baltimore, on Patapsco 
River, N. side of entrance to Baltimore liarbor. 
Lat. 39° 15' 39". Lon. 76^ 34' 38". Fixed. 

C'lai/ Island. Month of Nanticoko River, N. 
cxtreiiiitv of Tangier Sound, Dorchester co., 
Chesapeake Bav. Lat. 38° 13' 52". Lon. 75° 
58' 50". Fixed. Height of lantern above the 
sea. 36 feet. 

Turkti/ Point. On said point, at the entrance 

of Elk River, W. side, N. part of Chesapeake 

Bay. Lat. 39° 26' 55". Lon. 70° 00' 54". Fixed. 

Pinn/ Point On the Potomac River, E. side, 

about i4 miles N. W. from its mouth Fixed. 

River light. 

Shaiji's Island. On said island, Chesapeake 
Bay ort' the entrance to Choptank River. Lat. 
38° 37' 42". Lon. 76° 22' 36". Fixed. 

Greenburt/ Point. On said point, N. side of en- 
trance to Annajiolis harbor. . . . Fixed. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 31 feet. 

Flo-\tin-g Light. Iloojier's Straits. Tonnage 
72i. In Clicsapeake Bav, E. side, and S. of 
Hooper's Island. One lamp, 1 1 cylindrical wicks. 

VIRGINIA. 

Cape Henry. On said cape, S. side of entrance 
to Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 36° 56'. Lon. 76- 4'. 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 1 20 feet. 

Uld Point Comfort. On said point, mouth of 
James River, and N. side of entrance to Hamp- 
ton Roads, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 37°. Lon. 
76° 22' 12". Fixed. 

Smith's Point. On Smith's Point, near the 
mouth of the Potomac River, S. side. Lat. 3, 
51'. Lon. 76° 22'. Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 85 feet. 

AW Point Comfort. About 18 miles N. of Old 
Point Comfort, Chesapeake Bay, W. side. Lat. 
37° IS'. Lon. 76- 21'. Fixed. 

Smith's Island. N. end of Smith's Island, N. E. 
of Cape Charles, and of X. entrance to the Chesa- 
peake. Lat. 37° 13'. Lon. 75° 52'. Revolv 

'" Z}«ci- River Point. About 5 miles N. E. of Old 
Point Comfort, and S. side of entrance to Back 
River. Lat. 37° 5'. Lon. 76° 21'. Revolving. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. 

Assateague Island. On said island, between 
Cape llenlopen and Cape Charles, on the ocean. 
Lat. 37° .54' 36". Lon. 7,5° 21' 4,5". Fixed. 

Little Watt's Island. On said island, E. side 



of Chesapeake Bay, Accomac eo., and N. E. of 
.southern entrance to Tangier Sound. Lat. 37*^ 
45'. Lon. 76° 4'. Fixed. 

Floating Lights. Virginia, (Dist.) Smith's 
Point. Tonnage 120. S. E. of said jioint, in 
Chesapeake Bay, and S. E. of mouth of Potomac 
River. Two lamjis, 11 cylindrical wicks each, 1 
on foremast, 344 feet, the other on mainmast, 39 
feet elevation. 

Cramij Island. Tonnage 70. Near said island. 
W. side of entrance to Elizabeth River, and to 
Norfolk, &c. One lamp at mast head, 33 feet 
elevation. 

Willouijhhy's Spit. Tonnage 400. S. side of 
entrance to Hampton Roads, S. part of Chesa- 
peake Bay. Two lamps, 3 cylindrical wicks each, 
forward one 41 feet, after one 32 feet elevation. 

Wolftnip Shoals. Tonnage 180. Between the 
mouth's of York and Rappahannock Rivers. Two 
lamps, 12 cylindrical wicks each, forward one 30, 
after one 38 feet elevation. 

Windmill Point. Tonnage 125. OfTWindraill 
Point, N. side of entrance to the Rappahannock. 
One lamp with 5 cylindrical wieks in use, 40j feet 
elevation. 

Bowler's Roclc. Tonnage 54. In the Rappa- 
hannock River, near said rock. One lamp. 

Upper Cedar Point. Tonnage 72. OlT said 
point, below the Narrows, and about 44 miles 
below Mount 'Vernon. One lamp with C cylin- 
drical wicks, 34 feet elevation from deck. 

Lower Cedar Point. Tonnage 72. In the Po- 
tomac River, between said point and Yates's 
Point, above Kettle Bottom. One lamp with 12 
c\rmdrical wicks, 33 feet elevation from deck. 



KOliTH CAROLINA. 

Bald Head. Near mouth of Cape Fear River 
E. side. Lat. 3.3° 51' 30". Lon. 77° 59' 30' 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea. 1 10 feet 

Feeleral Point. On Federal Point, N. side of 
inlet to Cape Fear River. Lat. 33° 56' 30". Lon 
77° 55'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea 

50 feet. 

Cape Ilatteras. On Cape Ilattcras. about 1 
mile N. of high watermark. Lat. 35 15'. Lon. 
75° 30'. Fixed. Height of lantern above tha 

sea. 95 feet. . „ • , <■ 

Pamptiro Point. On said point, b. side ot en- 
trance to Pamplico River Fixed. Height of 

lantern above the sea, 30 feet. ,,.,„, 

Bodii's Islawl. On said island, U miles S. of 
a new inlet made in 1847. Lat. :t5° 47'21". Lon. 
75-31'39". Revolving. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 56 feet 6 inches. , t i i c 

Ocracoke. On V, . end of Ocracoke Island, S. 
\y of Cape Hatteras, E. side of Ocracoke Inlet. 
Lat. 35° 6' 30". Lon. 75° 58'. Revolving. Height 
of lantern above the .sea, 75 feet. 

Cape Lookout. On Cape Lookout, near the end 
of the cape. Lat. .34° .37'. Lon. 76 .33'. I'lxed. 
Hei"ht of lantern above the sea, 95 feet. 

(Tak Island, (2 beacon lights.) Two lights on 
said island to range with the channel on eiiicrmg 
Cape Fear Kiver Fixed. 

Orton's Point. < )n \V. bank of Cape Fear River, 
known as Orton's Point, Brunswick ea . . . I'jxcd. 

Price's Creek, (2 beacons.) On W^bank of 
Cajie Fear River, mouth of Price s Creek 

^' Campbell's Island. On Campbell's Island, in 
Cape Fear River, S. W. corner of lower end of 



686 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



said island, generally known as "Big Island." 
. . . Fixed. 

Floating Lights. Long Shoal. Tonnage 
145. In Pamlico Sound, northci-ly part, on E. 
point of said shoal. One lamp with 9 eylindrieal 
wicks, at aliont 40 feet elevation. 

Sonth-uYSt Point of lioi/al Slioal. Tonnage 140. 
On the point of said shoal, Pamlico Sound, W., 
9 miles from Ocracoke light. One lamp with 11 
cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet elevation. 

Nine Feet S/ioiil. Tonnage 70. Aliout4milcs 
N. by W. of Ocracoke liglit, and N. E. side of 
IJoyal Shoal. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, 
at 40 feet elevation. 

Mouth of Neiise River. Tonnage 125. Near 
entrance of sain river into Pamlico Sound, off 
Marsh Point. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, 
at 40 feet elevation. 

Brant Island SlioaL Tonnage I'iS. On the 
point of said shoal, in S. part of Pamlico Sound. 
One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet 
elevation. 

Uarhor Island. Tonnage 72. On Harbor Isl- 
and Bar, between Pamlico and Core Sounds. 
One lamp witli 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet 
elevation. 

Wade's Point Shoal. Tonnage 76. On said 
shoal, W. side of entrance of Pasquotank River 
into Albemarle Sound, and S. E. of Elizabeth 
City. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 39 
feet elevation. 

Roanoke Isla7id. Tonnage 72. Between Pam- 
lico and Albemarle Sounds, near, said island. One 
lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks, at 38 feet eleva- 
tion. 

Mouth of Roanol-e Ricer. Tonnage 130. Near 
its entrance into Albemarle Sound. One lamp with 
9 cylindrical wicks, at about 42} feet elevation. 

Ilorsershoe. Tonnage 72. On said Shoe, be- 
tween the New Inlet and Price's Creek, in Cape 
Fear Kiver. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Charleston, and Beacon. On Light-house Isl- 
and, and W. of ship channel to Ciiarleston har- 
bor. Lat. 32= 42'. Lon. 79^ 54' 12". Revolv- 
ing. Height of lantern above the sea, 125 feet 6 
inches. Lijiht and beacon. 

Raccoon Key. On Cape Romain, about 10 miles 
S. W. of entrance to Santee River. Lat. 33° 1'. 
Lon. 79° 24'. Fi.xed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 87 feet 6 inches. 

North Island. On S. end of North Island, E. 
side of entrance to Pcdce River, and to George- 
town. Lat. 33° 7' 30". Lon. 79° 1' 30". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea. 89 feet. 

Morris's Island, (2 beacon lights.) On said isl- 
and, for the Overall Channel to Charleston har- 
bor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
one 40 and the other 70 feet. Two beacons, 1 
lamp each. 

Sulliran's Island. (2 beacons ; beacon hack of 
Sullivan's Island, and beacon S. of Fort Moul- 
trie.) Two beacons on said island to guide over 
Charleston Bar. One in lat. 32° 40' 51"; lon. 
79° 53'. The other in lat. 32° 45' 29" ; lon. 79° 
52' 55". Fixed. 

Fi.oATixc, Light. St. Helena Bar. Tonnage 
72. On said bar, otf the entrance to St. Helena 
Sound, and to Combalice and Morgan Rivers. 
One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. 



GEORGIA. 

Ti/bee. N. E. end of Tybeo Island and S. side 
of entrance to Savannah River. Lat. 32°. Lon. 
80° 52'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the 
sea, 100 feet. 

Ti/hee Beacon. E. of light-house, about i| of a 
mile distant. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern ahoTO 
the sea, 56 feet. 

Fig Island Beacon. On E. end of said island 
in Savannah River. . . . Fixed. Red shades. 

St. Simon's Island. On S. end of St. Simon's 
Island, and N. side of entrance to the sound. Lat. 
31° 8'. Lon. 81° 36'. Fi.xed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 80 feet. A sound or inland light 
onlv. 

bapelo Island. On S. end of Sapelo Island, 
and N. side of entrance to Bobov Sound. Ljit 
31° 21' 30". Lon. 81° 24'. Revolving. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. 

Wolfs Island, (2 beacons.) E. side, near N. 
end of Wolf's Island, and S. S. E. of Sapelo 
light. Lat. 31° 20'. Lon. 81° 24' 30". Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 25 feet. Two 
beacons, one of brick and the other of wood ; the 
first 25, and the second 15 feet above the level of 
the sea. 

Little Cumberland Island. S. side of entrance 
to St. Andrew's Sound and Santilla River. Lat. 
30° 56'. Lon. 81° 34'. Revolving. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 80 feet. 

Ojster Beds' Beacon. On Oyster Beds in Sa- 
vann.ah River. . . . Fixed. 

Cocl:sp^lr Island Beacon. On a knoll connected 
with Cockspur Island, in Savannah River. . . . 
Fixed. 

Floating Lights. Ti/bee Channel, or Mar- 
tin's Industry. Tonnage 125. At Martin's In- 
dustry, about 15 miles E. of Tybec light. One 
lamp with 4 cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet 
elevation from deck. 

Ti/liee Island Knoll. Tonnage 72. Off the knoll 
N. of Tybee Island, Savannah River. One lamp 
with 12 wicks. 

FLORIDA. 

St. Augustine. On N. end of Anastasia Island, 
and S. side of entrance to St. Augustine. Lat. 
29° 52' 18". Lon. 81° 23'. Fixed. Height of 
lantern above the sea, 70 feet. 

St. John's River. Near mouth of St. John's 
River, S. side of entrance. Lat. 30° 20' 30". Lon. 
81° 33'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
65 feet. , 

Cape Carnaveral. On said cape, S. S. E. of St. 
Augustine. . . . Revolving. 

Cape Florida. Off S. E. point of Florida, or 
on Key Biscayne. Lat. 25° 41'. Lon. 8U° 5'. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. 

Dry Tortugas. On Bush Island, one of the 
westernmost of the Florida Reef. Lat. 24° 37' 
20". Lon. 82° 52' 22". Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 70 feet. 

Sand Key, (temporary light-bo.at.) About 84 
miles S. W. by S. of Key" West. Lat. 24° 28' 30". 
Lon. 81° 49' .30". Revolving. Height of lantern 
above the .se.a, 70 feet. Refitted anew in 1843; 
destroyed by a tornado in 1846. 

Kei/ West, Key West Island, Florida Reef, S. 
W. of Cape Sable. Lat. 24° 32' 32". Lon. 81° 
48' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the 
sea, 07 feet. Destroyed by a tornado in 1840, and 
rebuilt on new site in 1847. 

Cape St. George. On said cape, and about 2l 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



687 



miles E. of West Pass to St. George's Sound. 
. . . Fixed. In plivce of one on St. George's 
Island. 

St. Marias. E. side of entrance to St. JIark's 
harbor. Lat. 30° 4'. Lon. 84° II'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern aliove the sea, 7.3 feet. 

PeiisacoJa. S. side of entrance to Pcnsacola 
Bay, and N. W. of fort on St. Kosa Island. Lat 
,30° 20' 48". Lon. 87° 17'. Revolving. Height 
of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. 

Amelia Island. S. side of entrance to St. Ma- 
ry's River, and on N. end of said ishmd. Lat. 
30^ 42'. Lon. 81° 30' 30'. Revolving. 

Cape St. Bias. On Cape St. Bias, about 2 
miles from its S. point. . . . Revolving. 

Du(j Island. On .said island, E. side of middle 
entrance to St. George's Sound. Lat. 29° 4G' 
20". Lon. 84° 38' 9". Revolving. 

Eiimniit Keji. On said key or island, entrance 
of Tampa Baj-. . . . Fixed. 

Floating Lights. Carij!sf>rt Heef. Tonnan-e 
225. Aliout 1° E. of Cape Salile, on said reef 
Two lanterns and lamps, witli 12 cylindrical 
wicks each, the forwai'd lantern elevated 40 feet, 
and the after do. 30 feet ; seen 12 miles. 

Key West. Tonnage 14.5. At N. W. pass.age, 
near 12 miles from Key West. One light with 9 
lamps and 24 wicks. 

Sand Kri/. (temporary.) Tonnage 140. At 
Sand Key. One lamp with 12 wicks. 

ALAB.\MA. 

Mohile Point. (Jn Jlobile Point, E. side of 
entrance to Mobile Bay. Lat. 30° 13' 42". Lon. 
87° 58'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the 
eca, 55 feet. 

Choctaw Point. On Choctaw Point, a little S. 
of Mobile. Lat. 30° 44'. Lon. 88° 12'. Fixed. 

Sand Island. About 3 miles S. S. W. from 
Mobile Point. Lat. .30° 13'. Lon. 88° 10' 58". 
Fixed. 

JllSSISSIPn. 

Cat Island. On W. point of said island, and 
E. of entrance to Lake Borgne. Lat. 30° 13' 40". 
Lon. 89° 5'. Fixed. 

Pass Christian. On the main land, about 64 
miles N. \V. of Cat Island light. Lat. 30° 18' 55". 
Lon. 89° 10' 26". Fixed. 

Round Island. On said island, off Pascagoula 
Bay. Lat. 30° 20'. Lon. 88° 40'. Fixed. Height 
of lantern atiove the sea, 44 feet. 

IJilo.ri. In Biloxi village, W. of W. entrance 
to Biloxi Bay. . . . Fi.xed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 53 feet. 

LOUISIAXA. 

Baijon St. John. Moutli of Bayou St. John, 
oti Lake Ponchartrain, 5 miles N. New Orleans. 
Lat. 30° 3'. Lon. 90°. Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 30 feet. 

Frank's Islayid. On Frank's Island, at mouth 
of Mississippi, N. E. Pass, N. side. Lat. 29° 8' 
30". Lon. 89° 1' 24". Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 78 feet. 

South-west Pass of Mi.isissippi. Entrance of 
Mississippi River, S. W. Pass, W. side. Lat. 28° 
68' 30". Lon. 89° 20". Fixed. Showing two 
liglits, one 25 feet above the other. 

South Pointy (Gordon's Isl.and.) Entrance of 
Mississippi River, near S. Pass, S. W. side. Lat. 
28° 59' 42". Lon. 89° 7' 24". Revolving. 

Pleasontons Island. E. Lake Ponchartrain, 



near mouth Pearl River. . . . Fi-xed. Formerly 
revolving. 

Trhefuncta River. Lake Ponchartrain, near 
Madisonville. . . . Fixed. 

Point de Per. At the entrance of River Teche, 
orAtchafalayaBay. L.at. 29° 19',30". Lon. 91° 
33'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 
feet. 

Port Ponchartrain. Near E. end of railroad. 
. . . Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 
30 feet. 

Pctss Manchac. Mouth of Pass Mamliae, be- 
tween Lakes Manre|)as and Ponchartrain. . . . 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 34 feet. 
Red light, on S. side of the Pass. 

Nem Canal. Lake Ponchartrain, entrance of 

said canttl Fixed. Height of lantern above 

the sea. 30 feet. 

Vermilion Bai/. Near S. W. entrance to said 
bay, on Marsh Island. . . . Revolving. 

Bon Fouca. Near mouth of Bayou Bon Fouca. 
. . . Fixed. 

Chanddcur Island. On N. end of said island. 
. . . Fixed. 

Prortorsvilk Beacon. Ou Lake Borgne. . . . 
Fixed. 

Flo.\tixg Lights. Merrill's Shell Ban!:, (iron 
boat.) Tonnage 400. At Merrill's Shell Bank. 
One lamp. 

Ship Shoal Pleasonton. Tonnage 160. On the 
inside of the western end of Ship Island Sho,al, 
in 5 fathoms of water, near Dernier (or Last Isl- 
and.) Two lamps and lantern with 8 wicks, one 
elevated 45, the other 30 feet. 

Atchnfalaya Baij. Tonnage 72. In Ateliafa- , 
laya Bay. One lamp with 12 wicks, 35 feet ele- 
vation. * 
OHIO. 

Grand River. Mouth of Grand River, Fairport, 
Lake Erie. Lat. 41° 53'. Lon. 81° 23'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 91 feet. Light- 
house on the main land ; a beacon on a pier. 

Grand River Beacon. Mouth of Grand River 
. . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 24 
feet. 

Cleveland. Cleveland harbor. Lake Erie. Lat. 
41° 31'. Lon. 81° 51'. Fixed. Height of lan- 
tern above tlie sea, 140 feet. Light-house on the 
main land ; a beacon ou a pier. 

Cleveland Beacon. Cleveland harbor. Lake Eric. 
. . . Fixed. 

Vermilion River Beacon. On pier, Vermilion 
harbor. Lake Erie. . . . Fi.xed. 

Turtle Island. On said island, mouth of Maa- 
mee Bay, ^lichigan. . . . Fi.ved. Height of lan- 
tern above the sea, 41 feet. 

Sandush/. Near entrance Sandusky Bay. . . . 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. 

Port Clinton. On Lake Erie, N. W. of San- 
dusky Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 45 feet. 

Conneaut River Beacon. On Lake Eric, N. E. 
corner of Ohio. . . . Fixed. Beacon on a pier. 

Mouth Huron River Beacon. On Lake Eric, 
Huron co. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 40 feet. Beacon on a pier. 

Mouth Black River. On Lake Eric, Lorain co. 
. . . Fixed. Hciglit of lantern above the sea, 40 
feet. Beacon on a pier. 

Ashtabula Beacon. On Lake Erie, Ashtabula 
CO. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
40 feet. Beacon on a pier. 



688 



LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Cedar Point Beacon. Entrance of Sandusky 
Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
37 feet. Beacon light on keeper's dwelling. 

Wfislem Sister Island. On W. Sister Island, 
W. part of Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. 

MICHIGAN. 

Fort Gratiot. Half a mile above outlet of Lake 
Huron. Lat. 42° 55'. Lon. 82° 22'. Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. 

Windmill Point. W. side of Detroit River, 
near its head. . . . Fixed. 

Monroe. W. end of Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. 
Height of lantern above the sea, 4G feet. 

Bois Blanc. N. side of Bois Blanc Island, near 
Mackinaw. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 112 feet. 

St. Joseph's River, (and 1 beacon lamp.) Mouth 
of St. Joseph's River, E. side Lake Michigan. . . . 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 65 feet. 
And 1 beacon lamp on pier. 

Thunder Bai/ Island. Lake Huron, N. E. of 
Saginaw Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern 
above the sea, 45 feet. 

Gibraltar. Mouth of Detroit River. . . . Fixed. 

Grand River. Lake Michigan, E. side. . . . 
Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. 

South Manitou Island. N. part Lake Michigan. 
. . . Fixed. 

New Buffalo, and Beacon. Near S. end, E. side 
Lake Micliigan. . . . Fixed. 

Presijue Isle. N. W. shore of Lake Huron. . . . 
Revolving. 

Kalamazoo River. S. E. shore of Lake Mich- 
igan. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 
42 feet. 

Moltawattamie. Pottawattamie Island, entrance 
Green Bav. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above 
the sea, 120 feet. 

Saginaio Bai/. Mouth Saginaw River, in said 
Bay. . . . Fixed. 

Clinton River. Mouth of said river. Lake St. 
Clair. . . . Fixed. 

Point aux Barques. On said point, mouth of 
Saginaw Bay. , . .Fixed. 

Detour. At Detour, where River Sault Ste. 
Marie enters Lake Huron. . . . Fixed. 

White Fish Point. On said point. Lake Supe- 
rior. . . . Fixed. 



Copper Uarhor. At said harbor. Lake Supe- 
rior. . . . Fixed. 

Eaqle Harbor. In said harbor. Lake Superior. 
. . . Fixed. 

Manitou Island. On said island, Lake Supe- 
rior. . . . Fixed. 

Grassy Island Beacon. On Grassy Island, in 
Detroit River. . . . Fixed. 

Mamajuda Beacon. On Mamajuda Shoals, in 
Detroit River. . . . Fixed. 

Skillagalee Rock. On Skillagalee Rock, Lake 
Michigan. . . . Fixed. 

Floating Light. Mackinaw Straits. Ton- 
nage 121. At the junction of Lakes Huron and 
Michigan, N. W. part of state of Michigan. One 
large lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. 

INDIANA. 
Michigan City. S. end Lake Michigan. . . . 
Fi.xed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet 

ILLINOIS. 

Chicago, and Beacon. S. bank Chicago River, 

Lake Michigan, and beacon on pier. . . . Fi.xed. 

Little Fort. In Little Fort Village, S. side of 

the river ; S. W. shore of Lake Michigan. . . . 

Fixed. 

WI.SCONSIN. 

Milwnnkie, and Beacon. Mouth Mihvaukie 
River, W. side Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. 

Root River, (Racine.) Mouth Root River, W. 
side Lake Michigan. Lat. 42° 49' 33". Lon. 87° 
40' 22". Revolving. 

Sheboygan. Mouth of said river, W. side Lake 
Michigan. . . . Fixed. 

Manitnuwoc. Mouth of Manitouwoc River, W. 
side of Lake Michigan. . . . Fi.xed. 

South Port. In South Port, on Warrington 
Island. . . . Fixed. 

Tail Point. On said point, near mouth of Fox 
River, Green Bay. . . . Fixed. 

Port Washington. At Port Washington, N. E. 
part. . . . Fixed. 

Port de Mort. On Plumb Island Fixed. 

TEXAS. 
Floating Light. Galveston Bar. Tonnage 
145. On said bar, off Galveston. One lamp 
with 9 cylindrical wicks, 35 feet elevation. 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



•it» It is now a little over two hundred years since the first college was founded in this country. At 
the end of the first century, the number had increased to only three — Harvard College in Massachusetts, 
the College of William and Mary in Virginia, and Yale College in Connecticut, The second century 
has witnessed an astonishing increase in the number of our colleges, as in the population, and in every 
other clement of our national growth and prosperity. One college has been added, on an average, 
every year during the century, until the number in the United States, as contained in the following list, 
amounts to one hundred and twaiiy. 

The number of students connected with the colleges in tlie United States as undergraduates, at the 
present time, is over ten thousand. If to these are added those connected with their preparatory and 
professional departments, the number rises to between twelve and fifteen thousand. 

There are thirteen colleges in the New England States. Among these are some which may be de- 
nominated national institutions, deriving their students more or less from every state, and, sending 
cut their influence to every part of the Union. They have sent out, from the first, about twenty-one 
thousajid graduates, and are now graduating about jive hundred students annually. 

In the following notices of the colleges in the United .States, we have set down such particulars as 
we are able to ascertain with sufficient certainty respecting each ; although in respect to all of them, 
the account must necessarily be brief. Much the largest part of them have been founded, supported, 
and directed, by the clergy and other members of the Congregational and Presbyterian denominations. 
In regard to those which are under the direction of other denominations, the fact is always expressly 
mentioned. The number of colleges under the direction of the Baptists is 13; Methodists, 13 ; Epis- 
copalians, 8; Roman Catholics, 11. E.'ccepting in the case of the Roman Catholic colleges, and a few 
others at the south and west, the students enumerated, where only one number is given, are under- 
graduates, as distinguished from those in the preparatory or professional departments, and the instruct- 
ors are those connected with the collegiate course. The number of volumes given as in the libraries 
generally includes the aggregate of all the books contained in the library of the college and in those 
established by societies among the students. 



ALLEGHANV COLLEGE, I'A. 



Incorporated in 1817, and located at Meadville. It had 6 instructors, and 122 students in 1850. 
The library, of 8200 volumes, was mostly the donation of Rev. Dr. Bentley, of Salem, Ms. The 
college is under the direction of the Methodists. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in July 
Rev. John Barker, D. D., is president. 

AMHEKST COLLEGE, MS. 

This college is situated in Amherst, Hampshire co., about 8 miles east of Northampton. It was 
founded in 1821, and incorporated in 1825. It has three large brick buildings, four stories high, for 
students' rooms ; and a fourth, comprising a spacious chapel, a library room, lecture and recita- 
tion rooms, &e. A beautiful building has recently been erected for the reception of the fine mincra- 
logical and geological cabinets, collected by the labors and influence of Professor Hitchcock, now 
president of the college. 

87 



690 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

In mineralogy, nearly all the known species are represented by about 4600 specimens. In geology, 
there are 9300 specimens of American, anil 4900 specimens of foreign rocks and fossils. In zoology, 
there are about 1800 specimens of S.W species of vertebrated animals, 5000 species of articulated 
animals ; 200 species of radiated animals, and 6000 species of shells. The libraries contain about 
16,000 volnnics. 

The philosophical apparatus was purchased chiefly in London, and is one of the most complete in 
the country. This college, besides its other endowments, enjoys the benefit of a fund of 50,000 dol- 
lars, five sixths of the income of which is appropriated to assist indigent students preparing for the 
ministry. The number of students of this class has, consequently, always been large. The faculty 
consists of the president, 7 professors, and 4 tutors. Alumni in 1850, 870. Commencement is on the 
second Thursday of August. 
Acccssits. Sitcccssioti of Presidents. Exitus. 

1821 Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D 1823. 

1823 Key. Heman Humphrey, D. D. 1845. 

1845 Rev. Edward Hitchcock, LL. 1) 

AUGUSTA COLLEGK, KV. 

Founded at Augusta, in 1825. It is under the direction of the Methodists. It had 4 instructors, 
and about 50 students in 1850. Volumes in the library, 2500. Commencement is on the Thurs- 
day after the first Wednesday in August. Rev. J. Tomlinson, D. D., is president. 

AUSTIN COLLEGE, TS. 

This college was incorporated in 1850. It is located at Huntville, and is in vigorous operation. 
An institution has been started, also, at Independence, in this new state, called Baylor Umvers'itij. 
Whether it has been incorporated or not we do not know. It has a small library of 300 volumes. 

BACON COLLEGE, KY. 

This college was founded in 1836, and located at Harrodsburg. It has 9 instructors, and a 
library of about 1800 volumes. The number of students in 1850 was 217, including those in the 
primary department. Commencement is in the first week in September Samuel Hatch, A. M., is 
president. 

BATON ROUGE COLLEGE, LA. 

Founded at Baton Rouge, in 1838. Instructors. 4 ; students in 1850, 45 ; library, about 1000 vol- 
umes. Commencement in December. R. H. Ranney, president. 

BELOIT COLLEGE, WN. 

This is an infant institution, established three or four years since, at the flourishing town of 
Beloit, near the southern line of the state, on the route from Chicago to Galena. It has a charter from 
the legislature, conferring full university powers. One fine college edifice, on a beautiful situation, 
has been erected. The college has 3 instructors. No class has yet graduated. Library, 2000 
volumes. Rev. Aaron L. Chapin is president. 

BETHANY COLLEGE, VA. 

This institution was founded in 1840, and is located in Bethany. It had 6 instructors, and 113 
students, in 1850. Its commencement is in the first week in July. The president of the faculty is 
Alexander Campbell, A. M. The library contains about 3500 volumes. 

BOWDOIN COLLEGE, ME. 

This institution, first incorporated by the legislature of Massachusetts in 1794, is situated in 
Brunswick, Cumberland co., about 25 miles north of Portland, and .ibout 35 miles south of Augusta. 
The name of Bowdoin was given to the college in honor of one of the earliest and most distin- 
guished governors of Massachusetts ; and the institution has since been indebted to members of the 
Bowdoin family for liberal benefactions ; especially to the Hon. James Bowdoin, of Boston, who gave 
to it 6000 acres of land in the town of Lisbon, and from whose estates a large legacy has, within a 
few years, been secured to the college. On the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, tlie trustees 
surrendered its original charter, and received a new one from the State of Maine, with a liberal 
annuity in aid of its funds. The legislative government of the college is committed to a board 
of 13 trustees, and a board of overseers of 45 members, their vacancies being filled by the 
respective boards, with a negative on the part of the overseers on elections in the other board. The 
faculty consists of the president and 7 professors. The instruction is given chiefly by pennanent 
officers. The college buildings are pleasantly situated upon a plain, with a grove of pines in the 
rear. Two are occupied as dormitories by the students ; one, recently erected upon a beautiful model, 
for a chapel, library room, &c. ; and others are occupied for lecture rooms, the Bowdoin gallery of 
paintings, and other purposes. The public libraries contain about 25,000 volumes. A flourishing 
medical school, with 6 professors and lecturers, is attached to the college. Number of alumni in 
1850, 997. Commencement on the first Wednesday in September. 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 691 

^ccessvi Succession of Presidents. Eritta. 

1*02. .... Rev. Joseph McKccn, D. D 1807 

^^^'- ■ ... Rev. Jesse Applcton, D. n. . . . " ' iriq' 

IS20. . . . Rev. William Allen, D.D '. ' Jgas 

' 839. .... Rev. Leonard Woods, Jr., D. D. 

liUOWN UNIVERSITY, K. I. 

This iiisututK-n (ariMinally founded at Warren in 17G4, and removed to Providence in 1770) takes 
.ts namo .rom Nicholas Brown, its most mnnifioent benefactor. It is under the direction of the 
.Saptist.;. The builaings, furnishint; elegant and ample accommodations, are situated upon the hi.'h- 
est part of the citj. The library, which is in Manning Mall, is arranged in a very perfect manner 
and contains about 23,000 volumes. The libraries of two societies among the students contain 6000 
or 7000 volumes more. Rhode Island Hall contains the cabinet, the chemical and philosophical 
apparatus, and spacious lecture rooms for the accommodation of the departments of mechanical and 
physical science. University Hall and Hope College are large edifices for the accommodation of 
students. There has been established in this university, in connection with the regular coUen-iate 
course, an English and scientific cour.se, designed for the benefit of those who do not propose to enter 
either of the learned professions, but who desire to prepare themselves, by a thorough education, for 
some of the more active employments of life. The course embraces every department of English 
study pursued in the university, together with the several branches of mathematical and physical 
science, giving the student all tlie advantages of the library and cabinet, and of the courses of lectures 
on chemistry, natural philosophy, physics, intellectual philosophy, and the evidences of Christianity. 
This course is arranged for a residence of either one or two years. The faculty consists of the pres- 
ident and 6 professors. Number of students in 1850, 150; alumni, 1725. Commencement is on 
the first Wednesday in September. 

Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 

1765 Rev. James Manning, D.D. . . . . 1791. 

1792 Rev. Jonathan Maxev, D. D 1802 

1802 Rev. Asa Messer, D. I)., LL. D. ... . 1826. 

1827 Rev. Francis Wayland, D. D. 

BURLINGTON COLLEGE, N. J. 

Located at Burlington, under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Founded in 1846. 
Students in 1850,118. Library, 1200 volumes. Rt. Rev. George W. Doane, D. D., LL.D., president. 

CENTRE COLLEGE, KY. 

This institution is located at Danville. It was incorporated in I8I8 or 1819. It is managed by a 
hoard of 1 1 trustees, appointed from time to time by the Presbrterian synod of Kentucky. The 
legislature gave up all control of its concerns, and surrendered it to the synod, in consideration of 
their engaging to endow the institution without legislative assistance. Connected with the college is 
a grammar school. There is also under the direction of the same board an institution for the deaf 
and dumb, which has been endowed by Congress. The college has five instructors. Students in 
1850,114; alumni, 307. Libraries, 5500 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. 
Rev. John C. Young, D. D., is president. 

CENTENARY COLLEGE, LA. 

This institution was founded in 1841, and located at Jackson. It is under the direction of the 
Methodists. It has 5 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 67. It has a library of 
about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. R. H. Rivers is 
president. 

CHARLESTON COLLEGE, S. C. 

Founded in 1785, and incorporated anew in 1791 ; located at Charleston. This college was again 
reorganized Dec. 20, 1837, by an act of the legislature, transferring all the college property to the 
city council of Charleston, and binding the city to maintain the college. In 1850 the college had 
6 instructors, 70 students, and 124 alumni. The library contains about 2000 volumes. The com- 
mencement is on the Tuesday after the fourth Monday in March. William P. Finlcy, A. M., is 
president. 

CINCINNATI COLLEGE, O. 

This college was founded at Cincinnati in 1819. It had 84 students in 1850. Its commencement 
is on the last Monday in June. 

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, N. J. 

This institution was founded in 1746, at Elizabethtown. From 1748 to 1757 it was at Newark. It 
was then removed to Princeton, as its permanent locality. In the old college edifice, which is of 
•tone the British troops took refuge in 1777, and were dislodged therefrom by General Washington. 



692 



COLLEGES IN THE LTJITED STATES. 



A },'rcat number of distinguislicil men have been educated at this college. It was established by the 
synod of New York, with a special view of raising up ministers of the gospel. It has over .3000 
alumni, nearly 600 of whom have entered the ministry. Students in 1850, 243; instructors, 15 ; 
libraries, 16,000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in June. 

Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 

Rev. Jonathan Dickinson 1747. 

Rev. Aaron Burr 1757. 

1758. 

1761. 

1766. 

1794. 

1812. 

1822. 



Accessus. 
1740. 
1748. 
1757. 
1759. 
1761. 
1768. 
1795. 
1812. 
1823. 



Rev. Jonathan Edwards 

Rev. Samuel Davies 

Rev. Samuel Finley, D. D 

Rev. John Withcrs'poon, D. D., LL. D. 
Rev. Samuel Stanhope Smith, D. D., LL.D. 
Rev. Ashbel Green, U. D., LL. D. 
Rev. James Carnahan, D. D. 



COLLEGE OF THE UOLY CROSS, MS. 

This institution was founded in 1843, by the Roman Catholics. It has not obtained an act of in- 
corporation. It is located in Worcester, on a beautifully elevated site, about two miles from the 
town. One large brick edifice has been erected for the accommodation of the students. All who 
are admitted are required to observe the rites of the Catholic church. A large part of the students 
are quite young. Rev. J. Early, an ecclesiastic of the order of Jesuits, is at the head of the insti- 
tution. Fourteen teachers are employed, and the number of pupils is about 120. Volumes in the 
library, 4220. Commencement the last week in August. 



COLUMBIA COLLEGE, N. Y. 

This institution, in the city of New York, was founded by royal charter, in 1754, under the name 
of Kinifs College, by which title it continued to be known until the revolution. During llic jjcriod 
of the war, from 1776 to 1784, the business of instruction was necessarily suspended, and the college 
cdiKce was appropriated to the purposes of a military hospital. In 1784, an act was passed by the 
legislature of New York, confirming the original charter, and changing the name to Columbia Col- 
lege. The college is under the direction of the Episcopalians. It has 8 instructors, 17,000 volumes 
in the libraries, 130 students in 1850, and 1409 alumni. 



Accessxcs, 

1754. 
1763. 
1775. 



1787. 
1801. 
1801. 
1811. 
1829. 
1842. 
1849. 



Succession of Presidents. 

[Under the Royal Charter.] 
Rev. Samuel Johnson, D. D. 
Rev. Myles Cooper, .... 
Rev. Benjamin Moore, president fro tejn. 

[Under the New Charter.] 
William Samuel Johnson, LL. D. 
Rev. Charles Wharton, D. D. 
Rt. Rev. Benjamin Moore, D. D. 
Rev. William Harris, D. D. 
William Alexander Duer, LL. D. 
Nathaniel F. Moore, LL. D. 
Charles King, LL. D. 



Exitus. 

1763. 
1775. 
1776. 



1800. 
1801. 
1811. 
1829. 
1842. 
1849. 



COLUMBIAN COLLEGE, D. C 

This college is located in the city of Wasliington. It was incorporated by Conjjress in 1821, 
and is under the direction of the Baptists. The buildings are erected upon an elevated situation, 
north of the city, about one mile from the president's mansion, and two and a half from the Capitol. 
Congress has formerly given pecuniary grants to this college, amounting to $25,000. A classical and 
preparatory school is connected witli the college. The tnistees are elected triennially. The college 
has 10 instnictors, 55 students in 1850, and about 200 alumni. Libraries, 6200 volumes. On occa- 
sions of great interest, the students are permitted to hear the debates in Congress, and arguments 
before the Supreme Court. 

Connected with Columbian College is a medical department, which was organized in 1825. It has 
6 professors, and has graduated about 80 students. One student from each of the states and 
territories is admitted free of charge, excepting $5 matriculation fee, and a graduating fee of S20. 
The lectures commence on the first Monday of November. Joel S. Bacon, D. D., is president of the 
college. 

CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY, TE. 

This institution was founded in 1844. It is located at Lebanon. It has 9 instructors. In 1850 
it had about 50 students, and 5000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the last Friday ia 
July. T. C. Anderson, A. M., is president. 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 693 

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, N. 11. 
This colleprc was chartered by royal grant in 1769. It is .'iituated in the town of Hanover, atiout 
half a mile east of Connecticut Kivcr. The buildings are eight in number, all brick excepting two. 
The faculty consists of the president and U professors. There is likewise a medical department with 
5 professors. The library contains about 22,.500 volumes. The institution is one of the oldest and 
most flourishing in the United States. The numl)er of its alumni in 1849 was 2.5.58 ; undergradu- 
ates in 1850, 196 ; medical graduates, 775. ConiTncncement is on the last Thursday in July. 

Accessiis. Succession of Presidents. Exitiis. 

1769 Rev. Eleazar Wheeloek. D. D 1779. 

1779 Hon. John Wheeloek. LL. D 1815. 

1813 Rev. Francis Brown, D. D 1820 

1820 Rev. Daniel Dana. D. D 1821. 

1822 Rev. Rennet Tvler, D. D. . . . 1828 

1828 Rev.NathanLord, D. D. 

DAVIDSON COLLEGE, N. C. 

Founded in IS.'iS, and located in Mecklenburg co. Three instructors in 1850, 44 students, and 
3000 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. Samuel Wil- 
liamson, D. D., is president. 

DELAWARE COLLEGE, DE. 

This college, which is the only one in the state, was incorporated in 18.33. It is located at Newark. 
It has a library of 8700 volumes ; instructors, 6 ; students in 1850. 45 ; alumni, 71. Commencement 
is on the third Wednesday in July. The president is Rev. W. S. F. Graham, A. M. 

DICKENSON COLLEGE, PA. 

This college, which is under the direction of the Methodists, was founded in 1783, and is located 
at Carlisle. In numerous instances it has received pecuniary assist.ince from the legislature, and 
once $14,000 by a lottery. Its libraries contain about 14,500 volumes. It had. in 1850, 10 instruct- 
ors, 142 students, 579 alumni. Commencement is on the second Thursday in July. President, Rev. 
JesseT. Peck, D.D. 

EMORr COLLEGE, GA. 

Founded in 1837. Under the direction of the Methodists. Located at Oxford. Had 7 instructors 
and 145 students in 1850. Alumni, 112. Volumes in the library, 2700. Commencement on the 
Wednesday after the third Monday in July. President, Rev. George F. Pierce, D. D. 

EMORY AND HENRY COLLEGE, VA. 

This institution is located at Glade Spring, in Washington co. It was incorpor.ated in 1839, and 
is under the direction of the Methodists. Instructors in 1850, 4 ; students, 55 ; liliraries, about 8000 
volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday of June. Charles Collins, A. M., president. 

FRANKLIN COLLEGE, GA. 

This institution was incorporated in 1 788, as the Ihiiversiti/ of Georr;ia. It was established at 
Athens in 1802. Its original endowment was ,3^,000 acres of land. It languished for want of funds 
until 1816, when the lands were sold, and the proceeils, atnounting to Sloo.OOO, were invested in pro- 
ductive stocks. One of the buildings was burnt in 183(1. It was rebuilt by the state, which has 
also furnished means for procuring a valuable lilirary. The college has two buildings for the accom- 
modation of students, each 120 feet l)y 40, and three stories high; also a third building for public 
purposes. In 1850 it had 8 instructors, 125 students, and 593 alumni. The libraries contain 13,600 
volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Alonzo Church, D. D., is the 
president. 

FKANKLIN COLLEGE, LA. 

Founded in 1839. Located at Opelousas. Has 4 instructors ; 70 students in 1850. Commencement 
during the first week in November. Othon Boudet, president. 

FRANKLIN COLLEGE, TR 

This college is situated in the vicinity of Nashville. It was established in 1845. It has 6 instruct 
ors, and in 1850 had 75 students ; libraries, 3000 volumes. Commencement on the third Wedncs 
day in October. Tolbert Fanning, A. M., president. 

FRANKLIN COLLEGE, O. 

Founded in 1825, and located at New Athens. Instructors, 4; students in 1850, 80; olumni, 90, 
libraries, 2200 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in September. William Bur 
sett is president. 



694 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

GENEVA COLLEGE, N. Y. 

This coUoge was founded in 1825, at Geneva, one of the plcasantest villages in the western part 
of New York. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. Instructors, 5 ; students in 1850, 42 ; 
alumni, l.'il ; libraries, 5400 volumes. Commencement, first Wednesday in August. The 
president is Kev. Benjamin Hale, I). D. 

GEORGETOWN COLLEGE, D. C. 

This is a Roman Catholic college, under the direction of the incorporated Catholic clergy of 
Maryland. It is the oldest Papal seminary in the United States. It was first incorporated in 1792, 
and authorized to confer degrees, by act of Congress, in 1815. Volumes in the libraries, 26,100. In 
1850 it had 1 1 instructors, 180 students, and 100 alumni. Commencement is near the last of July 
Rev. James Ryder, D. D., is president. 

GEORGETOWN COLLEGE, KY. 

Founded at Georgetown in 1840. This institution is under the direction of the Baptists. The 
number of students in 1850 was 77, with about the same number of alumni. The libraries have 
7280 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. J. L. Reynolds, D. D., is 
president. 

GIKARU COLLEGE, PA. 

See an account of this institution under Philaddphia. 

GRANVILLE COLLEGE. O. 

Founded at Granville in 1832. Under the direction of the Baptists. Had 5 instructors and 40 
students in 1850 ; 3000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in 
July. Rev. Silas Bailey, D. D., is president. 

HAMILTON COLLEGE, N. Y. 

This institution is located at Clinton, Oneida co. It was established in 1812. The college build- 
ings, three in number, stand in a line on the summit of a hill commanding an extensive prospect of 
rich and picturesque scenery. The number of instructors is 10 ; students in 1850, 149 j alumni, 658 ; 
volumes in the libraries, 10,300. Commencement, fourth Wednesday of July. 

Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 

1812 Kcv. Azel Backus, D. D. 1816. 

1817 Rev. Henry Davis, D. D 1833. 

1833 Rev. Sereno E. Dwight, D. D 1835. 

1835 Rev. Joseph Penney, D. D 1839. 

1839 Rev. Simeon North, LL. D. 

HAMPDEN-SIDNET COLLEGE, VA. 

This institution is in Prince Edward co., 80 miles south-west of Richmond. It was incorporated, 
with a very liberal charter, in 1783. It has 1500 alumni; 6 instructors and 25 students in 1850; 
libraries, 8000 volumes. A preparatory academy is annexed to the college. Commencement is on 
the Wednesday before the 4th of July. Rev. Lewis S. Green, D. D., is president. 

HANOVER COLLEGE, lA. 

This college was founded at South Hanover, in 1 829. This place is in Jefferson CO., six miles below 
Madison, on the Ohio River. There is a college edifice 100 feet by 40, and three stories high. 
There are also other small buildings erected for dormitories. The Indiana Theological Seminary 
is connected with this college. The college has six instructors. In 1850, it had 38 students. There 
were 16 in the theological department. The number of alumni is about 100. The libraries contain 
4700 volumes. T. E. Thomas is president. 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, MS. 

This university, situated at Cambridge, Ms., three miles out of Boston, is the oldest college in the 
United States. It was incorporated in 1638, and named Harvard College, from the Rev. John Har- 
vard, its principal founder. Its endowments have been greatly increased by donations from the 
state, and by numerous acts of private bounty, so that with regard to funds, buildings, library, pro- 
fessorships, and literary advantages in general, it is the most amply furnished institution of the kind 
in America. Its alumni, in 1850, were 6272. It comprises a department for undergraduates, and one 
for students preparing for each of the learned professions, theology, law, and medicine. There is also 
connected with the university a scientific school, founded in 1848 by the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, with a 
fund of $50,000, to which handsome additions have since been made, which affords instruction to young 
men preparing for various departments of business without a classical course. The principal college 
buildings are. University Hall, an elegant granite edifice, containing the chapel, lecture rooms, &c. ; 
Gore Hall, a granite edifice, of great architectural beauty, containing the library of 84,200 volumes ; 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 695 

Tlarviml Ilall, a brick edifice, containinf;tlic pliilofophical apparatus, mineralogical cabinet, &c. ; fom 
Oilier biicli cdilicos, called Massaclui-^etts, IltiUis. Stoii;.'liton, and llolworthv Halls, each four stories 
lii;;h, containing rooms for the undcri;r;iiluatcs ; Divinity Hall, a large brick edifice, for the accom- 
modation of theological students ; and Holden Chapel, containing the anatomical museum, chemical 
laboratory, and lecture rooms. There is also an astronomical observatory, finely suited to its 
purpose, in wliicli is mounted one of the largest and most powerful telescopes in the world. 

The legislative government is intrusted to a corporation, consisting of the president of the univer- 
sity and six fellows, and to a board of overseers, composed of the president, the governor and 
lieutenant governor of the state, the members of the executive council and of the senate, and the 
speaker of the House of IJeproscntativcs, p.r niJiriis, together with 30 others. 15 clergymen and 1 lay- 
men, elected for the purpose. The faculty of instruction, including those in the professional and 
scientific departments, consists of the prcsiilcnt, 28 professors, ^ tutors, and several instructors; and 
to such of these as arc connected with the classical department the immediate government of the 
college is intrusted. 

The course of instruction for undergraduates, as in American colleges generallv. occupies four 
yeai's : and that of the theological sclutol. three years; that of the law ochool, three years for such 
of the students as are graduates of some college, and five for such as are not. The students of the 
theological school are divided into three classes — senior, middle, and junior. Graduates of any col- 
lege, of good moral character, may be admitted to share all the benefits of this department, to whom 
the tuition, as in the theological seminaries of the country generally, is aftbrded free of expense, 
and further assistance is given to such as are indigent. The law school was established in 1817. 
Candidates for admission must be graduates of some college, or qualified according to the rules 
of court to become students at law. The lectures for the medical students are delivered in Boston, 
at the Massachusetts Medical College, which is a spacious brick edifice, and contains a medical 
library of about 4000 volumes. They commence annually on the first Wednesday in November, 
and continue three months. In order to obtain a degree of M. D., the student is required to attend 
two courses of lectures, and to sjjend three years, including the time thus occupied, under the instruc- 
tion of some regular practitioner. 

In 1850, the Whole number of alumni was 6,203. The number of undergraduates wa.s 293; 
theological students, 23 ; law students, 102; medical students, 117; total, 535. The college com- 
mencement is on the third Wednesday in July. 

Accessiis. Succession of Presidents. Exitua. 

1640, Aug. 27. . . . Bev. Henry Dunster, M. A. 1654. 

1654, Nov. 27. . . . Rev. Charles Chauncey, B. D 1672. 

1672, Sept. 10. . . . Rev. Leonard Hoar, M. D. 1675. 

167.5, April 7. . . . Rev. Uriah Oaks, M. A I68I. 

1682, April 10. . . . Rev. John Rogers, M. A 1684. 

1685, June 11. . . . Rev. Increase Mather, I). D 1701.' 

1701, Sept. 6. . . . Rev. Samuel Willard, M. A., vice president. . . 1707. 

1707-8, Jan. 14. . . . Hon. John Leverett. M. A 1724. 

1725, Jidy 7, . . . Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, M. A 1737. 

1737, Sept. 28. . . . Rev. Edward Holvoke, M. A 1769. 

1770, March 21. . . . Rev. Samuel Lock, D. D. ...... 1773. 

1774. Oct. 14. . . . Rev. Samuel Langdon, D. D. . .' . . . 1780. 

1781, Dec. 19. . . . Rev. Joseph Willard. D. D, LL. D 1804. 

1806, March 6. . . . Rev. Samuel Webber, D. D 1810. 

1810, Nov. 14. . . . Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, D. D, LL. D. . . 1828. 

1829. Jan. 15. . . . Hon. Josiah Quincv. LL. D 1845. 

1846, Jan. .3. ... Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D 1849. 

1849, Feb. 1. . . . Rev. Jarcd Sparks, LL. D. 

HEIDELBUKG COLLEGE, O. 
This is a new institution, founded in 1850, by the German Reformed Synod of Ohio. It is located 
at a place called Tiffin City. The institution is to embrace a theological department. A plan ha.s 
been adopted for a building four stories high, and 104 feet in length, to be erected at a cost not 
exceeding $10,000. 

HOWARD COLLEGE, AA. 

This institution is at Marion. It was founded in 1841, and is under the direction of the Bap- 
tists. Instructors, 6 ; students in 1850,40. It has a library of about 1500 volumes. Commence- 
ment is on the 4th Thursday in July. S. S. Sherman president. 

ILLINOIS COLLEGE, IS. 
This college was founded in 1829. It is located at Jacksonville, which is about 30 miles west of 
Springfield the capital of the state. The college buildings have a beautifully-elevated situation, 
about a mile from the centre of the village, overlooking the surrounding flat country to a great 
extent. The number of instructors is 7 ; the number of students in 1850 was 34, and of the alumni, 
93. It has in i'ji liliraries about 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Ihursday in 
July. Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, D. D., is the president. 



696 COLLEGES IN THE XINITED STATES. 

INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, lA. 

This institution is located at Bloomington. It was founded in 1816. It is under the direction of 
the Episcopalians. Valuable reservations of land were provided for the benefit of this college, which, 
when sold, it was supposed, would produce a fund of $00,000 or more. Two college buildings have 
been erected, one 40 feet by 30, the other 75 by 55, and three stories high. The college has a pleas- 
ant .situation. The number of instructors is 4. The number of students in 1850 was 97, and the 
whole number of alumni 108, The libraries contain 5000 volumes. Commencement is on the first 
Wednesday after the second Monday in August. The president'is Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D. 

INDIANA ASBUEY UNIVERSITY, lA. 

This institution is under the direction of the Methodists. It was founded in 1839, and is located 
at Greencastle. It has 7 instructors. Students in 1850,72; alumni, 64 ; libraries, 2700 volumes. 
Commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Eev. L. W. Berry, D. D., is president. 

IOWA COLLEGE, 10. 

Located at Davenport, Iowa, on the Mississippi River, nearly opposite to the mouth of Rock 
River. The preparatory department was opened November, 1848, and the first college class, con- 
sisting of six young men, was formed in August, 1850. One edifice of brick, 35 feet by 50, with 18 
feet walls, has been erected. This is designed ultimately for the college chapel. Professors, 2, be- 
sides the principal of the preparatory department. 

JACKSON COLLEGE, TE. 

Founded in 1833, and located at Columbia. Instructors, 5 ; students in 1850, 26; alumni, 46; 
volumes in the library, 2500. Commencement is on St, John's day, June 24. B. H. Ragsdale 
president. 

JEFFERSON COLLEGE, PA. 

This institution was incorporated in 1802. It is located at Canonsburg, Washington co., 18 miles 
south-west of Pittsburg. It has 8 instructors, 197 students, and about 1000 alumni. Libraries, 10,000 
volumes. Agreeably to a special act of the legislature, provision is made for a thorough English 
and mercantile education, to qualify persons for teaching common schools, in which a preference is 
given, in respect to gratuitous instruction, to the sons of citizens of Pennsylvania. Commencement 
is on the second Wednesday in June. This college has a flourishing medical department established 
at Philadelphia, which has given diplomas to over 1800 graduates. It has seven professors. Stu- 
dents attending the lectures in 18.50, 516. Lectures commence first Monday in November. Rev. A. 
'B. Brown, D. D., is president of the college. 

KENYON COLLEGE, O. 

This college is located at Gambier, Knox co. It was founded in 1827, and is under the direction 
of the Episcopalians. A diocesan theological seminary is connected with it. About $13,000 was 
collected in Engliind for the suitjwrt of this college. Its libraries contain about 7.500 volumes. In- 
structors, 5; students in 1850, 50; alumni, 160. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in Au- 
gust. Key. Sherlock A. Bronson, D. D., is president. 

KNOX COLLEGE, IS. 

This college is located at Galesburg, about 50 miles west of Peoria. The tomiship was originally 
purchased with a view to the establishment and endowment of the college. The college was opened 
in 1837. In 1850 it had 5 instructors and 58 students. It has an academy, or preparatory depart- 
ment, with a considerable number of students. It has about 3000 volumes in its libraries. Com- 
mencement is on the fourth Wednesday in June. Rev. Jonathan Blanchard is president. 

KNOXVILLE COLLEGE, TE. 

This institution is at Knoxville, in East Tennessee. It was founded in 1792. It has 5 instruct- 
ors. The number of students in 1850 was 57, and of alumni 122. The libraries contain 4500 
volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Joseph Estahrook, A. M., is 
the president. 

LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA. 

Incorporated in 1826, at Easton, in Northampton co., on the Delaware River. It had, in 1850, 
7 instructors and 82 students. Libraries, 5400 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday 
in September. Rev. George Junkin, D. D., is president. 

LA GRANGE COLLEGE, AA. 

Founded at La Grange, in 1831. This college is under the direction of the Methodists. In 1850 
it had 6 instructors, 76 students, and 130 alumni. Library, 3000 volumes. Its commencement is on 
the first Wednesday in June. Edward Wadsworth presid'ent. 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. G97 

MADISON UNIVERSITY, N. Y. 

This institution is located at Hamilton, Madison co. It was incorporate J in 1819, under tlie name 
of the Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary. It is under the direction of the Baptists, and 
was originally designed as a school for the instruction of young men preparing for the ministry in 
that denomination, under the patronage of their Education Society. It lias since been elevated into 
a college, having both a preparatory school and a theological department connected with it. It 
has 7 instructors in the collegi.ate, .3 in the theological, and 1 in the preparatory department. 
Students in 1850 — collegiate 9.3. theological 22, preparatory 2.'); alumni, 200; libraries, 7000 
volumes. Commencement third Wednesday in August. 

MARIETTA COLLEGE, O. 

This college was founded in 18.33, at Marietta, on the Ohio River. Like the college on the West- 
em Kesen-e, it was established mainly to meet the wants of the country for competent teachers and 
ministers of the gospel. Efforts have recently been made, with success', to increase the funds. The 
number of instructors is 6 ; number of students in 1850, 55 ; alumni, 113, 44 of whom have already 
entered the ministry. The libraries contain 6400 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednes- 
day in July. Rev. Henry Smith, D. D., is president. 

McKENDREE COLLEGE, IS. 

Founded at Lebanon, in 1835. Under the direction of the Methodists. It had 4 instructors and 
about 60 students in 1830. Libraries, 1800 volumes. Commencement is on the second Wednesday 
in July. The president is Rev. A. W. Cammings. 

MARSHALL COLLEGE, PA. 

Founded in 1836, and located at Mercersbnrg. It has 11 instructors. The nnmber of students in 
1850 was 81; alumni. 94; volumes in the libraries, about 7000. Commencement is on the last 
Wednesday in August. The president is Rev. John W. Nevin, D. D. 

MASONIC COLLEGE, MO. 

This college is located at Palmyra, in Marion co. It was established in 1831. It has 5 instructors 
and about 50 students. It has about 2500 volumes in its library. Commencement is on the last 
Thursday in September. J. Worthington Smith president. 

MERCER UNIVERSITY, GA. 

This institution is under the direction of the Baptists. It was founded in 1838, and located at 
Penficld. There are about 3000 volumes in its library. Instructors, 6; students in 1850, 61. Cora- 
meneement on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. J. L. Uagg, D. D., is president. 

MIAMI UNIVERSITY, O. 

This institution is at Oxford, in Butler co., adjoining the state of Indiana. It was founded ia 
1809, and went into operation in 1824. The lands of the township of O.sford, a territory six miles 
square, and containing a population of several thousand inhal>itants, were owned in fee simple by 
the univcrsitv. The annual revenue of the institution is therefore large, and coiitinually increasing. 
The location is represented as delightful. The number of instructors is 6 ; the number of students 
in 1850, 66; and of alumni, 343. There arc about 7000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement 
is on the second Thursday in August. Rev. E. D. Macmastcr, D. 1)., president. 

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, VT. 
This college was incorporated in 1800. It is pleasantly situated in Middlebury, 32 miles south of 
Burlington, in Addison co. The funds of the institution have been derived entirely from individual 
donations. The college buildings are two in nnmber; one of wood, three stories high, containing 
the chapel, recitation rooms, and rooms for students ; the other a spacious edifice of stone, 108 feet 
by 40, four stories high, containing 48 rooms for students. The libraries contain about 85iiO volumes. 
'I he cabinet contains 2700 specimens in zoology, 400 in botany, 1500 in mineralogy, 1750 in geology. 
The faculty consists of the president, four professors, and one tutor. Alumni in 1850, 877. Com- 
mencement, third Wednesday in August. 
Accessu3. Succession of Presidents. Exilus. 

1800 . . Rev. Jeremiah Atwater, D. D 1809. 

ISio! . '. . . . Rev. Henry Davis. D. D 1817. 

1818 Rev. Joshua Bates. D. D 1840. 

1841 Rev. Benjamin Labaree, D. D. 

88 



698 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

MISSOURI UNIVERSITY, MO. * 

This institution, founded in 1840, is located at Columbia. It numbers 12 instructors, and about 
50 students ; 26 had graduated in 1850. Library about 1200 volumes. Commencement i.s on the 
fourth Thursday in August. Its president is John H. Lathrop, A. M. 

MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE, MI. 

This colletrc is located at Clinton. Our information respecting it is not full. Commencement is 

on the last Thursday in July. Rev. C. Parrish president. 

MOUNT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MD. 

This Institution is under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It was established in 1809, by 
Dr. Dubois, afterwards Roman Catholic bishop of New York. In 1830 it was incorporated as a 
college. It is situated in a romantic spot at the foot of a branch of the Bine Ridge Mountains, two 
miles from the village of Emmetsburg, in Frederick co., ."iO miles from Baltimore, and 60 from Wash- 
ington. The number of instructors given as connected with the institution is 24, a small part of 
whom only are professors. In 1850 the number of students was 126; and of alumni, 137. The 
library contains 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in June. John McCaf- 
frey, A. M., is the president. 

NORWICH UNIVERSITY, VT. 

This institution, located in the town of Norwich, on Connecticut River, opposite to Dartmouth 
College, was first opened in 1820 as the "American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy." 
Subsequently its character was changed to that of a college, under the patronage of the denomination 
of Universalists. The building is of brick, 100 feet by 40, four stories high, containing 3 lecture 
rooms, Jind 42 rooms for students. Volumes in the iibr.ary, about 1400. Students in 1850,59; 
alumni, 100. The president is Rev. Edward Bowers. Commencement, Thursday next after third 
Wednesday in August. 

OAKL^yS'D COLLEGE, MI. 

Founded at Oakland, in 1830. Instructors, 6; students in 1850, 64; alumni, 83; 6000 volumes in 
the libraries. Commencement is on the iirst Thursday in April. Kev. Robert L. Stanton is 
president. 

OBERLIN COLLEGE, O. 

This institution w.is founded at Oberlin, in 1834. In 1850 it had 66 students. It has a female 
department, the pupils of which are not included in the above enumeration. They may, however, 
pursue the same course, and be admitted to the same college honors with the young men. The 
number of instructors employed is 12; the number of alumni, 199, of whom 130 arc reported as 
having entered the ministry. The libraries contain 4200 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth 
Wednesday in August. 

OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY, GA. 

This institution was incorporated in 1836. It is located at Milledgeville. It had 5 instructors in 
1850, and 45 students. Its library has about 4500 volumes. Commencement is on the Wednesday 
succeeding the second Monday in November. Samuel K. Talmage is president. 

OHIO UNIVERSITY, O. 

This institution was founded in 1804. It is located at Athens, and is supported mainly by the 
income accruing from two townships of land, given by Congress for that purpose. It has 5 instruct- 
ors and 145 alumni. In 1850 it had only 18 students. The libraries contain 5500 volumes. Com- 
mencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Alfred Ryors, D. D., is the president. 

OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, O. 

This institution is located at Delaware. It was founded in 1842, and is under the direction of the 
Methodists. It has 6 instructors, and in 18.50 had 38 students. Libraries, 2800 volumes. Com- 
mencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. Edward Thompson, D. D., is president. 

PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE, PA. 

This institution is loc.ited at Gettysburg, in Adams co. It is under the direction of the Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran denomination, who have also a theological seminary at the same place. It was incor- 
porated in 1832. In 1850 it had 6 inslnictors and 76 students. It had graduated 146. It has, 
likewise, a department for preparatory instruction, with quite a large number of pupils. Its libraries 
contain about 6000 volumes. A medical faculty connected with this college was established at Phil- 
adelphia in 1839. It is furnished with 7 professors, and has commodious buildings upon Filbert, 
above Eleventh Street. The medical lectures commence in the middle of October. The degree of 
M. D. is conferred by the medical faculty at Philadelphia, as authorized by a special act of the 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 699 

legislature. The college commencement is on the third Thursday in Septemher. Kev. H. L. 
Baugher, D. D., is president. 

RANDOLPH MACON COLLEGE, VA. 

This institution is located in Mecklenburg co., 8S miles south-west of Richmond. It was founded 
in 1832. It is under the direction of the Methodists. There is a preparatory school connected with 
it. It is reported as having U instructors in 1850, 145 students, and 124 alumni. Libraries. 6000 
volumes. Commencement is on the second Wednesday of June. Kev. A. W. Smith is president. 

KECTOK COLLEGE, VA. 

Under the direction of the Baptists. Founded in 1839, and located in Taylor co. Instructors in 
1850,3; students, 50; library, 2500 volumes. Commencement, the last Wednesday in September. 
Charles Wheeler, A. M., president. 

KICIiMOND COLLEGE, VA. 

This institution, located at Richmond, was founded in 1832. It is under the direction of the 
Baptists. In 1850, ithad 6 instructors, and 72 students, with a library of 1200 volume! Commence- 
ment is on the third Wednesday in December. Rev. Robert Ryland is president. 

KUTGERS COLLEGE, N. J. 

This institution is established at New Brunswick, 33 miles from New York and 56 from Philadel- 
phia. It was founded in 1770, and named after a distinguished benefactor. It is under the direction 
of the Kcformed Dutch Church. A theological seminary is connected with it, and likewise a flourish- 
ing grammar school. The principal college building is of stone, three stories in height, devoted to 
public purposes. The students generally lodge with the families of the village. There were 9 in- 
structors, and 76 students, in 1850 ; alumni, 513 ; libraries, 1600 volumes. Commencement is on the 
fourth Wednesday in July. Theodore Erclinghuysen, LL. D., is the president. . 

ST. CHARLES'S COLLEGE, LA 

This college is at Grand Coleau, and was established in 1838, by the Roman Catholics. Its in- 
structors in all departments number 21, and the students in 1S50. 103. It has about 4000 volumes 
in its libraries. Its commencement is about the middle of July. President, Thomas II. Sollcr, S. J 

ST. CHARLES'S COLLEGE, MO. 

Established at St. Charles, in 1837. Tliis college is under the direction of the Methodists. The 
number of students was 20 in 1850, and the number of instructors 3. Library, 900 volumes. The 
president is John W. Robinson. 

ST. JAMES'S COLLEGE, MD. 

Established in 1844, and located near Ilagerstown. It is under the directon of the Episcopa- 
lians. It h.as 10 instructors; students in 1850, 32 ; libraries, 3500 volumes. Commencement on th» 
last Thursday in July. Rev. John B. Kerfoot, D. D., is president. 

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, MD. 

This institution, located at Annapolis, was incorporated in 1784, and received from the state $1750 
per annum, on condition that the city should convey to the trustees 34 acres of land, the present site 
of the institution, which had beer, given to the corporation by Lord Baltimore. It was opened Novem- 
ber 10, 1789, by Rev. William Smith, D. D., as president /)ro tempore. The first commencement w.^s 
in 1793. In the high party excitements of 1805, the original grant, above referred to, was annulled. 
The state has since, however, made appropriations for its support. The liuildings are on an elevated 
site, and command an extensive and delightful prospect. The college has 6 instructors ; students in 
1850, 30 ; volumes in the library, 3292. Among its alumni are many of the distinguished men of 
the state. The following is the list of presidents : Rev. John McDowell. LL. D., Rev. Henry L. 
Davis, D. D., Rev. William Rafferty, D. 1)., and Rev. Hector Humphreys, 1). D., who is now in oilice 

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, N. Y. 

Established at Fordham, by the Roman Catholics, in 1841. A. J. Thchaud, S. J., president. It 
has 16 teachers, and 110 students ; libraries, 9500 volumes. Commencement, second or third week 
in July. 

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, KY. 

St. Joseph's is a Roman Catholic college, located at Bardstown. It was founded in 1819. It has 
17 teachers, who, in 1850, had charge of 126 pupils in all the departments. The number of it* 



700 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

alumni is about 150. The library contains about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the last 
Thursday in July. Rev. P. J. Verhaegcn is at the head of the institution. 

ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MD. 

This rollcjro was founded in 1799, and incorporated in 1804. It is located in Baltimore, and is a 
Roman Catholic institution. Lil>rary, 12,000 volumes ; instructors, 20; students in 18.")0, 122 ; alumni, 
187. Commencement is on the third Tuesday in July. Rev. 0. L. Jenkins is the president. 

ST. PAUL'S COLLEGE, N. Y. 

Founded in 18.37: located at Flushing : has 11 instructors, 29 students in 1 8.'J0, and .380 alumni ; 
libraries, about 3000 volumes. Commencement on the last Thursday in June. This college is under 
the direction of the Episcopalians. 

ST. THILIP'S COLLEGE, MN. 

This is a Roman Catholic college, located in the vicinity of Detroit. It was founded in 1839. It 
has 4 instructors; in 1850 it had 30 students. Its library contains about 3000 volumes. Com- 
mencement is on the first Jlonday in October. President, Bowers. 

ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE, MO. 

Founded in 1843. Located at Cape Girardeau. Has 12 instructors, and had 90 students in 1850. 
Has a library of 5000 volumes. Its commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. R. Hen- 
esy is president. 

ST. XAVIER COLLEGE, O. 

Founded by the Roman Catholics, at Cincinnati, in 1840. It has 18 instructors, 70 students, in- 
cluding all departments, and 220 alumni; library, 5600 volumes. Commencement is on the 15th 
of July. J. De Blieck president. 

SHELBY COLLEGE, KY. 

This college is at Shelbyville. It has 4 instructors; the number of students in 1850 was 93. It 
has a library of 4000 volumes. Rev. W. J. Waller, M. D., is president. 

SHUETLEFF COLLEGE, IS. 

Founded in 1835, at Upper Alton, under the direction of the Baptists. It has 6 instructors; the 
numl>cr of students is small; about 1600 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the fourth 
Thursday in July. Rev. N. N. Wood, D. D., is president. 

SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, S. C. 

This institution was founded in 1804, at Columbia. It enjoys the patronage of the state. The 
buildings, llbrarj', and cabinets cost originally 8154,234. Between 1824 and 18.34, the legislative ap- 
propriations amounted to SI 20,000. The college has 8 instructors. The number of students in 1850 
was 209. The libraries contain about 18,500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Monday in 
December. William C. Preston, LL. D., is president. 

SPRING HILL COLLEGE, AA. 

This institution, located at Spring Hill, is under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It ^Tas 
founded in 1830. It had 12 instructors and 70 students in 1850; about 4000 volumes in the library. 
Its commencement is in the first week iu February. .John Bazin president. 

TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY, KY. 

This institution is located at Lexington, which is nearly in the centre of the valley of the Missis- 
sippi. It was founded in 1798. The buildmgs stand upon an eminence, a little distance from th« 
city. The libraries contain about 14,000 volumes. The institution has 7 instructors. In 1850, 
the number of students was .50, and the number of alumni 610. The commencement is on the 
Wednesday before the third Friday in August. Rev. James B. Dodd is president. 

t 

TRINITY COLLEGE, CT. 

This college is under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was incorporated in 
1823. It is pleasantly situated in the suburbs of the city of Hartford, about a mile from the Stats 
House, and has three handsome stone edifices, — in one of which is the chapel, — named Scabury 
Hall, Jarvis Hall and Brownell Hall. The college grounds include 14 acres. Libraries, 9000 toV- 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 701 

nines. Students iu 1S50, 6C ; alumni, 257 ; faculty, the president and 6 professors. Commemement 
is on the first Thursday in August. 

Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitut. 

1824 Rt. Rev. Tliomas C. Brownell. D. D 18;il. 

1S31 Rev. Nathaniel 8. Wheaton, D. D. .... 1837. 

1837 Rev. Silas Totten, D. D. 

Rev. John Williams, D. D. 

TUSCULUM COLLEGE, TE. 

This eollege was founded in 1794, at Greenville. It has but 2 instructors at present. The number 
of its alumni in 1850 was 110, and of students 41 ; volumes in the library, 3000. Commencement is 
on the third Wednesday in September. James McLiii president. 

UNION COLLEGE, N. Y. 

This college is situated at Schenectady, 15 miles from Albany. It was founded in 1795. The 
college buildings are each 200 feet long, four stories high, of brick, covered with a white stucco. The 
institution has a valuable library of 15.000 volumes, apparatus, and funds iu profitable investment. 
It has 12 instructors, 230 students in 1S.")0, and over 3000 alumni. Commencement on the fourth 
Wednesday in July. 

Accessus. Sticcession of Presidents. Exitus. 

179.5 Rev. John Blair Smith. 1799. 

1799 Rev. Jonathan Edwards, D. D 1801. 

1801. ..... Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, D. D 1804. 

1804 Rev. Eliphalet Nott, D. D. 

UNION COLLEGE, TE. 

This college, located at Muifreesboro', h.as recently gone into operation, having been founded in 
1848. It is under the direction of the Baptists. It has 5 instructors; in 1850 it had tiS students. 
It lias gathered about 800 volumes as the conimeiicement of a library. Its commencement is fixed foi 
the third Wednesday in July. J. II. Eaton president. 

UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, VT. 

This institution was incorporated and established at Burlington, in 1791, but it did not go into op- 
eration till 1800. It is finely situated in the most elevated part of the town, about a mile east from 
the shore of Lake Champlain, 245 feet .above the surface of the water, and commands an extensive 
and delightful prospect. A large college edifice of brick, completed in 1801, was consumed by firo 
in 1824, after which three brick edifices were erected, which have since been united in one, 2j0 feet 
in length by 40 in width. The faculty consists of the president, 5 professors, and 1 tutor. The 
college has well-selected libraries containing about 12,250 volumes. It has a valuable collection of 
specimens in diftcrent departments of natural history. There is a medical school connected with 
the college, in which instruction is given by 3 professors. Undergraduates in 1350, 95 ; whole num- 
ber of alumni, 416. Commencement is on the first Wednesday of August. 

Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 

1800 Rev. Daniel C. Saunders, D. D. . ... 1814. 

1816 Rev. Samuel Austin, I). D. . . . 1821. 

1822 Rev. Daniel Haskell, M. A. . ... 1824. 

1824 Rev. Wilhird Preston, M. A 1826. 

1826 Rev. James Harsh, D. D. 1833. 

18.34 Rev. .John Wheeler, D. D. 1849. 

1849 Rev. Worthington Smith, D. D. 

UNIVERSITY or J\EW YORK, N. Y'. 

This university was chartered by the legislature in 1831. It is located in tho city of New York, 
and is projected on the liberal scale of the universities of the continent of Europe. According to 
the plan of the institution, it embraces two general ilepartments. The first comprises professorships 
and faculties fur instruction in tlie higher branches of literature and science ; the second embraces what 
b usually deemed a full course of classical, niathcniatical, and philosophical instruction, and also a 
complete course of English literature, mathematics, and the sciences, with their application to agricul- 
ture, to the arts, and generally to the ordinary pur[ioses of life. The first chancellor of the uni- 
versity was Rev. James M. Mathews, D. D. To him succeeded Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, 
LL. D., who resigned in 1850. At present, the ofiice of chancellor is not filled. Instructors, 11; 
students, in 1850, 151 ; alumni, 320; library, 4000 volumes. An elegant and costly stone edifice has 
been erected for the use of the university, which fronts towards the west u|)on Washington Square. 
Commencement is on the Wednesday preceding the 4th of July. 



702 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PA. 

This institution is located in I'liiliidelphia. It was founded in 1755, and fully established in its 
present form in 1791. In the coUepiate department it had, in 1850, 7 instructors and 88 students. 
The library now contains about 5000 volumes. The university embraces a faculty of arts, a faculty 
of medicine, and an academical department. The medical school is one of the most celebrated 
in the United States. It had 7 professors, and 438 students in attendance upon the lectures, in 
1850. It has given medical degrees to 5130 graduates. The session for the medical lectures begins 
on the first Monday in November, and ends about the first of March. The commencement for con- 
ferring medical degrees is held, by special mandamus of the board of trustees, about the first of April, 
or as soon ascconvenient after the examinations of the candidates are over. The university com- 
mencement is on the I5th, 16th, or 17th of July. The president is Rev. John Ludlow, D. D. 

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, VA. 

This institution was founded in 1819, and went into operation in 1825. It is located about two 
miles from Charlottesville, in Albemarle CO., near the centre of population in the state. It owes 
its origin and peculiar organization to Thomas Jcfli'erson. It was erected by the state, at a cost of 
aliout 8400,000 ; and subsequently the state gave an annuity of $15,000 for its support. The univer- 
sity is organized in a number of separate departments, or schools, in each of which degrees are conferred 
for thorough attainments in that department. Students who have received separate degrees in the 
schools of ancient languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and moral philosophy, are 
declared qraduntes of the universittj, with the title of " Master of Arts of the University of Virginia."' 
Sometimes, when the number of diplomas granted by the separate schools is 50 or 60, there have 
not been more than one or two graduates of lite university. The library has about 18,000 voluipes ; 
about half of which are verj' valuable, having been purchased in Europe, from a catalogue previously^ 
made out by Mr. JetTerson. There is a medical department, including the school of medicine 
proper, — physiology, pathology, &c., — the school of chemistry and materia medica, and the school 
of anatomy and surgery, in which the graduates receive the degree of M. D. The university has 10 
instructors. In 1850, it had connected with its various schools 212 students. It has given diplomas 
to 1236. Commencement is near the end of June. Gesner Harrison is chairman of the faculty. 

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, N. C. 

This institution was founded in 1789, and located at Chapel Hill. It had, in 1850, 6 instructors, 
179 students, and over 900 alumni. Libraries, 12,350 volumes. Commencement is on the first 
Thursday in June. Hon. David L. Swain, LL. D., is the president. 

UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, AA. 

This institution is located at Tuscaloosa, the seat of government. It went into operation in 1831. 
The site of the college is on the Huntsville road, half a mile from the State House. There are three 
tbree-story buildings for students' dormitories, a building for a laboratory and recitation rooms, and sev- 
eral professors' houses. In the centre is a large circular building three stories high. On the first story 
is a large room for public sccasions, with a circular gallery in the second for spectators. The third 
story is occupied for the library. The institution has 9 instructors. It had 92 students in 18.50, and 
181 alumni. Volumes in the library, 7123. Commencement on the Wednesday after the second 
Monday in July. Rev. Basil Manly, D. D., is president. 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI, MI. 

This institution was founded in 1844, and located at Oxford. It has 6 instructors; students in 
1850, 64 ; alumni, 83. It has a library of about 2500 volumes. Commencement is on the first 
Thursday in April. Rev. A. B. Longstreet, LL. D., is the president. 

UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE, TE. 

This is one of the most important institutions in the Western States. It was founded in 1806, and 
is located at Nashville. It has a philosophical apparatus, purchased in London at a cost of $6000. 
It has an extensive mineralogical cabinet. Theological students of all denominations are admitted 
at half price for tuition. The number of instructors is 7 ; the number of students in 1850 was 75 ; 
."ind of alumni, 398. The libraries contain "nearly 10,000 volumes. Commencement is on the first 
Wednesday in October. 

UNIVERSITY OF ST. LOUIS, Mtt 

This institution, which is under the direction of the Roman Catholics, was established in 1 832. It 
is located at St. Louis. It has 17 instructors, 160 students, and 25 alumni. Volumes in the libra- 
ries, 13,500. Commencement is near the first of July. J. Van de Velde president. 

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, MN. 

The college which goes by this name is located at Ann Arbor. It is more correctly denominated 
' The College of Arts and Sciences in the University of Michigan," the university itself being an, 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 703 

institution of a more compreliensive cliaractcr, embracing in thcorv the entire system of scliools for 
tlic state. Tlicro are academies, or liigh schools, in dirt'crent localities alreaiiy'in opcnition, wliich 
are branches of this state university. The cotlei/e at Ann Arbor was opened in 18:J7. It has 7 
instructors, who, according to the requisitions of the statute, are selected from diftereiit religious 
denominations, and preside in rotation, in the college faculty. The site of the college buildings is on 
an elevated plain, about three quarters of a mile from the centre of the town. Two tine liuildings, of 
the largest class, and four stories high, have been erected for the tise of the students. Between these 
it is intended to place a chapel, and then to extend the line in both directions, ,as the wants of the 
institution may require. This range of buildings is to occupy one of the sides of an extensive 
sipuirc area, on the two sides of which, at right angles with this, are to be hou.ses for the professors, 
four of which have been erected. On the side opposite to the colleges, a fine building has just been 
completed for the use of the medical department in the university. The institution is fully proviihil 
for from the income of the' public lands appropriated for this purpose. It has a library containing 
about ."iono volumes. The number of students in 1S50 was 72. The commencement is'on the thinl 
Wednesday in July. Uev. D. D. Whedon is president. 

UNIVEK.SITY OF KOt'HESTER, N. Y. 

This new institution was founded Novcml)cr 4, 1850, by the New York Baptist Union for Ministerial 
Education, atid its location established at Rochester. It has since received an act of incorporation 
from the New York legislature. It has connected with it a theological department, styled llic 
Uochester Theological Seminary, which is open to students of all denominations. The plan of in- 
struction in the university is peculiar, being so adjusted as to allow any who choose to omit the 
studv of Latin and Greek, substituting modern languages in their stead, and a more extended niathc- 
inatical ami scientific course. Hence the students in each class are divided into two sections, the 
classical an<l the scientific sections. The regular course extends through four years, at the expira- 
tion of which those who have pursued the entire classical course are admitted to the degree of bach- 
elor of arts, and those who have pursued ihe entire scientific course to that of bachelor of sciences. 
Young men, not otherwise connected with the university, are permitted, if they desire it, to attend 
the recitations of particular departments, provided they have the requisite preparation for the studies 
of those departments. This is denominated the jiartial course. The libraries of the University, and 
of the Theological Seminary, together amoujit to over .'JOOO volumes. A valuable cabinet of min- 
erals has been secured. The number of students in the University, in 18.il, was 109; and in tlie 
Theological department, 29. The coinmeneement is on the second Wednesday of July. Hon. Ira 
Harris, LL. D., is the chancellor. 

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, VA. 

This institution, founded in 1839, is ranked with the colleges of the state. It is located at Lexing- 
ton. In 18.iO it had 6 instructors, 120 students, 107 graduates, and a library of 2500 volumes. Its 
commencement is on the 4th of July. Colonel F. H. Smith is the superintendent. 

WABASH COLLEGE, lA. 

This institution is located at Crawfordsville, in the valley of the Wab.ash, .about .30 miles north- 
westerly from Indianapolis. It was founded in 18.3.3. One large college edifice, four stories high, 
has been erected. Some 15 or 20 acres are enclosed for the college grounds, upon a part of 
which the original forest trees are standing. The college has 6 instructors ; the number of students 
in 1850 was 38; the libraries contain 6000 volumes. Commencement is on the Thursday nearest 
to the 20th of July. Rev. Charles White, D. U., is president. 

WAKE FOREST COLLEGE, N. C. 

Established at Wake Forest, in 1838, under the direction of the Baptists. In 1850 it had .3 in- 
structors, 24 students, and 4700 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the third Thursday 
in June. Rev. John B. White president. 

WASHINGTON COLLEGE, I>A. 

This institution, incorporated in 1806, is located at Washington, in Washington co., 25 mile* 
south-west from Pittsburg. It commenced operations under a new organization in 1830. The legis- 
lature made an annu.al appropriation of $500, towards the support of a professorship of English 
literature, to prepare voung men for teaching in common schools. By a standing rule, a certain 
number of poor ami pious young men may be educated without charge for tuition. In 18.50 the 
college had 8 instructors, 105 students, and 441 alumni; lil)rarrcs, 3300 volumes. Commencement is 
on the Last Wednesday in September. The president is Rev. James Clark, D. D. 

WASHINGTON COLLEGE, MD. 
Fonnded in 1783, at Chestertown. In 1827 the college was burnt down. Anew building was 
«rected, and the operations of the college revived in 1844. In 1850 it had 5 instructors and 70 stn 



704 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

dents; library, 1200 volumes. Commencement about the 20th of August. E. F. Chambers is 
presideut of the trustees. 

WASHINGTON COLLEGE, VA. 

This college is at Loxinfjton, Rockbridge CO., 129 miles north-west of Richmond. It was endowed 
by General Washington, with 100 shares of the stoclc of the James River Company, whicli has 
sometimes produced an annual income of about $2500. It was incorporated in 1812. Its funds are 
large, and the course of instruction thorough. It has 6 instructors. In 1850 it had 81 students 
and about GuO alumni ; volumes in the library, about 5000. Commencement is on the third Thursday 
in June. George Jankiu is the president. 

■VyA.SHINGTON COLLEGE, TE. 

This college is in Washington CO., founded in 1794. It has 2 instructors; students in 1850,42; 
alumni, 110 ; library, 1000 volumes. The president is Rev. E. T. Bard, A. M. 

WATEUVILLE COLLEGE, ME. 

This college is situated in Waterville, on the western bank of Kennebec River, 18 miles above 
Augusta. It was founded in 1820, and is under the direction of the Baptists. The instruction is 
given by the president and 5 professors. Number of students in 1850,74; volumes in the library, 
8500. The college has two brick edifices for the accommodation of 'the stiulcnts. Alumni in 
1850, 267. 

Acccssus. Succession of Presidtniis. BxitUA. 

1822 Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, D. D 1833. 

1833 Rev. Rufus Babcock, D. D 1837. 

1837 Rev. Robert E. Pattison, D. D 1840. 

1841 Eliphaz Fay. A. M 1843. 

1 843 Rev. David N. Sheldon, A. M. 

WESLEYAN tINITERSITY, CT. 

This institution, situated at Middletown, is under the direction of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
It was founded in 1831. The fiiculty consists of the president and 4 professors. The libraries con- 
tain over 11,000 volumes; students in 1850, 125; alumni, 327. Commencement on the first 
Wednesday in August. 

Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitits, 

1831 Rev. Wilbur risk, D. D 1839. 

1839 Rev. Stephen Olin, D. D. . . . . 1851. 

WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE, KY. 

This institution, having the rank of a college, was established in 1847, at a place called Blue Lick 
Springs. It has 9 instructors; the number of students in 1850 was 217. Colonel T.F.Johnson 
is at the head of the institution. 

WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, O. 

This institution, located at Hudson, in Portage co., was founded February 7, 1826. Its founders 
were mainly from New England, who were animated in their enterprise by a regard to the religious 
wants of the western country. The charter obtained from the state pl.aced the institution wholly under 
the control of its founders, and has secured to it a complete exemption from the embarrassments so 
liable to grow out of mixed corporations. The college is now tolerably well endowed. Its funds 
have been wholly derived from private benefactions. In connection with the collegiate, there is a 
theological department in this institution. There is also a medical department, which is established 
at Clevel.tnd. The number of instructors, exclusive of the medical professors, is 9 ; besides which 
there arc also 3 teachers in the preparatory school. In 1850, the college had 54 students, and tho 
theological department 19; alumni, 164. The libraries have about 8000 volumes. Commencement 
is on the second Thursday in June. 

Aecessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 

1830 Rev. Charles B.ickus Storrs, 1833 

1834 Rev. George Edmond Pierce, D. D. 

WEST TENNESSEE COLLEGE, TE. 

This college was incorporated in 1843, and reorganized in 1849. It has 4 teachers, and about 100 
•tudents in the preparatory and other departments 



COLLEGES IX THE UNITED STATES. 705 

WILLIASrS COLLEGE, SIS. 
This institution, situated at AVilliamstown, Berkshire CO., was incorporated in 179.3. It was found- 
ed by a licqucst of Colonel Ephraini Williams, who commanded for some time two small forts on 
the banks of the Hoosac, in Adams and Wdliarastown, and wlio was killed in battle with the French 
and Indians, September 8, 17.'J5. The buildings consist of four large brick edifices for the accommo- 
dation of students ; a brick ch.apel 93 by 38 feet, containing ahso lecture rooms ; a library buildinj;. 
and an astronomical observatory, the first erected in tlie United States. The college library, together 
with those of the societies among the students, numbers nearly 14,000 volumes. The faculty con- 
sists of the president, 6 professors, and 1 tutor. The college has about S70.000 of productive funds. 
Tlie philosophical and chemical apparatus has recently been enlarged by the alumni, at an expense 
of several thousand dollars. A new and commodious chemical laboratory and lecture room has just 
been comiilcted, and likewise a magnetic observatory, for ascertaining and exhibiting the laws of 
ten-estrial magnetism. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in August. Alumni in 1847, 
1581. 

Accessus. Succession of Presidents. ' Exihis. 

1793 Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D. D 1815. 

1815 Rev. Zcphaniah Swift Moore, D. D 1821. 

1821 Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D 1836 

1836 Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D. 

WILLIAM AND MARV COLLEGE, VA. 

This college, next to Harvard, the oldest in the country, was originally projected in 1688, the year 
in which William and Marv' ascended the British throne. It was chartered by their majesties in 
1691. It was established at Williamsburg, 60 miles south-east of Richmond. Rev. James Blair, 
D. D., was the first president. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. The college has 
property amounting to $150,000, and a library of 5000 volumes ; instructors, 6. Rev. John Johns is 
the president. 

WLSCONSIN UNIVERSITY, WN. 

This is a new institution, founded in 1849. Only tlie preparatory department has gone into oper- 
ation. Rev. John H. Lathrop is the president. 

WOODWARD COLLEGE, 0. « 

Founded in 1831, and located at Cincinnati. It has 5 instructors, and a library begun of 14,000 
volumes. The number of students hitherto has been small. Commencement is on the Friday befora 
the 4th of July. Rev. Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., is the president. 

YALE COLLEGE, CT. 

Yale College was founded in 1700, .and incorporated by the Colonial Assembly of Ct. in 1701. It 
was first located at Saybrook, but in 1716 was removed to New Haven. Its first commencement 
at New Haven was in 1717. About this time Mr. Elihu Yale, of London, g.ave a donation of books and 
money to the college ; and in gratitude for his donations the institution was named Yale College. In 
1 733, Bishop Berkeley, of Ireland, gave a donation of 1000 volumes to the library, and two small founda- 
tions for premiums. Yale College has been for many years tlie most po|iular literary institution 
in America. Its number of undergraduates in 1850 was 386. The number of its alumni. (5932,) 
has nearly equalled that of Harvard, which is its elder by 65 years. Its buildings are beautifully sit- 
uated on "slightly elevated ground, opposite to the western side of the New Haven Green, or Park ; 
their line in front stretching quite from the northern to the southern limit of this extensive 
quadrangle. In this range there are 5 large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by tlie students ; 
that on the north being occupied by the students of the theological department. In thfc intermedi- 
ate spaces are three steepled buildings, one of which is the chapel, and the others are occupied with 
recitation and lecture rooms, and rooms for the professors. An elegant stone building has been 
erected within a few years for the reception of the college library, and the libraries of the societies 
among the students. The number of volumes in these libraries together is about 50.500. There arc 
other buildings for the chemical laboratory ; the mineralogical and geological cabinet, and the Trum- 
bull gallery of paintings, &c. The cabinet of minerals is the most valuable in the United States, 
and inferior to only two or three in Europe. The college has a faculty of theology, of law, and of 
medicine connected with it. The medical college is furnished with a spacious and convenient 
stone edifice, containing one of the most valuable anatomical museums in the country. The theo- 
logical department has 3 professors. The law school is under the direction of the Hon. Clark Bis- 
sell, late a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut. The facidty, to whom arc committed the 
govenimcnt and instruction of the undergraduates, consists of the president and 10 professors, with 
7 tutors. There has been organized also a dcjiartmcnt of philosophy and the arts, designed to fur- 
nish to resident graduates and others an opportunity of ]iarsuing special branches of study, as far as 
they may desire. The president and nil the academical professors aid in the instruction of this 
department. Commencement is on the third Thursday of August. 

89 



706 



COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Accessiis. 
1701. 
1719. 
1726. 
1739. 
1766. 
1777. 
1795. 
1817. 
.1846 



Succession of Presidents. 
Rev. Abraham Pier.son, M. A. 
Kev. Timothv Cutler, D. D. . 
Rev. Elisha Williams, M. A. 
Rev. Thomas Clap, M. A. 
Rev. Naphtali I)a<rgett, D. D. 
Rev. Ezra Stiles, T>. D., LL. D. 
Rev. Timothy Dwight, D. D., LL.D. 
Rev. Jeremiah Day, D. D., LL. D. 
Rev. Theodore Dwight Woolsey, LL. D 



Exitm. 
1707. 
1722. 
17.39. 
1766. 
1777. 
1795. 
1817. 
1846. 



PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES 



IN THE 



UNITED STATES 



*^* The following tables are copied, with additions, from the American Almanac for 1851. 



THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 









- C- 


a 

^ p 


o r. 


tz 


< 












s =• 


c = 


£•"5* 


Name. 


Place. 


Denominaiiun. 


• i 


2 o 

St: 

? 


S- 


n 3 


33 
•3 S 


Banccr Thenlodical Seminarj-. 


Bangnr, Me. 


Congregational. 


1816 


3 


37 


202 


7,000 


Metiiodist General Biblical InsliUite. 


Concord, N. H. 


Methodist, 


1847 


3 


40 




2,000 


Giimainon Theological Seminar)".* 


Gilmanton, N. II. 


Congregational. 


1835 






69 


4,300 


New Hampton Ttieological Seminary. 


Xew Hampton, N. H. 


Baptist. 


18-35 


2 


36 




2,000 


Andover Theological Seminan,'. 


Andover, Ms. 


<'ongregational. 


1807 


6 


87 


ifior 


91,2.59 


Divinitj- School, Harvard University. 


Cambridge, Ms. 


t-'ong. Unitarian, 


1816 


a 


23 


238 


3,000 


Theological Instiliition. 


Newton, Ms. 


Ba|»tist. 


1825 


3 


33 


201 


6. .500 


TJieolopical Department Yale College. 


New Haven, Ct. 


(-'ongregational. 


1822 


4 


59 


.591 


900 


Tlienlogical Institute of Connecticut. 


East Windsor, Ct. 


Congregational. 


1834 


3 


17 


151 


5,000 


Theological Institute of Episcopal Church. 


New York, N. Y. 


Prot. Episcopal. 


1817 


5 


64 


331) 


10,000 


Union Theological Seminary. 


New York, N. Y., 


Presbyterian. 


]836 


5 


106 


ail 


18,000 


Auburn Thenlocical Seminary. 


Auburn, N. Y. 


Presbyterian. 


1891 


4 


30 


580 


6,000 


Hamilton Literarj- and Thenlucical Institute. 


Hamilton, N. Y. 


Baptist. 


1820 


4 


32 


133 


4,000 


Rochester Theological Seminarj\ 


Rochester, N. Y. 


Baptist. 


1850 


a 


20 






Hariwick Seminary. 


Hartwick, N. Y. 


Lutheran. 


1816 


2 


5 


■52 


i\iM 


Theological Seminary, Associate Rof. Church. 


Newburg, N. Y. 


.Associate Ref. Ch. 


1836 


1 


11 


143 


3,900 


Theological Seminary, Dutch Ref. Church. 


New Brunswick, N. J. 


Dutch Reformed. 


1784 


3 


36 


179 




Theological Seminan,-, Presbyterian Church. 


Prinreron, N. J. 


Presbyterian. 


1812 


5 


153 


1,691 


ll',000 


Seminary of the Lutheran Church. 


Getry^burg, Pa. 


Evan. Lutheran. 


1896 


2 


26 


200 


9,000 


German Reformed Tlieological Seminar}'. 


Mercersburg, Pa. 


German Ref. Ch. 


1825 


o 


18 


121 


6,000 


Western Theological Seminar)-. 


Alleghany Town, Pa. 


Presbyterian. 


1828 


2 


48 


2.52 


6,000 


Theological School. 


Canonsburg, Pa. 


Associate Church. 


nm 


2 


33 


147 


2,000 


Theological Seminary. 


Pittsburg, Pa. 


Associate Ref. Ch. 


1828 


3 


35 


85 


1,.500 


Western Theological School. 


Meadville, Pa. 


Cong. Unitarian. 


1844 


4 


40 


9 


8,000 


Theological Seminar\'. 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


Reformed Presb. 




3 


13 






Episcopal Theological School ofVirgima. 


Fairfax co., Va, 


Prot. Episcopal. 


1892 


4 


38 


229 


.5,000 


Union Theological Seminary. 


Prince Edward co., Va. 


Presbyterian. 


1824 


3 


20 


175 


4,000 


Virginia Baptist Seminar}'. 


Richmond, Va. 


Baptist 


1839 


3 


67 




1,000 


Southern Theological Seminary 


Columbia, S. C. 


Presbj terian. 


1831 


3 


24 


124 


4,500 


Theological Seminarj". 


Lexington, S. C. 


Lutlieran. 


1831 


2 


10 


20 


1,800 


Furman Theological Seminary. 


Fairfield District, S. C. 


Baptist. 


1826 


2 


30 


30 


1,000 


Mercer Theological Seminarj'. 


Penfield, Ga. 


Baptist. 


l«:i3 


3 


4 




1.000 


Howard Theological Institution. 


Marion, Aa. 


Baptist. 


1843 


2 


10 




1,000 


Western Baptist Theological Institute. 


Covingtiin, Kv. 


Maptist. 


1840 


4 


18 


"9 


2,000 


South-western Theological Seminary. 


Marjville, Te. 


Presbyterian. 


1891 


a 


24 


90 


6,000 


Lane Seminarj'. ' 


Cincinnati, 0. 


Presbjterian. 


1829 


3 


36 


257 


10,.50fl 


Theological Department Kenyon College. 


Gambier, O. 


Prot. Episcopal. 


1828 


4 


4 


30 


4,500 


Theological Dep't Western Reser\^e College. 


Hudson, 0. 


Presbyterian. 


18.10 


3 


22 


43 


80 


Granville Theological Department. 


Granville, O. 


Baptist. 


1839 


o 


8 




500 


Oberhn Theological Department, 


Oberlin, O. 


Congregational. 


1834 


3 


20 


i24 


250 


Theological Seminary, Associate Ref. Church. 


Oxford. O. 


Associate Ref. Ch. 


1839 


1 


12 


31 


1,500 


Indiana Theological Seminarj-. 


Soutii Hanover, la. 


Presbyterian. 




,. 


10 






Alton Theological Seminarj'. 


Upper .Alton, Is. 


Baptist. 


isi) 











■ This seminarj' has suspended operations 



708 



PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS, &c., IN THE UNITED STATES. 



MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 



Name. 


Place. 


c 


o 
1 




n 

p 
1 


Lectures commence. 


Maine Medical Sclioul. 


Brunswick, Me. 


18-20 


5 


74 


.596 


February 15. 


New Hampshire Medical School. 


Hanover, N. H. 


1797 


7 


52 


758 


1st or 2d Thursday in Aug. 


Castletnn Medical College. 


Castleton, Vt. 


1818 


7 


104 


555 


4th Thursday in August 


Vermunt Medical Collejie. 


Woodstock, Vt. 


183.5 


7 


90 


332 


Isl Thursday in March. 


Medical School, Harvard University, 


Cambridge, Ms. 


1782 


6 


117 


575 


1st Wednesday in Nov. 


Berkshire Medical Sriiool. 


Pittsfield, Ma, 


1823 


5 


103 


473 


1st Thursday in September. 


Medir;il Iiisiitiition, Yale College. 


New Haven, Ct. 


1810 


6 


41 


864 


7 w's after last Th. in July. 


ColIeL'c i.t rhysicians and Surgeons, N. York. 


New York, N. Y. 


1807 


6 


219 


8.52 


1st Monday in November. 


Medical Institution, Geneva College. 


Geneva, N. V. 


1835 


6 


60 


98 


1st Tuesday in October. 


Medical Faculty, University of New York. 


New York, N. Y. 


1837 


6 


421 


597 


Last Monday in October. 


Albany Medical College. 


Albany, N. Y. 


1839 


8 


114 


58 


1st Tuesday in October. 


Medical Department, University of Pa. 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


17C5 


7 


438 


5,130 


1st Monday in November. 


Jefferson Medical College. 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


1824 


7 


516 


1,809 


1st Monday in November. 


Medical Department, Pennsylvania College. 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


1839 


7 


106 


36 


October 14. 


Philadelphia Collc£e of Medicine. 


Philadelphia, Pa. 




7 


69 


220 




Medical School, University of Maryland. 


Baltimore, Md. 


1807 


6 


100 


909 


October 31. 


Washington Medical College. 


Baltimore, Md, 


1827 


6 


25 




1st Monday in November. 


Medical School, Columbia College. 


Washington, D. C. 


ISa.'i 


6 


40 


'81 


1st Monday in November. 


Medical School, Universitj- of Virginia. 


Charlotteville, Va. 


1825 


3 


45 


, , 


1st Monday in October. 


Richmond Medical Cidlege. 


Richmond, Va. 


1838 


6 


75 


14 


1st Monday in November. 


VVinrhe>ter Medical College. 


Winchester, Va. 




5 






1st Monday in October. 


Medical College, State of South Carolina. 


Charleston, S. C. 


1833 


8 


158 




9d Monday in November. 


Medical College of Georgia. 


Augusta, Ga. 


1830 


7 


115 


i24 


9d Monday in November. 


Medical College of Louisiana. 


New Orleans, La. 


18;« 


7 


30 




3d Monday in November. 


fllempliis Medical College 


Memphis, Te. 




7 




,. 




Medical Dep't, Transylvania University. 


Lexington, Ky. 


18)8 


7 


214 


1,351 


1st Monday in November. 


Medical Dep't, University of Louisville. 


Louisville, Ky. 


1837 


7 


376 


53 


1st Monday in November. 


Western Reserv-o Medical College. 


Cleveland, 0. 


1844 


6 


256 


355 


1st Wednesday in Nov. 


Medical College of Ohio. 


Cincinnati, O. 


1819 


8 


130 


331 


1st Monday in November, 


Indiana Medical College. 


Laport, la. 




7 


104 


19 


1st Monday in November. 


Indiana Central Medical College 


Indianapolis, la. 


1849 


9 


49 


10 


October 98. 


Rush Medical College. 


Chicago, Is. 


1842 


6 


70 


16 


1st Monday in November. 


Medical Department, University of Michigan. 


Ann Arbor, Mi. 


1849 


5 






September 12. 


Medical Department, St. Louis University. 


St. Louis, Mo. 


1836 


9 


ii2 


'68 


October 15. 


Medical Department, Missouri University. 


Columbia, Mo. 


1840 


7 


92 




1st Monday in November. 



LAW SCHOOLS. 



Place. 


Name. 


Professors. 


Students. 


Cambridge Ms. 


Har\'ard University. 


3 


98 


New Haven, CL 


Yale College. 


2 


33 


Princeton, N. J. 


College of New Jcrsev. 


3 


8 


Carlisle, Pa. 


Dickinson College. 




9 


Williamsburg, Va. 


William and Mary College. 




32 


Chariotteville, Va. 


University of Virginia. 




72 


Chapel Hill, N. C. 


North Carolina University. 




10 


Tuscaloosa, Aa. 


Alabama Universitv. 






Lexington, Ky. 


Transylvania University. 


3 


75 


Louisville, Ky. 


University of Louisville. 


3 


50 


Lebanon, Te. 


Cumberland University. 


3 


56 


Cincinnati, 0. 


Cincinnati College. 


3 


25 


Bloomingum, la. 


Indiana State University. 


^ 


29 



PUBLIC LIBRAKIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



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BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY 



UNITED STATES. 



*** We have received from a friend an elaborate and valuable paper, furnishing a succinct history 
of the currency of this country from its first settlement. The article is too long for insertion entire, 
in a work of this kind. We avail ourselves, however, of some of its most important statistical details, 
in presenting to our readers such a view of the hanking institutions, coin, and currency of the country 
as may suffice to furnish complete and accurate data for economical and financial investigations. 



Up to the year 1690, the currency ef gold and silver was sufiicient for the ordinary trade of the 
colonies. In consequence of the war against the French in Canada under Sir William Phipps, the 
want of money became oppressive, not only for the ordinary expenses of government, but for the 
pay of troops, and the incidental expenses to sustain an army. A proposition was brought before 
the colonial court to issue bills of public credit, as the only resort, to furnish means to carry on the 
war. After some effort, the court granted an issue of iTOOO in bills of credit, printed on square 
slips of paper, varying in value from five shillings to five pounds. 

The colonial court voted that the sum expressed in said bills should be equal in value with coin. 
The court provided no sinking fund for their redemption, only making them receivable for taxes or 
pnblic dues, and promising, when demanded, to pay the full sum in money or public stock. The form 
of the first paper bill issued in America is as follows : — 

" This Indented bill of Twenty Shillings, due from Massachusetts colony to the possessor, shall be 
in value, equal to money, and shall be accordingly accepted, by the Treasurer and receiver subordi- 
nate to him, in all public payments, and for any stock at any time in the Treasury. 

"Boston in New England, December 6th, 1690. 

" By order of the General Court." 

Thus Massachusetts established the first paper cuiTcncy in America. The issue of a paper cur- 
rency at once relieved the pressure for money, and raised the value of merchandise. The sudden 
rise in bread stuffs was a subject of alarm to a portion of the people, in consequence of which the 
General Court, at its next session, passed an act that the price of corn should be reduced. 

The colonial court, for a period of fifty years, were continually legislating upon the currency, ex- 
tending the issue of their bills of credit, and contriving all possible expedients to keep up the value, 
but without any beneficial result. The amount issued and in circulation in 1749, " the issre of fifty- 
nine years," was i£2, 200,000, which Iiad depreciated 89 per cent, from the specie value, being worth 
only 1 1 cents on the dollar. 

Hutchinson, who then was speaker of the house, and one of tlie most influential men in the colo- 
ny, and William Bollan, Esq., saw the necessity of at once abandoning the issue of bills, and redeem- 
ing the issue if possilile. AVith the sanction of the colonial court, he was empowered to redeem the 
depreciated currency. £180,000 was obtained from the home government in specie, and the issues 
were redeemed at 1 1 cents on the dollar. 

South Carolina issued bills of credit in 1702, and Pennsylvania in 1723; some other colonies at 
later periods issued bills of credit. The bills of these colonies shared the same fate as in Massachu- 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, &c., OF THE UNITED STATES. 711 

setts, though the currency of Pennsylvania never depreciated so low in value as in other colonies. 
During the period from 1690 to 1760, no otiier efibrtswere made to improve the currency, if we ex- 
cept the paper scheme, called the Land Bank, in 1740. 

Upon the redemption of a failed currency in New England in 1760, the colonial assembly estab- 
lished a silver currency at six shillings and eight pence per ounce. The apprehensions of a shock in 
trade, as consequent upon this, proved groundless ; silver soon took the place of bills, every branch ef 
business prospered, and was carried on with greater facilities tlian before. 

The States of Rhode Island and Connecticut were invited by Massachusetts to conform tlicir cur- 
rency to a specie standard, but declined to comply with the request. The effect of adopting a specie 
standard of currency by a portion of New England, while the other colonies refused to conform their 
currency to a standard, caused so mucli suffering and inconvenience, that an act of Parliament was 
passed in 1763, to prevent paper bills of credit being issued in any of his majesty's colonies or planta- 
tions in America. This act caused paper bills of credit to be reduced to a very small amount ; and 
from this time to the commencement of the war, the colonies were generally free from a depreciated 
paper currency. 

From this brief account of the ju'ovincial paper money, the reader may estimate properly that 
provision of the constitution of tlie United States which forbids any state to emit bills of credit, or 
make any thing but gold or silver a legal tender for the payment of debts. 

The next period of paper issues was brought on at tlie commeneement of the war of tlic rerolutipn. 
The colonies being without a sufficient currency to meet all their exigencies in raising armies and 
cqui])ping fleets, the government was compelled to resort to the issue of bills of credit. This was called 
the Continental currency. The first emission was dated May in, 1775, though no notes were 
issued till August following. The bills passed for nearly their declared value till the end of the 
year 1777, when the issue was about $26,000,000. From that date to the year 1781, the value was 
constantly depreciating, until $1000 of the continental paper money would not produce one dollar iu 
coin. During a period of six years, the govcniment issued S3.';7,476,541 of what was called the old 
emission, and $2,070,485 of what was called the new emission. It is worthy of remark that the 
depreciation of the continental currency never retarded its circulation as long as it retained any value 
The depreciation of the paper currency, during the period of its issue, caused successive acts of Con 
gross for the pui-pose of sustaining its value, which in the end proved ineffectual. 

The distress occasioned by the failure of the currency was universal for a time. It brought specie, 
however, directly into circulation, large amounts of which had been hoarded during the five years 
previous. The quantity was sufficient for all the ordinary purposes of trade. The country soon 
revived from the shock, but with a deep seated prejudice against a paper currency. 

The country being now without any paper currency, or even a bank of deposit or discount, in any 
of the colonies, anew principle, based upon the true science of banking, was brought before the pub- 
lic by Robert Morris and others, who applied for a charter for a bank, to rest upon a specie basis, or 
that of the conversion of bills into coin at the will of the holder. This was the origin of the bank 
called the Bank of North America, which was established in Philadelphia in 1781, with a capital of 
82,000,000. The charter was obtained from Congress, and was advocated upon the ground that it 
would assist the country by loans, and otherwise render aid to the treasury of the United States. 
The bank was to have a portion of government deposits, and consequently the United States became 
a stockholder to the amount of $254,000. 

The bank commenced its business in .January, 1782, imder very flattering chcumstances, being 
supported by some of the most distinguished men of the day ; also having the sanction of Congress 
and the assistance of the United States to give it public credit. Notwithstanding the strong position 
of the bank, however, great difficulty was encountered iu giving currency to its notes or bills. The 
experience of the evils suffered from the failure of the continental money was still fresh in the minds 
of the people. Having been so often disappointed in the colonial and continental currencies, they 
could not be made at once to feel the necessary confidence that the same results might not folloiT 
the new scheme. The public were slow to .believe that the bank had coin in its vaults, or could 
redeem its bills on demand. Great efforts were made by the bank to remove these unfavorable im- 
pressions from the public mind, and to give tlie necessary credit and confidence to its circniaiion ; and 
these efforts proved at length successful. 

The second bank in America, established upon the principle of a specie basis, was the Massachu- 
leUsBank, established in Boston in 1784, which institution has retained a good reputation down to 
the present time. The date of the institution of some of the earlier banks in the several states of 



712 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY 

the Union is as follows : New York. 1784 ; Maryland, 1790 ; the first Bank of the United Slates, 
February 8, 1791 ; Rhode Island, 1791; South Carolina, 1792; Vuginia and Connecticut, 1792; 
District of Columbia, 1793; Delaware, 1795; Maine, 1799; Kentucky, 1802; Ohio, 1803; North 
Carolina, 1804 ; Louisiana, 1811 ; and Georgia, 1812. Twenty-three institutions were established 
in the several status previous to the year 1800. Since the beginning of the present century, banks 
have increased in rapid succession. The country was eminently prosperous from 1794 to 1807, 
with a gradual increase of paper currency, and without any great reaction in trade till 1809; then 
a very general contraction of the currency took place, with a depressed state of trade, causing the 
failure of several banks, and a great depreciation in real estate and all other descriptions of 
property. 

The whole number of Banks in the United States, in 1810, was 89, with an aggregate capital of 
$52,601,601, and a circulation, at the close of the year, of 830,000,000. The first Bank of the United 
States had been chartered, February 8, 1791, for a period of twenty years, with a capital of 510,000,000. 
One fifth of this amount was subscribed by government, and the remainder by individuals. The 
charter being now about to expire, strenuous efforts were made for its renewal, but without success. 
In the House of Representatives, on the 24th of January, 1811, a bill for the renewal of its charter 
was indefinitely postponed by a vote of 65 to 64. Another bill was brought into the Senate the same 
session, on the 20th of February, which was rejected by the casting vote of the president of the 
S^ate. 

Congress then appointed trustees to wind up the concerns of the bank, who proceeded rapidly with 
their work, and by the 1st day of October, 1812, 88 per cent, of its capital was paid over to its 
stockholders ; 7 per cent, more April 1, 1813, and several smaller dividends afterwards. 

From 1811 to 1817, the country was without any national public banking institution. 

After the close of the war, in 1815, the subject of a national bank was again revived, and on the 
8th of January, 1816, a bill was reported in Congress, to establish a Bank of the United States. This 
bill finally passed the House of Representatives on the 14th of March, by a vote of 80 to 71, and the 
Senate on the 3d of April, by a vote of 22 to 12, and was approved by the president on the 10th of 
April, 1816. 

The capital of this bank was fixed at $35,000,000. It commenced operations on the 1st day of 
January, 1817, with $14,000,000 of United States stock and $1,400,000 of coin. 

The circulation of bank notes, in 1815, was estimated at $47,000,000; in 1816, at $70,000,000; in 1818, 
at $89,000,000. The contraction of the currency caused by the revulsion in 1819 was rapid, and so 
severe as to cause very general distress throughout the country. The whole circulation of the coun- 
try, in 1820, was estimated at only $45,000,000. The whole bank capital of the country, in 1830, was 
$145,192,268, with a circulation of $61,323,898. The whole number of banks which had failed or 
discontinued business, from 1811 to this date, was 193, possessing an aggregate capital of $30,000,000. 

The financial management of the United States Bank, during the first term of Jackson's adminis- 
tration, caused the president to recommend an inquiry into its conditipn. A bill was carried 
through both houses of Congress for the renewal of its charter, but it was vetoed by the president. 
The final result was, the refusal, on the part of Congress, to renew the charter. 

A charter was obtained by Nicholas Biddle and others, from the State of Pennsylvania, under 
which the assets and liabilities of tlie Bank of the United States were transferred, by vote of its 
stockholders, to this new corporation. Government disposed of all its interest in the instifution, 
having some time previously removed its deposits of coin, and the treasury department having dis- 
solved all connection with the bank. The bank continued its existence till 1841, when the institution 
failed, the whole capital being a total loss. 

In May, 1837, this bank, then called the United States Bank of Pennsylvania, suspended 
specie payments, with all other banks in the United States, with only one exception, which 
was that of the State Bank of Missouri. This was the first general suspension of specie payments 
by the banks of this country, a partial suspension having taken place during the war of 1812, 
when all the banks south and west of New England suspended specie payments, a large portion of 
which never resumed till after the revulsion in the years 1818 and 1819, and then by a failure of a 
considerable proportion of their number. 

The banks of New England and New York resumed specie payments in May, 1838, after one year 
of suspension. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania, and others south, attempted a resumption 
at the same time, but suspended the second time in October, 1839. These banks resumed the third 
time in January, 1841, and again suspended in twenty days. After the failure of the United Staten 



OF THE UNITED STATES. 713 

Bank of PonnsYlvania, the PliilaJelpliia banks resunieJ, for tlic fourth and last time, in March, 1842. 
The hanks south gradually resumed, or othcnvise went into liquidation ; sinee which time the banks 
of the United States have maintained specie payments, and have been generally prosperous. 

The period from 1830 to 1840 was marked by an extraordinary increase of banking ca])ital, the 
largest dunng any period of our history. In 18.30, there were 329 banks and brandies in the United 
States, with a capital of 5143,301,898; in 1840,901 banks and branches, with a capital of S3.'J8,442.692, 
being an increase of S215,140,794 in nine years. 

The loans and discounts upon the capital were, in 1837, S.^2.5.11.'i, 702; in 1840, S462,8U6,.523. 
The financial I'cvulsion in 1837 and 1840 caused an extensive failure among the hanks, with almost 
the entire loss of bank capital in Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and portions of other states. The 
loss of bank capital, during the transition from 1838 to 184G, by failure or otherwise, amounted to 
$161,558,383, resulting in a contraction of the circulation of •554,088.755, and a reduction in the nnm- 
ber of banks, from failure alone, of 194. 

The increase of banks and banking capital within the last ten years has been slower, but probably 
on a more sure and firm basis, than at any former period. The whole number of banks and branches 
in the United States, January 1, 1852, was 871, with a capital of 8227,469.074, being a less aggregate 
capital of .Sl.30,973,618 than at the period of 1840. The reduction of banking capital was con- 
stantly going on fi-om 1840 down to 1846, when the whole bank capital In the United States was 
8196,894,309 ; since which period there has been a gradual increase in the aggregate. The increase in 
1847 and 1848 was $8,000,000; in 1849, ■512.000,000; in 185C, about 810,000,000; the whole aggre- 
gate of increase since 1846 being 530,574,765; the whole number of banks and branches being 
871, only 30 less than at the great exp.ansive period of 1840. The circulation at a period near Janu- 
ar}', 1852, was $163,649,812 ; lo.ans and discounts, $412,607,6.53 ; and silver and gold in the vaults of 
the several banks to the amount of 549,13.1,122 ; amount of bank capital, 5254,640,6,30. 

It will be seen from this statement that the banks of the United States began to expand in 1831, 
and reached their maximum in 1837, then their lowest point of depression In 1843. Since that 
period, they have gone on again to extend their issues, but without any serious fluctuations. 
90 



714 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1852. 



MATNE 






Tmons. 
New Haven, 


Banks. Capital. 
4 1,987,625 


Towns. 


Batiks. 


Capital. 


New London, 


. 3 414.625 


Augusta, 


3 


.?2 13,000 


Norwalk, 


1 175,330 


Bangor, 


7 


1,000,000 


Norwich, 


. 4 1,987,725 


Bath, . 


3 


375,000 


Pawcatuck, 


1 75,000 


Belfast, 


1 


50,000 


Saybrook, 


. 1 76,010 


Biddeford. 


1 


150,000 


Southport, 


1 100,000 


Brunswick, . 


2 


110,000 


Stamford, . 


. 1 60.000 


Calais, . 


1 


50,000 


Stonington, 


2 160,000 


Eastport, 


1 


75,000 


Thompson, 


. 1 60,000 


Gardiner, 


1 


100.000 


Tolland, 


1 80,800 


Hallowell, . 


1 


75,000 


Waterbury, . 


. 1 500,000 


Portland, 


6 


1,125,000 


Windham, 


1 60,006 


Saco, 


2 


175,000 


Winsted, 


1 100,000 


Skowhesan, 


1 


75,000 








South Berwick, 


1 


100,000 


Total, 


47 13,175,675 


Rockland, 


1 


100,000 






Thomaston, . 


1 


50,000 






Topsham, 


1 


50,000 


VERMONT. • 


VValdohoro', 


1 


50,000 






Waterville, 


2 


125,000 


Bellows Falls, 


. 1 100,000 


Wiscasset, . 


1 


50,000 


Bennington, 

Bethel, 

Brandon, 


1 100,000 

. 1 75,000 

1 50,000 


Total, . 


38 


4,098,000 








Brattleboro', 


. 1 150,000 








Burlington, 


4 600,000 


NEW HAMP 


3HIEE. 




Chelsea, 
Danville, 


. 1 50,000 
1 75,000 


Charlostown, 




90,000 


Danby, 


. 1 50.000 


Claremont, 




100,000 


Derby Line, 


1 50,000 


Concord, 




180,000 


Irasburg, 


. 1 50,000 


Dover, ... 




228.000 


Manclicster, 


1 50,000 


East Jaffrey, 




50,000 


Middlebury, 


1 75,000 


Exeter, . 




100,000 


Montpelier, 


2 200,000 


Keene, 




200,000 


Orwell, 


. 1 100,000 


Lancaster, 




50,000 


Poultney, 


1 50,000 


Lebanon, 




100,000 


Proctorsville, 


I 50,000 


Manchester, 




260,000 


Rutland, 


1 150,000 


Meredith, 




65,000 


St. Alban's, . 


1 50,000 


Nashua, . 




125,000 


St. Alban's Bay, 


1 100.000 


New Ipswich, 




100,000 


St. Johnsbury, 


. 1 100.000 


Pittsfiekl, 




50,000 


Sheldon, 


1 50,000 


Portsmouth, 




491,000 


Swanton Palls, 


1 75,000 


Rochester, 




125,000 


Vergcnnes, 


1 100,000 


Somersworth, 




125,000 


Wells River, 


. 1 75,000 


Warner, 




50,000 


Wimisor, 


1 50,000 


Winchester, 


25 


100,000 


Woodstock, . 

Total, . 


. 1 60,000 


Total, . 


2,586,000 


31 2,685,000 


CONNECT 


CDT. 




MASSACH 


USETl'S. 


Bethel, 




100,000 


Boston, 


. 32 24,210,000 


Birmingham, 




101,490 


Abington, 


1 100.000 


Bridgeport, . 




846,800 


Andover, 


. 1 100.000 


Brooklyn, 




64,400 


Attleboro', 


1 100,000 


Danbury, 




98,500 


Beverly, 


. 1 125,000 


Deep River, 




75,000 


Blackstone, 


1 100,000 


East Uaddam, 




71,320 


Brighton, 


. 1 250,000 


Falls Village, . 




106,000 


Cambridge, 


2 200.000 


Hartford, 




4,697,700 


Caml)ridgeport, 


. 1 100,000 


Jewett City, 




44,000 


Canton, . 


1 100,000 


Meriden, 




234,750 


Charlcstown, 


. 1 200,000 


Middlctown, 


3 


845,900 


Chelsea, . 


1 150,000 


Mystic, 


1 


52,800 


Chickopee, . 


. 1 150,000 



OF THE XJNITED STATES. 



7ir> 



Towns. 


Banks. 


Capital. 


Toirns. 


Banks. 


Capital. 


Concoril, 


I 


100,000 


North Kingston, 


. 2 


125,000 


Danvers, 


. 3 


450.000 


North Providence, . 3 


269,000 


Dedham, 


1 


200,000 


Scituate, 


. 1 


40,000 


Dorchester, . 


. 2 


200,000 


Sniithfield, 


4 ' 


234,775 


Fairhavcn, 


1 


200,000 


Tiverton, 


1 


200,000 


Fall Hivcr, . 


2 


450,000 


Warren. . 


2 


260,000 


Fitchhurg, 


2 


400^000 


Warwick, 


2 


75,000 


Framinp:!iam, 


. 1 


200,000 


WakcHcld. 


1 


100,000 


Falmouth, 


1 


100,000 


Woonsockct, 


. 1 


100,000 


Georgetown, 


1 


100^000 


Westerly, 


3 


325,000 


Oloucester 


1 


200,000 
350,000 








Grceiitield, . 


o 


Total, 


. 69 


12,.338,502 


Great Barriugton, 


1 


100.000 








HaverliiU, . 


. 4 


480,000 








Hingham, 


1 


105,000 




NEW JERSEV. 




Holyoke, 


1 


50,000 








Lawrence, 


1 


400,000 


Belvidere, . 




146.880 


Lanca.stcr, . 


1 


150,000 


Bridgetown, 




52,050 


Leicester, 


1 


100.000 


Burlington, . 




^50,000 


Leo, 


. 1 


150,000 


Camden, . 




260,000 


Lowell, . 


4 


1,100.000 


Dover. 




100.000 


Lynn, 


2 


300,000 


Elizabethtown, 




200.000 


Maiden. . 


1 


60,000 


MedlV)rd, 




70,000 


Marhlehcad, 


2 


220,000 


JNlount Holly, 




100,000 


Millburv, 


1 


50,000 


Middletown Poit 


t, . .1 


50,000 


Milfoni: 


1 


150,000 


Worristown, 




50,000 


Nantucket, 


1 


200,000 


Newark, 




1,808.650 


Newburyport, 


. 3 


510,000 


New Brunswick', 




190,340 


New Bedford, . 


4 


1,900,000 


Newton, 




1.34,480 


Newton, 


. 1 


150,000 


Orange, . 




102,500 


Northampton, . 


2 


400,000 


Princeton, . 




90,000 


Nortli Adams, 


1 


185,000 


Rahway, 




130,000 


Oxford, . 


1 


100,000 


Salem, 




75,000 


Pittsfieid, . 


. 1 


200,000 


Somcrville, 




50.000 


Plymouth, 


2 


200,000 


Trenton, 


2 


310.000 


Quincy, 


. 1 


100,000 


Wantage, 


1 


50.000 


Randolph, 


1 


150,000 




— 






Rockport, 


. 1 


100.000 


Total, 


. 25 


4,019,900 


Roxbury, 


1 


150,000 








Salem, 


7 


1,750,000 








Springfield, 


5 


1,150,000 




NEW Torji. 




Salisbury. . 


. 1 


100.000 








Southbridge, 


1 


100.000 


New York City, 


. 40 


35.442,000 


Stoekbridge, 


. 1 


100,000 


Adams, . 




50,000 


Taunton, 


3 


500.000 


Albany, 




2.043,lt)0 


Uxbridge, . 


1 


100,000 


Albion, . 




'275,906 


Ware, 


1 


200,000 


Amcnia, 




50.000 


Waltham, . 


. 1 


100,000 


Amsterdam, 




116,000 


Wareham, 


1 


100,000 


Arietta, 




6,500 


Westfield, . 


. 2 


200,000 


Auburn, . 




450,000 


Weymouth, 


1 


100,000 


Bainbridge, . 




5,000 


Worcester, . 


. 5 


1,000,000 


Brooklyn, 




1.300,000 


Wrentham, 


1 


150,000 


Ballston Sjja, 




125,000 


Yarmouth, . 


I 


300,000 


Batavia, . 

Bath, 

Binghampton, 




251,456 
1 50 000 


Total, . 


137 


42,543,000 




1 aJVf*\/\fW 

100^000 








Brasher Falls, 




5,000 








Buti'alo, . 




987.000 


EHODl 


i ISr,AND. 




Benton, 
Canandaigua, 




9.652 
200.000 


Providence, . 


. 26 


8,798,437 


Camden, 




120.000 


Bristol, . 




340,000 


Carmcl, . 




55,600 


Cranston, 




25.000 


Catskill, 




225.000 


Coventry, 




40,000 


Chester, . 




100,400 


Cumberland, 




275,000 


Clinton, 




50,000 


East Greenwich, 




81,1.160 


Clyde, ■ . 




56,687 


Exeter, 




21,330 


Cherry Valley, 




120,000 


Eoster, . 




60,000 


Coopers town. 




1 00,000 


Gloucester, . 




38.000 


Corning, 




104,500 


Newport, 




680.000 


Cazenovia, 




100,000 


Pascong, 




100.000 


Danville, 




150,250 


South Kingston, 


2 


150,000 


Delhi. 




149,500 



716 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CUERENCY 



Towns. 






Banks. Capital. 


Totcns. Banks. Capital. 


Dunkirk, . . .1 ll,.'jOO 


Union EUcry, . . 1 10,000 


Durham, 




1 20.000 


Union Village, . . 1 150,075 


Elmyra, 






. 2 271,500 


Vernon Village, . . 1 100,000 


Farmer's Mills, . 






1 300,000 


Waterford, . . 1 100,000 


Fishkill, 






. 1 120,000 


Waterloo, . . .1 200,000 


Foriplain, 






1 100,000 


Watertown, . . 5 508,828 


Friendship, . 






. 1 5,000 


Waterville, . . .1 120,000 


French Creek, . 






1 5,000 


Westfield, . . 1 30,000 


Fredonia, 






1 50,000 


Whitehall, . . .2 208,200 


Genesee, 






1 100,000 


Whitestown, . . 1 120.000 


Geneseo, 






. 1 117,400 






Geneva, . 






1 400,000 


Total, . 218 57,359,351 


Goshen, 






1 105,660 


There are about 26 banks, of small capital. 


Granby, 






1 15,000 


amounting in the aggregate to about $800,000, 


Hadley, 






. 1 5,000 


not here enumerated. 


Half Moon, 






1 102,775 




Hamilton, . 
Hartford, 






1 51,000 
1 15,000 


MARYLAND. 


Hebron, 

Herkimer, 

Hudson. 






1 15.000 

1 100,800 

2 313,800 


Baltimore, . . .12 7,140,316 
Annapolis, . . 1 298,000 
Chestertown, . . 1 100,000 


Huntsville, 
Ithaca, 






1 5,000 

2 300,000 


Cumberland, . . 2 282,074 
Ellicott's Mills, . . 1 125,000 


Jamestown, 






1 100,000 


Easton, ... 1 271,575 


Johnstown, . 






1 100,000 


Frederick, . . .3 525,430 


KeesviUe, 
Kinderhook, 






1 100,000 
1 125,000 


Hagerstown, . . 1 250.000 
PortDepont, . . I 50,000 


Kingston, 






2 300,000 


Westminster, . . 1 110,000 


Lansingburg, 






1 120,000 


Williamsport, . . 1 135,000 


Leedsville, 






1 10,000 


Leroy, 






1 100,000 


Total, . . 25 9,287,395 


Littlcfalls, 






1 200,000 




Lockport, 






4 282,620 




Louville, 






1 102,450 


WISCONSIN. 


Madrid, 
Martinstiurg, 






1 10,000 
1 100,000 


Milwaukie, . . .1 225,000 


Meridian, 






1 25,000 




Middletown, 






1 100,000 


PENNSTLVANI .i . 


Mohawk, 






1 150,000 




Monticello, 






2 165.000 


PhiLadelphia, . . 15 10.518,600 


Naples, 






2 14,900 


Bristol, ... 1 92,220 


Newark, 






1 20,000 


Brownsville, . . 1 175,000 


Newburg, 






4 682,892 


Carlisle, ... 1 22,500 


North Granville, 






2 10,000 


Chambersburg, . . 1 205.470 


Norwich, 






1 120,000 


Chester, ... 1 1.55,640 


Ogdensburg, 






3 210,000 


Columbia, . . .1 307,300 


Oswego, 






2 285,000 


Danville, . . 1 165,770 


Owego, 






1 200,000 


Doylestown, . . 1 00,000 


Painted Post, 






1 5,000 


Easton, ... 2 550,000 


Palmyra, 






1 25,000 


Erie, . . .1 101,890 


Pawling, 






1 125,000 


Germantown, . . 1 152,.500 


Penn-Yan, 






2 106,800 


Gettysburg, . . .1 123,873 


Pcekskill, . 






1 200,000 


Hanover, . . 1 36.000 


Pine Plains, 






1 100,000 


Harrisburg, . . .2 350,000 


Potsdam, 






1 50.000 


Honesdale, . . 1 100,000 


Poughkcepsic, . 






3 550,000 


Lancaster, . . .4 955.618 


Prattsville, . 






1 80,000 


Lebanon, . 1 80,320 


Putnam Valley, 






1 91,234 


Middletown, . . 1 100,000 


Rochester, . 






5 930,000 


Nonistown, . . 1 384,995 


Rome, 






2 287,200 


Northumberland, . . 1 160,000 


Rosendale, . 






1 100,000 


Pitt.^hnrg. . . 4 2,418.545 


Sackets Harbor, 






1 200,000 


Pottsvillc, . . .1 199,920 


Sag Harbor, 
Saratoga Springs, 






1 20,000 


Reading, . . 1 300,360 






1 60,000 


Schuvlkill Haven, . . 1 100,ooo 


Saugerties, . 






1 10.000 


Washington, . . 1 120.000 


Schenectady, 






2 315,000 


Waynesburg, . . 1 100,000 


Silver Creek, 






1 92,850 


Westchester, . . 1 225,000 


Soraers, . 






1 111,150 


WUkesbarre, . . 1 85,330 


Syracuse, . 
Troy, . 






6 885,000 


Williamsport, . . 1 100,000 






6 1,768,000 
1 100,000 


York, . . .2 320,000 


UnadiUa, 








Utica, 






5 1,610,200 


Total, . . 64 18,766,351 



OF THE UNITED STATES. 



717 



GEOEGIA. 

[Eleven Banks mid ten Branches. Incomplete.] 



Bah 



iks. 



Towns. 
Augusta, 
Alliens, . 
Columbus, 
Eiitouton, 
Macon, 
Savaunah, 



lUSSOURI. 
[One Bank and five Branches.] 

Bank of Jlissouri, St. Louis, 
Fayette, 



Jackson, . 
Lexington, . 
Palni3'ra, 
Springfield, . 

Total, 



Capital. 

3,624,1100 
100,000 
1.34,.375 
100,000 
100,000 

2,369,940 



603,751 
121,000 
121,000 
121,000 
121,000 
121,000 



Georgetown, 
Washington, 

Total, 



Bowling Green, 

Covington, 

Danville, 

Frankfort, 

Flcmingsburg, 

Greensburg, 

Henderson, 

Hopkinsville, 

Lexington, . 

Louisville, 

Maysville, . 

Mount Sterling, 

Owensboro', 

Paducah, 

Paris, 

Princeton, 

Richmond, . 

Russellville, 

Somerset, 

Smithland, 

Total, 



KENTUCKY. 



1 

2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

26 



1,208,751 



DISTKICT OF COLDIIBIA. 



300,000 
882,300 

1,182,300 



175 000 
850,000 
220,000 
650,000 
100,000 
125 (JOO 
250,000 
250.000 
1 ,530,000 
2,917,000 
850.000 
200,000 
300,000 
100,000 
370,000 
300,000 
150,000 
400,000 
100.000 
300,000 





TIEGINIA. 


Abington, . 


. 1 


Alexandria, 


3 


Buchanan, . 


. 1 


Charleston, 


1 


Charlcstown, 


1 


Charloitesvillo, . 


1 


ClarkesviUe, 


. 1 


Danville, 


2 


Fairville, 


1 


Fredericksburg, 


2 


Jeffersonville, 


1 



10,137,000 



100,000 
657,000 
105,000 
150.000 
1 90.000 
104,(K)0 
200.000 
1 90,000 
150,000 
550.000 
66,500 



Towns. 
Leesburg, 
Lynchburg, . 
Morgantown, 
Norfolk, 
I'arkersburg, 
Petersburg, . 
Portsmouth, 
Richmond, . 
Romncy, 
Salem, 
Staunton, 
Wheeling, . 
Wellsburg, 
Winchester, 
Witheville, 

Total, 



Del.aware City, 

Dover, 

Georgetown, 

Newcastle, 

Smyrna, 

Wilmington, 



Batiks. 


Capital. 


1 


180,000 


2 


600,000 


1 


75,000 


2 


991,000 


1 


100,000 


3 


1,170.000 


1 


225,000 


3 


2,114,000 


1 


200,000 


1 


100,000 


1 


100,000 


2 


969.100 


1 


118,000 


2 


680,000 


1 


130,000 



38 



DELAWARE. 



Total, 



Holly Springs, 



Mobile, 



MISSISSIITI. 



ALABAMA. 



NOEXn CAROLINA. 



Asheville, 

Charlotte, 

Elizabeth City, 

Fayctteville, 

Greensboro', 

Milton, . 

MorgantoD, . 

Newbem, 

Raleigh, 

Salem, . 

Salisbury, 

Tarboro', 

Wadcsboro', 

Washington, 

Wilmington, 

Total, . 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Camden, 

Charleston, 

Clicraw, 

(,'olumbia, 

Georgetown, 

Hamburg, 

Total, 



10,214,600 



50,000 
186,000 
120,000 
138,000 
100,000 
700,000 

1,294,000 



100,000 



,800,580 



1 


125,000 


1 


125,000 


1 


100,000 


3 


883,000 


I 


100.000 


I 


125,000 


1 


100,000 


2 


375.000 


2 


425.000 


1 


150,000 


1 


125,000 


1 


1 50,000 


1 


200,000 


2 


300,000 


3 


1,050,000 


!2 


4,305,000 



2 


377,600 


7 


10.935,431 


1 


400,000 


2 


800,000 


1 


200,000 


1 


500,000 


4 


13,213,031 



718 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY 





INDIANA. 




Totctis. 


Banks. 


Capital. 








Clarkcsville, 


. 2 


223,931 


Totens. 


Banks. 


Capital. 


Columbia, 


2 


190,130 


Bedford, 




91,763 


Franklin, 


1 


200,000 


Evansville, 




151,866 


Jackson, . 


2 


150.000 


Fort Wayne, 




145,031 


Knoxville, . 


I 


100,000 


Indianapolis, 




219,900 


Lawrenceburg, . 


1 


100,000 


Lafayette. 




187,7.50 


Jlcmphis, 


. 2 


400,000 


Lawrenceburg 




215,000 


Nashville, 


3 


3,658,500 


Madison, 




212,500 


Pulaski, 


. 1 


200,000 


Michigan City, 




120,000 


Rofrersville, 


1 


254,208 


New Albany, 




163,850 


Shelbyville, . 


1 


223,931 


Richmond. 




167,000 


Somersville, 


1 


254.208 


Southbend, . 




102,340 


Sparta, 


1 


223,931 


Terre Haute, 




157,900 


Trenton, 


1 


254,208 


Vincennes, . 




147,200 




' — 










Total, 


23 


6.782 197 


Total, 


U 


2,082,151 








TENNESSEE. 




MICHIGAN. 




Athens, 


. 2 


249,150 


Detroit, 


. 6 


764,022 


Chattanooga, 


1 


100,000 











StmEMARY OF 


THE FOr 


tEGOING 1 


^ABLES. 








NEW ENGLAND 


STATES. 






States. 


Banis. 


Branches. 


Capital. 


Specie. 


Circulation. 


Deposits. 


Maine, 


37 




3,586,100 


630,296 


2,994,905 


1,389,137 


New Hampshire, 


28 




2,891,000 


158,000 


2,109,000 


.541,000 


Vermont, 


31 




2,685,000 


180,000 


3.377,000 


546,000 


Massachusetts, 


137 




42,820.000 


2,478.858 


19.694,698 


12.969,775 


Rhode Island, 


69 




12,358,552 


271,000 


3,077,000 


1.867,000 


Connecticut, 


47 
349 


— 


13,175,675 


774,861 


6,639,8.34 
38,192,437 


3,147,682 


Total, 


77,516,327 


4,493,015 


20,460,594 








MIDDLE STATES. 






New York, 


244 




58.580,181 


8,978,918 


27,511,787 


54.467,682 


New Jersey, 


26 




3,754.900 


622,885 


3,046,658 


2,411,861 


Pennsylvania, 


49 


5 


18,675,484 


4,327.394 


11,798.996 


17,689,212 


Delaware, 


6 


3 


1,293,185 


159.773 


833,960 


502,755 


Maryland, 


24 


2 


9,228,881 


2,709,699 


3,532,869 


5,838,766 


District of C'olun 


ibia, 4 
353 


To 


1,182,300 
92,714.931 


300,000 


350,000 
47,074,270 




Total, 


17,098,669 


80,910,276 








SODTHEEN STATES. 






Virginia, 


6 


32 


10,214,600 


2,928,174 


11,600,000 


4,717,7.32 


North Carolina, 


9 


13 


4,305,000 


4,645,028 


4.249,883 


942,098 


South Carolina, 


12 


2 


13.213,031 


2.218,228 


11,771,270 


3,068,686 


Georgia, 


11 


10 


13,482,198 


• 2,112,446 


9,198,827 


2,580,826 


Total, 


38 


57 


41,214,829 


8,903,876 


36,819,980 


11,306,342 






SOUTH-WESTERN 


STATES. 






Alabama, 


2 




1,800,580 


1,998,820 


3,568,285 


1,474,263 


Louisiana, 


5 


20 


12,370,390 


5,716,001 


5,059,229 


8.464,389 


Tennessee, 


4 


19 


6,881,568 


1.456.778 


6.814,376 


1.917,751 


Kentucky, 


5 


21 


10,136.927 


2,794,351 


7,643,075 


2,823,657 


Missouri, 


1 


5 


1,209.131 


1,198,268 


2,522,500 


1,098,981 


Mississippi, 


1 

18 


65 


100,000 
32,498,596 








Total, 


13,164,218 


25,607,465 


15,779,741 



OF THE UNITED STATES. 



719 



WESTERN STATES. 



States. 
Ohio, 
Indiana, 
Michigan, 
Wisconsin, 
Iowa, 


Banks. 

17 

1 

5 

1 

25 
782 


Brandies. 
41 
13 

1 

55 

187 


Capital. 

7,624,796 

2,082,151 

764,022 

225,000 

200,000 


Speeie. 
2,749,752 
1,197,880 
125,722 

4,073,354 


Circulation. 

11,635,781 

3,422.445 

897,334 


Deposits. 

5,575,162 
630,325 
416,147 


Total, 


10,895,969 


15,935,.'J60 


6,621,634 


Total in the U. S., 


254,640,632 


49,133,122 


163,649,812 


135,121,587 



INCREASE OF BANKING CAPITAL TO POPULATION FOR TEN 

YEARS, SINCE 1840. 



KEW EXGLAKD STATES, 



States. 

Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

Total, 

,,_ ...crease of 

Bank ' ' 



Population. 

583,188 
^7,999 
314,120 
994,499 
147,543 
370,791 

2,728,140 



liaffo of In- 
crease per ct. 
16^ 

114 
7A 
34| 
3.5,-i 
19.? 



Average increase of population, 22 
capital, $77,516,327, ' 



uiation, Ti per cent, 
or $28-60 per head. 



New Torli, 
New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, 
Maryland, 

Total, 



MIDDLE STATES. 

3,097,394 
489,535 

2,311,786 

91,535 

583,035 



27,i 

31 

34 

m 

24 



6,573,285 



Average increase of population, 29 per cent. 
Bank capital, $92,714,931, or$14-26 per head. 

SOUXnERN STATES. 



District of Columl)ia, 


51,687 


\H 


Virginia, 


1,421,661 


I4i 


North Carolina, 


868,903 


1.'5; 


South Carolina, 


668,507 


12, 


Georgia, 


905,999 


31 


Florida, 


87,401 


60 



Total, 4,004,158 

Average increase of population, 19 per cent. 
Bonk capital, $41,214,829, or S10'30 per head. 



SOUTH-WESTERN STATES 



States. 

Kentucky, 

Missouri, 

Alabama, 

Louisiana, 

Tennessee, 

Mississippi, 

Arkansas, 

Texas. 

New Mexico, 

Total, 



Population. 


Ratio of in- 
crease per ct 


982,405 


26 


682,043 


77} 


771,071 


304 


511,974 


4!5i 


1,002,625 


21 


606,555 


6U 


209,639 


115 


212,592 




61.505 





5,041,009 



Average inere.ase of population, 35 i)er cent . 
Bank capital, $32,498,596, or $649 per head. 



WESTERN STATES. 



Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Iowa, 

Wisconsin, 

Michigan, 

Minesota Territory, 

Total, 
Aver.age increase of 



1.980,408 
988,416 
851.470 
19?,2U 
305,191 
397.654 
6,077 



30.i 

44 

78} 
345} 
890i 

87i 



4,721,430 

Averivge increase of population, 49 per cent 
Bank capital, $10,695,969, or $2-27 per head. 

California, 165,000 

Oregon Territory, 13,293 

Utah Territory, estimated 1 5,000 



Total, 23,246,301 

No bank capital. 



•20 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY 



PRECIOUS METALS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



The total amount of poUl and silver in the Unit- 
ed States, in 1820, was estimated at $40,000,000. 
Since that time, to June 30, 1S51. the whole 
amount of importations of gold and silver from 
abroad has heen .... $273,838,764 
The cxportations during the same 

period, 230,012,415 



Amount of silver and gold of do- 
mestic production, other tiian that 
received from California, 

Amount of frold and silver received 
from California since 1848, to De- 
cember 20, 1851, 



43,826,349 



27,354,636 



92,106,123 



163,287,108 
From which is to be deducted for 
the amount exported from July 1 
to December 20, ... 26,549,482 



136,737,626 
Add amount of silver and gold in 

the country, by estimate, in 1820, 40,000,000 

176,737,626 



From this sum is to be deducted the amount 
lost by abrasion, and used for manun>cturing 
purposes, for 30 years, — excluding the amount 
received by immigrants, w-hich may be estimated 
at SI. 500,000 annually, — which will amount, in 
the aggregate, to $45,000.000 ; which sura, de- 
ducted from the above, will leave $131,737,626 
as the total amount of coin in the United States 
at the present time. 

The amount of bullion deposited for coinage 
at the mint of the United States and its branches, 
in the year 1850, was — 

In gold, . . . $38,365,160 
" silver, . . . 1,939.041 



Total, . . 40,304,201 

The coinage of the mints up to October 
1,1851, has been as follows; — 

In gold, . . . $156,721,849 
" silver, . . . 77.677,885 

" copper, . . . 1,381,643 

Total, . . 235,781,377 
Of this sum, $95,847,862 is of domestic produc- 
tion, of Asvhich $68,493,226 is of the production 
of California since 1848. 



COINAGE OF THE UNITED STATES MINT AND ITS BEANCHES 

FROM 1792 TO 1851. 







Wliol 


e Coinage. 






Whole Coinage. 


Years. 


Gold. Value. 






Years. 


Gold. Value. 










No. Pieces. 


Value. 






No. Pieces. 


Value. 


1793-5 


$71,485-00 


1,834,420 


$453,541-80 


1824 


$93,200-00 


4,786,894 


$1,858,297-00 


1796 


102,727-50 


1.219,370 


192,129-40 


1825 


156,38500 


5,178,760 


1,735,894-00 


1797 


103,422-50 


1,095,165 


125,524-29 


1826 


92.24500 


5,774.434 


2,110,679-25 


1798 


205,610-00 


1,368,241 


545,69800 


1827 


131,565-00 


9,097.845 


3,024,342-32 


1799 


213,28500 


1,36.5,681 


645,906-68 


1828 


140,145(MJ 


6.196,853 


1,741,381-24 


1800 


317.760-00 


3,337,972 


571,335-40 


1829 


295,717-50 


7,674.501 


2,306,875-50 


1801 


422.57000 


1,571,390 


510,956-37 


1830 


643,105 00 


8,357,191 


3,155,620-00 


1802 


423.310-00 


3,615,869 


516,075-83 


1,S31 


714,270-00 


11,792.284 


3,923,473-60 


1803 


258,377-50 


2,780,830 


370,69853 


1832 


798,435-00 


9,128,387 


3,401,055-00 


1804 


258,642-50 


2,046,839 


371.827-94 


1833 


978,55000 


10,307,790 


3,765,710-00 


1805 


170,367-50 


2,260,361 


333.239-48 


1834 


3,954,270-00 


11,637.643 


7,388,423-.00 


1806 


324,50500 


1,81.5,409 


801,084-00 


1835 


2,186,175-00 


15,996,342 


5,668,667-00 


1807 


437,49500 


2,731,.345 


1.044,595-96 


1836 


4,135,700-00 


13,719.333 


7,764.900-00 


1808 


284,665-00 


2,935,888 


982,055-00 


1837 


1,148,30500 


13,010,721 


3,299.898-00 


1809 


169,375-00 


2,861,834 


884,752-53 


1838 


1,809,595-00 


15,780,311 


4,206,54000 


1810 


501,43500 


3,056,418 


1,155,868.50 


1839 


1,355,885-00 


11,811,594 


3,576,467-61 


1811 


497,905-00 


1,649,570 


1,108,740-95 


1840 


1,675,302-50 


10,558,240 


3,426,632-50 


1812 


290,43500 


2,761,646 


1,115,219-50 


1841 


1,091,597-50 


8,811,968 


2.240,321-17 


1813 


477,140 00 


1,755,331 


1,102,275-50 


1842 


1,834,170-50 


11,743,153 


4! 190,754-40 


1814 


77,27000 


1,833,859 


642,535-80 


1843 


8,108,797-50 


4,640,582 


11.967,830-70 


1815 


3,175-00 


69,867 


20,483-00 


1844 


2,230-00 


9,051,834 


7,687,767-52 


1816 




2,888.135 


56,785-57 


1845 


3,756,447.50 


1,806,196 


5,668,595-54 


1817 





5,163,967 


647,267-50 


1846 


4,034,177-00 


10,133,515 


6,633.96500 


1818 


242,940-00 


5,537,084 


1,345,064-50 


1847 


20,221,385-00 


15,392,344 


22.657,671-69 


1819 


258,61500 


5,074,723 


1,425.32500 


1848 


3,775,512-50 


12,649,790 


5,879,720-49 


1820 


1,319,030 00 


6,492,509 


1,864,786-20 


1849 


9,007,761-50 


12,666,659 


11,164,695-82 


1821 
1822 
1823 


189.32500 
88,980-00 
72,425-00 


3,139,249 
3,813,788 
2,166,485 


1,018,977-45 
915,509-89 
967,975.00 


1850 


31,981,733-50 


14,588,220 


33,892,301-00 


Total, 


117,330,935-00 


370,536,129 


195,074,710.92 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER — PRISON STATISTICS. 



721 



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Society. 

I This amount was drawn from the state treasury, and was in 
part e.\i)ended for repairs and improvements. 

m This average expense of each prisoner is after deducting re- 
pairs and iinprovemejits. 

II Two were removcrl to Western House of Refuge, and three 
discharged by habeas corpuH, and fi>r new trial. 

Three were returned as not insane ; 12 remain in the Prison ; 
but it is not stated when and where iliey became uisane. 

p Two others werfl drowned, and one other was accidentally 
killed. 

q Seventeen were transft-rred to Auburn, and removed by ha- 
beas corpus. 

r This sum includes furniture as well as clothing. 

s $8.42 more are charged as having been lost on broom making. 


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8,860 
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1 Rev. Louis Dwight's Annual Report of the Prison Discipline 

/ Including furniluro. 

^This amount is not included among the expenses of the insti- 
tution in ilic Annual Ue[Kirt, but i-* paid from the state treasury. 

/( Tim maladies of two others became unequivocally developed, 
who were ihnuL-ht, in the latter months of 1849, to exhibit symp- 
toms of incipient insiuiity ; hut the physician says they owed their 
origin to the previous year, although their diseases were not sulVi- 
ciontly manifest to justify their return. 

X Tliis balance of expense against the institution is over and 
above the salary of the otficers. 

j It nowhere appears in the Annual Report of the institution 
what amount was paid f "r salary of otficers. or for particular items 
of expenditure. 

ft One by reversal of judgment. 


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12,119 
72,521 

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a Of the whole number received, 359 were males and 139 fe- 
male** ; of those in Prison, October 31, ISTiil, 99 were males. 

6 Discharged by court and magistrates, 19 ; discharged by pay- 
ment of fines, 3'3 ; of those who died in Albany Penitentiary, 'J ; 
the whole numtier died of delirium tremens.' 

c 'I'his amount is supposed to include salar>' of officers, fuel, 
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d This balance in favor of the earnings above expenses does 
not include the salaries of the olTlrf-rs among the expenses, which 
amounted to S7,38H ; j^howine a deficit of earnings, if the salaries 
of otficers 1)0 includcl, of §1,93.% instead of a balance in favor of 
S5,I5J. 

c This average is made on a bill of expenses not including Iho 
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POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE SEVEN CENSUSES, FROM 1790—1850. 723 







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ns 







CENSUS 



UNITED STATES, 1850. 



The following census returns are not official ; no official publication of tlie population returns, except 
of the aggregates of the states, having yet been made. The following statements have been obtained 
from the returns of the marshals, deposited, under the act of Congress, in the state departments of the 
several states. In several cases, these returns have been abstracted and published by the authority of 
the state legislatures. Such has been the case in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, Wis- 
consin, and other states. When such returns have been published, they have been followed here ; in 
other cases, the returns have been obtained by private enterprise and industry, and though they may 
probably vary a little from the official returns, when they are finally published, that variation cannot be 
material. In those cases where the census has been published by towns or townships, we have given the 
town or township returns ; but in all the Southern, and some of the Western States, the census has been 
returned only by counties. 



STATE OF MAINE. 



AROOSTOOK. 

Amity 25G 

Hodgdon, ... 862 
Houlton, .... 1,453 
Linneus, . . . 561 

Masardis 122 

Monticello, . . . 227 
New Limerick, . . . 1 GO 
Smyrna, . . . 172 
Weston, .... 293 
Belfast Academy Grant, 259 
Benedicta, . . . 325 

Bridiiowater, . . 143 

Madawnsl<a Plantation, 1,278 
Orient Plantation, . 207 

Williiims College Gr.int, . 224 
No. 6, R. 5, . . . 39 

No. 7, R. 5, . . . 10 
No. 9, R. 5, . . . 25 

rraminijliam Acad'y Grant, 31 
Plymouth Grant, . . 252 
Ea'lon Grant, . . .188 
G, R. 2, . . . 361 
No. 5, R. 3, . . . 34 
A, R. 2, . . . 4 

Fort Fairfield, . . .401 
Golden Ridge, . . 194 
No. 11, R. 1, . '. . 106 



No. 11, R. 5, 

No. 3, R. 2, . 

Bancroft, 

Chrystal, . 

Dayton, 

Hancock. . 

Hayncsville, . 

Molunkus, 

Salmon Brook, 

Van Buren, 

Reed, 

Letter B, R. 1, 

No. 8, R. 5, . 

No. 6, B. 4, . 

Lctlcr B, R. 2, 

Portland Academy Grant 

No. 9, R. 6, . 

E, R. 1, . 
H, R. 2, 
12, R. 3, . 

F, R. 2, 
Mars Hill, 
Portage Lake, 
Deorfield Academy Grant 
No. 12, R. 5, 
No. 17, R. 9, 



354 
37 

157 

175 
49 

592 
96 

199 

176 

1,050 

76 

141 
33 
37 
5 
78 
59 
46 

203 
66 

288 
29 

168 
12 
U 

209 



2,533 



CUMBERL 


AND. 


Auburn, . 


2,840 


Baldwin, 


1,100 


Bridgton, 


2.710 


Brunswick, . 


. 4,976 


Cape Elizabeth, 


2,082 


Casco, . 


. 1,045 


Cumberland, 


1,656 


Danville, 


. 1,636 


Durham, . 


1,894 


Falmouth, 


. 2,164 


Freeport, . 


2,629 


Gorham, 


. 3,088 


Gray, 


1,788 


Harpswcll, . 


. 1,535 


Harrison, . 


1,416 


Minot, . 


. 1,734 


Naples, 


1,025 


North Yarmouth, 


. 1,221 


New Gloucester, 


1,848 


Gtisfield, 


. 1,171 


Poland, . 


2,660 


Portland City, 


. 20,819 


Pownal, . 


1,074 


Riiymond, 


. 1,142 


Scarboro', . 


1,837 


S.cbapo, 


850 


Standish, . 


2,290 



CENSUS OF THE UNITES STATES, 1850. 



725 



Westbrook, . 


. 4,852 


No. 9, . . . . 


22 


Windham, 


2,380 


No. 10, . . . 


20 


Yarmouth, . 


. 2,144 


Pond Island, 


10 


Raymond Cape. 


. . 50 


Calf Island. . 
Placentia Lsland, . 


7 






13 




79,656 


Black Island, . 


25 






Duck Island, 


12 


FRANKLIN. 


Marshall's Island, . 


5 


Avon, 


. 778 


Old Harbor Island, 


n 


Carthage, 


420 


Conway's Island. 


12 


Chesterville, 


1,142 


Pickering's Island, 


13 


Farmington, . 


. 2,725 


Beech Island, . 


9 


Freeman, . 


. 762 


Great Spruce Head Islanc 


, 19 


Industrj', 


1,041 


Bear Island, 


7 


Jay, . 


1,733 


Butter Isl.ind, 


6 


Kingfield, 


662 


Eagle Islanil, . 


32 


Madrid, . 


. 404 


Hacketash Island, 


12 


New Sharon, 


1,732 


Matinicus Light Island, 


11 


New Vineyard, 


. 635 


Wooden Ball Rock Island 


9 


Phillips, 
Salem, 


. 1,673 
. 454 








34,372 


Strong, 
Temple, . 


1,008 

. 785 


KENNEBEC. 




Weld, . 


995 


Albion, . 


1,604 


Wilton, . 


1,909 


Augusta, 


8.227 


Letter E, 


126 


Belgrade, . 


1 722 


No. 3, 2d Range, 1 
No. 4, R. 2, B. P.. 


3. P., . 43 

8 


Benton, 
China, 


l!l89 
2,779 


Dallas, 


. 458 


Clinton. 


1.743 


Jackson Plantatioi 


1, . 321 


E;vst Livermore, 


892 


No. 6, 


74 


Fayette, 


1,085 


No. 4, . 


139 


Gardiner, . 


6,486 






Greene, 
Hallowell, 


1,347 




20,027 


4,769 




Leeds, .... 


1,952 


HANCO 


L'K. 


Litchfield, 


2,100 


Aurora, 


. 217 


Monmouth, . 


1,925 


Amherst, 


323 


Mount Vernon, 


1.479 


Bluehill, . 


1,939 


Pittston, 


2,823 


Brooklin, 


. 1,002 


Readfield, 


1,985 


Brooksville, 


1,333 


Rome, .... 


830 


Bucksport, . 
Castine, . 


. 3,381 
1,260 


Sidney, . 
Vassalboro', 


1,955 
3,099 


Cranberry Isles, 
Deer Isle, 


283 
3,037 


Vienna, . 

Wales 


851 
612 


Dedham, 


546 


Waterville, 


3,965 


Eastbrook, 


. 212 


Wayne, 


1,367 


Eden, . 
Ellsworth, 


1,127 
4,009 


Windsor, . 
AVinthrop, 


1,793 

2,154 


Franklin, 


736 


Winslow, . 


1,796 


Gouldsboro', 


1,400 


Clinton Gore, 


195 


Greenfield, . 


305 
. 960 


Albion Gore, . 


110 


Hancock, . 


~ 




Mariaville, . 


374 




52,524 


Mount Desert, . 


. 777 


LINCOLN. 




Orland, . 


. 1,580 


Alna, 


916 


Otis, . 


. 124 


Arrowsic, 


311 


Penobscot, . 


1,556 


Bath City, 


8,020 


Seaville, . 


. 139 


Boothbay, 


2,504 


Sedgwick, 


. 1,234 


Bowdoinham. . 


2,381 


Sullivan, . 


. 810 


Bowdoin, 


1,857 


Surry, . 


. 1,189 


Bremen, . 


891 


Trenton, . 


1,205 


Bristol, 


2,910 


Tremont, 


. 1425 


Cushing, . 


805 


Waltham, . 


. 304 


Damariscotta, 


1.328 


Swan Island, 


423 


Dresden, . 


1,419 


Wetmore Isle, . 


. 405 


Edgecomb, . 


1,231 


Nos. 1 and 2, 


142 


Friendship, 


652 


No. 21, . 


. 26 


Georgetown, 


1,121 


No. 33, . 


51 


Jefferson, . 


2,223 


Long Island, 


. 152 


Lewiston, 


3,584 


No. 7, . 


109 


Lisbon, 


1,495 


No. 8, 


. 17 


Newcastle, 


2,012 



Nobleboro', 


1,408 


Perkins, 


84 


Phipsburg, 


1,805 


Richmond, . 


. 2,056 


Rockl.and, 


5,052 


St. George, . 


. 2,217 


South Thomaston, 


1,420 


Southport, . 


543 


Thomaston, 


2,723 


Topsham, 


. 2,010 


Union, 


1,974 


Waldoboro', . 


. 4,199 


Warren, . 


2,428 


Washington, 


. 1,756 


Webster, . 


1,110 


West Bath, . 


560 


We.stport, 


. 761 


Whitefield, . 


. 2,160 


Wiscasset, 


2,343 


Woolwich, . 


. 1,420 


Patricktown Plantation, . 552 


Matinicus Isles, . 


220 


Monhegan Isle, 


. 103 


Muscle Ridge Plantation, 56 


Muscongus Island, 


97 


Marsh, . 


20 


Hay Island, 


8 


Johns Island, 


5 


Pond Island, 


1 


Otter Island, 


12 


Harbor Island, 


8 


Cranberry Island, . 


32 




74,803 


OXTOED 




Albany, . 


. 747 


Andover, 


710 


Bethel, . 


2,253 


Brownfield, . 


. 1,320 


Buck field. 


1,657 


Byron, . 


296 


Canton, . 


. 926 


Denmark, 


. 1,203 


Dixfield, . 


1,180 


Frveburg, 


. 1,524 


Giiead, . 


. 359 


Greenwood, . 


. 1,118 


Hanover, . 


. 366 


Hartford, 


. 1,293 


Hebron, . 


. 839 


Hiram. . 


. 1,210 


Livermore, 


1,764 


Lovcll, . 


. 1,196 


Mason, 


. 93 


Mexico, 


481 


Newry, 


. 459 


Norway, 


. 1,96S 


Oxford, . 


1,233 


Paris, . 


. 2,883 


Peru, 


1,109 


Porter, . 


. 1,209 


Roxbury, . 


. 246 


Rum ford. 


1,375 


Slow, 


. 471 


Stoneham, . 


483 


Sumner, . 


1,151 


Sweden, 


696 


Turner, . 


2,537 


Watcrford, . 


. 1,448 


Woodstock, 


1,012 


Andover, N. Suqilus 


81 


Franklin Plantation, 


. IBS 



726 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



Fryeburg Academy Grant, 64 


Letter A, R. 7, 


. 27 


Starks, . 


. 1,446 


Hamlin's Grant, 


. 108 


No. 8, R. 8, . 


8 


Skowhegan, 


1,756 


Letter A, No. 2, . 


108 


No. 2, R. 8, 


6 


Smithfieid, . 


873 


Letter B, . 


. 174 


No. 3, 11. 1,N. B. P., . 23 


Sections on Canad: 


iLine, 31 


Milton Plantation, 


166 


No. 4, R. 1, N. B. P., . 159 


" on Kennebec Riv., 900 


A, No. 1, . 
No. 4, R. 1, . 


. 60 
4 






Holden Plantation, . . 83 
Long Pond Plantation, 31 




63,094 


No. 5, U. 1, 


. 50 






Jackman Townshi] 


), 12 


No. 5, K. 2, . 


55 


PISCATAQUIS. 


Parlin Pond Plantation, 13 






Abbot, 


. 747 


Attcan Township, 


9 




39,866 


A tkiii»ion 


895 










Barnard, . 


. 181 




35,591 


TENOBSCOT. 




Bowcrbanlc, . 


173 






Alton, 


. 252 


Blanchard, 


. 192 


WALDO. 


Argyle, 


338 


Brownville, . 


787 


Appleton, 


1,727 


Bangor, . 


14.432 


Dover, 


1,927 


Belfast, 


. 5,052 


Bradford, 


1.296 


Elliotsville, . 


102 


Belmont, . 


1,486 


Bradley, . 


. 798 


Foxcroft, . 


1,045 


Brooks, 


. 1,021 


Brewer, 


2,628 


Guilford, 


834 


Burnhara, 


. 784 


Burlington, 


. 481 


Greenville, 


. 326 


Camden, 


. 4,005 


Carmel, 


1,228 


Kilmarnock. . 


322 


Frankfort, 


4,233 


Carroll, . 


. 401 


Kingsbery, 


. 181 


Freedom, 


948 


Clifton, 


306 


Monson, 


6,54 


Hope, 


1,107 


Corinna, .. 


1,5.50 


iMilo, 


. 932 


I-slesboro', 


984 


Corinth, . : 


1,600 


Orneville, 


424 


Jackson, . 


. 833 


Charleston, 


1,283 


Parkman, . 


1,243 


Knox, . 


. 1,102 


Chester, 


339 


Sangerville, . 


. 1,267 


Liberty, . 


1,116 


Dexter, 


1,948 


Scbec, 


1,223 


Lincolnville, 


. 2,174 


Dixmont, 


1,605 


Shirley, 


250 


Monroe, . 


1,606 


Edinburg, 


. 93 


Wellington, 


. 600 


Montville, 


. 1,878 


Eddington, . 


696 


Williamsburg, 


124 


North Haven, . 


. 806 


Enfield, . 


. 396 


Letter B, R. 10, 


4 


Northport, . 


. 1,260 


Etna 


802 


No. 3, R. 5, . 


44 


Palermo, . 


1,659 


Exeter, 


1,853 


Kineo, Day's Acad. 


Grant, 5 


Prospect, 


. 2,467 


Garland, 


1.247 


Deer Isle, jMoosehe 


id Lake, 5 


Searsmont, 


1,696 


Glenburn, 


. 905 


No. 2, R. 13, . 


1 


Searsport, 


. 2,207 


Grecnhush, . 


457 


No. 5, R. 13, 


10 


Swanville, 


. 944 


Hampden, 


3,195 


No. 8, R. 8, 


. 68 


Thorndike, . 


. 1,029 


Hermon, 


1,374 


Kataliden Iron Wc 


rks, 158 


Troy, 


1,484 


Howland, 


. 214 


No. 7, R. 12, . 


5 


Unity, . 


. 1,557 


Kirkland, 


717 


No. 9, R. 12, 


4 


Vinalhaven, 


1,252 


Lagrange, 


. 482 


No. 5, R. 9, 


2 


Waldo, . 


812 


Lee, .... 

Levant, . 


917 
1,842 












14,735 




47,229 


Lineoln, 


1,358 










Lowell, 


. 378 


SOMERSE 


T. 


WASHING"] 


roN. 


Mattamiscontis, . 


54 


Anson, . 


. 848 


Addison, . 


1,152 


Maxfield, . 


. 186 


Athens, 


. 1466 


Alexander, . 


.544 


Milford, 


687 


Bingham, . 


. 752 


Baileyville, 


. 431 


Newburg, 


1,399 


Bloomfield. . 


. 1.301 


Baring, 


380 


Newport, 


1,212 


Brighton, . 


. 748 


Beddington, 


. 147 


Oldtown, . 


3.087 


Canaan, 


. 1,696 


Calais, . 


. 4,750 


Orono 


2,785 


Cambridge, 


. 487 


Centreville, 


. 178 


Orrington, 


1,851 


Concord, 


550 


Columbia, 


. 1,140 


Patten 


470 


Cornville, 


1.260 


Cooper, 


. 562 


Passadumkeag, 


. 294 


Detroit, 


517 


Charlotte, 


718 


Plymouth. 


925 


Embdcn, . 


. 971 


Cherryfield, 


1,648 


Springfield, 


. 583 


Fairfield, 


. 2,452 


Crawford, 


324 


Stetson. 


885 


Harmony, 


1,107 


Cutler, 


. 820 


Indian Township, No. 2 


. 12 


Hartland, 


960 


Deiinysville, . 


458 


No. 3, R. 8, . 


15 


Lexington, 


. 538 


East Machias, . 


1,904 


No. 7, R. 4, 


. 39 


Madi.son, 


. 1,768 


Eastport, 


. 4,125 


No. 6. R. 3, . 


29 


MayHeld, . 


. 133 


Edmonds, 


. 446 


No. 7, K. 3, . 


. 161 


Mercer, 


. 1.186 


Harrington, . 


963 


No. 4, R. 3, . 


111 


Moscow, . 


. 577 


Jonesboro', 


. 466 


East Indian Township, 


. 193 


New Portland, 


. 1.460 


Jonesport, 


826 


West Indian Township, 


107 


Norridgewock, . 


1,848 


Lubec, 


2,814 


No. 5, R. 6, 


. 102 


North Anson, 


. 1.168 


Machias, 


. 1,590 


No. 5, R. 7, . 


6 


Palmyra, . 


1,625 


Machiasport, . 


1,266 


No. 3, R. 6, . 


. 40 


Pittsfi'eld, 


. 1,166 


Marion, 


207 


No. 3, R. 7, . 


16 


Ripley, 


. 641 


Marshfield, 


294 


Pattagumpus, or Z, . 


. 50 


Solon, . 


. 1,419 


Medybemps, 


187 


Letter A, R. 6, . 


163 


St. Albans, 


1,792 


Milbridge, 


1,170 



CENSUS OF THE XJNITED STATES, 1850. 



727 





. 246 


■• — -ie, 


1,712 


Perry, . 


. 1,324 


Princeton, 


280 


PobinsUjD, 


. 1,02,S 


•Steuben, . 


1,122 
2CS 


Topsfield, . " . ■ 


T}-e£eoft, . 


7S2 


A\-eslcy. 


329 


■\Vliiting, . 


470 


Wliitneyville, 


519 


j\ n^l-sburg, 


12C 


Ci'ilvville Plantttion, 


47 


Oniiforth, 


IBS 


Tallmadge, . 


48 


Waite Plantation, 


81 


No. 14, 


167 


No. 1, R. 2, . 


9 


No. 1, R. 1, . 


10 


No. 9, R. 3, . 


. 87 


No. 9, R.4, . 


59 



No. 3, R.I, 


5 


Hollis, . 


. 2,683 


No. 18, E.D., 


29 


Kennebunk, 


2,6.50 


No. 19, E.D., . 


20 


Kennebunkport, . 


2,700 


No. 21, . 


53 


Kittery, . 


2,706 


No. U.R. 3, . 


. 42 


Lebanon, 


. 2,208 


No. 1, R. 4, . 


14 


Limerick. . 


1,473 


No. 1,R. .3, . 


. 23 


Liminjjton, . 


■ 2,116 


No. 7, R. 2, . 


61 


Lyman, 


1,376 


No. 26, E. D., . 


8 


Newtield, 


1,418 


No. 29, . 


18 


North Berwick, 


1.593 


No. 31, . 


. 46 


Parsonsfield, 


. 2.322 






Saco, 


5,794 








38,711 


Shapleigh, . 


. 1,348 


YORK. 




Sanford, . 


2,330 


Acton, 


1,359 


South Berwick, 


. 2,592 


Alfred, . 


. 1,319 


Waterboro', 


1,989 


Berwick, . 


2,121 


Wells, . 


. 2,945 


Biddcford, . 


. 6,095 


York, 


2,980 


Bu.xton, . 


2,995 


Isle of Shoals, 


29 


Cornish, 


. 1,144 
1,803 






Eliot, 




60,094 



BOCKINGHAM 


OXA 


Madhury, 


\iuraiH 

484 


Chichester, . 


997 


Atkinson, . 


. 600 


Middleton, 


. 476 


Concord, . 


. ■ 8,58-1 


Aubuni, 


810 


Milton, . 


. 1,619 


Dunbarton, . 


915 


Brentwood, 


. 923 


New Durham, . 


1,048 


Epsom, 


1,.365 


Candia, 


1,482 


Rochester, 


. ■ 3,006 


Franklin, 


. 1,251 


Chester, . 


1,.301 


HoUinsford, 


1,862 


Henniker, 


1,690 


Danville, 


614 


Somersworth, 


. 4.943 


Hooksett, 


. 1,503 


DeerfieM, . 


2,022 


Strafford, . 


1,920 


Hopkinton, 


2,169 


Derry, . 


1,850 






Loudon, 


. 1,553 


East Kingston, 


. 532 




29,359 


Newbury. . 


. 738 


Epping, 


1,663 






New London, 


945 


Exeter, 


3,329 


BELKNAP. 




Northfield, 


1,332 


Gossport, 


103 


Alton, 


1,795 


Pembroke, . 


. 1,732 


Greenland, 


. 739 


Barnstead, 


. 1,848 


Pittsfield, . 


1,823 


Hampstead, . 


789 


Centre Harbor, 


. 544 


Salisbury, 


. 1,228 


Hampton, 


1,197 


Gilford. 


. 2,425 


Sutton, 


1,387 


Hampton Falls, . 


640 


Gilmanton, 


3,282 


Warner, 


. 2,038 


Kensington, 


. 700 


Meredith, 


. 3,521 


Wilmot, . 


1,272 


Kinf^ston 


1,192 
1,731 


New Hampton, 
Sanbornton, . 


1,612 
2,695 






Londonderry, . 




40,346 


New Castle, . 


891 














New Market, . 


1,639 




17,722 


HILLSBOI 


W. 


Newton, 


585 






Amherst, . 


1,613 


Ncwington, 


. 472 


CARROLL. 




Antrim, 


. 1,143 


North Hampton, . 


822 


Albany, . 


. 455 


Bedford, . 


1,906 


Northwood, 


1,308 


Brooktield, . 


552 


Bennington, . 


541 


Nottingham, . 


1,268 


Chatham, . 


. 516 


Brook line. 


. 718 


I'laistow, . 


. 748 


Conway, 


1,769 


Deering, 


890 


Poplin, . 


509 


Eaton, 


1,751 


Francestown, . 


1,114 


Portsmouth, 


9,739 


Effingliam, . 


1,252 


Goffstown, . 


. 2,270 


Raymond, . * . 


1,256 


Freedom, . 


. 910 


Greenfield, 


. 716 


Rye, .... 


1.296 


Moultonboro', 


1,748 


Hancock, 


. 1,012 


Salem, . 


1.555 


Ossipee, . 


2,1 ^'2 


Hillsboro', 


1,685 


Sandown, 


. 566 


.Sandwich, 


2,577 


Hollis, . 


. 1,293 


Seabrook. 


1.296 


Tamnorth, 


1,766 


Hudson. . 


1,312 


South Hampton, 


. 472 


Tuftonhoro', . 


1,305 


Litchfield, . 


447 


South Newmarket, 


516 


Wakefield, 


1.405 


Lyndeboro', 


. 968 


Srratham, . 


. 843 


Wolfboro', . 


2,038 


Manchester, . 


. 13,923 


Windham, . 


818 






Mason, 


1,226 








20,166 


Merrimac 


1 250 




49,216 




I'lVllllllUV, . • 

Milford, . 


2il59 






ITERnrMAC. 




Mont Vernon, 


722 


SlUAFFOED. 




Allcnstown, . 


526 


Nashua, . 


5,820 


Barrington, 


1,754 


Andover, . 


1,220 


Nashville, 


. 3,122 


Dover, . 


8,186 


Bradford, 


1,341 


NcTj Ipswich, . 


1,877 


Durham, . 


1,499 


Bow, 


1,055 


New Boston, 


. 1,476 


Earmington, . 


1,699 


Boscawen, . 


2,063 


Pelhani, . 


1,071 


Lee 


. 863 


Canterbury, 


1,614 


Pcterboro', . 


. 2,22? 



728 



CENSUS OF THK UNITED STATES, 1850. 



Sharon, . 


226 


Langdon, 


575 


Plymouth, 


1,290 


Temple, 


579 


Lempster, 


906 


Rumney, 


. 1,109 


Weare, 


2,436 


Newport, 


2,020 


Thornton, 


1,012 


Wilton, 


. 1,161 


Plainfield, 


1,392 


Warren, 


872 


Windsor, . 


172 


Springfield, . 


1,270 


Waterville, 


40 






Sunapee, . 


787 


Wentworth, . 


. 1,197 




57,080 


Unity, . 
Washington, . 


961 
1,054 


Woodstock, 


418 






CHESHI'?''' 








42,281 


Alstead, . 


1,425 




19,376 




Chesterfield, . 


. 1,680 






COOS. 




Dublin, 


1,088 


GEAFTON. 




Bartlett, . 


761 


Fitzwilliam, . 


. 1,482 


Alexandria, . . • 


1,273 


Berlin, . 


173 


Gil9um, . 


6R6 


Bath, 


1,514 


Cambridge, 


33 


Hinsdale, 


. 1,903 


Benton, 


478 


Carroll, 


299 


Jaffrey, . 


1,497 


Bethlehem, . 


950 


Clarksville, 


187 


Keene, . 


. 3,392 


Bridge water, ' . ' . 


664 


Colebrook, . 


908 


Marlboro', 


886 


Bristol, . . . 


1,103 


Columbia, 


762 


Marlow, 


708 


Campton, . 


1,439 


Dalton, . 


750 


Nelson, 


751 


Canaan, 


1,683 


Dixville, . 


8 


Kichtnond, . 


. 1,128 


Danbury, . 


934 


Dummer, 


171 


Rindge, . 


1,274 


Dorchester, . 


711 


Errol, 


138 


Roxbuiy, 


260 


Ellsworth, 


320 


Gorham, 


224 


Stoddilrd, . . 


1,105 


Enfield, . 


1,742 


Hart's Location, 




Sullivan, 


468 


Franconia, 


584 


Jackson, 


589 


Surrv, 


556 


Grafton, 


1,259 


Jefferson, . 


629 


Swanzey, 


. 2,106 


Groton, . 


776 


Kilkenny, 




Troy. 


759 


Hanover, 


2,352 


Lancaster, 


1,559 


Walpole, 


. 2,034 


Haverhill, 


2.405 


Milan, . 


493 


Westmoreland, 


1,677 


Hebron, 


565 


MiUsfield, 


2 


Winchester, . 


. 3,296 


Hill, .... 


951 


Northumberland, . 


429 






Holderness, . 


1,744 


Pittsburg, . 


425 










30,141 


Landaff, . 


948 


Randolph, 


113 






Lebanon, 


2,136 


Stark, 


418 


SULLIT 


A.N. 


Lisbon, 


1,882 


Stratford, 


552 


Acworth, . 


1,251 


Lineoln, 


57 


Shelburne, 


480 


Charlestown, 


1,644 


Littleton, . 


2,008 


Stewartstown, 


747 


Claremont, 


3,606 


Lyman, . 


1,442 


Success, . 




Cornish, 


. 1,606 


Lyme, 


1,618 


Whitefield, . 


857 


Croydon, . 


861 


Orange, 


451 








Goshen, 


659 


Orford, . 


1,406 




11,707 


Grantham, 


784 


Pierpoint, 


948 







STATE OF VERMONT. 



BENNDUGTOS 


Gr&fton, 


1,241 


Danby, . 


1,535 


Arlington, 


1,084 


Guilford, . 


1,329 


Fairhaven, 


902 


Bennington, . 


. 3,923 


Halifax, 


1,133 


Hubbarton, . 


701 


Dorset, 


1,700 


Jamaica, . 


1,606 


Ira, .... 


400 


Glastenbury, 


52 


Londonderry, 


1,274 


Mendon, 


504 


Landgrove, 


.337 


Marlboro', 


896 


Middletown, 


875 


Manchester, . 


. 1,782 


Newfane, 


1,304 


Mount Holly, 


1,534 


Peru, • 


567 


Putney, 


1,425 


Mount Tabor, . 


308 


Pownal, 


. 1,742 


Rockingham, 


2,837 


Pawlet. . . • 


1,843 


Readsboro', 


857 


Somerset, . 


321 


Pittsfield, . 


512 


Rupert, 


1,101 


Stratton, 


286 


Pittsford, 


2,026 


Sandgate, . 


850 


Townshend, 


1 ,3.54 


Poultney, . 


2,329 


Searsburg, . 


201 


Vernon, 


821 


Rutland, 


3,715 


Shaftesbury, . 


1,896 


Wardsboro', 


1,125 


Sherburne, 


578 


Stamford, 


833 


Westminster, 


1,721 


Shrewsbury, . 


1,268 


Sunderland, 


479 


Whitingham, . 


1,380 


Sudbury, . 


794 


Winhall, 


762 


Wilmington, . 


1,372 


Tinmouth, 


717 


Woodford, 


423 


Windham, 


763 


Wallingford, . 
Wells, . 
West Haven, . 


1,68S 

804 
718 




18,589 


KDTI,AND. 


29,062 


WINDHA 


33,059 


Athens, 


359 

. 3^16 


Benson, . 


1,305 






Brattleboro', 


Brandon, 


2,835 


WINDSOR. 




Brookline, 


285 


Castleton, 


3,016 


Andover, . 


. 725 


Dover, . 


709 


Chittenden, . 


675 


Baltimore, . 


124 


DammerstoD, . 


1,645 


Clarendon, 


1,477 


Barnard, . 


1,647 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



729 



Betliel, . 

Bridgewater, 

Cavendish, 

Chester, . 

Hartford, 

Hartland, . 

Ludlow, 

Norwich, . 

Plymouth, 

Ponifret, . 

Reading, 

Rochester, 

Royahon, 

Sharon, 

Springfield, 

Stockbridge, 

Weathersfield, 

Weston, . 

West Windsor, 

Windsor, . 

Woodstock, . 



ADDISON. 
Addison, . 
Bridport, 
Bristol, 
Cornwall, 
Ferrisburg. 
Goshen, 
Granville, . 
Hancock, 
Leicester, . 
Lincoln, 
Middlebnry, 
Monkton, 
New Haven, 
Orwell, . 
Panton, 
Ripton, 
Salisbury, 
Shoreham, 
Starksboro', 
Vergennes, 
Waltham, 
Weybridge, 
Whiting, . 



ORANGE. 



Bradford, . 

Braintree, 

Brookfield, 

Chelsea, 

Corinth, . 

Fairlee, 

Newbury, . 

Orange, 

Randolph, 

Straflbrd, 

Thetford, . 

Topsham, 

Tunbridge, 

Vershire, 

Washington, 

West Fairlee 

Williamstown 



1,730 
1,311 

2,001 
2,159 
2,063 
1,619 
1,978 
1,226 
I, .546 
1,171 
1,493 
1.850 
1,240 
2,762 
1,327 
1,851 
950 
1,002 
1,928 
3.041 



38,320 

1,279 

1 ,393 

1,344 

1,155 

2,075 

486 

603 

430 

596 

1,057 

3,517 

1.246 

1,663 

1,470 

559 

567 

1,027 

1,601 

1,400 

1.378 

270 

804 

629 

26,549 

1,723 
1,228 
1,672 
1,958 
1,906 

575 
^,984 
1,007 
2,666 
1,546 
2,010 
1,668 
1,786 
1,071 
1,348 

696 
1,452 

27,296 



CHITTENDEN. 
Avery's and Buels Gore, 18 
Bolton 602 



Burlington, 

Charlotte, 

Colchester, 

Essex, . 

Hinesburg. 

Huntington. 

Jericho, 

Milton, . 

Richmond, 

Shelburne, 

St. George, 

Underbill, 

Westford, 

Williston, 



WA.SHINOTON, 
Barre, 
Berlin, . 

Calais, 

Duxbury, 

East Montpel 

Fayston, 

Marshfield, 

Middlesex, 

Montpelier, 

Moretown, 

Northficld, 

Plaintield, 

Roxbury, 

Waitsfic'ld, 

Warren, . 

Waterbury, 

Woodbury, 

Worcester, 



7,.505 
1.634 
2,575 
2,032 
1,834 

885 
1,837 
2,451 
1,4.53 
1,257 

147 
1,.599 
1,458 
1,669 



29,036 



1,835 

1,507 

1,410 

845 

1,447 

684 

1,102 

1 ,365 

2,310 

1..335 

2,922 

808 

967 

1,021 

962 

2,352 

1,070 

702 



24,654 



CALEDONIA. 
Bamet, ... 2 

Bradley Vale. 
Burke, ... l 

Cabot I 

Danville, ... 2, 

Gos. Gore by Whcelock 

Goshen Gore by Plainfield, 

Groton, 

Hardwick, 

Harris's Gore, 

Kirby, 

Lyndon, 

Newark, . 

Peacham, ^ 

Ryegate, . 

Sheffield, 

St. .Johnsbury, 

Sutton, . 

Walden, . 

Waterford, . 

Wheelock, 



,521 
107 
,103 
,356 

,577 
183 

8^5 
,402 
8 
514 
.752 
434 
,377 
,606 
797 
758 
001 
910 
412 
855 



KKANKLIN. 
Avery's Gore, . 
Bakersfield, . 
Berkshire, 
Enosburg, 
Fairfax. . 
Fairfield, 
Fletcher, . 
Franklin, 
Georgia, . 
92 



23,600 



48 
1,523 
1,955 
2,009 
2,111 
2,591 
1,084 
1.646 
2,686 



Highgate, 


. 2,653 


Montgomery, . 


1,001 


Richford, 


• 1,074 


Sheldon, . 


1.814 


St. Albans, . 


. 3,567 


Swanton, . 


2,824 




28,586 


LAMOILLE. ■ 


Belvidere, 


255 


Cambridge, . 


. 1,849 


Eden, 


668 


Elmore, 


504 


Uydepark, 


1,107 


Johnson, 


. 1,381 


Morristown, 


1,141 


Sterling, 


233 


Stowe. 


1,771 


Waterville, . 


753 


Wolcott, . 


909 


10,872 


ORLEANS. 


Albany, . 


1,051 


Barton, . 


987 


Brownington, . 


613 


Charleston, . 


1.008 


Coventry, 


867 


Craftsburg, . 


. 1,223 


Derby, 


1,750 


Glover, . 


1,137 


Greensboro', 


1,008 


Holland, 


669 


Irasburg, . 


1,034 


Jay, 


371 


Lowell, 


637 


Morgan, 


486 


Newport, . 


748 


Salem, . 


455 


Trov, 


1,008 


Wes'tfield, . 


502 


Westmore, 


152 



ESSEX. 



Averill. 

Bloomtield, 

Brighton, . 

Brunswick, 

Canaan. . 

Concord, 

East Haven, 

Granbv, 

Guildhall, 

Lemington, 

Lunenburg, 

Maidstone, . 

Victory, . 

Wenlock, 



GRAND ISLE. 
Alburg, 
Grand Isle, . 
Isle La Mott, . 
North Hero, 
South Hero, 



15,707 



7 
244 
193 
119 
471 

1,152 

94 

127 

501 

187 

1,124 

237 

168 

26 

4,650 



1,568 
666 
476 
730 
705 

4,145 



730 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



STATE OF MASSxVCHUSETTS. 



SUFFOLK. 




Pepperell, 


. 1,7.54 


SturbriJge, . 


. 2,119 


Boston, . 


136,884 


Reading, . 


3,108 


Sutton, 


2,595 


Chelsea, 


6,701 


Sherburne, 


. 1,043 


Templeton, . 


. 2,173 


North Chelsea, 


935 


Shirley, . 


1,158 


XTpton, 


2,023 






Somervillc, . 


3.540 


Uxbridge, 


. 2,457 








144,520 


South Reading, 


2,407 


Warren, . 


1,776 


ESSEX. 




Stoneham, 


. 2,085 


Webster, 


. 2,371 


Amesbary, 


3,143 


Stow, 


.1,455 


Westboro', 


2,376 


Andover, 


6,945 


Sudhury, 


. 1,578 


West Boylston, 


. 1,749 


Beverly. . 


5,376 


Tewksbury, 


1,042 


West Brookfield, 


1,344 


Boxford, 


982 


Townsend, . 


. 1,947 


Westminster, 


. 1,916 


Bradford, 


1.328 


Tyngsboro', 


799 


Winchendon, . 


2,445 


Danvers, 


8,110 


Waltham, . 


. 4,464 


Worcester, . 


. 17,059 


Essex, 

Georgetown, 


1,585 


Watertown, 
Way I and, 


2,837 
. 1,115 






2,052 




30,817 


Gloucester, 


7,805 


West Cambridge, 


2,202 






Grovuland, . 


1,286 


Wesiford, . 


. 1,473 


HAMrSHIRE. 


Hamilton, 


889 


Weston, . 


1,205 


Amherst, . 


3,052 


Haverhill, . 


5,877 


Wilmington, 


876 


Bclchertown, 


. 2.680 


Ipswich, . 


3,349 


Winchester, 


• 1,353 


Chesterfield, . 


1,014 


Lawrence, 


8,283 


Woburn, 


. 3,954 


Cummington, 


. 1,172 


Lynn, 


14.257 






Easthampton, . 


1,342 




Lynntield, 


1,723 




161,385 


Enfield, 


. 1,9.36 


Manchester, 


1,638 






Goshen, . 


512 


Marhlehead, . . 


6,167 


WORCESTE 


E. 


Gran by. 


. 1,095 


Methuen, . 


2,543 


Ashburnhara, . 


1,875 


Greenwich, 


838 


Middlcton, . 


832 


Athol, 


. 2,033 


Hadley, 


. 1,986 


Newbury, 


4.426 


Auburn, . 


879 


Hatfield, . 


1,073 


Newburyport, 


9,572 


Barre, . 


. 2,976 


Middlefield, . 


737 


Rockport, 


3,255 


Berlin, . 


866 


Northampton, . 


5,278 


Kowley, 


1.075 


Blackstone, . 


. 4,391 


Norwich, 


756 


Salem, 


20,263 


Bolton, 


1,263 


Pelham, . 


983 


Salisbury, . 


3,100 


Boylston, 


918 


Plainfield, . 


814 


Saugus, . 


1,552 


Brookfield, 


1,673 


Prescott, . 


737 


Topsiiekl, . 


1,171 


Charlton, 


. 2,015 


South Hadley, 


. 2,491 


Wenham, 


977 


Clinton, . 


3,113 


Southampton, . 


1,060 


West Newbury, 


1,746 


Dana, . 


842 


Ware, . 


. 3.785 






Douglass, . 


1,878 


Westhampton, . 


602 








131,307 


Dudley, 


. 1,446 


Williamsburg, 


. 1,537 






Fitchburg, 


5,120 


Worthington, . 


1,134 


MIDDLESEX. 




Gardner, 
Grafton, . 


. 1,533 
3,925 






Acton, 


1,605 




35,714 


Ashby, . 


1,218 


Hardwick, ,. 


. 1,631 






Ashland, . 


1,304 


Harvard, . 


1,6.30 


HAMPD 


EN. 


Bedford, 


975 


Holdcn, 


. 1,933 


Blandford, 


1,418 


BiUcrica, . . . 


1,646 


Hubbardston, . 


1,825 


Brimfield, 


. 1,421 


Boxboro', 


396 


Lancaster, 


. 1,688 


Chester, . 


1,521 


Brighton, • 


2,356 


Leicester, . 


2.269 


Chicopee, 


. 8,291 


Burlington, . 


.547 


Leominster, . 


. 3.121 


Granville, 


1,305 


Camhridge, 


15,215 


Lunenburg, 


1,249 


Holland, 


449 


Carli'^le, 


719 


Mendon, . •. 


. 1,301 


llolyoke, . 


3,245 


Charlcstown, . 


17,216 


Milford, . 


4,819 


Longmeadow, 


. 1,252 


Chelmsford, . 


2,098 


Millbury, 


. 3,081 


Ludlow, . 


1,186 


Concord, . 


2,249 


New Braintree, 


852 


Monson, 


. 2,831 


Dracut, 


3,503 


Northboro', . 


. 1,535 


Montgomery, . 


383 


Dunstable, 


590 


Northbridgc, 


2 221) 


Palmer, 


. 3,974 


Eramingham, 


4,235 


North Brookfield, . 


. 1 ,'939 


Russell, . 


521 


Groton, 


2,515 


Oakham, . 


1,137 


Southwick, . 


. 1,120 


Holliston, 


2,428 


Oxford, 


. 2,380 


Springlield, 


11,766 


Hopkinton, 


2,801 


Paxton, . 


890 


Tolland, 


594 


Lexington, . 


1,894 


Petersham, . 


. 1,527 


Wales, 


711 


Lincoln, . 


632 


Phillipston, 


809 


Westfield, . 


. 4,181 


Littleton, 


991 


Princeton, 


. 1.318 


West Springfield, 


2,979 


Lowell, 


33,385 


Royalston, 


1,546 


Wilbraham, . 


. 2,127 


Maiden, 


. 3,520 


Rutland, 


. 1,223 








Marlhoro', 


2,941 


Shrewsbury, 


1.598 




51,285 


Medford, 


. 3,749 


Southboro', . 


. 1,347 






JU-lrose, . 


1.260 


Southbridge, 


2,824 


FRANKl 


.IN. 


Natick, . 


. 2,744 


Spencer, 


. 2,243 


Ashfield, . 


1.394 


Newton, . 


5,258 


Sterling, . 


1,800 


Bernardston, 


937 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



731 



Buckland, 


1,0.') 6 


Tyrinirham, . 


Charlemont, 


. 1,17.3 


Washington, 


Coleraine, 


1.785 


West Stockbridge, 


Conwav. 


. 1,8.31 


Williamstown. . 


Deerlield, 


2,421 


Windsor, 


Erving, 


441) 




Gill, 


754 




Greenfield, . 


. 2,580 




Hawlev, . 


881 


. NOKFOLK. 


Heath,' . 


803 


Bellinghani, 


Leverett, . 


948 


Braiiitrce, 


Leyden, 


716 


Brookline, 


Munroe, . 


254 


Canton, 


Montague, 


. 1,518 


Cohasset, . 


New Salem, 


1,253 


Dedliam. 


Nortlificld, . 


. 1,772 


Dorchester, 


Oi-ange, . 


1,700 


Dover, . 


Rowe, . 


659 


Foxboro', 


Shelliurnc, 


1,239 


Franklin, 


Shuteslmry, . 


912 


Mcdfield, . 


Sunderland, 


792 


Med way. 


Warwick, 


. 1,021 


Milton,' . 


Wendell, . 


920 


Needham, 


Whately, 


. 1,101 


Quincy, 
Randolph, 




30,869 


Roxbury, . 
Sharon,' 


BEEKSHI] 


RE. 


Stoughton, 


Adams, 


6.172 


Walpole, 


Alford, . 


502 


West Roxbury, (incoi 


Beeket, . 


1,223 


Weymouth, 


Boston Corner, 


73 


Wrentham, . 


Cheshire, . 


1,297 




Clarksburg, . 


384 




Dalton, 


1,029 




Egremont, . 


. 1,013 


PLYMOUTH 


Florida, . 


561 


Abington, 


Great Barrington, 


. 3,263 


Bridgewater, 


Hancock, . 


789 


Carver, 


Hinsdale, 


. 1,253 


Duxbury, 


Lanesboro', 


1,226 


East Bridgewater, . 


Lee, . 


. 3,220 


Halifax, 


Lenox, 


1,599 


Hanover, . 


Monterey, 


761 


Hanson, 


Mount Washington, 


351 


Hingiiam, 


New Ashford. 


1S6 


Hull, . 


New Marlboro', 


1,847 


Kingston, 


Otis, . 


. 1,224 


Marshfield, . 


Peru, 


519 


Middlelioro', 


Pittsfield. 


. 5,872 


North Bridgewater, 


Richmond, 


1,649 


Pemljroke, 


Sandislield, . 


907 


Plymouth, 


Savov, 


955 


Plimpton, 


Sheffield. 


. 2,769 


Rochester, 


Stockbridge, 


1.940 


Seituate, . 



821 

953 
1,713 
2.626 

899 



49,596 



1,281 
2,969 
2,516 
2,598 
1,775 
4,447 
7,968 

631 
1,880 
1.818 

966 
2.778 
2.241 
1.944 
5.017 
4,741 
18,373 
1,128 
3,594 
1,929 
851.) 
5,369 
3,037 

79,000 



5,269 
2,790 
1.186 
2,679 
2,545 

784 
1,592 
1,217 
3,980 

253 
1,591 
1,837 
5,336 
3,940 
1,388 
6,025 

927 
3,808 
2,149 



South Seituate, 


. 1,770 


Wareham, 


3,186 


West Bridgewater, 


1,447 




55,699 


BKI.STOL. 


Attleboro', 


4.200 


Berkley, 


908 


Dartmouth, 


3.868 


Digliton, 


. 1,641 


Easton, 


2.,337 


Fairhaven, 


. 4,304 


F.all River, 


11,522 


Freetown, 


. 1,015 


Manslield, 


1,789 


New Bedford, 


. 10,464 


Norton, . 


1.967 


Pawtucket, . 


. 3,753 


Raynham, 


1,541 


Reiioboth, 


. 2,103 


Seckonk, . 


2,244 


Somerset, 


. 1.166 


Swanzey, . 


1 ,554 


Taunton, 


. 10.431 


Westport, 


2,795 




76,207 


BARNSTABLE. 


Barnstable, 


4.902 


Brewster, 


. 1.526 


Chatham, 


2,440 


Dennis, 


. 3,257 


Eastham, 


845 


Falmouth, 


. 2,519 


Harwich, . 


3,258 


Orleans, 


. 1,848 


Provincetown, . 


3,157 


Sandwich, 


. 4,368 


Truro, 


2,051 


Wellfleet, . 


. 2.411 


Yarmouth, 


2,595 


Marshpee District, 


102 




35,279 


KANTUCK 


Er. 


Nantucket, 


8,452 


DUKES 




Chilmark, 


747 


Tisbury, 


. 1,803 


Edgartown, 


1,990 



4,540 



STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 



BRISTOL. 




South Kingstown, 


3,802 


Providence, . 


. 41,513 


Barrington, 


. 795 


Westerly, 


2,766 


Seituate. . 


4,582 


Bristol, 


4,616 






Smithfield, . 


. 1 1 .500 




Warren, . 


3,103 




10,430 












PROVIDENCE. 






87,528 




8,514 








Burrilville, 


3,538 


KENT. 




WASHINGTON. 




Cranston, 


4,312 


Coventry, . 


3.620 


Charlcstown, . 


994 


Cumberland, 


6,662 


East Greenwich, . 


. 2.358 


Exeter, 


1.635 


Foster, . . . . 


1 ,932 


Warwick, 


7.740 


Hopkinton, 
North Kingstown, 


2,478 
2,971 


Gloucester, 
Johnston, 


2,872 
2.937 


West Greenwich, . 


. 1,350 






Kichmond, 


1,784 


North Providence, . 


7,680 




15,068 



732 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



NEWPORT. 




Middletown, 


832 


Portsmouth, . 


. 1,833 


Jamestown, 


358 


Newport, 


. 9,563 


Tiverton, 


4,699 


Little Compton, . 


1,462 


New Shoreham, 


1,262 







20,009 



STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



HAETFORD. 




Colchester, . 


: 2,468 


vSharon. 


. 2,517 


Hartford, . . . 17,966 


East Lyme, 


1,382 


Torrington, 


1,916 


Avon, 




995 


Franklin, 


895 


Warren, 


831 


Berlin, . 






1,869 


Griswold, 


2,065 


Washington, 


1,802 


Bloomfield, 






1,413 


Groton, 


. 3,742 


Watertown, . 


. 1,5.33 


Bristol, 






2,884 


Lebanon, . 


1,901 


Winchester, 


2,179 


Burlington, 






1,161 


Ledyard, 


. 1,588 


Woodbury, . 


. 2,150 


Canton, 

East Hartford, . 






1,986 
2,497 


Tji-^bon 


937 










Lyme, . 


. 2,668 




45,287 


East Windsor, 






2,633 


MontviUe, 


1,848 






Enfield, . 






4,460 


North Stonington, 


. 1,937 


WINDHAM. 


Farmington, . 






2,630 


Preston, . 


1,805 


Brooklyn, 


1,515 


Glastenbury, 






3.390 


Salem, . 


760 


Ashford, 


. 1,296 


Gran by, 






2,498 


Stonington, 


5,434 


Canterbury, 


1,669 


Hartland, . 






848 


Waterford, . 


. 2,262 


Chaplin, 


799 


Manchester, . 






2,546 






Eastford, 


1,128 




Marlboro', 






832 




51,826 


Hampton, 


928 


New Britain, 






3,023 






Killingly, . 


4,545 


Rocky Hill, . 






1,042 


FATBFIEI 


.D. 


Plainfield, . 


. 2,730 


Simsbury, 






2,737 


Fairfield, . 


3,618 


Pomfret, . 


1,849 


SouthinKton, . 






2,135 


Dan bury, 


. 5,964 


Sterling, 


. 1,025 


South Windsor, 






1,638 


Bridgeport, 


7,558 


Thompson, 


4,638 


Suffield, . 






2,962 


Brookfield, . 


. 1,360 


Voluntown, . 


. 1,064 


Wethersfield, 






2,523 


Darion, 


1,454 


Windham, 


4,636 


Windsor, . 


3,254 


Easton, 


. 1,432 


Woodstock, . 


. 3,380 




Greenwich, 
Huntington, . 


5,040 
. 1,301 






69,922 




31,202 




Monroe, . 


1,440 






NEW HAVEN. 


New Canaan, 


. 2,601 


MIDDLESEX. 


New Haven, . . . 22,529 


New Fairfield, . 


927 


Middletown, 


8.791 


Bethany, . 




914 


Newtown, 


. 3,358 


Haddam, . 


2,284 


Bran ford. 






1,425 


Norwalk, 


4,651 


Chatham, 


. 1,531 


Cheshire, . 






1,627 


Redding, 


. 1,754 


Chester, . 


992 


Derby, . 






3,824 


Ridgefield, 


2,237 


Clinton, 


. 1,344 


East Haven, 






1,673 


Sherman, 


984 


Cromwell, 


,■ 


Guilford, 






2,650 


Stamford, 


5,004 


Durham, 


. 1,065 


Hamdcn, . 






2,168 


Stratford, 


. 2,040 


East Haddam, . 


2,610 


Madison, 






2,063 


Trumbull, 


1,313 


KiUingworth, 


1,104 


Meriden, . 






3,525 


Weston, 


. 1.063 


Portland, . 


2,905 


Middlebnry, . 






763 


Westport, 


2,649 


Saybrook, . 


. 3,848 


Milford, . 






2,465 


Wilton, 


. 2,066 


Westbrook, 


1,203 


Naugatuck, . 






1,720 














North Branford, 






1,013 




59,814 




27,677 


North Haven, 






1,328 










Orange, 






1,466 


HTCHFIE 


LD. 


TOLLAND. 


Oxford, 






1,562 


Litchfield, ' 


3,957 


Tolland, . 


1,410 


Prospect, . 






674 


Barkhamsted, 


. 1,525 


Andover, 


500 


Southbury, . 






1,484 


Bethlem, . 


815 


Bolton, . 


. 600 


Wallingford, . 






2,639 


Canaan, 


. 2,627 


Columbia, 


876 


Seymour, 






1,677 


Colebrook, 


1,316 


Coventry, 


1,98| 
. 1,355 


Waterbury, 






5,137 


Cornwall, 


. 2,041 


Ellington, . 


Wolcott, 






603 


Goshen, . 


1,457 


Hebron, . 


1,345 


Woodbridge, . 


912 


Harwinton, . 


. 1,176 


Mansfield, 


. 2,530 




Kent, 


1,848 


Sompr^ 


1,510 
. 2,941 


65,841 


New Hartford, 


. 2,663 


Stafford, 




New Milford, . 


4,508 


Union, 


729 


NEW LONDON. 


Norfolk, 


. 1,641 


Vernon, 


. 2,900 


New London, . . 9,006 


Plymouth, 


2,568 


Willington, 


1,399 


Norwich, . . . 10,261 


Ro.xbury, 


. 1,114 








Bozrah, . 






867 


Salisbury, 


3,103 




20,079 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850, 



733 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



ALBANY. 

Albany, 

Beni, 

Bcllilehem, . 

Coeymans. 

Guilderland . 

Knox, 

New Scotland, 

Rensselaerville, 

Watervliet, . 

Westerlo, 



ALLEGHANY 

Alfred, . 

Allen, . 

Almond, . 

Amity, . 

Andover, . 

Angelica, 

Belfast, . 

Binlsall, 

Bolivar, . 

Burns, . 

Caneadea, 

Ccntreville, . 

Clarksville, 

Cub.!, . 

Friendship, 

Genesee, 

Granger, . 

Grove, . 

Hume, 

Independence, 

New Hudson, 

Ossian, 

Rushford, 

Scio. 

West Almond, , 

Wirt, . 



BROOME. 



Barker, 

Chenango, 

Colcsville, 

Conklin, 

Lisle, 

Maine, . 

Nanticolic, 

Sanford, 

Triangle, 

Union, . 

Vestal, 

Windsor, 



CATTARAUGUS. 
Ashford, . 
Barton, 
Carrolton, 
Cold Spring, 
Connewango, . 
Dayton, 
Ellicoltville, 
Farmcrsville, 
Franklinville, . 



50,763 
3,441 
4,102 
3,050 
3.279 
2,021 
3,459 
3,629 

16,675 
2,860 



93,279 



2,679 
955 
1,914 
1,792 
1,476 
1,592 
1,679 
597 
712 
961 
1,477 
1,445 
668 
2,243 
1,675 
672 
1,309 
1,154 
2,159 
1,701 
1,435 
1,283 
1,806 
1,924 
976 
1,544 



Freedom, 

Great Valley 

Hinsdale, 

Humphrey, 

Leon, 

Little Valley, 

Lyndon, 

Machias, . 

Mansfield, 

Napoli, 

New Albion, 

Olean, 

Otto, . 

Perrysburg, 

Persia, . 

Portviile, . 

Randolph, . 

Rice, 

South Valley, 

Yorkshire, 



37,828 



1,456 
8,734 
3,061 
2,232 
1,680 
1,843 
576 
2,508 
1,728 
2,143 
2,054 
2,645 



CAY 

Auburn City, 

Aurelius, 

Brutus, 

Cato, . 

Conquest, 

Fleming, 

Genoa, 

Ira, 

Ledyard, . 

Locke, . 

Mentz, 

Moravia, 

Niles, 

Owasco, 

Scipio, 

Sempronius, 

Sennett, . 

Springport, 

Sterling, . 

Summer Hill 

Venice, 

Victory, 



UGA 



CHAUTAUQUE, 



30,660 



1,658 
1,037 
515 
591 
1,408 
1,448 
1,726 
1,554 
1,706 



Arkwright, 
Busti. . 
Carroll, 
Charlotte, 
Chautauque, 
Cherry Creek, 
Clymer, . 
Ellery, . 
Ellicott, . 
Ellington, 
French Creek, 
Gerry, . 
Hanover, . 
Harmony, 
Mina, " . 
Poland, 
Pomfret, . 
Portland, 
Ripley, 



1,652 
1,638 
1,302 

824 
1,340 
1,383 
1.092 
1,342 
1,057 
1,233 
1,633 

899 
2,267 
1,862 
1,954 

747 
1,606 

906 

561 
2,010 



Sheridan, 
Sherman, . 
Stockton, 
Villenova, 
Westfield, 



38,951 



9,548 

2,831 

3.046 

2,247 

1,863 

1,193 

2,503 

2,110 

2,043 

1,478 

5,239 

1,876 

2,053 

1,254 

2,135 

1,266 

2,347 

2,041 

2,808 

1.251 

2,028 

2,299 

55,459 



1,283 

1,991 

1,8.35 

1,7:8 

2,622 

1,311 

1,127 

2,104 

3,523 

2.001 

725 

1,332 

5,144 

3,749 

996 

1,174 

4,493 

1,905 

1,732 



Big Flats, 

Catharines, 

C'atlin, 

Cayuta, 

Chemung, 

Dix, .° 

Elmira, 

Erin, . 

Southport, 

Veteran, 



CHEMUNG. 



CHENANGO. 

Bainbridge, 

Columbus, 

Coventry, 

German, 

Green, 

Guilford, 

Lincklaen, 

Macdonough, 

New Berlin, 

North Norwich, 

Norwich, , 

Otselic, . 

Oxford, . 

Pharsalia, 

Pitcher, . 

Plymouth, 

Preston, . 

Sherburne, 

Smithville, 

Smyrna, 



CLINTON 

Au Sable, 
Beekmantown 
Black Brook, 
Champlain, . 
Chazy, 
Clinton, 
Ellcnburg, 
Moocrs, 
Peru, 

Plattsburg, . 
Saranac, . 
Schuyler's Falls, 



COLUMliLV, 



Ancram, . 

Austerlitz, 

Canaan, , 

Chatham, 

Claveraciv, 

Clermont, 

Copake, , 



2,172 
1,292 
1,642 
1,,536 
3,100 

50,507 



1,709 
3,070 
1,474 
1,035 
2,673 
2,953 
8,166 
1,833 
3,184 
2,698 

28,795 



3,338 
1,381 
1,677 
903 
3,763 
2,600 
1,196 
1,522 
2,562 
1,172 
.3,615 
1,800 
3,227 
1,185 
1,403 
1,551 
1,082 
2,623 
1,771 
1,940 



40,311 



4,491 
3,384 
2,525 
5,067 
4,324 
1,4,37 
1,504 
3,365 
3,640 
5,618 
2,582 
2,110 

40,047 



l,i)68 
1,873 
1.941 
3,839 
3,208 
1,130 
1,653 



734 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



GallatiD, 
GernlaIuu^\n. . 
Ghcuf, . 
Giccnport, 
HillstUile, . 
Hih1sot\ City, . 
Kinili,Tlio(>k, 
Livin;;ston, 
Now Lcbiinou, 
Stoi'kport, 
Smyvi'siint, . 
Tayhkanic, 



COUTLAXU. 



Cincinnatus, 

CortUinilville, 

Freetown, 

Hartfoid, 

Homer, 

Lapeer, 

Marathon, 

Prelile, . 

Scott, 

Solon, 

Truxton, . 

Virgil, . 

Wilict, . 

Taylor, 



DELAWARE. 



Andes, 

Bovina, 

Colchester, 

T)avenport, . 

Delhi, 

Franklin, 

Hamden, . 

Hancock, 

Harpersfield, 

Kortrifiht, 

Masonvillc, 

Meredith, 

Middlctown, 

Koxliury, 

Sidney, 

Stamford, 

Tompkins, 

Walton, 



DUTCHESS, 
Amenia, . 
Beekman, 
Clinton, . 
Dover, . 
East Fishkill, 
Fishkill, 
Hyde Park, 
La Grange, 
Milan, . 
Northeast, 
I'aulinijs, . 
Pine Plains, 
Pleasant Valley 
Poushkccpsie, 
Eedhook, . 
lihincbeck, 
Stanford, . 



1,5S6 
1,0'23 
2,29.3 
1,300 
2,123 
6,289 
3,972 
2,020 
2,300 
l,t;.i5 
1,7GG 
l,.'i40 



43,078 



1,20G 
4.203 
1.03.5 

949 
3,8.36 

822 
1,149 
1.312 
1,290 
1,1. ")0 
3,623 
2,410 

923 
1.232 



Union Vale, 
Washington, 



ERIE. 



2.'5,140 



2,672 
1,316 

2,184 
2.305 
2.909 
3.0S7 
1.919 
1,798 
1 ,604 
2,181 
1 ,5.')0 
1,634 
3,005 
2,853 
1,807 
1.708 
3.022 
2,271 



Alden, 

Amherst, 

Aurora. . 

Black Kock, 

Boston, 

Brandt, 

Bntfalo Cily, 

Chicktawaga, 

Clarence, 

Colden, 

Collins, 

Concord, 

Eden, 

Evans, . 

Hamburg, 

Holland, 

Lancaster, 

Nowstead, 

Sardinia, . 

Tonawanda, . 

Wales, . 



ESSEX 
Chesterfield, 
Crownpoint, . 
Elizabethtown, 
Essex, . 
Jay, . 
Kccne, . 
Lewis, 
Minerva, 
Moriah, . 
Ncwcomb, 
Xoith Elba, 
North Hudson, 
St. Armand, 
Schroon. 
Ticonderoga, 
West port, 
Willsboro', 
Wilmington, 



39,825 



2,229 
1,386 
1,795 
2.147 
2,610 
9.240 
2,425 
1,941 
1,764 
1,555 
1,720 
1,416 
2,226 
1.3,944 
3,263 
2,816 
2,158 



FULTON. 
Bleecker. . 
Broadalbin, 
Caroga, 
Ephratah. 
Johnstown, 
Mayfield, 
Northampton, 
Opjienheim, 
Perth, 
Stratford, 



1,552 
2.805 

58,992 



2,520 
4,153 
3,435 
7.508 
1,872 
1,028 
42,261 
3.042 
2,727 
1,344 
4.001 
3,242« 
2,494 
2,182 
5,219 
1.315 
3,794 
2.899 
1,761 
■ 2,072 
2,124 



Constable, 

Dickinson, . 

Duane, 

Fort Covington, 

Franklin, . 

Harrietstown, 

Malone, . 

Moira. . 

Wcstville, 



1,447 

1,119 

222 

2,641 

724 

181 

4.549 

1 .340 

1.301 





25,102 


(JEKESEE. 




Alabama, 


2.054 


Alexander, . 


. 1.927 


Batavia, . 


4.461 


Bergen, 


. 1.897 


Bethany, . 


1.904 


Byron. . 


. 1,566 


Darien, 


2.086 


Elba, . 


. 1.772 


Le Rov, . 


3.472 


Onkfie'ld, 


. 1,457 


Pavilion, . 


1.640 


Pembroke, 


. 2,279 


Staftbrd, . 


1 .973 



28,488 



101,093 



4,171 

2.378 

1.635 

2,351 

2,088 

798 

2,058 

586 

3,065 

277 

210 

561 

210 

2.031 

2.609 

2.352 

L932 

1,170 



GUEENE. 

Ashland, . 
Athens, 
Cairo, 
Catskill, 
Coxsackie, 
Durham, 

Greenville, . . 2, 

Hallcot. (new town, erected 
in 1851. taken from the 
town of Lexington.) 
Hunter, . . . 1 

Jewet, ... 1 

Lexington, . . . 2 
New Baltimore, . 2 

Prattsvillc, . . . 1 
Windham, . . 2 



31,148 



511 
2,474 

589 
2,080 
6,131 
2,429 
1.701 
2,315 
1.140 

801 



290 
.986 
.831 
454 
,741 
.600 
,242 



,849 
,452 
,263 
.381 

,989 
,048 



33,126 



FRANKLIN. 



Bangor, . 

Belmont, 

Bombay, . 

Brandon, 

Burke, 

Chateaugay, 



20,171 



2,160 
660 

1,963 
590 

2,777 

3,728 



HAMILTON. 

Arietta, ... 108 

Gilman, ... 101 

Hope. ... 789 

Lake Pleasant, . . 305 

Long Lake, . . Ill 

Morehouse, . . . 242 

Indian Lake and Wells, 532 

2,188 

IlERKlMEn. 

Columbia, . . 2.001 

Danube, . . . 1,730 

Fairtield, . . . 1,640 

Frankfort, . . . 3,023 

German Flats, . . 3,573 

Herkimer, . . . 2,600 

Litchfield. . . 1,676 

Little Falls, . . . 4,855 

Manheim, . . 1,902 
Newport, . . .2,126 

Norway, . . • 1,052 

Ohio, . . • 1,051 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



735 



Russia, 

Salisbury, 
Scliuyler, . 
Stark, . 
Warren, . 
Willmurt, 
Winlicld, . 



JEFFERSON. 

Adams, 

Alexandria, 

Ant\ver]5, . 

Brownville, 

Cape Vincent, 

Cliampion, 

Clayton, . 

Ellisbur^, 

Henderson, 

Hounsfield, 

Le Kay, . 

Lorraine, 

Lyme, 

Orleans, 

Pamclia, . 

Philadelphia, 

Rodman, . 

Rutland, 

Theresa, . 

Watertown, 

Wilna. . 

Worth, . 



K 



IN 



GS- 



Brooklyn, 

Busluviek, 

Elatlrush, 

Flatlands, 

Gravesend, 

New Utrecht, 

Williamsburg, 



LEWI.S 

Crop;han, . 
Denmark, 
Diana, 
Greig, . 
Harri.sburg, 
Le}den, 
Lowville, . 
Marlinsburg, 
New Bremen, 
Osceola, 
Pinekney, 
Turin. . 
Watson, . 
West Turin, 



LIVINGSTON. 

Avon. 

Caledonia, . 

Conesus, . 

Genesco, 

Groveland, 

Leicester, 

Lima, 



2,.'?43 
2,035 
1,696 
1,576 
1,756 
112 
1,481 



38,245 



3,106 
3,178 
3,665 
4,282 
3,044 
2,085 
4,191 
5,524 
2,239 
4.136 
3,654 
1,511 
2,919 
3,265 
2,528 
1,915 
1,784 
2,265 
2,342 
7,201 
2,993 
326 

68,153 



96,838 

, 3,739 

3,176 

1,155 

1 ,064 

, 2,129 

30,780 

138,881 



1,135 
2,284 

970 
1,074 
1,367 
2,253 
2,377 
2.677 
1,510 

412 
1,208 
1.826 
1,138 
3,793 

24,564 



2.809 
1.804 
1,418 
2,958 
1,724 
2,142 
2,433 



Livonia. 
Mount Morris, . 
North Dansville, 
Nund.i, 
Portage, 
Sjjarta, 
Springwatcr, 
West Sparta, . 
York, ■ . 



MADISON 
Brookfield, 
Cazeiiovia, 
De Ruvter, 
Eaton," . 
Fenner, 
Georgetown, 
Hamilton, 
Lebanon, 
Lenox, 
Madison, 
Nelson, . 
Smithtield, 
Stookliridge, 
Sullivan, 



MONIIOE. 
Brighton, 
Chili, . 
Clarkson, 
Gates, . 
Greece, 
Henrietta, 
L'ondequoit, 
Mendon, 
Ogden, 
Parma, 
Penfield, . 
Perrington, 
PIttsford, . 
Rina, . 
Rochester City, 
Rush, . 
Sweden, . 
Webster, 
Wheatland, 



MONTGOMERY 
Amsterdam, 
Canajoh.arie, 
Charleston, 
Florida, 
Glen. 
Mohawk, 
Minden, . 
Palatine, 
Root. 
St. Johnsville, 



2,627 
4,531 
4,377 
3,128 
2,478 
1,372 
2,670 
1,619 
2,785 



40,875 



3,585 
4,812 
1,931 
3,944 
1,690 
1,411 
3,599 
1,709 
7,507 
2,405 
1.965 
1,669 
2,IJSI 
4.764 



43,072 



3,117 
2.247 
4,556 
2,005 
4.219 
2.513 
2,397 
3,353 
2,598 
2.946 
3,185 
2,891 
2,061 
2,159 
36,453 
2,015 
3.623 
2,446 
2,917 



87,651 



4,128 
4,097 
2,216 
3,571 
3.043 
3,091 
4,623 
2,854 
2,736 
1,627 



31,986 



NEW YORK. 

New York City, . 515,545 

NIAGARA. 
Cambria, . . . 2,366 

Uartland, . . . 3,02S 



Lcwiston, 

Lockport, 

Newfane, . 

Niagara, 

Pendleton, 

Porter, 

Royalton, 

Somerset. 

WheatfielJ, 

Wilson, 



ONEIDA 

Annsville, 

Augusta, 

Ava, 

Boonville, 

Bridgewater, 

Canulen, 

Dcerfield, 

Florence, 

Floyd, 

Kirkland, 

Lee, 

Marcy, , 

Marshall, 

New Hartford, 

Paris, 

Remsen, 

Rome, 

Sangerfield, . 

Steuben, . 

Trenton, 

Utica City, 

Vernon, 

Verona, . 

Vienna, 

AVestern, . 

Westmoreland, 

Whitestown, 





99,566 


ONONDAGA. 


Camillus, 


3,106 


Cicero, 


. 2,980 


Clay, 


3,402 


De 'Witt, 


. 3,302 


Elbridge, . 


3,924 


Fabins, 


. 2,410 


Geddes, 


2,011 


La Fayette, . 


. 2,.533 


Lysander, 


5,8.33 


Manlius, 


. 6.298 


Marcellus, 


2,759 


Onondaga, . 


. 5,694 


Otisco, 


1,804 


Pompey, 


. 4,006 


Salina, 


2,142 


Skancateles, 


. 4,080 


Spalford, . 


1.903 


Syracuse City, 


. 22,271 


Tully, . ■ . 


1,559 


Van Burcn, . 


. 3,873 



(.)NTARIO. 
Bristol, 

Canadice, 
C'anandaigua, . 
East Blooinlicld, . 



85,889 



1,733 
1,071 
6,143 
2 262 



736 



CENSUS OF THE TOflTED STATES, 1850. 



Farmington, 


1,876 


Cherry Valle 


y, . 4,186 


Haverstraw, . 


5,885 


Gorhain, 


2,645 


Decatur, 


927 


Orangetown, . 


4,769 


Hopewell, 


1,923 


EdmestowD, 


1,885 


Ramapo, 


3,197 


Manchester, . 
Naples, 


2 940 


Exeter, 
Hartwick, 


I 526 






2i376 


2^352 




16,962 


Phelps, 


5,542 


Laurens, 


. 2,168 






Richmond, 


1,852 


Maryland, 


2,152 


ST. LAWRENCE. 


Seneca, 


8.507 


Middlefield, 


. 8.131 


Brasher, . 


2,548 


South Bristol, . 


1,129 


Milford, . 


2,227 


Canton, 


4,685 


Victor, 


2.230 


Morris, 


. 2,155 


Colton, . 


506 


WestBloomfield, . 


1,698 


New Lisbon, 


1,773 


De Kalb, 


2,389 






Oneonta, 


. 1,903 


Depeyster, 


906 




43,927 


Otego, 


1,792 


Edwards, 


1,023 






Otsego, 


. 3,901 


Fine, 


293 


ORANGE. 




Pittsfield, 


1,591 


Fowler, 


1,813 


Blooming Grove, 


2,184 


Plainfield, 


. 1,4.50 


Gouvernenr, 


2,783 


Chester, 


1,641 


Richfield, 


1,502 


Hammond, . 


. 1,819 


Cornwall, 


4,471 


Springfield, 


. 2,322 


Hermon, . 


1,690 


Crawford, . . 


1,912 


Unadiila, 


2,463 


Hopkinton, . 


1.470 


Deerpark, 


4,032 


Westford, 


. 1,423 


Lawrence, 


2,209 


Goshen, 


3,149 


Worcester, 


2,047 


Lisbon, 


5,295 


Hamptonburg, . 


1,343 






Louisville, 


2,054 


Minisink, 


4,972 




48,638 


Macomb, 


. 1,197 


Monroe, . 


4,280 






Madrid, 


4,856 


Montgomery, 


3,933 


FT 


JTNAM. 


Massena, 


2,915 


Mount Hope, . 


1,512 


Carmel, . 


2,442 


Morristown, 


2,274 


Newburg, 


11,415 


Kent, 


. 1,557 


Norfolk, ^ . 


1,753 


New Windsor, . 


2,457 


Patterson, 


1,371 


Oswegatchie, . 


7,756 


Wallkill, 


4,942 


Philipstown, 


. 5,063 


Parishville, . 


2,132 


Warwick, 


4,902 


Putnam Vail 


ey, . 1,626 


Pierrepont, 


1,459 






Southeast, 


. 2,079 


Pitcairn, 


503 




57,145 






Potsdam, . 


5,349 






ORLEANS. 
Barre, 
Carlton, 


6,437 
2,809 
1,809 
2,722 


Qi 

Flushing, 
Hempstead, 


14,148 

3EEN.S. 

5,376 
. 8,810 


Rossie, . 
Russell, . 
Stockholm, . 


1,471 
1,808 
3,661 


Clarendon, 
Gaines, 


68,617 


Jamaica, . 


4,247 






Kendall, . 
Murray, 


2,289 


North Hemps 


tcad, . 4,291 


■ SARATOGA. 




2,520 


Newtown, 


7,208 


Ballston, . 


2,269 


Ridgeway, 
Shelby, 


4,591 
3,082 


Oysterbay, . 


. 6,900 


Charlton, 
Clifrnn Pirk 


1.902 
2,868 
1,501 


Yates, 


2,242 


REN- 


36,832 
3SELAER. 


w 1 1 1 iiV.' 11 .1. thirst ■ > 

Corinth, 

Day, 

Edinburg, 




28,.501 


1.045 
1,336 


OSWEGO. 




Berlin, . 


2.005 


Galway, . 


2,1.58 


Albion, 


2.010 


Brunswick, . 


. 3,146 


Greenfield, . 


2,890 


Amboy, 


1,132 


Grafton, . 


2,033 


Hadley, . 


1.003 


Boylestown, 


661 


Greenbush, 


. 4,945 


Halfmoon, 


2,788 


Constantia, . 


2,495 


Hoosick, . 


3,724 


Malta, 


1,349 


Granby, . 


3,368 


Lansingburg, 


. 5,752 


Milton, 


4,220 


Hannibal, 


2,857 


Nassau, 


3,261 


Moreau, . 


1,834 


Hastings, . 


2,920 


Petersburg, . 


. 1,908 


Northumberland, 


1,775 


Mexico, 


4,221 


Pittstown, 


3,732 


Providence, 


1,458 


New Haven, 


2,015 


Poestenkill, 


. 2,092 


Saratoga, 


3.492 


Orwell, 


1,106 


Sandlake, 


2,558 


Saratoga Springs, . 


4,650 


Oswego, . 


2,445 


Schaghticokc, 


. 3,290 


Stillwater, 


2,967 


Oswego City, 


1 2,205 


Schodack, 


3,510 


Waterford, 


2,683 


Palermo. . 


2,053 


Stephentown, 


. 2,622 


Wilton, 


1,458 


Parish, 


1,799 


Troy City, 


28,735 








Rcdfield, . 
Richland, 


752 
4.079 








45 646 




73,363 






Sandy Creek, . 


2,456 










Sliroeppel and Phcenix, 


3,258 


RIC 


HMOND. 


SCHOHARIE. 




Scriba, 


3.738 


Castleton, 


5.389 


Blenheim, 


1.314 


Fulton and Volney, 


5,310 


Northfield, . 


. 4,020 


Broome, 


2,268 


West Monroe, . 


1,197 


Southfield, 


2,710 


Carlisle, . 


1,817 


Williamstown, 


1,121 


Westfield, . 


. 2,943 


Cobleskill, . 

Conesville, 

Esperance, 


2,229 
1,582 
1.428 




62,198 




15,062 


OTSEGO. 








Fulton, 


2,566 


Burlington, 


1,835 


ROC 


KLAND. 


Gilboa, 


3,024 


Battcrnats, . 


1,927 


Clarkstown, 


3,111 


Jetferson, 


1,748 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



737 



Middlebnrg, . 


. 2,967 


Huntington, 


7,481 


WARREN. 


Richmondville, 


1,666 


Islip, . 


. 2,602 


Athol, 


1,590 


Schoharie, 


. 2,588 


Riverhead, 


2,540 


Bolton, 


. 1,147 


Seward, . 


2,203 


Shelter Island, 


386 


Caldwell, 


752 


Sharon, 


. 2.632 


Smithtown, 


1,972 


Chester, 


. 1,850 


Summit, . 


1,800 


Southampton, 


. 6,501 


Hague, 


717 


Wright, . . 


. 1.716 


Southold, 


4,723 


Horicon, 

Johnsburg, 

Luzerne, 


. 1,152 
1 .503 
1,300 




33,548 




36,922 










Queensbnry, 


5,313 


SCHFNECTADY. 


SULLIVAN. 


Warrensburg, 


. 1.874 


Duanesburg, . 


3,464 


Bethel, 


2,087 
. 1,671 

1,981 

. 2,626 

715 

. 2,612 

2,635 
. 4,107 

2,281 
. 1,175 

3,198 








Glenville, 
Niskayuna, 
Prineetown, . 
Kotterdam, 
Schenectady City, 


. 3,409 
783 

. 1,031 
2,446 
8,921 


Cochccton, . 

Collikoon, 

Fallsburg, 

Forrestburg, 

Liberty, 

Lumberland, 

Mamakating, 

Ncvcrsink, 

Rockland, . 

Thompson, 


WASHING! 

Argyle, . 
Cambridge, . 
Dresden, . 
Easton, 
Fort Ann, 
Fort Edward. 
Granville, 
Greenwich, . 
Hampton. 


17,198 

roN. 

3,274 

. 2,593 

674 

. 3,225 

3,383 
. 2,328 

3,434 
. 3,803 


SENECA 
Covert, . 
Fayette, 


20,054 

2,253 

. 3.786 

1,516 


Junius, 


25,088 


89'.1 


Lodi, 


. 2,269 




Hartford, 


. 2,051 


Ovid, 


2,258 






Hebron, . 


2,548 


Romulus, 


. 2,040 


TIOGA 




Jackson, 


. 2,129 


Seneca Falls, . 


4.296 


Barton, 


3,522 


Kingsbury. 


3,032 


Tyre, . 


. 1.356 


Berkshire. 


. 1,049 


Putnam, 


753 


Varick, . 


1,872 


Candor, 


3,4.33 


Salem, 


2,904 


Waterloo, . 


. 3,795 


Newark, 


. 1,983 


White Creek, 


. 2,994 






Nichols, . 


1,905 


Whitehall 


4,726 




25,441 


Owego, 
Richford, 


. 7,159 
1,208 


»• 4J& bV'AKAAl^ • 




44,750 


STEUBEI 


<. 


Spencer, 


. 1,782 






Addison, . 


3,721 


Tioga, . . 


2,839 


WAYNE 




Avoca, . 


1,574 






Arcadia, . 


5,145 


Bath, 


6,185 




24,880 


Butler, . 


. 2,272 


Bradford, 


. 2,010 






Galen, 


4,609 


Cameron, 


1,701 


TOMPKI! 


MS. 


Huron, . 


. 1,966 


Campbell, 


. 1,175 


Caroline, ■ 


2,537 


Lyons, 


4,925 


Canisteo, . 


2,030 


Danby, 


2,411 


Macedon, 


. 2,384 


Caton, . 


. 1,214 


Dryden, . 


5,122 


Marion, 


1,839 


Cohocton, 


1,993 


Enfield, 


. 2,117 


Ontario, 


. 2.246 


Dansville, . 


. 2,545 


Groton, . 


3,343 


Palmyra, . 


3,893 


Erwin, 


1,435 


Hector, 


. 6,054 


Rose," . 


. 2.264 


Greenwood, . 


. 1,185 


Ithaca, 


6.909 


Savannah. 


1.700 


Hartsville, 


854 


Lansing, 


. 3.318 


Sodus, . 


. 4.598 


Hornby, 


. 1,314 


Newfield, 


3,816 


Walworth, 


1,981 


Hornelsville, . 


2,637 


Ulysses, 


. 3,122 


Williamson, . 


. 2,380 


Howard, 


. 3,244 






Wolcott, . 


2,751 


Jasper, 


1,749 




38,749 






Lindley, 


686 








44,953 


Orange, 


2,055 


ULSTEI 


> 






Painted Post, 


. 4,372 


Denning, 


447 


WESTCHES 


TEI!. 


Prattsburg, 


2,786 


EsojJus, 


. 2,900 


Bedford, . 


3,207 


Pultney, 


. 1,815 


Hurley, . 


2.003 


Cortland, 


. 7.758 


Reading, . 


1,4.34 


Kingston, 


. 10,236 


Eastchester, 


1,679 


Thurston, 


726 


Lloyd, . 


2,035 


Greenburgh, . 


. 4,291 


Troupsburg, 


1,754 


Marbletown, 


. 3,839 


Harrison, . 


1,262 


Tyrone, 


. 1,894 


Marlboro', 


2,405 


Lewisboro', . 


. 1,609 


Urbana, . 


2,079 


New Paltz, . 


. 2,729 


Mamaroneck. . 


928 


Wayland, 


. 2,067 


Olive. 


2.710 


Mount Pleasant, . 


. 3,32;t 


Wayne, 


1,347 


Plattekill, . 


. 1,998 


Newcastle, 


1,800 


West Union, 


9.50 


Rochester, 


3,174 


New Rorhelle. 


. 2,458 


Wheeler, . 


1,471 


Rosendale, . 


. 2.418 


North Castle, . 


2,189 


Woodhull, . 


1,769 


Saugerties, 


8,041 


North Salem, 


. 1,335 






Shandaken, . 


. 2,307 


Ossinsing, 


4,939 




63,771 


Shawangunk, . 


4,036 


Pelham. 


577 






Wawarsing, . 


. 6,459 


Poundridge, 


1,486 


SUFFOLl 


£. 


Woodstock, 


1,650 


Rye, . 


. 2,SS4 


Brookhaven, 


8,595 






Scarsdale, 


343 


Easthampton, 


. 2,122 




59,387 


Somers, 


. 1,728 



93 



738 



COXTNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c^ 



Westchester, 
West Farms, 
White Plains, 
Yonkers, 
Yorktown, 



YATES. 



Barrington, 
Benton, 
Italy, 
Jerusalem, 



2,492 


Middlesex, 


1,385 


Eagle, . . 


4,436 


Milo, . 


. 4,791 


Gainsville, 


1.414 


Potter, 


2,194 


Genesee Falls, 


4,160 


Starkey, 


. 2,675 


Java, 


2,273 






Middlebury, . 








20,590 


Orange ville, 




58,264 






Perry, . 




WYOMING. 




Pike, 




Attica, 


2,363 


Sheldon, 


1.550 


Bennington, 


. 2,406 


Warsaw, . 


3,456 


Castile, . 


2,446 


Wethersfield, 


1,627 


China, . 


. 1,951 




2,912 


Covington, 


1,385 





1,381 
1,760 
1,322 
2,245 
1,799 
1,438 
2,832 
2.003 
2,527 
2,624 
1,489 

31,981 



STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 



ATLANTIC 




Union, 


1,095 


Lambertville, 


1,417 


Galloway, 


■ 2,307 


Washington, 


. 2,114 


Lebanon, ... 


2,127 


Great Egg Harbor, 


. 2,688 


Waterford, 


1,638 


Raritan, 


3.066 


Hamilton, 


2,015 


Winslow, 


. 1,540 


Readington, 


2,836 


MuUica, 
Weymouth, 


918 
1,032 






Tewksbury, . 


2 300 




25,422 
















28,981 








8,960 


CUMBERLAND. 










Bridgeton, 


2,446 


HUDSON. 




BERGEN. 




Cohansey, 


. 1,034 


Bergen, . 


2,758 


Franklin, . 


1,741 


Deerfield, 


927 


Harrison, 


1,344 


Hackensack, 


. 3,486 


Downe, 


. 2,341 


Hoboken, 


2,668 


Harrington, 


1,195 


Fairfield, . 


2,133 


Jersey City, 


6,856 


Hohokus, 


. 2,271 


Greenwich, . 


. 1,158 


North Bergen, . 


3,576 


Lodi, 


1,113 


Hopewell, 


1,480 


Van Vorst, . 


4,617 


New Barbadoes, . 


. 2,258 


Maurice River, 


. 2,245 








Saddle River, . 


816 


MillviUe, . 


2,332 




21,819 


Washington, 


. 1,804 


Stow Creek, 


. 1,093 


MgRCER. 














14,684 




17,189 


East Windsor, 
Ewing, . 


2,596 

1,480 


BURLINGTON. 


ESSE3 




Hamilton, 


2,807 


Bnrlington, 


863 


Belleville, 


3,513 


Hopewell, 


3,696 


Burlington City, . 


. 4,536 


Bloomfield, 


. 3,385 


Lawrence, 


1,835 


Chesterfield, 


4,514 


Caldwell, . 


2,376 


Nottingham, 


4,489 


Chester, 


. 3,598 


Clinton, 


. 2,508 


Princeton, 


3,021 


Evesham, 


3,067 


Elizabeth, 


5,583 


Trenton, 


6,466 


Little Egg Harbor, 


. 2,020 


Livingston, . 


. 1.151 


West Windsor, 


1,596 


Mansfield, 


2,953 


Newark City, . 


38,893 








Medford, 


. 3,022 


New Providence, 


. 1,216 




27,986 


New Hanover, 


2,245 


Orange, . 


4,385 






Northampton, 


. 3,035 


Plainfield, . 


. 2,446 


MIDDLESEX. 




Pemberton, 


6,866 


Rahway, . 


3,306 


Monroe, . 


3,001 


Southampton, 


. 3,545 


Springfield, . 


. 1,945 


North Brunswick . 


10,008 


Springfield, 


1,827 


Union, 


1,662 


Perth Amboy, . 


1,865 


Washington, 


. 2,009 


Westtield, . 


. 1,575 


Piscataway, . 


2,975 


Westhampton, . 


1,507 






South Am"boy, 


2,266 




Willingboro', 


. 1,596 




73,944 


South Brunswick, 
Woodbridge, 


3,368 
5 141 










43,203 


GLOUCES 


TER. 














Deptford, 


3,355 




28,624 


CAPE MAY 




Franklin, 


. 2,984 






Dennis, . 


1,604 


Greenwich, 


3,067 


MONMOUTH. 




Lower, . 


. 1,604 


Harrison, 


. 1,984 


Atlantic . 


1,493 


Middle, . 


1,884 


Woolwich, 


3,265 


Freehold, 


2,633 


Upper, . 


. 1,341 






Howell, . 


4,058 








14,655 


Manalopan, . 


1,902 








6,433 






Marlboro', 


1,554 






HUNTER 


DON. 


Middletown, 


3,245 


CAMDEN 




Alexandria, 


3,811 


Millstone, 


1,675 


Camden City, . 


9,479 


Amwell, 


. 2,505 


Ocean, . 


3,767 


Delaware, 


. 2,577 


Bethlehem, 


2,746 


Raritan, . 


4,165 


Gloucester, 


2,371 


Clinton, 


. 2,368 


Shrewsbury, 


3,180 


Gloucester City, . 
Haddonfield, . 


. 2,188 
844 


Delaware, 
Franklin, 


2,554 
. 1,452 


Upper Freehold, 


2,566 






NewtOD, 


. 1,576 


Kingwood, 


1,799 




30,238 



CENSUS OP THE XJNITED STATES, 1850. 



739 



MORRIS 

Chatham, 

Chester, 

Hanover, . 

Jefiorson, 

Wendham, 

Morris, 

Peqiiannock, 

Randolph, 

Rockaway, 

Roxljury, 

Washington, 



OCEAN. 



Brick, 
Dover, . 
Jackson, . 
Plumstead, 
Stafford, . 
Union, . 



PASSAIC. 
Acqnackanonck, 

Manciiester, . 
Paterson, . 
Pompton, 
Wayne, 



2,469 
1,334 
3,608 
1,358 
1,720 
4,992 
4,116 
2,632 
3,139 
2,269 
2,502 

30,139 



1,558 
2,385 
1 ,333 
1,613 
1,384 
1,759 

10,032 



2,925 
2,781 
II, .338 
1,720 
1,164 



West Milford, 



SALEM. 
Elsinboro', 
L. Alloway's Creek, 
L. Penn's Neck, 
Mannington, 
Pilesgrove, 
Pittsgrove, 
Salem, 

U. Alloway's Creek, 
U. Peim's Neck, 
U. Pittsgrove, 



SOMERSET. 
Bedmin.ster, 
Bernard's, 
Branchhurg, 
Bridgewater, 
Franklin, . 
Hillsboro', 
Montgomery, . 
Warren, 



SUSSEX. 



Byram, 



2,624 



22,552 



655 
1 ,423 
1,429 
2,187 
2,962 
1,151 
3,052 
2,530 
2,422 
1,656 

19,467 

1,814 
2,263 
1,137 
4,070 
3,062 
3,404 
1,763 
2,148 

19,661 



1,340 



Frankford, . 


. 1,941 


Greene, 


823 


Hardiston, . 


. 1,344 


Lafayette, 


928 


Montague, . 


. 1,009 


Newton, . 


3,279 


Sandiston, 


. 1,327 


Sparta, 


1,919 


Stillwater, . 


. 1,742 


Vernon, . 


2,619 


Walpack, . 


783 


Wantage, 


3,934 




22,988 


WARREN. 




Bclvidere, 


1,001 


Blairstown, . 


1,405 


Franklin, 


1,564 


Frelinghuyscn, 


. 1,277 


Greenwich, 


3,726 


Hardwick. 


727 


Harmony, 


1,564 


Hope, . 


. 1.755 


Independence, . 


2,631 


Knowlton, 


. 1,356 


Mansfield, 


1,615 


Oxford, 


. 1,718 


Pahaquary, 


460 


Washington, 


. 1,567 



22,336 



STATE OF OHIO.* 



ADAMS. 



Green, 
Monroe, 

Sprig, 

Liberty, 

Tiffin, 

West Union, 

Winchester, 

Wayne, 

Jefferson, 

Scott, . 

Franklin, . 

Meigs, 



ALLEN 
Lima, 
Monroe, 
Richland, 
Spencer, 
Amanda, . 
Shawnee, 
Sugar Creek, 
German, 
Perry, 
Augiaizc, 
Bath, 
Jackson, 
Marion, 
Section Ten, 



ASHLAND. 



Jackson, . 



1,520 
1,191 
3,160 
1,498 
1,523 
462 
1,693 
1,682 
1,543 
1,270 
1,963 
1,438 

18,943 



757 

924 

990 

336 

588 

756 

756 

1,008 

923 

1,.344 

1,512 

1,176 

672 

374 

12,116 



1,533 



Raggles, 


. 1,085 


Conneant, 


. 1.877 


Sullivan, . 


1,101 


Conneaut, . 


817 


Troy, 


849 


Monroe. 


. 1,587 


Orange, . 


1,826 


Sheffield, . 


845 


Vermillion, . 


. 2,459 


Kingsville, . 


1,494 


Montgomery, . 


1,928 


Plymouth, 


753 


Ashland, 


. 1.264 


Saybrook, 


1,374 


Mohican, . 


1,775 


Denm.ark, 


241 


Milton, 


. 1,432 


Pierpoint, 


999 


Clear Creek, . 


1,205 


Richmond, 


706 


Perry, . 


. 1,789 


Andover, 


963 


Greene, 


1,904 


Williamsfield, . 


982 


Mifflin, 


891 


Wayne, 


899 


Lake, 


883 


Geneva, . 


1,358 


Hanover, 


. 1,902 














28,767 




23,826 








ATHE> 


rs. 


ASHTABUl 


LA. 


Lee, . 


961 


Jefferson, . 


625 


Waterloo, 


. 1,016 


Jefferson, 


439 


Trimble, . 


924 


Austinhurg, 


1,285 


York. . 


. 1,391 


Harpcrsfield, 


. 1,279 


Athens, 


1,463 


Trumbull, 


805 


Athens, 


898 


Lenox, . 


731 


Canaan, . 


.* 1,142 


Morgan, . 


888 


Alexander, . 


. 1,735 


Hartsgrove, . 


650 


Troy, 


1,421 


Rome, 


744 


Carthage, 


. 1,087 


Orwell, 


825 


Rome, 


1,309 


Windsor, . 


1,033 


Bern, . 


819 


Dorset, 


236 


Ames, 


1,483 


New Line, 


628 


Dover, . 


. 1,233 


Colebrook, 


688 


Lodi, 


1,,336 


Cherry Valley, 


839 








Ashtabula, . 


. 1,3.56 




18,217 


Ashtabula, 


821 







* Th« places in italics are incorporated towns. 



740 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



AUGLAIZE. 




Green, . 


632 


CHAMPAIGW. 


Goshen, ... 336 


Benton, 


37 


Goshen, . 


1,260 


Wayne, 


672 


Eagle, . 


. 1,134 


Mechanicsbwrg, ■ 


682 


Union, 






1,008 


Fijicastle, . 


145 


Rush, 


893 


Clav. . 






840 


Washington, 


987 


Lewishurq, 


302 


Pusheta, . 






1,008 


Sardinia, . 


198 


Woodstock, 


205 


Duchoiiquet, 






905 


Franklin, 


. 1,107 


Union, . 


. 1,946 


Wap<tkoneta, 






504 


Amheim, . 


61 


Salem, 


1,635 


Logan, . 






336 


Sterling, 


981 


Mad River, . 


. 1,868 


Irprmii n 






1 470 






Urbana, . 
Urhana, 


1,394 
. 2,020 


VTCi iiiall, . • 

Minster, 






428 




27,334 


New Bremen, . 






344 






Jackson, . 


1,735 


St. Mary's, . 






693 


BUTLEE. 


Johnson, 


. 1,573 


Si. Mary's, 






874 


Fairfield, . 


2,771 
. 3,207 

2,173 
. 1,501 

2,242 
. 1,502 


Adams, 


1,123 


Washington, 
Noble, . 
Salem, . 
Kossuth, 






688 
309 
400 
76 
450 


Hamilton, 
Union, 
Liberty, 
Madison, . 
Wayne, 


Concord, 
Harrison, . 
Wayne, 


. 1,010 

968 

. 1,429 


Moulton, 




19,743 


11,341 


St. Clair, . 
Hanover, 


2,602 
. 1,493 


CLERMONT. 


BELMONT. 


Reilv, 
Milford 


1,716 
. 2,068 

2,007 
. 1,134 

1,706 
. 1,648 

1,722 

. 1,092 

210 


Batavia, . 
Williamsburg, 


2,789 
. 1,885 


Richland, 


4,366 


Oxford, . 


Tate, 


2,901 


Flushing, 

Pease, 

Pultney, 

Smith, 

Washington, 

Mead, 

Warren, 






1,811 
3,517 
2,260 
1,797 
1,5.34 
1,634 
1,914 
820 
2,104 


Oxford' 
Morgan, . 
Ross, . 
Lemon, 
Middletoum, . 
Monroe, 


Franklin, 
Oliio, 
Union, . 
Monroe, . 
Washington, 
Jackson, . 
Goshen, 
Miami, 
Stone Lick, . 


. 3,061 
4,474 

. 1,800 
1,897 

. 2,540 
1.241 

. 1,937 


Barnesville, 
Somerset, 


30,794 


2,690 

. 1,840 


Somerton, . 
Goshen 






192 

1,862 

155 


CARKO 


LL. 


Wayne, . 


1,394 


Belmont, . 






Centre, 


1,189 




30,449 


Union, . 






1,873 


Union, . 


805 






Morristotvn, 






455 


Monroe, . 


1,117 


CLINT< 


3N. 


Wheeling, 






1,217 


Orange, 


. 1,577 


Richland, 


1,975 


Shepardstown, . 






90 


Perry, 


1,277 


Union, . 


. 2,320 


Uniontown, . 






194 


Loudon, 


840 


Wilmington, 


1,238 


Colerain. . 






1,321 


Lee, 


1,220 


Wayne, 


. 1,435 


Fannington, . 






45 


Washington, 


. 1,020 


Adams, . 


869 


York, 






1,312 


Harrison, . 


1.268 


Vernon, 


. 1,468 


Wayne, 






1,918 


Augusta, 


. 1,297 


Marion, . 


995 


Kirkwood, 


2,208 


East, 


987 


Jefferson, 


810 




Fox, . 


. 1,452 


Clark, 


1,653 


34,599 


Brown, 


2,099 


Washington, 


. 1,215 




Rose, . 


. 1,537 


Chester, . 


1,600 


BEOWN. 






Liberty, 


. 1,232 






Union, . . . 2,424 




17,685 


Green, 


2,026 


JjevoTUl 


]7i 










Ripley, 




1,780 


CLAKI 


£. 




18,837 


Byrd, . 




2,085 


Green, 


1,275 






Russellville, 






386 


Mad River, . 


. 1,493 


COLCMBI 


ANA. 


Decatur, 






171 


Enon, 


294 


Unity, 


2,095 


Huntington, 






1,877 


Bethel, 


. 1,748 


Fail-field, 


. 2,385 


Aberdeen, 






807 


Donnetsville, 


196 


Salem, 


1,960 


Lewis, 






1,998 


New Carlisle, 


634 


Perry, . 


. 2,371 


Feesburg, ^ 






186 


Midway, , 


69 


Knox, 


2,155 


Higginsport, 






536 


Pike, . 


. 1.317 


Butler, . 


. 1,682 


Jackson, 






1,150 


Northampton, . 


147 


Centre, . 


2,818 


Carlisle, . 






112 


Madison, 


947 


Hanover, 


. 2,859 


Pleasant, 






1,457 


Selma, 


47 


West, 


2,110 


Georgetown, 






617 


South Charleston, 


414 


Liverpool, 


729 


Perrj-, . . 






2,465 


German, . 


1,912 


Liverpool, 


835 


r ayelteville. 






318 


Harmony, 


. 1,804 


Washington, 
Salineviile, 


963 


Scott, . 






930 


Springfield, 


2,206 


237 


New Hope, 






106 


Springjield, . 


. 5,108 


Yellow Creek, 


853 


Clark, . . 






1,282 


Moreiield, 


1,214 


WdlsmUe, 


1,549 


Hamersville, 






131 


Pleasant, 


. 1,349 


Middleton, 


. 1,436 


Brownsville 






38 






Clarkson, . 
Elk Run, . 


91 
. 1,559 


Pike, 






1,022 




.22,174 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



741 



St. Clair, . 


1,115 


Dover, 


1,112 


ERIE. 




Calcntta, 


147 


Rock port, 


. 1,441 


Perkins, . 


1,217 


FredfTi'cktown, . 


99 


Brooklyn, | 
(Ohio Citi/,) ( • 


6,375 


Milan, . 


. 2,697 


Franklin, 


. 1.16^ 


Portland, ) 
( Sandiishy Citi/,) \ 


. 5,088 


Wayne, 


9T4 


Parma, 


. 1,329 


Madison, • 


. 1,405 






Margaretta. 
Huron, 


1,.537 
. 1,397 




48,105 










33,601 






Kellev's Island, 


186 






DAEKE 




Oxford, 


984 


COSHOCTON. 


Butler, 


1,446 


Groton, 


884 


Perry, 


1,.340 


Twin, . 


. 1,400 


Berlin. . 


. 1,582 


Washington, 


996 


Monroe, . 


918 


Vermillion, 


1,515 


Pike, 


1,079 


Washington, 


. 1 .250 


Florence, 


1,491 


New Castle, 
Bedford, . 


1.227 


Greenville, 
Greenville, 


2,372 
. 1,044 






. ' \~22\ 




18,578 


Tiverton, 


842 


German, . 


1„502 






Vir;;inia, . 


1,227 


Harrison, 


. 1,705 


FAIRFIELD 




Linton, 


. 1,375 


Adams, . 


1,416 


Aubnm, . 


626 


Jacohaport^ 


219 


Neave, 


888 


Madison, 


1,164 


Adams, 


. 1,419 


Wayne, . 


1,162 


Bern, 


2,6.56 


While Eve, 


1,132 


Franklin, 


551 


Violet. . 


. 2,060 


Mill Creek, . 


872 


Mississenawa, . 


378 


Piekerinqton, 


180 


La Fayette, 


1,040 


Patterson, 


319 


Canal \Vinrhcstcr. 


274 


Oxford, 


. 1,113 


Wabash, . 


309 


Liberty, . 


2,209 


Tuscarawas, 


741 


Allen, . 


290 


Baltimore, 


492 


Cosh(Kton. 


850 


Jackson, . 


566 


Basil. 


200 


Bethlehem, 


822 


York, . 


499 


Walnut, 


. 1,795 


Franklin, 


966 


Richland, 


798 


Millersport, 


126 


Keene, 


1,079 


Brown, 


684 


New Salem, . 


210 


Crawford, 


. 1,552 


Van Buren, 


780 


Bloom, 


1,904 


Monroe, . 


760 






Lithopolif;, 


386 


Jefferson, 


929 




20,277 


Amanda, . 


1,536 


Jackson, . 


2,037 






Roijalton, 


252 


Clark, 


833 


DEFIANC 


K 


Greenfield, 


2.113 






Defiance, . 
Defiance, 


391 


Hocking, 
Richland, 


. 1 ,846 
1,777 




25,671 


890 


1 


, 


Highland, 


365 


Pleasant, 


. 2.011 


CRAWrO 


RD. 


Richland, 


702 


Lancaster, 


3,483 


Lykens, . 


1,185 


Adams, 


432 


Oakland, 


133 


Holmes, 


. 1,239 


Noble, 


389 


Clear Creek, . 


1,606 


Auburn, . 


951 


Brnnersbnrq, 


169 


Rush Creek, . 


. 1,218 


Vei'nyn, 


. 1,276 


Tiffin, . ' . 


544 








Jackson, . 


1,711 


Evansport, 


165 




30,257 


Polk, . 


. 1,318 


Delaware, 


445 






Sandusky, 


822 


Washington, . 


428 


FAYETTE. 




Lihcrty, 


. 1,782 


Farmer, 


894 


Madison, 


864 


Bucyrus, . 


2,315 


Milford, . 


645 


Marion, . 


842 


Cranberry, 


. 1,042 


Hicksville, . 


.507 


Paint, 


. 1,2.53 


Chatfield, 


1,351 






Jcfterson, . 


1,872 


Texas, 


544 




6,966 


Union, 


. 1,821 


Todd, 


578 






Wa.'ihington, 


569 


Dallas, 


406 


DELAWA 


RE. 


Wayne, 


. 1 .253 


Whetstone, 


1,657 


Radnor, . 


1,204 


Perry, 


1,088 






Thompson, . 
Marlboro', 


732 


Green, . 


951 




18,177 


587 


Bnena Vista, 


107 






Berkshire 


. 1,555 


Concord, 


836 


CUTAHO 


GA. 


Genoa, 


1,369 


Staunton, . 


87 


Cleveland, 


17,041 


Harlem, 


. 1,182 


Jasjjer, . 


. 1.193 


East Cleveland, . 


. 2.343 


Trenton, . 


1,238 








Newburfjh, 


1,542 


Delaware, 


. 1,247 




12,736 


Mayfield, 
Warrensville, . 


. 1,117 


Deltiware, 


2,075 






1,409 


Liberty, 


. 1,051 


FULTON. 




Orange, 


. 1,063 


Orange, . 


1,150 


Chesterfied, 


538 


Euclid, . 


1,447 


Berlin, 


. 1,151 


Dover, . 


.331 


Solon, . 


. 1,033 


Concord, . 


1.369 


Royalton, 


570 


Chagrin Falls, . 


1.250 


Scioto, . 


. 1,126 


Aniboy, 


460 


Bedford, 


. 1.854 


Trov, 


976 


Pike, ■ . . . 


485 


Independence, . 
Brecksville, . 


1,485 


Oxford, 


828 


Fulton, 


625 


. 1,116 


Brown 


1,176 


Swan Creek, . 


621 


Royalton, 


1,253 


Porter, 


. 1,037 


York, . 


784 


Strongsville, . 


. 1,199 


Kingston, 


761 


Clinton, . 
Franklin, 
Gorham, . 


708 
720 


Middlcburg, 
Olmstead, 


1,490 
. 1,216 




21,814 


906 



742 


CENSUS OF THE iJNITE 


German, 


982 


Middlefield, . 
Thompson, . 








7,780 


Troy, 
Auburn, 


FKANKLIN. 


Chester. . 


Columbus, 


17,867 


Bainbridge, . 


Montgomery, 


. 1,326 


Huntsburg, 


Truro, 


l,.-i89 


Russell, 


Rei/noldAburg, 


r)64 


Parkman, 


Franklin, 


1,852 


Montville, . 


Sharon, 


. 1,008 




Wortlunijlon, 


. • 501 




Blendon, 


. 1,303 




Plain, 


1,393 


GUERNSEY. 


New Albany, 


168 


Adams, 


Perry, 


1,169 


Madison. . 


Clinton, 


. 1,186 


Wheeling, . 


Washington, 


996 


Liberty, 


Dublin, . 


274 


Jefferson, 


Norwich, . 


1,053 


Monroe, 


Brown, 


681 


Washington, 


Prairie, 


1,043 


Londonderry, . 


Jack.^on, 


. 1,550 


Knox, . 


Pleasant, . 


968 


Westland, 


Uarrishurg, . 


103 


Beaver, 


Hamilton, . 


1,485 


Williamsburg^ 


Madison, 


. 1,997 


Millwood, 


Groveport, . 


483 


Millwood, 


Mifflin, . 


. 1,095 


Oxford, 


Jefferson, . 


1,236 


Fairview. 
MIddtetown, . 
Wills, 




42,880 






Wushin(fton, . 


GALLIj 


i. 


Elizabelhtown, . 


Ohio, 


504 


Richland, 


Guyan, 


560 


Senecaville, 


Huntington, 


1,308 


Seneca, 


Morgan, 


. 1,128 


Mt. Ephraim, 


Raccoon, . 


1,474 


Buffalo, 


Springfield, . 


. 1,230 


Point Pleasant, 


Cheshire, . 


1,410 


Hartford, 


Gallipolis, 


542 


Jackson, 


Gallipolis, 


1,686 


Centre, 


Addison, 


924 


Cambridge, 


Green, 


1,276 


Cambridge, 


Perry, . 


. 1,208 


Spencer, 


Greenfield, 


952 


Cumberland, . 


Walnut, 


905 


Wright, . , . 


Clay, 


949 


New Gotlengen, 


Harrison, 


. 1,008 






17,064 




GEEias 

Sugar Creek, . 
Xenia, ) 
Xenia, ] 
Beaver Creek, . 


E. 

3,082 

. 7,0J6 

2.063 


UANCOCK, 
Findlay, . 

Findlay, 

Allen, 

Washington, 

Cass, 

Big Lick, 

Amanda, . 

Marion, 


Bath, . 
Miami, 

Clifton, . 
Ross, 


. 2,079 

1,613 

252 

1.367 


Silver Creek, 


. 2,565 


Orange, 
Van Buren, . 
Union, 


Cicsar Creek, . 


1,870 








21,947 


Portage, 
Blancliard, 


GEAUG 


A. 


Pleasant, 


Chardun, . 


1,622 


Liberty, . 


Hambden, 


919 


Delaware, 


Munson, . 


1,194 


Jackson, . 


Newbury, 


. 1,253 


Eagle, . 


Burton, . 


1.0B4 


Madisou, . 


Claridon, 


. 1,006 





918 
1,211 
1,163 
1,182 
1,103 
1,013 
1,007 
■ 1,083 
1,383 
702 

17,823 



865 

1,524 

1,159 

1,004 

857 

1,086 

972 

1,551 

755 

1.126 

li785 

207 

1,409 

216 

1,496 

444 

267 

1,326 

757 

136 

981 

457 

1,291 

121 

834 

105 

113 

1,191 

1,067 

1,448 

1,041 

1,418 

431 

978 

54 



30,472 



776 

1,258 
870 

1,222 
621 

1,008 

1,162 
904 
724 
536 

1,1.50 
614 

1.051 
522 
874 

1,035 
830 
9.50 
667 

16,774 



HAMILTON 

Cincinnati, . 
Fulton, 
.Spencer, 
Columbia, 
Anderson, 
Mill Creek, 
Storrs, 
Green, 
Delhi, 
Sycamore, 
Symmes, 
Coleraiu, 
Miami, 
Whitewater, 
Crosby, 
Harrison, . 
Springfield, 



UAKDIN 




Pleasant, . 


1,059 


Kenton, . 


. 1.065 


Dudley, . 


529 


Hale, . 


428 


Taylor Creek, . 


531 


Goshen. 


590 


Blanchard, 


252 


Buck, . 


462 


Jackson, . 


530 


Washington, 


391 


Liberty, . 


422 


McDonald, . 


582 


Marion, . 


368 


Huntersville, . 


84 


Cessna, . • . 


303 


Roundhead, . 


520 


Roundliead, 


135 




8,251 


HAERISOl 


i. « 


Morefield, 


1,022 


Morefield, 


44 


Freeport, . 


1,221 


Cadiz, . 


. 1,309 


Cadiz, 


1,144 


Nottingham, 


. 1,236 


Franklin, . 


911 


Deersfeld, 


289 


Franklin, . 


150 


Washington, 


. 1,255 


Short Creek, . 


1,490 


Harrisville, . 


300 


Georgetown, 


160 


Archer, 


876 


German, . 


1,361 


Rumley, 


. 1,088 


North, 


1,121 


Monroe, 


. 1,152 


Stock, 


888 


Athens. 


. 1.085 


New Athens, 


331 


Green, . 


. 1,527 




20,160 


HENRV. 




Napoleon, 


566 


Flat Rock, . 


406 


Washington, 


531 


Ridgeville, . 


US 


Freedom, 


83 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



743 



Pleasant, 


338 


Norwalk, 


. 1.718 


Liberty, 


. 1,323 


Marion, . 


77 


yorwulk, . 


1.441 


Milford, . 


l,3&a 


Harrison, 


5L5 


Ridgefield, . 


. 1,944 


Hillier, . 


. 1,141 


Richfield, . 


136 


Richmond, 


609 


Wayne, . 


1,152 


Damascus, . 


233 


Lyme, . 


. 1.859 


Fredericktown, 


712 


Liberty, . 


399 


Norwich, . 


1.021 












Sherman, 
Peru. 


. 1,134 
1,632 




28,870 




3,432 








Bronson, 


. 1,219 


LAKE. 




UOCKING. 




Fnirticld, . 


1.594 


Leroy, 


1,128 


Benton, . 


933 


New Haven, . 


. 1,398 


Mentor. 


. 1,571 


Ward, . 


823 


Greenfield, 


1,.332 


Concord, . 


1,031 


Marion, 


1,746 


Ripley, . 


. 1,230 


Willoughby, 


. 2,081 


Falls, . 
Logan, 
Goodhope, . 


. 1.772 
798 
635 






Kirtland, . 
PainesviUe, ) 
(Pawesville,) j ' 


1.59S 
. 3,128 




26,203 


Laurel, 


1,126 


JACKSON. 


Madison, , 


2,987 


Perrv, . 


. 1.217 


Bloomfield, 


1,403 


Perry, . . . 


. 1.131 


Salt Creek, 


1,094 


Madison, 


. 1,515 








Washington, 


. 1,640 


Jeftcrson, . 


1,036 




14,655 


Starr, 


1,045 


Juckson, 


480 






Green, . 


. 1,290 


Lick, 


1,021 


LAWKEKCE 








Ti^T'i n k 1 1 n 


1.295 


Union, 
Fayette, 


1,318 
. 1,112 




14,119 


Milton, . 


. ' 1^477 






Washington, 


756 


Perry, 


924 


HIGHLAND 




Hamilton, 


664' 


Upper, 1 
(Hanging Ruck,) J 


. 2,494 


Liberty, . 


2,683 


Scioto, . 


. 1,.347 


HiUsboro\ 


. 1,392 


Jackson, . 


713 


Rome, 


1,134 


Fairfield, . 


3,174 


Liberty, 


. 1,017 


Windsor, 


. 1,001 


Madison, 


. 1,163 






Mason, 


1,132 




Greenjield, 


1,011 




12,724 


Aid, 


8S4 


Paint, . 


. 2,678 






Lawrence, 


534 


Union, 


1,408 


JEKFERS 


ON. 


Elizabeth, ( 


. 2,529 


Newmarket, . 


. 1,528 


Mt. Pleasant, . 


1,848 


(Burlington,) J 


Concord, . 


1,501 


Wells, . 


. 1,822 


Decatur, 


. 2,052 


Jackson, 


. 1,449 


Springfield. 


1..300 


Washington, 


646 


Dodson, . 


1,217 


Brush Creek, 


. 1.120 


Symmes, 


487 


Hamer, 


942 


Ross, 


1,144 








Marshall, 


1,187 


Saline, . 


. 1,088 




15,247 


Brushcreek, . 


. 1,515 


Knox. 


1,902 






Salem, 


813 


Island Creek, 


. 1,981 


LICKINU. 




Clav, . 


. 1,108 


Steuhenville, 


1,084 


St, Albans, 


1,422 


White Oak, . 


1,012 


SteubeuvUle, . 


. 6,140 


Alexandria, . 


349 






Cross Creek, 
Salem, . 


1,912 


Monroe 


1,030 




25,781 


. 2491 


Johnxtoicn, 


357 






Wayne. 


1,801 


Jersey, 


1,2.30 


HOLMES. 




Smithfield, . 


. 1,882 


Hartford, 


1,426 


Hardy, 

(Millinr/burrf,) ' 


2,424 


Warren, . 


1,918 


Bennington, 


1,169 






Appleton, 


42 


Kilbuck, 


. 1,245 




29,133 


McKean, . 


1,378 


Monroe, . 


966 






Harrison, 


. 1,447 


Prairie, 


. 1,451 


KNOX 




Lima, 


973 


Mechanic, * 


1,647 


Clinlon, . 


802 


Etna, . 


1,30T 


Berlin, . 


. 1.452 


Mount yernon, 


. 3,710 


Newark, . 


1.228 


Walnut Creek, 


1,077 


Pleasant, . 


909 


Newark, 


• 3,778 


German, 


. 1,517 


College, 


522 


Lockport, . 


42 


Salt Creek, 


1,699 


Monroe, . 


1,323 


Granville, 


. 1,.345 


Richland, 


. 1,349 


Howard, 


. 1.002 


Granville, . 


771 


Knox, 


1,215 


Pike, 


1,720 


Madison, 


1,025 


Washington, 


. 1,468 


Miller, . 


. 1,063 


Licking, . 


1,115 


Ripley, 


1,330 


Morgan, . 


823 


Jacktown, 


256 


Puiuti . 


. 1,618 


Clay, . 


960 


Bowling Green, 


8W 






Mariinshurg^ 
Jack.son, 


280 


Linville, 


!«• 




20,458 


. 1.078 


Brownsville, 


4W 






Butler, . 


762 


Union, . 


. 1,631 


HUEON. 




Harrison, 


751 


Luraij, 


88 


New London, . 


1,329 


Millwood, . 


240 


Hebron, 


649 


Clarksfield, . 


. 1,454 


Union, . 


952 


Newton, . 


1,384 


Wakeman, 


704 


Brown, 


1,535 


Burlington, . 


. 1,S8* 


Townsend, . 


. 1,.333 


Jefi"erson. 


. 1,485 


Washington, . 


9il 


' Hartland, 


1,024 


Middleburg, 


1,091 


Udca, . 


4W 


Greenwich, . 


. 1,050 


Berlin, . 


. 1,158 


Eden, 


1,013 


Fitchville, 


1,178 


Morris, . 


1,027 


Mary Ann, . 


. 1,000 



744 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



Fallsbery, 


1,206 


MADISON 




Granger, 


. 1,313 


Perry, . 


. 1,254 


Fairfield, . 


623 


Hinckley, 


1,416 


Hanover, . 


1,187 


Pleasant, 


. 1,066 


Brunswick, . 


. 1,417 


Liberty, 


. 1,190 


AJt. Sterling, 


115 


Liverpool, 


2,164 


Frankiin, . 


1,057 


Range, 


988 


York, . 


. 1,228 


Hopewell, 


. 1,226 


Stokes, ... 


590 


Spencer, . 


1,336 






"Plririv r^rpi^t 


436 


Litchfield, . 
Guilford, . 


. 1,332 
1 ,800 




38,845 


iM/at/ette, 


147 






Jert'erson, 


634 


Montville, 


. 1,078 


L 


OGAN. 


West Jefferson, 
Canaan, 


436 






Lake, 


1,774 


565 




24,433 


Knsh Creek, 


. 1,458 


Amity, 


120 






Zane, 


1.090 


Darby, . . 


383 


MEIGS. 




McArtliur, 


. 1,376 


Pleasant Valley, 


168 


Salisbury, 


2,909 


Richliind, . 


1,170 


Monroe, 


403 


Pomeroy, 


. 1,6.37 


Harrison, 


984 


Pike, 


381 


Olive, 


924 


Perry, 


1,405 


Rose Dale, . 


42 


Lebanon, 


. i,ooa 


Jefferson, 


. 2,043 


Somerford, 


616 


Letart, 


966 


Monroe, . 


1,438 


Somerford, 


139 


Sutton, 


. 1,596 


Bokes Creek, 


583 


Union, 


1,647 


Salem, 


1,418 


Liberty, . 


1,263 


London, 


513 


Seipio, . 


. 1,406 


Union, . 


804 






Bedford, . 


908 


Bloomfield, 


671 




10,012 


Chester, 


. 1,410 


Stokes, 


489 






C/'cs(er, . 


190 


Pleasant, . 


805 


llAUONING. 


Orange, 


946 


Washington, 


667 


%mith. 


1,544 


Columbia, 


897 


Miami, 


775 


Green, . 


. 1,774 


Rutland, 


1,745 


Quincy, 


373 


Canfield, . 


1,463 












Jackson, 


. 1.140 




17,960 




19,168 


Milton, 


1,123 










Berlin, . 


. 1,376 


SIERCEF 




L( 


)RA1N. 


Ellsworth, 


953 


Marion, . 


1.428 


Ridgeville, 


1,212 


Goshen, 


. 1,721 


Jefferson, 


. 1,004 


Columbia, 


. 1,236 


Coitsville, 


932 


Hopewell, 


294 


Eaton, 


1,111 


Boardman, . 


. 1,026 


Centre, 


504 


Carlisle, 


. 1,512 


Beaver, 


2,144 


Granville, . 


546 


Avon, 


1,782 


Springfield, . 


. 2,385 


Butler, . 


210 


La Grange, 


. 1,402 


Poland, . 


2,126 


Franklin, . 


378 


Grafton, . 


947 


Youngsto^vn, 


. 3,002 


Union, . 


756 


Penfield, 


672 


Austintown, 


1,174 


Dublin, . 


883 


Elyria, 


1,176 






Liberty, 


208 




Elyria, . 


. 1,482 




23,733 


Black Creek, . 


504 


Wellington, 


1,5.56 






Washington, 


420 


Sheffield, 


90S 


MAUION. 




Gibson, 


504 


Black River, 


659 


Marion, . 


980 


Recovery, 


573 


Amherst, 


. 1,400 


Marion, 


. 1,307 








Brownhelm, 


1,082 


Scott, 


717 




7,712 


Henrietta, 


. 1,042 


Claridon, 


. 1,342 






Huntington, 


1,173 


Richland, 


1,229 


MIAMI. 




Rochester, 


896 


Pleasant, 


. 1,198 


Spring Creek, . 


1,273 


Brighton, 


669 


Grand Prairie, . 


474 


Rossvilte, 


113 


Camden, 


. 1,025 


Tiilly, . 


736 


Huntersville, ^ 
Washington, * . 


227 


Russia, 


2,061 


Big island. 


600 


982 


Pittsfield, 


. 1,088 


Montgomery, 


643 


Piqita, 


3,280 






Grand 


336 


Newhurv 


. 1,690 
451 




26,091 


Salt Rock, . 


347 


Cofington, 






Waldo, . 


1,008 


Clayton, 


76 


L 


UCAS. 


Prospect, 


848 


Brown, 


1,379 


Waynesflcld, 


2,371 


Green Camp, . 


383 


Elizabeth, 


. 1,433 


Port Lawrenc 


e, . . 149 


Bowling Green, . 


406 


Staunton, 


1,453 


Toledo, . 


3,819 






Lost Creek, . 


. 1,455 




Manhattan, 


541 




12,554 


Bethel, . 


1,656 


Oregon, 


449 






Concord, 


. 1,448 


Washington, 


. 1,161 


MEDINA. 




Troy, 


1.95& 


Sylvania, 


751 


Wadsworth, 


1,622 


Monroe, 


. 2.014 


Springfield, 


782 


Chatham, 


. 1,165 


Union, 


2,255 


Waterville, 


958 


La Fayette, 


1,332 


Milton, . 


369 


Providence, 


467 


Homer, 


. 1,102 


Newton, . 


1,447 


Richfield, 


399 


Harrisvillc, 


1,477 








Wing, . 


261 


Wcslfield, . 


. 1,122 




24,957 


Spencer, . 


273 


Medina, . 


1,002 








Medina, 


. 1,008 


MONKOE 






12,381 


Sharon, 


1,519 


Switzerland, 


1,216 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



745 



Snnsbnry, 
Stock, 
Carlisle, 
Enoch, 
Elk, . 
Bethel, 
Malaija, 
Miltoitshurg, 
Malaga, 
Seneca, 
Calais, . 
Summerjield, 
Union, . 
Ohio, 
Bcarsville, 
Sardis, 
Perry, . 
Antioch, 
Salem, . 
Ciariufjton, 
Wayne, 
Washington, 
Adams, 
Centre, 
Woodsjield, 
Franklin, 
Greene, 
Jackson, . 



MONTGOMERY 



Dayton, . 

Washington, 

Miami. 

Van Buren, 

Mad Kiver, 

Wayne, 

Butler, 

Harrison, 

German, 

Jackson, 

Randolph, 

Jefferson, 

Madison, . 

Clay, . 

Perrv, 



MORGAN 
Malta, 
Malta, . 
Penn, 
Marion, 
Windsor, . 
Union, . 
Deerfield, 
Morgan, 
McComieisvilh 
Olive, . 
Jackson, . 
Centre, . 
Meigsville, 
Bristol, 
Homer, 
York, . 
Bloom, 
Noble, . 
Manchester, 
Brookfield. 



1,532 

1,107 

116 

1 .4.38 

H56 

1,028 

1,561 

145 

i;i8 

1,841 
96 

153 
1.930 
1.443 

103 

118 
1,460 

107 
1,311 

341 
1.177 

944 
1,182 
2.551 

395 
1,590 
1.226 
1,163 



28.367 



10,976 
1 ,826 
3.456 
1.401 
1.454 
1,090 
1.974 
2,059 
2,789 
2,012 
1,883 
1,808 
1,668 
1,905 
1,906 



38,217 



1,302 
530 
1,370 
1.764 
1.593 
1,795 
1 ,325 
650 
1,660 
2,015 
1,249 
1.439 
1.512 
1,725 
1,590 
1.207 
1.346 
1.702 
1..337 
1,482 

28,593 



MORROW. 


Harrison, 


62 


Washington, 


1,137 


Washington, 


155 


Canaan, 


. 1,223 


Brown, 


368 


Cardington, 


1 ,358 


Auglaize, 


304 


BhioralicUi, . 


. 1,443 


Crane, 


287 


Troy, 


640 


Carryall, 


471 


Perry, . 


. 1,150 








Chester, . 


1,620 




1,766 


Congress, 


. 1,651 






Franklin, . 


1,456 


PERRY 




Gilead, . 


. 1.680 


Monroe, . 


1,429 


South Bloomtiehi, 


1,395 


Saltlick, 


. 1,7-17 


Westfield, . 


. 1.414 


Beai-field, . 


1,710 


Lincoln, . 


891 


Monday Creek, 


. 1.124 


Harmony, 


. 1,041 


Reading, . 


2.744 


Bennington, 


1,265 


•Somerset, 


. 1.240 


Peru, . 


876 


Madison, . 


991 






Hopewell, 


. 1,386 








20,240 


Thorn, . 


1,890 






Clayton, 


. 1,554 


MDSKINGUM. 


Harrison, 


1,073 


Jackson, . 


1 ,232 


Jackson, 


. 1,740 


Licking, 


. 1,434 


Pike, 


2,146 


Rich Hill, 
Meigs, . 


1 ,495 
. 1,680 








20,774 


Springfield, 


1,302 






Putnam, 


. 1,674 


nCKAWAT. 


Harrison, . 


1.534 


Circleville, 


431 


Brush Creek, 


. 1,392 


Circltrilk, 


. 3,411 


Clay, 


653 


Salt Creek, 


1,332 


Blue Rock, . 


. 1,476 


Fulton, . 


514 


Newton, . 


2,356 


Pickaway, 


1.425 


Uniontown, 


340 


Walnut," 


. 1,840 


Perry, 


1,038 


Madison, . 


885 


Washington, 


. 1,380 


Harrison, 


. 1,176 


Salt Creek, 


1,215 


Scioto, 


1,347 


AVayne, 


1,244 


Darby, 


. 1,166 


Duncan's Fulls. 


196 


Monroe, . 


1,640 


Highland, . 


956 


Jackson, 


. 1,041 


Union, 


902 


Wayne, . 


644 


Norwich, 


324 


Deer Creek, . 


1,354 


New Concord, . 


334 


Pcn-y, 


1,120 


Adams, 


998 


Muhlcnburg, 


585 


Falls, '. 


2,124 


Washington, 


1,199 


Hopewell, 


. 2,378 








Jett'er.son, 


1,377 




21,11( 


Dresden, 


. 1,445 






Madison, . 


1.047 


PIKE. 




Monroe, 


978 


Marion, . 


900 


Muskingum, 


1,509 


Union, . 


564 


Salem, . 


. 1,111 


Beaver, . 


520 


Zanesi'ille, 


7,791 


Seal, . 


. 1,521 






Piktton 


690 




45,053 


Jack.son, 


. 1,351 






Sharon, 


114 


OTTAWj 


<i. 


Pee Pee, 


643 


Clay, 


293 


Waverlt/, . 


678 


Benton, 


54 


Newton, 


386 


Harris, 


407 


JttSfMr, 


75 


Salem, . 


187 


Camp Creek, 


390 


Erie, 


292 


Siinlish, . 


371 


Carroll, 


403 


Pebble, 


914 


Portage, . 


377 


Benton, . 


639 


Port Clinton, 


249 


Perry. . 


519 


Bay. 


359 


t 'i/nthtana. 


134 


Danhury, 


503 


MItllin. . 


546 


Van Rcnsselear, 


186 














10,955 








3,310 


rOETAG 


E. 


PAULDIN 


G. 


Brimfield, 


1,015 


Jackson, . 


58 


Snffield, 


. 1.275 


Benton, 


61 


Randolph, 


1,730 



94 



746 



CENSUS OF TIIK UNITED STATES, 1850. 



Paris, . 

Windham, 

Franklin, 

Ravenna, ) 

Ravama, \ 

Streetsboro', 

Aurora, 

Shalersville, . 

Mantua, . 

Iliram, 

Nelson, 

Rootstown, . 

Charlestown, 

Freedom, 

Atwater, . 

Deerfield, 

Palmyra, . 

Edinburg, 



PKEBLE. 



Washington, 

Eaton, . 

Jasper, 

Somers, 

Lanier, 

Gratis, . 

Dixon, 

Israel, . 

Monroe, . 

Harrison, 

Twin, 

Jackson, 

Jefferson, 



PDTNAM. 



Van Burcn, 

Blanchard, 

Kiley, 

Pleasant, 

Ottawa, 

Liberty, 

Greensburg, 

Union, . 

Sugar Creek, 

Jennings, 

Perry, 

Monteray, 



ROSS. 



Scioto, 

Chill icotlie, 

Union, 

Deerfield, 

Concord, . 

Buckskin, 

Greene, . 

ColeraLn, 

Harrison. . 

Springfield, 

Liberty, . 

Jefferson, 

Franklin, . 

Huntington, 

Twin, 

Paxton, 

Paint, 



1,019 

81.3 

1,750 

2,239 

1,108 

823 

1,190 

1,139 

1,106 

1,383 

1,308 

809 

996 

1,119 

1,371 

1,093 

1,101 



24,387 



1,758 
1,302 
908 
2,085 
1,694 
2,117 
1,192 
1,641 
1,344 
2,094 
1,950 
1,405 
2,258 



21,748 

172 

1,395 

849 

714 

1,166 

322 

634 

515 

550 

557 

262 

85 

7,221 

1,588 
7,098 
2,666 
1,315 
2,672 
2,104 
1,995 
1,408 
878 
1,162 
1,126 
845 
642 
1,659 
2,2.30 
1,556 
1,123 



EICHLAND. 

Sharon, . 

Springfield, . 

Jackson, . 

Sandusky, 

Jefferson, 

Perry, . 

Troy, 

Washington, 

Bloomingrove, 

Plymouth, 

Butler, 

Wellcr, 

Cass, 

Mifflin, . 

Franklin, . 

Worthiugton, 

Monroe, . 

Madison, 

Mansfield, 



SANDUSKY. 

Sandusky, 

Fremont, 

Riley, 

Green Creek, 

Ballville, . 

York, . 

Townsend, 

Rice, 

Washington, 

Madison, 

Woodville, 

Jackson, 

Scott, 



SENECA, 



32,084 



Reed, 

Venice, 

Thompson 

Adams, 

Bloom, 

Clinton, 

Tiffin, 

Jackson, 

Pleasant 

Big Spring, 

Eden, 

Hopewell, 

Loudon, 

Liberty, 



1,949 
2,100 
1,092 

617 
2,564 

923 
1,542 
1,914 
1,430 
1,654 
1,139 
1,290 
1,430 
1,104 
1,257 
2,006 
1,720 
1,579 
3,557 



Scipio, . 
Seneca, 



30,877 

1,138 
1,492 

682 
1,288 
1,556 
1.811 

969 

483 
1,499 

557 
1,069 
1,092 

793 

14,529 



SCIOTO 




Wayne, 


219 


Portsmouth, . 


. 4,011 


Harrison, 


1,102 


Bloom, 


. 1,648 


Porter, 


1,674 


Green, . 


. 2,545 


Clay, 


872 


Jefferson, 


840 


Madison, . 


1,367 


Vernon. 


. 1,105 


Washington, . 


706 


Morgan, 


280 


Union, 


705 


Brush Creek, 


652 


Nile, 


1,003 



SHELBT. 



Loramie, . 

Orange, 

McLean, . 

Dinsmore, 

Washington, 

Turtle Creek, 

Perry, 

Clinton, 

Sidney, 

Franklin, 

Van Buren, 

Green, . 

Cynthean, 

Salem, . 

Jackson, . 



18,729 



1,494 
1,830 
1,668 
1,416 
1,743 
1,668 
2,728 
996 
1,592 
1,932 
1,584 
1,288 
1,781 
1,400 



STARK, 



Plain, . 

Lake, 

Greentown, 

Union. 

Washington, 

Lexington, 

Marlboro', 

Paris, 

Osnaburg, 

Nimishillin, 

Canton, 

Canton, 

Lawrence. 

Tuscarawas, 

Pike, . 

Sandy, 

Sugar Creek, 

Jackson, . 

Perry and 

Massilhn, 

Bethlehem, 



SUMJin'. 
Richfield, 
Bath, . 
Copley, 
Northampton, 
Boston, 
Northfield, 
Twinsburg, 
Portage, 
Ale ran, 
Hudson, 
Stow. 
Talmadgc, 
Coventry, 
Springfield, 
Norton. 
Franklin, 
Green, 



2,323 

1,662 

27,105 



1,049 
922 
775 
701 

1.261 
792 
899 
762 

1,302 
788 
629 

1,078 
797 

1,496 
705 

13,956 

2,211 
1,7.32 
251 
245 
2,066 
1,996 
2,133 
2,740 
2,227 
2,587 
1,722 
2.604 
2,292 
2,041 
1,447 
1,273 
1,743 
1,512 

4,663 

2,398 

39,883 



1.262 
1.400 
1,541 
1,147 
1,180 
1.474 
1.281 
1,160 
3,226 
1,457 
1,702 
2.456 
1,300 
1,907 
1,346 
1.674 
1,928 

27,481 



TRUMBULL. 

Hartford, . 

Fowler, 

Vienna, 



1,258 
1.089 
1,007 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



nit 



Bazctta, 


. 1,302 


Millford Centre, . 


211 


Warren, . 


1,46S 


Howland, 


919 


Allen, 


979 


Wesley, 


. 1,561 


Warren, 


. 2,957 


Darby, . 


881 


Watertown, 


1,374 


Braceville, 


956 


Jerome, . 


1,249 


Roxbury, 


1,098 


Champion, . 


. 1,070 


Mill Creek, . 


726 


Marietta, . 


1,069 


r>nn f ri i n (rlrtn 


1,013 






Marietta, 


. 3,133 


*^\J ^HimiL^LXJIlj • 




Farniin;;ton, 


. 1,283 




12,205 






Mesopotamia, . 


959 








29,512 


Bloomfield, . 


789 


VANWEKT. 






Bristol, . 


1,124 


Washington, . 


355 


WAYNE 




Kinsman, 


. 1,005 


Section Ten, . 


402 


Greene, 


2.059 


Vernon, 


828 


Willshire, 


906 


East Union, . 


. 1,940 


Gustavus, 


. 1,226 


iVillshire, . 


147 


Wooster, . 


1,283 


Johnston, 


1,099 


Plea.sant, . 


349 


Wooster, 


. 2,797 


Mecca, . 


872 


Vantcert, 


270 


Wayne, . 


2,079 


Greene, 


959 


Hoaglin, . 


125 


Congress, 


. 2,341 


Newton, 


. 1,678 


Union, . 


84 


Chester, . 


2,335 


Lordstown. 


1,379 


Tully, 


242 


Plain, . 


. 2,375 


Weatherstield, 


. 1,717 


Harrison, 


513 


Canaan, . 


1,923 


Liberty, . 


1,328 


Liberty, 


424 


Clinton. 


. 1,121 


Hubbard, 


. 1,272 


York, . 


375 


Franklin, . 


1,450 


Brookfield, 


1,451 


Ridge, 


400 


Paint, . 


. 1,627 






Jennings, 


201 


Sugar Creek, . 


2,321 








30,540 






Salt Creek, . 


. 1,670 












4,793 


Chippewa, 


2,637 


TUSCARAV 


FAS. 






Milton, . 


. 1,360 


Goshen, . 


1,482 


VINTON. 




Baughman, 


1,727 


N. Philadelphia, . 
Lockport, . 


1.415 


Elk, . 
McArthurstown, 


1,221 
424 






'l78 




33,045 


Fairfield, 


874 


Brown, 


648 






Oxford, . 


959 


Clinton, 


886 


WILLIAMS. 


New Comerstoit'n, . 


476 


Vinton, 


460 


Centre, . 


882 


Salem, 


1.584 


Richland, . 


. 1,193 


St. Joseph, . 


589 


Port Washirinton, . 


269 


Harrison, 


580 


Pulaski, . 


760 


Mill, 


934 


Wilksville, . 


. 1,037 


Springfield, . 


782 


[JricksuiUe, 


577 


Eagle, 


476 


Brady, . 


1,128 


Union, 


944 


Jackson, 


835 


Jefferson, 


. 1,015 


Warren, 


937 


Swan, 


1,154 


Mill Creek, 


408 


New Cumberland, 


203 


North Brown, 


439 


Madison, 


225 


Sandy, . 


. 1,005 






Superior, . 


723 




Sandyvilie, 


223 




9,353 


Bridgewater, 


493 


Lawrence, 


917 






Northwest, 


343 


Bolivar, 


302 


WAEEE& 




Florence, 


669 


Zoar, 


249 


Union, 


1,712 






Sugar Creek, . 


1,018 


Turtle Creek, 


. 3,342 




8,018 


ShanesviUe, . 


382 


Lebanon, . 


2,088 






Wayne, 


2,233 


Deerlicld, 


. 1,863 


WOOD. 




Strausburg, 


109 


Hamilton, 


2,068 


Webster, . 


237 


York, 


1,304 


Salem, . 


. 3,525 


Weston, 


546 


Auburn, 


. 1,246 


Washington, . 


1,566 


Middleton, 


331 


Bucks, 


1,326 


Clear Creek, 


. 2.770 


Washington, 


504 


Jefferson, 


. 1,058 


Franklin, . 


2,.544 


Plain, 


492 


Warwick, 


1,195 


Wayne, 


. 4,081 


Centre, . 


357 


Povor, . 


. 3,252 






Portage, . 


405 




Uush, 


1,332 




25,560 


Bloom, 


659 


Clay, . 


. 1,261 






Milton, 


244 


Perry, 


1,396 


WASniNGT 


ON. 


Henry, . 


321 


Washington, 


. 1,092 


Lawrence, 


814 


Jackson, . 


74 


. 




Newport, 


. 1,427 


Liberty, 


237 




31,732 


Grandview, 


1,154 


Pcrrysburg, 


581 






Independence, 


728 


Perrtfshurg, 


. 1,199 


UNION 




Adams, . 


1,293 


Freedom, 


454 


Jackson, . 


436 


Union, . 


. 1,165 


Troy, . 


559 


Claibourn, . 


919 


Jolly. 


1,014 


Lake, 


152 


Leesburg, 


701 


Ludlow, 


. 1,051 


Montgomery. 


924 


York, . 


831 


Waterford, 


1.693 


Perry, 


88» 


Paris, 


982 


Aurelius, 


. 1,251 






Marijsville, 


605 


Barlow, . 


1,062 




9,165 


Dover, 


700 


Salem, . 


. 1,246 






Liberty, 


. 1,2.58 


Liberty, . 


1,224 


WYANDO" 


r. 


Taylor, . 


400 


Belpre, . 


. 1,623 


Marsailles, 


539 


Washington, 


3.33 


Fearing, . 


1,254 


Crane, . 


7&1 


Union, 


994 


Decatur, 


807 


Upper Sanduiky, 


78B 



748 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



MifBin, . 
Salem, 
Eden, . 
Antrim, 



570 
738 
643 
756 



Pitt, 

Richland, 
Ridge, . 
Sycamore, 



886 


Tymochtee, . 


. 1,817 


599 


Crawford, 


1,301 


501 


Jackson, 


395 


880 







11,169 



STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



ALLEGAN. 1 


Battle Creek, . 


1,897 


Benton, 


344 


Allegan, . 


752 


Bedford, 


747 


Brookfield, 


255 


Dorr, . 


124 


Burlington, 


811 


Carmel, 


567 


Fillmore, . 


527 


Clarence, 


485 


Chester, . 


380 


Ganges, 


246 


Clarendon, 


669 


Delta, . 


242 


Gunplain, 


587 


Convis, 


621 


Eaton, 


539 


Leighlon, 


112 


Eckford, . 


715 


Eaton Rapids, 


. 1,525 


Manlius, . 


82 


Emmett, 


. 1,582 


Kalamo, . 


429 


Martin, 


329 


Frcdonia, . 


623 


Oneida, 


492 


Monterey, 


238 


Homer, 


929 


Roxand, . 


353 


Newark, 


246 


Lee, . 


381 


Sunfield, 


122 


Otsego, 


818 


Le Roy, 


878 


Vermontville, . 


324 


Pine Plains, . 


34 


Marengo, 


1,013 


Walton, 


464 


Trowbridge, 


313 


Marshall, 


. 2,823 


Windsor, . 


253 


Watson, 


313 


Newton, . 


569 








Wayland, 


406 


Penntield, 


; 598 




7,058 




Sheridan, 


979 








5,127 


Tekonsha, 


651 


GENESEE. 










Argentine, 


436 






BAEE-! 






19,169 


Atlas, . 


. 1,207 


Assyria, . 


336 






Clayton, . 


418 


Barry, . 


478 


CAS 


S. 


Davison, 


367 


Baltimore, 


90 


Calvin, 


624 


East Genesee, . 


844 


Castleton, 


324 


Howard, 


766 


Fenton, 


873 


Carlton, . 


272 


JetFerson, . 


887 


Forest, 


179 


Hope, . 


99 


La Grange, . 


. 1,327 


Flint, . 


. 3,304 


Hastings, 


554 


Mason, 


570 


Flushing, . 


708 


Irving, . 


214 


Marcellus, 


222 


Gaines, 


286 


Johnstown, 


451 


Milton, . 


610 


Grand Blanc, . 


1,165 


Maple Grove, 


153 


Newburg, 


388 


Montrose, 


52 


Orangeville, 


364 


Ontwa, 


781 


Mundy, . 


786 


Prairieville, . 


555 


Penn, . 


698 


Richtield, 


482 


Rutland, . 


177 


Porter, 


1,259 


Thetford, 


303 


Thornapple, . 


336 


Pokagon, 


994 


Vienna, 


389 


Woodland, 


377 


Silver Creek, . 


491 


West Genesee, 


232 


Yankee Springs, . 


292 


Volinia, 


607 












Wayne, . 


682 




12,031 




5,072 




10,906 


UOUGHI 


^ON. 


BERRIE 


JJ. 






Eagle Harbor, . 


126 


Total of county. 


11,417 


CLINT 


ON. 


Houghton, 


546 






Bath, 


222 


L'Ance, . 


126 


BEANC 


H. 


Bengal, 


143 






Algansee, 


609 


Bingham, 


185 




798 


Batavia, 


724 


Dallas, . 


185 






Bethel, . 


679 


De Witt, . 


706 


HURO 


N 


Bronson, 


713 


Duplain, 


419 


Total of county, 


. 207 


Butler, 


611 


Eagle, 


521 






California, 


473 


Essex, . 


410 


HILLS D 


ALE. 


Coldwater, 


2,166 


Greenbush, 


318 


Adams, . 


1,129 


Girard, . 


934 


Ijcbanon, 


192 


Allen, . 


. . 1,033 


Gilead, . 


503 


Olive, 


228 


Amboy, . 


252 


Kinderhook, . 


3.56 


Ovid, . 


172 


Camden, 


594 


Mattison, . 


475 


Riley, 


191 


Cambria, . 


716 


Noble, . 


451 


Victor, . 


277 


Favette, 


895 


Ovid, 


710 


Watei-town, 


315 


Hiilsdale, 


1,067 


Qnincy. 
Sherwood, 


. 1,111 


Westphalia, . 


618 


Jefterson, 


763 


686 






Jonesville, 


565 






Union, . 


. 1,271 




5,102 


Litchfield, . 


. 1,362 






CHipr 


EWA. 


Moscow, . 
Pittsford, 


942 




12,472 


. 1,223 




St. de Ste. Marie 


, . 898 


Ransom, . 


549 


CALHO 


tJN. 






Reading, 


956 


Albion, 


1,666 


EAT( 


3N. 


Scipio, 


864 


Athens, 


'. . 532 


Bellevne, . 


. 769 


Somerset, 


913 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



749 



Wheatland, 


1,358 


Charleston, . 


846 


Tecumseh, 


. 2,678 


Woodbridge, 


404 


Kalamazoo, (villag 


e,) 2,.')07 


Woodstock, 


949 


Wright, . 


574 


Kalamazoo, (town, 
Oshtemo, . 


777 








587 










26,380 




16,159 


Pavilion, 


495 










Portage, . 


726 


LIVINGSTON. 


INGUi 


lM. 


Prairie Ronde, 


690 


Brighton, 


1,015 


Alaiedon, 


377 


Richland, 


795 


(Conway, 


460 


Atirtlius, 


501 


Ros's, . 


680 


l>eerfield. 


882 


Bunker Hill, . 


374 


Schoolcraft, 


1,101 


Genoa, . 


754 


Delhi, . 


402 


Te.xas, . 


410 


Green Oak, 


941 


Ingham, . 


754 


Wakeshena, 


128 


Hartland. 


996 


T .iiiciniT 


. 1.229 






Howell, . 


1,1.55 


'■ ,, , ' 




Le Roy, . 


254 




13,179 


Hamburg, 


895 


Leslie, . 


673 






Handy, 


484 


Locke, 


321 


KENT. 




Iosco, 


645 


Meredian, 


367 


Ada. 


593 


Marion, 


873 


Onondaga, 


819 


Algoraa, 


2.33 


Osceola, 


960 


Phelpstown, . 


393 


Alpine, 


618 


Putnam, . 


977 


Stockbridge, 


657 


]5o\vne, . 
Byron, *. 


220 


Tuscola, 


544 


Vevav, . 


783 


309 


Tyrone, . 


867 


Wheiitfield, 


231 


Cannon, 


696 


Unadilla, 


. 1,027 


White Oak, . 


508 


Cascade, 


358 










Courtland, . 


. ■ 405 




13,475 








8,643 


Caledonia, 


99 










Gaines. 


319 


MACOMB. 


lONU 


. 


G. Rapids, (city,) 


2,646 


Armada, . 


1,146 


Berlin, 


391 


G. Rapids, (town,) 


503 


Brace, . 


. 1,555 


Boston, 


424 


Grattan, . 


648 


Chesterfield, 


1,002 


Campbell, 


40 


Lowell. 


234 


Clinton, 


. 2,130 


Danby, 


262 


Oaklield, . 


404 


Erin, 


974 


Eastoa, 


397 


Paris, . 


521 


Harrison, 


483 


Ionia, . 


774 


Plainfield, 


659 


Leno.^t, 


654 


Keene, 


737 


Sparta, . 


309 


Macomb, 


757 


Lyons, . 


850 


Vergennes, 


876 


Richmond, 


1,000 


North Plains, . 


292 


Walker, 


823 


Ray, . 


. 1,232 


Odessa, 


81 


Wyoming, 


543 


Shelby, . 


1,482 


Orange, . 


378 






Sterling, 


876 




Orleans, 


491 




12,017 


Washington, . 


1,541 


Otisco, 


1,018 






Warren, 


700 


Portland, 
Ronald, . 


763 
452 


LAPEEI 


{. 






Almont, . 


1,452 




15,532 


Scbewa, 


247 


Attica, . 


462 










Dryden, . 


1,131 


MACKINi 








lC. 




7,597 


Elba, . 


255 


Holmes, ) 
Moran, / 








Hailley, . 


846 


. 3,597 


JACKSC 


)N 


Imlay, . 


183 


St. Ignace, ) 


Columbia, 


1.142 


Lapeer, 


1,467 






Concord, 
Grass Lake, 


984 
1.281 


Marathon, 
Metamora, 


205 
821 


MAKQUEI 


rxE. 


Hanover, 


931 


Oregon, 


204 


Marquette, 


136 


Henrietta, 


830 










Jackson, 


. 4.147 




7,026 


MONROE 




Leoni, 


1,290 






Ash. 


1,229 


Liberty, 


891 


LENAWI 


E. 


Bedford, 


889 


Napoleon, 


1,208 


Adrian, . 


3,009 


Dundee, . 


1,239 


Parma, 


. 1,081 


Blisstield, 


924 


Erie, . 


. 1,144 


Pulaski, . 


760 


Cambridge, 


974 


Exeter, 


458 


Rives. . 


518 


Dover, . 


. 1.223 


Frcnchtown, 


. 1,242 


Sandstone, 


823 


Fairfield, . 


1,327 


Ma, . 


345 


Spring Arbor, 


. 1,075 


Franklin, 


. 1,231 


Lasalle, 


1.108 


Springport, 


759 


Hudson, . 


1.544 


London, 


626 


Tompkins, . 


623 


Mailison, 


. 2,320 


Milan, . 


642 


Waterloo, 


1,090 


Medina, . 


1,685 


Monroe, (town.) 


837 






IVl 1) f >rtii 


1 ,030 


TVTr^nrr^f fcifv 1 


2.809 




19,433 


i'lltl. UII, • • 

Ogdcn, 


579 


Raisinville,. 


967 






Palmyra, 


. 1,098 


Sumrnerfield, 


472 


KALAMA 
Alamo, 


ZOO. 

420 


Raisin, 
Ridgeway, 


1.267 
634 


Whitcford, 


696 






Brady, . 


578 


Riga, 


208 




14,695 


Cooper, . 


733 


Rollin, 


. 1,080 






Comstock, 


. 1,202 


Rome, 


1,528 


M.,VSON. 




Climax, 


504 


Seneca, 


. 1,092 


Ma3on, 


■ 93 



750 



CENSUS OF THE USTITED STATES, 1850. 



MIDLAND. 




Taymouth, . 


58 


White Pigeon, 


794 


Midland, 


65 


Tittabawassee, 


. 341 
















12,717 


MONTCALM. 






2,609 






Eureka, . 


461 






TUSCOLA 




Fairplain, 


229 


SANILAC. 


Tuscola, . 


291 


Montcalm, 


135 


Lexington, 


1,176 






Bushnell, 


66 


Sanilac, 


339 


VAN BUEEN. 






Worth, . 


600 


Almena, . 


420 




891 


Huron, . 


207 


Antwerp, 
Arlington, 


614 
240 


NEWAYGO. 






2,322 


Bloomingdale, 


160 


Total of county, 


510 






Columbia, 


265 






SCHOOLCRAFT. 


Decatur, 


386 


OAKLAND. 




Grand Island, 


16 


Hamilton, 


370 


Addison, . 


924 






Hartford, 


29« 


Avon, . 


1,456 






Keeler, 


486 


Bloonifield, 


1,603 


SHIAWASJ 


iEE. 


Lawrence, 


510 


Brandon, 


893 


Antrim, . 


282 


Lafayette, 


1,145 


Commerce, 


1,428 


Bennington, 


601 


Pine Grove, . 


62 


Farmington, 


1,844 


Burns, 


717 


Porter, 


444 


Groveland, 


988 


Caledonia, 


500 


South Haven, 


220 


Highland, 


851 


Hazleton, 


26 


Waverly, . 


183 


Holley, . 


941 


Middlebury, . 


132 






Independence, 

Lvon, 


2,279 
1,134 


N. Haven | 
and Rush, ) 


150 




5,804 


Milford, 


1,470 


Owasso, 


392 


WASHTENA 


W. 


Novi, 


1,428 


Perry, 


313 


Ann Arbor, 


4,870 


Oakland, 


978 


Sciota, . 


191 


Augusta, 


808 


Orion, 


1,119 


Shiawassee, 


810 


Bridgcwater, 


1,148 


Oxford, 


1,019 


Venice, 


186 


Dexter, 


. 1,435 


Pomiac, . 


2,819 


Vernon, . 


674 


Freedom, . 


1,214 


Rose, . 
Royal Oak, 


886 


WoodhuU, . 


259 


Lyndon, 
Lodi, 


901 


1,092 






1,234 


Soiitlifield, . 


1,658 




5,233 


Lima, . 


912 


Springfield, 


956 






Manchester, 


1,274 


Troy, . 


1,426 


ST. CLAI 


K. 


Northfield, . 


. 1,116 


Waterford, 


1,085 


Berlin, 


533 


Pittsfield, 


1,232 


Wliite Lake, 


905 


Brockway, . 


252 


Saline, . 


. 1,631 


West BloomfieUl, . 


1,085 


Burchville, 


472 


Salem, . 


1,343 






Casco, . 


134 


Scio, 


. 1,195 




31,267 


China, 


1,037 


Sharon, . 


869 






Clay, . . . 


821 


Superior, 


. 1,127 


OTTOWA. 




Columbus, 


377 


Sylvan, 


924 


Allendale, 


168 


Cottrelville, . 


913 


Webster, 


924 


Chester, 


216 


Clyde, . 


691 


York, 


1.360 


Crockery, 


247 


Ira, 


597 


Ypsilanti, 


. 3,052 


Georgetown, 
Holland, . 


196 

1,829 


Lyn, 

Pt. Huron, (village. 


55 






. 1,584 




28,569 


Jamestown, . 


72 


Pt. Huron, (town,) 


717 






Muskegon, 


484 


Riley, . 


311 


WAYNE. 




Ottawa, 


430 


St. Clair, . 


1,728 


Brownstown, . 


1,047 


Polkton, . 


268 


Wales, . 


189 


Canton, 


. 1,333 


Ravenna, 
Spring Lake, . 


77 
545 






Detroit City, . 
Dearborn, 


21,028 
. 1,385 




10,411 


Tallmadge. . 


534 






Ecorse, 


653 


Wright, . . 


521 


ST. JOSEP 


H. 


Greentiold, 


. 1,674 







Burr Oak, 


658 


Grosse Point, . 


1,392 




5,587 


Colon, . 


847 


Huron, . 


482 


OCEA'NA. 




Constantine, 


1,494 


Hamtramck, 


1,628 


Oceana, 


300 


Fawn River, 


473 


Livonia, 


. 1.375 






Fahius, 


504 


Monguagon, 


984 


ONTONAGON. 




Florence, 


732 


Nankin, 


. 1,617 


Ontonagon, 


389 


Flowerfield, 
Leonidas, 


563 
858 


Plymouth, 
Uedford, 


2,431 
. 1,645 






Lockport, 


1,143 


Springwells, 


1,263 


SAGINAW. 




Mendon, 


860 


Sumpter, \ 




Bridgeport, 


374 


Mottville, 


610 


Taylor, J 


. 2,828 


Bucna Vista, 


251 


Nottawa, 


. 1,165 


Romulus, ? 


Hampton, 


.546 


Park, 


823 


Van Buren, ' 




Northampton, 


122 


Sherman, 


354 








Saginaw, . 


917 


Sturgis, . 


839 




42,765 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



751 



STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



ADAMS. 

Total of connty, 



BROWIJ 

Deperc, 

Elington, . 

Grand Chute, 

Green Bay, 

Greenville, . 

Uortona, . 

Howard, 

Kaukaulin, 

Lansing, 

Lawrence, 

Marietta, 

Pittsficld, 

Sewamico, 

Washington, 



CALUMET. 
Tot-^l of county, 

CHIPPEWA 

Total of county, 

COLUMBIA, 
Columbns, 
Dekora, 

Fountain Prairie, 
Fort Winnebago, 
Hampden, 
Kossuth, 
Lodi, 
Lowville, 
Marcellon, 
Otsego, *• 
Portage Prairie, 
Port Hope, . 
Randolph, 
Scott, . 
Sprinpville, 
West Point, . 
Wvocena, 
Fall Kiver Village, 
Fort Winnebago, 
Pardeeville, . 



CRAWFORD. 
Bad Axe, 

Black River, 
Prairie du Chien, 



DANE 
Albion, 

Blooming Grove. 
Cottage Grove, 
Christianna, 
Dunn, 
Deerfield, 
Greenfield, 
Madison, 
Oregon, . 
Pleasant Spring, 
Rutland, . 
Stoughton Village, 



187 



798 
64 
630 
1,932 
104 
192 
588 
689 
209 
252 
245 
198 
171 
171 

6,222 
1,745 



CI5 



960 
661 
420 
462 
439 
394 
308 
297 
505 
420 
455 
603 
618 
395 
471 
197 
506 
126 
1,180 
90 

9,565 



630 

462 

1,407 



2,399 



821 
291 

1,022 
785 
288 
630 
598 

1,871 

638 

732 

759 

70 



District No. 37, 
District No. 144, 



DODGE. 
Beaver Dam, 
Burnette, 
Caluraus, 
Chester, 
Clyman, 
Emmet, 
Elba, 
Fairfield, 
Lebanon, 
Leroy, . 
Lowell, 
Lomyr.i, 
Portland, 
Shields, 
Trenton, . 
Waushara, 
Ashipun, 
Ilermon, 
Hubbard, 
Hustisford, 
Rubicon, 
Theresa, 
Williamstown, 



Total, per est. of U 



DU 



FOND 

Alto, 

Ashford, 

Auburn, . 

Byron, . 

Calumet, . 

Ceresco, 

Eden, 

EUlorada, 

Forest, 

Fond du Lac, 

Friendship, 

Lamartine, . 

Mctomen, 

0:ikfieid, 

Rosendale, 

Springville, 

Taychedah, 

Waupun, 



GRANT. 

Total of county. 



IOWA. 

Arena, 

Civile, . 

Dodgeville, 

Highland, 

Lim.a, 

Mitlin, . 

Mincr.ll Point, 

Ridgcwav, 

Waldritcli, 

Wyoming, 



3,845 
3,438 

16,654 



1,830 

816 

413 

829 

735 

1,207 

1,548 

1,143 

1,031 

397 

834 

653 

523 

590 

997 

856 



» 



S.M., 19,140 



LAC. 



630 

546 

336 

882 

1,764 

1,337 

840 

504 

1,218 

2,016 

415 

588 

756 

588 

714 

588 

798 

882 



14,512 



16,169 



402 

319 

2,118 

1,185 

995 

640 

2,584 

704 

423 

206 

9,576 



GREEN. 



Adams, 


27S 


Albany, 


546 


Brooklyn, 


531 


Cady, . 


459 


Clarion, . 


714 


Decatur, 


558 


Exeter, . 


450 


Jeft'erson, 


692 


Jordan, 


389 


Monroe, 


. 1,146 


Mount Pleasant, 


579 


New Glaris, . 


321 


Spring Prairie, 


703 


Svlvester, 


712 


York, 


191 


Washington, 


317 




8,583 


JEFFERSON. 


Aztalan, . 


429 


Concord, 


706 


Coldspring, 


668 


Farmington, 


736 


Hebron, . 


640 


Ixonia, 


. 1,113 


Jefferson, . 


1,610 


Koshkonong, 


. 1,512 


Lake Mills, 


884 


Milford, 


728 


Oakland, . 


806 


Palmyra, 


997 


Sullivan, . 


872 


Waterloo, 


831 


Watertown, 


1,327 


Watertown Village, 


. 1,561 




15,339 


KENOSHA 




Brighton, 


810 


Bristol, 


. 1,225 


Kenosha, . 


3,460 


Paris, . 


947 


Pike, 


680 


Pleasant Prairie, . 


959 


Salem, 


1,123 


Southport, . 


363 


Wheatland, 


1,193 




10,730 


LA POINT 


E. 


La Pointe Village, 


487 


Bad Axe, 


10 


Fond du Lac, . 


16 




595 


LA FAYET 


PE 


Argyle, 


495 


Belmont, 


326 


Benton, . 


2,227 


Centre, 


591 


Elkhom, . 


614 


Fayette, 


753 


Gratiot, . 


494 


Kendall, 


333 


Monticcllo, 


168 



752 

New DigginB, 

Shullsburg, 

Wayne, 

Wliite Oak Springs, 

Wiota, . 

Willow Springs, 



MANITOWOC. 
Cooperstown, . 
Centreville, . 
Manitowoc, 
Manitowoc Rapids, 
Meme, 
Newton, 
Two Kivers, 



MARATHON. 
Wausau, 

MARQUETTK 
Albany, . 
Buffalo, 
Brooklyn, 
Berlin, . 
Green Lake, 
Kingston, 
Mackford, 
Marquette, 
Middleton, 
Pleasant Praiirte, 
Indian Lands, 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



1,742 
1,672 
336 
482 
711 
606 

11,556 



84 
210 
766 
966 
210 
522 
924 

3,712 



466 



494 
565 
505 

1,052 
725 
336 
549 
246 
359 
536 

2,865 

8,642 



PORTAGE. 

Grand Rapids, . 
Plover, . 
Stevens Point, . 



RACINE. 

Burlington, 

Caledonia, 

Dover, 

Norway, 

Racine, 

Racine City, 

Raymond, 

Rochester, 

Yorkville, 



MILWAUKEE. 




Franklin, . ' . 


1,246 


Granville, 


1,739 


Greenfield, 


1,894 


Lake, . . . . 


1,474 


Oak Creek, 


1,289 


Milwaukee, . 


1,364 


Milwaukee City, 


20,061 


Wauwatosa, . 


2,056 



31,124 



343 

462 
462 

1,267 



1,640 

1,065 
840 
870 
777 

5,103 
820 

1,672 
997 



963 



558 

2,730 

703 

625 

1,176 

828 

840 

3,419 

1,571 

378 

839 

673 

1,032 

881 

511 

553 

798 

766 

966 

1,050 



20,717 



165 

84 
248 
169 

666 



504 
252 
462 
420 
340 
252 
420 
336 
84 
84 
210 
168 
630 
210 



14,971 



RICHLAND. 
Total of county, . 

ROCK 
Avon, 
Beloit, . 
Bradford, . 
Centre, . 
Clinton, . 
Fulton, 
Harmony, 
Jiinesville, 
Johnstown, 
La Prairie, . 
Lima, 
Magnolia, 
Milton, 
Porter, . 
Plymouth, 
Rock, . 
Newark, . 
Spring Valley, 
Turtle, . 
Union, 



ST. CROIX. 
St. Croix Falls, 
Osceola, 
Bucna Vista, . 
Mouth of St. Croix, 



SAUK. 

Adams, 

Baraboo Villag( 

Baraboo Town 

Brooklyn, 

Eagle, 

Flora, . 

Kingston, 

Honey Creek, 

Lyons, 

Manchester, . 

New Buffalo, 

Prairie du Sac, 

Prairie du Sac Village 

Westfield, . 



SHEBOYGAN. 

Abbott, I 

Green Bush, 

Howard, 

Holland, 

Lima, 

Lynden, 

Plymouth, 

Scott, 

Sheboygan, 

Sheboygan Falls, 

Wilson, 



WALWORTH. 

Bloomfield, . . 879 

Darien, . . 1,013 

Delavan, . . . 1,260 

East Troy, . . 1,318 



4,372 



8,386 



Geneva, . 
Hudson, 
La Fayette, 
La Grange, . 
Linn, 

Richmond, . 
Spring Prairie, 
Sugar Creek, 
Sharon, 
Twy, . 
Waiworth, 
Whitewater, 



WASHINGTON, 
Addison, . 
Belaium, 
Cedersburg, 
Erin, . 
Farmington, 
Fredonia, 
Grafton, . 
Gerniantown, 
Hartford, 
Jackson, 
Mequon, . 
North Bend, . 
Poik, 

Port Washington, 
Richfield, 
Saukville, 
Wayne, 
West Bend, 



WAUKESHA. 
Brookfield, 
Delafield, 

Eagle, 

Genesee, 

Lisbon, 

Menominee, 

Merton, . 

Muokwonago 

Muskego, . 

New Berlin, 

Oconomowoc, 

Ottowa, 

Pewaukee,] 

Summit, 

Vernon, . 

Waukesha, 



WINNEBAGO. 

Algoma, . 
Bloomingdale, 
Clayton, . 
Necnah, 
Nekima, . 
Nepcsakin, . 
Rushford, 
Utica, . 
Vinland, . 
Winnebago, . 
Winneconua, 



1,533 

1,273 

1,008 

0C6 

805 

756 

1,344 

1,229 

1,169 

1,072 

987 

1,252 



1,092 

1,154 

1,134 

840 

504 

672 

626 

1,722 

1.008 

1,038 

2.148 

672 

1 ,344 

1,373 

869 

1,796 

714 

672 

19,476 



1,939 
1,134 

816 
1,290 
1,050 
1,340 
1,763 
1,094 
1,111 
1,293 
1,218 

793 
1.093 
1,008 

889 
2,314 

19,324 



702 

909 

402 

1,520 

910 

361 

514 

630 

756 

1,627 

1,948 

19,179 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



753 



STATE OF INDIANA.* 



Adams, 


5,774 


Hendricks, . 


. 14.077 


Porter, . 






5,250 


Allen, . 


16,921 


Henry, 


17,668 


Posey, 




. 12!367 


Bartholomew, . 


12,8.32 


Howard, 


. 6,667 


Pulaski, . 






2,595 


Benton, 


1.144 


Huntington, 


7,850 


Putnam, 






18,612 


Blackford, 


2,864 


Jackson, 


. 11,030 


Randolph. 






14,694 


Boone, 


11,629 


Jasper. 


3,424 


Kiplev, 






14,822 


Brown, ... 


4,846 


Jay, . 


. 7,051 


Rush,' 






16,445 


Carrol, 


11,025 


Jefferson, 


23,931 


Scott, . 






5,889 


Cass. 


10.922 


Jennings, 


. 12,541 


Shelby, . 






1.5.446 


Clark, . 


15.836 


Johnson, . 


12,228 


Spencer, 






8,664 


Clay, 


8.1.34 


Knox, . 


. 11,086 


Steuben, . 






6,107 


Clinton, 


11,871 


Kosciusko, 


10,243 


St. Joseph, . 






10,95.S 


Crawford, 


6.318 


Lagrange, 


. 8,424 


Sullivan. . 






10,163 


Daviess, 


10.3.54 


Lake, 


3.991 


Switzerland, 






12,953 


Dearborn, 


20,165 


Laporte, 


. 12,169 


St.arke, . 






558 


Decatur, 


15.100 


Lawrence, 


12,210 


Tippecanoe, 






19,269 


De Kalb, . 


8,257 


Madison, 


. 12,497 


Tipton, . 






3,534 


Delaware, . 


10,976 


Marion, . 


24,289 


Union, 






6,881 


Dubois, . 


6,230 


Marshall, 


. 5,348 


Vanderburg, 






11.415 


Elkhart, 


12,903 


Martin, 


5.955 


Vermillion, 






8,601 


Fayette, . 


10,140 


Miami, 


. 11.349 


Vigo. 






14,693 


Floyd. . 


14,876 


Monroe, . 


11,283 


Wabash, 






12,109 


Fountain, 


13.260 


Montgomery, 


. 18,227 


Warren, . 






7.423 


Franklin, 


17.914 


Morgan, . 


14.654 


Warrick. . 






8,823 


Fulton, 


5,864 


Noble, 


. 7,948 


Washington, 






17,088 


Gibson, 


10,782 


Ohio, 


5,310 


Wayne, 






25,900 


Grant, 


11.092 


Orange, 


. 10,818 


Wells, . 






6,152 


Greene, 


12,247 


Owen, 


12.040 


Whitp, 






4.760 


Hamilton, 


12,686 


Parke, . 


. 15.049 


Whitlev, . 




5.190 


Hancock, 


9,714 


Perry, 
Pike, . 


7,251 




Harrison, 


15,538 


. 8,599 








990,258 



STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



EASTERN DISTRICT. 


Adams, 


25,981 


Berks, . 


. 77,129 


Bucks, . 


56,091 


Carbon, 


. 15.686 


Chester. . 


66,438 


Cumberland. 


. 34,327 


Dauphin, . 


35,754 


Delaware, . ' . 


. 24,679 


Franklin, . 


39.904 


Lancaster, . 


. 98,944 


Lebanon, . 


26,071 


Lehigh, 


. 32.479 


Monroe, . 


13.270 


Montgomery, 


. 58,291 


Northampton, . 


40.235 


Perry, . 


. 20.088 


J-hiladelphia, . 


. 408,782 


Pike, . 


. 5,881 


Schuylkill, 


60,713 


Wavne, 


. 21,890 


i'ork, 


57,4.50 




1,220,063 



WESTERN 
Alleghany, 
Armstronj. 
Beaver, 
Bedford, 
Blair, 
Bradford, 
Butler, 
Cambria, 
Centre, 
Clarion, 
Clearfield, 
Clinton, 
Columbia, 
Crawford, 
Elk, 
Erie, . 
Fayette, 
Fulton, 
Greene, 
Huntingdon, 
Indiana, . 



DI.STRICT. 

138,290 
29,560 
26,689 
23,052 
21,777 
42.831 
.30.346 
17,773 
23.355 
23.565 
12,586 
11.207 
17,710 
37.849 

3,.531 
38.742 
39,112 

7.567 
22,136 
24,786 
27,170 



Jefferson, 


13,518 


Juniata, 


. 13,029 


Lawrence, 


21,079 


Lucerne, 


. 56,072 


Lycoming. 


26.257 


Mercer, 


. 33,172 


Mifflin. . 


14.980 


Montour, 


. 13.239 


Mckean. . 


5,254 


Northumberland, . 


. 23,272 


Potter. 


6,048 


Somerset, 


. 24.416 


Sullivan, . 


3.694 


Susquehanna. 


. 28,688 


Tioga, 


23,987 


.Union, 


. 26,083 


Vanango, 


18,310 


Warren. 


. 13.671 


Washington, 


44,939 


Westmoreland. . 


. 51,726 


Wyoming, 


10,655 


1,091.723 



STATE OF DELAWARE. 



Kent, 
New Castle, 



22,816 1 Sussex, . 
. 42,784 



25,935 



91,535 



* In this and the following sutes, the population is given by counties. 
95 



764 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



STATE OF MARYLAND. 



WESTERN SHORE. 

AUeghanv. . . 22,769 

Anne Arundel, . . 32,393 

Baltimore, . . 210.646 

Calvert, . . . 9,646 

Carroll, . . . 20.616 

Charles. . . .16,162 

Frederick, . . 40,987 

Harford, . 19,356 



Montgomery, . 
Prince George's, . 
St. Mary's, 
Washington, 

KA.STERN SI 


15,860 
. 21,550 

13,098 
. 30,848 

454,531 
lORE. 


Cecil, . 
Dorchester, 
Kent, . 

Queen Anne's, . 
Somerset, 
Talbot, . 
Worcester, . 


. 18.939 
18,877 

. 12,386 
14.484 

. 22.456 
13,811 

. 18.S59 



128,504 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



Washington, 
Georgetown, 



40,001 
8,366 



Country parts, 



3,320 
51,687 



STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



EASTERN VIRGINIA. 


Norfolk Co., . 


10,084 


Hancock, 






4,050 


Aceomac, 


17,890 


Northampton, 


7.498 


Hardy, . 




9,543 


Albemarle, . 


25.8U0 


Northumberland, 


7,346 


Harrison, 






11,728 


Alexandria, 


10,008 


Nottoway, . 


8,437 


Highland, 






3.227 


Amelia, 


9,770 


Orange, . 


10.007 


Jackson, 






6,544 


Amherst, . 


12,699 


Patrick. 


9,609 


Jefferson, . 






15,357 


Appomattox, 


• 9,193 


Pittsylvania, 


28,796 


Kanawha, . 






15,353 


Bedford, . 


24,080 


Portsmouth, 


8,626 


Lee, . 






10,267 


Brunswick, . 


13,894 


Powhattan, 


8,178 


Lewis, . 






10,031 


Buckingham, . 


13.837 


Prince Edward, . 


11,857 


Logan, 






3,620 


Campbell, 


23.245 


Prince George, 


7,596 


Marion. 






10,552 


Caroline, . 


^ 18,456 


Prince William, . 


8,129 


Marsliall, 






10.138 


Charles City, 


5,200 


Princess Ann, . 


7,669 


Mason, 






7,539 


Charlotte, 


13,955 


Rappahannock, . 


9,782 


Mercer, 






4,222 


Chesterfield, 


17,486 


Richmond City, 


27,482 


Monongahcia, 






12,387 


Culpepper, 


12,282 


Richmond Co., . 


6,448 


Monroe, . 






10,204 


Cumberland, 


9,751 


Southampton, . 


13.521 


Montgomery, 






8,359 


Dinwiddle, 


25,706 


Spottsylviinia, 


14,911 


Morgan, . 






3,557 


Elizabeth City, . 


4,586 


Stafford, . 


8,044 


Nicholas, 






3,963 


Essex, 


10.206 


Surry, . 


5,679 


Ohio, 






18,008 


Fairfax, 


10,682 


Sussex, 


9,820 


Page. . 






7,600 


Fauquier, 


20,868 


Warwick, 


1,282 


Pendleton, 






5.805 


Fluvanna, 


9,487 


Westmoreland, 


7,080 


Pocahontas, 






3,598 


Franklin, . 


17,4.30 


York, . 


4,460 


Preston, . .' 






11,688 


Gloucester, . 


10,527 






Pulaski, 






5,118 




Goochland, 


10,352 




856,698 


Putnam, . 






5,335 


Green, 


4,400 






Raleigh, 






1,765 


Greensville, 


5,639 


WESTERN VIRGl 


NIA. 


Randolph, 






5,243 


Halifax, 


25,972 


Alleghany, 


3,515 


Ritchie, 






3,902 


Hanover, . 


15,153 


Augusta, 


24,610 


Roanoke, . 






8.477 


Henrico, 


15,955 


Barbour, . 


9,005 


Rockbridge, 






16,045 


Henry, 


8,872 


Bath, . 


3,426 


Rockingham, . 






20,204 


Jamea City, 


4,020 


Berkeley, . 


11,761 


Russell, 






11,911 


Isle of Wight, . 


9,3.53 


Boone, 


3,237 


Scott, 






9.829 


King and Queen, . 


. 10.319 


Botetourt, 


14,908 


Slienandoah, 






13,768 


King George, . 


5,972 


Braxton, 


4,212 


Smythe. . 






8,062 


King William, . 


. 8,419 


Brooke, . 


5,044 


Tazewell, 






9,942 


Lancaster, 


4.708 


Cabell, 


, 6,299 


Tavlor, . 






5,267 


Loudon, 


. 22.076 


Carroll, 


5,909 


Tyler, . 






5,498 


Louisa, 


16,691 


Clarke, 


. 7,352 


Warren, . 






6.607 


Lunenburg, 


. 11,692 


Doddridge, 


2,750 


Washington, 






14.612 


Madison, . 


9,331 


Favette, 


. 3.955 


Wavne, . 






4,850 


Mathews. 


. 6.714 


Fl6yd, . . . 


6.448 


Wetzel, 






4,284 


Mechlenburg, . 


20,597 


Frederic, 


. 15,975 


Wirt, 






3,353 


Middlesex, . 


. 4.394 


Giles, 


6,570 


Wood, 






9,450 


Nansemond, 


12,283 


Gilmer, 


. 3,475 


Wyoming, 






1,645 


Nelson, 


. 13,258 


Grayson, . 


6,977 


Wythe, 




12,024 


New Kent, 


6,064 


Greenbrier, . 


. 10,022 








Norfolk City, 


. 14,320 


Hampshire, 


14,036 








564,963 



CENSUS OF TUK UNITED STATES, 1850 



755 



STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



Alamance, 


11,444 


Ed<;ccomb, . 


17,189 


Onslow, . 


8,283 


Alexander, . 


. 5,220 


Franklin, 


11,713 


Orange, 


. 17.255 


Anson, 


14,489 


Forsyth, 


11,168 


Pasquotank, 


9,950 


Ashe, . . , 


. 8,777 


Gates. 


8.436 


Perquimans, 


. 7,331 


Beaufort, . 


13,816 


Granville, . 


21,249 


Person, 


10.781 


Bertie, 


. 12,851 


Green, 


6,619 


Pitt, 


. 13,397 


Bladen, . 


9,767 


Guiifbnl, 


19,739 


Randolph, 


15,832 


Brunswick, . 


. 7,272 


Gastan, . 


8,073 


Richmond, . 


. 9,618 


Buncombe, 


13,425 


IIalila.x, 


16,589 


Rowan, 


13,870 


Burke, 


7,772 


Haywood, 


6.364 


Robeson, 


. 12,826 


Caliarras, 


9,847 


Hertford, 


8,142 


Rockingham, . 


14,495 


Caldwell, . 


. 6,317 


Hyde, 


7,6.36 


Rutherford, . 


. 13,550 


Camden, . 


6,049 


Hcnrlcrson, . 


6.853 


Sampson, 


14,585 


Carteret, 


. 6,803 


Iredell, . 


15,019 


Stokes, 


. 9,106 


Caswell, . 


15,269 


John.stou, 


13.726 


Surry, 


18,443 


Catawba, 


. 8,862 


Jones, 


5,038 


Stanley, 


. 6,922 


Cliathum, 


18.449 


Lenoir, 


7,828 


Tyrrell, . 


5,028 


Chowan, 


. 6,713 


Lincoln, . 


7.756 


Union. 


9,997 


Cleaveland, 


1 0,383 


Martin, 


8,307 


Wake, . 


24,887 


Columbus, . 


. 5,909 


JIcDowell, 


6,246 


Warren, 


. i.i,9ia 


Craven, 


14,709 


Mecklenburg, 


1.3.914 


Washington, . 


5,766 


Cumherland, 


. 20,610 


Montgomery, . 


6,872 


Watauga, 


. 3,400 


Currituck, 


7.2.36 


Moore. 


9,342 


Wayne, . 


13,486 


Cherokee, . 


*. 6,838 


Macon, 


6,489 


Wilkes, 


. 12,109 


Davidson, 


15.320 


Nash, . 


10,657 


Yaney, 


8,205 


Davie, . 
Duplin, 


7.866 
13,514 


New Hanover, . 
Northampton, 


17,668 
13,345 








868,072 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Abbeville, 

Anderson, 

Barnwell, 

Beaufort, 

Charleston, 

Chester, 

Chesterfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 



32,318 
21,475 
26,608 
38,805 
72,805 
18.038 
10,790 
39,505 
16,830 
39,262 



Fairfield, . 
Georgetown, 
Greenville, 
Horry, 
Kershaw, . 
Lancaster, . 
Laurens, . 
Lexington, . 
Marion, 
Marlboro', . 



21,404 
20,647 
20,156 
7,646 
14,473 
10,988 
23,407 
12,930 
17,407 
10,789 



Newbury, 


20,143 


Orangeburg, 


. 23,582 


Pickens, . 


16,904 


Richland, 


. 20,243 


Sj>artanburg, . 


26,400 


Sumpter, 


. 33.220 


Union, 


19,852 


Williamsburg, 


. 12,447 


York, 


19,433 



668,507 



STATE OF GEORGIA. 



Appling, . 






2,949 


Dooly, 


. 8,361 


Jasper, 


16,486 


Baker, . 




. 8,120 


Early, 


7,246 


Jones, . 


. 10,224 


Baldwin, . 






8,148 


Effingham, . 


3,864 


Jetferson, 


9,131 


Bibb, . 






12,699 


Elbert, . 


12,959 


Laurens, 


. 6,442 


Bryan, 






3,424 


Emanuel, 


. 4,577 


Lee, 


6,659 


Bullock, 






4,300 


Favettc, . 


8,709 


Liberty, 


. 7,926 


Burke, . 






16,100 


Floyd, . 


. 8,205 


Lincoln, . 


5,998 


Botts, . 






6,488 


For-syth, . 


8,850 


Lowndes, 


. 8,351 


Camden, . 






6,319 


Franklin, 


. 11,513 


Lumpkin, 


8,954 


Campbell, . 






7,232 


Giliner, 


8,440 


Macon, 


. 7,052 


Carroll, . 






9,357 


Glynn, 


4,933 


Madison, . 


,5,703 


Cass, . 






13,300 


Gordon, . 


5,984 


Marion, 


. 10,180 


Chatham, 






23.901 


Greene, 


. 13,068 


Mcintosh, 


6,028 


Chatooga, . 






6,815 


Gwinnett, 


11,257 


Meriwether, 


. 16,486 


Cherokee, 






12,800 


Habersham, 


. 8,895 


Monroe, . 


16,985 


Clark, . 






11,119 


Hall, 


8,713 


Montgomery, 


. 2,164 


Cobb, 






13.843 


Hancock, 


. 11,578 


Morgan, 


10,744 


Columbia, . 






11,961 


Harris, 


14,721 


Murray. 


. 14,443 


Coweta, . 






13.635 


Heard, 


. 6,923 


Muscogee, 


18,578 


Crawford, 






8,984 


Henry, 


14,726 


Newton, 


. 13,296 


Dade, 






2,680 


Houston, 


. 16,450 


Oglethorpe, 


12,259 


Decatur, 






8,262 


Irivin, 


3,334 


Paulding, 


7,039 


DeKalb, . 






14,328 


Jackson. 


. 9,768 


Pike, 


14,305 



756 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 18,W. 



Pnlaski, 
Pntnam, . 
Rabun, 
Randolph, 
Richmond, 
Scriven, . 
Stewart, 
Bumtcr, . 
Talbot, 



. 6,629 


10.794 


. 2,448 


12,868 


. 16,246 


6,847 


. 16,027 


10,322 


. 16,534 



Taliaferro 

Tatnall, 

Telfair, 

Thomas, 

Troup, 

TwiL'gS, 

Union, 
Upson, 
Walker, 



5,146 

3.227 

3,026 

10,103 

16.879 

8,179 

7.234 

9,424 

13,109 



Walton, 


. 10,821 


Ware, 


3,888 


Warren, 


. 12.425 


Washington, . 


11.766 


Wavne, 


1.499 


Wilkinson, 


8,212 


Wilkes, 


. 12,107 



905.999 



STATE OF FLORIDA. 



WESTERN FLORIDA. 



Calhonn, . 
Escambia, . 
Franklin, . 
Holmes, 
Jackson, . 
Santa Rosa, 
Walton, . 
Washington, 



1,377 
4,351 
1,561 
1,644 
6.639 
2.883 
1.379 
1,950 

21,784 



MIDDLE FLORIDA. 
Gadsden, . . 8,783 



Hamilton, . 


. 2.469 


Levi, . 


465 


JcB'erson, . 


7,718 


Marion. . 


3,338 


Leon. . 


. 11.442 


Nassau, 


. 2,164 


Madison, . 


5,490 


OranRC, 


466 


Wakulla, . 


1,955 


Putnam, 


687 






St. John, . 


2,525 








37,857 
FLORIDA. 


St. Lucie, 


139 


EASTERN 


24,958 


Alachua, . 


2,524 






Benton, 


926 


.SOUTHERN 


FLORIDA. 


Columbia, 


4,808 


Dade, ^. 
Monroe, 


159 


Duval, 


. 4.539 


. 2,643 


Uillsboro', 


2,377 







2,802 



STATE OF ALABAMA. 



SOUTHERN ALABAMA. 


Mobile, . 


27,600 


Blount, 


. 7,367 


Antauga, 


. 15,023 


Monroe, 


. 12.013 


Cherokee, 


13.884 


Baldwin, . 


44,14 


Montgomery, . 


29,795 


De Kalb, . 


. 8,245 


Barbour, 


. 23,632 


Pike, . . 


. 15,920 


Fayette, . 


9.681 


Bibb, 


9,9G9 


Pickens, . 


21,512 


Franklin, 


. 19,610 


Butler, 


. 10,836 


l*erry, . 


. 22.285 


Hancock, 


1,542 


Chambers, 


23.960 


Randolph, 


11,581 


Jackson, 


. 14.088 


Choctaw, 


8,389 


Russel, 


. 19,548 


Jefl'erson. 


8,989 


Clarke, . 


9,786 


Shelby, . 


9,536 


Ijauderdale, 


. 17,172 


Coffee, 


. 5.940 


Sumter, 


. 22,250 


Lawrence, 


15,258 


Conecuh, 


9,322 


Talladega, 


18,624 


Limestone. . 


. 16,483 


Coosa, 


. 14.543 


Tallapoo.sa, 


. 15,584 


Madison, . 


26.427 


Covington, 


3,645 


Tuscaloosa, 


18,056 


Marion, 


. 7,833 


Dale, . 


. 6,346 


Wilcox, 


. 17,352 


Marshall, 


8,846 


Dallas, . 


29,727 


Washington, . 


2,713 


Morgan, 


. 10,125 


Greene, 


. 31,441 






St. Clair, . 


6,829 




Henry, 


9,019 




557,005 


Walker, 


. 5,124 


Lowndes, 
Macon, 


. 21,915 

26,898 










NORTHERN A 


LABAMA. 




214,666 


Marengo, 


. 27,831 


Benton, . 


17,163 







STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



NORTHERN M 


ISSISSIPPI. 


Panola, 


11,444 


Claiborne, 


14,941 


Attala, 


10.999 


Ponlotoc, 


. 17.112 


(^lark. . 


. 5,477 


Bolivar, 


. 2,577 


Sun Flower, 


1,102 


Copiah, 


11.794 


Carroll, . 


18,491 


Tallahatehee, 


4,643 


Covington, . 


. 3,338 


Chickasaw, . 


. 16.368 


Ti[>pah, 


20,741 


Franklin, . 


5,904 


Choctaw, 


11,402 


Tishcmingo, 


15.490 


Green, . 


. 2,018 


Coahoma, 


. 2,780 


Tunica, 


1,314 


Hancock, 


3,672 


De Soto, . 


19.042 


Winston, 


. 7,956 


Harrison, 


. 4,875 


Itawamba, . 


. 13,528 


Yallabusha, 


1 7,258 


Hinds, . 


25,340 


Lafayette, 


14,069 






Holmes, 


. 13,928 




Lowndes, 


19,544 




302,191 


Issaquena, 


4,478 


Marshall, . 


29.689 






Jackson, 


. 3,196 


Monroe, 


. 21,172 


SOUTHERN 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Jasper, 


6,184 


Noxubee, . 


16.208 


Adams, 


18,622 


JetlersoD, 


. 13,193 


Oktibbeha, . 


. 9,171 


Amite, 


. 9,696 


Jones, 


2,164 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



757 



Kemper, 


. 12,517 


Newton, 


Laudcnlale, 


8,717 


Perry, . 


Lawrence, . 


6,478 


Pil<e; 


Leake, 


5,533 


Kunkin, 


Madison, 


. 18,173 


Scott, 


Marion, 


4,410 


Simp.son 


Neshoba, 


4,728 


Smith, 



4,565 


Warren, 


. 18,121 


2,438 


Washington, 


8,389 


7,360 


Wayne, 


2,892 


7,227 


Wilkinson, 


16,914 


3,961 


Yazoo, 


. 14,418 


4 7.34 






4^072 




304,364 



STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



KASTERN DISTRICT. 


St. John Baptist, . 


. 7,317 


De Soto. . 


8,019 


Ascen.'^ion. 


10,752 


St. Tammany, . 


6.364 


Franklin, 


. 3,251 


Assumption, 


. 10,538 


Terre Bonne. 


. 7,724 


Jackson. . 


5,566 


Baton Rou^'CjEast, . 


11.979 


Washington, 


3,408 


La Fayette, 


. 6,720 


Baton Rouge, West, 
Feliciana, East, 


. 6,270 
13.598 






Madison, . 
Morehou.se, . 


8,773 
. 3,913 




304,187 


Feliciana, West , . 


. 12.245 






Nachitoches, 


14,201 


Iberyillc, . 


12.214 


WESTEUN DISTRICT. 


Rapides, 


. 16,561 


Jefferson, 


. 25,091 


Avoyelles, 


9,326 


Sabine, 


4,515 


La Fouche, 


9,533 


Bienville, 


. 5,539 


St. Landry, . 


. 22,253 


Livinj^ston, . 


. 3,385 


Bossier, . 


6,962 


St. Martin, 


11,107 


Orleans, . 


119,461 


Caddo, 


8,884 


St. Mary, 


. 8,808 


IMaquemines, 


. 7,390 


Calcasieu, 


3,914 


Tensas,' . 


9,040 


Point Coupee, . 


11,339 


Caldwell, . 


. 2.815 


Union, 


. 8,203 


St. Bernard, 


. 3.802 


Carroll, . 


8.789 


Vermillion, 


3,409 


St. Charles, 


5,120 


Catahoula, . 


. 6,982 


Wachita, 


5,008 


St. Helena, . 


. 4.561 


Claiborne, 


7,471 








St. James, 


11,098 


Concordia, . 


. 7,758 




207,787 



STATE OK TEXAS. 



Andereon, 

An^'elina, 

Austin, 

Bastrop, 

Bexar, 

Bowie, 

Brazoria, . 

Brazos, 

Burleson, 

Burnett, 

Beel, 

Caldwell, 

Calhoun, . 

Cass. . 

Cherokee, 

Collin, 

Colorado, . 

Comal. 

Cook, ' . 

Dacameron, 

Dallas. . 

Denton, 

Dewitt, 

Ellis, . 

Fannin, . 

Fayette, . 

Fort Bend, 

Falls, . 

Freestone, 

Galveston, 

Gilaspie, . 



4,240 


1,334 


3,939 


3,503 


7,023 


3,439 


5,350 


632 


2,350 


1,561 


1,238 


4,888 


8.505 


2,250 


2,477 


1,607 


436 


6.000 



3,112 
655 
1,710 
986 
3,487 
5,880 
2,710 



5.062 
1,245 



Gonzales, 

(irayson, 

Grimes, . 

Guadalupe, 

Goliad, . 

Harris, 

Hays, 

Harrison, 

Hopkins, . 

Houston, 

Hunt, 

Henderson, 

Hidalgo, . 

Jackson, 

Jasper, 

Jefferson, 

Kaufman, 

Kinney, 

Lamar, 

Lavacca, 

Leon. 

Liberty, 

Limestone, 

Matagorda, 

McCiellcn, 

Medina, 

Milam. . 

Montgomery 

Nacogdoches 

Navaro, 

Newton, . 



2,815 
1,562 
4.304 
1,979 

648 
5,386 

525 
1 1 .034 
2.755 
2.6.53 
1,770 
1,237 

1,026 
2.103 
1,942 
1 ,409 

4.621 
1,546 
1,537 
3,327 
2,608 
2,354 
1,568 
549 
1,180 
2,268 
5,673 
2657 
1,6.55 



Nueces, 


698 


Orange, . 




Panola, 


3,876 


Polk, 


2,209 


Presidio, 




Red River, 


3,926 


Rifugio, 


417 


Robertson, 


1,788 


Rusk, . 


. 8,148 


Sabine, 


2,201 


San Augustine, . 


. 3,588 


San Patricio, . 


199 


Starr. . 


. 1,969 


Shelby, . 


5,012 


Smith, . 


5,546 


Tarrant, . 


680 


Travis, 


. 5,985 


Titus, 


3,636 


Trinity, 




Tyler, 


1,853 


Upshur, 


3,947 


Uvalde, . 




Van Zandt, . 


441 


Victoria, . 


1,851 


Walker. 


4,9.54 


Washington, . 


7,84J 


Wharton. 


1,773 


Williamson, 


1,918 


Wood, 


1,034 


Webb, 





240,8I« 



STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



Arkansas, 
Ashley, 
Beuton, . 



3,120 
2,058 
3,710 



Bradley, 
Carroll, 
Chicot, 



3,829 
4,614 
5,115 



Clark, 

Coward, 

Crawford, 



4,011 
3,58S 
7,96* 



758 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1850. 



Crittenden, . 


. 2fiiS 


Laurence, 


5,271 


Prairie, 


2,097 


Dallas, . 


6,877 


Madison, 


. 4.823 


Pulaski, 


5,658 


Desha, 


. 2,920 


Marion. . 


2,302 


Randolph, 


3,275 


Drew, 


3,278 


Mississippi, . 


. 2,368 


Sabine, 


. 3,901 


Franklin, . 


. 3,500 


Monroe. . 


1,6.54 


St. Francis, 


4,479 


Falton, . 


1,819 


Montgomery, 


. 1,948 


Scott, . 


. 3,083 


Green, . 


. 2,593 


Newton, . 


1,758 


Searcy, 


1,979 


Hempstead, 


7,672 


Ouachita, 


. 9,591 


Servier, 


. 3,453 


Hot Springs, 


. 3,609 


Perry, 


978 


Tell, 


3,341 


Independence, . 


7,767 


Philips, 


. 6,925 


Union, 


. 10,298 


Izard, 


. 3,212 


Pike, 


1,861 


Van Buren, 


2,864 


Jackson, . 


3,036 


Poinsett, 


. 2,308 


Washington, 


. 9,970 


Jefferson, 


. 5,834 


Polk, 


1,263 


White, . 


2,460 


Johnson, . 


5,227 


Pope, . 


. 4,710 








Lafayette, . 


. 5,220 








209,639 



STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



EASTERN TENNE.SSEE. 


Anderson, 


6,938 


Bledsoe, 


. 5,959 


Blount, . 


12,382 


Bradley, 


. 12,259 


Campbell, 


6,068 


Carter, 


. 6,296 


Claiborne, 


9,369 


Cocke, 


8,300 


Granger, . 


12,370 


Green, . 


. 17,824 


Hamilton, 


10,075 


Hancock, 


. 5,660 


Hawkins, 


13,370 


.Jefferson, 


. 13,204 


Johnson, . 


3,705 


Knox, . 


. 18,755 


Marion, . 


6,314 


Meigs, . 


. 4,879 


Monroe, . 


11,874 


Morgan, 


. 3,400 


McMinn, . 


13,906 


Polk, . 


. 6.338 


Rhea, 


4,415 


Roane, 


. 12,185 


Scott, 


1.905 


Sevier, 


. 6,920 


Sullivan, . 


11,742 


Washington, 


. 13,861 



260,303 



MIDDLE 
Bedford, . 
Cannon, 
Coflee, 
Davidson, 
Dickson, 
De Kalb, . 
Fentress, 
Franklin, . 
Giles, . 
Grundy, . 
Hickman, 
Humphreys, 
Jackson, 
Lawrence, 
Lewis, 
Lincoln, . 
Macon, 
Marshall, . 
Maury, 
Montgomer)' 
Overton, 
Robertson, 
Rutherford, 
Smith, 
Stewart, 
Sumner, . 
Van Buren, 
Warren, . 
Wayne, 



TENNESSEE, 

21,512 

8,982 

8,351 

38,881 

8,004 

8,016 

4,454 

13,768 

25,949 

2,773 

9,397 

6,422 

15,673 

9,280 

4,438 

23,492 

6,948 

15,616 

29,520 

21,045 

11,211 

16,145 

29,122 

18,412 

9,719 

22,717 

2,674 

10,209 

8,170 



White, . 

Williamson, 

Wilson, 



11,444 
27,201 
27,444 

477,359 



TTESTEEN TENNESSEE. 



Benton, . 

Carroll, 

Decatur, . 

Dyer, . 

Fayette, . 

Gibson, 

Henderson, 

Haywood, 

Hardeman, 

Harden, 

Henry, 

Lauderdale, 

Madison, 

McNairy, 

Obion, 

Perry, 

Shelby, 

Tipton, 

Weakly, 



6.315 

15,967 

6,003 

6,361 

26,719 

19,548 

13.104 

17,259 

17.456 

10,328 

18,233 

5,169 

21,470 

12,864 

7.633 

5,822 

31,157 

8,887 

14,608 

264,963 



STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



Adair, 


9.898 


Carter, 


6.241 


Graves, . 


11.397 


Allen, . 


. 8,742 


Casey, . 


. 6,556 


Grant, . 


. 6,531 


Anderson, 


6,260 


Christian, 


19,580 


Greenup, . 


9,6.54 


Ballard, 


. 5,496 


Clark, . 


. 12,683 


Grayson, 


. 6,837 


Barren, 


20,240 


Clay, 


5,421 


Green, 


9,060 


Bath, . 


. 12,115 


Clinton, 


. 4,889 


Hancock, 


. 3,853 


Boone, 


11,185 


Crittenden, 


6,351 


Hardin, 


14,525 


Bourbon, 


. 14,466 


Cumberland, 


. 7,005 


Harlan, 


. 4,268 


Boyle, 


9,116 


Daviess, . 


12,353 


Harrison, 


13,064 


Bracken, 


. 8,903 


Edmondson, 


. 4,088 


Hart, . 


. 9,093 


Breathitt, 


3,785 


Estell, . 


5,985 


Henderson, 


12,171 


Breckenridge, 


. 10,593 


Fayette, 


. 22,735 


Henry, 


. 11,442 


Bullitt, 


6,774 


Fleming, . 


13.914 


Hickman, 


4,791 


Bntler, 


. 5,755 


Floyd, . 


. 5,714 


Hopkins. 


. 12,441 


Caldwell, 


13,048 


Franklin, 


12,462 


Jefferson, 


59,831 


Callaway, 


. 8,096 


Fulton, 


. 4,446 


.Jessamine, . 


. 10,249 


Campbell, 


13,127 


Gallatin, . 


5,139 


Johnson, . 


3,873 


Carroll, 


. 5,526 


Garrard, 


. 10,237 


Kenton, 


. 17,038 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



759 



Knox, 


7,050 


Monroe, . 


7,756 


Scott, 


14,946 


Laurel, 


. 4,145 


Mont^^omery, 


. 9,90.-! 


Shelby, 


. 17,095 


La Rue, . 


5,859 


Morfjan, . 


7,620 


Simpson, . 


7.733 


Lawrence, 


. 6,281 


Mulilenburg, 


. 9,809 


Spencer, 


. 6,842 


Letchei-, . 


2,512 


Nelson, 


14,789 


Taylor, . 


7,250 


Lewis, . 


. 7,202 


Nicholas, 


. 10,.361 


Todd, , 


12,268 


Lincoln, . 


10.093 


Ohio, 


9,749 


Trii;g, . . 


10,129 


Livingston, . 


. 6,578 


Oldham. 


. 7,629 


Trumble, . 


. 5,963 


Lofian, 


16,581 


Owen, 


10,444 


Union, 


9,012 


Madison, 


. 15,727 


Owsley, 


. .3.774 


Warren, 


. 1.5,123 


Marion, . 


11,765 


Pendleton, 


6,774 


Washington, . 


12,194 


M;vson. 


. 18,.344 


Perry, . 


. 3,092 


Wavne, 


. 8,692 


Marshall, 


5,269 


Pike, 


5,365 


Wh'itlcv, . 


7,447 


McCracken, 


. 6,067 


Pulaski, 


. 14.195 


Woodford, . 


. 12,423 


Meade, 


"..■i93 


Rock Castle, 


4 697 








Mercer, 


. 14,067 


Russell, 


. 5,349 




982,405 



STATE OF MISSOURI. 



Adair, 

Andrew, 

Atchison, 

Audrain, 

Barry, 

Bates, . 

Benton, 

Boone, 

Buchanan, 

Butler, 

Caldwell, 

Callaway, 

Camden, . 

Cape Girardeau 

Carroll, . 

Cass, . 

Cedar, 

Chariton, 

Clarke, . 

Clay, . 

Clinton, 

Cole, . 

Cooper, 

Crawford, 

Dade, 

Dallas, 

Daviess, . 

De Kalb, 

Dodi,'e, . 

Dunklin, 

Franklin, . 

Gasconade, . 

Gentry, 

Greene, 



2,342 
9,443 
1.678 
3.506 
3,467 
3,669 
5.015 

14.979 

12.975 
1,616 
2,316 

13,827 
2,.338 

13,912 
5,441 
6,090 
3.361 
7.514 
5.527 

10,332 
3,786 
6,696 

12.950 
6.397 
4,246 
3.648 
5,298 
2,075 
3.53 
1.229 

11,021 
4,996 
4.248 

13,785 



Grundy, . 

Harrison, 

Henry, 

Hickory, 

Holt, 

Howard, 

Jackson, . 

Jasper, 

Jefterson. 

.Johnson, 

Knox, 

La Clede, 

La Fayette, 

Lawrence, 

Lewis, 

Lincoln, 

Linn, 

Livingston, 

Macon, 

Madison, 

Marion, 

McDonald, 

Mercer, 

Miller, 

Mississippi, 

Moniteau, . 

Monroe, . 

Montgomery, 

Morgan, . 

New Madrid, 

Newton, . 

Nodaway, 

Oregon, . 

Osage, 



3,006 
2,447 
4,052 
2.329 
3.957 

13.969 

14,000 
4,223 
6,928 
7,464 
2,894 
2,498 

13,690 
4.859 
6,578 
9,421 
4,058 
4,247 
6,565 
6.003 

12,230 
2.2.'i6 
2.69 i 
3,834 
3,123 
6,004 

lQ,54i 
5,489 
4,650 
5,541 
4,268 
2,118 
1 ,432 
6,704 



Ozark, 

PciTV, 

Peltes, 

Pike, 

Platte, . 

Polk, 

Pulaski, 

Putnam. . 

Halls, . 

Randolph, 

Ray, . 

Reynolds, 

Ripley, 

Saline, 

Schuyler, 

Scotland, . 

Scott, . 

Shannon, 

Shelby. 

St. Cliarl./s, 

St. Clair, . 

St. Genevieve. 

St. Francois. 

St. Louis, 

Stoddard, 

Sullivan, . 

Taney, 

Texas, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wavne, 

Wriglit, . 



2,294 
7,215 
5,1.50 

13,609 

16,845 
6,186 
3,998 
1,657 
6.151 
9,439 

10,373 
1,849 
2,830 
8,843 
3,287 
3,782 
3,182 
1,199 
4,253 

11,454 
3.556 
5,313 
4,964 
104,978 
4,277 
2,983 
4,373 
2,312 
5,860 
8.811 
4,518 
3,387 

682,044 



STATE OF IOWA. 





V. S. Cf n- 


state Cen- 




U. S. Cen- 


state Cen- 






iU8, IK-il). 


8ua, IWi 




sus. 18.W. 


sus, l^ij- 




All.amakee, 


777 


2,000 


Dallas, 


854 


1,216 


Jasper, 


Appanoose, 


3,131 


4.24.! 


Davis, 


7,264 


7,550 


Jcrt'crson, 


Benton. 


672 


1,237 


Decatnr, 


965 


1,184 


Johnson, 


Black Hawk, 


135 


315 


Delaware, 


1,759 


2,615 


.Tones. 


Boone, 


735 


1 ,024 


Dcs Moines, 


12,987 


12,525 


Keokuk. 


Buchanan, 


517 


1.023 


Dubnque, 


10,841 


12.500 


U'C, 


Bremer, 




.309 


Fayette, 


825 


2.065 


Linn, 


Butler, 




73 


Fremont, 


1,244 


2,044 


Louisa, 


Cedar, 


3,941 


4.971 


Guthrie, 




300 


Lucas, 


Clarke 


79 


549 


Henry, 


8,707 


9,633 


Madison, 


Clayton, 


3,873 


6.31* 


Iowa, 


822 


1,323 


Mahaska, 


Clinton, 


2,822 


3,822 


Jackson, 


7,210 


8,231 


Marion, 



IT. .S. Cen- 
sus, isai. 
1,280 
9,904 
4,472 
3,007 
4,822 
18,860 
5,444 
4,939 
471 
1,179 
5,989 
5,482 



state Cen- 
sus, 1H92. 

1,674 
10,225 
5,788 
4,201 
5.30G 
20,000 
6.870 
5,476 
1,066 
1,832 
7,479 
6,289 



760 



CENSUS OF THE. UNITED STATES, 1850. 





U.S. Gen- 


Stall! Cen- 




V. S. Cen. 


State Cen- 




U. 3. Cen- 


state Cen. 




ius, 1850. 


eiu, 1852. 




aui, ItUO. 


aua, 1&S2. 




<m. lasi). 


BUB, ia5'>. 


Marshall, 


338 


710 


Ringgold, 




250 


Wapello, 


8,471 


8,888 


Monroe, 


2,884 


3,430 


Kisley, 




122 


Warren, 


961 


1,483 


Mills, 




1,463 


Scott, 


5,986 


8,628 


Washington, 


4,957 


5,881 


Muscatine, 


5,731 


6,812 


Story, 




214 


Wayne, 


340 


794 


Pa<,'e, 


551 


636 


Tama, 


8 


262 


Winneshiek, 


546 


1,523 


Poik, 


4,515 


5,939 


Taylor, 


204 


479 


Yell, 




250 


Pottawattomie 


7,828 


7,912 


Union, 




79 












Poweshiek, 


615 


895 


Van Buren, 


12,270 


12,753 




192,214 


232,723 



STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



Adams, . 








26,508 ! 


Alexander, . 




. 2,484 i 


Bond, 








6,144 


Boone, 








7,626 


Browne, . 








7,198 


Bureau, 








8,841 


Calhoun, . 








3,231 


Carroll, 








4,586 


Cass, 








7,253 


Champaign, 








2,649 


Christian, 








3.202 


Clarke, 








9..532 


Clay, 








4,289 


Clinton, 








5,139 


Coles, 








9.335 


Cook, . 








43,385 


Crawford, 








7,135 


Cumberland, 








3,720 


De Kalb, . 








7,540 


DeWitt, 








5,002 


Du Page, 








9,290 


Edgar, 








10,692 


Edwards, . 








3,524 


Effingham, . 








3,799 


Fayette, . 








8.075 


Franklin, 








5,681 


Fulton, 








22,508 


Gallatin, 








5,448 


Greene, 








12,429 


Grundy, 








3.023 


Hamilton, 








6,362 


Hancock, 








. 14,652 


Hardin, 






2,887 


Henderson, . 








. 4,612 



Henry, 


3,807 


Iroquois, 


4,149 


Jackson, . 


5,862 


Jasper, 


3,220 


Jetrerson, . 


8,109 


Jersey, 


7,354 


Jo Daviess, 


18,604 


Jolinson, 


4,113 


Kane, 


16,703 


Kendall, 


7,730 


Knox, 


13,279 


Lake. . 


14,226 


La Salle, . 


17,815 


Lawrence, . 


6,121 


Lee, . . . , 


5,292 


Livingston, . 


1,552 


Logan, 


5,128 


McDonougli, 


7,616 


McHenry, 


14,979 


McLean, 


10,163 


Macon, 


3,988 


Macoupin, . 


12.355 


Madison, . 


20,436 


Marion, 


6,720 


Marshall, . 


5,180 


Massaic, 


4,092 


Mason, 


5,921 


Menard, 


6,349 


Mercer, 


5,246 


Monroe. 


7,679 


Montgomery, . 


6.276 


Morgan, 


16,064 


Moultrie, . 


3,234 



Ogle, . . 








10,020 


Peoria, 




17.547 


Perry, . 








5,278 


Pike; 








18,819 


Pope, . 








3.975 


Piatt, 








1.606 


Pulaski, 








2,265 


Putnam, . 








3,924 


Randolph, . 








11,079 


Richland. 








4.012 


Rock Island, 








6.937 


St. Clair, . 








20,181 


Saline, 








5,588 


Sangamon, 








19,228 


Sc'huyler, 








10,573 


Scott, 








7,914 


Shelby, 








7,807 


Stark; 








3,710 


Stephenson, 








11,666 


Tazewell, 








12,052 


Union, 








7,615 


Verniilion, 








11.492 


Wabash, . 








4.690 


Warren, . 








8,176 


Washington, 








6,953 


Wayne, 








0,825 


White, 








8,925 


Whiteside, 








5,361 


Will, . 








16.703 


Williamson, 








7,216 


Winnebago, 








. 11,773 


Woodford, 








4,416 



851,470 



TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 



Benton, 
Dakotah, 
Itaska, 
Mahkatah, 



418 

584 

97 

158 



Pembina, 
Ramsey, 
Wabashaw, 



1,134 Wahnahta, 



2,227 
243 



Washington, 



160 
1,056 

6,077 



TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 



Bernalillo, 
Rio Aribo, . 
Santa Anna, 



7,751 

10,668 

4,645 



Santa Fe, 
San Miguel, 
Taos, . 



7,713 
7,074 
9,507 



Valencia, 



14,147 



61,505 



TERRITORY OF OREGON. 



Benton, 
Clackamas, 
Clarke, 
Clatsop, 



814 

1,859 

643 

462 



Linn, 
Lewis, . 
Marion, 
Polk, 



999 

558 

2,749 

1,051 



Washington, 
YamHiU, . 



2,651 
1,512 



13,293 



POST OFFICES 



ARRANGED BY STATES AND COUNTIES. 



*#* The preceding chapter of counties, cities, towns, &c, was designed to include all places of im- 
portance enough to merit a particular notice, embracing all the court houses of the several counties. 
The following list contains the names of all pi. ices not already described, in which post offices existed 
on the 31st of May, 1S51, according to the most recent statement published by the post-office depart- 
ment. They are, for the most part, places of small note, owing their importance chiefly to the fact of 
having a post office ; though some places, particularly in the newly-settled states, have been included 
here and in the preceding tables of population, of which, had we possessed the necessary information, 
a more full account would have been given. 



STATE OF MAINE. 



AROOSTOOK. 
Aroostook 
Bridgewater 
Caribou 
Conway 
Fort Fairfield 
Fort Kent 
llaynesviile 
Limestone Kiver 
Linnens 
Maple Grove 
Masardis 
Monticello 
Number Three 
Orient 
Presque Isle 
Smyrna 

Soutli Moluncus. 
Umcolcus 
Weston 

CUMBERLAND. 

Bolster's Mills 
Cumberland Centre 
East Auburn 
East Balchyn 
East North Yarmouth 
East Poland 
East Raymond 
East Standish 
GofTs Corners 
Mechanic's Falls 



Minot 

North Auburn 
North Brid^eton 
North Pownal 
North Raymond 
North Windham 
North Yarmouth Centre 
Oak Hill 
Searboro' 
South Bridgcton 
South Dnrliam 
South Windham 
Steep Falls 
Stevens's Plains 
Upper Gloucester 
Upper Yarmouth 
West Baldwin 
West Cumberhuid 
West Danville , 
West Durham 
West Falmouth 
West Gloueestcr 
West Gorham 
West llarpswell 
West Minot 
West Poland 
Windham 
Y'armouth 

FRANKLIN'. 
East New Vineyard 
East- Strong 

96 



East Wilton 

Farmington Falls 

Jav Bridge 

Madrid 

North C'hesterville 

North Industry 

North Jay 

North Wilton 

Salem 

South Chcsterville 

Temple Mills 

Weld 

West Freeman 

West's Mills 

Wilton 

HANCOCK. 
Bar Harbor 
Bueksport Centre 
Cranberry Isles 
East Sullivan 
East Trenton 
Franklin 
Mariavillc 
North Blue Hill 
North Bueksport 
North Castine 
North Ellsworth 
North Haiieoek 
North Haven 
North Penobscot 
North Sedgwick 



Prospect Harbor 
Salisbury Cove 
Seal Cove 
South Deer Isle 
South West Harbor 
Surry 

Swan's Island 
West Brookvillc 
West Gouldsboro' 
West Sedgwick 
West Sullivan 
West Trenton 
Winter Harbor 

KENNEBEC. 
Belgrade 
Belgrade Mills 
Brown's Corner 
Centre Sidney 
Dunn's Corner 
East MoHnu>iith 
East New Sharon 
East Pittston 
East Readlield 
East Vassalb(jro' 
East Winthrop 
French's Cornet 
Green Corner 
Greene Depot 
Hallowcll Cross Roads 
Kent's Hill 
Leeds's Station 



762 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Litchfield Corners 
Livermore Falls 
North Belgrade 
North Fayette 
North Leeds 
North Monmouth 
North Pittston 
North Vassalboro' 
North Wayne 
Pishon's Ferry 
Readtield Depot 
Rome 
Sebastirook 
South Albion 
South China 
South Leeds 
South Mount Vernon 
South Vassal boro' 
South Windsor 
Togus Spring 
Vassalboro' 
Vienna 
Waterville 
Wayne 
Week's Mills 
West Sidney 
West Waterville 
Windsor 
Winslow 
Winthrop 

LINCOLN. 
Bowdoin Centre 
Cooper's Mills 
Damariscotia Mills 
Dresden Mills 
East Union 
East Woolwich 
Hodgdon's Mills 
Little Hiver Village 
North Boothbay 
North Edgecomb 
North Union 
North Waldoboro' 
North Whitefield 
Parker's Head 
Patricktown 
Pemaquid 
Richmond Corner 
Round Pond 
Sabatus 

Sliee|)scott Bridge 
South Dresden 
Southport 
South St. George 
Union 
Waldoboro' 
Wales 
Warren 
Washington 
Webster 
West JefTerson 
Westport 
AVhitfield 
Winnegance 
Woolwich 

OXFORD. 
Canton Mills 
Centre Lovell 
East Bethel 
East Dixlield 
East Hebron 



East Rumford 
East Stoneham 
East Sumner 
East Turner 
Letter A, No. 2 
Letter B 

Livermore Centre 
Locke's Mills 
North Albany 
North Bethel 
North Fryeburg 
North Livermore 
North Norway 
North Paris 
North Turner 
North Turner Bridge 
North Waterfbrd 
North Woodstock 
Rumford Centre 
Rumford Point 
Snow Falls 
South Andover 
South Hartford 
South Newry 
South Paris 
South Waterford 
Springtown 
Stow 
Turner 
Waterford 
Wclchvillc 
West Bethel 
West Buckfield 
West Peru 
West Sumner 
Wilson's Mills 
Woodstock 

PENOBSCOT. 
Alton 

Brewer Centre 
Brewer Village 
Clifton 

Corinna Centre 
Dixmont Mills 
East Brewer 
East Corinth 
East Dixmont 
East Eddington 
East Hampden 
East Newport 
East Orrington 
Etna Centre 
Exeter Mills 
Great Works 
Greenbush 
Hill's Corners 
Lincoln Centre 
Mattawamkeag 
Maxtield 
Milford 
North Bangor 
North Dixmont 
North Hampden 
North Hermon 
North Lincoln 
North Newburg 
North Newport 
Olamon 
Passadumkeag 
Patten 

Six Mile Falls 
South Levant 



South Lincoln 
South Maxfield 
South Newburg 
South Orrington 
Springfield 
Stetson 

Upper Stillwater 
West Charleston 
West Enfield 
West Garland 
West Glenburn 
West Great Works 
West Hampden 
West Howland 
West Levant 

PISCATAQUIS. 
Bower Bank 
Centre Guilford 
East Dover 
East Sangerville 
Greenville 

Katabdin Iron Works 
North Brownsville 
Orncville 
Shirley Mills 
South Atkinson 
South Dover 
South Sangerville 
South Sebec 
Wellington 
West Dover 
Williamsburg 

SOMERSET. 
Cambridge 
Carritunk 
Concord 
Dead River 
Detroit 
East Madison 
East Ncwportland 
East Pittsfield 
Embden Centre 
Fairfield Corners 
Flag Staff 
Kendall's Mills 
Larone 
Lexington 
Madison Centre 
Moose River 
North Fairfield 
North Newportland 
Oosoola 
Smithfield 
South Bloomficld 
South Solon 
The Forks 
West Anson 
West Embden 
West Hartland 
West Ripley 

WALUO. 
Burnham Village 
Carver's Harbor 
Centre Lincolnville 
Centre Montville 
East Burnham 
East Knox 
East Montville 
East Northport 
Ellingwood's Comer 



Frankfort Mills 
Goose River 
Knox Centre 
Light's Corners 
McLain's Mills 
Monroe Centre 
North Appleton 
North Belmont 
North Frankfort 
North Palermo 
North Prospect 
North Searsmont 
North Searsport 
Prospect Ferry 
South Freedom 
South Hope 
South Montville 
South Prospect 
Unity 
Waldo 

West Camden 
West Freedom 

WASHINGTON 
Dennysville 
Harrington 
Holmes's Bay 
Indian River 
Jackson Brook 
Kossuth 
Lubec Mills 
Marion 
Marion Mills 
Medybemps 
Jlillbridge 
Milltown 
Narriiguagus 
Nortbfield 
Pike 

Princeton 
Red Beach 
South Maxfield 
Sprague's Falls 
Waite 
Wesley 
West Lubec 
Whiting 
Whitneyville 

YORK. 

Action 

Action Corners 
Buxton Centre 
Cape Neddick 
Centre Lebanon 
East Elliott 
East Limington 
East Parsonficid 
Emery's Mills 
Goodwin's Mills 
Hollis Centre 
Kennebunk Depot 
Kegar Falls 
Lyman Centre 
North Action 
Nortii Hollis 
North Kennebunk Port 
North Parson fiel 
North Shapleigh 
Ogunquit 
Ross's Comers 
Scotland 
South Berwick 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



763 



South Parsonfield 
South Sanford 
Springvale 



Waterboro' 

Waterboro' Centre 
Wells 



Wells's Depot 
West Buxton 
West Lebanon 



' West Ncwfield 
West Parsonfield 



STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



BEI.KNAP. 
Centre Banistead 
East Sanhornton 
Gilford Village 
Gilmanton Iron Works 
Lake Villnge 
Lower Gilmanton 
New Hampton 
North Barnstcad 
North Sanhornlon 
Sanhornton Bridge 
South Alton 
Upper (iilmanton 
Weir's Bridge 
West Alton 

CARROLL. 

Centre Conway 
Centre Ossipee 
Centre Sandwich 
East Moultonhoro' 
East Wakefield 
Leighton's Corners 
Meivin Village 
North Conway 
North Sandwieh 
North Wollhoro' 
South Taniworth 
South Wolt'boro' 
Tamwortti 

Taniwortli Iron Works 
Tuftonboro' 
Union 
Wakefield 
Water Village 
West Osepec 
Wolfboro' 

CHESHIRE. 

Drewsville 
East JailVey 
East Sidlivan 
East Westmoreland 



IlarrisTille 

Munsonville 

New Alstead 

North Marlow 

Paper Mill Village 

Pottersville 

South Stoddard 

Sullivan 

Walpole 

Westmoreland 

W^estport 

West Swanzey 

West Wiueliester 

Winehester 

COOS. 
Hart's Location 
Lower Bartlett 
Lower Columbia 
Stark 

West Stewartstown 
Wentworth's Location 
Whitefield 
White Mountain 

GRAITON. 

Campton Village 
East Canaan 
East Haverhill 
East Laiidart' 
East Lelianon 
East Lyman 
Flume 
La Fayette 
North "Enfield 
North Groton 
North Haverhill 
North Littleton 
North Lyman 
'Irfordville 
Sugar Hill 
Wai'ren 
Wentworth 



West Campton 
West Canaan 
West Enfield 
West Lebanon 
West Plymouth 
West Ilumtiey 
West Tiioniton 
Woodstock 

HILLSCOUO'. 
Amoskeag 
East Weare 
East Wilton 
Nor'.n Branch 
Oil Mill Village 
Reed's Ferry 
South Lyndeboro' 
South Merrimae 
South Wcai-e 
Thornton's Ferry 
Weare 
Wilton 

MEERIMAC. 

East Andover 
Fishersville 
Mast Yard 
North Chichester 
North Dunliarton 
Shaker Vilhcje 
South Biadlord 
South Newbury 
Suncook 
Warner 
West Andover 
West Boscawen 
West Concord 
Wilinot 
Wilmot Flat 

ROCKINGHAM. 

East Chester 
East North wood 



Fesscnden Mills 
Greenland 
Greenland Depot 
North Londonderry 
North Salem 
Nottingham Turnpike 
South Dcerfield 
South Kingston 
South New Market 
South Kavmond 
West DeJrficld 
West North wood 
West Windham 
Windham 

STAFFORD. 

Centre Strafford 
Chestnut Hill 
Downing's Mills 
Gonie 

North Barrington 
North Straftbrd 
Salmon Falls 
Strafl'ord Corner 
Tuttlc's Corners 

SULLIVAN. 

East Lcmpster 

East Plainfield 

East Unity 

East Wasliiugton 

George's Jlills 

Grantham 

Meridcn 

North Ciiarlcstown 

South Acnorth 

South Charlestown 

Unity 

Washington 

Wendell 

West Clarcmont 

West Sjiringfield 



STATE OF VERjrONT. 



ADDISON. 
Chimney Point 
Chipman's Point 
East Middlcbury 
Hancock 
Larrabee's Point 
North Ferrisburg 
Otter Creek 
Vergennes 
West Cornwall 
West Salisbury 
Wevhridge Lower Falls 
Whiting 

BENNINGTON 

Bonville 
East Rupert 



Factory Point 
Hariwellville 
Ncu'th Bennington 
North Dorset 
North Pownal 
South Dorset 
South Shaftesbury 
West Arlington 
West Rupert 
Winhall 
Woodford 

CALEDONIA. 
East Burke 
East Ilardwiek 
Lower Waterford 
North Danville 



Passumpsic 

St. Jolnisbury Centre 

St. Johnshury East 

South Hardwiek 

South Ryegate 

South Waldcn 

Waldcn 

Waterford 

Whcelock 

CHITTENDEN. 
Huntington 
Joncsville 
Paiiiesville 
Pleasant Valley 
Underbill 
Underbill Centre 



West Bolton 
Weslford 
West Milton 
Williston 
Winooski Falls 

ESSEX. 
South Canaan 
West Concord 

FRANKLIN. 
Averv's (Jorc 
Buck Hollow 
East Berkshire 
East Fairfield 
Ea.st Franklin 
East Georgia 



764 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



East Ilighiiate 
East SlR'Idon 
Enosbur}; Falls 
Ilighgate Spring 
North Fairfax 
Saint Allian's Bay 
Saxe's Mills 
Swanton Centre 
West ISurksliiri; 
West Enosimri; 

GHAND ISLl- 
Vineyard 
West Alburg 

LAMOILLE. 

Jeffersonvillc 
Morrisvillc 
North Canibrid'xfi 
North llvtle I'arU 
Walervifle 
Wokott 

OKANUE. 

Bradford Centre 
East Brookfield 
East Corinth 
East Orun!j;e 
East Randolph 
East Thelford 
North Tlietlbrd 
Post Mill Village 
South ISnidford 
South Newbury 
South Straft'ord 
Tunbridge 
Union ViUajre 



Vershire 
Washington 
Wells River 
West Braintree 
AVest Fairlee 
West Randolph 
AVest Topsham 
Williams town 

OKLEAKS. 

Barton Landing 
Brownington 
Brownington Centre 
Derby Line 
East Charleston 
East Cral'tsbury 
Greensboro' 
North Troy 
South Craftsbury 
West Charleston 
AVest Derby 
AVestfield 
AVest Newport 

RUTLAND. 

Benson Landing . 
Centre Rutland 
Cuttingsvillo 
Danby Four Corners 
East Clarendon 
East Poultney 
Forest Dale 
Hydeville 
Mechaniesville 
North Clarendon 
North Sherburn 
Orwell 



South Wallingford 
AVallingford 
AVells 

AVest Haven 
AVest Poultney 
AVest Rutland 

WASHINGTON. 

East Calais 
East Roxbury 
North Montpelier 
South Barre 
Waitsfield 
AVarren 
Watcrlniry 
AVoodbury 
AVoreester 

AVINDUAAI. 
Bartonsville 
Cainbridgeport 
Green River 
GuiK'ord Centre 
nonghtonville 
Jacksonville 
North AA'^ardsboro' 
Saxton's River 
South Halifax 
Soutli Windham 
Vernon 
Wardsboro' 
AV^est Brattleboro' 
AVest Dover 
AVest Dumnicrston 
AVest Halifax 
AVestminster 
AAVstminster AA''est 



AVest Townshend 

AVest Wardsboro' 

AVhitingham 

AVjlliamsville 

AVilmington 

Windham 

AVrNDSOE. 

Brownsville 

Corners 

East Barnard 

East Bethel 

FelchviUe 

Gaysville 

North Chester 

North Hartland 

North SpringKeld 

Perkinsville 

Pompanoosuc 

Proetorsville 

Quccbee Village 

Simonsville 

Snow's Store 

South Pomfret 

Soutli Reading 

South Royalton 

South Woodstock 

Taftsville 

Tyson Furnace 

Upper Falls 

Weathers field 

AVest Hartford 

AVeston 

AVest Rochester 

White River Junction 

Windsor 

AA'oodstock 



STATE OF JMASSACHUSETTS. 



BARNSTABLE. 
Centrcville 
Cotuit 
Cotuit Port 
East Brewstet 
East Dennis 
East Falmouth 
East Harwich 
East Orleans 
East Sandwich 
Harwichport 
Hyannis Port 
Marston's Mills 
Monument 
North Chatham 
North Eastham 
North Falmouth 
North Sandwich 
North Truro 
Pocassett 
South Dennis 
South Harwich 
South Orleans 
Soulh Sandwich 
South AVellfleet 
South Yarmouth 
Waquoit 
WelUleet 
West Barnstable 
West Brewster 
West Dennis 



AVest Falmouth 
West Harwich 
AVest Sandwich 
AVest Yarmouth 
AVood's Hole 
A'arniouih 
Yarmouth Port 

BERKSHIIJE. 

Ashley Falls 

Curtisville 

East Lee 

East Sheffield 

Ilartsville 

Housa tonic 

Lenox Furnace 

Mill River 

New Boston 

North Becket 

North Egremont 

South Egremoijt 

Southfield 

South Lee 

South AA^illiamstown 

Tyringham 

Van Deusenvillc 

AVashington 

AVest Becket 

AVest Otis 

AVest Pittsfield 

West Stockbridge 



AV. Stockbridge Centre 

AVilliarastown 

AVindsor 

BRISTOL. 

Long Plain 
Mirickville 
North Attleboro' 
North Dartmouth 
North Dighton 
North Easton 
North Fairhaven 
North Rehoboth 
North Swansea 
South Attleboro' 
South Dartmouth 
South Euston 
South Seckonk 
Soulh AVesti>ort 
Squawbetty 
Vue de L'eau 
AVestjiort 
Westport Point 

DUKES. 
AVest Tisbury 

ESSEX. 
Belleville Port 
East Haverhill 
East Salisbury 



Lynnfield Centre 
New Mills 
North Andover 
North Danvers 
Sutton Mills 
Tapleyville . 
AVenham 
West Amesbury 
West Boxl'ord 
AVest Newbury 

FRANKLIN 

AdamsviUe 
Ashtield 

I'^ast Charlemont 
East Slielburno 
East AA'hately 
Griswoldville 
Grout's Corners 
Lock's Village 
Montague Canal 
North Bernardston 
North Leverett 
North New Salem 
North Orange 
South Deertield 
South Hawley 
AVarwick 
AVendell 
Wendell Depot 
West Hawley 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



765 



West Northfielfl 
Whately 

HAMPDEN. 

Asliloyvillc 
Bond's Village 
riiicopoe Fails 
Collin's Depot 
East Granville 
East Long Meadow 
Feeding Hills 
Irelainl 

North Blanfonl 
North Chester 
Rock Valley 
Sonth Williraham 
Thorndike 
Three Rivers 
Wales 
Westfield 
West Granville 
West Springfield 
Wilbraham 
Willimansett 

HAMTSHIRE. 

Bancroft 

Cummingt'n W. Village 

Greenwich Village 

Haydenville 

Leeds 

North Amherst 

North Hadley 

North Prescott 

South Amherst 

South Hadley Falls 

Ware 

West Chestei-ficld 

West Hampton 

West Worthiiigton 

Williamsburg 

Worthington 

MIDDLESEX. 
Assabet 
Bragville 



Cochituate 

East Lexington 

East Pepperell 

East Wobnrn 

Fcltonsville 

Forge Village 

Middlesex Village 

North Chelmsford 

North Reading 

North Sndiiinv 

Nortli Tcwkslniry 

Rockbottoin 

Shirley Village 

Soutii Framingham 

South Groton 

Sonth Natick 

Townsend Harbor 

Tvngsboro' 

Waltham 

Watertown 

Wayland 

West Acton 

West Cambridge 

West Chelmsford 

Westfoi'd 

West Groton 

West Newton 

Weston 

West Townsend 

Wilmington 

Winchester 

Woburn 

WoodviUe 

NOEFOLK. 
Bald Hill 

Charles River Village 
East Foxhoro' 
East Medway 
East Randolph 
East Sharon 
East Stonghton 
East Weymoutli 
Franklin City 
Harrison Square 
North Bcllingluim 
North Cohasset 
North AVeymouth 



North Wrentham 
Rockville 
Sheldonville 
South Bellingham 
South Braintree 
South Dedhain 
South Fraidilin 
South Wal|)ole 
South Weymouth 
South Wrentham 
Wal|)ole 
Walpoic East 
West Deilham 
West Foxlioro' 
West Medway 
West Needliam 
West Roxbury 
West Wrentham 
Weymouth 
Wrentham 

rLVMOUTIl 

Campello 

Chiltonville 

Cochesett 

East Abington 

East Marshtield 

East Middleboro' 

East Warcham 

Mattapoisett 

North Carver 

North Marshfield 

North Middleboro' 

Nortii Plymptou 

North Rochester 

North Scituate 

N. West Bridgewater 

Rock 

Scotland 

Sippican 

South Abington 

South Carver 

South Hanson 

South Hiugham 

Sonth Middleboro' 

Warehatn 

West Bridgewater 

West Duxbury 



West Scituate 
West Wareham 

SUFFOLK. 
North Chelsea. 

WOItrESTEU. 
Ashburnham Depot 
Athol Depot 
Boylston Centre 
Charlton Depot 
Cordaville 
East Brookfield 
East Douglass 
East Princeton 
Farnumsville 
Fiskeilale 
Holden 
Manchaug 
MiUville 

North Blackstone 
Northbridge Centre 
North Leominster 
North Oxford 
North Spencer 
(.)akdale 
SaundersviUe 
Smithville 
South Gardner 
South Milford 
South Royalston 
South Shrewsbury 
Upton 
Uxbridge 
Warren 
Webster 
Westboro' 
West Bovlston 
West Brookfield 
West Fitchbnrg 
West Millliury 
Westminster 
West Rutland 
West Sterling 
West Sutton 
Whitinsvillo 
Wilkinsonville 
Winchendon 



STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 



BRISTOL. 
Warren 

KENT. 

Anthony's Village 

Centrcville 

Escoheag 

Phenix 

Rice City, 

Warwick 

West Greenwich 

VV. Greenwich Centre 

NEWPORT. 
Adamsrille 



Tiverton Four Corners 

PROVIDENCE. 
Albion 
Centred.alo 
Clayville 
Cumberland Hill, 
Diamond Hill 
Fiskeville 
Foster Centre 
Greenville 
Knightsville 
Lime Rock 
Manton 
Mapleville 



Mount Vernon 
Nasonville 
North Scituate 
Olneyville 
Manville 
Pascoag 
South Foster 
South Scituate 
Valley Falls, 
Woonsocket Fall.** 

WASHINGTON. 
Allenton 
Arcadia 
Brand's Iron Works 



Carolina Mills 

Dorrville 

Narragansett 

Peace Dale, 

Perrvsville 

Pine Hill 

Potter's Hill 

Quonochont.aug 

Rockville 

Shamrock Mills 

Tower Hill 

I'squcpaugh 

Wakctichl 

Westerly 

Wickford 



766 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



FAIRFIELD. 
Ball's Point 
Banksvillc 

Cold Sprinp; 

Darien Depot 

Glenville 

Greenfifid Hill 

Hawlevville 

High Ridj;e 

Long Ridge 

Mianus 

Mill Pl.ain 

North Greenwich 

North Stanford 

North Wilton 

Redding Ridge 

Ridgebury 

Round Hill 

South Norwalk 

Stanwich 

Stepney 

Stepney Depot 

Trumbull Long Hill 

Weston 

Westport 

Wilton 

UARTFOED. 
Broad Brook 
Buckland 
Canton Centre 
East Gran by 
East Hartford 
East Suffield 
Forestvillc 
Hazard ville 
Hockanum 
Kensington 
Manchester Station 
Marion 
Newington 
North Canton 
North Grunby 
Plainville 
Poquonoek 
Rainbow 
Rocky Hill 
Scitico 

South Glastenbury 
South Manchester 
South Windsor 
Unionville 
Warehouse Point 
West Avon 
West Granhy 
West Hartford 



West Hartland 
West SufHeld 
Wethersfield 
Windsor 
Windsor Locks 
Windsorvillc 

LITCHFIELD. 

Bakersville 
Bantam Falls 
Bridgewater 
Burrville, 
Camp ville 
Chapinville 
Colebrook River 
Cornwall Bridge 
Cornwall Hollow- 
East Canaan 
East Kent 
Ellsworth 
Falls Village 
Gaylord's Bridge 
HotchkissviUe 
Lakeville 
Lime Rock 
Marble Dale 
Mill Brook 
Milton 

New Hartford Centre 
New Preston 
North Colebrook 
Northfield 
North Goshen 
Northvillc, 
Ore Hill 
Pine Meadow 
Pleasant Valley 
Plymouth Hollow 
South Canaan 
South Farms, 
South Kent 
Southville 
Terrysville 
Torringford 
Warren 
Washington 
Watertown 
West Cornwall 
West Goshen 
^Vest Norfolk 
West Winstead 
Winchester 
Winchester Centre 
Wolcottville 
Woodbury 



Woodville 

MIDDLESEX. 
Centre Brook 
Cobaltville 
Durham Centre 
East lIam]>ton 
East Hampton Lake 
Higganum 
Leesville 
Millington 
Moodus 

Upper Middletown 
Westbrook 
Winthrop 

NEW HAVEN. 

Ansonia 

Fair Haven 

Humphreysville 

Middlebury 

Northford 

North Guilford 

North Madison 

South Bi'itain 

Southford 

Straitsville 

Wallingford 

AVaterl>ury 

Waterville 

West Haven 

West Meriden 

Westville 

Wolcott 

Zoar Bridge 

NEW LONDON. 
Centre Groton 
Chesterfield 
Galea's Ferry 
Greenville 
Hadlyme 
Haml>urg 
Laysville 
Liberty Hill 
Noank 

North Franklin 
North Lyme 
Norwich Town 
Pendleton Hill 
Poquanoc Bridge 
Poquetanuck 
Portersville 
South Lyme 
Uncasville 



Waterford 
West Chester 

TOLLAND. 

Andover 
Eagleville 
Gilead 

Mansfield Centre 
Mansfield Depot 
Mashapang 
Moose Meadow 
North Somers 
Quarryvillc 
Rockville 
Somersville 
South Coventry 
Square Pond 
Stafford Springs 
Staffordville 
Union 
Vernon 
West StaflFord 
West Willington 
Willington 

WINDHAIL 

Abingion 
Campbell's Mills 
Central Village 
CoUamcr 
East Killingly 
Fishersville 
Howard's Valley 
Moosop 
New Boston 
North Ashford 
North Killingly 
North Windham 
North Woodstock 
Phcenixville 
Plainfield 
Pomfret Landing 
Quinebaug 
Scotland 
South Killingly 
South Windham 
Sterling Hill 
Voluntown 
West Ashford 
Westford 
West Killingly 
Westminster 
West Woodstock 
Willimantic 
Windham 
Woodstock 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



ALLEGHANY. 
Alfred Centre 
Allen Centre 
Allensville 
Black Creek 
Centre Almond 
Centre Independence 
Centreville 
Ceres 
Chautauque Valley 



East Hill 
Fillmore 
Hobbieville 
Little Genesee 
Mills's Mills 
North Almond 
Phillips's Creek 
Philipsville 
Richburg 
Rounsville 



Rockville 
Shongo 
Short Tract 
Spring Mills 
Transit Bridge 
AVest Almond 
West Clarksville 
West Genesee 
West Shongo 
Wellsvillc 



Whitesville 

Whitney's Valley 

Willing' 

Wirt 

Wiscoy 

ALBANY. 

Bethlehem Centre 
Cedar Hill 
Coeymaa's Hollow 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



767 



Cooksbnrfj 
Dormansville 
Duniisville 
East Berne 
Guililerland Centre 
Ireland Corners 
Knowersville 
Lisha's Kill 
'Medusa 
New Salem 
Newtonville 
Potter's Hollow 
Preston Hollow 
Reidsville 
South Berne 
South Westcrlo 
Watervliet Centre 
Westerlo 
West Troy 

BKOOME. 
Castle Creek 
Centre Lisle 
Centre Village 
Conklin Centre 
Corbettsville 
East Maine 
Hale's Edily 
Harpersville 
Hawleyton 
Hyde Settlement 
Kattelville 
Kirkwood 
Maine 
New Ohio 
Ninevah 

Osborne Hollow 
Port Crane 
Shawsville 
South Windsor 
Susquehannah 
Union 

Union Centre 
Union Village 
Unitaria 
Upper Lisle 
Vallonia Springs 
Vestal 

West Colesville 
West Windsor 
Whitney's Point 
Windsor 

CATTAEAUGUri. 

Alleghany 

Axeville 

Buck Tooth 

Chapelsburg 

Delavan 

East Leon 

East Otto 

East Randolph 

Eddyville 

Elgin 

Elton 

Fairview 

Gowanda 

Kill Buck 

liimestone 

Little Valley 

Machias 

North Perrysburg 

Onoville 



I Plato 
Sandusky 
Seelysburg 
Sociality 
Ten Mile Spring 
Versailles 
West Perrysburg 
West Yorkshire 
Yorkshire 

CAYUGA. 
Cato 

Dresserville 
East Genoa 
Five Corners 
Fosterville 
Genoa 

Kelloggsville , 
icings Ferry 
Levanna 
Little Sodas 
Martville 
Meridian 
Nine Comers 
North Sterling 
O was CO Lake 
Poplar Uidge 
Port Byron 
Scipioville 
Seneca Uiver 
Sherwoods 
South Venice 
The Square 
Throopsville 
Union Springs 
Venice 
Victory 
Weed's Port 
West Niles 

CHAUTAUQUE. 
Alleghany 
Blockville 
Cassadaga 
Centre Sherman 
Charlotte Centre 
Clear Creek 
Clymer Centre 
DewittviUe 
Fluvanna 
Frewsburg 
Friends 
Hamlet 
Hartfield 
Irving 
Laona 
Levant 
Magnolia 
Marvin 
Nasbi-ille 
North Clymer 
Oregon 
Panama 
Poland Centre 
Salem Cross Roads 
Silver Creek 
Smith's Mills 
Van Buren Uarbor 
Vermont 
Villanova 
Volusia 
West Ellerv 
Westfield 



CHEMUNG. 
Baldwin 
Beaver Dams 
Catharine 
Fairport 
Ilavanna 
Martin's Hill 
Millport 
Morcland 
North (_'hemung 
Pine Valley 
Post Creek 
Salubria 
Seely Creek 
South Erin 
Sullivanville 
Townsend 
Van Ettenville 
Veteran 
Webb's Mills 
Wellsburg 
West Cayuta 
Wynkoop Creek 

CHENANGO. 
Beaver Meadow 
Bennettsvilie 
CoventryviUe 
East (Jcrman 
East Greene 
East Guilford 
East Macdonough 
East Pharsalia 
Genegantslet 
Guilford Centre 
King's Settlement 
McUonough 
Mount Upton 
New Berlin Centre 
North Guilford 
North Linklaen 
North Norwich 
Pitcher Springs 
Rockdale 
Smithvillc Flats 
South Biiinbridge 
South New Berlin 
South Otselic 
South Oxford 
Soutli Plymouth 
West Bainbridgc 
West Linklaen 
White's Store 

CLINTON. 
Cadyville 
Coopcrsville 
Danneniora 
East I'cru 
Farrell Place 
Frontier 
Moore's Forks 
New Sweden 
Peasleevillc 
Perry's Mills 
Sehnyler's Fail.- 
Sciota 
Union Falls 
West Chazy 
West Plattsburg 
Wrightsvillc 

(;OLUMBIA. 
Ancrain Lead Mines 



Canaan Centre 

Canaan Four Corners 

Chatham Centre 

Chatham Four Corners 

Churchrown 

East Chatham 

Eli'/aville 

Flatbrook 

Gallatinville 

Greene River 

Harlemville 

Hoffman's Gate 

Maiden Bridge 

MellenviUe 

Moffett's Store 

New Britain 

New Lebanon Centre 

Niverville 

North t'hathatn 

Smoky Hollow 

Spencertown 

Stuyvesant Falls 

Velatie 

West Taghkanick 

COKTLANDT 

Blodgett Mills 

Cheningo 

Cuyler 

East Freetowa 

East Homer 

East Sciitt 

East Virgil 

Freetown Corners 

Harford 

Keeney's Settlement 

Lapeer 

Little York 

McGrawville 

South Cortlandt 

Taylor 

Texas Valley 

Union Valley 

Virgil 

Willet 

DELA'VTAKa 

Arkville 
Barbourvillo 
Batavia Kill 
Bioomville 
Brushland 
Cabin Hill 
Cannonsville 
Clark's F-aetory 
Clovesville 
Croton 

Davenport Centre 
i;iwooJ's Bridge 
Harvard 
Hobart 

Monument Island 
Moresville 
New Koaii 
North Franklin 
North Ilanidcn 
North llarpcrsfield 
Nort Ivorlwriglit 
Ouleont 
Hallcottsville 
Partridge Island 
Pepaeton 
Rock Uifi 



768 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Shavertown 


Big Tree Comers 


FULTON. 


HEREIMEB. 


Sidney Centre 


Buffalo Plains 


Brockett's Bridge 


Cedar Lake 


Sidney Plains 


Cheektowaga 


Cranberry Creek 


Cedarville 


South Franklin 


Chief Warrior 


Eastmansville 


Cold Brook 


South Kortwright 


Clarence Centre 


Garoga 


Grain's Corners 


Stockport's Station 


Clarksburg 


Glovers ville 


Dennison's Corners 


Stratton's Falls 


Collins's Centre 


Kingshoro' 


Devereux 


Trout Creek 


Crittenden 


Lassellsville 


East Schuyler 


AValton 


East Aurora 


Mills's Corners 


Eatonville 


West Davenport 


East Eden 


Newkirk's Mills 


Frankfort Hill 


West Meredith 


East Evans 


North Broadalbin 


Gravesville 




East Hamburg 


Northville 


Graysville 


DUTCHESS. 


Eden Vallev ' 


Osborn's Bridge 


Ilion 


Adriance 


EUicott Creek 


Sammonsville 


Jacksonburg 


Amenia Union 


Glenwood 


Union Mills 


Jordan ville 


Arthursburg 


Grand Island 


Vail's Mills 


Manheim Centre 


Attlebury 


Griffin's Mills 


West Galway 


Middleville 


Barrvtown 


Hamburg on the Lake 


West ferth ' 


New Graefenberg 


Bull's Head 


Harris's Hill 




Newville 


Campbellville 


Marsh Held 


GENES EF- 


Ohio 


Carthage Landing 


Mill Grove 


Brookvillc 
Corfu 
Darien 

Darien Centre 
East Bergen 
East Bethany 
East Pembroke 
Linden 
Morganville 
North Bergen 
Oakfield 
Pavilion Centre 
Roanake 
South Alabama 
South Byron 
Stone Church 
Transit 
West Bergen 
West Bethany 
Wheatville 


Page's Corners 


Chestnut Ridge 


North Boston 


Paine's Hollow 


City 

Clinton Comers 


North Clarence 
North Collins 


Poland 
Postville 


Clinton Hollow 


North Evans 


Rockton 


Clove 
Crum Elbow 


Patch in 
Pontiac 


Salisbury Centre 
South Columbia 


Farmer's Hill 


Red Jacket 


Starkville 


Federal Store 


South Alden 


Van Homesville 


Fishkill Plains 


South Wales 


Warren 


Freedom Plains 


Spring Brook 


West Schuyler 


Glenham 
Hart's Village 


Town Line 

Wales 


West Winfield 
Wilmut 


Hihernia 
Hughsonvillc 


Wales Centre 
Water Valley 


Winfield 


Hull's Mill 


West Aurora 


HAMILTON. 


Jackson Corners 


West Concord 


Benson 


La Faycttevillo 
Leedsville 


West Fulls 
West Newstead 


Hope Centre 
Hope Falls 


Lithgow 
Little Rest 


White's Corners 
Williamsville 


Sageville 
Wells 


Mabbettsville 


Zoar 






Manchester Bridge 




GREENE. 


JEFFERSON. 


Monterey 


ESSEX. 


A era 


Adams's Centre 


New Hackensack 


Adirondac 
Moriuh 
New Russia 
North Elba 
North Hudson 
Port Kendall 
Saint Armand 
Schroon Lake 
Schroon River 
Upper Jav 
Wadham's Mills 
West Moriah 
Westport 
Wliallonsburg 
Willshoro' 
Wilmington 
Woodwardsvillc 


Ashland 


Alexandria Centre 


New Hamburg 


Bailey's Four Comers 


Appling 


Northeast Centre 
Oswego Village 
Pecksviile 


Big Hollow 

Bushnellsville 

Cairo 


Belleville 
Bentley's Comers 
Black River 


Perry's Corners 
Pleasant Plains 
Poughquag 
Pulver's Corners 


Cornwallville 
East Durham 
East Kill 
East Windham 


Burr's Mills 
Cape Vincent 
Champion South Roads 
Depauville 


Quaker Hill 
Kock City 
Salt Point 


Freehold 
Gayhead 
Jewett 


Dexter 

East Honndsfield 

East Rodman 


Schultzsville 


Jewett Centre 


Evans^'ille 


Shenandoah 


Kiskatom 


Felt's Mills 


South Amenia 


Leeds 


Great Bend 


South Dover 
Sprout Creek 
Staatsburg 


Med way 

New Baltimore 

Norton Hill 


La Fargeville 
Le Raysville 
Limerick 


Staniordville 




Oak Hill 


Mannsville 


Storrnville 


FRANKLIN. 


Palenville 


Military Road 


Upper Red Hook 


Brush's Mills 


Red Falls 


Milieu's Bay 


Verbank 


Burke 


South Cairo 


Narrows 


Wappinger's Falls 


East Constable 


South Durham 


Natural Bridge 


Washington 


Franklin Falls 


Tannersville 


North Adams 


■Washington Hollow 


Hogansburg 


Union Society 


North Wilna 




Mccrrillsville 


West Kill 


Omar 


ERIE. 


North Bangor 


West Lexington 


Orleans Four Comers 


Akron 


South Dickinson 


Windham 


Oxbow 


Angola 


West Constable 


Windham Centre 


Pamelia Four Comers 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



769 



Perch River 
Pierrcpont Manor 
Pillar Point 
Plesis 

Point Peninsula 
Redwood 
Roberts's Corners 
Rnral Hill 
Saint Lawrence 
Sanford's Corners 
Sraithville 
South Rutland 
Sterlinffville 
Stone Mills 
StowelTs Corners 
Three Mile Bay 
West Theresa 
Whitney's Corners 
Wilna 
Woodville 
Worthville 

KINGS. 

East New York 
Green Point 
Williamsburg 

LEWIS. 
Barnes's Corners 
Brantin;_^ham 
Collinsville 
Constableville 
Deer River 
High Market 
Ilouseville 
Indian River 
Lyonsdale 
New Bremen 
l-)sceola 
Port Leyden 
South liarrisburg 
Stow's Square 
Turin 
Watson 
West Leyden 
West Lowville 
West Martinsburg 

LIVINGSTON. 

Brooks's Grove 

liyersville 

Cuylerville 

Dansville 

East Groveland 

East Springwater 

Fowlerville 

Gibsonville 

Greigsville 

Groveland Centre 

Hemlock Lake 

Hunt's Hollow 

KysorviUe 

Lakeville 

North Sparta 

Oakland 

Piffard 

Ridge 

River Road Forks 

Seottsburg 

South Avon 

South Livonia 

Tusearora 

Union Comers 



West Conesus 
York 

MADISON. 
Bennet's Corners 
Bouckville 
Bridgeport 
Canastota 
Chittenango Falls 
Clockville 
De Laneey 
EarlviUe 
East Hamilton 
Erieville 

Hubbard's Corners 
Lake Port 
LeonardsviUo 
Madison 
Munsville 
New Woodstock 
North Brooklield 
Oneida Depot 
Oneida Lake 
Oneida Valley 
Perry ville 
Peterboro' 
I'ine Woods 
Poolville 
Pratt's Hollow 
Siloani 
Solsville 

South Brookficld 
Wampsville 

MONROE. 
Brockport 
Cluirciiville 
Clarkson Centre 
Clifton 

East Clarkson 
Egypt 

Hant'ord's Landing 
Henrietta 
Mumford 
North Chili 
North Clarkson 
North Greece 
North Parma 
Ogden 
Parma 

Parma Centre 
Scottsville 
Spencerport 
"VVebster 
West Greece 
West Henrietta 
West Rush 
West Webster 
Wheatland 

MONTGOMEUY. 

Ames 

Auriesville 

Buel 

Burtonsville [ners 

Charleston Four Cor- 

Cranesvillc 

Flat Creek 

Fort Hunter 

Freysbush 

Hagaman's Mills 

Hallsvillo 

Hessville 

97 



Minaville 
Mindenville 
Palatine Bridge 
Port Jackson 
Saint Johnsville 
Spraker's Basin 
Sprout Brook 
Stone Arabia 
Tribe's Hill 

NEW YOKK. 
Yorkville 

NIAGAKA. 

Bergholtz 
County Lino 
Hess Road 
Hickory Comers 
Johnson's Creek 
La Salle 
Locust Tree 
Mapleton 
Martinsville 
Middleport 
Mount Cambria 
Olcott 

Orange Port 
Pekin 
Pendleton 
Pendleton Centre 
RansomviUe 
Rapids 

Reynale's Basin 
Shawnee 
South Royalton 
South Wilson 
Sus]>cnsion Bridge 
West Somerset 
Wilsons 

Wright's Corners 
Youngstown 

ONEIDA. 
Alder Creek 
Ava 

Babcock Hill 
Big Brook 
Cassville 
Clayville 
Deansville 
Delta 

East Florence 
Glenmore 
Heela Works 
Higginsville 
Hillsboro' 
liizcrville 
Holland Patent 
Knox Corners 
Lairdsville 
Lee Centre 
Lowell 

McConncUsville 
New London 
North Bay 
North Bridgewater 
North Gage 
North Western 
Oneida Castle 
Oriskany 
Pine 
Prospect 
Sconondoa 



South Trenton 

Stanwix 

State Bridge 

Stittville 

Stokes 

Tabqrg 

Utica 

Vernon 

Vernon Centre 

Verona 

Verona Mills 

Vienna 

Walesville 

Washington Mills 

Waterville 

West Branch 

West Camden 

Wcsternville 

Westmoreland 

West Vienna 

ONONDAGA. 

Amber 

Apulia 

Belle Isle 

Borodino 

Brewertou 

Canal 

Cardiff 

Collaraer 

Delphi 

EUiston 

Euclid 

Fair Jloimt 

Fayetteville 

Hart Lot 

Hartsville 

Howlet Hill 

Jack's Reef 

Jamesville 

Jordan 

Kirkville 

Lamsons 

Little Utica 

Mandana 

Maulius Centre 

Maroellus Falls 

Marietta 

Messina Springs 

Navarino 

Onondaga Castle 

Onondaga Valley 

Oran 

Plainville 

Plank Road 

Ponipey Centre 

South Marcellus 

South Onondaga 

S|>atrord Hollow 

TuUy 

TuUy Valley 

Van Buren 

Van Buren Centre 

Vesper 

Watervale 

Wellington 

Wi;st Onondaga 

Windfall 

OSTAEIO. 

Academy 
Allen's Hill 
Bristol Centre 



770 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



CemreficlJ 
Chapinville 
Cheshire 
Clifton Springs 
Flint Creek 
Gypsum 
Hall's Corners 
Honeoye 
Larned's Comers 
Manchester Centre 
North BloomtieUl 
Norton's Mills 
Oak's Corners 
Port Gihson 
Reed's Corners 
Riehmond Mills 
Rushvillc 
Seneca Castle 
Stanley Corners 
Taylorsville 
Victor 

West Bloomfield 
West Farmington 

OKANGE. 

Aiuity 

Bellvale 

BuUville 

Buttermilk Falls 

Coldenham 

Craigsville 

Cuddebackville 

Edenville 

FinchviUe 

Florida 

Highland Mills 

Howell's Depot 

Huguenot 

Little Britain 

Middle Hope 

Middletown 

Minisink 

Mortonville 

Mount Hope 

New Hampton 

New Milford 

New Vernon 

Otisville 

Oxford Depot 

Port Jervis 

Ridgebury 

Saint Andrews 

Salisbury Mills 

Scotchtown 

Searsville 

Slate Hill 

Sugar Loaf 

Turners 

Unionville 

Walden 

Warwick 

Wells's Corner 

West Point 

West Town 

OELEAKS. 
Barre Centre 
Carlton 
Eagle Harbor 
East Carlton 
East Gaines 
East Shelby 
Farmingham 



Hindsburg 
Hulburton 
Jeddo 

Kendall Mills 
Knowlesville 
Lyndonville 
Medina ' 

Millville 
North Ridgeway 
Oak Orchard . 
Shelby Basin 
Soutli Barre 
Waterport 
West Carlton 
West Gaines 
West Kendall 
Yates 

OSWEGO. 

Amboy Centre 

Bernhard's Bay 

Butterfly 

C'arters\ille 

Caughdenoy 

Central Square 

Clea%'eland 

Colosse 

Constantia Centre 

Dugway 

East Parish 

Fulton 

Gilbert's Mills 

Greenboro' 

Hannibal 

Hannibal Centre 

Hastings Centre 

Hinmansville 

Hull's Corners 

Kasoag 

Kinney's Four Corners 

Minetto 

Orwell 

Oswego Falls 

Phoenix 

Port Ontario 

Roosevelt 

Salmon River 

Sand Bank 

South Albion 

South Granby 

South Richland 

South West Oswego 

Tex.as 

Union Settlement 

Union Square 

Vermilion 

Volney 

West Monroe 

Williamstown 

OTSEGO. 
Burlington Flats 
Centre Valley 
East Springfield 
East Worcester 
Fly Creek 
Garrattsville 
Maple Grove 
May Flower 
MiddlcHeld Centre 
Morris 

Mount Vision 
Oaksville 



Otsdawa 

Pleasant Brook 
Porllandville 
Richfield .Springs 
Rose boom 
Salt Springville 
Schenevus 
Schuyler's Lake 
South Edmeston 
South Hartwick 
South Milford 
Soutli Valley 
South Worcester 
Springfield Centre 
Toddsville 
Unadilla 
Unadilla Centre 
Un.adiUa Forks 
West Burlington 
West Edmeston 
West Exeter 
Westford 
West Laurens 
West Oneonta 
Westville 
Worcester 

rUTNAM. 

Brewster's Station 

Doanesburg 

Dykemans 

Farmer's Mills 

Garrisons 

Haviland Hollow 

Mahopac 

Milllown 

Red Mills 

Towners 

QUEENS. 
Bnishvillc 
Buckram 
Cedar Swamp 
East Norwich 
Farmingdale 
Hempstead Branch 
Jcrico 

Jerusalem South 
Manhasset 
Merrick 
Middle Village 
Rockville Centre 
Roslyn 
South Oyster Bay 

RENSSELAER. 

Alps 

Brainard's Bridge 
Centre Berlin 
Dee|iikill 
DefViestville 
Eagle Mills 
East Grafion 
East (jreenbush 
East Nassau 
East Sand Lake 
Hoag's Corner 
Junction 
Norlh Hoosie 
North Stephentown 
Petersburg Four Cor- 
ners 
Poestenkill 



Potter Hill 
Prospect Hill 
Rayniertown 
Schodack Centre 
Schodack Depot 
Schodack Landing 
South Schodack 
South Stephentown 
Tomhannock 
West Berlin 
West Sand Lake 
West Stephentown 
Wynantskill 

RICHMOND. 

North Shore 
Port Richmond 
Richmond Valley 
Rossville 
South Side 
Tottenville 

ROCKLAND. 
Blauveltville 

Monsey 

Nanuet 

North Haverstraw 

Nyack 

Nyack Turnpike 

Ramapo Works 

Sloatsburg 

Spring Valley 

Tappantown 

Sutl'ern 

SAINT LAWRENCE. 
Black Lake 
Blink Bonny 
Brier Hill 
Buck's Bridge 
Crary's Mills 
East Pierpont 
East Pitcairn 
Edenton 
Edwardsville 
Flackville 

Fullersville Iron Works 
Helena 
Lawrenceville 
Lisbon Centre 
Louisville Landing 
Macomb 
Matildaville 
Morlcy 
Nicholville 
North Lawrence 
North Potsdam 
North Russell 
North Stockholm 
Oak Point 
Pope's Mills 
Racket River 
Raymondvillo 
Richville 
Rossie 
Rnssell 
Shingle Creek 
Somerville 
South Edwards 
South Hammond 
Southville 
Stockholm Depot 
I Waddingtou 



POST OFFICES IN TIIF> UNITED STATES. 



771 



Wcfratohie 
West Fowler 
West Potsdam 
West Stockholm 

SARATOGA. 
Ballstoii Centre 
Hiirkersvilie 
liemus Heights 
Hiinit Hills 
Covevillc 
Dean's Corners 
East Gahvay 
East Line 
Edinburgh Centre 
Fortsville 
Ganscvoort 
(irangcrville 
Groom's Corners 
Jonesville 
Keteham's Corners 
Maltaville 
Mechanicsville 
Middle Grove 
Morcau Station 
Mount Pleasant 
Norili Gahvay 
Pope's Corners 
Porter's Corners 
Quaker Springs 
Rexford Flats 
I!ork City Mills 
South Corinth 
Snuili Gahvay 
V'i^ilirr's Ferry 
Walerl'ord 
Wist Charlton 
\Ve,t Day 
Wi'st Greenfield 
West Hadley 
West Milton 
Whiteside's Corners 
Wilton 

SCHENECTADY 
P.ranian's Corners 
East GUnville 
IloH'nian's Ferry 
Mariaville 
Norili Duanesburg 
Quaker Street 
Seoiia 

.SCHOHAKIE 

Argosvllle 

Harnerville 

liarton Hill 

Bn-akal.eon 

(\ uiral Bridge 

Cliarlotteville 

Ea-^t Cohleskill 

Eniincnee 

F.ugellville 

Esperance 

Franklinton 

Fullonham 

Galhlpville 

Gardnersville 

Gilhoa 

Grovernor's Corners 

Hunter's Land 

Hyudsville 

Lawyersville 



I Leesville 
Livingstonville 
Mine Kill Falls 
Morseville 
North Blenheim 
KichmondviUe 
Sharon Centre 
Sharon Springs 
Sloansville 
Waldensville 
Warnerville 
West Fulton 
West Gilhoa 

SENECA. 
Canoga 
Cruso 

East Variek 
Farmer 
Lodi Centre 
Rose Hill 
Sheldrake 
South Loili 
Townsendville 
Tyre 
Variek 

West Fayette 
West Junius 

STEUBEN. 

Alta 
Ark port 
A\oea 

Bennett's Creek 
Cameron Mills 
Campbeltown 
Caton 

Centre Canisteo 
Cohocton 
Cooper's Plains 
Corning 
Doty's Corner 
East Cameron 
East Canisteo 
East Painted Post 
Erwin Centre 
Gibson 
GofiT's Mills 
Hammond's Mills 
Haskenvillc 
Kennedyville 
Lindleytown 
Lyon's Hollow 
Mount Washington 
North Cameron 
North Cohocton 
North Heading 
North Urbana 
Patehin's .Mills 
Paltonville • 
Pine Grove 
Pond Settlement 
Pnrdy Creek 
RathboneviUe 
Heading Centre 
Rough and Ready 
Savona 
Shannon 
South Bradford 
South DansviUe 
South Hill 
South I'ultney 
South Thurston 



Sugar Hill 

Thurston 

Tontine 

Towlesville 

Twelve Mile Creek 

Tyrone 

Urbana 

Wayne 

West Addison 

West Cameron 

West Greenwood 

Weston 

West Tronpsburg 

West Union 

Wheeler 

WoodluiU 

SUFFOLK. 
Amagansett 
Amityville 
Baiting Hollow 
Bell Port 
Bridgehampton 
Centreport 
Com mack 
Coram 
Cutchogue 
Deer Park 
Dix Hills 
East Cutchogue 
East Marion 
East Moriches 
Fireplace 
Flanders 
Good Ground 
Jamesport 
Lakeland 
Manorville 
Mattituck 
Middle Island 
Miller's Place 
Moriches 
Mount Sinai 
New Village 
Northport 
Orient 
Pcnataquit 
Port Jeft'erson 
Qnogue 
Sayville 
Seatuck 
Sctankct 

Smithtown Branch 
Speonk 
Springs 
Success 

Thompson's Station 
Upper Aquebogue 
Wading River 
West Hills 
Yaphank 

SULLIVAN. 
Barryville 
Beaver Brook 
Beaver Kill 
Bloomingburg 
Bridgeville 
Burlingham 
Callicoon 
Callicoon Depot 
Claryville 
Delaware Bridge 



Fosterdale 

Frecmont 

Gales 

Glen Wild 

Grahanisville 

Hasbrouck 

Joti'erson\ille 

Liberty Falls 

Low's Corner 

Mongaup 

Mongaup Valley 

Narrows burg 

Neversink 

North Branch 

Parksville 

Philipsport 

Pike Pond 

Pond Eddy 

Purvis 

Robcrtsonville 

Sandburgh 

Stcvensville 

Thompsonville 

West Brookville 

White Lake 

Woodbourne 

Wurtsboro' 

Youngsvillc 

TIOGA. 

Apalachin 
Campville 
Cantield's Corner 
Factoryville 
Fleniingsville 
Halsey Valley 
Newark Valley 
Smithsboro' 
South Candor 
South Owego 
Wavcrly 
West Candor 
West Newark 
WiUscyviUe 

T0JIPKIN3. 
Benncttsburg 
Burdett 

Caroline Centre 
Cayutavillo 
East Lansing 
Enfield Centre 
Etmt 

Forest City 
Groton City 
Jacksonville 
Lake Ridge 
LansingviUe 
Logan 
McLean 
Meckleid>urgh 
Molt's Corners 
North Hector 
Ncu'th Lansing 
Peruvillc 
Pugsliys Depot 
Heynoldsville 
Searsburgh 
Seneca 
Slatervillo 
South Danhy 
South Lansing 
SpcedsviUe 



772 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Trumansburg 
Trumbull Corners 
Varna 
Waterburg 
West Danbr 
West Dryden 
West Grotou 

ULSTER. 

Accord 

Amesvillc 

Arnoldton 

Beach Hill 

Bearsville 

Bruynswick 

Clintondale 

Denning 

Ellenville 

Fly Mountain 

Frantzdale 

Glasco 

Kyserike 

Lackawack 

Libertyville 

Loyd 

Milton 

Modena 

Napanock 

New Hurley 

New Paltz Landing 

Olive Bridge 

Pine Bush 

Pine Hill 

Red Bridge 

River Side 

Samsonville 

Shokan 

Stone Ridge 

The Comer 

Tuthill 

Ulstcrville 

Wawarsing 

Westcamp 

West Hurley 

West Shandaken 

Woodstock 

WARREN. 

Chestertown 
French Mountain 
Hyde 
Johnsburgh 



Mill Brook 
PottersviUe 
Stony Creek 
The Glen 
Wardboro' 
Warrcusbiirg 

WASHINGTON. 
Adamsville, 
Anaquasscook 
Battenville 
Belcher 

Centre Cambridge 
Centre White Creek 
Coila 

Comstock's Landing 
East Greenwich 
East Salem 
Fort Edward Centre 
Galesville 
Griswold's Mills 
Lake 

Low Hampton 
Middle Granville 
North Argyle 
North Cambridge 
North Easton 
North Granville 
North Greenwich 
North Hebron 
North White Creek 
Patten's Mills 
Shushan 
Smith's Basin 
South Argyle 
South Easton 
South Granville 
South Hartford 
West Fort Ann 
West Hebron 
White Creek 
Whitehall 

WAYNE. 
Alloway 
Alton 

East Palmyra 
Fairville 
Joy 

Lock Berlin 
Macedon 
Macedon Centre 



Marengo 

Newark 

Port Glasgow 

Pultneyville 

Red Creek 

Sodus Centre i 

Sodus Point 

South Butler 

South Sodus 

Walworth 

West Butler 

Westbary 

West Macedon 

West Walworth 

Williamson 

Walcott 

WESTCHESTER. 

Abbotsford 

Bedford Station 

Chappaqua 

Cross River 

Croton Falls 

Croton Landing 

Dobbs's Ferry 

Golden's Bridge 

Hastings upon Hudson 

Jefferson Valley 

Kensico 

Moringville 

Mott Haven 

Mount Kisco 

Neperan 

North Tarrytown 

Pine's Bridge 

Pleasantvilie 

Purdy's Station 

Rye 

Salem Centre 

Sands's Mills 

Shrub Oak 

South Salem 

Tarrytown 

The Purchase 

Tuckahoe 

Verplank 

Vista 

West Chester 

West Farms 

West Somers 

White Plains 

Whitlocksville 



Williams's Bridge 

Tonkers 

Yorktown 

WYOliraa. 

Attica Centre 

Castile 

Cowlesville 

Dale 

Eagle 

Eagle Village 

East China 

East Gainesville 

East Java 

East Koy 

East Orangeville 

East Pike 

Hermitage 

Java Village, 

Johnsonsburg 

La Grange 

North Java 

North Sheldon 

North Wethersfield 

Orangeville 

Peoria 

Perry Centre 

Pike 

Portageville 

South Warsaw 

StrykersviUe 

Varysliurg 

Vernal 

Wethersfield 

Wethersfield Springs 

Wyoming 

TATES. 
Benton Centre 
Big Stream Point 
Bluff Point 
Branch Port 
Dundee 

Fergusson's Corners 
Italy Hill 
It:ily Hollow 
Milo Centre 
North Middlesex 
Rock Stream 
Slierman's Hollow 
West Dresden 
Yatesville 



STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 



ATLANTIC 
Absecon 
Bargaintown 
Buena Vista 
Estellville 
Gloucester Furnace 
Hammonton 
Leed's Point 
Pleasant Mills 
Port Republic 
Smith's Landing 
Weymouth 

BERGEN. 

English Neighborhood 
New Prospect 



Paskack 
Schraalenburg 
Spring Valley 

BURLINGTON. 

Ameytown 

Atsion 

Bass River Hotel 

Beverly 

Bridge boro' 

Brown's Mills 

Cinnaminson 

Columbus 

Cookstown 

Crosswicks 

Fellowship 



Green Bank 
Georgetown 
JacksonvSle 
Jacobstown 
Jobs town 
Juliustown 
Lumberton 
Marlton 
Medford 
Moorestown 
Mount Laurel 
New Gretna 
New Lisbon 
Ran cocas 
Recklesstown 
Red Oak Grove 



Shamong 
Sooy's Inn 
Tuckcrton 
Vincentown 
Wrightstown 

CAMDEN. 

Blackwoodtown 
Chew's Landing 
Cross Keys 
Gloucester City 
Haddonfield 
Long-a-Coming 
Waterford Works 
WiUiamstown 
Winslow 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



773 



CAPE MAY. 

Beesley's Point 
Cold Spring 
• Dennis's Creek 
Dias Creek 
East Creek ■ 
Kisliing Creek 
Goshen 
Green Creek 
Petersburg 
Seaville 

Townsend Inlet 
Tuckahoe 

CUMBERLAND. 

Cedarville 

Deei-field Street 

Dividing Creek 

Dorchester 

Swing's Neck 

Fairton 

Mauricetown 

Newport 

Roadstown 

Shiloh 

ES.SEX. 
Caraptown 
Feltville 
Franklin 
Plaiutidd 
Scotch Plains 
South Orange 
Springfield 
Summit 
Union 

West Bloomficld 
VVestfield 

GLOUCESTER. 
Barnslioro' 
Bridgeport 
Carpenter's Landing 
Clarkslioro' 
Franklinville 
Glasboro' 
Hardingville 
Ilarrisonville 
Malaga 
Mullico Hill 
Pineville 
Sweedshoro' 
Westville 

nuD.sox. 

Bergen Point 
New Durham 

HDNTEEDON. 

Baptistown 

Ccntreville 

riierrvville 

Clarksville 

Clinton 

Clover Hill 

Cokesburg 

Croton 

Everittstown 

Fair Mount 

Frenchtowu 

KUnesville 

Lambertsville 

Little York 



Milford 

Mount Pleasant 

New Gcrmantown 

Hew Hampton 

Perryviile 

Pittstown 

Pottersville 

Prallsville 

Quakertown 

Keaville 

Ringoes 

Sergeantsville 

Sidney 

Stanton 

Vansvckcls 

Whitb Hall 

White House 

MEECEE. 
Dutch Neck 
Edinburgh 
Groveville 
Hamilton Square 
Hightstown 
Hopewell 
Lawrenceville 
Mount Rose 
Pennington 
Port Mercer 
Titusville 
Van Hiseville 
Windsor 
Woodsville 
Yardville 

MIDDLESEX. 
Black Horse 
Cheeseqnakes 
Cranberry 
Jamesburg 
Mctuchcn 
New Market 
Old Bridge 
Plainsboro' 
Railway 
South River 
Spotswood 
Woodbridge 

MONMOUTH. 

AUentown 
Chance viUe 
Chapel Hill 
Clarksburg 
Colt's Neck 
Ealontown 
Eiiglishtowa 
Fillmore 
Forked River 
Holmdel 
Howell Works 
Imlaystown 
Key Port 
Kettle Creek 
Lecdsville 
Long Branch 
Lower Squankum 
Manalapan 
Manasquam 
Marlboro' 
New 'Sharon 
Ocean Port 



PerrineviUe 
Riceville 
Tinton Falls 
Turkey 
■Walnford 

MOREIS. 

Berkshire Valley 

Boonton 

Denville 

Drakestowu 

Drakesville 

Flanders 

German Valley 

Hanover Neck 

Littleton 

Long Hill 

Madison 

Milton 

Newfoundland 

New Vernon 

Parkersburg 

Parsippany 

Pine Brook 

Pleasant Grove 

Pompton Plains 

Roekaway 

Springtown 

Suckasunny 

Walnut Grove 

Washington 

OCEAN. 
Barnegat 

Bergen Iron Works 
Cedar Creek 
Downsville 
Homers town 
Jackson's Mills 
Manahawkin 
Manchester 
Matedeeonk 
New Egypt 
Pine Plains 
Point Pleasant 
Potter's Creek 
Shark River 
Squam Village 
Squankum 
Siiclltown 
Tom's River 
West Creek 
Wire town 

PASSAIC. 
Aquackanoek 
Bloomingdalc 
Mead's Basin 
West Milford 

SALEM. 
AUowaystown 
Canton 
Centrelon 
Elmer 

Hancock's Bridge 
Pedricktown 
Penn's Grove 
Pitt's Grove 
Seulltown 
Sharptown 
Woodstown 



SOMERSET. 

Beckman's Mills 

Blawcnburg 

Boundbrook 

Flaggtown 

Harlingen 

Lesser Cross Roads 

Liberty Comer 

Martinsville 

Middlebush 

Millington 

Millstone 

North Branch 

Peapaek 

Plukemin 

Rocky Hill 

Six Mile Run 

Warrenville 

Weston 

SUSSEX. 
Andover 
Augusta 
Beemerville 
Bevans 
Branchville 
Clove 
Colesville 
Deckertown 
Flatbrookville 
Franklin Furnace 
Fredou 
Gratitude 
Greenville 
Hainesville 
Hamburg 
Harmony Vale 
La Fayette 
Libertyville 
Lockwood 
Middleville 
Monroe 
Jlount Salem 
Pleasant Valley 
Sparta 
Stillwater 
Stockholm 
Swartswood 
Tranquillity 
Tuttle's Comer 
Vemon 
Waterloo 
Wykertown 

WAEEEN. 

Allamuchy 

Anderson 

Asbury 

Beatyestown 

Blairstown 

Bridge ville 

Broadway 

Brotzmanville 

Calno 

Columbia 

Danville 

Hackettstown 

Ilainesburg 

Johnsonburg 

Marksboro' 

Millbrook 

New Village 

Oxford Furnace 



774 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Paulina 

PolkviUe 

Ramsaysbnrg 



Rocksburgh 
Sercpta 



Stewartsville 
Still Valley 



ToAvnsbury 
Walnut Valley 



STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



ADAMS. 
Abbottstown 
Arendtsville 
Bermudian 
Bendersville 
Cashtown 
East Berlin 
Fairfield 
Fountain Dale 
Grafenshurt; 
Green Mount 
Hampton 
Heidlersburg 
Hunterstown 
Littlestown 
McSherrystown 
Menallen 
New Chester 
New Oxford 
Two Taverns 
York Sulphur Springs 

ALLEGHANr. 

Arsenal 

Bakerstowa 

Buchanan 

Clinton 

Coal Valley 

Duquesne 

Elizabeth 

Gambles 

Gill Hall 

Green Tree 

Harmarville 

Herriottsvillc 

Houston 

Library 

Logan's Ferry 

McKeesport 

Monroeville 

Montours 

Moon 

Moss Side 

Nobles town 

PerrysviUe 

Port Ferry 

Remington 

Sewickly Bottom 

Sharpsburg 

Shirland 

Street's Run 

Surgeon's Hall 

Tarentum 

Temperanceville 

Turtle Creek 

Upper Saint Clair 

Walker's Mills 

West Elizabeth 

West Manchester 

Wexford 

White Ash 

Wilkins 

Wilkinsburg 

ARMSTKONG. 
Apollo 



Blanket Hill 

Brady's Bend 

Cowansville 

Elderton 

Freeport 

Glade Run 

Lawrenceburg 

Leechburg 

Oakland 

Olivet 

Orrsville 

Phcenix 

Piitneyville 

Red Bank Furnace 

Rural Valley 

Scrub Grass 

Slate Lick 

South Bend 

Worthington 

BEAVEK 
Black Hawk 
Parlington 
Economy 
Fallston 

Frankfort Springs 
Freedom 
Georgetown 
Hookstovvn 
Imlustry 
Kendall 
New Sheffield- 
Ohioville 
Parkison 
Service 
Seventy Six 
Smith's Ferry 

BEDFORD. 
Alum Bank 
Bloody Run 
Clearville 
Dublin Mills 
Juniata Crossings 
Mann's Choice 
Monroe 
Pattonville 
Rainsburg 
Ray's Hill 
Robisonville 
Saint Clairsville 
Six Mile Run 
Stonerstown 
West End 
Woodbury 

BERKS. 

Baumstown 

Bernville 

Birdsboro' 

Boyerstown 

B rower 

Brumfieldvillc 

Clayton 

t'ross Kill Mills 

Dale 



Douglassville 

Earlville 

Fethcrolffsville 

Furnace 

Geiger's Mills 

Grimville 

Joanna Furnace 

Klinesville 

Kutztown 

Leesport 

Lobachsville 

Long Swamp 

Lower Bern 

Maiden Creek 

Manatawny 

Mohrsville 

MoUtown 

Monterey 

Morgan town 

Moselem 

Mount Airy 

New Jerusalem 

Pike Township 

Pricetown 

Rehrersburg 

Schuylkill Bend 

Seisholtzville 

Shanesvillc 

Shartlesville 

Sinking Spring 

Stonersville 

Stouchbiirg 

Straustown 

Tulpehoccan 

Virginsville 

Williams's Store 

Woraelsdorf 

BLAIR. 

Altoona 

Antestown 

Blair Furnace 

Clover 

Duncansville 

East Freedom 

East Sharpsburg 

Fostoria 

Frankstown 

Martinsburg 

Newry 

Sarah 

Sinking Valley Mills 

Springfield Furnace 

Tyrone 

Williamsburg 

Yellow Spring 

BRADFORD. 
Alba 

Bently Creek 
Browntown 
Camptown 

Columbia Cross Roads 
Durell 
East Herrick 
East Smithficld 



East Springhill 

East Troy 

Edsallville 

Franklin Dale 

French's Mills 

Havensville 

Herrick 

Highland 

Horn brook 

Laddsburg 

Le Raysville 

Le Roy 

Merryall 

Milan 

Monroeton 

Myersburg 

New Albany 

North Orwell 

North Rome 

North Smithfield 

Old Hickory 

Orcutt Creek 

Orwell 

Pike 

Rome 

Rummerficld Creek 

Sheshequin 

South Creek 

South Hill 

South Warren 

Springfield 

Standing Stone 

Stevensville 

Sugar Run 

Sylvania 

Terrytown 

Troy 

Ulster 

Warrenham 

West Burlington 

West Franklin 

Windham 

Wyalusing 

Wysox 

BUCKS. 

Andalusia 

Attlcboro' 

Bridge Valley 

Bridgewater 

Brownsburg 

Bucksville 

Bunker Hill 

Bursonville 

Carvcrsville 

Centre Bridge 

Danboro' 

Davisville 

Dolingtou 

Dublin 

Erwinna 

Fallsington 

Feasterville 

Hagersville 

Hartsville 

Hill town 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



775 



Hulmesvillc 

Lahaska 

Line Lexington 

Luniljerville 

Mechanicsvillc 

New Hope 

Newportville 

Newtown 

Ottsville 

Oxfoid Valley 

Pinevillo 

Pipersville 

Pleasant Valley 

Plcasantville 

Plumstcadville 

Point Pleasant 

Quakertown 

Richboro' 

Richland town 

Rief!;elsville 

Seller's Tavern 

Spinnerstown 

Springtown 

Taylorsvillc 

Trumbaursville 

TuUvtown 

Upper Black Eddy 

Warrington 

Whitcluillvillo 

Wriglitstown 

Yardleyville 

BUTTER. 
Anandale 
Anderson's Mills 
Baldwin 
Barnliart's Mills 
Breakneck 
Broniiington 
Bruin 

Coultersville 
Coyleville 
Glade Mills 
Harrisville 
Hibernia 
Jacksvillc 
Ma|de Furnace 
Middle Lancaster 
Mount Chestnut 
Murrinsville 
North Hope 
Ogle 

Portei-sville 
Prospect 
SarvcrsviUe 
Saxenburg 
Slippery Koek 
Whitestown 
Zelienople 

CAMBRIA. 
Ashland Furn.ace 
Bemis's Creek 
Carrollton 
Chess Springs 
Fallen Timber 
Loretto 
Portage 
Roscland 
Summer Hill 
Summit 
Three Roads 
Wilmore 



CARBON. 

Albrightsville 
Beaver Meadows 
East Pcnn 
Hickory Run 
Lausanne 
Little Gap 
Nesquelioning 
New Mahoning 
Parrvsville 
Rock Port 
Stembersville 
Summit Hill 
Weatherly 
Weisport 

CENTRE. 
Boalsburg 
Buffalo Run 
Centre Hill 
Centre Line 
Fillmore 
Fleming 
Hublersburg 
Juliann Furnace 
Martha Furnace 
Mileslnirg 
Millhcim 
Nitlanv 
Old Fort 
Phili])sburg 
Pine Grove Mills 
Pleasant Gap 
Potter's Mills 
Rebersburg 
Snow Shoe 
Spring Mills 
Stover's Place 
Walker 
Woodward 
Zion 

CHESTER. 
Avondale 
Black Horse 
Blue Rock 
Brandywine Manor 
Cain 

Chandlerville 
Chatham 
Chester Springs 
Chesterville 
Cochransville 
Collamcr 
Dilworthtown 
Doe Ikun 
Ijowiiingtown 
Elk Dale 
Embreeville 
Ercildown 
Fairville 
Fountain Green 
Frazcr 
Goshenville 
Gum Tree 
Guthriesville 
Hamorion 
Havcsville 
Hickory Hill 
Honey Brook 
Hopewell Cotton W'ks 
JemUTSville 
Kemblesville 



Kcnnett's Square 

Kimberton 

Lcwisvillc 

LionvlUe 

Loag 

McWilliamstown 

Marlboro' 

Marsh 

Marshallton 

Milltown 

Mount Vernon 

New Garden 

Oxford 

I'arkersville 

I'arkesburg 

Penningtonville 

Phcenixvillo 

Pickering 

Puglitown 

Rockville 

Russellville 

SadsburyviUe 

Saint Mary's 

Saint Peter's 

Setzler's Store 

Steeleville 

Strickersville 

Sugartown 

Unionvillo 

Uwehland 

Valley Forge 

Vincent 

Wagontowu 

Wallace 

Warren Tavern 

West Grove 

West Vincent 

West Whiteland 

CLARION. 

Callensburg 

C'atlish Furnace 

Clinton Furnace 

Curllsville 

Jefterson Furnace 

Kerr's Store 

Kingsville 

Kossuth 

Lamartine 

Leatherwood 

Limestone 

Lucinda Furnace 

MatildaviUe 

New Athens 

New Bethlehem 

Piny 

Reidsburg 

Rimersburg 

River 

Shippcnsville 

Strattonville 

Tylersburg 

CLEARFIELD. 
Bower 

Clearfield Bridge 
Curwinsville 
Cush 

Frenchville 
Fruit Hill 

(ilen Hope « 

Grahamion 
Grampian Hills 



Luthersburg 
Morrisdale 
New Washington 
Smitli's Mills 
Woodland 

CLINTON. 
Beech Creek 
Cameron 
Chatham Run 
Cook's Run 
Dunnsburg 
Farrandsville 
I'irst Fork 
Logan Mills 
Lovcland 
Mill Hall 
North Chatham 
Salona 

Sinnamahoning 
Sugar Valley 
Westport 
Youngwomanstowa 

COLUMBIA. 

Beaver Valley 

Benton 

Buckhorn 

Central 

Cole's Creek 

Espy 

Foundryville 

Light Street 

Lime Ridge 

Maineville 

MifflinviUe 

MiUviUe 

ilordansville 

Pealers 

Polkville 

Rohrslnirg 

Stillwater 

CRAWFORD. 

Adamsville 

Bloomfield 

Blooming Valley 

Centreville 

Conneautville 

Crossingville 

Custards 

Espyville 

Evansburg 

Guy's Mills 

Harmonsburg 

Hartstown 

Haylicld 

Kingsleys 

Line Mills 

McDowells 

Mead Corners 

New Richmond 

Pcnn Line 

Randolph 

Riceville 

Rockdale 

Rundclls 

Sa'gcrstown 

South Shenango 

Spartansburg 

Spring 

Sicrlington 

Steuben 

Sugar Creek 



776 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Sugar Lake 

Taylor's Stand 

Titusville 

Unity 

Venango 

Woodcock 

CUMBERLAMD. 
Big Spring 
Boiling Springs 
Good Hope 
Hogestown 
Lee's Cross Roads 
Lisburn 
Median icsburg 
Mount Rock 
Newburg 
New Cumberland 
New Kingstown 
Newville 
Oakville 
Papertown 
Plaintield 
Shepherdstown 
Shiremantown 
Stoughstown 
Walnut Bottom 
White Hill 
White House 

. DAUPHIN. 
Benvenue 
Berrysburg 
Dauphin 
Elizabethville 
Gilchristville 
Fisherville 
Gratz 

High Spire 
Hummelstown 
Linglestown 
Pillow 
Portsmouth 
Fowl's Valley 
Susquehanna 
West Hanover 
Wiconisco 

DELAWARE. 

Chadd's Ford 

Concordville 

Gibbon's Tavern 

Howellville 

Ivy Mills 

Kellysville 

Leipersville 

Lima 

Marcus Hook 

Marple 

Nether Providence 

Newtown Square 

Penn's Grove 

Radnor 

Rose Tree 

Spread Eagle 

Thornton 

Upper Darby 

Village Green 

West Havcrford 

ELK. 

Benezett 
Benzinger 



Caledonia 
Hellen " 
Kersey's 
Pine Street 
Second Fork 
Williamsville 

ERIE. 
Albion 
Cherry Hill 
Cook 
Edinboro' 
Franklin Comers 
Girard 

Harbor Creek 
Moorheadville 
Northville 
Phillipsville 
Platea 

Springfield Cross Roads 
Union Mills 
Watcrford 
Wattsburg 
Wayne 

Wells's Corners 
Wesleyville 
West Springfield 

FAYETTE. 
Belle Vernon 
Cookstown 
East Liberty 
Farmington 
Fayette Springs 
Flatwoods 
McClellandtown 
Masontown 
Merrittstown 
New Geneva 
New Salem 
Pennsville 
Perryopolis 
Redstone 
Salt Lick 
Searights 
Smith field 
Springhill Furnace 
Tippecanoe 
Tyrone Mills 
Upper Middlctown 
Woodvale 

FRANKLIN. 

Ambcrson's Valley 

Dry Run 

Fannettsburg 

Fayctteville 

Green Castle 

Green Village 

Jackson Hall 

Kccfer's Store 

Loudon 

Marion 

Mont Alto 

New Guilford 

Orrstown 

Quincy 

Roxbuiy 

Scotland 

Spring Run 

State Line 

Sylvan 

Upper Strasburg 



Upton 

Wavnesboro' 
Welsh Run 

FULTON. 
Burnt Cabins 
Fort Littleton 
Harrisouville 
McConnellsburg 
New Grenada 
Speersville 
Webster's Mills 
Warfbvdsljuvg 
West Dublin 

- GREENE. 
Carmichaels 
Castile 
Clarksville 
Davistown 
Greensboro' 
Harveys 
Hunter's Cave 
Jolly Town 
Kirby 
Mapletown 
Mount Morris 
New Grenada 
Rice's Landing 
Rogcrsville 
Riverson's Station 
Whiteley 
Windridge 

HUNTINGDON. 

Alexandria 

Birmingham 

Bridgeport 

Broad Top 

Calvin 

Cassville 

Coffee Run 

Colerain Forge 

Cottage 

Eagle Foundry 

East Barre 

Ennisville 

Graysville 

Greenwood Furnace 

James's Creek 

McAlevy's Fort 

McConnellstown 

Maddensville 

Jlanor Hill 

Mill Creek 

Mount Union 

Oibisonia 

Par.adise Furnace 

Shade Gap 

Shaver's Creek 

Spruce Creek 

Three Springs 

Todd 

Union Furnace 

Vineyard Mills 

Warrior's Mark 

Water Street 

West Barre 

INDIANA. 

Armagh 
Brush Valley 
Clarksburg 



Coal Port 

East Centreville 

Home 

Kent 

Marchand 

Mitchell's Mills 

Newman's Mills 

Penn Run 

Shelocta 

Smicksburg 

Strongs town 

Tnnnel 

West Lebanon 

JEFFERSON 
Alvan 

Brockwayville 
Cool Spring 
Corsica 
Merata 
Punxutawney 
Rcynoldsville 
Richardsvillc 
Ringgold 
Summersville 
Warsaw 

JUNIATA. 

Academia 
Beale's Mills 
East Watcrford 
McAUisterville 
McCoysville 
McCulloch's Mills 
Mexico 
Oakland Mills 
Peru Mills 
Pleasant View 
Port Royal 
Richfield 
Spruce Hill 
Thompsontown 
Walnut 
Waterloo 

LANCASTER. 
Adamstown 
Bainbridge 
Bareville 
Bart 

Beartown 
Bellemonte 
Binkley's Bridse 
Blue Ball 
Bowmansville 
BriekerviUe 
Cains 
Camargo 
Cambridge 
Chestnut Level 
Christiana 
Churchtown 
Cocalico 
CoopersviUe 
Durlach 
Elizabethtown 
Enterprise 
Falmouth 
Gap 

Goodville 
Gordonsville 
Goshen 
Greene 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



777' 



Hat 

Hempficld 

HigliviUe 

Ilinkleton 

Intercourse 

Kinzers 

Kirk's Mills 

Enndisville 

Liberty Square 

Ijitiz 

Martickville 

Martinsville 

Mastersonville 

May 

Maytown 

Mechanic's Grove 

MiUersviUe 

Jlount Hope 

Mount Ncbo 

Monntville 

Xcfisvillc 

New Holland 

New Milltown 

New Providence 

Nine Points 

Oak Hill 

Octoraro 

Oregon 

Paradise 

Piquea 

Pleasant Grove 

Puseyville 

Qiiarryville 

HawlinsviUe 

Kcamstown 

Heinholdsville 

Kock 

Sate Harbor 

Salunga 

Schoeneck 

Sniithville 

South Hermitage 

Strasburg 

Terre Hill 

Vogans\ iUc 

Willow Street 

LAWRENCE. - 
Chenango 
Cross C'ut 
East Brook 
Edinburgh 
Enon Valley 
Harlensburg 
Ilillsville 
Irish Hippie 
Mount Jackson 
New Bedford 
New Wilmington 
Plain Grove 
Princeton 
Pulaski 
Wurtemburg 

LEBANON. 
Bellview 
Camplielltown 
Cornwall 
Fredericksburg 
Jonestown 
Meycrstown 
Millbach 
Mount Zion 



Palmyra 
Shatlcrstown 

LEHIGH. 

Breinigsville 

Catasauqua 

Centre Valley 

Clatissville 

Coopersburg 

Fogelsville 

FriedensviUe 

Ilosensack 

Jacksonville 

Lynnville 

]Mechanicsi)oro' 

New Trii.ioli 

Oretield 

Rittersville 

Saegersvillc 

Saucon Valley 

Schnecksville 

Seil»ei'ling\ illc 

South Whitehall 

Trcichlcrsville 

Trexlcrtown 

Weisenburg 

Wescosville 

ZioDsville 

LUZEKNE. 
Archbald 
Bald Jloiiut 
Beach (irove 
Beach Haven 
Bear Creek 
Beaumont 
Black Creek 
Cambra 
Carverton 
Church Hill 
Clark's Green 
Clifton 
Convngham 
Daleviile 
Dunmore 
Fairmount Spring: 
Fleetville 
Forty Fort 
Green Grovo 
Harveyville 
Hazleton 
Hunloek's Creek 
Huntsville 
Hyde Park 
Jcansville 
Jeddo 

Lackawanna 
Lake 

Mount Surprise 
Muhlenburg 
Nanticoke 
New Columbus 
Newport Centre 
Old Forge 
Orange 
Pittston Ferry 
Plainsville 
Port Blanchard 
Ransom 
Scramon 
Shicksbinny 
Sloycrsville 
Sweet Valley 



Svbertsville 

Town Hill 

Trucksville 

Wallsville 

Waverly 

White ilaven 

Wyoming 

LYCOMING. 
Alvira 

Barbour's Mills 
Black Hole 
Chestnut Grove 
CoUomsviUe 
Crescent 
Elimsport 
Garrettsville 
Haneyvillc 
Ilughesville 
HuntersviUc 
Lairdsville 
Larry's Creek 
Linden 

Little Pine Creek 
Monturesville 
Newberry 
Prospect Mills 
Ralston 
Road Hall 
State Road 
Taneyville 
Texas 
Trent Run 
Walkcrville 
Warrcns^illc 
Watcrville 
Wliite Deer 
Wolf Run 

McKEAN. 

Alleghany Bridge 

Annin Creek 

BurtviUe 

Clermontville 

Farmer's Valley 

Glenn, 

Eden, 

Kendall Creek 

Lafayette 

Norwich 

Port Alleghany 

Prentiss Vale 

MEKCEE. 

Centretown 

Clark 

Deer Creek 

Delaware (irove 

ExchangeviUe 

Ilarthegig 

Henderson 

Hermitage 

Jamestown 

Leesburg 

London 

New Lebanon 

New Vernon 

North Liberty 

Perrine 

Sharon 

West Greenville 

West Middlesex 

Wolf Creek 



1)8 



Worth 

MIFFLIN. 

Allensville 

Atkinson's Mills 

Belleville 

Kishacoquill.as 

Locke's Mills 

McVeyto^vu 

Milniy 

Newton Hamilton 

Reedsvillc 

Strode's Mills 

MONROE. 
Analomink 
Bartonsville 
Covesville 
Datotsburg 
Eflort 

Experiment Mills 
FcTinersvillc 
Hcnrysville 
Kellcrsville 
Krcsgcville 
Kmikletown 
Long Valley 
Jlarshall's Creek 
Merwinsbnrg 
Naglcsvillc 
New Mount Pleasant 
Paradise Valley 
Priceburg 
Saylorsburg 
Sliafers 
Shawnee 
Shaw's Meadows 
SnydersviUe 
Soxville 
Spruce Grove 
Stanhope 
Stoddardsville 
Tannersville 
TreibleviUe 
Turns 

MONTGOMERY. 

Barren Hill 
Blue Bell 
Conshohockcn 
Crooked Hill 
Edge Hill 
Fairvicw Village 
(icncral Wayne 
Gulf Mills 
Harleysville 
Hatboro' 
Hillcgass 

Iluntingdim Valley 
Jcllersouville 
Jcnkintowu 
King of Prussia 
Kuljisville 
Limerick Bridge 
Montgomcryville 
Norritonville 
Pcnnsbnrg 
Pcnn's S(|uarc 
Pcrkiorncn Bridge 
Plymouth Meeting 
Port Kenncily 
I'ort Providence 
Royer's Ford 



778 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Salfordvillc 
Schvvencks's Store 
Shannonville 
Shippaok 
Sorrel Horse 
Spring House 
Sumneytown 
Trappe 
Nylers Port 
Union Square 
Upper Dublin 
White Marsh 
Willow Grove 
Worcester 

MONTOUR. 

Jersevtowii 
Mooresburf; 
Roaring Creek 
Washington ville 
White Hall 

NORTUAMPTON. 
Bath 
Belfast 
Boston 
Butztown 
Cherryville 
Flicksville 
Freemansburg 
Hecktown 
Hellertown 
Jacobsburg 
Kesslers 
KlecknersviUe 
Kreitlersville 
Laubach 
Martin's Creek 
Mount Bethel 
Nazareth 
PetersviUe 
Ricbmontl 
Slatefortl 
Stockcrtown 
Stone Church 
Stouts 
Uhlcrsville 
Weaversville 
Wind Gap 

NORTHUMBERLAND. 
Bear Gap 

Chulasky 
Dalmatia 
Elysburg 
Freeland 
Green brim- 
Line Mountain 
McEwansviUe 
Mahanoy 
Milton 

Mount Carrael 
Paxinos 
Pott's Grove 
Ruslitown 
Shamokin 
Snydertown 
Trcvortou 
TurbotviUe 
Watsoutovvn 

TERRY. 

Andersonburg 



AndesviUe 
Bailevsburg 
Blain' 

Bosserman's Mills 
Duncannon 
Elliottsburg 
Ickesburg 
Keystone 
Landisburg 
Millcrstown 
Montgomery's Ferry 
New Buffalo 
New Gerinantown 
Oak Grove Furnace 
Roseburg 
Sherman's Dale 

PHILADELPUIA. 

Andora 

Bridesburg 

Bustleton 

Falls of Schuylkill 

Fox Chase 

Holmesburg 

Kensington 

Leverington 

Milestown 

Olncy 

Port Richmond 

Rising Sun 

Somerton 

Spring Garden 

West Philadelphia 

PIKE. 
Bushkill 

Dingman's Ferry 
Metamora 
Narrows 
Shehola 
Tafton 
Two Rivers 

POTTER. 

Clara 

Coleshurg 

Cushingville 

East Sharon 

Ellisburg 

Genesee Fork 

Harrison Valley 

Hebron 

Hector 

Homer 

Kettle Creek 

Lymansville 

Mill Port 

Nelsonport 

North Wharton 

Oswayo 

Pike Mills 

Pike Valley 

Roulette 

Sharon Centre 

Sweden 

Turner Corner 

Ulysses 

West Pike 

AVharton 

White's Comers 

Williston 



SCHUYLKILL. 
Auburn 
Bearraont 

Blythe 

Branch Dale 

Broad Mountain 

Catawissa Valley 

Donaldson 

Drchersvillc 

Focht's Forge 

Fountain Spring 

Freedensburg 

Hieksliirville 

Kcpncrs 

Llewllyn 

McKcansIiurg 

Middleport 

Pine Grove 

Pitman 

Port Clinton 

Saint Clair 

Silver Creek 

Tremont 

Upper Mahantango 

West Penn 

SOMER.SET. 
Bakersville 
Benford's Store 
Berlin 
Buckstown 
Davidsville 
Drv Ridge 
Elk Lick 
Forwardstown 
Gebharts 
Harncdsville 
Jenner's Cross Roads 
Levansville 
Meyers's Mills 
New Lexington 
Shade Furnace 
Shanksville 
Sipesville 
Somersficld 
Southampton 
Stony Creek 
Stoycstown 
Summit Mills 
Turkey Foot 
Wellersburg 

SULLIVAN. 
CampbellviUe 
Cherry 
CherrV Mills 
Davidson 
Eagles Mere 
EldredsviUc 
Hill's Grove 
Millview 
New Laport 
Shunk 

SUSQUEHANNA. 
Auburn Four Corners 
Birchardville 
Brackney 
Clifford 
Dimock 
Dundaff 
Elk Lake 
EUerslie 



Fairdale 

Forest Lake 

Friendsville 

Great Bend 

Jackson 

Jackson Valley 

Kentuckyville 

Lanesboro' 

Lathrop 

Lawsville Centre 

LenoxviUe 

Little Meadows 

Lynn 

Millardsville 

Porter Ridge 

Rusliville 

Silver Lake 

South Auburn 

Springville 

Susquehanna Depot 

Thompson 

Upsonville 

West Auburn 

TIOGA. 
Bailey Creek 

Charleston 

Chatham Valley 

Cherry Flats 

Covington 

Crooked Creek 

Daggett's Mills 

Gaines 

Gray's Valley 

Knoxville 

Lawrenceville 

Little Marsh 

Mainesburg 

Manslield 

Mixtown 

Nauvoo 

Nelson 

Pine Creek 

Sabinsville 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Wellsboro' 

Westtield 

UNION. 
Beaver Springs 
Beavcrtown 
Buffalo Cross Roads 
Chapman 
Chestnut Ridge 
Cosgrave Hall 
Forest Hill 
Freeburg 
Hartleton 
Keensville 
Kratzcrville 
Lewisburg 
MeKee's Half Falls 
Middlcburg 
Middle Creek 
Mifflinsburg 
Mount Pleasant Mills 
New Columbia 
Penn's Creek 
Selin's Grove 
Turtlcville 
Wliite Deer Mills 
Winfield 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



779 



VENANGO 
Agnew's Mills 
Big Bend 
Canal 
Cass 

Clintonville 
Coopcrstown 
Dcmpseytowii 
East Sandy 
Emlenton 
Five Points 
Holland 
Perry 

Phipps's Mills 
Plumer 
Polk 

Portcrfield 
President Furnace 
Rockland 
Stewart's Run 
Sunville 
Tyrrel 
Utica 

Wallaceville 
Wesley 
Wilson's Mills 

WARKEN. 
Beech Woods 
Corydon 
Eagle 
Kinzua 
La Porte 
Lottsville 
Pine Valley 
Pitsfield 
Russelsliurg 
Sheffield 
Spring Creek 
Steam Mill 
Sugar Grove 
Tidionte 

West Spring Creek 
Youngsville 

WASHINGTON. 
Amity 
Bavington 
Beallsville 
Bentleyville 
Bower Hill 
Brush Ran 
Burgettstown 
Candor 
Cannonsburg 



Cherry Valley 

Claysville 

Clokcy 

Commcttsburg 

Cross Creek Village 

Dunningsville 

Eldersville 

Finleyville 

Florence 

Fredericktown 

Ginger Hill 

Good Intent 

Hickory 

Independence 

Limetown 

Lindly's Mills 

Locust Hill 

Maple Creek 

MiUsboro' 

MonongaheUi City 

Mungo Park 

JIunntown 

Murdoeksville 

North Star 

Paris 

Patterson's Mills 

Pike Run 

Pleasant Hill 

Prosperity 

Simpson's Store 

Sparta 

Taylorstown 

Ten Mile 

TIioin|isonvillc 

Van Buren 

Vanceville 

Venice 

West Alexander 

West Brownsville 

West Finlcy 

West Middietown 

Zollcrsville 



Aldenville 
Ariel 
Ashland 
Cherry Ridge 
East Sterling 
Eldred 
Equinunk 
Galilee 
Hamlinton 
Hawley 
Hill Top 
I Ilonesdalc 



Pleasant Mount 

I*riceville 

Prompton 

Rileyvilie 

South Sterling 

Starucca 

Sterling 

Wavmart 

Wli'ite Mills 

WESTMOEELAKD. 
Adamshurg 
Afiueduct 
Bradcnville 
Crawford's Mills 
Fit?. Henry 
Fulton 
Halcyon 
Harrison Cky 
Ilarvev's Five Points 
Hill's View 
.lones's Mills 
Lauglilintown 
Laurelville 
Ligoider 
Livcrmore 
Madison 

McKean's Old Stand 
jMurrysville 
New Alexandi-ia 
New Derry 
New Stanton 
North Washington 
Pleasant Unity 
Poke Run 
Pucketas 
Puebla 
Rostravcr 

Salem Cross Roads 
Shearer's Cross Roads 
Stahlstowu 
Stewartsville 
Tinker Run 
Watts's Jlills 
West Fairfield 
West Newton 
Yohoghany 
Youngstown 



WYOMING. 

Bowman's Creek 
Braintreni 
Centre Moreland 
FactoryviUe 
Falls 



Forkston 
Kellersburg 
Laceyvillc 
La Grange 
Mehoopany 
Nicholson 
North Flat 
Oxbow 
Russell Hill 
Scottsville 
Skinner's Eddy 
Sterlingville 

YORK. 

Apple Grove 

Bald Eagle 

Bryansville 

Castle Fin 

Cross Roads 

Dallastown 

Day's Landing 

Dillsburg 

Emigsville 

Etters 

Farmers 

Fawn Grove 

Franklintown 

Glen Rock 

Grahamville 

Hanover 

Hetricks 

Lewisberry 

Loganvillc 

Losver Chaneeford 

Manchester 

Margaretla Furnace 

Muddy Creek Forks 

Newberrytown 

New Bridgeville 

New Freedom 

Pine Hill 

Rossville 

Seven Valleys 

Shrewsbury 
I Sidonsburg 

Spring Forge 
I Slate Hill 

Stewartstown 

Strawbridge 

Strinestown 

Union 

Wellsvillo 

Windsor 

Wrigbtsvillc 

Yocumtown 

Y'ork Haven 



STATE OF DELAWARE. 



KENT. 

Camden 

Canterbury 

Frederica 

Keith's Cross Roads 

Leipsic 

Little Creek Landing 

Masten's Corner 

Milford 

Smyrna 

Sowardtown 

Vernon 



Whitclcysburg 
Williamsville 

NEW CASTILE. 
Black Bird 
Brandywine Springs 
Cantwell's Bridge 
Centreville 
Chippewa 
Cooch's Bridge 
Glasgow 
Henry Clay Factory 



Loveville 
McDonough 
Mermaid 
Middietown 
Naaman's Creek 
Newark 
Newport 
Pleasant Hill 
I'ort I'cnu 
Red Lion 
Stanton 
Summit Bridge 



Talleyville 

SUSSEX. 

Angola 
Black Water 
Bridgeville 
Cannon's Ferry 
Cedar (^rcek 
Concord 
Dagsboro' 
Dr.'iw Bridge 
Guniboro' 



780 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Hall's Store 
Horsey's Cross Roads 
Laurel 



Lewes 

Middleford 

Millsboro' 



Milton 
Seaford 



Selbyville 
Tunnell's Store 



STATE OF MARYLAND. 



ALLEGHANY 
Accident 
Dawsons 

Frostburg 
Grantsville 
Keyser's Ridge 
Lonaconing 
Mount Savage 
Oldtown 
Orleans 

Pleasant Grove 
Selbysport 
Shade Mill 
Western Port 
Winston 
Yougli Glades 

ANNE ARUNDEL. 
Annapolis Junction 
Bright Scat 
Bristol 
Clarksville 
Cooksville 
Crownsville 
Davidsonvillo 
Eldersburg 
Elysville 
Friendship 
Governor's Bridge 
Ilchester Mills 
Lisbon 

Marriotts villa 
Mattlievvs's Store 
Millersville 
Patuxent 
Poplar Springs 
Savage 
Simpsonville 
South River 
Taylorsville 
Tracy's Landing 
West River 
Woodstock 

BALTIMORE. 
Black Rock 
Brooklandville 
Butler 
Catonsville 
Cockeysville 
Cub Hill 
Dover 
EUengowan 
Fork Meeting House 
Freeland 
Gap Mills 
Govanstown 
Harrisonville 
Hereford 
Hookstown 
Little Gunpowder 
Long Green Academy 
Maryland Line 
Mon'kton Mills 
North Branch 
Owing's Mills 



Philopolis 

Pikesville 

Reistertown 

Rossville 

Ridge Hall 

Sweet Air 

Towsontown 

Union Meeting House 

Upperco 

Warren 

Washingtonville 

Weisesburg 

Westerman's Mills 

W^etheredville 

White Hall 

CALVERT. 
Chestnut Hill 
Dunkirk 
Huntingtown 
Lower Marlboro' 
Port Republic 

CAROLINE. 
Bridgetown 
Burrsville 
Fcderalsburg 
Greensboro' 
Hillsboro' 
New Hope 
Upper Hunting Creek 

CARROLL. 
Bachman's Mills 
Bruceville 
Double Pipe Creek 
Finksburg 
Franklinville 
Freedom 
Hampstead 
Hood's Mills 
Houck's Store 
McKinstry's Mills 
Kroh's Mills 
Manchester 
Middleburg 
Mount Airy 
New Windsor 
Piney Creek 
Porters 
Ridgeville 
Sam's Creek 
Sykesville 
Taneytown 
Union Bridge 
Union Mills 
Uniontown 
Wakefield 
Wai-fieldburg 
Westminster 
Winfield 
Woodbine 

CECIL. 
Blue Ball 
Brick Meeting House 



Ceciltown 
Charlestown 
Cherry Hill 
Chesapeake City 
College Green 
Fair Hill 
Northeast 
Perryvillc 
Principio Furnace 
Rising Sun 
Rock Springs 
Rowlandsville 
South Milford 
Warwick 
Wood Lawn 
Zion 

CHARLES. 
Allen's Fresh 
Beantown 
Benedict 
Brvantown 
Du'ffield 
Glymont 
Harris's Lot 
Nanjemoy 
Newport 
Partnership 
Pomonkey 
Tompkiusvillc 

DORCHESTER. 
Big Mills 
Bridgeville 
Church Creek 
East New Market 
Golden Hill 
Hicksburg 
Lakesvile 
Taylor's Island 
Tobacco Stick 
Vienna 

FREDERIC. 

Adamstown 

Barry 

Buckey's Town 

Burketsville 

Creagerstown 

Gracehani 

Greenfield Mills 

Ijamsville 

Jefferson 

Johnsville 

Ladiesburg 

Liberty Town 

Mechanicstown 

Middletown 

Monrovia 

Mount Pleasant 

Myersville 

New London 

New Market 

Petersville 

Point of Rocks 

Sabillisville 



Unionville 

Urbaua 

Utica Mills 

Walkersvillo 

Weverton 

Wolfsville 

Woodsboro' 

HARFORD. 
Abingdon 
Churchville 
Clermont Mills 
Darlington 
Dublin 
Fallston 
Grey Rock 
Hall's Cross Roads 
Hickory Tavern 
Highland Grove 
Hopewell Cross Roads 
Jarrettsville 
Jerusalem Mills 
Magnolia 
Michaelsvillo 
Mill Green 
Perrymansville 
Pleasantville 
Pylesville 
Rock Run 
Sandy Hook 
Shawsville 
Taylor 
Upper Cross Roads 

KENT. 
Chesterville [Roads 
Georgetown Cross 
Harmony 
Head of Sassafras 
Massy's Cross Roads 
MiUington 
Rock Hall 
Urieville 

MONTGOMERY. 
BarnesviUe 
Brookville 
Clarksburg 
Colesville 
Cottage 
Damascus 
Darnestown 
Hyattstown 
Laytonsville 
JNIiddlebrook Mills 
Poolesville 
Sandy Spring 
Seneca Mills 
Triadelphia 
Unity 

PRINCE GEORGE'S. 

Aquasco 
Beltsville 
Brandywine 
Buena Vista 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



781 



Fort Washington 
Good Luck 
Horse Head 
Laurel Factory 
Lon;; Old Fields 
Nottiuf;ham_ 
Piscataway 
Queen Ann 
Upper Marlboro' 

QUEEN ANKE. 
Broad Creek 
Church Hill 
Long Marsh 
Queenstown 
Sudlersville 
Templeville 

SAINT MAKY'S. 
Chaptico 



Charlotte Ilall 

Great Mills 

Milestown 

Mount Olive 

Oakville 

I'ark Hall 

Kidge 

Saint Clements Bay 

SOMERSET. 
Barron Creek Springs 
Bell Mount 
Fork Town 
Kingston 
Quantico 
Rock Creek 
Sharp Town 
Upper Trappe 
Whitehaven 



TALIiOT. 
Bay Hundred 
Oxford 
Royal Oak 
Saint Michaels 
Trappe 
Wye Jlills 

WASHINGTON. 
Bakersvillc 
Beaver Creek 
Benevola 
Boonsboro' 
Brownsville 
Cavetown 
Chewsville 
Clears Spring 
Conocociicague 
College of Saint James 



Fairview 

Funkstown 

Kccdysville 

Lappon's Cross Roads 

Leitersburg 

Park Head 

Ringgold 

Rohrersville 

Sharpsburg 

Smithsburg 

Willianisport 

W0ECE!5TE1{. 
Berlin 

Derickson's Cross 
Newark [Roads 

Newtown 
Saint Mnrtins 
Sandy Hill 
Whaleysville 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



Anacostia 



WASHINGTON. 
Georgetown 



Tcnnallvtown 



STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



ACCOMACK. 
Bellehaven 
Chincoteague 
Guilford 
Homtown 
Hunting Creek 
Locust Mount 
Locustville 
Messongo 
Metompkin 
Modest Town 
New Church 
Onancock 
Pungoteague 
Wagram 

ALBEMAKLE. 

Bentivoglio 
Boyd's Tavern 
Brooksville 
Brown's Cove 
Carter's Bridge 
Cobhatn 
Covesville 
Earlysville 
Free Union 
Garlands 
Hardin's Tavern 
Howardsvillc 
Hydraulic Mills 
Kesnick Depot 
Mechunr's River 
Millington 
Morcman's River 
Mount Israel 
North Garden 
Nortonsville 
Porter's Precinct 
ScottsviUe 
Shadwell 
Stony Point 



University of Virginia 

Warren 

Yancey's Mills 

ALE.VAKDEIA. 
Brixton 

ALLEUHANY 

Alum Rock 
Callaghans 
Clifton Forge 
Morris's Hill 
Potts's Creek 
Rich Patch 

AMELIA. 
Deatonsville 
Dennisville 
Elk Hill 
Finney Mills 
Jetersvillc 
Lodore 
Mannboro' 
Namozine 
Painesville 
Rodophil 

AMHERST. 
Buffalo Springs 
Cool Well 
Elon 

New Glasgow 
Oronoco 
Pedler's Mills 
Pryor's "Vale 
Rose Mills 
Sandidges 
Stapleton 
Stony Fork 
Temperance 
Tobacco Row 



AI'POMATTOX. 

Bent Creek 
Oakville 
Concord 
Rose Grove 
Spout Sprint; 
Stonewall Mills 
Walker's Church 
Woodlawn 

AUGUSTA. 
Barter Brook 
Churchville 
Cline's Jlill 
Deerficid 
Estellinc Furnace 
Fishersville 
Greenville 
Hermitage 
Jennings's Gap 
LebanonWhitc Sulphur 
Long Glade [Springs 
Middlebrook 
Jlint Spring 
Mount Meridian 
Mount Sidney 
Mount Solon 
New Hope 
Parnassus 
Rockland Mills 
Steele's Tavern 
Stewart's Draft 
Tunnel 
Waynesboro' 
West View 

BARBOUR. 
Barker's Settlement 
Burncrsville 
Nestorville 
Overfield 



Peck's Run 

BATH. 
Bath Alum 
Cloverdale Hotel 
Green Valley 
Hot Springs 
MiUboro' Springs 
Miller's Mill 
Mountain Grove 
Sunrise 
Williamsville 

BEDFORD 
Big Island 
Bufords 
Bunker Ilill 
Chamblisburg 
Charlemont 
Cross Roads 
Davis's Mills 
Davis's Store 
Dickinson's Store 
Eagle Eyry 
Emaus 
F'ancy Grove 
Hcndrick's Store 
Kaseys 
Lisbon 
Norwood 
Oak Muldgo 
Otter Bridge 
Peakesville 
Wades 

BERKELEY. 

Darkesville 
Falling Waters 
(icrrardstown 
Hainesville 
Hedgesville 



782 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Mill Ci-eck 
North Mountain 
Tomahawk Springs 
Van Clevcsviile 

BOONE. 

Ballardsville 

Hewit 

Peytona 

BOTETOURT. 
Amsterdam 
Blue Kiilge 
Catawba 
Cloverdale 
Craig's Creek 
Dagger's Springs 
Flukes 

Junction Store 
MidiUe Mountain 
New Castle 
Old Hickory 
Sinking Creek 
Tinker Knob 

BRAXTON. 

Bulltown 
Flatwoods 

BROOKE. 

Bethany 

Cherry Hill 

Fowlers 

New Cuniberl.and 

Short Creek 

BRUNSWICK. 
Burntville 
Crichton's Store 
Diamond Grove 
Edmunds 
Gholsonville 
Harper's Home 
Hariisville 
Jonesboro' 
Kennedys 
Lewisville 
Pleasant Oaks 
Powellton 
Smoky Ordinary 
Stony' Mount 
Sturgeonville 
White Plains 

BUCKINGHAM. 

Chambers's Mills 
Curdsville 
Diana Mills 
Glen more 
Gravel Hill 
Mount Vinco 
New Canton 
New Store 
Virginia Mills 

CAMPBELL. 
Arnold ton 
Beaver Creek 
Brook Ncal 
Castle Craig 
Dinwidille's Tan Yard 
Falling Bridge 
Green Hill 



Hat Creek 
Leesville 
Lynchburg 
Marysville 
MoiTJs's Church 
Mount Zion 
New London 
Pigeon Run 
Yellow Branch 

CABELL. 

Bloomingdale 
Green Bottom 
Griffithsville 
Guyandotte 
Mud Bridge 

CAROLINE. 
Athens 
Central Point 
Concord Academy 
Flippos 
Golansville 
Guineys 
Milford 
Port Royal 

Rappahannock Acade- 
Ruther Glen [my 

Sparta 

Turner's Store 
White Chimneys 

CARROLL. 
Cranberry Plains 
Dug Spur 
Good Spur 
Grayson Sulphur 
Hillsville [Springs 

CHARLES CITY. 
Appersons 
Swineyards 

CHARLOTTE. 

Aspen Wall 
Cub Creek 
Duprce's Old Store 
Friend's Grove 
Harvey's Store 
Keysville 
Midland 
Red House 
Red Oak Grove 
Roanoke Bridge 
Rough Creek 
Wyllicsbuig 

CHESTERFIELD. 

Blackheth 
Otter Dale 
Proctor's Creek 
Skinqnarter 
Winterpock 

CLARKE. 

Berryville 
Castleman's Ferry 
Millwood 
Wadesvillo 
White Post 

CULBETER 
Boston 



Colvin's Tavern 

Eldorado 

Farley 

Glenn Mills 

Griflinsburg 

Jcffersonton 

Kellysville 

Oak Shade 

Racoon Ford 

Richardsville 

Ri.xeyville 

Shepherd's Grove 

Stevensburg 

Strode 

Tliompsonville 

Waylandsburg 

CUMBERLAND. 
Ca Ira 

Cartersville 
Langhorne's Tavern 
Oak Forest 
Raines's Tavern 
Royal Oaks 
Stony Point Mills 

DINWIDDIE. 
Burnt Quarter 
Darvills 
Fork Inn 
Goodwynsville 
Mount Level 
Ritchieville 
Wyoming 

DODDRIDGE. 
Greenbrier Run 
Greenwood 
New Milton 

ESSEX. 
Bestland 
Centre Cross 
Dunnsvillc 
Lloyils 
Ltiretto 

Miller's Tavern 
Mont.igue 
Occupacia 

FAIRFAX. 
Accatink 
Anandale 
Centrcville 
Chantilly 
Drancsville 
Falls Church 
Langlcy 
Peach Grove 
Pleasant Valley 
Prospect Hill 
Republican Mills 
Spring Vale 
Theological Seminary 

FAUQUIER. 
Auburn 
Bristcrshurg 
Clil't Mills 
Elk Run 
Farrowsville 
Fox vi lie 
Germantown 



Leed's Manor 

Millview 

Morgansburg 

Moreland 

Morrisville 

New Baltimore 

Oak Hill 

Orlean 

Paris 

Pine View 

Rector's Cross Roads 

Recto rtown 

Saint Stephens 

Salem Fauquier 

SomerviUe , 

The Plains 

Upperville 

Warrenton Springs 

Waterloo 

Weaversville 

Wheatley 

FAYETTE. 
Gauley Bridge 
Locust Lane 
Mountain Cove 
Pleasant Hill 
Sewell Mountain 

FLOYD. 
Camp Mills 
Cannaday Gap 
Greasy Creek 
Indian Valley 
Little River 
Simpsons 

FLUVANNA. 
Bowlesville 
Central Plains 
Columbia 
Fork Union 
La Fayette Hill 
Seven Islands 
Union Mills 
Wilmington 

FRANKLIN. 
Boone's Mill 
Coopers 
Dickinsons 
Fishersboro' 
Glade Hill 
Gogginsville 
Hale's Ford 
Long Branch 
Prillamans 
Retreat 
Shady Grove 
Snow Creek 
Sydnorsville 
Taylor's Store 
Union Hall 

FREDERIC. 

Ashtrr.Vs Mills 
Back Creek Vallej 
Brueetown 
Cedar Creek 
Gainesboro' 
Gravel Spring 
High View 
Middletown 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



783 



Newtown Stcphensburg 
Stephenson's Depot 
White Hall 

GILES. 
Bell Point 
Kimlierlin 
Level Green 
Mackiibiirg 
MeeliiUiicsburg 
Midw.iy 
Newport 
Pembroke 
Popl^ir Hill 
Simmonsville 

GILMER. 
Big Bend 
Betlilehem 
Cox'..i Mills 
De K:ilb 
Henrie's Fork 
Steer Creek 

GLOUCESTER. 
Glenns 
Hays'.s Store 
Hickory Fork 
Wood's Cross Roads 

GOOCHLAND. 
Beaver Dam 
Coal Hill 
Dover Mills 
Fifes 

Hadcn'iville 
Jolin'on's Spring 
Loch Lomond 
Pcniberlon 
Perkinsville 
Powell's Tavern 
Shannon Hill 

GRAYSON. 

Big Meiidow 
Bridle Creek 
Elk Creek 
Mouth of Wilson 
Peaeh Bottom 

GREENBRIER. 
Anthony's Creek 
Bungcr's Mill 
Clintonvillc 
Falling Spring 
Frankforil 
Mavsvilh' 
Mead.iw Bluff 
Palestine 
Second ( 'reek 
Sprin:; Creek 
White St Iphur Springs 

Gl lEENE. 
Ruckersi ille 

GRE ENVILLE. 

Poplar \ tount 
Ryland's Depot 

If .VLIFAX. 
Barksda le 
Bentley /ille 



Black Walnut, 

Bloomsburg 

Brooklvn 

Church Hill 

Drybnrg 

Harmony 

Hyco 

Hyco Falls 

Hayo 

Me'adville 

Mount Laurel 

Providence 

Republican Grove 

Rogersville 

Scottsburg 

Whitesville 

HAMPSHIRE. 

Cacaponville 
Capon Bridge 
Capon Springs 
Cold Stream 
Dillon's Run 
Frankfurt 
Green Spring Run 
Hanging Rock 
Higginsville [House 
North River Meeting 
North River Mills 
Patterson's Dejiot 
Pleasant Dale 
Ridgeville 
Sheetz Mdls 
Sherrard's Store 
Smith's Gap 
Springfield 
Yellow Spring 

HANCOCK. 
Fairview 

Freeman's Landing 
Holliday's Cove 

HANOVER. 
Beaver Dam Depot 
Chickahomeny 
Etna 
Goodalls 
Junction 
Maddox 
Montpelier 
Negro Foot 
Old Church 
Rockvillc 
Taylorsville 
Verdon 

HARDY. 
Baker's Run 
Brake's Run 
Fabius 

Hazanl Forge 
Lost River 
Luney's Creek 
Wardensville 
Williamsport 

HARRISON. 
Bridgeport 
Grass Land 
Lost Creek 
Lumberport 
Melon 



New Salem 
Peel Tree 
Quiet Dell 
Romine's Mills 
Shinnston 
West Milford 

HENRICO. 

Erin Shades 
Laurel Branch 

HENRY'. 

Horse I'asture 
Lcatherwood's Store 
Oak Level 
Rough and Ready 
Traylorsville 

HIGHLAND. 

Clover Creek 
Crab Bottom 
Doe Hill 
Hevener's Store 
McDowell 
Meadow Dale 
Palo Alto 
Ruckmanville 
Spruce Hill 
WilliamsviUe 
Wilsonville 

ISLE OF WIGHT. 
Barber's Cross Roads 
BurwcU's Bay 
Carsville 
Mayfield 

JACK.SON. 
Angerona 
Aloore's Mills 
Murraysville 
Pleasant View 
Ravcnswood 
Sandy 
Tanner's Cross Roads 

JAMES CITY. 
Burnt Ordinary 

• JEFFERSON. 
Duffields 
Halltown 
Kabletown 
Kcrneysville 
Leetown 
Middleway 
Shepherdstown 
Summit Point 

KANAWHA. 

Clendenin 
C'oalsmouth 
Jarrett's Ford 
Lenn's Creek 
Mount Salem 
I*aint t'reek 
Pocotaligo 
Shrewsbury 
SIssonville 
Tcaze's Valley 
Walnut Grove 
Walton 
WinifVcdc 



KING AND QUEEN. 
Bruington 
Carlton's Store 
Fleetwood Academy 
Little Plymouth 
Newtown 
Plain View 
Shaklefords 
Stevensvillc 
Walkertoa 

KING GEORGE. 
Clifton 
Edge Hill 
Ham])stead 
MillviUe 
Port Conway 
Shiloh 

KING WILLIAM. 
Acquinton 
Ayletts 
Enfield 
Lanesville 
Mangohick 
Sharonville 

LANCASTER. 
Kilmarnock 
Litwalton 
Lively Oak 
White Stone 

LEE. 
Bachelor's Home 
Powell's Mountain 
Rose Hill 
Shaver's Creek 
Stiekleysville 
Turkey Cove 
Walnut Hill 
Yokura Station 

LEWIS. 

Bennett's Mills 

Big Skin Creek 

Buckhannon 

Bush's Mills 

CoUins's Settlement 

French Creek 

Frenchton 

Ireland 

Janelew 

Leading Creek 

Little Skin Creek 

Lorentz Store 

Rude's Mills 

Sago 

Weston 

LOGAN. 
Chapmansvillo 
Hull's Creek 
Rich Creek 

LOUDON. 
Aldie 
Areola 
Belmont 
Bloomtield 
Bolington 
Hamilton 
Ilillsboro' 



784 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Hoysville 

Hughesville 

Lovettsville 

Middleburg 

Mount Gilead 

Mountville 

Neersville 

Noland's Ferry 

Oatlands 

Philomont 

Purcel's Store 

Snickersville 

Unison 

Waterford 

Wheatland 

LOUISA. 
Alto 

Ambler's Jlills 
Bell's Cross Roads 
Cuckooville 
Ellisville 
Frederickshall 
Gilboa 
Gum Spring 
Harris 
Jackson 
Locust Creek 
Long Creek 
Mansfield 
Mechanicsville 
Poindcrter's Store 
Potticsville 
Second Turn Out 
South Anna [Roads 
Thompson's Cross 
Tolersville 
Trevillian's Depot 

LUNENBURG. 
Barry's Bridge 
Brickland 
Columbian Grove 
Double Bridge 
Haleysbiirg 
Laurel Hill 
Loch Levan 
McFarlands 
Pleasant Grove 
Rehoboth 
Wattsboro' 
Yatesville 

MADISON. 
Booton's Tan Yard 
Criglersville 
Graves's Mill 
Leon 

Locust Dale 
Madison Mills 
Peola Mills 
Rapidan 
Seville 

MARION. 
Barracksville 
Basnettsvillc 
Beaty's Mills 
Blackshires 
Boothsville 
Fairmont 
Farmington 
Forks of Buffalo 



Hoodsville 
Meredith's Tavern 
Morgan's Ridge 
Nuzum's Mills 
Palatine 
Rivcsville 
Sarietta 
Worthington 

MAKSUALL. 

Bccler's Station 
Dallas 
Fair Hill 
Fish Creek 
Fork Ridge 
Grave Creek 
Long Botton 
Poplar Spring 
Rock Valley 
Wheeling Valley 
Woodlands 

M_ASON. 
Arbuckle 
Hcrefords 
I'lcasant Flat 
Red House Shoals 
West Columbia 

MATTHEWS. 

North End 

MECKLENBURG. 

Boydton 
Christiansville 
ClarksviUe 
Drapersville 
ForksviUe 
Lombardy Grove 
Oakley 

Palmer's Springs [lege 
Randolph Macon Col- 
Saint Tammanys 
South Hill 
Tanner's Store 
Union Level 
White House 
Whittle's Mills 

MERCER. 
Bethel 
East River 
Pipe Stem 
Princeton 

MIDDLESEX. 

Free Shade 
Jamaica 
Saluda 

Sandy Bottom 
Urbana 

MONONGALIA. 

Amittsville 
Blacksvillo 
Cassville 
Dornicktown 
Granville 
Ice's Ferry 
Jakes's Run 
Jim Town 
Laurel Point 
Morgautown 



Pentress 
Stewartstown 
Uffington 
Wadestown 
White Day 

MONROE. 

Egypt 
Gap Mills 
Indian Creek 
Moutli of Indian 
Nickcll's Mills 
Pack's Ferry 
Peterstown 
Pickaway Plains 

MONTGOMERY. 

Blacksburg 
Christiansburg 
La Fayette 
Lovelv Mount 
McDo'nald's Mill 
Shawsville 

MORGAN. 
Alpine 

Cacapon Depot 
Highland Mills 
Oakland 
Paw Paw 
Sir John's Run 
Sleepy Creek Bridge 
Smith's Cross Roads 

NANSEMOND. 

Chuckatuck 
Factory Hill 
Hargrove's Tavern 
Holy Neck 
Somerton 
South Quay 

NELSON. 
Elk Furnace 
Faber's Mills 
Green Field 
Hardwicksville 
Mount Horeb 
Murrill's Shop 
Piedmont 
Koseland 

Tye River Warehouse 
Variety Mills 
Warminster 

NEW KENT. 
Barhamsville 

NICHOLAS. 
Birch River 

NORFOLK. 

Deep Creek 
Great Bridge 
Hickory Ground 
Lake Drummond 
N. West River Bridge 

NORTHAMI'TON. 

Capeville 
Cherry Stone 
Eastville 
' Franktown 



.Johnsontown 
Sea View 

NORTH UlIBEELAN D. 
Burgess's Store 
Lottsburg 
Union Village 
Wicomico Church 

NOTTOWAY. 

Blackface 

Blacks and Whites . 
Jeffress's Store 
Jennings Ordinary 
Morganville 

OHIO. 

Triadclphia 
West Liberty 

ORANGE. 
Barboursville 
Germanna 
Gordonsvillo 
Liberty Mills 
Locust Grove 
Mount Eminence 
Orange Springs 
Stanardsville 
Thornhill 
Verdierville 

PAGE. 
Cedar Point 
Grove Hill 
Honevville 
Hope'Mills 
Long Meadow 
Marksville [Works 
Shenandoah Iron 

PATRICK. 
Ararat 
Avo 

Elamsville 
Kendrick's Spur 
Mayoning 
Penn's Store 
Pruntys 
Rock Castle 
Union Furnace 

PENDLETON. 
Franklin 
Harper's Mills 
Mouth of Seneca 
Mount Freedom 
Oak Flat 
Sugar Grove 
Sweedlin Hill 
Upper Tract 

PITTSYLVJlNIA. 
Aspen Grove 
Bachelor's Hall 
Berger's Store 
C Hands 
Cascade 
Chalk Level 
Chestnut Grov<! 
Hill Grove 
Laurel Grove 
Oak's Shop 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



785 



Peytonsburg 
Riceville 
Ringgokl 
Robertson's Store 
Sandy Level 
Sandy River 
Sugar Tree 
Swansonville 

POCAHONTAS. 
Big Spring 
Dunmore 
Edray 
Greenbank 
Huntersville 
Little Level 
Marlin Bottom 
Mill Point 
OldlieltlForkofEIk 
Travellers' Repose 

POWUATAN. 
Ballsville 
Flat Rock 
Hallsboro' 
Jefferson 
Macon 
Smithsville 
Sublett's Tavern 

FEESTON. 
Brandonville 
Cheat Bridge 
Cranesville 
Decker's Creek 
Evansville 
Fellowsville 
German Settlement 
Gladesvillc 
Greigsville 
Kingwood 
Muddy Creek 
Racoon 

Salt Lick Falls 
Section 

rP.INCE EDWAKD. 
Burkcsvillc 
Darlington Heights 
Farmville 

Foster's Fork [lege 
Hampden Sidney Col- 
Marble Hill 
Merriman's Shop 
Midway Inn 
Pear Grove 
Prospect 

PRINCE GEORGE. 

Garysville 
Terapleton 
Union Grove 

PRINCESS ANN. 
Ives's Store 
Kempsville 
Land of Promise 
London Bridge 
Pleasant Ridge 

PRINCE WILLIAM. 
Groveton 
Haymarket 



Independent Hill 
Landsdown 
Milford Mills 
Occoquan 
Throughfiire 

PULASKL 
Draper's Valley 
Humility 
Newbern 
Pepper's Ferry 
Reed Island 

PUTNAM. 

Alexander 
Buffalo 

Mouth of Poca 
Pliny 
Winfield 

RALEIGH. 

Bcckley 

Coal River Marshes 

Shady Spring 

RANDOLPH. 

Butcher's Store 
Fillmore 
Glady Creek 
Huttonsville 
Lcadsville 
Middle Fork 
Mingo Flat 
Western Ford 

RAPPAHANNOCK. 

Amissville 

Black Rock 

Flint Hill 

Gaines's Cross Roads 

Hawsbury 

Laurel Mills 

Slate Mills 

Sperryville 

Thornton's Jlills 

Washington 

WoodviUe 

RICHMOND. 

DaiTettsville 
Farnham 
Lyell's Store 
Stony Hill 
Warsaw 

RITCHIE. 
Bone Creek 
Farmington 
Goose Creek 
Highland 
Pennsboro' 
Schumla 
Webb's Mills 
White Oak 

ROCKBRIDGE. 

Alum Springs 

Bell's Valley 

Brownshurg 

Buena Vista Furnace 

Buffalo Forge 

Canicello 

Cedar Grove Mills 

99 



Colliers town 
Fairfield 
Fancy Hill 
Kerr's Creek 
Natural Bridge 
Panther's Gap 
Timber Kidge 

ROANOKE. 
Big Lick 

Botetourt Springs 
Cane Spring 
Salem 
Stoner's Store 

ROCKINGHAM. 

Bowman's Mills 
Bridgewater 
Brock's Gap 
Conrad's Store 
Cross Keys 
Dayton 
Dovcsville 
Harrisonburg 
Keezleto\vn 
Lacey Spring 
Linnvillc Creek 
McGaheysville 
Melrose 
Mount Clinton 
Mount Crawford 
Ottobine 
Paradise 
Port Republic 
Spartapolis 
Timbervillc 

RUSSELL. 
Bickley's Mills 
Big Glades 
Dickensonville 
Elk Garden 
Guest's Station 
Hansonville 
Hendrick's Mills 
Nash'.s Ford 
New Garden 
Pound 

SCOTT. 
Block House 
Holston Springs 
Nickelsville 
Osborn's Ford 
Pattonsville 
Quillinsville 
Rio Frio 
Rocky Point 
Rye Cove 
Stock Creek 
Stony Creek 

SHENANDOAH. 
Columbia Furnace 
Edenburg 

Lorenzoville Foundry 
Moore's Store 
Mount Clifton 
Mount Jackson 
Paddy Mills 
Strasburg 
Tom's Brook 
Van Baren Furnace 



SMYTH. 
Blue Spring 
Broadf'ord 
Chatham Hill 
Rye Valley 
Seven Mile Ford 
Sinclair's Bottom 
Town House 
Two Mile Branch 

SOUTHAMITON. 
Berlin 
Bowers 

Drevvrysville 
Farmer's Grove 
Franklin Depot 
Green Level 
Jerusalem 
Newson's Depot 
Pope's Store 
Pumpkin 
Vicksville 

SPOTTSYLVANIA 
Andrews 
Chancellorsville 
Clover Green 
Danielsville 
Lewis's Store 
Mount Pleasant 
Partlows 
Thornburg 
Todds 

Twyman's Store 
Wilderness 

STAFFORD. 
Aquai 

Belfair Mills 
Falmouth 
Garrisouville 
Ilartwood 
Spottedville 
Tackett's Mill 

SURRY. 

Bacon's Castle 
Baileyshurg 
Cabin Point 

SUSSEX 
Blackwater 
Coman's Well 
Green Bud 
Hawkinsville 
Henry 
Jarratts 
Littleton 
NewviUe 

Barman's Store (hooM 
Stony Creek Ware- 

TAYLOR. 
Pleasant Creek 
Three Forks • 

TAZEWELL. 

Abb's Valley 
Baptist Valley 
Blue Stone 
Burke's Garden 
Cedar Bluff 
Clear Fork 
Head of Clinch 
Knob 



786 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Maiden Spring 
Peery's Storo 
Richland 
Rocky Gnp 
Slate Cicck 
Tug Rivur 
Valley 

TYLEB. 
Grape Island 
Hebron 
Pine Grove 
Ripleys 
Russell's Mills 
Sistcrsville 
Wick 

WAKUEN. 
Bentonville 
Front Royal 
Haml);iugli 
Menasse's Gap 
Milldalc 
Nineveh 
Overalls 

WAEWICK. 



WASHINGTON. 

Cedarville 
Clark's Mills 
Clear Branch 
Emory 
Glade Spring 
Hayter's Gap 
Holston 
Kinderliook 
Laurel 
Liberty Hall 
Love's Mills 
North Fork 
Raven's Nest 
Saltville 
Saplinjj Grove 
Throe Springs 
Timber Grove 

WYANE. 

Amacetta 
Parrizade 
Savage Grant 

WESTMORELAND. 
Hague 



Kinsale 

Norainy Grove 

Oak Grove 

Oldham's Cross Roads 

Rice's Store 

WETZEL 
Knob Fork 
New Martinsville 
Pine Grove 
Porter's Falls 
Proctor 

WIRT. 
Burning Spring 
Newark 
Reedy Ripple 
Reedyville 
Zachville 

WOOD. 
Belleville 
Briscoe Run 
Bull Creek 
Claysville 
Duncan 



Fountain Spring 
Freeport 
Saint Mary's 
Stillwell 
Willards 
Willow Island 

WyOMINQ 
Ginseng 

WYTIIE. 

Austinville 
Buffalo Ford 
Cedar Mount 
Cedar Springs 
Jackson's Ferry 
Red Bluff 
Rich Valley 
Rural Retreat 
Sharon 
Speedwell 

YORK. 
Halfway House 
Yorktown 



STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



ALEXANDEB 

Mount Pisgah 
Stony Point 
Taylorvillo 
Wittenbergj 

ALA3IANCE. 
Graham 

Patterson's Store 
Pleasant Grove 
Shallow Ford 

ANSON. 
Bcverlv 
Cedar Hill 
Carolina Female CoU 
Diamond Hill 
Hammond's Storo 
Lancsboro' 
Lilesviile 
Meltonsvillo 
Morven 
Pee Dee 
Poplar Hill 
Whites Store 

ASHE. 
Boone 

Elk Cross Roads 
Gap Civil 
Helton 

Laurel Springs 
MauJy 
Moretz Mill 
Nathan's Creek 
North Fork 
Potato Creek 
South Fork 
Sugar Grove 
Vallc Crucis 

BEAUFORT. 

Blount's Creek 



Durham's Creek 
Leechville 
Pantego 
Pungo Creek 

BERTIE. 

Ashland 
Colerain 
Merry Hill 
Roxobel 

BLADEN. 
Beatty's Bridge 
Colly Swamp 
Cypress Creek 
Eilisville 
Gravelly Hill 
Lyon's Landing 
Prospect Hall 
West Brook 
Western Prong 
White's Creek 

BRUNSWICK. 

Robeson 
Shallotto 

BUNCOMBE. 

Avery's Creek 
Democrat 
Fairview 
French Broad 
Honuneny Creek 
Lapland 
Limestone 
Reem's Creek 
Sandy Mush 
Spring Creek 
Slocksville 
Sulphur Springs 
Swanano 
Turkey Creek 
Walnut Creek 



Warm Springs 

BURKE. 
Brindletown 
Catioe Creek 
Drowning Creek 
Linville River 
Perkinsville 

CABARRA.S. 
Best's Mills 
Garmon's Mills 
Kirkland 
Mill Hill 
Mount Pleasant 
Oaklawn 
Park's Store 
Pioneer Mills 
Welch's Mills 

CALDWELL. 

Catawba View 
Collettsville 
Copenhagen 
Deal's Mill 
Elkville 
Fort Defiance 
Globe 

King's Creek 
Little River 
Lovelady 

CAMDEN 
Shiloah 
South Mills 

CARTERET. 
Hadnots 
Portsmouth 

CASWELL. 

Anderson's Store 
Blaekwell 



Graves 
Hightowers 
Leasburg 
Locust Hill 
Milton 

Moore's Store 
Prospect Hill 
Stony Creek 
Yanceyville 

CATAWBA, 
Bunker's Hill 
Fishers 
Flint Rock 
Jacob's Fork 
Mountain Creek 

CHATHAM 

Adolpli 

Cane Creek 

Emerson's Tan Yard 

Evans's Mills 

Grove 

Hackney's Cross Roads 

Hadley's Mills 

Haywood 

Jenny Lind 

Martha's Vineyard 

Moringville 

Mudlick 

Oakland 

Pcdler's Hill 

Saint Lawrence 

Sandy Grove 

The Grove 

Trade's Hill 

CHEROKEE. 

Dawesville 
Fort Hembree 
Fort Montgomery 
Nottla 
Peach Tree 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



787 



Persimmon Creek 
Shooting Creek 
Stikoili 
Toniolla 
Tusfjuitee 
Tunic Town 
Valley Town 

CHOWAN. 
Ballard's Bridge 

CLEVELAND. 

Birchottsville 
Camp Call 
Cliiigman 
Duiiran's Creek 
Erwiii^ville 
Fillmore 
GariKTs Ford 
Moore^:ho^o' 
Mud.lv Fork 
Polkvillc 
Sandy Hun 
Slice's Slioal 
Swanf^slown 
Wliile Plains 

COLUMBUS. 
Big Swamp 
Fair Blurt' 
Gnni Swamp 
Wliitc Marsh 

CRAVAN. 
Swift Creek Bridge 

CUMBEELAND. 

Argyle 
Averyshoro' 
Bart-iaysvillo 
Buiiii's Level 
Chalk Level 
FayctteviUe 
Gililis's Cross Roads 
Gray's Creek 
Hanington 
Jolinsonville 
Kin^slinry 
Little Kock Fish 
Neili's Creek 
Korihington 
Pleasant Plains 
Kivor Side 
Sunimerville 

CURRITUCK. 
Coiiijoek 
Ccniiir Gum 
Indiimtown 
Poplar Blanch 
Powell's Point 

DAVIDSON; 

Aliliott's Creek 
Briinirnells 
Ch-minonsviUe 
Cotton Grove 
Fair Grove 
Healing Springs 
Jackson Hill 
Jersey Settlement 
Midwity 
Maple Hill 



Pennfield 
Rich Fork 
Silver Hill 
Spencer 
Walscr's Mill 

DAVIE. 

Connty Line 

Farmington 

Fulton 

Jerusalem 

Moiksville 

Smith's Grove 

DUPLIN. 

Alherlsons 
Bear Branch 
Biicna Vista 
Chinkapin 
Faisoii's Depot 
Hallsville 
Keiiansville 
Strickland's Depot 
Teaclieys 
Warsaw 

EDGECOMBE. 
Battlchoro' 
Joyncr's Depot 
liocky Mount 
Sparta 

Stanalonsburg 
WMson 

FORSYTH. 

Muddy Creek 
White Road 
Winston 

FRANKLIN. 

Franklinton 
Hall's Cro^s Roads 
Harris's Cross Roads 
Pacilic 
Pugh's Hill 

GASTON. 
Catawha Creek 
C)owder's Creek 
Dallas 
Hoylesville 
Nail Factory 
Old Furnace 
Stowesville 

GATES. 
Gatesville 
Mintonsville 
Suiihury 

GRANVILLE. 
Abram's Plains 
Bcrea 
Blue Wing 
Hrookville 
Brownsville 
Dutchvillc 
(Jregory's Mill 
Henderson- 
Knap of Reeds 
LvncsviUe 
Oak Hill 
Staunton 



Tahh's Creek 

Tally Ho 

Tar River 

Trani:|uillity 

Waterloo 

Williamsboro' 

Wihon 

Woodworths 

Young's Cross Roads 

GREENE. 
Fountain Hill 
Hookerstown 
Speight's Bridge 

GUILFORD. 

Allemance 

Centre 

Clapps 

Deep River 

Fentriss 

Friendship 

Gilmer's Store 

Hillsdale 

Hunt's Store 

Jamestown 

Monticello 

New Garden 

Oak Ridge 

Parsou's Mills 

Shaw's Mills 

Summerfield 

Thompson's Store 

Westminster 

HALIFAX. 

Brinklevville 
Enfield" 
Heathsville 
Littleton 
Ringwood 
Svcamore Alley 
'\Vehlon 
West land 

HAVWOOD. 
Crab Tree 
East Laporto 
Fine's Creek 
F'orks of Pigeon 
Jonathan's Creek 
Ocona Liifty 
Pigeon River 
Quallatown 
Scott's Creek 
WaynesviUe 

HENDERSON. 
Boilston 
Cathey's Creek 
Claytonvillc 
Davidson's River 
Ednevville 
Flat Rock 
Mill River 
Mud Creek 

HERTFORD. 

Harrellsville 
Murfrecshoro' 
Pitch Landing 
Riddicksville 
Saiut JohD 



Winton 

H YDE. 

Fairfield 
Lake Comfort 
Lake Landing 
Middletown 
Oeracoke 
Sladesville 

IREDELL 

Belhanv Church 
Deep Well 
Eagle Mills 
Fallstown 
Fancy Hill 
Housioiiville 
Liberty Hill 
Mouin Mourne 
New Hope 
Oak Forest 
Poplar Grove 
Post Oiik 
Rocky Creek 
Snow Creek 
Willianisljurg 
Zion 

JOHNSON. 

Bcntonsville 
Bculah 
Boonhill 
Creachville 
Elevation 
Gullcy's Store 
Lowell 
Saint Charles 

JONES. 

Comfort 
Pollocksville 

LENOIE. 
Moselev Hall 
Pink Hill 
Sandy Foundation 
Strabane 

LINCOLN. 
Beattie's Ford 
Catawba Springs 
Cottage Home 
Dry Ponds 
Early Grovo 
Erasmus 
Falls 
Forneys 
Killian's Mills 
Kings Mountain 
Lowrance's Mill 
Mull Grove 
Sherrill's Ford 
Siegel's .Store 
South Point 
Vesuvius Furnace 
Woodlawn 

McDowell 

Military Grove 
Mincrsville 
Mountain Home 
North Covo 
Old Fort 



788 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Stone Moantaiii 
Sngar Hill 
Turkey Cove 

MACON. 
Alarka 
Aquone 
Casher's Valley 
Franklin 
Governor's Island 
Tennessee River 

MARTIN. 
Gardner's Bridge 
Hamilton 
WiUiamston 

MECKLENBDKti. 
Alexandriana 
Clear Creek 
Coburn's Store 
Cowan's Ford 
Davidson College 
FuUwood's Store 
Harrisburg 
Hemphill's Store 
Hopewell 
Hornet's Nest 
Martindale 
Morrison's Tan Yard 
Mount Moriah 
Orrville 
Pleasant Oaks 
Providence 
Ranaleburg 
Rose Hill 
Rozell's Ferry 
Sharon 
Steele Creek 
Tuckasaga 
WhUe HaU 

MONTGOMERT. 
Auman's Hill 
HarrisviUe 
Macedonia 
McCuUum's Store 
McRae's Mills 
Matamoras 
Milledgeville 
Mount Gilead 
Swift Island 
Troy 
Wind HQl 

MOORE. 

Caledonia 
Centreville 
Clark's Mills 
Grain's Creek 
Falling Mill 
Gold Region 
Long Street 
New Gilead 
Pharr's Mills 
Pocket 
Prosperity 
Reedy Branch 
RoUins's Store 
Solemn Grove 
Watson's Bridge 



NASH. 



Belford 



Botanic Hill 
Hilliardston 
Peach Tree Grove 
Ransom's Bridge 
Stanhope 

NEW HANOVER. 
Bannerman 
Black River Chapel 
Caintuck 
Cypress Grove 
Harrell's Store 
Long Creek 
Moore's Creek 
Sill's Creek 
Topsail Sound 

NORTHAMITON. 
Francesville 
Garysburg 
Green Plains 
Pleasant Hill 
Potecasi 
Rich Square 
Summit 

ONSLOW. 
Angola 

Catharine Lake 
Foy's Store 
Palo Alto 
Piny Green 
Richlands 
Snead's Ferry 
Stump Sound 
Swansboro' 

ORANGE. 

Bethmont 
Big Falls 
Burnt Shop 
Caldwell 
Cedar Grove 
Chapel Hill 
Clover Garder 
Clover Orchard 
Dial's Creek 
Durhamville 
Enoe Mills 
Faucett's Store 
Green Spring 
Hawfields 
Hartshorn 
Holt's Store 
Lindley's Store 
McDaniels 
Mason Hall 
Meadow Creek 
Mooresville 
Morgan's Creek 
Mount Willing 
Prattsburg 
Red Mountain 
Rock Creek 
Rock Spring 
Round Hill 
Snow Camp 
South Lowell Mills 
Stagville 
Trice's Store 
Walnut Grove 
West Point 
White Cross 



PASQUOTANK. 

FERQUI5IANS. 
Durant's Neck 
Newby's Bridge 
Woodville 

PERSON. 

Cunningham's Store 

Daniel's Mills 

Five Forks 

Gordonton 

Mill Creek 

Mount Tirzah 

Olive Hill 

Van Hook's Store 

Williamsvillc 

Woodsdale 

PITT. 

Contentnia 
Falkland 
Johnson's Mills 
Pactolus 
Ridge Spring 

POLK. 
Horse Creek 

RANDOLPH. 
Brower's Mills 
Brush Creek 
Buffalo Ford 
Caraway 
Cedar Falls 
Cox's Mills 
Eden 

Franklinville 
Gray's Cross Roads 
Hill's Store 
Hoover Hill 
Institute 
La Grange 
Lassiter's Mills 
Long's Mills 
Marley's Mills 
Moffltt's Mills 
New Market 
New Salem 
Reed Creek 
Salem Church 
Sandy Creek 
Sawyersville 
Stone Lick 
Troy's Store 
White House 

RICHMOND. 

Bo stick's Mills 
Covington 
Dockei'y's Store 
Dumas's Store 
Laurel Hill 
Little's Mills 
Montpelier 
Powellton 
Rockingham 
Springfield 
Stewartstown 
Stewartsville 

ROBESON. 
Alfordsville 



Cowper Hill 

Dundarrack 

Gaddeysville 

Gilopolis 

Howellsville 

Leesville 

Lumber Bridge 

Philadelphus 

Queensdale 

Randalsville 

Saint Pauls 

ROCKINGHAM 

Eagle Falls 

Grogansville 

Lawsonville 

Leaksville 

Lenox Castle 

Madison 

Monroeton 

Plcasantville 

Rawlingsburg 

Reidsville 

Thompsonville 

Troublesome 

ROWAN. 
Calaubria 
China Grove 
Cowansville 
Gold Hill 
Miranda 
Mount UUa 
Mount Vernon 
Rockville 
Spring Grove 

RUTHERFORD 
Cedar Creek 
Chimney Rock 
Cooper's Gap 
Cuba 

Golden Valley 
Green Hill 
Green River 
Hicksville 
High Shoals 
Island Ford 
Logan's Store 
Mills's Gap 
Patten's Home 
Pinckney 
Sandy Plains 
Tryon 
Webb's Ford 

SAMPSON. 
Beman's Cross Roads 
Draughon's Store 
Green Hill 
Hawley's Store 
Lisburn 
Monk's Store 
Newton Grove 
Owenville 
Piney Grove 
Six Runs 
Spring Vale 
Taylor's Bridge 

STANLY. 
Efird's Mills 
Kendall's Store 



POST OFFICES IN TIIE UNITED STATES. 



789 



Norwood 
Rowlandsville 

STOKES. 

Ayersville 
Bclew's Creek 
Betiiaiiia 
Big Creek 
Blakely 
Colesville 
Crooked Creek 
Danbury 
Francisco 
Kernersville 
Limestone Well 
Little Yadkin 
Martin's Lime Kilns 
Old Town 
I'eters's Creek 
Red Slioals 
Rough and Ready 
Walkerstown 
Walnut Cove 

SURRY. 
Dowel town 
East Bend 
Forbusli 
Hamptonville 
Hay Stack 
Huntsville 
Indesville 



Jonesville 
Mount Airy 
Mount Neho 
Panther Creek 
Red Plains 
Republic 
Rusk 

Scull Camp 
Siloam 
Stony Ridge 
Tom's Creek 
Walnut Lane 

TYKREL. 

UNION. 
Beaver Dam 
Gourdvine 
Jenkins's Store 
Lane's Creek 
Morgan's Mills 
OakviUe 

Richardson's Creek 
Walkcrsville 
Winchester 
WolfsviUe 

WAKE. 

Auburn 
Eagle Rock 
Fishdam 
Flemington 



Forestville 
Green Level 
Holly Spring 
Kelvin Grove 
Middle Creek 
New Light 
Roger's Store 
Rolesville 
WakeHeld 

WARKEN. 

Areola 
E.Kchange 
Grove Hill 
Macon Depot 
Merry Mount 
Nutbush 
Ridgeway 

WASHINGTON. 
Leo 

Scuppemong 

WAIAUGA. 
Boone 
Brushy Flat 
Cranberry Forge 
Stony Fork 

WAYNE. 

Black Creek 



Everlttsville 

Falling Creek 

Goldsboro' 

Jerico 

Naliunta 

SleepjpCreek 

WILKES. 
Brier Creek 
Bugg.abo 
Church's Store 
Hay Meadow 
Lewis's Fork 
Lovelace 
Mulberry 
New Castle 
Trap Hill 
Warrior Creek 
Wilkesboro' 

YANCEY 

B.akersville 

Bald Creek 

Big Laurel 

Blue Ridge 

Childsville 

Clay 

Gabriel's Creek 

Grassy Creek 

Ivy 

White Rock 

Yellow Mouatain 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



ABBEVILLE. 

Bordeaux 

Calhoun's Mills 

Cambridge 

Cherokee Heights 

Cokesbury 

Dead Fall 

Due West Comer 

Gentsville 

Greenwood 

Harper's Ferry 

Harrisburg 

Indian Hill 

Lebanon 

Lodi 

Long Cane 

Lowndesville 

Mapleton 

Monterey 

Mountain 'View 

Mount Hill 

New Market 

Shirleysville 

SniithVille 

Stony Point 

Swancv's Ferrv 

Temple of Health 

Terrysville 

Warrcnton 

Widemans 

Willington 

Wilson's Creek 

Winter Seat 

ANDERSON. 
Andersonville 



Brushy Creek 

Butlersville 

Calhoun 

Centretown 

Churnbusco 

Craytonville 

Double Branches 

Douthet 

Equality 

Evergreen 

Golden Springs 

Locust Hill 

Milwees 

Mineral Spring 

Moffettsville 

Newell 

Queensboro' 

Rock Mills 

Seneca 

Silver Glade 

Slabtown 

Stantonville 

Steeles 

Storeville 

Townville 

Varennes 

BARNWELL. 

Aiken 
Allendale 
Angley's Branch 
Blackville 
Buford's Bridge 
Cowpen Branch 
Davis's Mills 
Dunbarton 



Dnncansville 

Erwinton 

Fiddle Pond 

Four Mile Branch 

Graham's Turn Out 

King Creek 

Lower Three Runs 

Lowery 

Merritt's Bridge 

Midway 

Red Oak Grove 

Rivers's Bridge 

Silverton 

Smyrna 

Speedwell 

Tincker's Creek 

Treadway 

White Pond 

Willis ton 



BEAUFORT. 

Beach Branch 

Bluffton 

Brighton 

Coosawhatehie 

Danielton 

Duck Branch 

<_iilIisonvi!le 

Grahamville 

Hickory Hill 

Lawtonville 

Pocotaligo 

Robertsville 

Steep Bottom 

Whippy Swamp 



CHARLESTON. 
Black Oak 
Haddell's Point 
Holly Hill 
Monk's Corner 
Pineville 
Roadville 
Summerville 

CHESTEE. 

Baton Rouge 

Beckamsvilie 

Blackstocks 

Carmel Hill 

Cedar Shoal 

Chalkville 

Chestnut Grove 

Crosbyville 

HalsellviUe 

Ilazelwood 

Landsford 

Lewisville 

Pedensville 

Rossville 

Sandersville 

Tomsville 

Torbit's Store 

CHESTERFIELD. 
Gold Mine 
Hornsboro' 
Mount Croghan 

COLLETON. 
Adams's Run 
Ashapoo Ferry 



790 

Bine House 

Buckheiid Causey 

Rantowles 

Red Bank 

Ridgeville 

Saint Georges ^ 

Saltketcher Bridfb 

Walterboro' 

Walkers 

DARLINGTON. 

Cartersville 
Effingliam 
Gum Branch 
Hartsvillc 
Leavenswortli 
Merchant's Bluff 
Mount Elon 
Pleasant View 
Society Hill 
Swift 'Creek 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



EDGEFIEIil). 
Beech Island 
Big Creek 
Cairo 

Cold Spring 
Coleman's Cross Roads 
Colliers 
Duntonsvillo 
Edisto Mills 
Ellon 
Fruit Hill 
Germanville 
Graniteville 
Hamliurg 
Higgins's Ferry 
Ivy Island 

Kirksey's Cross Roads 
Longmire's Store 
Lotts 

Meeting Street 
Mount Willing 
Oakland 
Parks 

Perry's Cross Roads 
Phoenix 
Pleasant Lane 
Poverty Hill 
Rehoboth 
Richardsonville 
Ridge 
Saluda 
Sleepy Creek 
Wood Lawn 

FAIErlELD. 
Alston 
Bell's Store 
Browns 
Buekhead 
Cookham 
Fcasterville 
Gladden's Grove 
Jackson^s Creek 
Longtown 
McMeekins 
Poplar Spring 
Ridgeway 
Ridgewood 
Rocky Mount 
Thompsons 
White Oak 



Winnsboro' 
Yonguesville 

GEORGETOWN. 
Yiinhanna 

GREENVILLE. 
Buena Vista 
Cedar Falls 
Chick's Springs 
Clear Spring 
Cripple Creek 
Dunklin 
Fairview 
Fountain Inn 
Gilder 

Golden Grove 
Gowensville 
Highland Grove 

Highway 
LickviUe 

Merrittsville 

Millburg 

Milford 

Mush Creek 

North Saluda 

Palona 

Panther Fork 

Plain 

Pleasant Grove 

Pliny 

Sterling Grove 

Stonesville 

Tituroy 
Traveller's Rest 

HORKY. 

Bucksville 
Dogwood Neck 
Floyd's Mills 
Lake Swamp 
Little River 

KERSHAW. 
Bee Tree 
Boykin's Depot 
Flat Rock 
Hanging Rock 
Liberty Hill 
Lynchwood 
Red Hill 
Russell Place 
Tiller's Ferry 



LANCASTER. 

Belair 

Cureton's Store 
Dry Creek 
Flint Ridge 
Hickory Head 
Jacksonham 
Longstrcet 
Pleasant Hill 
Pleasant Valley 

LAURENS. 
Brewertown 
Ccntreville 
Cross Hill 
Dunlapville 
Eden 
Hollands 
Huntington 



HuntsviUe 

Line Creek 

Marengo 

Milton 

Mount Gallagher 

Mountville 

North Creek 

Palmetto 

Kaiborn's Creek 

Roseboro' 

SculHetown 

Simpson's Mill 

Spring Grove 

Tumbling Shoals 

Tylcrsviile .• 

Waterloo 

Young's Store 

LEXINGTON. 
Calk's Ferry 
Countsville 
Edisto 

Hollow Creek 
Hope Station 
Horse Creek 
Lecsvilie 
Oakville 
Rockville 
Rocky VVcll 
Sandy Run 
Sawyer's Mills 
Steedmans 
Williamson's Mills 

MARION. 
Allen's Bridge 
Ariel 

Britton's Neck 
Campbell's Bridge 
Flintville 
Friendiield 
Gilchrist's Bridge 
Gum Swamp 
Harlessville 
Jeffrey's Creek 
Lynclie's Creek 
Mars's Bluff 
Red Bluff 
Reedy Creek 
Selkirk 
Tabernacle 
Willow Creek 

MARLBORO'. 

Bennettsville 
Brightsville 
Brownsville 
Clio 

NEWBERRY. 
Belmont 
Glympville 
Liberty Hall 
Maybinton 
Mount Bethel 
Pagesville 
Pomaria 
Poplar Grove 
Prosperity 
Saluda Mills 
Shop Spring 
Walton 
Wellsville 



OKANGEBUEQ. 

Branchville 
Bull Swamp 
Fort Motte 
Jordan's Mills 
Kitcbing's Mills 
Poplar 

Saint Matthews 
Vance's Ferry 

PENDLETON. 

PICKENS. 
Bachlor's Retreat 
Bounty Land 
Branch Island 
Cheokce 
Claremont 
Colonel's Fork 
Dacusville 
Five Mile 
Horse Shoe ■ 
Martin's Creek 
Oconee Station 
Pickensville 
Pumpkintown 
Rockwell 

Salubrity 

Smcltser's Mount 

Snow Creek 

Twelve Mile 

West Union 

Whetstone 

Wolf Creek 

RICHLAND. 

Cedar Creek 

Gadsden 

Hopkins's Turn Out 

Level 

Littleton 

SPARTANBURG. 
Arrowood 
Bivingsville 
Campohella 
Cannon's Store 
Cashville 
Cedar Springs 
Clarksville 
Crawfordsvillo 
Cross Anchor 
Crowsville 
Damascus 
Earlesville 
Enoree 
Fingersville 
Fort Prince 
Glenn Springs 
Grassy Pond 
Hcnrv 
Hobbysville 

Hurricane 
Jackson Hill 

Limestone Springs 

Millville 

Moultrie 

Mountain Shoals 

Mount Lebanon 

Mount Zion 

New Hope 

New Prospect 

Old Cedar Springs 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



791 



Poolsville 
Rogers's Bridge 
Smith's Store 
Thiekety Forlc 
Walnut Grove 
WoodruBs 

SLTMTEK. 
Bethlehem 
Bishopville 
Bradford Institute 
Bradford Springs 
Bradleyville 
Brewington 
Clarendon 
Friendship 
Fulton 
Lodi Bar 
Manchester 
Mechanicsville 
Mill Gi-ove 
Mount Clio 
PacksviUe 



Plowdcn's Mills 
Privateer 
Providence 
Salem 
Shiloh 
Taylors 
Willow Grove 
Wright's Bluff 

UNION. 
BogansviUe 
Bowlingsville 
Coopersville 
Cross Keys 
DraytonsviUe 
Fish Dam 
Goshen Hill 
(lowdeysville 
Green Pond 
Jonosville 
McBridesville 
MeansviUe 



Mount Tabor 


Blairsvillc 


Pacolctt Mills 


Brattonsville 


Pea Kidge 


Bullock Creek 


Pinckncyvillc 


Clierokee Iron '' 


Shady Grove 


Clark's Fork 


Timber Ridge 


Clay Hill 


Wilkinsville 


Coate's Tavern 




Ebenezerville 


WlLLIAMSliURG. 


Fort Mill 


Black Mingo 


Guthriesville 


Camp Ridge 


Harmony 


Cliina Grove 


Hayncsville 


Indianto\vn 


Hickory Grove 


John.sonville 


Hopewell 


Lynehe's Lake 


Legal Law 


JIurray's Ferry 


Meek'a Hill 


Natural Grove 


Nation Ford 


Parsonage 


New House 




Smith's Ford 


YORK. 


Spring Hill 


Aniioch 


Spring Rock 


Bethel 


Yorkville 




Zeuo 



STATE OF GEORGIA. 



ArrLiNG. 

BAKER. 
Albany 
Concord 
Fish Trap 
Gillions 
Gum Pond 
Keaton's Shoals 
Oak Lawn 

BALDWIN. 

BIBB. 

Bear Range 
Newson 

BRYAN. 
Eden 
Old Court House 

BULLOCK. 
Mill Ray 

BURKE. 

Alexander 
Birdsville 
Fox Grove 
Frver's Ponds 
Girad 
Holcombe 
Joy's Mills 
Lester's District 
Midville 
Millin 
Sard is 
Woodburn 

BUTT.S. 

Cork 

Indian Springs 
Seven Islands 
Towaliiga 
Worthville 



CAMDEN. 
Centre Village 
Langsbury 
Saint Mary's 

CAMPBELL. 

Cedar Bninch 

County Lino 

Dark Corner 

Rivertown 

Salt Spring 

Sandtown 

Sweet Water Factory 

CARROLL. 

Bowdon 
Bowenvillc 
Buckliorn 
Burnt Stand 
Ilickorv Level 
LaurelHill 
Rotherwood 
Tallapoosa 
Villa Rica 

CASS. 

Adairsvillc 

Allatoona 

Cartersville 

Cold Run 

Earlc's Furnace 

Etowah 

Euharley 

Free Bridge 

Kingston 

Little Prairie 

Othcaloga 

Pine Log 

Saliquoy 

Stilesboro' 

CHATHAM. 

CHATTOOGA. 

Alpine 



Beachland 
Chattoogaville 
Dirt Town 
Melville 
Mount Hickory 
Sul>ligna 
Summerville 
Tcloga Springs 
Trion Factory 

CHEROKEE. 

Bald Ground 

Board Tree 

Canton 

Frccmansville 

Goldsville 

Harnageville 

Hickory Flat 

Kossuth 

Orange 

Troy 

Woodstock 

CLARK. 

Farmington 

Salem 

Watkinsville 

COBB. 
Ackworth 
Boltonvillc 
Lebanon 
Lost Mountain 
Marietta 
Mill Grove 
Powder Springs 
Redland 
Roswell 
Stony Point 

COLUMBLA. 
Appling 
Bcrzelia 
Darbys 
Eubauks 



Lombardy 

Raysville 

Republican 

Thompson 

White Oak 

Winfield 

Writesboro' 

COWETA 
Haralson 
Kidron 
Location 
Lodi 

Palmetto 
Paris 
Rio 
Saluda 
Willow Grove 

CRAWFORD. 

Francisville 
Hammock Grove 
Hickory Grove 
Hopewell 
Kno.xville 

DADE. 
Rising Fawn 
Trenton 
Waukatchee 

DECATUE. 
Attapulgus 
Cairo 
Olive Grove 

DE KALB 

Atlanta 
Cross Keys 
East Point 
Litbonia 
Pantbersville 
Stone Mountain 
Utoy 



792 



POST OFFICES IM THE UNITED STATES. 



DOOLr. 
Gum Creek 
Holidaysville 
Millwood 
Traveller's Rest 
Vienna 
Warwick 

EARLY. 
Fort Ciines 
Pachitta 

EFFINGHAM. 
Egypt 

Pleasant Grove 
Reform 
Springfield 

ELBERT. 
Amandaville 
Anthony Shoals 
■Broad River 
Cold Water 
Cook's Law Office 
Craftsville 
Eagle Grove 
Harmony 
Montevideo 
Petersburg 
Ruckersville 

EMANUEL. 
Canooche 

FAYETTE. 
Fairburn 
Glenn Grove 
Jonesboro' 
Red Oak 

Rough and Ready 
White Water 
York 

FLOYD. 
Armuchee 
California 
Cave Spring 
Coosa 

Everett's Spring 
Hermitage 
Johnson 

Missionary Station 
Vann's Valley 
Waleska 

FORSYTH. 
Ashland 
Big Creek 
Coal Mountain 
Hartford 
High Tower 
Sheltonville 
Vickery's Creek 
Warsaw 

FRANKLIN. 
Aquilla 
BowersviUe 
Bushville 
Fair View 
Franklin Springs 
Grove Level 
Henly's Store 



Hudson 
King's Bench 
Middle River 
Mosely's Store 
Parker's Store 
Walnut Hill 

GILMER. 
Blue Ridge 
Carticay 
Hot House 
Marblchead 
Prince Edward 
Tacoah 
Fail's Creek 
Talking Rock 
White Path 

GLYNN. 
Bethel 
Fancy Bluff 
Frederica 

GORDON. 

Fair Mount 

GREENE. 

Cracker's Neck 
Men-ell 
Penfield 
Public Square 
Scull Shoals 
Union Point 
White Plains 
Woodville 

GWINNETT. 
Auburn 
Berkshire 
Cains 
Chester 

Chinkapin Grove 
Orrisville 
Pinckneyville 
Rock Bridge 
Suwane 
Sweet Water 
Yellow River 

HABERSHAM. 

Allandale 

Batcsville 

Blue Creek 

Dawson 

Hollingsworth 

Leo 

Loudsville 

Mount Yonah 

Nacoochee 

Toccoa Falls 

Walton's Ford 

HALL. 

Argo 

Chestnut Hill 
Galley's Mill 
Gillsville 
Glade Mines 
Hog Mountain 
Poplar Springs 
Sugar Hill 
War Hill 



HANCOCK. 
Dcvereaux' Store 
Long's Bridge 
Mount Zion 
Poweltown 
Rock Mills 
Shoals of Ogechee 

HARRIS. 

Cataula 

Cochran's Cross Roads 

EUerslie 

Kjng's Gap 

Mulberry Grove 

Piedmont 

Waverly Hall 

Whitesville 

HEARD. 
Corinth 
Enon Grove 
Franklin 
Houston 
McBride's Mills 

HENRY. 

Bersheba 
Double Cabins 
Flat Rock 
Locust Grove 
Pittsburg 
.Sandy Ridge 
Spring 
Stockbridge 
Tucker's Cabin 
Wliite House 

HOUSTON. 
Bateman's Store 
Busbayville 
Fort Valley 
Hayneville 
Henderson 
Minerva 

WcUborn's Mills 
Wilna 

IRWIN. 

Adams 
Edcnficld 
Flatberg 
Gin Town 
House Creek 
Pennsboro' 

JACKSON. 

Barber's Creek 

Bascobcl [Mill 

Farmers & Mechanics 

Harmony Crove 

Indian Creek 

Marcus 

Maysville 

Mulberrv 

Pond Fbrk 

JASPER. 
Hillsboro' 
Mechanics ville 
Palo Alto 
Shady Dale 



JEFFERSON. 
Bonny Doon 
Fenn's Bridge 
Gamble 
Reedy Creek 
Speir's Turnout 
Spread Oak 
Sylvan Grove 

JONES. 
Etheridge 
Griswoldville 
Tranquilla 
Wallace 

LAURENS. 
Buck Eye 
Dublin 
Laurens Hill 

LEE. 
Chennba 

Chickasawhatchio 
Palmyra 
Slade 
Starkville 
Sumterville 

LIBERTY. 

Jones's Creek 
Taylor's Creek 
Walthourville 

LINCOLN. 
Double Branches 
Goshen 
Lincolnton 

LOWNDES 
Alapaha 
Clyattsville 
Flat Creek 
Griffiin's Mills 
Mineral Spring 
Okapilco 
Piscola 
Sharpe's Store 
Tallokas 
Troupville 

LUMPKIN. 

Amicalola 
Auraria 
Barrettsville 
Calhoun 

Cavender's Creek 
Crossville 
New Bridge 
Pleasant Retreat 
Yellow Creek 

MACON. 
Fredonia 
Grangcrsville 
Hamburg 
Horse Head 
Marshallsville 
Oglethorpe 

MADISON. 
Brookline 

Planter's Stand 
Taylorsville 



POST OFFICES IN THE XINITED STATES. 



793 



Mcintosh. 

Fort Banington Fcny 
South Newport 

MAUION. 
Buena Vista 
Glenalta 
Pineville 
Poindexter 
Searsville 

MERIWEIHER. 
Erin 

Farmers 

Flat Shoals 

Gold Hill 

Jones's Mills 

Loweville 

Luthersville 

Oak Ridsje 

Rocky Mount 

Warm Springs 

White Sulphur Springs 

Woodberry 

MONROE 
Culloden 
Colaparchee 
Johnstonville 
New Market 
Russellville 
Unionville 

MONTGOMERY 
Boxville 
Colquitt 

MORGAN 
Back Head 
Double Shoals 
Ebenezer 
Fairplay 
High Shoals 
Wellington 

MURRAY. 
Cbaseville 
Cohuttah Springs 
Coosawattce 
Dalton 
Fancy Hill 
Holly Creek 
Pleasant Valley 
Red Clav 
Red Hili 
Resaca 
Sugar Valley 
Tilton 
Tunnel Hill 
Woodlawn 

MUSCOGEE. 
Bald Hill 
Halloca 
Jamestown 
Roland 

Steam Factory 
Upatoie 

NEWTON. 
Brick Store 
Conyers 

Leakesville 



Middle Ridge 
Newborn 
Newton Factory 
Oak Hill 
O.\ford 
Rockv Plains 
Sheffield 

Siiajijiing Shoals 
Starrsville 

OGLETHORPE. 
Bairdstown 
Bowling Green 
Goose Pond 
Maxey 
Millstone 
Philomath 
Point Peter 
State Rights 

PAULDING. 

Cedartown 
Esom Hill 
Huntsville 
New Babylon 
Marysville 
Pumpkin Pile 
Pumpkin Vine 
Yellow Stone 

PIKE. 

Barnesville 
Griffin 
Liberty Hill 
Milner 
Millbridge 

PULASKI. 
Hawkinsville 
Longs treet 

PUTNAM. 

Clopton's Mills 
Glade's Cross Roads 
HearnviUe 
Rockville 
Stanfordville 

RABUN. 

Tiger 

RANDOLPH. 

Brooksville 

Cotton Hill 

Georgetown 

Herrodtown 

Lowel 

Nochway 

Petawla 

Pumpkintown 

RICHMOND. 

Bclair 

McBeen 

Richmond Factory 

SCRIVEN. 
Armenia 
Black Creek 
Buck Creek 
Halcyondalo 
Mill Haven 
Mobley Pond 



Ogeeche 
Scarboro' 

STEWART. 
Centre Hill 
Florence 
Green Hill 
Hannahatchee 
Hard Money 
Holly Grove 
Lannahassee 
Lum])kin 
Richland 
Scienceville 

SUMTER. 
Danville 
Friendship 
Plains of Dura 
Pondtown 
Providence 

TALBOT. 
Belleview 
Bluff Spring 
Carson viUe 
Centre 
Daviston 
Mount Pleasant 
Pine Hill 
Pleasant Hill 
Prattsburg 
Quito 

TALIAFERRO. 
Raytown 

TATNALL. 
Reidsvillc 
Surrencys 

TELFAIR. 

Copeland 
Feronia 
Lumber City 
McRae's Store 
Ocmulgeeville 
Sugar Creek 
Temperance 

THOMAS. 
Boston 
Duncanville 
Grooverville 
Ocklockney 
Station 

TEOUP. 
Antioch 
Asbury 
Cane Point 
Iloganville 
Long Cane 
Mountville 
O'Neal's Mills 
Troup Factory 
Vernon 
West Point 

TWIGGS. 
Jeffersonville 
Taversville 



UNION. 
Brasslown 

Gaddistowu 
Ivy Log 
Mount Eolia 
Polk 

Shady Grove 
Skeinah 
Wellscott 
Young Cane 

UPSON. 
Delray 

Double Bridges 
Hootensville 
Waynm.anville 

WALKER. 

Anderson 
Chestnut Flat 
Cotosa 
Duck Creek 
Frick's Gap 
Gordon's Springs 
La Fayette 
Opalika 
Pea Vine 
Pond Spring 
Ringgold 
Rock S|)ring 
Rossvillc 
Snow Hill 
Villanow 
Wood's Station 

WALTON. 
Bunoombe 
Cut Off 
Good Hope 
Social Circle 
Walnut Grove 
Windsor 

WARE. 

Saiut Ilia 
Stricklands 

WAKKEN. 
Camak 
Double Wells 
Maylield 

WASHINGTON. 

Curry's Mills 

Davisboro' 

Hebron 

Irwin's Cross Roads 

Oconee , 

Tcnnille 

Warthen's Store 

WAYNM 

Pendarvis's Store 

WILKES. 
Aonia 
Centrevillo 
Dauburg 
Hutton's Fort 
Mallorvsville 
Pistol Creek 
Rehoboth 



100 



794 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



WILKISSON. 

Cool Spiiog 



Emmitt 
Gordon 



McDonald 
Milton 



Stephcnsville 
Toombsboro' 



STATE OF FLORIDA. 



ALACUUA. 
Von Clark 
Fort Harloy 
Madisonboro' 
Micanopy 

BENTON. 
Augusta 
Fort Dado 
Homasassa 

CALHOUN. 

Abe Spring 
Blountstown 
Ocheseo 
Saint Joseph 

COLUMBIA. 
Barbers 
Blount's Ferry 
Collins 
Columbus 
Ellisville 
Little Kiver 
Mineral Springs 
New River 
Olustee 

Uaulerson's Ferry 
Suwannee Shoals 



DADE. 



Miami 

DALLAS. 

DUVAL. 
Hibernia 



M.andarin 
Mayport Mills 
Middleburg 

ESCAMBIA. 
Warrington 

FRANKLIN. 

GADSDEN. 
China Hill 
Rickoc's Bluff 
Soeluda 

HAMILTON. 
BellviUe 
Jasper 
White Springs 

HILLSBORO'. 

Ichepuckesassa 

Manatee 

Tampa 

UOLMES. 
Cerro Gordo 
Home Spring 

JACKSON. 

Campbellton 

Greenwood 

Millwood 

JEFFERSON. 
Aucilla 
Be.iseley 
Southerland 



Waukcenah 

LEON. 

Ccntreville 

Mannington 

Miccosukce 

LEVY. 

Cedar Key 
Fort Fanning 
Wakasassa 

MADISON. 
Cherry Lake 
Clifton 
Moscly Hall 
Stockton 
Talol'a 

MARION. 
Abrahamtown 
Camp Izard 
Fleniington 
Lake Griffin 
Long Swamp 
Number Two 
Ocola 
Okahumka 
Orange Lake 
Orange Springs 
Pinehoro' 
Volusia 
Wacahootie 

MONROE. 

NASSAU. 
Woodstock Mills 



ORANGE. 

Enterprise 
Jernigan 
New Smyrna 

PUTNAM. 

Munsonvilio 

Pilatka 

Welaka 

.ST. JOHN'S. 
Picolata 

ST. LUCIE. 
SANTA ROSA. 
Coon Hill 
Milton 

WAKULLA. 

Benhadcn 
Newport 
Pawtuxct 
Shell Point 
Sopehoppy 

WALTON. 

Alaqua 
Almirante 
Chestnut Hill 
East River 
Gontsville 
Uchee Anna 

WASHINGTOM 

Holmes Valley 
Orange Hill 
St. Andrew's Bay 
Vernon 



STATE OF ALABAMA. 



AUTAUGA. 
Autaugaville 
Bear Range 
Calhoun 
Chestnut Creek 
Hartwood 
Independence 
Milton 
Mulberry 
Prattvillo 
Robinson's Spring 

BALDWIN. 
Fort Montpelier 
Honeycut 
Stockton 
Tensaw 

BARBOUR. 
CoOTkee 
Eufaula 
Fort Barbour 



Fort Browder 

Glennville 

Kings 

Louisville 

Midw.ay 

Mount Andrew 

Mount Sereene 

BENTON. 
Alexandria 
Blue Eye 
Boiling Spring 
Cedar Spring 
Corn Grove 
Cove Creek 
Fair Play 
Griffin's Creek 
Kemp's Creek 
Lad iga 
Lamartine 
Mount Polk 
Narrow Valley 



New Bethel 
Oak Level 
Oxford 
Polkville 
Quitman 
Rabbit Town 
Wehoga 
White Plains 

BIBB. 

Maplesville 
Mars 
Randolph 
Scottsville 

BLOUNT. 
Blount Spring 
Brooksviile 
Chapultepee 
Doupbin 

Murpbce's Valley 
Summit 



Village Springs 
Violy 
Walnut Grove 

BUTLER. 

Barges 

Bullerville 

Kirkville 

Manningham 

Millville 

Monterey 

Mount Moriah 

Ridgeville 

South Butler 

Starlington 

CHAMBERS. 

Bethlehem 
Cusseta 
Fi'edonia 
Gold Hill 
Halawaka 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



795 



Milltown 
Mount Hickory 
Mount Ji'tlurson 
Oak Bowery 
Osannippii 
Oseliflia 
Sharon 
Wicklirte 

CHEROKEE. 
Blue Ponil 
Cobb's Mills 
Coloma 
Gadsden 
Gaylesville 
Goshen 
Hanneyan 
Leesburg 
Oeeola 
Pleasant Gap 
Ringgold 
Spring Garden 
Straight Neek 
Turkey Town 

CHOCTAW. 
Barbour 
Barryton 
Bladen Springs 
Isney 
Kinterbish 
Mount Sterling 
Nicholson's Store 
Pushmataha 
Tompkinsville 
William's Cross Roads 

CLAKK. 
Air Mount 
Basiii 

Choetaw Corner 

Coffeeville 

Gaincstown 

Gosport 

Grove Hill 

Jackson 

Saint Paul 

Suggsville 

Wilderness 

COFFEE. 
Bentonville 
Coffee Corner 
Geneva 
Indigo Head 
Oldtown 
Smut Eye 

COMECUH. 

Belleville 

Brooklyn 

ETergrcen 

Nathansvillo 

Sepulga 

COOSA. 

Bradford 

Bulger's Mills 

Buycksville 

Equality' 

Good Water 

Hanover 

Nixburg 



Soccopatny 
Traveller's Rest 
Wetuinpka 

COVINGTON. 

DALE. 

Barnes's Cross Roads 
Daleville 
Honey Town 
Saw Mill 
Seroggins's Mills 
Wood Shop 

DALLAS 

Burnsville 

Cambridge 

CarlowsviUe 

Elm Bluff 

P'ulion 

Liberty Hill 

Moselcy's Grove 

Orrville 

Pleasant Hill 

Portland 

Richmond 

Summerlield 

Westmoreland 

Woodlawn 

DE KALB. 

Annawaika 
Atwood 
Coxville 
Duck Spring 
Greenwood 
Ilendricksville 
North Bend 
Sand Mountain 
Valley Head 
Van Buren 
Worth 

FAYETTE. 

Asbury 
Big Pond 
Davis's Creek 
Dublin 

Military Springs 
Mill Port 
Newtonville 
Palo 
Sheffield 

FRANKLIN. 

Allsboro' 
Blue Lick 
Burleson 
Buzzard Roost 
Cane Creek 
Clieckhasaw 
Churubusco 
Court House 
La Grange 
Ncwburg 
Oak Hill 
Pleasant Site 
Rock Creek 
South Florence 
Tuscumbia 

GREENE. 
Boligeo 



Clinton 

Forkland 

Greensboro' 

Hiivanna 

Hollow Square 

Hopewell 

Knoxvillc 

Mount Hebron 

Newbern 

New Prospect 

Pleasant Ridge 

Springfield 

Union 

HENKY. 

Columbia 
Cureton's Bridgo 
Franklin 
Ililliardsville 
LawrenceviUe 
Open Pond 

JACKSON. 
Birmingham 
Bolivar 
Dodsonvillo 
Langston 
Larkin's Fork 
Larkinsvillc 
Liberty 
Meadsville 
Park's Store 
Princeton 
Redman 
Rocky Spring 
Sauta 
Trenton 

JEFFERSON. 
Cedar Grove 
-lonesboro' 
Mexico 
Mount Pinson 
Oregon 
Taylors 
Truss 

LAUDERDALE. 
Centre Star 
Gravelly Spring 
Green Hill 

Ingram's Cross Roads 
Lauderdale Factory 
Lexington 
Masonville 
Oakland 
Rogersville 
Slossbnrg 
Waterloo 
VVestmorelandvillo 

LAWRENCE. 
Brickville 
Camp Spring 
Courtland 
Hillsboro' 
Kinloeh 
Landersville 
I^eighton 
Mount Hope 
Oakville 
Wolf Spring 



LI M E.STONE. 
Bridgcrorlhs 
Gillicrt.-'Iioro' 
Lucky Hit 
Mooi'csville 
Shoal Ford 
White Sulphur Springs 

LOWNDES. 
Benton 
Braggs 
Church Hill 
Collireno 
Fanncrsville 
Hayneville 
Lowndesboro' 
Manaek 
Mount Willing 
Sandy Ridge 
Sunny Side 

MACON 
Aberfoil 
Auliurn 
Bainbriilgu 
Bug Hall 
Chuneenuggce 
Cotton Valley 
Cubchatchcc 
Cross Keys 
Enon 

Fort Decatur 
Fort Henderson 
Loachapoka 
Lockland 
Notasulga 
Ridge Grove 
Ridgely 
Society Hill 
Union Springs 
Upbaupee 
Warrior Stand 

MADISON. 
Berkley 
Hadens 
Hnzel Green 
Madi'on Cross Roadj 
Maysville 
Marcdianville 
New Hope 
New Market 
Triana 
Whitesburg 

MARENGO. 
Clay Hill 
Dayton 
Dcmopolls 
Dixon's Mills 
Hampden 
Jefferson 
Laurel Hill 
McKinlcy 
Macon 
Montpelier 
Nanufalia 
Pinevillc 
Shiloh 
Spenccrvillo 
Spring Mill 
Sweet Water 



796 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



MAEION. 


Jericho 


Lamington 


Local 


Bexar 


Ocmulgee 


Nehamico 


Mardisville 


Canaan 


Perryville 


Olivet 


Maria Forge 


Detroit 


Plantersville 


Opelika 


Sylacauga 


Gold Mine 


Radfordsville 


Oswichee 


Silver Run 


Moscow 


Uniontovvn 


Salem 


Wewokaville 


Toll Gate 




Sand Fort 






PICKENS. 


Uchee 


TALLAPOOSA 


MARSHALL. 


Antioch 


Vilula 


Becketsville 


Aurora 


Bear Creek 




Camp Hill 


Beard's Bluff 


Benevola 


SAINT CLAIR. 


County Line 


Big Spring 


Carlyle 


Bennetsville 


Dudlevville 


Claysville 


Cochran's Mills 


Branchville 


Fish Pond 


Cottonville 


Fairfield 


Broken Arrow 


Goldville 


Gunter's Landing 


Gordo 


Crawford's Cove 


Horse Shoe Bend 


Hillian's Store 


Hinton's Grove 


Cropwell 


Jackson's Camp 


Kennaraer 


Hope 


Greensport 


Kowaliga 


Meltonsvillc 


Lacy's Hill 


Kelly's Creek 


Pickneyville 


Mountain Stand 


Mantua 


Mount Niles 


Rome 


Oleander 


Memphis 


Springville 


Souchahatchee 


Red HiU 


Olney 


Sulphur Springs 


Stow's Ferry 


Zackary 


Pickensville 


Trout Creek 


Tallassee 




Pleasant Grove 




Wind Creek 


MOBILE. 


Providence 


SHELBY. 


Youngsville 


Mount Vernon 


Reform 


Bridgetou 






Vienna 


Cove 


TUSCALOOSA. 


MONROE. 


Yorkville 


Harpers ville 


Buck Creek 


Bell's Landing 




Highland 


Buckland 


Buena Vista 


PIKE. 


Lee's Cove 


Carthage 


Burnt Corn 


Blue Creek 


Montevallo 


Fosters 


ClausclviUe 


China Grove 


Shelby Springs 


Jena 


Monroeville 


Edgefield 


Wilsonville 


McMaths 


Mount Pleasant 


Farriorsville 


Woodsboro' 


Monterey 


Polk 


Fryer's Bridge 




New Lexington 


TurnbuU 


Gainer's Store 


SUMTER. 


Northport 




Indian Creek 


Belmont 


North River 


MONTGOMERY. 


Missouri 


Berlin 


Oregonia 


Argus 


Monticello 


Bluffport 


Romulus 


Cotoma 


Oluste Creek 


Brewersville 


Sipsey Turnpike 


Hickory Grove 


Orion 


Brown's Bluff 


Trion 


Hawthorn 


Pea River 


Gainesville 


WALKER. 

Chilton's Mills 


Line Creek 
Mount Meigs 


White Water 


Gaston 
Intercourse 


Oak Grove 


RANDOLPH. 


Jones's Bluff 


Eldridge 

Gap 

Holly Grove 

Jasper 

Thornhill 

York 


Pine Level 


Arbacoochee 


New York 


Pintlala 


Chulafune 


Payneville 


Prune Hill 


Eastville 


Penola 


Ramer 


High Pine 


Sumterville 


Sharpesville 


Lamar 


Warsaw 


Strata 


Lee's Ridge 




WASniNGTOH 


Tiara 


Louina 


TALLADEGA. 


New Wakefield 




Molino 


Bluff Spring 


Pleasant Valley 


MORGAN. 


Oakfusky 


Bowdon 




Apple Grove 


Pinetucky 


Brownsville 


WILCOX. 


Basham's Gap 


Roanoke 


Cedar Tree 


AUentou 


Blue Spring 


Rockdale 


Chinnibee 


Bethel 


Cedar Plains 


Rock Mills 


Coleta 


Black's Bluff 


Decatur 


Weedowec 


Conchardee 


Camden 


Houston's Store 


Wehadkee 


Court Hill 


Canton 


Lacey's Spring 


Wesobulga 


Fayetteville 


Creag's Mill 


Mount Hill 


Winston 


Fife 


Lower Peach Tree 


Trinity 




Hatchers 


Parnassus 




RUSSELL. 


Hickory Level 


Pine Hill 


PERRY. 


Burrsville 


Ilillabee 


Prairie Bluff 


Brash Creek 


Dover 


Kelly's Springs 


Snow Hill 


Chestnut Hill 


Fort Mitchell 


Kingville 


Upper Peach Tree 


Hamburg 


Girard 


Kimulga 


Wolf Creek 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



797 



STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



ADAHS. 

Palestine 

AMITE. 

Centreville 
Rose Hill 
Smith Ualo 
Tolers 

ATTALA. 

Attalaville 
Bluff Springs 
Burkittsville 
Ncwtonville 
Planters 
Rocky Point 

BOLIVAR 
Bolivar 

Concordia 
Content 
Glencoe 
Victoria 

CARROLL. 

Albemarle 
Beckville 
Black Hawk 
Ceralvo 
Coil a 

Greenwood 
Hays's Creek 
Leflore 
Middleton 
Providence 
Shonf^alo 
Smith's Mills 

CHICKASAW. 
Benela 
Buena Vista 
Cherry Hill 
Clear Spring 
Dix Creek 
Erin 

Hohenlinden 
Hopewell 
Houlka 
Oak Grove 
Oko-lo-na 
Palo Alto 
Pikeville 
Prairie Mount 
Sparta 
Yellow Bash 

CLAIBORNE. 
Grand Gulf 
Oakland College 
Rocky Spring 
Willow Spring 

CHOCTAW. 
Bankston 
Fame 

French Camps 
Horsepen 
Huntsville 
Kilmichael 
Lodi 



Pigeon Roost 
Poplar Creek 
Snowsville 
Stateland 

CLARK. 
Beaverdam 
Energy 
Enterprise 
Falling Spring 
Mackesville 
Quitman 
Shoobota 

COAHOMA. 
Delta 
Friar's Point 

coriAii. 

Burtonton 
Collamer 
Copiah Creek 
Gallatin 
Georgetown 
Hargrave 
Linden 
Pine Bluff 

COVINGTON 
Dry Creek 
Jaynesville 
Mount Carmel 
Oakohay 
Snntee 
Wilkcsburg 
Zion Seminary 

DE SOTO. 
Cocknim 
Como 

Dark Comer 
Elm Grove 
Eutaw 

Flewcllin's Cross Roads 
Greenleaf 
Hancock 
Looxahoma 
Mount Isabel 
Olive Branch 
Pleasant Hill 
Senatobia 
Tatesville 
Valley Grove 

FRANKLIN. 
Friendship 
Hamburg 
Koxville 
McCall's Creek 

GREENE. 

Leakesville 
McLcods 
McManus 
Vernal 

HANCOCIv. 
Gainesville 
Habolochitto 
Pearlington 



Ricevillo 

HARRISON. 
Biloxi 
Flint Creek 
Mississippi City 
l^ass Christian 

UINDS. 
Auburn 
Bolton's, Depot 
Browsville 
Cayuga 
Clinton 

Edwards's Depot 
Line Store 
Meridian Springs 
Mississippi Springs 
Newtown 
Raymond 
Spring Ridge 
Utiea 

HOLMES. 
Ashville 
Ebenezer 
Emory 
Eulogy 
Franklin 
Lockhart's Store 
Richland 
Tchula 
Wheeling 

ISSAQUENA. 
Deer Creek 
Tennessee Landing 

ITAWAMBA. 

Bolands 

Carapbellton 

Cotton Ridge 

Cunirningsville 

Fremont 

Ironwood Bluff 

Marietta 

Moor\'ille 

l*leasanton 

Richmond 

Saltillo 

Van Burcn 

West Fulton 

Woodlawn 

Yocony 

JACKSON. 
Cross Roads 
Jackson Court House 
Paseagoula 

JASPER. 

Claiborne 
Garlandville 
Hough's Store 
Montrose 

JEKFEKSON. 
Church Hill 
Malcolm 
Rodney 



Scotland 
Union Church 

JONES. 

EUisville 
Pinnellville 
Pool's Mills 

* 

KEMPEE. 
Big Oak 
Blackwater 
Blooralield 
Centre Ridge 
Herbert 
Oaktibbeha 
Rocky Mount 
Scoober 
Waholock 

LA FAYETTE. 

Abbeville 

Banner 

Caswell 

College Hill 

Dallas 

Delay 

Green Valley 

La Fayette Springs 

Lapomba 

Liberty Hall 

Milton 

Mount Sylvan 

Paris 

Sarepta 

Sevier 

Spring Dale 

Wyatt 

LAUDERDALH 

Alamutcha 

Battlefield 

Chunkeyvillo 

Daleville 

Hurricane Creek 

Lauderdale Springs 

Ponta 

Sageville 

LAWRENCE. 
Brookhaven 
Rayville 

LEAKK 

Edinburgh 
Hopahka 
Pensacola 
Thomastown 

LO^VNDES. 
Barton 
Caledonia 

Dailey's Cross Roads 
Nashville 
Plymouth 
Prairie Hill 
Waverly 
West I'oint 

MADISON. 
Bcatie's Bluff 



798 

Camden 

Livingston 
Maiiisonville 
Midway 
Pleasant Grove 
Sharon 

Stump Bridge 
Sulpliur Springs 
Vernon 
Williarastown 

MARION.* 
Fordsville 
Spring Cottage 
Tilton 

MARSHALL. 
Bethlehem 
Byhaliii 
Chulahoma 
Coldwatcr 
Coniersville 
Deep Water 
Early Grove 
Harry Hill 
Holly Springs 
HudsonviUe 
Lamar 

North Mount Pleasant 
Pink Hill 
Red Banks 
Snow Creek 
Tacaluche 
Tallaloosa 
Tiro 
Waterford 

MONROE 
Aberdeen 
Athens 
Bifll.y Fork 
Buttahatcliy 
Camargo 
Gruh Springs 
Lawrenee 
Quiney 
Smithville 
Splung 
Wesley 

NESUOGA. 
Coffadeliah 
Muckalusliy 
Pearl Valley 
Philadelphia 
Tascinto 

Nf:WTON. 
County Line 
Talahatah 
Talasha 
Union 

NOXUBEE. 
Brooklyn 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Brookville 
Cooksville 
Deer Brook 
Gholson 
Maeon 
Mushulaville 
Parkeville 
Prairie Point 
X Prairie 

OKTIBBEHA. 

Ash Creek 
Cedar Blutr 
Choctaw Agency 
Double Springs 
Hickory Grove 
Line Creek 
Tanipico 
Whitetield 
Yanaby 

PANOLA. 
Belmont 
Burlingham 
Long Creek 
Longtown 
Maon 
Oak Hill 
Peach Creek 
Pleasant Mount 
Robinia 
Sledgeville 
Spring Port 

TERRY. 
Carlile's Mills 
Monroe 

PIKE. 
China Grove 
Concrlys 
Hope Hill 
Millau 

PONTOTOC. 
Birmingham 
Buncomb 
Cherry Creek 
Coonewar 
Cotton Grove 
Ellis Town 
Fremont 
Harrisburg 
New Albany 
Palmelto 
Pontotoc 
Poplar Spring 
Red Land 
Rocky Ford 
Talibcnela 
Tardyville 
Toccopola 
Wrightsville 



KANKIN. 

Cato Springs 
Densontown 
Monterej' 
Steeu's Creek 

SCOIT. 
Geeen Bush 
Homewood 
Ludlow 
Pulaski 

SIMPSON. 
Mount Zion 
Old Hickory 

SMITH. 
Pineville 
Polkville 
Raleigh . 
Taylorsville 

SUNFLOWER. 

TALLAHATCUEE. 

Charleston 
Tuscahoma 

TIPPAO. 
Black's Store 
Cotton Plant 
Dry Run 
Dumas 

Haleliy Turnpike 
Hickory Flat 
McLean's Store 
Molino 
Orizaba 
Pleasant Ridge 
Ruckcrsville 
Salem 

Shelby Creek 
Spring Hill 

TISHEIMINGO. 
Bav Springs 
Bhickland 
Bone Yard 
Burtons 
Canollsville 
Cartersvillc 
Cripple Deer 
Cross Ridge 
Dantom 
Danville 
Eastport 
Farmington 
Hickory Plains 
Highland 
New Hope 
Rienzi 
Tripoli 
Walnut Peak 
Yellow Creek 



TUNICA, 
Austin 
Commerce 

WARREN. 
Bovina 

Cardiff 
Milldale 
Palmyra 
Warrenton 

WASHINGTON. 
Point Worthington 

WAYNE. 
Round Pond 
Taylorton 

WILKINSON 
Cold Spring 
Fort Adams 
Holly Retreat 
Kellertown 
Pcrev's Creek 
Rose" Hill 
Sibley's Mills 
Whitesville 

WINSTON. 
Buckhorn 
Fearn's Springs 
New Prospect 
Noxapater 
Webster 

YALOBUSHA. 
Big Creek 
California 
Cuddyluink 
Graysport 
Grenada 
Jones's Mills 
Leigbtons 
Long Percimmon 
McGee's Bridge 
Oakachickauia 
Oakland 
Post Oak 
Preston 
Providence 
Sabougly 
Shannons 
Troy 
Water Valley 

YAZOO. 

Claibornesville 

Dover 

Hendricks 

Lincoln 

Satartia 

Yazoo City 



STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



ASSUMPTION. 

Albemarle 
Cranes Forge 
Paincourtvillc 



Star 

ASCENSION. 
Live Oak 



New Kiver 

AVOYELLES. 
Bayou Rouge 



Big Bend 
Borodino 
Holnicsvilla 
Mansura 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



799 



Simms's Port 

BIENVILLE. 
Arcadia 
Buckliorn 
RinfrgolJ 
Saiine 
Salt Spring 
Sparta 

BOSSIER. 
Bellevie\v 
Bossier Point 
ConncU's Cross Roads 
Pine Flat 
Pineville 
Red Land 
Sentell's Store 

CADDO. 

Albany 
Blossom IliU 
Caddo 
Cookesville 
Greenwood 

CALCASIEU. 
Big Woods 
Lake Charles 

CALDWELL. 
Castor 

CopenlKiKCn 
Mount Pleasant 

CARROLL. 
Deerfifld 
Lake Carraway 
Montici'llo 
Pecan Grove 
Swan Lake 

CATAHOULA. 
Hap Hazard 
Little I'rairio 
Parham's Landing 
RoesHeld 
Trinity 
White Sulphur Springs 

CLAIBORNE. 
Allen's Settlement 
Athens 
Dorchcat 
Flat Lick 
Frank>ville 
Mindcn 

Mount Lebanon 
Quay 
Scottsville 
Tiger Creek 
Walnut Creek 

CONCORDIA. 

Fairvicw 
Flowery Mound 
Monterey Landing 



Rifle Point 
Routh's Point 
Toolcys 
Union Point 

DE SOTO. 

Ashland 
Black Jack 
Grand Cane 
Keehe 
Logansport 
Pleasant Grove 
Pleasant Hill 

EA,ST BATON ROUGE. 
Burlington 
Manchac 
Stony Point 

EAST FELICIANA. 
Clinton 

Mount Willing 
Port Hudson 
Saint Cloud 
Woodland 

FRANKLIN. 
Butler 
Hurricane 
Oakly 

IBERVILLE. 
Bayou Goula 
Gross Tcte 
Plaqucmine 

JACKSON. 
Brookline 
Dngdcmona 
Grove Hill 
Rochester 
Vernon 
Vienna 

JEFFERSON. 
Carrollton ^ 

LA FAVETTE. 

Vermillionville 

LA FOUKCIIE. 

LIVINGSTON. 
Coelk 
Springfield 
Wadeboro' 

MADISON 
Chesterfield 
Dallas 

Milliken's Bend 
New Carthago 
Young's Point 

MOREUAUSE. 
Bastrop 



De Glaize 
Point Jefl^crson 
Prairie Mer Rouge 

NATCHITOCHES. 

Adaies 
Campti 
Cloutierville 
Coushattee Chute 
Grand Ecore 
Isle Brcvillu 
Saline Mills 
Sonet 

OrELOUSA.S. 

ORLEANS. 
Fort Pike 

TLAQUEMINES. 

POINT COUPEE. 

Atchafalaya 

Hermitage 

Livonia 

Red Kiver Landing 

The Village 

Waterloo 

Williamsport 

RAPIDES. 

Big Creek 

Chciicvville 

Cotile' 

Dcsrayauxville 

Ilijiesion 

Huddlcston 

Jatt 

Walnut Hill 

SABINE. 
Burr's Feiry 
Fort Jcsup 
Mill Creek 
Toro 

ST. BERNARD. 

ST. CHARLES. 
McCutchons 
Taylor 

ST. HELENA. 
Darlington 
Dennis's Mills 
Tangapaho 

ST. JAMES. 
Convenent 

ST. JOHN BAPTIST. 
Bonnet Carre 
Edgard 

ST. LANDKA. 
Ballew's Ferry 
Big Cane 



Grand Coleau 
I'lafpieniine Bruleo 
Ville Platte 
Washington 

ST. MARTIN'S. 
Brean's Bridge 
Fausse Point 
Now Ibcri.i 

.ST. MARY'S. 
Alligator 
Bayou RatnoLs 
Ccutrcville 
Charenton 
Jeaneretts 
Pattcrsonvillo 

ST. TAMMANT. 
Lima 

Mandevillc 
Marljuryvitle 
Pai'kcrville 
Pine Grove 
Sun 

TENSAS. 
Kirk's Ferry 
Mound Bayou 
Water Proof 

TERRE BONNE. 

Tigcrvillc 

UNION. 
Cherry Ridge 
Marion 
Moore^ville 
Ouachila City 
Shiloh 
Spear's Store 

VEli.MlLION 
Alibvillc 
Perry's Bridge 

WACHITA. 

Caldwclls 

Forksville 

Indian Village 

Logtown 

Pine Hills 

Salmagundi 

Trenton 

WASHINGTON. 
Franklinton 
Oak Grove 
Palestine 
Shady Grove 
Sibila 

WEST BAICIN KOUUK 
Brnly Linding 
Lobdcll's .Store 

WEST FELICIANA 
Tunica 



800 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



STATE OF TEXAS. 



ANDERSON. 


CAMERON. 


Richmond 


JASPER 


Beaver 


Edinburgh 




Erin 


Elkheart 


Point Isabel 


FREESTONE. 


Jasper 


loni 




Troy 


Magnolia Spring 


Kickapoo 


CASS. 




Salem 


Palestine 


Centre 


GALVESTON. 


Union 


Plenitude 


Forest Home 




Zavalla 


Sand Spring 


Hickory Hill 


GAUDALUPE. 






Jefferson 




JEFFERSON. 


ANGELINA. 


Smithland 


GILLESPIE. 


Beaumont 


Marion 


Unionville 


Fredericksburg 


Green's Bluaf 


Sumter 






Pattillos 




CHEROKEE. 


GOLIAD. 


Pine Island 


AUSTIN. 


Analomink 




Pleasant Grove 


Centre Hill 


Jacksonville 


GONZALES. 


Sabine City 


Industry 


Linwood 


Belmont 


Rock Island 


Rusk 


China Grove 


KAUFMAN. 


Sempronius 


Sulphur Springs 




Black Hill 


Shelby 




GRAYSON. 


Cedar Grove 


Swearingens 


COLLIN. 


Pilot Grove 


College Mound 


Travis 


McKinney 


Sherman 


Kaufman 




Millwood 


AVashita 


Kemp 
Warsaw Prairie 


BASTROP. 






Cunninghams 


COLORADO. 


GRIMES. 




Young's Settlement 


Columbus 


Anderson 


KINNEY. 




Eagle I-ake 


Bedi 


Fort Duncan 


BELL. 


Egypt 


Grimesville 




Nolansville 


Frelsburg 


Prairie Plains 


LAMAK. 

Lake Creek 


BEXAR. 


C03IAL. 


HARRIS 


Paris 


Mineral Springs 


New Braumfels 


Hamhiin 


Shockey's Prairie 


Sun Antonia 




San Jacinto 




Sutherland Springs 


DALLAS. 


Spring Creek 


LAVACCA. 


Trier 


Dallas 




Hallettsville 




Duck Creek 


HARRISON. 


Mustang 


BOWIE. 


Farmer's Branch 


Ash Spring 


Oakland 


Boston 


Pleasant Run 


Concord 


Petersburg 


De Kalb 




Elysian Fields 


Rocky Mills 


Moores 


DENTON. 


Glade Spring 




Myrtle Springs 


Alton 


Jonesville 


LEON. 




Denton Creek 


Marshall 


Centreville 


BRAZORIA. 




Port Caddo 


Leona 


Cedar Lake 


DE WITT. 


Powcllton 


Navarro 


Columbia 


Clinton 


Reel Foot 


Siam 


Gulf Prairie 


Cuero 


Union Springs 




Hinds 


Live Oak 




LIBERTY. 


Liverpool 


Yorktown 


HENDERSON 


Anahuac 


San Louis 




Athens 


Cedar Bayon 


Solitude 


ELLIS. 


Bu£Falo 


Grand Cane 


Velasco 


Waxahachie 




Johns 






HOPKINS. 


Liberty 
Swartwout 


BZAZOS. 


FANNIN. 


Blackjack Grove 


Boonville 


Bonham 


Pleasant Hill 


West Liberty 


Millican 


Honey Grove 


Sulphur BlufF 






Licke 


Tarrant 


LIMESTONE. 


BURLESON 


Warren 


White Oak 


Alta Springs 


Caldwell 






Springfield 


Prospect 


FAYETTE- 


HOUSTON. 


Tiwoekony Springs 


String Prairie 


Black Jack 


Crockett 






Fayetteville 


San Pedro 


MATAGORDA. 


CALDWELL. 


La Grange 




Caney 


Lockhart 


Lyons 


HUNT. 


Matagorda 


Plumb Creek 


Millers 


Greenville 


Sugar Land 




Round Top 


Hooker 




CALHOUN. 


Rutersville 


Timber Creek 


MEDINA. 


Indianola 




Turkey Creek 


Castroville 


La Salle 


FORT BEND. 






Port La Vaca 


Big Creek 


JACKSON. 


MILAM. 


Saluria 


Clear Lake 


Morales De Lavaca 


Cameron 




Hodge's Bend 


Texana 


Nashville 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



801 



Waco Village 


roLK. 


Milam 


Mount Hope 




Celd Spring 


Pendleton 


Providence Hill 


MONTGOMERY. 


Greens 


Sabine Town 


Ratcliffs 


Danville 


Livingston 




Town Bluff 


Montcromcry 


McGees 


SAN AUGUSTINE. 


Wilsons 


Shannons 


Palmers 








Smithtield 


SAN PATRICIO. 


UPSHUR. 


NACOGDOCHES. 




San Patricio 


Earpville 


Douglass 


RED RIVER. 




Gilead 


Flournoys 


Kiomatia 


SHELBY. 


Gilmer 


Linn Flat 


Maple Springs 


Ashtons 


Hopewell 


Melrose 


Monterey 


Buena 'Vista 


Pine Tree 


Nacogdoches 


Pine Bluffs 


Coiirtland 


Red Rock 




Savannah 


Hamilton 




NAVARRO. 




Hiliiards 


VANZANT. 


Bazett 


REFUGIO. 


White Cottage 


Barren Ridge 


Chamber's Creek 


Aransas 




Four Mile Prairie 


Corsicana 


Copano 


SMITH. 




Meltons 


Lamar 


Canton 


VICT0RL4. 


Musket 


Refugio 


Flora 


Gaudelupe 


Red Oak 




Gum Spring 


"Victoria 


Richland Crossing 


ROBERTSON. 


Neche's Saline 




Spring Hill 


Caldwell 


Oldenburg 


■(VALKER. 




Franklin 


Summer Grove 


Cincinnati 


NEWTON. 


Wheelock 


Tyler 


Huntsville 


Burkeville 






Mitchells 


Gotland 


RUSK. 


STARR. 


Star 


Cypress Crossings 


Anadarco 


Roma 




Midway 


Belleview 




WASHINGTON 


New Columbia 


Caledonia 


TITUS. 


Brcnham 


Salem 


Cotton Plant 


Daingcrfield 


Chapel Hill 


NUECES. 


Fredonia 
Henderson 


Gray Rock 
Lone Star 


Gay Hill 
Independence 


PANOLA. 


Millville 


Mount Pleasant 


Long Point 


Bethany 


Minden 


Oak Grove 




Carthage 


Mount Enterprise 


Union Bridge 


WEBB. 


Fair Play 


New Salem 






Grand Bluff 


Pine Hills 


TRAVIS. 


WHARTON. 


Jones 


Rabbit Creek 


Gilleland Creek 


Preston 


Kinlock 


San Cosme 


Manchac House 


Wharton 


McMillans 


Sand Hills 


Merrilltown 




Parrys 


■yValling's Ferry 


San Marco 


WILLIAMSON. 


Pulaski 




Webber's Prairie 


Bushy Creek 


Reed's -Settlement 


SABINE. 




Blue "Hill 


Sugar Hill 


Bear Creek 


TYLER. 


Georgetown 


Walnut Hill 


Longwood 


Bendy's Landing 


San Gabriel 



STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



ARKANSAS. 


Gravel Ridge 


Tahlequah 


Arkadclphia 


Crockett's Bluff 


Lanark 




Terre Noir 


La Grew Springs 


Long View 


CHICOT. 




Niccottoo 


Mount Elba 


Bartholomew 


CONWAY. 


Saint Charles 




Columbia 


Cadron 


South Bend 


CARROLL. 


Gaines's Landing 


Fitz Henry 




Ashley 


Grand Lake 


Glass Village 


ASHLEY. 


Carroilton 


Hawkins's Landing 


Hurricane 


Fountain Hill 


Crooked Creek 




Lewisburg 


Hawkins's Landing 


Hussaw 


CHOCTAW. 






King's River 


Armstrong Academy 


CRAWFORD. 


BARTHOLOMEW. 


Osage 


Boggy Depot 


Belmont 






Choctaw Agency 


Natural Dam 


BENTON. 


CHICKASAW. 


Doaksville 


The Narrows 


Bentonvillc 


Fort Washita 


Engletown 




Double Spring 




Wheelock 


CREEK. 


Mavsville 


CHEROKEE. 




Creek Agency 


Pea Ridge 


Baptist Mission 


CLARK. 




Robinson's Cross Roads 


Flint 


Alphine 


CRITIENDEN. 




Fort Gibson 


Amity 


Allicator 


BRADLEY. 


(Jrand Saline 


Anvil 


Bledsoe's Landing 


Eagle Creek 


Kidron 


Anioin 


Blue's Point 



JOl 



802 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Conncil Bend 


Sulphur Rock 


MISSISSIITL 


Oakland Grove 


Grayson 


Wallace Creek 


Canadian • 


Ten Mile Point 


Oldham 


Wolf Bayou 


Harding's Point 








Hickman's Bend 


PULASKI. 


DALLAS. 


IZARD. 


Mill Bayou 


Mary 


Beech Bluff 


Benbrook's Mills 


Pecan Point 


Maumelle 


Cachemasso 


Mount Olive 






Chamher.sviUo 


North Fork 


MONROE. 


RANDOLPIL 


Cliappell 


Rich Woods 


Aberdeen 


Fourchc Dumas 


Holly SprlnRS 


Rocky Bayou 


Clarendon 


Hanancr's Store 


Moro 


Round Bottom 


Lawreneevillc 


Hixc's Ferry 


Stover 


Svhiniore 


Rough and Ready 


Pocahontas 


Tulip 


Wild Haus 


Surrounded Hills 
TuUyville 


Spring Creek 


DESHA. 


JACKSON. 


Valley Grove 


ST. FRANCIS. 


Bellvllle 


Augusta 


Wateusaw 


Bridge 


Fair Forrest 


Jacksonport 




Gage's Point 


Laconia 


Kcnyon 


MONTGOMERY. 


Green Plains 


Nnpoleon 
White Kivcr 


Mount Pinson 


Akins's Store 


Languellc 




Caddo Cove 


Mill Ridge 


Wileyville 


JEFFERSON. 


Centrevillc 


Mount Vernon 


Camp Creek 


Harold 


Oakland 


DREW. 


r)arvsaw 


Montgomery 


Saint Francis 


Cutoff 


Lehi 


Mount Ida 


Wittsburg 


Holly Point 
Laccv 


New Gasconv 






Pine Bluff 


NEWTON. 


SALINE. 


RelfB Bluff 


I*lum Bayou 


Borland 


Collegeville 




Richland 


Jasper 


Hurricane Creek 


FRANKLIN. 


Rol) Roy 


Mount Parthenon 


Lost Creek 


Cass 


White Oak 


Walnut Fork 


Owensville 


Charlestown 








Pleantllill 


JOHNSON. 


PERRY. 


SCOTT. 


Point Prairie 


Basham's Mills 




Black Jack 


Koseville 


Brownsville 


PHILIPS. 


Cross Roads 




Clarksville 


Barneys 


Parks 


FULTON. 


Gritiins 


Beech Grove 


Revilee 


BennettV River 


Horse Head 


Big Creek 


Tumlinsonvillo 


Franklin 


Morrison's Bluff 


Mooney 


Waldron 


Rapp's Barrens 


Pincy 

Pittsburg 


North Creek 
Oldtown 


SEARCY. 


GREENE. 


I'oint Meers 


Planters 


Locust Grove 


Chalk BInff 


Shoal Creek 


Sterling 


Point Peter 


Gainesville 




Walnut Bend 


Wiley's Covo 


Greensboro' 
Lorad o 
Oak Bluffs 


LA FAYKIl'E. 
Calhoun 
Hurricane Hill 


Walnut Ridgo 
PIKE. 


SEBASTIAN. 
Fort Smith 
James's Fork 


Oak Kidge 


Walnut Hill 


Hnddleston 


Wakott 




Wilton 


Jenny Lind 
Sugar Loaf 


HEMrsTEAD. 


LAWRENCE. 


POINSEIT. 




Clark's Mills 


Barry 


Farm Hill 


SEVIER. 


Columbus 
Fulton 


Canton 
Clover Bend 


Greenfield 
Johnston 


Brownstown 
Centre Point 


Graves 


Evening Shade 


Walnut Camp 


Lions's Beard 


Justus's Mills 


Powhatan 




Piraclifta 


Marlbrciok 
Mine ('reck 


Red Bank 
Reed's Bank 


POLK. 
Cove 


Rocky Comfort 
Saline 


Mount Moria 


Sniithville 
Spring River 


Panther 


Ultima Thule 


Spring Hill 


Stewart's Springs 


UNION. 


HOT SPRINGS. 


MADISON. 


POPE. 


Beaver Ruin 


Fair Play 
Midway 


Huntsville 


Dardanelle 


Beccbland 


Saint Paul 


Dover 


Cham].iagnolle 


Pleasant Ridge 


Tiisworth 


Dwight 


('ornie 


Rockport 


War luigle 


Gaily Creek 


F,l Dorado 






Scotia 


Hillsboro' 


INDEPENDENCE. 


MARION. 


Sulphur Springs 


Ijisbon 


Alder Brook 


Buffalo City 




Oakvil!e 


Curia 


Rolling Prairie 


PRAIRIE. 


Wilmington 


Oil Trough 


Worth 


Des Acre 




Pleasant Plains 


Yellville 


Dnvall's Bluff 


VAN BUEEN- 


Poke Bayou 




Brunswick 


Clinton 


Rock Point 


MILLER. 


Hickory Plain 


Kinderhook 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



803 



Quitman 

WASHINGTON. 
Boonslioro' 
Elm Siirings 
Evari<ville 
Ililocliee 
Sylva 
T'imey 
West' Fork 



WASHITA. 
Berkley 
Bufiia Vista 
Burtulo 
Caney 
Freco 
Godliold 
Laiiiiiriine 
Leake's Store 



Liberty 

Locust Bayou 

Luda 

t-iuiiicy 

ISeiniiuiry 

WooiUawn 

WHITE. 

Colli Well 



Stony Point 

YELL. 

Chickalah 
Parkcrsburg 
Petite Jean 
Pleasant Valley 
Prairie Creek 
Rock Creek 



STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



ANDERSON. 

Loy's Cross Roads 

Olivers 

Robertsville 

Ross 

Wallaee's Cross Roads 

Wilsons 

BEDFORD. 

Fairfield 
Flat Creek 
Riehniond 
Ricli Valley 
Rover 
liowesville 
Sinking Creek 
Unionville 
Wartrace 

BENTON. 
Camden 
Ch;ipuUcpec 
Chaseville 
Eagle Creek 
Morgan's Creek 
Sowanee 
Wills's Point 

BLEDSOE. 

Crossville 

Fillmore 

Foster's Cross Roads 

Grassy Cove 

Mount Airy 

Nine Mile 

Ormes's Store 

Roberson's Cross Roads 

BLOUNT. 

Cade's Cove 
Chilliowee 
Clover Hill 
Cloyd's Creek 
Ellejoy 
Frieniisville 
Little Kivcr 
Louisville 
Marys ville 
Morgantown 
Plum Grove 
Tnckaleeehee Cove 
Uniiia 

BRADLEY. 

Charleston 
Chat.ity 
Flint Springs 
Stony Point 



CAMI'BELL. 
Buffalo Creek 
Fineastle 
Granishoro' 
Lost Creek 
Pouch Creek 
Straight Fork 

CANNON. 

Auburn 

Bradyvillc 

Meehanicsville 

CARROLL. 
Bncna Vista 
Christmasville 
Heria 
Hico 

Maccilonia 
McLemoresville 
Martin's Creek 
Roan's Creek 
Sandv Bridge 
South Carroll 
Standardville 
Tcrryville 

CARTER. 

Dugger's Ferrv 
Happy Valley' 
Roan Mountain 

CLAIBORNE. 
Big Barren 
Cumberland Gap 
Head of Barren 
Old Town 
Speedwell 
Sycamore 
Yellow Springs 

COCKE. 

Parrottsville 
Wilsonville 

COFFEE. 
Beech Grove 
Hickory Creek 
Hillsboro' 

DAVIDSON. 
Chestnut Grove 
Elm Hill 
Franklin College 
Gnlistan 
Jnlia Dean 
Man^kor's Creek 
Moimt View 
Ridge Post 



South Harpeth 
South Nashville 
Stewart's Ferry 
Sycamore Mills 

DECATUR. 
Bath Springs 
Dceaturville 
Hermitage 
Perryville 

DE KALB. 

Alexandria 
Liberty 

Republican Grove 
Sligo 
Temperance Hall 

DICKSON. 
Barton's Creek 
Bcllslnirg 
Daniclsville 
R(.^sland 
WiUianisville 

DYER. 
Chestnnt Bluffs 
Dyersliurg 
Friendship 
Grove Mount 

FAYETTE. 
Belmont 

Colleton 

Coticorflia 

Ebcnczer 

Egypt 

Fayette Comer 

Hickory Withe 

Ispalnin 

La Grange 

Laurel Creek 

Macon 

Mount Comfort 

Moscow 

Nonconner 

Oakland 

Sanrlv Spring 

Whit'e Hall 

Wolf River 

FRANKUN. 

Alisonia 
(^row Creek 
Elk River 
Hawkerville 
Marble Hill 
Salem 
Tullahoma 



Tunnell 
Winchester Springs 

FENIKESS. 
Boiling Spring 
Coopersville 
Hale's Mills 
Jamestown 
Pall Mall 

GIBSON. 

Antioch 
Bluff Springs 
Chester 
Eaton 

Gibson's Wells 
Henings 
Hope Hill 
Pond Hill 
Poplar Grove 
Quincy 
Shady Gro;'o 
Shiloh 

South Gibson 
Trenton 
Waterford 
Yorkville 

GILES. 
Bethel 
Bodenham 
Bradshaw 
Bunker's Hill 
Campbellsvillc 
CornersviUe 
Elk Ridge 
Elkton 
Lamartino 
I/vnnville 
Mid Biilge 
Prospect 
Richland 
Shoal S])ring 
Vale Mills 
White Hill 

GRAINGER. 
Austin's Ferry 
Bean's Station 
Blain's Cross Road« 
Bull Run 
Cedar Ford 
Clear Spring 
Haynes 

M.irshall's Ferry 
Morristown 
Powdi'r Spring Gap 
Red Hill 
Redwood 



804 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Rocky Spring 
Sprinu; House 
Tampico 
Thorn Hill 

' GREENE. 
Bay Mount 
Camp Creek 
Caney Branch 
Carter's Station 
Cedar Creek 
Clear Creek 
Graysliur^ 
Gustavus 
Henderson's Mill 
Horse Creek 
Laurel Gap 
Limestone Springs 
Little Chucky 
NewmansviUe 
Rheatown 
Romeo 

Timber Ridge 
Warrensburg 

GRUNDY. 

Chesterfield 
Cumberland 
Pelham 

HAMILTON. 

Chattenooga 
Cliickamoga 
Cozhy 
Julian Gap 
Limestone 
Loddy 

Long Savannah 
Merry Oaks 
Sail Creek 
Snow Hill 
Westview 
Zion Hill 

HANCOCK. 
Allen's Station 
Copper Ridge 
Mulberry Gap 
Sneedsville 
Trent's Chapel 

HARDEMAN. 
Audubon 
Black Oak Grove 
Clover Port 
Crainsville 
Matamora 
Middleburg 
Moore's Cross Roads 
New Castle 
Nubbin Ridge 
Van Buren 
Whiteville 
■Williams's Store 

HAWKINS. 
Lee Valley 
Lvons's Store 
Marble Hall 
Mill Bend 
Mooresburg 
New Canton 
Saint Clair 



Van Hill 
War Gap 
Yellow Store 

HARDIN. 

Coffee Landing 

Hamburg 

Lowryville 

Red Sulphur Springs 

Saltillo 

Smith's Fork • 

HAYWOOD. 

Brownsville 

Cageville 

Carolina 

Cherryville 

Copan 

Dancyville 

LaneKeld 

Rusk 

Wesley 

Woodville 

HENDERSON. 
Hurricane Creek 
Jack's Creek 
Juno 

Lexington 
Middle Fork 
Mifflin 
Nero 

Pleasant Exchange 
Red Mound 
Scott's Hill 
Shady Hill 
Tippecanoe 

HENRY. 

Albany 
Barren Hill 
Caledonia 
Cheap Valley 
Como 

Conyersville 
Ell Grove 
Manlyville 
Mansfield 
Mount Holyokc 
Mouth of Sandy 
Sandy Hill 

HICKMAN. 
Beaver Dam Springs 
Bon Aqua 
Centreville 
Duck River 
Lick Creek 
Palestine 
Pleasantville 
Totty's Bend 

HUMPHREYS. 
Wavcrly 
White Oak 

JACKSON. 
Bennett's Ferry 
Buck Point 
Butler's Landing 
Celina 

Clementsville 
Double Springs 



Flynn's Lick 

Fort Blount 

Granville 

Hamilton Landing 

Highland 

Kossuth 

Lodi 

Mayfield 

Meigsville 

Pekin 

North Spring 

White Plains 

Whitleyville 

JEFFERSON. 
Chncky Bend 
Leadvale 
Mill Spring 
Mossy Creek 
New Market 
Oak Grove 
Panther Springs 
Russellville 
Spring Vale 
Snoddyville 
Strawberry Plains 
Trion 
Tuckahoe 

JOHNSON. 
Pandora 
Shady 

KNOX. 

Academia 
Beaver Ridge 
Campbell's Station 
Church Grove 
Flint Gap 
Gap Creek 
Mecklenburg 
Racoon Valley 
Woodbourne 

LAUDERDALE. 
Cane Bottom 
Cottage Hill 
Dry Hill 
Durhamville 
Fulton 
Walnut Post 

LAWRENCF. 

Cass 
Henry 
Morth Bend 
Palo Alto 
Sugar Creek 
Wayland's Springs 
West Point 

LEWIS. 
Hampshire 

LINCOLN. 
Boon's Hill 
Camargo 
Cane Creek 
Chestnut Ridge 
Cyruston 
Gas Factory 
George's Store 
Gill's Store 



Kinderhook 
Lynchburg 
Millville 
Molino 
Mulberry 
Norris's Creek 
Oregon 
Petersburg 
Pleasant Plains 
Prospect Hill 
Robinson's Store 
Viney Grove 

McMINN. 
Calhoun 

Cantrells Cross Boada 
Coghill 
Facility 

Hamilton Cross Roads 
Jalapa 
Mantua 
Oxford 

McNAIRY. 

Adamsville 
Anderson's Store 
Huggin's Creek 
Jones's Mills 
Monterey 
Montezuma 
Morse Creek 
Mud Creek 
Rose Creek 
Stantonville 
Tatesvillo 

MACON. 
Alton Hill 
Brooks's Tanyard 
La Fayette 
Meadorville 
Red Boiling Springs 

MADISON. 
Andrew Chapel 
Cotton Grove 
Denmark 
Mason's Creek 
Medon 

Mount Pinson 
Oakville 
Poplar Comer 
Spring Creek 

MARION. 
Battle Creek 
Cheeksville 
Coop's Creek 
Dadsville 
Fairview 
Looney's Creek 
Sequatchee 
Walden's Ridge 
Walnut Valley 

MARSHALL 

Belfast 
Berlin 

Caney Spring 
Catalpa Grove 
Chapel Hill 
Cochransville 
Farmington 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



805 



Mooresville 
New Hope 
Spring Place 

MAUKY. 

Asliwood 
Bigbyville 
Uope Hill . 
Hurt's Cross Roads 
Isom's Store 
Kiimarirs Store 
Mount Pleasant 
Pleasant Grove 
Poplar Riilge 
Rallv Hill 
Rich" Hill 
Santa Fe 
Screamersville 
Silver Creek 
Spring Hill 
Williamsport 

* MEItfS. 

Decatur 

Goodtield 

Kelly's Ferry 

Kincannon's Ferry 

Mouth Hewassee 

Pine Land 

Scwee 

Ten Mile Stand 

MONEOE. 

Ball Play 
Citico 

Coker Creek 
Four Mile Branch 
MadisonviUe 
Midway 
Mount Vernon 
Philadelphia 
Rockville 
Sweet Water 
Tellico Plains 
Toweo Falls 

MONTGOMERY. 

Asbury 

Blooming Grove 

Daleys 

Fredonia 

Henrietta 

Johnsons 

Little Grove [Roads 

McAllister's Cross 

Meriville 

New Providence 

New York 

Onecho 

Palmyra 

Port Royal 

Richardsons 

Ringgold 

Sailor's Rest 

Tennessee Iron Works 

Wheatly's Mills 

Yellow Creek Furnace 

MORGAN. 

Crooked Fork 
Long View 



OBION. 
Bulah 
Fremont 
Reclfoot 
Silver Top 
Totten's Wells 

OVERTON. 

Fox Spring 
Hilham 
Locust Shade 
Monroe 
Netherland 
Nettle Carier 
Oak Hill 
Oakley 
Olympus 
Sycamore Grove 
Walnut Grove 
West Fork 

TERRY. 

Beardstown 
Botaniok Garden 
Burtalo 
Linden 
Woods 

FOLK. 

Canasauga 

Columbus 

Culchote 

Greasy Creek 

Ocoa 

Red Spring 

Springtowu 

Sylco 

RHEA. 

E.igle Furnace 
Smith's Cross Roads 
Sulphur Springs 

ROANE. 
Barnardsville 
Belleville 
Blair's Ferry 
Cross Keys 
Eagle Furnace 
Emory Iron Works 
Erie 
Lenoirs 

Post Oak Springs 
Seven Isl.^nds 
Wood's Hill 
Wrightsville 

ROBERTSON. 
Bainbridge 
Barren Plain 
Fiser's Cross Roads 
Labanus 
MiichellsviUe 
Mulloys 
Red liiver 
Rose Hill 
Thomasville 
Turnersville 

RUTHERFORD. 

Carlockville 
Cherry Flat 
Fosterville 



Hall's Hill 

Jefferson 

Jordan's Valley 

Las Casas 

Millersburg 

Milton 

Readyville 

Stewartshoro' 

Vaughn Valley 

Versailles 

SCOTT. 
Huntsville 

SEVIER. 
Boyd's Creek 
Fair Garden 
Henry's Cross Roads 
Pigeon Forge 
Trundle's Cross Roads 
Walden's Creek 
Wear's Cove 

SHELBY". 
Ammonia 
Big Creek 
CoUiersville 
Germantown 
Greenbottom 
Hazel Flat 
Loosahatchee 
Memphis 
Morning Sun 
Rosstown 
Sulphur Well 

SMITH. 
Bagdad 

Clinton College 
Convenient 
Dixon's Springs 
Gordonsville 
Lancaster 
Montrose 
Peyton's Creek 
Pleasant Shade 
Rome 
Witcher's Cross Roads 

STEWART. 
Cumberland IronWorks 
Hope 

Indian Mound 
Line Port 
New Portland 
Onward 
Standing Rock 
Tobacco Port 

SULLIVAN. 
Aro.idia 
Campbell's Rest 
Clover Bottom 
Eden's Ridge 
Gott's Cross Roads 
Greenfield 
Hiltons 

Holston Valley 
Kingsport 
Mill Point 
Papcrville 
Poor Hill 
Rockholds 



White Top 

SUMNER. 

C:istalian Springs 
Fountain Head 
Greenwood 
Hannas 
Hartsville 
Hendcrsonville 
Montgomery 
Rock House 
Tyrce Springs 
Willow Grove 
Wirt College 

TIPTON. 
Beaver Dam Forks 
Bloomington 
Covington 
Portorsville 
Randolph 

VAN BUREN. 
WARREN. 
Caney Fork 
Clcarmont 
Irving College 
Rock Island 
Rocky River 
Rough and Ready 
Trousdale 

WASHINGTON. 
Blue Plum 
Boon's Creek 
Cox's Store 
Green Meadow 
James Cross Roads 
Leesburg 
Locust Mount 
Long Mire 
Washington College 
Watauga Bend 

WAYNE. 
Ashland 
CarroUville 
Clifton 
Cypress Inn 
Factor's Fork 
Houston 
Pleasant Valley 
Sorby 
Victory 

WEAKLY'. 

Boydsville 
Dresden 
Flemings 
Irvine's Store 
Locust Grove 
Mount Warren 
Old Hickory 
Palmer's Store 
Philipsville 
I'illowville 
Winston 

WHITF. 
Bon Air Springs 
Cave 

Dry Valley 
Falling Water 



806 



POST OFFICES IN TUE UNITED STATES. 



Gearsvillo 
Newark 
Kiver UiU 

WILLIAMSON. 

Arringtoa 

Ban-en 

Bethesda 

Boston 

Eagleville 



Good Spring 

Harpcth 

Hill's Valley 

.Ionian's Store 

Leiper's Fork 

Mount Ncbo 

Nolansvillo 

Pevtonsville 

Pinckney 

Kiggs's Cross Roads 



Triune 

West Harpetli 

White House 

WILSON. 
Big Spring 
Gainesville 
Cedar Grove 
Cherry Valley 
Commerce 



Green Hill 

Halifax [Roads 

Huddleston's Cross 

Legado 

Mount Carmcl 

Providence 

Rural Hill 

Shop Spring 

Statesville 

Three Forks 



STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



ADAIR. 

Breedings 

Gradyville 

Millersville 

Montpelier 

Neatsville 

ALLEN. 
Allen Springs 
Cedar S|)ring 
Gainesville 
New Roe 
Puncheon 

ANDERSON. 
Camdenville 
Chesher's Store 
Lawrenceliurg 
Rough and Ready 
Van Buren 

BALLARD. 
Belle Ombre 
Hazehvoo<l 
LovelaceviUe 
Melvin 
Millburn 
Oak Spring 

BARREN. 
Antioch 
Bear Wallow 
Blue Spring Grove 
Centre 
Dry Fork 
Edmonton 
Merry Oaks 
Paces 
Pageville 
Peter's Creek 
Prewitt's Knob 
Randolph 
Rocky Hill 
Skegg's Creek 
Three Forks 
Woodland 

BATH. 
Bald Eagle 
Bethel 
Eastvillo 
Gill's Mills 
Highland 
Laurel Fork 
Little Flat 
Marshall 

Olympian Springs 
Peeled Oak 



Sharpsburg 
Slate 

BOONE. 
Elijah's Creek 
Florence 
Hamilton 

Middle Creek Mills 
MitehellsviUe 
Petersburg 
Union 
Verona 
Walton 

BOURBON 

Centreville 

Clintonville 

Flat Rock 

Houston 

Jacksonville 

Millersburg 

Moreland 

North Middletown 

Ruddle's Mills 

BOVLE. 
Danville 
Perryville 

BRACKEN. 

Augusta 
Foster 
Locust Mills 
Milford 
Mount Olivet 
Pleasant Ridge 
Powersville 
Santa Fee 
Stanton 

BREAXnlTT. 

Croekettsville 
Frozen Creek. 
Lost Creek 

BKECKENRIDGE. 
Bewleyville 
Big Spring 
Cedar Grove 
Clifton Mills 
Clover Port 
Hudsonville 
Planter's Hall 
Stephensport 

BULLITT. 
Cane Spring 



Coxe's Creek 
Crooked Creek Furnace 
Mount Washington 
Pitts's Point 

BUTLER. 

Berry's Lick 
Rochester 
Sugar Grove 
Wood Berry 

CALDWELL. 

Farmersville 
Fredonia 
Long Hall 
Long Pond 
Princeton 

CALLAWAY. 

Clark's River 
Locust Grove 
Murray 
New Concord 
Pine Bluti" 
Shiloh 

CAMPBELL. 

Alexandria 
Brooklyn 
Carthage 
Cold Spring 
Flagg Spring 
Grant's Lick 
Tibbatt's Cross Roads 

CARROLL. 
CarroUton 
Ghent 
Grass Hills 
Mill Creek 
Prestonville 
Worthville 

CARTER. 
Bruin 

Knaps 

Mount Savage 
Olive Hill 
Star Furnace 
Upper Tygart 

CASEY. 

Liberty 
Middlcburg 
Wilcox's S:ore 

CHRISTIAN. 
Bainbridge 



Bcllcview 

Church Hill 

Cottonwood 

Fruit Hill 

Garretsburg 

Genoa 

La Fayette 

Long View 

Miller's Mill 

Newstead 

Oak Grove 

Oakland 

Pembroke 

Williams 

Wooldridge's Store 

CLARK. 

Colbyville 
Goode's Precinct 
Jones's Nursery 
Kiddville 
Oil Mills 
Pine Grove 
Ruckerville 

CLAY. 

Mount Welcome 
Se.xton's Creek 

CLINTON. 
Elliott's Cross Roads 
Seventy Six 

CRiri'ENDEN. 

Bell's Mines 
Cookseyville 
Dycusburg 

CUMBERLAND. 

Locust Spring 
Marrowbone 

DAVIESS. 
Burtonsville 
Calboun 
Crow's Pond 
Fillmore 
Knob Lick 
Knottsville 
Long Falls Creek 
Narrows 
Yelvington 

ED5I0NS0N. 
Big Ready 
Brownsville 
Dri|iping Spring 
Milinmoih Cave 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



ESTILL. 
Miller's Creek 
Red River Iron Works 

FATETTE. 

Athens 
Delphton 
Walnut Hill 

FLliMING. 
Elizaville 
Farmers 
HiUsboro' 
Martha Mills 
Mount Cannel 
Oak Woods 
Pleasant Grove Mills 
Plnmrner's Mill 
Poplar Plains 
Sherburne Mills 
Triplett 
White Oak Hill 

I'-LOYD. 

Lauesville 

FRANKLIN. 

Brill tre port 

Elk Horn 

Forks of Elk Horn 

Laputa 

Military Institute 

FULTON. 
Butler 
Hickman 
Line 
Pontotoc 
Ralphton 

GALLATIN. 

Glencoe 

Napoleon 

Warsaw 

G A HEARD. 

Brj'antsville 
Buckeye 
Ediiibnrch 
Paint Lick 

GRANT. 
Cordova 
Crittenden 
Oownintjsvillc 
Dry Ridge 

GRAVES. 
Dublin 
Dukedom 
Fancy Farm 
Farminj^ton 
Feliciana 
Leander 
Mavfield 
Oak Rid-c 
Sage Hill 
Symsonia 
Wilson's Creek 

GRAYSON. 
Big Clifty 
Caneyvilie 



Falls of Rough 
Grayson Springs 
Millerstown 
Rough Creek 
Short Creek 

GREENE. 
Allen Dale 
Catnlpa Grove 
Clover Hill 
Haskinsville 
Salonia 
Summersville 

GREENUP. 

Amanda 
Cannonsliurg 
Catlettsburg 
Oldtown 
Pollard's Mills 
Pond Rum 
Rocky Branch 
Springville 
Truittsville 
Tygert's Creek 

HANCOCK. 
Blackford 
Hawesville 
Lewisport 

HARDIN. 

Cofer 

Elizaheihtown 
Howell's Springs 
Nolen 
Oak Hill 
Red Hill 
Stephensburg 
West Point 

UAULAN. 
Lafontaine 
Letcher 
Poor Fork 

HARRISON. 

Broadwell 

Buena Vista 

Claysville 

Colemansville 

Connersville 

Curry's Run 

Havilanilsville 

Kenrontown 

Leesburg 

Raven Creek 

HAKT. 
Clear Point 
Glen Brook 
Green River 
Ilammonvillc 
Leesville 
Monroe 
Three Springs 
Woodson viUe 

HENDEKSON. 
Cairo 
Corvdon 
Ilcbbardsville 
Plensani Hill 
Smith's Mills 



Steamport 

HENRV. 

Carnpbellsburg 

Drennons 

Eminence 

Franklinlon 

Hcndrensville 

Lockport 

Pleasureville 

Port Royal 

Sligo 

Smithlield 

HICKMAN. 
Clinton 
Moscow 
Obion 
Wesley 

HOPKINS. 

Ashbysburg 
Carlow 
Chalk Level 
Day's Store 
Mulberry Grove 
Ncbo 

Providence 
Underwood 

JEFFERSON. 
Cross Roads 
Fishervillc 
Hayes's Spring 
Jeffersontown 
Lacona 
Long Run 
Lynnford 
Middlctowu 
Portland 
Snlina 
Williamson 

JESSAMINE. 
Kcenc 

Marble Creek 
Mount Freedom 
Pekin 
Potts's Mills 

JOHNSON. 

KENTON. 
Bank Lick 
Dry Creek 
Fiskburg 

Pincr's Cross Roads 
Stafl'ordsburg 

KNOX. 

Cumberland Ford 
Flat Lick 
Lynn Camp 
Swan Pond 
Yellow Creek 

LA RUE. 

Hodgensvillc 
Magnolia 



LAUREL. 
Bush's Store 



807 

London 

McHargue's Mills 
Mersliou's Cross RoadB 
Racoon 

LAWRENCE. 

Blaine 
Bolt's Fork 
Falls of Blaine 
George's Creek 
Peach Orchard 
Turman's Ferry 



LETCHEE. 

Boone Valley 

LEWIS. 
Cabin Creek 
Concord 

Esculapia Springs 
Kinniconick 
Poplar Flat 
Rock Creek 
Tolesboro' 
Vance burg 

LINCOLN. 
Crab Orchard 
Hustonville 
Milledgeville 
Walnut Flat 
Waynesburg 

LIVINGSTON. 
Berry's Ferry 
Camp Creek 
Ross's Ferry 
Smithland 
Walkers 

LOGAN. 

Adairville 

Allison 

Buena Vista Springs 

GordonsviUc 

Hague 

Keysburg 

Ra'bbitsville 

South Union 

Volney 

Mccracken. 

MADISON. 
Big Hill 
Elliston 
Kingston 
ICirksvillc 
Menclos 
Posey 
Rogersvillc 
Walnut Valley 
White Hall 

MARSHALL. 

Aurora 
Fair Dealing 

JIARION. 

Bnidfordsville 

Haysville 

Loretto 



808 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Manton 
New Market 
Kaywick 

MASON. 
Dover 

Germantown 
Hamar 
Helena 
May's Lick 
Maysville 
Minerva 
Mount Gilead 
MurphysviUe 
North Fork 
Orangeburg 
Sard is 
Slack 

MEAD. 
Flint Island 
Good Springs 
Gamettsville 
Eock Haven 

MEKCER. 
Comishville 
Duncan 
McAfee 
Salvisa 
Shawnee Hun 

MONROE. 
Centre Point 
Fountain Run 
Hilton 

Sulphur Lick 

MONTGOMEET. 
Aaron's Run 
Beaver Ponds 
Camargo 
Cash's Nob 
Levee 
Mount Ida 

MORGAN. 
Adamsville 
Black Water 
Bloomington 
Cassity's Mills 
Christy's Fork 
Hazel Green 
Head of Paint 
Johnson's Forks 
Little Sandy 
Saltillo 

MUHLENBUEG. 
Bremen 
EUwood 
Eumsey 

South CarroUton 
Unity 



Worthington 

NELSON. 
Bloomfield 
Boston 
Chaplin 
Deatsville 
Fairfield 
High Grove 
New Haven 
New Hope 
Rolling Fork 

NICHOLAS. 
Blue Lick Springs 
Carter's Store 
Forest Retreat 
Griffiths 
Head Quarters 
Moorefield 
Pleasant Valley Mills 

OHIO. 

Briggs's Mills 
Buford 
Fordsville 
Hines's Mills 
Lindleys 
Liverraore 
Pincheco 
Pleasant Grove 

OLDHAM. 

Ballardsville 

Brownsboro' 

Centrefield 

Floydsburg 

Goshen 

Kinklesburg 

La Grange 

OWEN. 
Dallasburg 
Gratz 
Haydons 
Jamesons 
Lee's Mills 
Monterey 
New Liberty 
Poplar Grove 
Savern 
Stamper's Mills 

OWSLEY. 
Proctor 
South Fork 

PENDLETON. 
Ash Run 
Callensville 
Doudsville 
Flower Creek 
Grassy Creek 
Motier 



PERRY. 
Bigleys 
Brashersville 
Grape Vine 

PIKE. 
Democracy 
Lonsville 
Pikcton 
Robinson's Creek 

PULASKI. 

Adams Mills 

Dallas 

Waterloo 

EOCK CASTLE. 

RUSSELL. 
Creelsburg 
Horse Shoe Bottom 
Jamestown 
Rowena 

SCOTT. 

Great Crossings 
Green's Store 
Little Eagle 
Newtown 
Oxford 
Ray's Fork 
Spring Dale 
Stamping Ground 
Turkey Foot 
White Sulphur 

SHELBY. 
Chestnut Grove 
Christiansburg 
Clay Village 
Consolation 
Hardinsville 
Harrisonville 
Jesse's Store 
Simpsonville 
Southville 

SIMPSON. 
Hickory Flat 
Palmyra 

SPENCER. 
Mount Eden 
Vandyke's Mill 
Waterford 
Wilsonville 

TAYLOR. 
Campbellsville 

TODD. 

Allensville 
Daysville 



Fain'iew 
HadensviUe 
Pilot Knob 
Roscoe 
Trenton 

TRIGG. 
Canton 

Empire Iron Works 
Golden Pond 
Lindsay's Mill 
Roaring Spring 
Wallonia 

TRIMBLE. 
Bedford 
Milton 
Winona 

UNION. 

Ashland 

Berry's Mill 

Bordley 

Caseyville 

Cypress 

Gum Grove 

Longwood 

Montezuma 

Raleigh 

Uniontown 

WARREN 

Smith's Grove 
Swan Creek 
Warrenton 
Woodburn 

WASHINGTOH 
Bakers 
Beech Fork 
Fredericktown 
Mackville 
Ryan's Mills 
Sniders 

Thompsonville 
Willisburg 

WAYNE. 

Clio 

Mill Springs 

Newberry 

Oak Forest 

WHITLEY. 

Clear Fork 
Meadow Creek 
Rockholds 
Woodbine 

WOODFORb 
Dorsey 
Midway 
Mortonsville 



ADAMS. 
Bentonville 
Blue Creek 
Bradyville 



STATE OF OHIO. 



Dunbarton 
Dunkinsville 
Eckmansville 
1 Gustiae 



Locust Grove 
Lovctts 
i Mahala 
Manchester 



Marble Furnace 

Rockville 

Scott 

Stouts 



POST OFFICES IN THE tTNITED STATES. 



809 



Tranquillity 


Bolen's Mills 


Maple 


Woggoner's Ripple 


Calvary 


New Hope 


Wheat Ridge 


Canaanville 


Puebia 


Youngsville 


Chauncey 


Russellville 




Coolville 


Sardinia 


ALLEN. 


Federaltou 


Union Plain 


AUentown 


Guysville 


Wliite Oak Valley 


Beaver Dam 


Hebhardsville 




Craubervy 


Hockingport 


BUTLER. 


Croghan 


Hulls 


Alert 


Donnells 
Herring 


Lee 

Lottridge 


Bethany 
Blue Ball 


Hog Creek 
Middle Uiver 


Lowrv 

Millfield 


College Corner 
CoUinsvillc 


Westminster 


NelsonviUe 


Contreras 


West Newton 


Pleasanton 


Jackson boro' 




Prattsville 


Le Sourdsvillc 


ASHLAND. 


Shade 


Miiidletowu 


Albion 


Sharp's Fork 


Millville 


Hayesville 


Torch 


Monroe 


Jeroraesville 


Trimble 


T*-i(ldv's Run 


LoudonviUe 


Woodyards 


Philanthropy 
Vis»Tah 


McKay 




Mifflin 


AUGLAIZE. 


Poast Town 


Mohican 


Frvburg 


Port Union 


Nankin 


Kossuth 


Princeton 


Perote 


Minster 


Reiley 
Ross 


Perrvville 


New Bremen 


Polk 


Saint John's 


Rossvillc 


Rows 


Uniopolis 


Saint Charles 


Ruggles 


Waynesfield 


Seven Mile 


Savannah 




Somerville 


Sullivan 


BELMONT. 


Stillwells 


ASHTABULA. 


Armstrong's Mills 
Bell Air 


Symmes's Corner 
Tariff 


Amboy 


Belmont 


Trenton 


Andover 


Bridgeport 


West Chester 


Austinburs 


Captina 


Winton 


Cherry Valley 


Colerain 




Clark's Corners 


Corinth 




Cork 


Demos 


fARUOLL. 


Denmark 


Dille's Bottom 


Augusta 


Dorset 


East Richland 


Harlem Spring 


EagleviUe 


Flushing 


Hickory 


East Plymouth 


Hendrysburg 


Kilgore 


Geneva 


Hunter 


Lamartine 


Harpersfield 


Jacolisburg 


Leavitt 


Hart's Grove 


Kennon 


Leesville 


Kelloggsville 


Lamira 


Malvern 


Kingsville 


Lampsville 


Mcchanicstown 


Lenox , 


Loydsville 


New Hagerstown 


Leon 


Martin's Ferry 


New Harrisburg 


Lindenville 


Morristown 


Norristown 


Monroe Centre 


Pilcher 


Oneida Mills 


Morgan 


Powhatan Point 


Pekin 


New Lvme 


SewellsviUe 


Rose 


North Sheffield 


Shepherdstown 


Scroggsfield 


Onvell 


Somerton 


Sherodsville 


Phelps 


Temperanceville 


Shober's Mills 


Picrpont 


Uniontown 




Richmond Centre 




CHAMPAIGN. 


Rome 


BEOWN. 


Bakers 


Saybrook 


Amheim 


Brinton 


South Ridge 


Ash Ridge 


Carysville 


Trumbull 


Decatur 


Chrisliansburg 


West Andover 


De La Palma 


Millers town 


West Pierpont 


Fayetteville 


Mutual 


West Williamsfield 


Fecsburg 


North Lewisburg 


Williamsrteld 


Fincastle 


Saint Paris 


Windsor 


Five Mile 


Spring Hills 




Hamersville 


Terre Haute 


ATHENS. 


Higginsport 


Westville 


Amesville 


Lewis 

102 


Woodstock 



CLARK. 

Catawba 

Donnelsville 

Enon 

Medway 

New Carlisle 

North Hampton 

Selma 

South Charleston 

Tremont 

Vienna Cross Roads 

CLERMONT. 

Amelia 

Bantam 

Belfast 

Bethel 

Branch Hill 

California 

Ccdron 

Chilo 

Clover 

Edenton 

Felicity 

Goshen 

Laurel 

Locust Comer 

Loveland 

Marathon 

Miamiesvillc 

Milfurd 

Monterey 

Moscow 

Mount Carmel 

Jlount Olive 

Mount Pisgah 

Mulberry 

Neville 

New Palestine 

New Richmond 

Newtonsvillo 

Nicholsville 

Olive Branch 

Owensville 

Perin's Mills 

Pleasant Grove 

Pleasant Plain 

Point Isabel 

Point Pleasant 

Rural 

West Woodville 

Williamsburg 

Withamsvillc 

CLINTON. 
Blanchestcr 
Bloomington 
Clarksville 
Cuba 

Lee's Creek 
Lumberton 
Martinsville 
New Antioch 
New Burlington 
New Vienna 
Oakland 
Port William 
Quinn's Jlills 
Sabina 
Sligo 
Snow Hill 
Wcstboro' 
Wilson's Station 



810 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



COLUMBIAKA. 
Achor 
Bucks 
Calcutta 
Cannon's Mills 
Clarksoii 
Columbiana 
DamascoviUe 
Dunfranoii 
Bast Fairfield 
Kast Liverpool 
East Palestine 
East Rockester 
Elkion 

Franklin Square 
Gavers 
Glasgow 
Green Hill 
Hanoverton 
Hastingsville 
Inverness 

Little Beaver Bridge 
McKaig's Hills 
New Alexi)n(ler 
New Chainhershurg 
New Garden 
North Georgetown 
Saint Clair 
Salem 
Salineville 
Sandy 
Unity 

Washingtonville 
Wellsville 
West Beaver 
West Point 

COSHOCTON. 

Bakcrsville 

Canal Lowisville 

Chili 

Clarks 

Evansburg 

Keene 

Mohawk Valley 

Munnsville 

New Bedford 

New Castle 

New Guilford 

New Princctoa 

PlainHeld 

Kidge 

Tiverton 

Tyrone 

Wakatomika 

Walhonding 

Warsaw 

West Bedford 

West Carlisle 

West La Fayette 

White Eves Plains 

WiUs's Creek 

CRAWFORD. 
Broken Sword 
Chatfield 
De Kalb 
Gallon 

Leesville Cross Roads 
Liberty Corners 
Likens 
Loss Creek 
Now Washington 



New Winchester 

Oceola 

Olentangy 

Poplar 

Sulphur Springs 

Tiro 

Wellerville 

CUyAUOGA. 
Barry 
Bedford 
Berea 
Brieksville 
Brooklyn 
Chagrin FaUs 
Coe Ridge 
CoUamer 
East Cleveland 
Euclid 
Gates's Mills 
Independence 
Maylield 
Middleburg 
Newhurg 
North Dover 
North Royalton 
Oldstcd 
Parma 
Rock port 
Strongsville 
Warrensville 

DAUKE. 

Abbottsville 

Beamsville 

Brock 

Castine 

Concordia 

Darke 

Fort Jefferson 

German 

Hill Grove 

Ith.aca 

Jacksonville 

Mississinawa 

Mount Heron 

New Madison 

Nortli Star 

Pittsburg 

Poplar Ridge 

Republican 

Robisons 

Sampson 

Seven Mile Prairie 

Tampico 

Woodington 

DEFIANCE. 

Arrowsmiths 

Ayersville 

Bruneisburg 

Evansport 

Farmer 

HieksviUe 

Milldale 

Ney 

Panama 

Snook ville 

DELAWARE. 
Alum Creek 
Bellcpoint 
Colo's MUls 



Culver Creek 

East Orange 

Galena 

Genoa Cross Roads 

Hai'lem 

Killbourn 

Kingston Centre 

Little Mill Creek 

Ma.xwell 

Norton 

Patterson 

Porter 

Radnor 

Scioto Bridge 

Stratford 

Sunbury 

Unison 

Van's Valley 

Williarasville 

ERIE. 

Berlinville 

Birmingham 

Bloomingville 

Castalia 

Cooke's Corners 

Florence 

I"urnacc 

Groton 

Huron 

Milan 

Venice 

Vermilion 

West Vermilion 

FAIRFIELD. 

Amanda 

Bremen 

Canal Winchester 

Carroll 

Clear Creek 

Dumontville 

Green Castle 

Lilhopolis 

Lockville 

MiUersport 

New Salem 

Pickerington 

Plcasantville 

Royalton 

Rusliville 

Sugar Grove 

West Rushvillo 

FAYETTE. 
Bloom ingburg 
Convenience 
Dutf's Forks 
Jert'ersonviUe 
Moons 

Pancoastburg 
Staunton 

FKANKLIN. 

Alton 

Blendon 

Central College 

Clintonville 

Darby 

Dublin 

Gahanna 

Georgcsvillo 

Groveport 



Harrisburg 

Hibernia 

Hope 

Lockbourno 

Ovid 

Rcynoldsburg 

WesterviUe 

Worthington 

FULTON. 
Ai 
Blane 

Chesterfield 

Delta 

Elmira 

Emery 

Essex 

Gorham 

Groveland 

Lavona 

Lyons 

Metamora 

Mill Creek 

Parchcr's Comers 

Ted row 

West Barre 

GALLIA. 
Addison 
Anselm 
Bay's Bottom 
Cheshire 
Ewington 
Gallia Furnace 
Kyger 
Patriot 
Pine Grove 
Racoon Island 
Rio Grande 
Rodney 
Smiths 

South New Castle 
Swan Creek 
Thivener 
Thurmaa 
Vinton 

GEAUGA. 
Auburn 
Bissells 
Bridge Creek 
Bundysburg 
Burton 

Ciiester Cross Roads 
Claridon 
East Claridon 
Fowler's Mills 
Hampden 
Hunisburg 
Middlcfield 
Montville 
Newbury 
North Newbury 
Parkman 
Russell 

South Thompson 
Thompson 
Welshfield 

GREENE. 
Al|)ha 
Bellbrook 
Bowersville 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



611 



Byron 

Cedarville 
Clifton 
Clio 

Eureka Mills 
Fairfiekl 
Grape Grove 
Jamestown 
New Jasper 
Paintersville 
Sprins Valley 
Yellow Springs 
Zimmerman 

GUEUSSEy. 
Antrim 
Batesville 
Bird's Run 
Buffalo 
Byesville 
Cable 
Claysville 
Cumberland 
Dysons 
Fairview 
Kennonsburg 
Kimbolton 
Leatbei'wood 
Londonderry 
Middlcbourne 
Milnersville 
Mount Epriam 
New Gottingen 
Scnecaville 
Wasbington 
Winehester 

HAMILTON. 
Bevis's Tavern 
Brown's Grove 
Cheviot 
Cleves 
College Hill 
Columbia 
Cumingsville 
Dent 
Dry Fork 
Dry Ridge 
Dunlap 
Elizabethtown 
Harrison 
Hyireia 
Madisonville 
Montgomery 
Mount Heaiihy 
Mount \Vasliington 
Newtown 
Ourys 
Plai'nville 
Pleasant Ridge 
Pleasant Run 
Preston 
Reading 
Sharonville 
Spring Dale 
Storrs 
Walnut Hills 

UANCOck. 

Arlington 
Asberey 
Benton Ridge 
Blanchard Bridge 



Cannonsburg 

Cass 

Clement 

Eagle 

MfComb 

Mount Blanchard 

Oak Ridge 

Van Buren 

Vanlue 

IIAUUIN. 

Dudley 
Hale 

Huntersville 
Round Head 
Sylvia ' 

HAUEISON. 
Archer 
Cassville 
Cold Spring 
Conotton 
Deersville 
Feed Spring 
Germano 
Harrisville 
Hope Dale 
Laceyville 
Moorefield 
New Uumley 
Nottingham 
Pleasant Mount 
Scio 

Short Creek 
Tappan 
Tippecanoe 

HENKY. 

Damascus 

ITurand 

Florida 

New Bavaria 

Kidgeland 

Ridgeville Corners 

Shunk 

Texas 

UIGIILAND. 

Allensburg 

Bell 

Buford 

Centrefield 

Dallas 

Dodsonvillc 

East Monroe 

Greentield 

Highland 

Leesburg 

Lynchburg 

Marshall 

Mowrystown 

Nevin 

New Corwin 

New Market 

New Petersburg 

North Unioutown 

IVicetown 

Rainsboro' 

Samantha 

Sicily 

Sinking Spring 

Sugar Tree Ridge 

VViUcttville 



HOCKING. 

Ewing 
Giljcsonville 
Pattonsville 
Rock House 
South Perry 
Starr 

HOLMES. 
Benton 
Black Creek 
Buena Vista 
Holrnesvillc 
Humlirey's Villa 
Mount Hope 
Nashville 
Walnut Creek 
Wiuesburg 

HUKON. 
Bellevue 
Bronson 
Centreion 
Clarksfield 
East Clarksfield 
East Townsend 
Fitchville 
Four Corners 
Greenwich 
Hartland 
Lyme 

New Haven 
Nevv London 
North Fairfield 
North Norwich 
Olena 
Peru 
Pontiac 
Ripleyville 
Sherman 
Steuben 
Wakeman 

JACKSON. 
Berlin Cross Roads 
Buckeye Furnace 
Dawkins's Mills 
Jackson Furnace 
Keystone 
Levi 
Mabess 

McGlice's Store 
Meadow Branch 
Oak Hill 
Rocky Hill 

JEFFERSON. 
Amsterdam 
Annapolis 
BloQminiTtlalo 
Cope's Mills 
('roxton 

East Springfield 
Elliottsville 
Island Creek 
Jeddo 
Kno.\ville 

Mitchell's Salt Work 
Moore's Salt Works 
Mount Pleasant 
Mouth of Yellow Creek 
Nebo 
New Alexandria 



New Somerset 

l*hilipsburg 

Port Homer 

Richmond 

SmitliHeld 

Updergrafi"s 

Warrcnton 

Wintcrsville 

KKOX. 

Bladcnsburg 

Brandon 

Ccntreburg 

Danville 

Democracy 

Gambler 

Jelloway 

Knox 

Levering 

Lock 

Lucerne 

Maple Grove 

Martinsburg 

Milfordton 

Millwood 

Monroe Mills 

Mount Liberty 

Nonj)areil 

North Liberty 

Shaler's Mills 

Wolf 

LAKE. 

Arcole 

Concord 

Fairport 

Hillhonse 

Kirtland 

Madison 

Mentor 

North Perry 

Perry 

South Kirtland 

Unionville 

Wicklifi'e 

WiUoughby 

LAWRENCE. 

Campbell 
Coal Grove 
Eli/.aljcth 
Greene's Store 
Hanging Rock 
Haskellville 
Millers 

Quaker Bottom 
Russell's Place 
Simmons 
Waterloo 

LICKING. 

Alexandria 

Applcton 

Bccchland 

Chatham 

Cokcsbury 

Columbia Centre 

Conine 

Croton 

Etna 

Fallsburg 

Kredonia 

Grauvillo 



812 

Hanover 

Hebron 

Homer 

Jacksontown 

Jersey 

Johnstown 

KirkersviUe 

Ijinnville 

I'eirytown 

Reynolds 

Saint Louisville 

Sylvania 

Utiea 

LOGAN. 
Belle Centre 
East Liberty 
Huntsville 
Lewislovvn 
Loganville 
Muchinippe 

New Richland 

Quincy 

Rushylvania 

West Lilierty 

West Middleburg 

Zanesfield 

LOKAIN. 

Amherst 
Avon Lake 
Black River 
Brighton 
Brownhclm 
Carlisle 
Copopa 
Grafton 
Huntington 
La Grange 
La Porte 
North Camden 
North Eaton 
North Ridgeville 
North Rochester 

Pen Held 

Pittsfield 

Plato 

Sheffield . 

Sheffield Lake 

Wellington 

i,TJCAS. 

Java 

Manhattan 
Providence 

Rig' 

Swanton 
Tremainville 

Utah 

Waterville 

Whiteford 

MADISON. 

Big Plain 
Cross Roads 
Darby Creek 
Mount Sterling 
Rosedale 
South Solon 
Summcrford 
Tradersville 
West Canaan 
West Jefterson 



POST OFFICES m THE UNITED STATES. 



MAHONING. 
Berlin Centre 
Boardman 
Coitsville 
Cornersburg 
East Lewistown 
East Westville 
Ellsworth 
Frederic 
Grecnford 
Hanna's Mills 
Lowellville 
Milton 
New Albany 
New Middletown 
New Springfield 
North Benton 
North Jackson 
North Lima 
Orange 
Petersburg 
Poland 
Pottersville 
Youngs town 

MARION. 

Big Island 
Caledonia 
Cochranton 
Grand Prairie 
Letimberville 
Little Scioto 

Prospect 

Underwoods 

Waldo 

Wilson 



MEDINA. 

Abbeyville 

Brunswick 

Chatham Centra 

Coddingville 

Granger 

Guilford 

Hinckley 

Homerville 

Le Roy 

Litchfield 

Liverpool 

Lodi 

Mallet Creek 

River Styx 

Sharon Centre 

Spencer 

Wardsworth 

Weymouth 

Whittlesey 

MEIGS. 
Alfred 

Apple Grove 
Bashan 
Burlingham 
Chester 
Downington 
Graham's Station 
Great Bend 
HarrisonviUe 
Langsville 
Led lies 
Letart Falls 
Long Bottom 
Rutland 



Salisbury 
Silver Run 
Sterling Bottom 
Tupper's Plains 

MEKCEK. 

Boetia 

Chickasaw 

Cold Water 

Cranberry Prairie 

Deep Cut 

Fort Recovery 

Macedon 

Maria Stein 

Mendon 

Mercer 

Montezuma 

Neptune 

Saint Henrys 

Shane's Crossings 

Skeel's Cross Roads 

MIAMI. 

Aliens 

Brandt 

Cass town 

Covington 

Fairmount 

Fidelity 

Fletcher 

Hyattsville 

Laura 

Pleasant Hill 

West Charleston 

West Milton 



MONROE. 

Alum Run 

Antioch 

Baresville 

Beallsville 

Berne 

Calais 

Cochran's Landing 

Enoch 

Graysville 

Harrictsvillc 

Jerusalem 

JonesviUe 

Laings 

Lewisville 

Malaga 

Masterton 

Middle Creek 

Miltonsburg 

Rocky Narrows 

Sard is 

StaflTord 

Summerfield 

Sunfish 

Wittens 

MONTGOMERY. 

Bear Creek 

Centre 

Cenlreville 

Chambersburg 

Clayton 

Corwin 

Farmersville 
Germantown 
Harshraansville 
Henby 



Johnsville 
Liberty 
Little York 
New Lebanon 
Pyrmont 
Taylorsville 
Union 
Vandalia 
West Baltimore 

MORGAN. 
Anderson's Store 
Bristol 
Chester Hill 
Claytona 
Deavertown 
Elliott's Cross Roads 
Gardner 
Hall's Valley 
Hickerson's Cross R ds 
Hiramsburg 
HoskinsviUe 
Keiths 
Log Cabin 
Malta 

Meigs's Creek 
Meigsville 
Morgansville 
Moscow Mills 
Neelysville 
Olive 
Pennsville 
Pleasant Valley 
Rcnrock 
Ringgold 
Rokeby 
Rosseau 
Sharon 
South Olive 
Stockport 
Triadelphia 
Wharton's 
Wood Grove 

MORROW. 

Andrews 

Bennington 

Bloomfield 

Cardington 

Chcsterville 

Corsica 

Iberia 

Lincoln 

McE wen's Cross Roads 

Marengo 

Marits 

Nimmon's Cross Roads 

Pulaskiville 

Shaucks 

Smith's Mills 

Sparta 

Vail's Cross Roads 

Westfield 

Whetstone 

Woodview 

MUSKINGUM. 
Adam's Mills 
Baxters 
Blue Bock 
Bridgeville 
Chandlersville 
Duncan's Falls 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



813 



Frazeyshurg 

Freel:uids 

Fultonliam 

Grutiot 

High Hill 

Hopuwell 

Irville 

Meadow Farm 

Mu>kingum 

Nash port 

New Concord 

Newton 

Norwich 

Otscgt) 

Pliilo 

Putnam 

Rich Hill 

Ridgeway 

Rix's Mills 

Roseville 

Sainilield 

Shannon 

Stovcrtown 

Symme's Creek 

White Cottage 

Young Hickory 

OTTAWA. 

Marlilehead 

Ottawa 

Whitestown 

PAULDING. 

Antwerp 
Doylestown 
Junction 
Paulding 

PERKY. 

Asbury 

Buckeve Cottage 

Chapel Hill 

Crossanvillc 

Mount Perry 

New Lexington 

Oakfield 

Pike 

Portersville 

Relioboth 

Sego 

Straitsville [Roads 

Sunday Creek Cross 

Thornville 

Worth 

PICKAWAY. 
Ashville 
Beckett's Store 
Darbyville 
Lcist\ ille 
New Holland 
Palestine 
Soutli Bloomfield 
Willianisport 

PIKE. 

Beaver 

Byington 

Cvnlhiaua 

Fiat 

Gilison 

Jasper 

Morgan's Fork 



Omega 
Waverly 

PORTAGE. 

Atwater 

Brimfield 

Campliell's Port 

Charlestown 

Deeifield 

Edinburgh 

Freedom 

Ganettsville 

Mantua Centre 

Nelson 

Palmyra 

Parisville 

Randolph 

Kapids 

Rootstown 

Shalersville 

Streetsboro' 

Snffield 

Windham 

PREBLE. 

Brennersville 

Camden 

Enterprise 

Euphemia 

Fair Haven 

(icttysburg 

Gratis 

Hagerslown 

Hamburg 

Lewisburg 

Morning Sun 

New Paris 

New Westville 

Sugar Valley 

Upshur 

West Alexandria 

West Elkton 

West Florence 

PUTNAM. 
Buck Eye 
Dukes 

Fort Jennings 
Franconia 
Gilboa 
Leipsic 
Medary 
I'endleton 
Pleasant 
Vaughnsvillc 

RICHLAND. 
Adario 
Barnes 
Belleville 
Butler 
Ganges 
Hastings 
Lexington 
Lucas 
Ncwville 
Olivcsburg 
Ontario 
Plymouth 
Ri'blets 
Richland 
Rives 
Shanandoah 



Shelby 
Six Corners 
West Windsor 

ROSS. 
Austin 
Bainbridge 
Bouineville 
Clarksburg 
Gillespicville 
Hallsville 
Kingston 
Lattas 

Richmond Dale 
South Salem 
Waller 
Yellow Bud 

SANDUSKY. 
Black Swamp 
Butternut Ridge 
Green Creek [Roads 
Grcensburg Cross 
Rollersville 
Townscnd 
Woodville 
York North Ridge 
York South Ridge 

SCIOTO. 

Franklin Furnace 

French Grant 

Friendship 

Iron Furnace 

Junior 

Lucasville 

Lyra 

Nairn 

Scioto 

Sciotoville 

Wheelersburg 

SENECA. 
Adams 
Attica 
Bascom 
Bettsville 
Berwick 
Bloomville 
Fitz Henry 
Fl.at Rock 
Fort Seneca 
Foster's Mill 
Green Spring 
Reedtown 
Republic 
Risdon 
Stoner 
West Lodi 

STARK. 
Barryville 
Cairo 

Canal Fulton 
East Greenville 
Frease's Store 
Greentown 
Hartville 
Lake 
Limaville 
Louisville 
Magnolia 
Mahoning 



Maplcton 

Marlboro' 

Middle Branch 

Minerva 

Mount Union 

Navarre 

New Haltimore 

New Berlin 

New Franklin 

North Industry 

Osnaburg 

Paris 

Waynesburg 

West Brookfield 

SHELBY. 

Dinsmore 

Houston 

Lockington 

Loramies 

Montra 

Pratt 

Spcer's Landing 

Tawawa 

Valentia 

Wynant 

SUMMIT. 
Bath 

Boston 

Brandywinc Mills 
Clinton 
Copley 
Hudson 
Inland 

Johnson's CorDCrs 
Middlehury 
Mogadore 
i Montrose 
New Portage 
Nimisila 
Northlicld 
North Springfield 
Norton Centre 
Peninsula 
Richfield 
Stow 
Summit 
Tallmadge 
Twinslmrg 
Western Star 

TRUMBULL. 

Bazetta 

Brace ville 

BristolviUe 

Brookfield 

Champion 

Church Hill 

Duck Creek 

Eden 

Farmington 

Fowler 

Girard 

Greensbnrg 

Gnstavus 

Hartford 

Howlaini 

llubliard 

Johnson ville 

Kitismans 

Mecca 

Mesopotamia 



814 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Nilcs 

North Bloomfield 

Ohlstown 

Oranireville 

Soutliingtou 

State Line 

Vernon 

Vienna 

Willow Dale 

TUSCARAWAS. 
Albany 
Cadwalladcr 
Canal Dover 
Deunlorlfs Mills 
Dundee 

New Comerston 
New Cumberland 
Peoli 

Port Washington 
Rocksford 
Rog:ersviUe 
Rush 

Sandyville 
Shanesville 
Stillwater 
Stone Creek 
Strasburg 
Wabor 
Tuscarawas 
Uhricksville 
Wintield 
Zoar 

ITNION. 
Allen Centre 
Boke's Creek 
Coberlys 
Darl)y Plains 
Jerome 

Milford Centre 
New California 
Pharisburg 
Raymonds 
Riehwood 
Rush Creek 
Unionville Centre 
Watkins 



Wilkins 
York 

VAN WERT. 
Anglaize 
Dclphos 
Tully 
Willshire 

VINTON. 

Allcnsville 
Rolen's Mills 
New Plymouth 
Prattsville 
RatcliflTsburg 
Reed's Mills 
Swan 
Wilkesville 

■V7AREEN. 
Brown's Store 
Butlerville 
Dallasburg 
Deerfield Village 
Dunlevy 
Edwaidsville 
Fort Ancient 
Harveysburg 
HopkinsviUe 
Level 

Liberty Hall 
Mason 
Morrow 
Mount Holly 
Oregon 
Red Lion 
Ridgeville 
Rochester 
Twenty Mile Stand 
Wayncsville 

WASHINGTON. 
Barlow 
Bartlett 
Belpre 
Beverly 
Bonn 
Brown's Mills 



Centre Bclpre 

Coal Rnn 

Constitution 

Decaturville 

Fearing 

Fillmore 

Flint's Mills 

Grand View 

Harmar 

Jolly 

Lawrence 

Little Hockhocking 

Lowell 

Lower Lawrence 

Lower Newport 

Lower Salem 

New Port 

North Union 

Ostend 

Rcgnier's Mills 

Saltpetre 

Veto 

Watcrford 

Watcrtown 

Wesley 

WAYNE. 

Apple Creek 

Big Prairie 

Blacblysvillc 

Burbank 

Canaan 

Cedar Valley 

Chippewa 

Congress 

Cooper 

Dalton 

Easton 

Fredericksburg 

Madisonburg 

MarshallsvillB 

Mill Brook 

Moorland 

Mount Eaton 

New Pittsburg 

New Prospect 

Number One 

Old Hickory 

Plain 



Reedslmrg 
Shreve 
Smithville 
West Lrhanon 
West Salem 

WILLIAMS. 

Bridgewater 

Deer Lick 

Domestic 

Durbin's Comers 

Lockport 

Montpelier 

Nettle Lake 

North West 

Oak 

Pioneer 

Pulaski 

Saint Joseph 

Spring Lake 

West Unity 

Williams's Centre 

WOOD. 

Bowling Green 

Miltonville [Roads 

Montgomery Cros.s 

New Rochester 

Portage 

Scotch Ridge 

Stony Ridjre 

West Mill Grove 

Weston 

Woodbury 

WVANDOTT. 
Belle Vernon 
Bowshersville 
Carey 
Crawford 
Little Sandusky 
MeCutcbenville 
Marseilles 
Mexico 
Seal 

Sycamore 
Tymoehtee 
Wyandott 



STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



ALLEGAN. 
Bee Line 
Bradley 
Manlius 
Martin 
Plainwcll 
Proctor 
Rabbit River 
Saugatuck 
Wayland 

BARRY. 

Assyria 

Baltimore 

Bristolvillo 

Carlton 

Castleton 

Cedar Creek 



Fulton 
Glass Creek 
Gum Lake 
Hastings 
Hickory Comers 
Irving 
Johnstown 
Maple Grove 
Middlevillo 
Prairieville 
South Assyria 
Woodland' 
Yankee Spring 

BEUKIEN. 

Bainbridge 

Bertrand 

Buchanan 



Dayton 
Pipe Stone 
Spring Creek 
Watervleit 

BRANCH. 

Algansee 

Batavia 

Bronson's Prairie 

California 

Gilead 

Girard 

Kinderhook 

Mattison 

Nolile Centre 

Ovid 

Prairie River 

Quincy 



Sherwood 
Union City 

CALHOUir 

Abscota 

Albion 

Athens 

Bedford 

Burlington 

Cedar Lake 

Cerosco 

Clarence 

Clarendon 

Conois 

Emmett 

Esmond's Comers 

Homer 

Marengo 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



815 



Newton 


HILLSDALE 


North Marshall 


Bird 


Penfiekl 


Cambria 


Pine Creek 


Cambria Mills 


Rice Ureek 


Camden 


South Albion 


Cass 


Tekonsha 


Edinburg 




Florida 


CASS. 


Litchfield 


Adamsville 


Moscow 


Dowajiiac 


North Adams 


Edwardshurg 


Pittsford 


La Grange 


Hanson 


Little Prairie Rondo 


Heading 


Newbers 


Scipio Centre 


Silver Creek 


Somerset 


Summcrville 


Sparta 


Union 


Sylvanns 


Vandalia 


Wheatland Centre 


Volinia 


Wood's Corners 


CHEBOYGAN. 


HOUGHTON. 


Duncan 


Algonquin 




Kcwenaw Bay 


ciiippp:wa. 


Northwest Mine 


CLISTON. 


INGHAM. 


Bengal 


Alaiedon 


]>allas 


Bunker Hill 


De Witt 


Delhi Centre 


Duplain 


Eden 


Eagle 


Ingham 


Essex 


Le Roy 


Greenbush 


Leslie 


Olive 


Mason 


Ossawa 


Onondaga 


Victor 


Pbelpstown 


Wacoiista 


Sanf'ord 




Stockbridge 


EATON. 


White Oak 


Bellevue 


Williamstown 


Carlisle 




Charlotte 


IONIA. 


Chester 


Avon 


Delta 


Boston 


Eaton 


Danby 


Eaton Rapids 


Maple 


Grand Ledge 


Matherton 


Kalamo 


North Plains 


Olivet 


Oti^co 


Oneida 


Portland 


Roxana 


Hix 


Vermontville 


Ronald 


West Windsor 


Schewa 


Windsor 


Smyrna 




South Boston 


GENESEE. 


South Cass 


Argentine 


Wheatl.and 


Crockersville 




Davison Centre 


JACKSON. 


Davisonville 


Barry 


Fentonville 


Bennett's Corners 


Flint 


Brooklyn 


Fluohing 


Cayuga 


Genesee 


Columbia 


Goodrich 


Concord 


Grand Blanc 


Franciscoville 


Kearslcv 


Gidley's Station 


Long Lake 


Grass Lake 


RichHeld 


Hanover 


Stony Hun 


Hickory Grove 


Swart?. Creek 


Leoni 


Thetford 


Liberty 



Napoleon 
N.irvell 
Otter Creek 
Portage Lake 
South Jackson 
Spring Arbor 
Springport 
Tompkins 
Waterloo 
West Rives 
Wyoming 

KALA3IAZ00. 
Alamo 

Austin's Lake 
Charleston 
Climax Prairie 
Comstock 
Cooper 
Galcsburg 
Portage 
Prairie Ronde 
Richland 
Schoolcraft 
West Climax 
West Neck 
Ynouski 
Yorkville 

KENT. 
Alton 
Austerlitz 
Bowne 
Caledonia 
Cannonsburg 
Cortland 
Cuba 

Fallassbnrg 
Flat River 
Grand Rapids 
Grandville 
Grattan 
Indian Creek 
LaphamsviUe 
Loomisville 
Mill Creek 
North Cannon 
Oakfield 
Paris 
Pleasant 
Sparta Centre 
Vergennes 
Whitncyville 

LAPEER. 
Almont 
Amhoy 
Drvden 
Etna 

Farmer's Creek 
Had ley 
Metamora 
Rural Vale 
Wliigvillc 

LENAWEE 

Attica 

Cambridge 

Canandaigna 

Clayton 

Cliiiton 

Deerlield 

Dover 



East Ogden 

Fairfield 

Ilmlson 

Jackson's Mills 

Macon 

Medina 

Mendou 

Morenci 

North Adrian 

Raisin 

Ridgewav 

Rifea ' 

Seneca 

Springville 

Tipton 

West Ogdcn 

Wolf Creek 

Woodstock 

LIVINGSTON. 

Brighton 

Cedar 

Conway 

Deer Creek 

East Marion 

Fleming 

Genoa 

Green Oak 

Hamburg 

Handy 

Hartlivnd 

Josco 

Livingston 

Madison 

Marion 

Middlctown 

Oak Gruve 

Oak Plains 

Oceola Centre 

Pincknev 

Plainficfd 

Pleasant Valley 

Tuscola 

Tvroiie 

Unadilla 

Warncrvillo 

MACOMB. 

Armada 

Lenox 

Macomb 

Mount Vernon 

New Haven 

Plumb Brook 

Ray 

Ray Centre 

Richmimd 

Romeo 

Roseville 

Sackets 

Uiica 

Vicuna 

Warren 

Washington 

NEW ,'JI.^NI.STEK. 

Manistee 

MAliCiUETTR 

Marquette 

11IC1III.I.MACK1NAO 
Grand Traversa 



816 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



MONROE. 


Novi 


Ira 


Mattawen 


Brest 


Oakland 


Lexington 


Paw Paw 


Dundee 


Oxford 


Mack's Place 


Porter 


East Exeter 


Pine Lake 


Memphis 




East Raisinville 


Pontiac 


Port Huron 


WASHTENAW. 


X^rie 


Rose 


Wales 


Base Lake 


Kxetcr 


Royal Oak 


West Berlin 


Benton 


Grafton 


Southfield 




Bridgewater 


Ida 


South Lyon 


SAINT JOSEPH 


Chelsea 


Lambertville 


Springfield 


Burr Oaks 


Dexter 


La Salle 


Strait's Lake 


Colon 


Elba 


London 


Summit 


Constantino 


Fredonia 


Milan 


Ta3'lorsville 


Fawn River 


Gravel Run 


Newport 


Troy 


Florence 


Iron Creek 


North Raisinville 


Walled Lake 


Flowerfield 


Lima 


Oakville 


Waterford 


Leonidas 


Lodi 


Ottawa Lake 


Waterford Centre 


Mottville 


Lucerne 


Summerfield 


West Bloomfield 


Nottaway 


Manchester 




White Lake 


Oporto 


NorlhKeld 


MONTCALM. 
Greenville 
Montcalm 


ONTONAGON. 


Park 
Reserve 


Paint Creek 
Pittsfield 


Ontonagon 


Sturgis 


Salem 


^j^yj 11 bvt*i lib 

Pine Plain 


Peninsula 


White Pigeon 


Saline 
Scio 


NEWAGO. 
Croton 

Newago 


OTTAWA. 
Big Spring 
Crockery Creek 
Hnllind 


SANILAC. 
Sanilac Mills 

SHIAWASSEE. 


Sharon 
Silver Lake 
Superior 
Sylvan 


OAKLAND. 


JlXUIldllU 

Mill Point 

IVIuskcon 


Antrim 
Bennington 


Union District 
Webster 


Auburn 


Nortoiiville 


Burns 


York 


Ball Mountain 


Pintler's Corners 


Byron 


Ypsilanti 


Bis Beaver 


Polkton 


Enterprise 




Birmingham 


R 1 vPTi iri 


Fremont 


WAYNE. 


Brandon 
Campbell's Corners 


1\ tl V CI 1 1 1 lV 

Steele's Landing 
T:il!mfid(i'p 


Hartwellville 
Laingsburg 


Belleville 
Borodino 


Clarkston 


^ 111 1 111 A1.A kl ^ 

Wright 


Middleburg 


Ecorce 


Commerce 


North Vernon 


Gibraltar 


Eagle Lake 
Farmington 
Franklin 


SAGANAW. 

Bridgeport 


Owasso 

Perry 

Rush 


Gross Isle 

Huron 

Livonia 


Groveland 


Hampton 


Shiawassee 


Livonia Centre 


HickviUe 


Northampton 


Venice 


Mead's Mills 


Highland 


Worth 


Vernon 


Nankin 


Jersey 




WoodhuU 


NorthviUe 


Kensington 


SAINT CLAIR. 




Plank Road 


Lakeville 


Algonac 


VAN BUREN. 


Plymouth 


Mahopac 


Belle River 


Decatur 


Rawsonville 


Milford 


Burchville 


Hamilton 


Romulus 


Mount Pleasant 


Columbus 


Keelersville 


South Nankin 


New Canandaigua 


Cottrellville 


Lawrence 


South Plymouth 


North Farmington 


East Berlin 


Lawton 


Trenton 



STATE OF INDIANA. 



ADAMS. 
Limber Lost 
Linp Grove 
Monmouth 
Pleasant Mills 

ALLEN. 
Cedar 
Eel River 
East Liberty 
Hall's Corners 
Harlan 
Leo 

Massilon 
New Haven 



PeiTy 

Poughkeepsie 

Recruit 

Root 

Saint .Joseph 

Taw Taw 

BARTHOLOMEW. 
Azalia 

Elizabethtown 
Hartsville 
Herod 
Hope 
Lefever 
Moore's Vineyard 



Mount Healthy 
Ncwbern 
Rock Creek 
Taylorsburg 

BENTON. 
Catalpa Grove 

BLACKFORD. 
Montpelier 

BOONE. 
Eagle Village 
Jamestown 
Northfield 



Reese's Mill 
Royalton 
Thornleysvillo 
Thorntown 

BROWN. 
Bean Blossom 
Christiansburg 
Mount Moriiih 

CARROLL. 

Burlington 
Camden 
Carroll 
Deer Creek 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



817 



Fountain 
Lockport 
Mount Jefferson 
Pittsburg 
Prince William 
Wild Cut 

CASS. 
Amsterdam 
Fitch 

Lewisburg 
Metea 

Royal Centre 
Spring Creek 
Twelve Mile 

CL,iKK. 

Bennettsville 

Bothlehein 

Blue Lick 

Hamburg 

Ilibernia 

New Providence 

New Washington 

Oregon 

Pine Lick 

Polk Run 

Repton 

Sylvan Grove 

IJlica 

CLAT. 
Brazil 
Cloverland 
Coffee 

Christy's Prairie 
Harmony 
Plunge Creek 
Poland 
Van Buren 

CLINTON. 
Berlin 
Jetlerson 

Kirk's Cross Roads 
Hichigantowu 
Middle Fork 
PrairieviUe 
Rossville 
Kussiavillc 
Taylorsville 

CRAWFORD. 

lA'jivenworth 

Mii;;nolia 

Milliin 

lliUtown 

Mount Prospect 

Nebraka 

Pilot Knob 

PsoctorsviUc 

Sterling 

Wickliffe 

DAVIESS- 
Bogard 
Owl Prairie 
RaglesviUe 

DKAKBOEN. 
Aurora 

Bright 
Coopersville 



Dillsboro' 

Guilford 

Guionsville 

Kelso 

Lawrenceville 

Logan 

Manchester 

Moore's Hill 

New Alsease 

Sparta 

Wilmington 

YorkviUe 

DECATUR 

Clarksburg 
Clifty 

Cobb's Fork 
Forest Hill 
Kingston 
Millhousen 
Rossburg 
Saint Omer 
Sardinia 
Spring Hill 
West Port 
Williamstown 
Wintersville 

DE KALB. 
Artie 
Builer 
Do Kalb 

Newvillo 
Spencerville 
Taylor's Corners 

DELAWARE 

Albany 

Anthony 

Granville 

New Burlington 

Pleasant Woods 

Rich Woods 

Royton 

Smitbfield 

Wheeling 

Yorktown 

DV BOIS. 
Alder Creek 
Celestine 
Davis's Creek 
Ditney Hill 
Ferdinand 
Ilaysvillc 
Ilunlingburg 
Portersville 
White Oak Grove 
Worth 

ELKHART. 
Benton 

Bristol 

Cabin Hill 

Elkhart 

Jackson 

Lane 

Little Elkhart 

Middlebury 

FAYFTTTE. 
Alquina 
Bentonvillc 

103 



Columbia 

Everton 

Falmouth 

Hari'isburg 

Longwood 

Null's Mills 

Orange 

Waterloo 

FLOYD. 
Galena 
Georgetown 
Greenville 

FOUNTAIN. 
Atica 

Cole Creek 
Headley's Mills 
Hillsboro' 
Newtown 
Portland 
Rob Roy 
Sliawnee Prairie 
Wallace 

FRANKLIN. 

Andersonville 

Blooming Grove 

Blue Creek 

Cedar Grove 

Drewsburg 

Fairfield 

Jennings 

Laurel 

Metamnra 

MixerviUe 

Mount Carmcl 

New Trenton 

Oak Forest 

Oldenburg 

Peoria 

Saint Peters 

South Gate 

Springfield 

StipV Hill 

Whitcomb 

Wyun 

FULTON. 
Aubheenaubbee 
Blucgrass 
Fulton 
Kewanna 
Meredith Mills 
Mill Ark 
Wesley 

GIBSON. 
Buckskin 
Gibson's Wells 
Owensville 
Patoka 
A\'arrenton 
York 

GRANT. 

Grant 

(ii-ecn Bush 

.Jadden 

Jalapa 

Jonesboro' 

Mier 

Oak Woods 

Trask 



Walnut Creek 
Zion 

GREENE. 
Buck Creek 
Fair Play 
Hol>bicrville 
Linton 
Newberry 
Owcnsboro' 
Pleasant Ridge 
I*oint Commerce 
Scafibld Prairie 
ScotluiHt 
Worthington 
Wright 

HAMILTON. 

Boxley 

Carniel 

Cicero 

Clarksvillc 

Eagletown 

Noblcsville 

Pen field 

Sheildville 

Strawtown 

Westfield 

Woodbury 

HANCOCK. 

Charlottesville 

Eden 

Kinder 

Kinnard 

Philadelphia 

Sugar Creek 

Warrington 

HARRISON. 
Barren 
Bradford 
Byrncvilio 
Davidson 
Elizabeth 
Grassy Valley 
Hurst's Mills 
Laconia 
Lanesville 
Mauckport 
New Amsterdam 
New Salisbury 
Palmyra 
Sharp's Mills 

HENDRICKS. 

Belleville 

Brownsburg 

Hampton 

New Winchester 

Norlh Salem 

Pittslioro' 

Plainlield 

Springtown 

StilesviUe 

HENRY. 

Ashland 

BloimtsviUa 

Cadiz 

Dan Webster 

Devon 

Greensboro' 



818 

Kniphtstown 

Lcwisville 

Luray 

Mechanicsbarg 

Middletown 

New Lisbon 

O^'den 

Raysville 

liogersville 

Sulphur Springs 

SpicelanJ 

HOWAED. 
Alto 

Chancery 
Crittenden 
Grcentown 
Jerome 
New London 
Pleasant Spring 
Vermont 

HUNTINGTON. 
May&ville 

Mount Etna 

Price 

Roanoke 

Tracey 

Warren 

Yaukeetowu 

JACKSON. 
Cortland 
Dudlylowa 
Freetown 
Houston 
Mooney 
Newry 

Payntersville 
Keddinston 
Rockford 
Sa<;c's Ferry 
Vaionia 
Woodville 

JASrER. 
Brook 

Carpenter's Creek 
Pleasant Grove 
Rensselaer 
Saltillo 



JAY. 
Bear Creek 
Hector 

New Corydon 
New Mount Pleasant 
Pennvillc 

JEFFEESON. 
Barbcrsville 
Bryansburg 
Buena Vista 
Camargo 
Canaan 
Dupont 
Graham 
Home 
Kent 
Lancaster 
Necl's Creek 
North Madison 
Saluda 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



South Hanover 
Swanville 

JENNINGS. 
Brewersville 
Cana 
Hopewell 
Montgomery 
New Centreville 
Paris 

Queensville 
Scipio 
Six Mile 
Zenas 

JOHNSON 

Amity 
Edinliurgh 
Far West 
Foster's Mills 
Greenwood 
Nineveh 
Yellow Spring 
Worthsville 

KNOX. 

Berrysville 
Bruceville 
Edwardsport 
Maria Creek 
West Union 
Wilson's Creek 

KOSCIUSKO. 
Beaver Dam 
Boydston's Mills 
Camp Creek 
Claypool 
Clear Spring 
Deed's Creek 
Leesburg 
Milford 
Monoquet 
Ovan 
Oswego 
Palestine 
Syracuse 

LA GKANGE. 

Brighton 

Brushy Prairie 

Ellisburg 

Fly Creek 

Haw Patch 

Lima 

Marcy 

Mongoquinong 

Mount Pisgah 

Ontario 

Pashawn 

Ringgold 

Scott 

South Milford 

Utah 

Wolctitt's Mills 



LAKE. 
Cedar Lake 
Deep River 
Hickory Point 
Hobart 
MerriUville 
Outlet 



Saint John 
West Creek 
Winlield 

LA rORTE. 

Bigelows Mills 
Big Springs 
Byron 

Door Village 
Hudson 
Kingsbury 
New Durham 
Sauk Village 
Union Mills 
Waterford 

LAWRENCE. 
Bono 

BryantsviUe 

Dixonville 

Fayetteville 

Heltonville 

Lawrenceport 

Leesville 

Silverville 

Sinking Spring 

Spring Mil. 

Springville 

MADISON. 
Alexandria 
Alfont 
Chesterfield 
Huntsville 
Mendon 
Ovid 

Perkinsville 
Pipe Creek 
Summitville 

MARION. 

Allisonville 

Augusta 

Bridgeport 

Broad Ripple 

Clermont 

Cumberland 

Fall Creek 

Germantown 

Lawrence 

Millersville 

New Bethel 

Olive 

Piketon 

Soutbport 

Spring Valley 

JIAKSUALL. 

Blissville 

Bourbon 

Bremen 

Marshall 

Onondaga 

Sidney 

Yellow River 

MARTIN. 
Dover Hill 
Keek's Church 
Mountain Spring 
Natchez 
Trinity Springs 



MTAMT. 
Chili 
Gilcad 
Mexico 
Miami 
Niconza 
Palos 
Paw Paw 
Perrysburg 
Reserve 
Santa Fee 
Waw-pe-cong 

MONROE. 

Bryant's Creek 
EllittsviUe 
Fairfax 
Harrodshnrg 
Indian Creek 
Mount Tabor 
Stanfonl 
UnionviUe 

MOSTGOMEKT 
Alamo 

Brown's Valley 
Darlington 
Ladoga 
Locust Grove 
New Richmond 
New Ross 
Oak Grove 
Parkershurg 
Pleasant Hill 
Waveland 
Waynctown 
YountsviUe 

MORGAM 
Monrovia 
MooresviUe 
Morgantown 
West Salem 
White River 

NOBLR 
Avilla 

Greene • 

KiMidallville 
Ligonier 
Lisbon 
Marseilles 
Noble Iron Woiks 
Northport 
Springfield Milk 
Swan 
Wilmot 
Wolf Lake 

OHIO. 

Bear Branch 
Hartford 
Rising Sun 

ORANGE. 

Chambcrsburg 
French Lick 
Lost River 
New Prospect 
Newton Stewart 
Orangeville 
Orleans 
Valeene 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



819 



OWEN. 

Cataract 

Deem 

Frceilom 

Go.sport 

Miuiscrtoivn 

Mill Grove 

Vandalia 

"White Hall 

Williamson 

PARKE. 

Annapolis 

Armiesburg 

Bridj^eton 

Bruin's Cross Roads 

Delta 

Dickson's Mills 

Gallatin 

Eowanl 

Lick Branch 

Lodivillc 

Montezuma 

Numa 

Roseville 

EusscU's Mills 

Sylvania 

TEREY. 
Can n el ton 
Leopold 

Martin's Landing 
Rome 

riKE. 

Angostura 

Dclectal.le Hill 

Kindcrhook 

Petersliurg 

Union 

Winslow 

rORTEE. 
Boon Grove 
Calunict 
Coffee Creek 
Fillmore 
Hebron 

Porter's Cross Roads 
Tassinong Grove 
Valparaiso 

roSEY. 
Blairsville 
Cythiana 
Farniorsville 
New ILimony 
Poscvville 
Tavliir 
West Franklin 

rULASKL 

Beaver Creek 
Monterey 
Moorcsburg 
Two -Mile Prairie 
White Post 

PUTNAM. 

Bruncrstown 
Carpcntersvillo 
Clover Dale 
Fincastle 



Grubb's Mills 
Manhattan 
Mount Meridi.an 
New Maysville 
Nicbolsonville 
Portland Mills 
Putnamvillc 
Russellville 

RANDOLPH. 

Arba 

Bloomingsport 

Deerfield 

Emmettsville 

Fairvicw 

Lynn 

Macksville 

Mount Holly 

Randolph 

Ridgeville 

Spartanburg 

Trenton 

Windsor 

RIPLEV. 
Ballstown 
Cross Plains 
Delaware 
El rod 

Hart's Mills 
llermaan 
Milan 
Napoleon 
New Marion 
North Hogan 
Glean 

Otter Village 
Prattsburg 
Stringtown 
Way 

RUSH. 
Beech Grove 
Bloom 
Carthage 
Farmington 
Goddard 
Groves 
Hannegan 
Manilla 
Melrose 
Milroy 
Moscow 
New Salem 
Raleigh 
Richland 
Smelscr's Mills 
Steeles 

ST. JOSEPH. 
Cottage Hill 
Hammonds 
Lakcville 
Mishawaka 
New Carlisle 
North Liberty 
Notre Dame 
Terre Coupee 

SCOTT. 
New Frankfort 
Vienna 



SHELBY. 
Blue Ridge 
Brandywine 
Conn's Creek 
Flat Roek 
Flemings 
Frceport . 

Little Blue River 
Manwarings 
Marietta 
Morristown 
Mount Auburn 
Noah 
Parma 

Pleasant View 
Sulphur Hill 

SPENCER. 
Anderson's River 
Dale 

French Island 
Gentryville 
Midway 
New Hope 
Oakland 

STARK. 
Bogus Run 
Knox 
North Bend 

STEUBEN. 
Crooked Creek 
Fish Creek 
Flint 
Fremont 
Hamilton 
Mets 
Orland 

Pleasant Lake 
Sandy Ridge 

SULLIVAN. 
Black Creek 
Carlisle 
Don 

Greysville 
Merom 
New Lebanon 
Siloa 
Turman's Creek 

SWITZERLAND. 

AUensville 
Bennington 
Craig 
Florence 
Grant's Creek 
Jacksonville 
Log Lick 
Moorefield 
Mount Sterling 
Patriot 
Pleasant 
Quercus Grove 

TIPPECANOE. 
Americas 
Battle Ground 
Bringham's Grovo 
Cass 
Concord 
Dayton 



Lauramie 
Monroe 
Romncy 

Shawnee Mound 
Sugar Grove 
Wesley Chapel 
West Point 
Wyandotte 

TIPTON. 
Ballengers 
New Lancaster 
Tetcrsburg 
West Kindcrhook 

UNION. 
Beechy Mire 
Billiiigsvillo 
Brownsville 
Cottage Grove 
Dunlaps^■ille 
Philomath 

VANDERBUEG. 

Cross Roads 

McCutchanville 

Saundcrsvillo 

VEUUILIOK. 

Clinton 

Eugene 

Highland 

Pcrrysville 

Toronto 

VIGO. 

Fruit Hill 

Lewis 

Maurius 

New Goshen 

New Market 

Poplar Hill 

Prairie Creek 

Prairieton 

Riley 

Saint Mary's 

Wauhoo 

WABASH. 

America 
Lafontaine 
La Gro 
Laketon 
Liberty Mills 
New Holland 
North Manchester 
Owen 
Somerset 

WARREN. 

Baltimore 
Independence 
Poolsvillc 
Rainsville 
West Lebanon 

WARRICK. 

Frisbie's Mills 

Lee 

Lynnville 

Newark 

Newburg 



820 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



WASHraCTON. 
Canton 
Chestnut Hill 
Claysville 
Fredericksburg 
Hardinsburg 
Harristown 
Kossuth 
Little York 
Livonia 
Martinsburg 
Millpot 

New Philadelphia 
New Retreat 
Pekin 



South Boston 
Texas 
Walnut Ridge 

WAYNE. 

Bethel 

Boston 

Cambridge 

Chester 

Cox's Mills 

Dniton 

Dublin 

East Gcrmantown 

Economy 

Green's Fork 



Hngerstown 
Jacksonburg 
Milton 
New Garden 
Richmond 
Wel)ster 
White Water 
Williamsburg 

WELLS. 
Choppeen 
Murray 
Nottingham 
V)ssian 
Union town 



Vera Cruz 

WHITE. 

Buffalo 

Burnett's Creek 
Cathcart 
Monon 
Springboro' 

WHITLEY 
Churubusco 
Coesse 
CoUamcr 
Popano 
South Whitley 
Summit 



STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



ADAMS. 


Versailles 


Nancemont 


Adams 


Walker's Neck 


Panther Creek 


Beverly 


White Oak Spring 


Virginia 


Big Neck 






Burton 


BUREAU. 


CHRISTIAN 


Camp Point 


Arispe 


Mount Auburn 


Clayton 


Arlington 


Stonington 


Columbus 


Barren Grove 




Fair Weather 


Dover 


CLARK. 


Houston 


En on 


Anderson 


Liberty 


French Grove 


Casey 


Lima 


Indiantowu 


Darwin 


Marcellino 


Lamoille 


Dolson 


Mendon 


Leeperlown 


Johnson's Mills 


Payson 


Lone Tree 


Livingston 


Ursa 


Milo 


Lodi 


Woodville 


Perkins's Grove 


Mariraretta 




Princeton 


Martinsville 


ALEXANDER. 


Providence 


Melrose 


Cairo 


Sclby 


Wcstfield 


Clear Creek Landing 


Truxton 




Santa Fe 


Winabago 


CLAY. 


Thebes 


Yorktown 


Larkinsburg 


Unity 




Louisville 




CALHOUN. 


Xenia 


BOND. 






Beaver Creek 


Bellevicw 
Bissell 


CLINTON. 


Dry Fork 
Elm Point 
Mulberry Grove 
Old Uip'iey 
Pocahontas 
Rock Well 


Deer Plaia 


Aviston 


Gilead 
Hamburg 
Monterey 
News 


Crooked Creek 
Germantowu 
Jamestown 
Keysport 
Looking Glass 


BOONE. 


CARROLL. 


Shoal Creek 


Amesvillo 


Argo 




Beaver 


Bluffville 


COLES. 


Bonus Prairie 


Cherry Grove 


Ashby 


Burton's Corners 


Elkborn Grove 


Brushy Fork 


Cherry Valley 
Hunter 


Fair Haven 


Campbell 


MillcdtreviUe 


Charleston 


Kossuth 


Rock Creek 


Fuller's Point 


Park's Corners 


Savanna 


Hermitage 


Poplar Grove 
Precinct 




Hitesville 


CHAMPAIGN. 


Modrell's Point 


Russell's Store 


Homer 


Oakland 


South Prairie 


Mahomet 


Paradise 


Wilmot 


Jaint Josephs 


Upper Embarrass 
Springville 


BnOWN. 


CASS. 




Buck Horn 


Arenzvillo 


COOK. 


La Granse Bluff 


Berryton 


Barrington 


Mount Sterling 


Jersey Prairie 


Bloom 


Ripley 


Lancaster 


Bremen 



Deer Grove 

Elk Grove 

.Jefferson 

Lemonto 

Leyden 

Lyons 

Lyonsville 

Maine 

New Bremen 

New Trier 

Niles 

Northfield 

Novesville 

Oriand 

Palatine 

Palos 

Plum 

Proviso 

Ridgeville 

Ringgold , 

Shaumburg 

Sherman 

Thornton 

Waiksaik 

Wheeling 

Worth 

CRAWFOED. 

Bell Air 
Elkton 
Flat Rock 
Hulsonsvillo 
New Hebron 
York 

CUMBERLANDi 
Greenup 
Woodbury 

DE KALB. 

Blood's Point 

Buck Branch 

De Kalb Centre 

Dorset 

Genoa 

Hicks's Mills 

Kingston 

Lacev 

La Clair 

Line 

Lost Grove 

New Lebanon 

Ney 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



821 



Ohio Grove 
Ross's Grove 
Saiulwicli 
Shubboims's Grove 
Somonauk 
South Grove 
Van Buren 
Williamsburg 

DB WITT. 
De Witt 
Santa Anna 
Wayncsville 
Zabriskie 

DU PAGE. 
Addison 

Babcock's Grove 
Big Woods 
Blooinintjdale 
Bonaparte 
Brush Hill 
Cass 

Cottage Hill 
Downer's Grove 
Junction 
Langdon 
Napierville 
York Centre 
Warrcnsville 
Wayne Centre 

EDGAR. 
Baldwinville 
Bloomfield 
Elbridge 
Embariass Point 
Grand View 

EDWARDS. 
Mills's Prairie 

EFFINGHAM. 

Ewington 
Freeman ton 
Tentopolis 

FAYETTK 
Bowling Green 
Cumberland 
Four Mile Prairie 
Hickory Creek 
Higgins 

Howard's Point 
London City 
Vandalia 

FRANKLIN. 
Cave 

Ewing 
Frankfort 
Little Muddy 
Sarahsville 

FULTON. 
Astoria 
Bernadotte 
Canton 

Copperas Creek 
Cuba 
Ellisville 
Fairvicw 
Farmington 



Fiatt 

Fulton Centre 

Lcwistown 

Liverpool 

Marietta 

Middle Grove 

Midway 

Otto 

Plcasantville 

St. Auijustinc 

Table Grove 

Troy Mills 

Vermont 

Virgil 

Waterford 

Woodstock 

GALLATIN. 
Gallaiin 
New Haven 

GREENE. 
Athen'svillo 
Blurt' Dale 
Brecse 
Fayette 
Greenfield 
Jalapa 
Kane 

Letcherville 
Pioneer 
Rockbridge 
White Hall 

GRUNDY. 
Clarion 
Di'esdcn 
Hyde Park 
Mazon 

HAMILTON. 
Belle Prairie 
Griswold 
Night's l^rairie 
Palo Alto 

HANCOCK. 

Augusta 

Chili 

Dallas City 

Durliam 

Elm Tree 

Fountain Green 

Green Plains 

La Harpe 

McGary 

Montcbello 

Nauvoo 

Pilot Grove 

Plymouth 

Pontoosac 

Pulaski 

Hough and Ready 

Saint Albans 

Saint Marys 

Warsaw 

Webster 

Wythe 

HARDIN. 
Cave in Rock 
Martha Furnace 
Rosiclare 



IIENDF.RSON. 
Grove Farm 
Hopper's Mills 
Glcna 
< )quawka 
Picayune 
Shokokan 

HENRY. 
Andover 
Bishop Hill 
Burns 
Cambridge 
Gcnesco 
Green River 
Orion 
Oxford 

Penny's Perry 
Wcthersficld 

HIGHLAND. 
Elm Grove 

IROQUOIS. 
Ash Grove 
Courtwright's Mills 
Democrat 
Iroquois 
Lam burg 
Limestone 
Milford 

Mount Langum 
Plato 
Rinosa 
Sammons's Point 

JACKSON. 

Bradley 
Murphysboro' 
Urbane 
Vergennes 

JASPER. 
Rose Hill 
Saint Marie 

JEFFERSON. 
Blissville 
Jordan's Prairie 
Moore's Prairie 
Spring Garden 

JERSEY. 
Delaware 
Delhi 
Fidelity 
Fielding 
(irafton 
Jerseyville 
Newberu 
Otter Creek 

JO. DAVIESS. 

Avery 
Baltimore 
Council Hill 
Elizabeth 
Gap Grove 
Green Vale 
Hanover 
Mdlville 
Moselle 
Mount Sumner 



Pleasant Valley 

Plum Rivet 

Rush 

South Hollow 

Ward's Grove 

Warren 

Weston 

JOHNSON. 
Cross Roads 
Cypress Creek 

KANE. 
Aurora 
Banner 
Batavia 
Berkshire 
Big Rock 
Blackberry 
Burlington 
Collamer 
Dundee 
Elgin 
Fayville 
Geneva 
Grouse 
Hampshire 
Jericho 
Kaneville 
King's Mills 
Little Woods 
Penfield 
Pingrce Grove 
Saint Charles 
Sugar Grove 
Swinton 
ITdina 
Winthrop 

KENDALL. 

Ausahle 

Bristol 

Holdermau's GroTO 

Kendall 

Lisbon 

Little Rock 

Mansfield 

Naausay 

Newark 

Ohio Farm 

Oswego 

Pavilion 

Plattville 

KNOX 
Brush Creek 
Centre Point 
Farmer's Hall 
French Creek 
Galesburg 
Granite 
Hartford 
Henderson 
Knoxville 
Maquon 
North Prairie 
Ontario 
Persifer 
Truro 
L'niontown 
Victoria 
Walnut Grove 



822 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



LAKE 


Willow Creek 


Hudson 


Hillerman 


Abingdon 




Independence 




Angola 


LIVINGSTON. 


Leroy 


MENAED. 


Antioch 


Avopa 


Lexington 


Athens 


Deerfield 


Billing's Grove 


Lytlesville 


Petersburg 


Emmet 


Indian Grove 


Money Creek 


Robinson's Mills 


Flint Creek 


Long Point 


Mount Hope 


Yankee Hill 


Forksville 


New Michigan 


Randolph's Grove 




Fort Hill 


Pontiac 


Rogers's Farm 


MERCEK. 


Fox Lake 


Re.tding 


Selma 


Copper Creek 


Gage's Lake 


Rook's Creek 


Sencx 


Eliza 


Gilmer 


Sunbury 


Stout's Grove 


Farlow's Grove 


Hainesville 




Wilkcsboro' 


Ferdinand 


Half Day 
Hickory 
Lake Zurich 


LOGAN. 




High Point 


Eminence 


MACON. 


Keithsburg 


Middletown 


Decatur 


Meridian 


Lamar 


New Castle 


Hopewell 


New Boston 


Liberty ville 


Postville 


Oakley 


North Henderson 


Long Grove 
Millburii 


Prairie Creek 




Perrylon 




MACOUFIN. 


Pope Creek 


Newport 
Oak Hill 


McDONODGU. 


Barr's Store 


Pope's Mills 


Argyle 


Brighton 


Preemption 


Otsego 


Blandinsville 


Bunker Hill 


Richland Grove 


Port Clinton 


Burnsville 


Chesterfield 




Serryse 
Waneonda 


Doddsville 


Cumminglon 


MONKOK 


Drowning Fork 


Honey Point 


Columbia 


Waukegan 
Wellington 


Friendship 


Hoover's Point 


Eagle Cliffs 


Hickory Point 


Locust Spring 


James's Mills 


Wentworth 


Hill's Grove 


Piasa 


Morrison's Stone Housa 




Johnson 


Plainview 


Renault 


LA SALLE. 


Macomb 


Pleasant Grove 


Waterloo 


Asbury 
Clay 


Muddy Lane 


Scottvillo 




Spring Creek 


Staunton 


MONTGOMERY. 


Dayton 
Deer Park 


Walkers 


Woobura 


Audubon 


Young 




Bear Creek 


Dimmick 




iLVDISON. 


East Fork 


Eagle 
Earlville 


McHENKY. 


Alhambra 


Fillmore 


Alden 


Alton 


Hardinshurg 


Farm Ridge 


Algonquin 


Colliusville 


Hurricane 


Freedom 


Arthurton 


Godfrey 


Mount Kingston 


Galloway 
Lowell 


Barreville 


Highland 


Seward's Point 


Belden 


Marine Settlement 


Woodshoro' 


Marseilles 


Bliven Mills 


Moultonville 


Zanesville 


Mission Point 


Brookdale 


Paddock's Grove 




Northville 


Chemung 


Ridgeley 


MORGAN. 


Norway 


Cogswell 


Saint Jacob 


Arcadia 


Ophir 

Point Republic 


Coral 


Uroy 


Bethel 


Crystal Lake 


Upper Alton 


Bruckvillo 


Scott 


Dunham 


Venice 


Concord 


Serena 


Elysium 




Franklin 


Troy Grove 


English Prairie 


MARION. 


Lynnville 


Wright 


Erin 


Fosters 


Maradosia 


Greenwood 


Fredericktown 


Waverly 


LA WHENCE. 


Harmony 


Hickory Hill 




Pettys 


Hartland 


Mount Liberty 


MOULTRIE. 


Prairieton 


Hebron 


Racoon 


Lovington 


Ruark 


Highland Prairie 


Walnut Hill 


Sullivan 


Russellville 


Loco Prairie 




Whitley's Point 


St. Francisville 


McIIenry 


MAUSUALL. 






Marengo 


Bell Plain 


OGLE. 


LEE. 


Merona 


Crow Meadows 


Adeline 


Binghamptou 


Ostend 


Henry 


Brookville 


Brookfield 


Richmond 


Lawn Ridge 


Buffalo Grove 


China 


Riley 


Whitefield 


Byron 


Dixon 


Ringwood 




Daysville 


Equator 

Four Mile Grove 


Romeo 


MASON. 


Eagle Point 


Solon Mills 


Havanna 


Fitz Henry 


Franklin Grove 


State Line 


Pilot Hill 


Grand Detour 


Lea Centre 


West Hebron 


Quiver 


Hale 


Malugin Grove 




Walker's Grove 


Killbuek 


May Hill 


McLEAN. 




Kyte River 


Ovid 


Bloomington 


MASSAC. 


Lee 


Paw Paw Grove 


Cheney's Grove 


George's Creek 


Lindenwood 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



823 



Mount Morris 


Broad Oaks 


Lick Creek 


UNION. 


Ogle 


New Liberty 


Mechanicsburg 


Mount Pleasant 


Oregon 


Rock Quarry 


Mount Pulaski 


Toledo 


Paine's Point 




Nestor 


Union Point 


Pine Creek 


PULASKI 


Pleasant Plains 


Western Saratoga 


Story 


Ash Ridge 


Richland 




Tavior 


Caledonia 


llochester 


VERMILION 


Wiles 


Mill Creek 


Salisbury 


Georgetown 


White Rock 






Higginsville 




PUrNAM. 


SCHUYLER. 


Indianola 


PEORIA. 


Florid 


Birmingham 


Myres Mills 


BrimfieUI 


Granville 


Brooklyn 


North Fork 


Brunswick 


Hennepin 


Browning 


Pilot 


Chillicothe 


Magnolia 


Camden 


President 


Elmore 


Mount Palatine 


Frcdcricksville 


Richardson 


Elmwood 


O.xbow 


HuntsviUe 


Kidge Farm 


Helena 




Littleton 




Hollis 


EANDOLPU. 


Pleasant View 


WABASH 


Kickapo 


Chester 


Rushville 


Armstrong 


Kingston Mines 


Evansville 




Centrcvillo 


Mount Hawley 


Jones's Creek 


SCOTT. 


FriendsviUe 


North H;iiniiIon 


Pollocks 


Exeter 


Mier 


Pcoriaville 


Prairie du Rocher 


Glasgow 


Rochester Mills 


Prineeville 


Red Bud 


Manchester 




Robin's Nest 


Ruma 


Naples 
Winchester 


"WARREN. 


SmithviUe 


Sparta 


Berwick 


Starlield 


Steele's Mills 




Cold Brook 


Southampton 


Texas 


SUELBY. 


Denny 


Timl)er 
Trivoli 


RICULAKD. 


Big Spring 
Cochran's Grove 


Ellison 
Green bush 


PERKY. 


Bon Pas 

Calhoun 


Cold Spring 
Prairie Bird 


Hat Grove 
Little York 


Appleton 


Clermont 


Westminster 


Monmouth 


Carncnt Prairie 


Matthews's Mills 




New Lancaster 


Duquoin 


Parkersbnrg 


STAEK. 


Spring Grove 


Galum 


Striugtown 




Swan Creek 


Cirand Cote Prairie 




Dorrance 
Elmira 


Utah 


Iowa 


ROCK ISLAND 




Mount Hawkins 


Andalusia 


La Fayette 


WASHINGTON 


Nine Jlile Prairie 


Buffalo Prairie 


West jersey 
Wyoming 


Elkhorn 


Pleasant Shade 


Camden Mills 


Okaw 




Cordova 




Plum Hill 


riArr. 


Edgingtoa 


STEPHENSON. 


Raneysburg 


Cerro Gordo 


Fishport 


Alida 


Richview 


North Bend 


Hampton 
Illinois City 


Bucna Vista 


Sassafras Hill 




Cedar Creek Mills 




PIKE. 


Moline 


Elleroy 


WAYNE. 


Atlas 


Port Byron 


Ilowardsville 


Enterprise 


Bany 
Belmont 


Walnut Valley 


Kent 


Fairfield 




Jackson 


Keeneville 


Chambersburg 


SAINT CLAIR. 


Louisa 


Maulding's Mills 


Detroit 


Fayetteville 


McConnell's Grove 


New Franklin 


El Dara 


French Village 


Oneco 




Florence 


Lebanon 


Ridotts 


WHITE. 


Griggsville 


Lively 
Marissa 


Rock Grove 


Burnt Prairie 


Keysbnrg 


Rock Run 


Duncanton 


Kinderhook 


Mascoutah 


Silver Creek 


Emma 


Martinsburg 


MiUstadt 


Wadham's Grove 


GrayviUc 


Milton 


Mud Creek 


Winslow 


Philipstown 


Montezuma 


Prairie de Long 


Yellow Creek 


Roland 


New Hartford 


Risdon 






New Mavsville 


Shiloh 


TAZEWELL. 


WHITESIDES. 


New Philadelphia 


Twelve Mile Prairie, 


Armington 


Albany 


New Salem 


Wiggin's Ferry 


Circleville 


Barclav 


Olinda 




Delavan 


Big Bend 


Pearl Prairie 


SALINE. 


Dillon 


Clyde 


Perry 


Bankton 


Groveland 


Como 


Pleasant Hill 




Little Detroit 


Empire 


Pleasant Vale 


SANGAMON. 


Mackinaw 


Erie 


Uockport 


Aulmrn 


Morton 


Fulton 


Berlin 


Tremont 


Garden Plain 


POPE. 


Buffalo Heart 


Washington 


Genesee Grove 


Bay 


Chatham 


Wesley City 


I Hemlo 



824 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Kingsbury 


Chelsea 


Vermont Settlement 


Harlem 


Lyndon 


Crete 


Wallingford 


Harrison 


Mount Prospect 


Du Page 


Wilmington 


Kishwaukee 


Portland 


Endor 


Yellow Head Grove 


Lnona 


Prophetstown 


GoodinQ;s Grovo 


Young Hickory 


Lincoln 


Rapids 


Hadley 




Medina 


Seneca 


Horse Creek 


WILLIAMSON. 


New Milford 


Sharon 


Jackson Creek 


Bainbridge 


Kockton 


Spring Hill 


Joliet 


Bolton 


Roscoe 


Sterling 


Lillecash 


Fredonia 


Tyler 


Union Grove 


Lockport 


Locust Grove 


Vanceboro' 




Long John 


Sulphur Springs 




WILL. 


Momrnce 




WOODFOED 


Amon 


Plainfield 


WINNEBAGO 


Josephine 


Barber's Cornci-s 


Reed's Grove 


Ava 


Low Point 


Bloomville 


Roc-kville 


Bucklin 


Mctainora 


BuUbonus Grovo 


Sherburavillc 


Elida 


Spring Bay 


Ghannahon 






Wcstwood 



STATE OF MISSOURI. 



ADAIR. 


Wisemans 


CAMDEN. 


Hainesville 


Qiariton Mills 


Youngers 


Double Oak 
Dry Glaze 


Plum Creek 


ANDREW. 


BENTON. 


Erie 


COLE. 


Boston 


Cole Camp 


West Glaze 


Dixonville 


Fillmore 


Duroe 




Hickory Hill 


Ohio 


Fairfield 


CARROLL. 


High Point 


Nodaway 


Lessley 


De Witt 


Jefferson City 


Rochester 


Mount View 


Little Comptou 


Look Out 


Whitesville 


Turkey Creek 


Pleasant Park 


Moniteau 






Round Grove 


Russellville 


ATCHISON. 


BUCHANAN. 




Taos 


Hannegan 


Boyer's Settlement 


CASS. 




Irish. Grovo 


De Kalb 


Morristown 


cooPEa 


Linden 


Leacliman 


Pleasant Hill 


Bellair 


Russell 


Martin's Mills 


West Point 


Carrsville 




Platte River 




Clarks Fork 


AUDRIAN. 
Hickory Creek 


Rockhouse Prairie 


CEDAR. 


Conner's Mills 


Saint Joseph 


Bear Creek 


Fair Point 


Salt River 


Walnut Hill 


Eaton 


Gooch's Mill 


Shy Post 




Fremont 


La Mine 


BARRY. 


BUTLER. 

Cane Creek 


(iiecn|iort 
Saint Helen 


Midway 
Mount Carmel 


Cassville 
Crane Creek 


Poplar BliifF 


White Hare 


Otterville 
Pilot Grove 


Gadfly 
Hazel Bottom 


CALDWELL. 

Grand River 
Mirabile 


CHARITON. 

Brunswick 


Pisgah 
Pleasant Green 


Valley Prairie 
Washboarn Prairie 


Yellow Creek 


Round Hill 
Vermont 






CLARK. 




BATES. 


CALLAWAY. 


Alexandria 




Dry Wood 


Concord 


Ash ton 


CRAWFORD 
Argo 


Fort Scott 


Cote Sans Dressien 


Athens 


Little Osage 
Marvel 


Fulton 


Brooklin 


Birch Pond 


Hibernia 


Chamborsburg 


Harrison's Mills 


Papinsville 
Plainfield 


Jones's Tan Yard 


El Dorado 


Little Prairie 


Millcrsburg 


Saint Francisvillo 


Maramcc 


Pleasant Gap 


New Bloomfield 


White Hall 


Montauk 


Spruce 


Portland 


Winchester 


Osage 


Saint Aubert 


• 


Short Bend 


BOONE. 


Shamrock 


CLAY. 


Spanish Prairie 


Bonrhonton 


Williamsburg 


B.irry 


Spring Mills 


Claysville 
Hallsville 




Fort Leavenworth 




CAPE GIRARD. 


Randolph 


DADE. 


Middlehurg 


Apple Creek 


Sraithville 


Crisp Prairie 


Nashville 


Cape Girardeau 




Greenfield 


Rocheport 


Flat Rock 


CLINTON. 


King's Point 


Sextons 


Greene 


Beehive 


Rock Prairie 


Sammerrille 


Paton 


Castile 


Turnback 



rOST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



825 



DALLAS. 
Buffalo ■ 
Tjong Lane 
Pasco 

Itouml Prairie 
tiliady Grove 

DAVIESS. 
Clear Creek 
Cravensville 
Critlendeii 
Lick Fork 
I*altonsburg 
Victoria 

DE KALB. 

Grindstone Point 

DE WITT. 

DODGE. 
Saint John 

DUKLIN. 

KRAKKLIN. 
Beaufort 
Blish's Mills 
Burbois 

Moselle Furnace 
Oaklicid 
Port William 
Traveller's Repose 
Union 

Virginia Mines 
Washington 

GASCONADE. 
Delphi 
HcrniLinn 
Jake's Prairie 
Mount Sterling 

GENTRY. 
Alanthus Grove 
(^Jentry Court House 
Gcntryville 
New Castle 

CEEENE. 
Ash Grove 
Bowdark 
Dallas 
Finley 

Hickory Barren 
Oiark 

Pleasant Prairie 
Pond Creek 
Richiaiid 
•Saint Paul 
Walnut Forest 
White Oak Grove 

GRUXDY. 
Trenton 

HARRISON. 
Bethany 

HiiNUY. 
Calhoun 
Clinton 
Deep Water 



Locust Grove 
Roscoe 
Tebo 
Waverly 

HICKORY. 
Black Oak Point 
Cros^ Timbers 
Klkton 
Piitsljurg 

Quincy i 

Urbana 

HOLT. 

llollister's Mill 
jMckson Point 
Olive Branch 
Tarkio 
Rushbottom 

HOWARD. 
Boon's Lick 
Franklin 
Glasgow 

INDIAN TERRrrORY. 

Uniontown 

JACKSON. 
Big Cedar 
Blue Springs 
Fort Osage 
High Blue 
lliglilaud 
Independence 
Kanzas 
Lone .lack 
(Jak Grove 
Sibley 
Stony Point 
Westport 

JASPER. 

BlytheviUe 
Coon Creek 
Diamond Grove 
Duncan's Mills 
Rural 
Sarcoxie 

JEFFERSON. 

Argyle 

Avoca 

Glenfinlas 

Herculaneum 

House's Springs 

Rush Tower 

Schna 

Sulphur Springs 

JOHNSON. 
Basin Knob 
Big Creek 
Bluff Spring 
Clear Fork Mills 
Columbus 
Globe 

Knobnoster 
Post Oak 

KNOX,. 
Bee Ridge 
Colony 

104 



Edina 
Newark 
Taylor's Store 

LACLEDE. 
Lebanon 
Lo!_'an 
Oakland 

LA rAYETIE. 
Bagdad 
Blanche 
Cliapcl Hill 
Dover 
Elk Grove 
Freedom 
Grcentun 
Moss 

Mount Hope 
Remick's Mills 
Sniliar 
Taljo 
Wellington 

LAWRENCE. 
Bower's Mills 
Buck Prairie 
Chesapeake 
Hall 

Mount Pleasant 
Mount Vernon 
South Bend 
Spring River 

LEWIS. 
Canton 
Elm Grove 
La Grange 
Mavberry 
Oakley 
Prairie 
TuUy 

LINCOLN. 

Auburn 
Cap An Grey 
Chantilly 
Hawk Point 
Lost Creek 
Louisville 
Millwood 
New Hope 
Sulphur Lick 

LINN. 
Coulson's Mill 

LIVINGSTON". 
Fairland 
Spring Hill 
Utica 

MCDONALD. 

Elk Mills 
Enterprise 
Honey Creek 
PineviUe 

MACON. 
Coutler's Store 
East Fork 
Mcchanicshurg 
Middle Fork 



Nowburg 
Ten Mile 
Williamsonvillo 
Woodville 

MADISON 
Arcadia 
Mill Dam 
Micr 
Mine La Motto 

MARION. 

Brookville 

Hannibal 

Hanson 

Hester 

Houston 

Laurel 

Marion Citv 

Philadelphia 

Sharpshurg 

Warren 

West Ely 

MEUCER. 
Bur Oak 
Goshen Prairie 
Middlebury 
Princeton 

MILLER. 
Iberia 

Pleasant Mount 
Rocky Jlount 

MISSISSim. 
Charleston 
Norfolk 
Ohio City 

MONITEAU. 
California 
Jamestown 
Splice Creek 

MONROE. 
Crooked Creek 
Florida 
Indian Creek 
Long Branch 
Madison 
Middle Grove 
Somerset 
Woodlawn 

MONTGOMERY. 
Biir Spring 
Elk Horn 
High Hill 
King's .Mills 
Loutre Island 
Middletown 

MORGAN. 
Byler's Mill 
Felix 
Florence 

NEW MADRID. 
Lost Village 
Ogden 
Point Pleasant 



826 



rOST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



NEWTON. 
Cape's Creek 
Gates 

Grand Falls 
Oliver's Prairie • 
Shoal Creek 

NODDAWAT. 

Hallsa's Creek 
Maryville 
Narrows 
Reindeer 

OREGON. 
Jobe 

Thomasville 
West Plains 

OSAGE. 
Baley's Creek 
Fredericksburg 
^Lane's Prairie 
Lisle 

Loose Creek 
Mavais 
Pay Down 
Westphalia 

OZAEK. 
Cow Skin 
North Fork 
Pved Bud 
Saint Leger 

TEKEr. 
Port Perry 

rETTIS 
Arator 
Bee Branch 
Fair View 
Heath's Creek 
Spring Fork 

riKE. 

Ashley 

Bowling Green 

Clarksville 

Elk Springs 

Frankford 

Louisiana 

PaynesviUe 

PrairieviUe 

Spencerslmrg 

Vannoy's Mill 

PLATTE. 
Buena Vista 
Estills Mills 
New Market 
Parkvillc 
Hidgley 
Kinggold 
Todd's Creek 
Weston 



FOLK. 



Bolivar 



I Half Way 
Humansville 
Orleans 
Sentinel Prairie 

PULASKI. 
Bcllefonte 
Little Piney 
Pine Bluff 
Relle 
Waynesville 

PUTNAM. 
Putnamville 

QUAPAW. 
Crawford Seminary 

KALLS. 
Cincinnati 
Ilydesburg 
Lick Creek 
Madisonvillc 
New Portland 
Pigeon Creek 
Saline 
Saverton 

RANDOLPH. 

Huntsville 

Milton 

Mount Airy 

Penneys 

Roanoke 

Smithland 

RAY. 
Camden 
Crab Orchard 
Knoxville 
MiUviUe 
Otsego 
Prospect Hill 
Tinney's Grove 

RKLFE. 

REYNOLDS. 

Alamode 
Lesterville 
Logan's Creek 

RIPLEY. 

Martinsburg 
Mill Creek 
Pike Creek 
Van Bureu 

ST. CHARLES. 
Augusta 
Cottleville 
Fenime Osage 
Flint Hill 
Hamburg 
Missouri ton 
Naylor's Store 
Portage des Sioux 



Wellsburg 
Saint Peter's 

ST. CLAIE. 

Chalk Level 
Clay 

Gardner's Mills 
Hogle's Creek 
Jenkins's Bridge 
Monagan 
Oseola 

ST. FRANCOIS. 
Big River Mills 
Iron Mountain 
Kinkcad 
Silver Spring 

ST. GENEVIEVE. 
Avon 

Saint Mary's Landing 
Salt Point 

ST. LOUIS. 
Bellemonte 
Bonhorame 
Bremen 
Bridgeton 
Carondclet 
Central 
Creve Coeur 
Des Peres 
Ellisville 
Fee Fee 
Fenton 
Florisant 
Fox Creek 
Jefferson Barracks 
Manchester 
Oakville 
Rock Hill 
Sap|)ina:ton 
Waltonham 

SALINE. 
Arrow Rock 
Brownsville 
Bryan 
Cambridge 
Cow Creek 
Elm wood 
Hazel Grove 
Jones boro' 
Miami 
Pctra 
Ridge Prairie 

SCHUYLER. 
Cherry Grove 
Green Top 

SCOTLAND. 
Dairy 

Memphis 
Middle Fables 
Pleasant Retreat 



Prospect Grove 
Sand Hill 
Wyaconda 

SCOTT. 

Commerce 
Cyjiress 
Pleasant Plains 

SENECA. 
Looniesville 

SHANNON. 
Munger's Mill 

SHELBT. 
Bethel 

Hager's Grove 
West Springfield 

STODDARD 
Bloomlicld 
Olio 

Summer Hilt 
West Prairie 

SULLIVAN. 

Milan 
Scottsville 

TANEY. 
Bull Mills 
Cape Fare 

TEXAS. 

Ellsworth 
Jack's Fork 
Licking 
Roubidoux 

WARKEN. 
Hickory Grove 
Marthasville 
Pinckney 
Warrenton 

WASHINGTON 

Caledonia 

Fourche Ji Renault 

Harmony 

Johnson 

Old Mines 

Richwoods 

WAYNE. 
Cold Water 
Greenville 
Lowndes 
Patterson 

WRIGHT. 

Astoria 
Cave Spring 
Hazelwood 
Pleasant Valley 
Waldo 
Woodbury 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



827 



STATE OF IOWA. 



ALLEMAKEE. 
Hardin 
Lansing 
Postville 
Tom Corwin 

APPANOOSE. 

Centreville 
Moravia 
Sharon 
Unionville 
Wells's Mills 

BENTON. 

Marysville 

BLACK HAWK. 
Cedar Falls 

BOONE. 
Belle Point 
Booneville 
Rapids 

BUCHANAN. 

Quasqueton 

CEDAK. 
(Sower's Ferrj 
Pedce 

Pioneer Grove 
Rock Creek 
Woodbridge 

CLAEK. 
Glenus 

CLAYTON. 

Elkader 

I'Ukport 

Farmersburg 

Garnavillo 

Guttenburg 

McGregor's Landing 

MiUville 

Monona 

CLINTON. 
Brookficid 
Buena Vista 
Camanche 
Elk River 
Lyons 
MassiUon 
Spring Rock 

DALLAS. 

- McKay 

DAVIS. 
Chequist 
Drakcsville 
Florus 
Fox 

Nottingham 
Oak Spring 
Salt Creek 
Soap Creek 
Taylor 
Troy 



DECATUR. 
Garden Grove 
New Buda 

DELAWARE. 

Coffin's Grove 

Colesburg 

Forestville 

Rockville 

Yankee Settlement 

DES MOINES. 
Albrights 
Burlington 
Danville 
Dodgeville 
Green Bay 
Hawk Eyo 
Huron 
Kossuth 
Linton 
Middlctowu 
Parrish 

Pleasant Grove 
Yellow Spring 

DU BUQUE. 

Cascade 

Centretown 

Channingvillo 

Durango 

Fillmore 

Fort Snelling 

Hogansville 

Mosalem 

New Vino 

Pin Oak 

Tivoli 

Weld's Landing 

FAYEITE. 
Douglass 

FREMONT. 

Austin 

Dawsonburg 

Florence 

Gaston 

McKissack's Grove 

Osage 

HENRY. 
Crooked Crock 
East Grove 
Hillsboro' 
Lowell 
New London 
Rome 
Salem 
Trenton 

IOWA. 

JACKSON 

Andrew 
Bridgeport 
Canton 
Copper Creek 
Cottonville 
Garry Owen 



Hickory Grove 
La Mottc 
Maquokcta 
Saliula 
Spragucville 
Spring Brook 
Sullivan 
Tete du Mort 
Wicklitt'e 

JASPER. 
Carr 

Lynnville 
Newton 
Parkcrsburg 
Tool's Point 

JEFFERSON. 

Abingdon 

Brookville 

Dcedsville 

Fairfield 

Glasgow 

Libertyville 

Lockridgo 

Pleasant Prairie 

Walnut 

JOHNSON. 
Copi 

Seventy-seven 
Solon 

JONES. 
Bowen's Prairie 
Castle Grove 
Fairvicw 
Grove Creek 
Monticello 
Walnut Fork 

KEOKUCK. 
Butler 
Freedom 
Richland 
South English 
Springfield 
Steady Run 

KISHKEKOSH. 

LEE. 
Charleston 
Denmark 
Franklin Centre 
Pilot Grove 
Pleasant Kidgc 
Primrose 
String Prairie 
Summitville 
Tuscarora 
Warren 
West Point 

LINN. 
Centre Point 
Iloosicr Grove 
La Fayette 
Mount Vernon 
Necot 
Oak Grove 



Palo 
I'aris 

S.Tint Julian 
Saint Mary's 
Spring Grovo 
Springvillo 
ToraU 

LOUISA. 
Columbus City 
Concord 
Grand View 
Hope Farm 
Palo Alto 
Port Allc!! 
Port Louisa 
Toolsboro' 
Virginia Grovo 

LUCAS 

MADISON. 
Amazon 

MAHASKA. 

Auburn 

Belle Fountain 

Fremont 

Hopewell 

Indianapolis 

Rose Hill 

Scott 

Union Mills 

Warrensvillc 

MARION. 
Barkersville 
Bennington 
Divide 
Elm Grove 
English Settlement 
Hamilton 
Paran City 
Pella 

Pleasantvillo 
Red Rock 

MARSHALL. 
Mormon Hill 
Timber Creek 

MONROE. 
Avery 

Half-way Prairie 
La Grange 
Lovilia 

MUSCATINF, 
Fair I'ort 
Glen Dale 
Melpine 
Moscow 

Overman's Ferry 
West Liberty 

PAGE. 

POLK. 
Apple Grovo 
Dudley 



828 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Freel 

Grcenbush 
Harvey's Point 
Hopkins's Grove 
Montacute 
Saylorville 
Summerset 
Three Rivers 

I'OTAWATAMIE. 
Cold Spring 
Coonviile 
Council BliifTs 
Kancville 
Macedonia 

POWESHIEK. 
Bear Creek 
Deep Kivcr 
Sagar Grove 



SCOTT. 
Allen's Grove 
Blue Grass 
Le Claire 
Pleasant Valley 
Princeton 
Walnut Grove 
West Buffalo 

VAN BUREN. 
Benton's Port 
Birmingham 
Bonaparte 
Business Comer 
Farmington 
Home 

Indian Prairie 
lowaville 
Lick Creek 
Mechanicsburg 
New Market 



Oak Point 

Pliihidelphia 

Pittsburg 

Portland 

Union 

Union Comers 

Utica 

Winchester 

WAPELLLO. 

Agency City 

Ashland 

Blakesburg 

Chillicotha 

Cynthiana 

Dahlonega 

Eddyville 

Fountain Springs 

Kirkville 

WAKREN. 



WASUINGTON. 

Brighton 

Clay 

Crawfordsvilla 

Davis Creek 

Dutch Creek 

Marccllus 

Pottsville 

Richmond 

Wassonville 

Yatton 

WAVNE. 
Cambria 
Grand River 
South Fork 

WINNESHIEK. 
Old Mission 



STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



BROWN. 

Bridgeport 

Cooperstown 

Fremont 

Green Bay 

Greenville 

Hortonville 

Lansing 

Little Chute 

Mukwa 

Oneida 

CALUMET. 

Charlestown 
Dundas 
New Ilolstcin 
Pcquot 
Pigeon Grove 
Stockbridge 

CHIPPEWA. 
Clear Water 
Middle Mills 
Nelson's Landing 
Ogalla 

COLUMBIA. 

Bellcfounlniu 

Ccntreville 

Columbus 

Fall River 

Fort Winabago 

Grand March 

Hampden 

Lodi 

Lowville 

Marcellon 

Oshaukuta 

Otsego 

Pardecville 

Pigeon Grove 

Portage City 

Port Hope 

Poynctt 

Randolph 



Rocky Run 
Wyoeena 

CRAWFORD. 
Bad Axe 
Black River Falls 
Coon Prairie 
Elk' 
La Cross 
Mount Sterling 
SpringviUo 
Warner's Landing 

DANE. 

Albion 

Ancient 

Ashton 

Bass Lake 

Berry 

Black Earth 

Blue Mound 

Cambridge 

Christiana 

Cottage Grove 

Cross Plains 

Dane 

Deerfield 

Door Creek 

Dunkirk 

Folia 

Fitchburg 

Grand Spring 

Ilancbcttville 

Lake View 

Madison 

Middleton 

Oregon 

Pheasant Branch 

Pcirceville 

Pine Bluff 

Primrose 

Rutland 

Spring Dale 

Stoncr's Prairie 

Stoughton 



Sun Prairie 


EI Dorado 


Turkey Grovo 


Fair Water 


Utica 


Friendship 


Verona 


Lamartine 


Windsor 


Motomen 


York 


OakHeld 




Owascus 


DODOE. 


Rock River 


Asshuppun 


Rosenilale 


Beaver Dam < 


Rush Lake 


Burnett 


Springvalc 


Burnett Corner 


Taychecda 


Chester 


Waupun 


Clymau 


West Rosendale 


Elba 




Emmett 


GRANT. 


Farmersville 


Bcctown 


Herman 


Cassville 


Horicon 


Dickeysvillc 


Hustisford 


Ellenboro' 


Iron Ridgo 


Fair Play 


Juneau 


Fennimore 


Leroy 
Lomira 


Hazel Green 


Hurricane Grovo 


Lowell 


Jamestown 


Mayvillc 


Lancaster 


Neosho 


Montfort 


Oak Grove 


Muscoda 


Theresa 


New California 


Trenton Comers 


Pin Hook 


Upton 
Waushara 


Platteville 
Potosi 




Smeltzer's Grove 


FOND DU LAC. 


Ursine 


Alcove 


Wyalusing 


Alto 




Auburn 


GREENE. 


Avoca 


Albany 


Badger 


Attica 


Bothclle 


Bem 


Byron 


Cadiz 


Calumet Village 


Clarence 


Ceresco 


Decatur 


Dotyville 


Exeter 


Eden 


Farmer's Grovo 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



829 



Hoosick 
Hoosier Grove 
Juda 

Montezuma 
Momicello 
Mount Pleasant 
Nevada 
New Glarus 
Spring Grove 
Sylvester 
\Valnut Springs 
WiUet 

IOWA. 
Arena 
Blue River 
DodgeviUe 
Dover 
Elk Grove 
Helena 
Highland 
Linden 
Mifflin 
liidgeway 
Waldwick 
Wallace 

White Oak Springs 
Willow Springs 
Wyoming 

JEFFERSON. 
Aztalan 
Bark Kiver 
Cold Spring 
Concord 
Farmington 
Fort Atkinson 
Ilelenvillc 
Hubbleton 
Ixonia 
Koskonong 
Lake Mills 
Milford 

Newton Corners 
Oak Hill 
Oakland 
Oenea 
Palmyra 
Rome 
Sullivan 
Waterloo 
Watertown 

KEMOZHA. 

Brightoh 

Bristol 

Marion 

Paris 

Pleasant Grove 

Wheatland 

Wilmot 

LA FAYETTE. 
Argyle 
Benton 
Cottage Inn 
Fayette 
Georgeto«vn 
Gratiot 
Hamilton 
New Diggings 
Shullsburg 



Saint Mary's 
AViota 

MANITOGWOC 

Collins 

Francis Creek 

Manitoowoc 

Manitoowoc Rapids 

Meeme 

Mishicott 

Two Rivers 

MAHATUON. 

Wausau 

iMAUQUETTE. 
Berlin 
Blulfton 
Darlford 
Grand Prairie 
Green Lake 
Greenwood 
Hanisville 
Kingston 
Lake Maria 
Markesan 
Manpiette 
Mantcllo 
Moundville 
Namahkua 
Ncshkoro 
Oasis 

Pakwaukee 
Pine River 
Poy Sippi 
I'rinceton 
Ruck Hill 
Roslin 
Roxo 

Sacramento 
Tacliorah 
Warwick 
Wanpaka 
Wautonia 
WcstKeld 
Willow Creek 

MILWAUKEE. 
Butler 
Franklin 
Good Hope 
Granville 
Grecnlield 
Milwaukee 
Muskego 
New Berlin 
Oak Creek 
Root Creek 
Wauwatosa 

OUTOGAUIE. 

Ellington 
Kaukauna 

I'OUTAGE. 
Almond 
Buen.i Vista 
Eau Pleine 
Gr.ajid Rapids 
Plover 

Stevens's Point 
Warsaw 



ItACINE. 

Burlington 

Caldwell Prairie 

(Caledonia 

Hoadley 

Ives's Grove 

Kossuth 

Lihcrty 

Mount Pleasant 

Nor\vay 

I'an Yan 

Racine 

Raymond 

Rochester 

Salem 

South Bristol 

Sylvania 

Thompsonvillo 

Union Grove 

Waterford 

Yorkvillo 

KICHLAND. 
Orion 

Riehl ind City 
Sand Prairie 
Se.Ktonvillo 

ROCK. 

Avon 

Bachelor's Grove 

Beloit 

Center 

Clinton 

Cooksville 

Emerald Grove 

Evans\'ille 

Fulton 

Inniansville 

Janesville 

Johnstown 

Johnstown Centre 

Leyden 

Lima 

Magnolia 

Milton 

Newark 

North Janesville 

Oshorn 

Rock Prairie 

Ifock Valley 

Shopiere 

Spring Valley 

Siimmerville 

Teotsa 

Union 

Warren's 

ST. CROIX. 
Brock's Cros ing 
Falls of St. Croix 
Lu Pointe 
Marine Mills 
Willow River 

SAUK. 
Baraboo 
Bear Creek 
Bluff 
Col lamer 
Dallton 
Dellona 
Freedom 



Leland's Mill 
Onconta 
Prairie dn Sauk 
Reedshurg 
Russell's Corners 
Seven Mile Creek 

SllEP.OYGAK 

Cascade 

Cedar (irovc 

Elkhart 

Gihbvillc 

Green Bush 

Howard's Grovo 

Mcnter 

Mitchell 

Onion River 

Plymouth 

Riitlibuii 

Scott 

Shebovgan Falls 

Worth 

WALWORTH. 

Adams 
Allen's Grove 
Baker's Corners 
Big Fort Prairie 
Blooinlielil 
Daricn 
De'avan 
East 'I'loy 
Fairfield 
Geneva 
Geneva Bay 
Genoa 

Heart Prairie 
Honey Creek 
La Fiiyettc 
La (.1 range 
Little Prairie 
Lvons 
Millard 
Richmond 
Sharon 
South Grovo 
Spring Prairie 
State Line 
Sugar Creek 
Troy 

Troy Centre 
Troy Lakes 
Utter's Corners 
Vienna 
Walworth 
White Water 

WASHINGTON. 

Addison 

BarKm 

Cediirliurg 

Cedar Oerk 

Cherry Hill 

Fillmore 

Fredonia 

Grafioii 

Hartford 

Kewascum 

Mequon River 

Muker 

Newtjiirg 

Ozaukee 

Saukvillc 



830 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Schleisingerville 


Howards 


Summit 


Toland's Prairie 


Lisbon 


Sussex 


Ulao 


Mapleton 


Vernon 


West Bena 


Marcy 


Waterville 


Young Hi'kory 


Menominee Falls 
Merton 


Waukesha 


WAUKESHA, 


Monches 




Big Bend 


Monterey 


WINABAGO 


BrookfielJ 


Mukwonago 


Algoma 


Bullion 


JIuskeego Centre 


Appleion 


Delatteld 


Otonomowock 


Black Wolf 


Denoon 


Okauchee 


Blooraingdale 


EagleviUc 


Ottawa 


Butte des Morts 


Genesee 


Pewaukee 


Clairville 


Golden Lake 


Prospect Hill 


Delhi 


Hartland 


South Genesee 


Eureka 



Fisk's Comer 

Groveland 

Koro 

Lind 

Menasha 

Makwa 

Neenah 

Nekama 

Ncpeuskun 

Oslikosh 

Omro 

Vinland 

Wanekuna 

Waukau 

Welaunee 

Weyauweya 



TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 



BENTON. 
Sauk Rapids 
Swan River 

DAHKOTAH 
Fort SncUing 
Lac qui Parle 



PEJIBINA. 
Pembina 

EAMSET. 

Red Rock 

Saint Anthony's Falls 



WABASHAW. 
Red Wing 
Reed's Landing 
Wabashaw 

■WAHNAHTA. 
Fort Gaines 



Long Prairie 

WASHINGTON. 
Cottage Grove 
Point Douglass 
Taylor's Falls 



TERRITORY OF OREGON. 



BENTON. 


. CLATSOP. 


Olympia 


Tnality Plains 


Forks of Mary's River 


Astoria 


Pacific City 


Tulatin Plains 


Marysvillc 


Lexington 






Plea'sant Hill 




MARION. 


POLK. 


Skinners 


LTNN. 


Bute Creek 


Lackemute 

niTi^cmi flic 


Toncalla 


Calapooia 


Buteville 




New Albany 


Salem 


i.> ColUILIlb 


CLACKAMAS. 


Santyam 


Syracuse 




Fort Laramie 


Santyam Forks 




TAM HILL 


Milwaukie 


Willammette Forks 


WASHINGTON. 


Chehalem 


MolUiUa 




Harris's Ferry 


La Fayette 


Slough 


LEWIS. 


Hillshoro' 


North Yam Hill 




Monticello 


Linn City 


Willammette 


CLAEK. 


Oak Point 


St. Helen 


Yam Hill Falls 



STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



Post Office. 
Haydensville 
Junction 
Mission San Jose 
Napa 
Nevada City 



County. 
Contra Costa 
Napa 



Post office. County. 

PlacervlUe .... 

Santa Cruz Santa Crui 

Vernon 

Weaverville . . 



TERRITORY OF UTAH. 



Post Office. 
Brownsville • 
Centre Creek 
Lecompte Valley 



County. 
Ogden 
Iron 



Post Office. 
Miller's Creek 
Utah Lake 



County. 
Davis 
Utah 



POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



831 



Post Office 
Albuquerque 
Frontcro 
Los Vegas 



TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 



County. 
Bernalillo 
Socorro 
San Miguel 



Post Office. 
San Elizario 
Socorro 



County. 

Socorro 

Socorro 



Post Office. 
Delaware . 
Fort Bridfte 



TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA. 



County. 



Post Office. 
Fort Kearney 



County. 



RATES OF POSTAGE. 



Letter Postage. 

For a single letter, sent not exrceding 3000 miles, 
if prepaid, 3 cts. ; if not prepaid, octs. Sent over 
3000 miles, if prepaid, 6 els. ; if not prepaid, 12 cts. 

For such a letter, conveyed wholly or in part by 
sea to or from a foreign country, (except all cases 
where different rates have been or shall be estab- 
lished by postal arrangements,) sent not exceed- 
ing 2-500 miles, 10 cents ; over 2.300 miles, 20 cts. 

For a double letter there shall be charged double 
the above rates ; for a treble letter treble the above 
rates, &c., &c. Every letter or parcel, not exceed- 
ing half an ounce (avoirdupois) in weight, is a sin- 
gle letter, and every additional weight of half an 
ounce, or of less than half an ounce, is charged 
with an additional single postage. When adver- 
tised, one cent additional is charged on each letter. 
For a letter delivered by a carrier, there is an addi- 
tional charge of not exceeding one or two cents. 

For drop letters, (not to be mailed,) each 1 cent. 

For all letters or pkgs. (s/iip letters) conveyed by 
any vessels not employed in conveying the mail, 2 
cts. To this charge of 2 cts. is added 4 cts. when the 
letteis arenot transmitted through the mail, but are 
delivered at the post office where deposited ; and 
the ordinary rates of U. Slates postage are added 
when the letter is transmitted through the mails. 



Newspaper, Pamphlet, and Book Postage. 

1. Newspapers, periodicals, unsealed circulars, 
and other printed matter, weighing not over three 
ounces, pay 1 cent each, to any part of the U. S., 
or half that rate, paid quarterly or yearly, in ad- 
vance. The same kind of matter, weighing not 
over one and a half ounces, half the above rates. , 

2. Newspapers, &c., not weighing more than IjJ 
ounces, can be sent to any part of the stale where 
published at half the above rates, i. e., for half a 
cent not prepaid, aifd a quarter of a cent if prepaid. 

3. Small newspapers, periodicals, and printed 
sheets, in pkgs. of 8 ounces, at least, to one address, 
if prepaid, are to pay but half a cent per ounce. 

4. Transient matter must be prepaid, or charged 
double postage, or 2 cents for every sheet. 

5. "Weekly newspapers free in co. of publiealion. 

6. Bills for newspapers, and receipts fur payments 
of moneys therefor, may be enclosed in subscribers' 
papers, but nothing else, and no writing or print- 
ing, inside or outside, except the address, under 
penalty of paying letter postage. 

7. Exchanges between newspaper publishers free. 

8. Books, bound or unbound, of not more than 
four pounds each, 1 cent per ounce, under 3000 
miles, and 2 cents over that distance. Fifty per 
cent, to be added where not prepaid. 



NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 









No. copies cir- 




No. 


Circulation. 


culated per. an. 


Dailies, 


3-50 


750,000 


235,000,000 


Tri-weeklics, 


150 


7-1,000 


11,700,000 


Simi- weeklies, 


12.5 


80,000 


8,320,000 


Weeklies, 


2,ono 


2,875,000 


149,.5no,ooo 


Semi-monthlies, 


61 


300,000 


7,200,000 


Monthlies, 


100 


000,000 


10,800,000 


Quarterlies, 


25 


29,000 


80,000 


Total, 


2,830 


5,000,000 


422,600,000 



The foregoing table will show the number ot 
daily, weekly, monthly, and other issues, with the 
aggregate circulation of each class. 

Four hundred and twenty-four papers arc issued 
in the New England ISlates, eight hundred and 
sevrnty-six in the Middle States, seven hundred 
and sixteen in the Southern Stairs, and seven hun- 
dred and eighty-four in the Western States. 

The average circulation of papers in the United 
States is one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
five. There is ri.e publication fur every seven 
thousand one hundred and sixty-one free inhabi- 
Uttts in the United Slates and Territories. 



832 



PROGRESS OF THE POST OFFICE. 



Number of Post OJJices and lenfjth of Post Roads in the United States^ the annual avxount paid ^ 
Mail Tfansportatioiit and of Receipts and Expenditures of the Post OJfiee Department, from 1790 
to 1851, inclusive. ' 



1790 
1795 
1800. 
1805. 
1810. 
1815. 
1820, 
1825 
1830 
1835. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 
1843 
1844. 
1845 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849, 
1859. 
1851. 



Number of 
Post Offices. 



75 
453 
903 
,553 
,3M 
,000 
,510 
,677 
,45) 
,770 
,403 
,773 
,733 
,814 
,103 
133 
,6)1 
,140 
,1-59 
,747 
,417 
,796 



Length of 
Piisi Koads. 



1,875 

13,2)7 

20,817 

31,076 

36,4')6 

43,748 

72,492 

94,^)52 

115,176 

112,774 

155,739 

1.55,026 

149,732 

142,295 

144,687 

143,940 

149,679 

1.53.813 

163,2)8 

167,703 

178,672 

192,026 



Paid for 
Transportation. 



22,081 00 

75,3.59 00 

123,644 00 

239,635 00 

327,906 00 

487,779 00 

782,425 00 

785,646 00 

1,272,1.56 00 

1,533,222 00 

3,213,042 61 

3,034,813 91 

4,192,196 06 

2,982,512 47 

2,912,946 73 

2,898,63) 48 

2,597,454 66 

2,476,4.55 68 

2,-545,232 12 

2,577,407 71 

2,965,786 36 

3,538,063 54 



Receipts. 



37 
160 
281, 
421 
551 
1,043, 
1,111 
1,3 6, 
1.919, 
3,152 
4,543 
4,417 
5,029, 
4,296, 
4,237, 
4,439, 
4,089. 
4,013, 
4,161 
4,7.15, 
5,499, 
6,410, 



,935 00 

,020 OD 

8 '4 0) 

373 00 

,684 00 

,■ 65 00 

,927 0) 

,52-5 00 

,3)) 00 

,376 00 

•521 92 

,726 27 

,506 65 

225 43 

287 83 

,841 80 

89 97 

,447 14 

,077 85 

176 28 

,984 86 

,6:4 33 



£.Ypcnditures. 



32,140 00 

117,893 00 

213,994 00 

377,367 00 

495,969 00 

748,121 00 

1,160,926 00 

1,229,043 00 

1,959,109 00 

2,585,103 00 

4,718,235 64 

4,499,.527 61 

5,674 751 76 

4,374,753 71 

4,296,512 70 

4,320,731 99 

4,084,332 42 

3,971,275 12 

4,326,850 27 

4,479,049 13 

5,212,953 43 

6,278,401 68 



Statement of Mail Service in the United States, on the SOth of June, 1850. 



Suites. 


Total number 
of Miles. 


Total annual 
Transportation. 


States. 


Total number 
vt Miles. 


Total annual 
Transportal'n. 




4,252 
2,042 
2,519 
3,071 
414 
1,352 

13,397 
2,337 

11,422 

488 

2,4.38 

12,267 

11,923 
7,931 
5,464 
6,921 


1,369,680 

736,736 

964,860 

2,179,046 

213,304 

1,017,944 

6,148,258 

1,003,6-52 

3,455,792 

167,514 

1,010,4-56 

3,421,.535 

2,574,900 

1,683,604 

1,170,624 

1,670,034 


Florida 


2,607 
5,183 
7,262 
10,314 
4,572 
3,664 
9.702 
8.745 
7,371 
7,554 
5.4i;0 
5,625 
4,151 
7,698 


384,466 

1,318,893 

1,4.58,773 

2,448,744 

767,664 

541,408 

1,818,249 

2,489,656 

1,441,958 

1,737,324 

1,051,700 

796,836 

600,332 

897,463 


New Hampshire 


















KcwYoik 




New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


Kentucky 

Tennessee 


Maryland 

Ohio 




Arkansas 






Texas 


South Cariilina 

Georgia 




Total 


178,072 


46,541,423 



Statement of the net Revenue arising from Letter Postages, Newspapers, ^c., a/id the amount credited 
contractors for the Transportation of the Mails in the several States and Territories, for the fUoai 
year ended -iOCh June, 1850. 



States and Territories. 



Maine 

New Hampsliirc 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . 
Rhode Ishuid .. 
Connecticut. . ., 

New York , 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania. .. 

Delaware 

Maryland. 

Virginia 

North C.irolina.. 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Iowa 

South Carolina.. 
Georgia 



Revenue. 



89,761 92 
69,002 2) 
58,965 44 

3,5,s,i2n 72 

39.328 34 

110,971 81 

933,977 13 

66,156 20 

306,699 91 

12,521 33 

121,864 61 

141,579 13 

46,647 07 

64,185 86 

83,787 95 

17,215 53 

26,568 86 

76,1)3 02 

101,749 42 



Transportation. 



46,690 25 

27,662 00 

51,643 93 

132,161 84 

12,088 20 

62,176 13 

324 970 14 

42,813 37 

146,105 64 

6,489 87 

143,150 97 

169,687 83 

154,977 40 

74,142 .59 

101,313 23 

61,244 90 

24,850 05 

1-.I8,488 80 

146,772 94 



States and Territories. 



Alabama 

Mississippi 

Kentucl^y 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Florida 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

California 

Oregon 

New Mexico 

Utah 

District of Columbia 
Nebraska 



Revenue. Tran3portat*n. 



75,937 75 

65,5:'6 01 

86,472 49 

83,6:i8 03 

115,184 53 

286,311 24 

62,.3S7 69 

116,9.36 i;6 

28,474 12 

13,793 24 

60,725 35 

1,874 13 

227,152 ,S2 

3,282 54 

213 68 

718 9) 

11,109 45 

25 17 



143,798 70 
84,256 68 
87,121 70 
76,225 82 

156,685 71 

1.38,8.36 33 
39,634 68 
08,464 61 

114,744 83 

31,701 66 

34,759 77 

1,192 89 

111,515 87 

9,875 80 

350 00 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



833 



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834 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



o 



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1 1 


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UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



835 



O 

■f. 

o 





O O ^ "3 'O O O O "• M O O I-- ro O 




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11,210 

104,588 

10,259 

57,810 

3,630 


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cotQto^i— 'CO'--coc?ci-ft— t^ •cJ'-h-h" "f-Tcir— cTf-Tipto' -^" 

CO — < O — < CD CO 






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— r- I- O X CC -f CI C^ 'O ■-< --H to I- o 

c£" d o cT .yD o ci" TO cf CO cT --T -^ .-T .^ 
lO CO CI ci d CO CI C-, CI t" 'O t— -H cc CO 
--■dd-f-i<iocDio-*'soco-j< --. 

^ -^ rjl" CO 



"OOOO ooooooooooo 

CI o o o o o >o <o O O O O lO o o 

CDOOO •'OClCD-Tt'Ci'^O'OCOOO 

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836 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES 



^MCOtHOO^-OOCIO- 



I 'M V? CS * iC CO 

> cj CO o ' -^ n 
i O 'O •* ■ 0> ro 



r-<Tt.co^o«3'-Hcoc^t^'«MW'rtt>/50-*»oc^oooa>c^h-.ciM'ri»ocsico>oO't<'*cooocof» 

oi" *0 C4 o" CO - _ r _-_--- r _* 



(M 



•tj* ci^ W3 i-C i-T c^ o» 



'Ocococooi:o^"^ciiOf^ ai-**'^^'*<co:^l^^oo^-^o:i^-.c:1'-T•oof^l-**oo■— "COOit^^ico 
OC^OOOOt^CO^t^.-H'-l'OQOt^as_010C^OTji_io-^C>'C'^OC5C> l--'*"C'GOaDC-l(-~-J«^OCO 

tDir3"cTH^cor-rc^*ictC r^.-TorT'-^^'C-i^^tD c^^co"co■^.-^"'^^o^^ oo»i:rc-fcoow"cJoD— ^^«o 

'-' "^ C^ "-I --I (M (N 



C0fNr-4C0<N'^C»01»-' COQO(MI-^0>001 "i'C^Oi-i 00-^(N WOO C00.-«C^10«MO 



l^ r-( ^ to CO 



. 


. . . ^ . . 


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; oi cq 


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; o • • • • ■ • 


c^ • 


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CO '.jt ; 


; CO ; ; ; ; ; ; 


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oo>'5oocococo»otor-0'o— t 
■-tGOC^o^r—o«f3-*<cococ^co 



>oooco<-Hr-co>cir^-H^-tiow> 



a>lO'^^— <c>-H'0'-<>o .ccocot^cMoo-ficoo«0(M 

lO MooCOt^aO^r- •eQCO»--^I>.(MOh-«a'^<MGO 

CO i-H i-TtN'oo"' •ot^t^cTo'io'io' cTeTcT 

ro (M * •-' CO CO 



.Ot^ •tO"<J«COO'*OOOtOi-»iOOOC» 

• QO<Xi *OI^— -H^OI--C0--O--0» 

• «o * t-HiMcocor--or-.ocr>»co 



.•<i<GOO'Xi':OOiiO'^t^O--«CO 

CO ■— I i-H -^ Ci 



rr-4^HO^-(0»C01>— '— <OO00 
(M COCOOCJCISD-Xi-J* 

CO C^ Ci --I" ■— I 



o tc o • «o o 

■M CO O • Cq Oi 
O lO -^ ^ 

















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C-l 


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OCiO:3r-0^01l-'COCOt^OT»<a)QOCO'*'CO<£> •CJC1»0 t^ifSi-tC^J .000(MCOC^CO<MO-fOOO 

tDi-,OCCii— 'lOOC-lt— '0"*GO'-t"*»-iCOC»eOC^ •-fCOOil— •— <CO-t< 'CO— 'tOOOi"*COOO<—OCO 



r-Tior-Tcocor^o'co'co" 



cf -**" --r cj" ic^ t-T 

O r-l o 



'■-Hco'^t-rcro'co" 'co'^'c^r 



Ci 1-^ — < 'O h- »C >— 
O l-~. CD t-- t— .— I CJ 



•tOeOGOCOI— 00t--00?0CJ.-» 
CO OJ CS Tft CN C^ 



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ccP-(>-;<Occ?;SPL,«ii(;?H^PLi3:i5<5;^KcnsHoo»2o;?;ou 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



837 



!ClO■---•^^co-+^•oot•-oooo■--c^M■^»oor-.coolO•-HC^co•*M^tDl>Cc»^::no^(^i 



■ Cl CO • • . ■ • 


.*.'::;■• '^ 


— J • • • 


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(O 






oci ; ; ; 


, . '-o ; ; ; 1 




CO 



-+< [^ ■— ' -M t- -* 

t^ to "1 CO — < O 

■^ -M CI — ■ 



-J i~* W5 'C CO OO ^f^ CI lO iM 'to OO 

Cici 'o>oa>dccoco ao 

CO ■-» i-H O) .— I I— I CO 



I, O t£> CO — « t^ CO 



M CO CO 


• •¥ a 


CO 'O 'M 


• t- CO 


O CJ o 


> ^ t-- 



•C1000»0^ •'M'— 'OOOOCOIO-— 'OOlOO'O •CO'O'C'^OOCO'fCOOOr^.OCOt^O 

•■OCOCj^---DO -O— •WS— "?OC1CO'+''0--0-*<C^ •COt"<lDOCTJCO'iT'OOCi-*'*''X--f 

. cO'T-ii-^oio-ico .Oict GO c-JO'^o-**'!^ ■—".—« •^iCT»'Ocooor*'cococo-t«or-.co 

t'-'^'^'-H-tl'.-r l-rr-r c^frH^^'oocfcT tih" 'co^^^-^cooococTi-T ciicN 



• CO >o 

• yd, Tf 



C2 CO lO C^l :0 l~- 



' or-c^r^-oiocooiOoo-^wacoN 

' ^ COOCOC-l'XiC^ -H^ 

<N C3 <N Tl< CO 



CO 


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■ cr. i-~ *n CO >C 



CO o CO CI 1-^ o^i ■:•) o lo po <o >c o 
"(Ti'+i— '-^c>«:'Oico.-''X>rHao»ft 
C0t^>0<^^^OC0'MC-|-»*« -^Ol 



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^-1 O C^ 00 rH W i-» 

t-H CO ■^ 



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CO c-» * 


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c-i 


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f— t— ■* 










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r— -^ ifs ic« CO CO 'o CD 'f? ^j o o ■ o-i r— o o >o > 

1-^ C» >0 »0 Ci CI Ol O — ' CI * I - CO CO 'O CO c 

t^.-i <-i c:— I— ci'-j< cit-co 



^ . C5 CO 
C^ . CJ 'O 
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, CI CO CO t— r-^ o 

. 'O CO O t- O CO 
. CO CI O ;D Ci CI 



■^--'oococo';tt-Hr-.ci-+'0'** 
ci— "to— ■ccc^cor-'O-- -^i'. 
— iiiTi cocio;c>QO-fco-H'-^ 



jifit-^-f-— <CicicocO"*'^aoi^o 

-0-*''0 0'-(COC^OCOC)'CCO'l< 
ICOr-C^'OOOiCOO'^'^'C'OCO 



to o 

CO CO 



Hi-- •Qow5o>CiCi-*'r-cooooco^cici 

CO* CI C<-t*-^r-l--J'^ O—" 

^ t£) ^ 00 






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c 
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i in '.3 I~ '» "^ O ^ C-i CO '*« 'C '.i t-^ QC Ci O -.< •?< rt 'i- '.^ '.O 1^ 3C ff> o — I c^ 



838 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 







•MO • ^ ^ Cr> ^ • rM 


• • M t^ • ^ o * y3 • • 






l~- 






O 'O * 'O -*•>-•• eg 


■ ■ d GO * t^ * * 






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■^ • 








■* 














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'JDC^IO'M'Mb-.COf-OO 


•^jico'noco-^O'-o • 


* o 


<S <S CD »0 


h* 




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•OOC^CJStOOOOl^ * 


■ CD 


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-f 




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ffi 


O »o ^ ^ ,-, (o O 

CO ^ 


• •*< l-H CCl ^ i-H CM c-i • 


• c-i 


•* 


-*< 
O 
C4 



-*«t— CO-*''MC<ICJOOO 

OOOl— «t--CS'-''M00CO 
■— 'COO>OGOr^i— "r-.o 

1-^ t-^ oo ^ '^i^ -H <^ -"T cT 

Tt* CI O M CO -:** »0 



»-.t>.COGO-fCOiO-**C^ 
'Mt-^CDi-ieDCTS'MCOCO 

O^O'OCOOOClOOl 

co'f-H-^cTco't-r'K^K^'co 

■-' eOiMOl-i'CgtO-M 

—I CO 



. r- . en c^ CO oo 

> CO . CI o -o 01 

■ 00 • O GO CO — " 

' t-T ■ '^ ■* CO go" 



^t--t--h-'^>f?cDC<l.-H 

<-<COiMt--'t*«CDeO^CO 

w CO —*.-(■-» "i us 



■t--0it^h^0i-^000 
-11 ^ ,-( (M --I .-H 00 





as • to • • 00 ; ; 
^ '^ . ; * to • • 

1 r-t • ; 00 ; ; 








































00 




















' * 


J 


GOCOOOO— 'GOI--Wt^ 

c-1 ao ^ -^ '-o t-^ t^ •^ <X) 
(M CO OJ oi_'^ ^ ■"! '-i 

■<p CO ^ 


• -f -^ CT) 'O »0 10 t^ CO 

^^Ot^CO-ttCOt^Cl 

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■ • 00 


• -i* OS 

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. °0 

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to to 


CD 







QD«DCOO--''MOCOCS 
CDitDOt— CiCi'XiCO>0 
COiMOTfiO-i'O'— 'Cg 



COCSOS'MCOCDOOOCO 
'OcOtOI^-— 'OOCDOiiO 

c^dt-^h-otoiO'^'— < 



I -+< • •-> io t~~ a> 
■ 01 . crs c^ c-1 CO 



>ococoosci>or-Mt^ 

»— t— OSQO-^tQCii— ((-- 
00 C* CO CO rH 



; o : CO i-H -^ c^ 

, IM . 01 ^00 

, rH . CO -^ 



) O • CD ■<*< O CO 



GO OS O -!p — ' C5 O 
Csl CO O ^ CO CO t— 

!>• r- i-" 00 "o 00 



■r-.oo-^t--^'-''^oco 

■^'O^-^-'I^CO'— <Oi-H 

'CI cot^otot^c^o 



M • O-l t^ t^ CI 

CO • o r- OS 

r- • CI •-< to 



CO --• O CO — ' O CO 
^ CO ^ C: O C-1 CO 
CO '-' O O CO Ol -f 

cT cT o ^" GO co" -1*" 

t-. .-. CI r-l (M -- 

•-H CO 00 



. 'i'CO-fCO^OtCCDCD 

ii^coo-*'0--<cocor^ 

It, T^00>0O«0CD— -t^ 



CO . CO h- CO OS 

■-4 . wo CO -*< t^ 

CO • o >o r-t r. 



CO OS 01 00 M* O Oi 
CO C^ 00 O •-< CO 

CO *ii 01 f~* r~* •— 



; ^ HH *. O ^- ^ 



" >■ o ts 






00 a 



^ 3 

TO flj C) 






o" ■" 3 2 S 
•? S .a .5 >^ 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



839 



CO O CI 'C O — I »^ 
I-^ tJ« 'O (M O CO 

t- ■-! en 



•*' -M CO O -tH O CO "M '-D 
CO »0 -f >** -+- t— ■-*< 'O ^ 

GO yo ~J '-' f— 1-^ >f^ 



O-t^COOOI-'GOf-'OJiO 

I- r— CO «— ' QO CO o o 'O 

-f 1-^ .n CO ^ ^ o -o 



CO -H h- »o 

O Cl O OD 

O ^ CO 



■-HCOCDO'C— f'MQO-^ -OSC:) I-^GOCOOCOiOO 
-^C1-1<OCO'-£>CO'MI^ •CO'C-t<QOOOOOO 

I— cc «; CO 'o '.D <— I o -^ • 1— CO CO CO 'O I-- CO c-i 'O 



• r— 00 r^ o 

• «ra O CO t>- 

. CO CO CO —I 



'O t^ — " ';o CO o i^ 

Cl O? CJ C^ CO CD 



C-I OJ (M O 



^H CI I-- o-i '(0 oi GO cs O ; t— ci to 'O CO r^ c-i oi t^ 

t— CO GO O -t* >0 Ci C-3 . ifj — ' I-- O »0 O CO CD 

-r t^O.-i— .t^ tC.-f COCl CO .-«.-« C-IO 





• ^ • * 


• (D 


• ^ ^ 


' -f 






; «3 GO 


• CO 








. ^ 









CO 'O CO r^ »o -t* Ci "M 00 

—H QO >^J O — < >0 ■-■ 'O -H 
G-1 CO ■— ' <M C-l CO O CO 



CD -f -O i-H O Oi Ci 
Cl ^ >Ci r- O-l C» O 
C-l CO CO O ■*f O Ci 



>0 O CO CO rf CI — I CI '"S 
CO O? t-- Ci t-- ■-< 30 CTi O 
-fTiChCcocOGOOO CO 



CO • to CO CI O CT> GO C-1 

CO * GO CO I- ^ -+<■-. .-( 

CO ; ^ Ol '-' t^ O -O CO 

' o • ^ CO cT -f^ oT cf CO 

CO • CO ^^ 'C CO iQ CI 



CO . CI 1/-1 05 »0 

CO . O r-H t-, CO 

CO • '-^ '^^ -t ^ 

--T * 1(0 i-H CO 



OiCOOGOCOCOtOClCO 
coi>.^^'+'c0'f3 r^ 

CO CO CO d •-< 



: o 1-1 r- «5 



110 CD ^ 00 
O CI CO CO 



CO t— 'C C5 Oi CO -*< 
—1 to '—'-*' CI ^^ CI 
CO re ^H o cc O 
"tiT -^ co" ^1 — I 

^ CO 



•^f-.COOCO.-lCOCO'Cl 

|0 -^coo-— 'r-cir— 

• CO .-T .-H CO -T .— ' cT 



. CO -+« CO CO -*« CO 



o CI -f o Ci CI r) 

C-J O I'- —I CI GO 

.-< —c CI 'O 



.cOCi'-iOCDeO'l*!- ** 

I O 'C '-O C) CO O 'O ■* 'C 
i-fCO'-'^CCOiClI--0 



. >0 CO 00 >c 

• "O Oi lO CO 

• CI O CO -J* 



CI -i< i~- -^ cr> cj CI 

O t- iC O CI Ci 
CO -rp •-• ■— lO 



3 o ii O ^.^"-s 



cr>c3icico'-'cooai'o 
O r-- C5 -H Ci t- CI --r* 

CO r-< .-H CI rH CD 



c; S ** '" 

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s;^;> 






o>^>5;^ 



a o 



■— iClCO'^'CCOt— COCl 









o 

H 



840 



UNITED STATES GAZETTEER.— STATISTICAL TABLES. 



Statement of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States, on the last day of June, 1851. 



Registered tonnage in the 



Wliale 
li^lierj". 



Steam 
navi-ration. 



Proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the 



Coasting trade. Cod fistieiy. 



Mackerel 
fiiiliery. 



Aggregate ton- Steam 
nageof ea. didt. navigatioD. 



Tons and 95tl)s. 



Passaraaquoddy, Me 

Machias, do 

Frenclunan's Bay, do. 

Penobscot, do, 

Belfast do 

Bangor, do 

Waldoboro' do, 

Wiscasset do, 

Bath do, 

Portland do 

Saco do, 

Kennebunk do. 

York, do, 

Portsmouth, N. H. . . 

Burlington, Vt 

Newburyport, . . . Ms. 

Ipswich do. 

Gloucester, do, 

Salem, do. 

Beverly, do, 

Marblchead, do. 

Boston do. 

Plymouth, do. 

FaU Kivcr do. 

New Bedford do. 

Barnstable, do. 

Edgartown, do. 

Nantucket, do. 

Providence, .... R. I. 

Bristol do. 

Newport, do. 

Middletown, Ct. 

New London do 

Stonington do. 

New Haven, do. 

Fairfield do. 

Champlain, . . . .N. Y. 
Sackett's Harbor,. do. 

Oswego, do. 

Niagara, do, 

Genesee, do, 

Oswegatchie do. 

Buffalo Creek, ...do. 

Sag Harbor do, 

Greenport, do. 

New Y'ork, do 

Cape Vincent do. 

Cold Spring do. 

Perth Amboy,...N. J. 

Bridgetown, do. 

Burlington, do. 

Camden, do. 

Newark, do. 

Little Egg Harbor,do, 
Great Egg Harbor.do 

Philadelphia Pa 

Presqu'isle, do. 

Pittsburg, do. 

Wilmington, .... De. 

Newcastle do. 

Baltimore, Md 

Oxford, do. 

Vienna do. 



928.19 

U3,G01.87 

4,200.08 

3,231.88 

19,0.55,29 

864.54 

4,482.63 

1,181.23 



649.74 



16,346.14 
9,601.69 



4,434.26 
1,210.52 



2,505.90 



.52,392.68 



1,052.07 



9,676. 

19,632. 

26,606. 

17,956, 

26,066, 

15,370, 

51,844, 

5,722, 

22,852, 

20,774, 

1,307, 

1,923, 

1,088. 

5,173, 

3,932, 

495 

448. 



1,190, 

225, 

5,448. 

12,774, 

4,345, 

732, 

3,292 

6,532, 

1,745 

3,861 

301, 

637 

144. 

1,705, 



4,667.47 



9,165, 
424. 



38,690 
1,273, 
9,920 
7,902 

30,488, 
1,499, 
2,867, 
7,101 
1,878, 
3,963, 

12,362, 

12,406, 
4,664, 

12,446, 

23,854, 
4,207 
7,105 

26,323 

605 

686 

1,985, 

43,603, 

3,760 

3,512 

415,062, 

2,496, 

44, 

21,714, 

13,745, 
6,797, 

15,452, 
5,595, 
6,639 

15,782 

149,793 

8,210, 

52,466. 
5,950. 
5,064, 

64,278, 

12,309 

13,576, 



19 



15,729, 
142 



80 



3,127, 
1,034. 
5,194, 



213. 

7,800. 

7S. 

121. 

26. 



93. 
3,768, 
1,729. 



73, 
736. 



491.38 

59.42 

294.62 

3,249.60 

1,973.00 

241.11 

312 

26.01 

387.40 

2,545.85 

51.74 

194.88 

30.05 

481.16 



2,777.88 

27.42 

5,110.54 



3,524.40 

150.14 

5,536.64 

1,129.12 



220.03 

20,373.00 

386,38 

180.65 



189.76 
133.56 
217.64 
242.71 



25,349.38 
22,876.88 
34,899.86 
40,809.25 
44,835.22 
27,571.64 
103,.593.51 
19.718.26 
103,795.91 
97,571.70 

2,825.88 
11,204.44 

1,263.66 
25,427.54 

3,932.31 

26,706.80 

492.55 

23,436.11 

30,498.36 

3,948.78 

4,.351.51 

342,936.09 

10,723.01 

12,070.50 

131,409.46 

72,997.44 

8,079.19 
26,752.71 
15,552.55 
12,177.63 
10,320.19 
12,757.53 
40,407.67 
20,302.51 
18,308.44 
24,403.60 

4,207.70 

7,105.93 

26,323.21 

005.94 

686.01 

1,985.34 
43,603.13 
12,808.00 

7,391.11 
931,193.74 

2,496.19 

2,608.12 
22,765.89 
14,835.07 

6,797.05 
15,663.41 

5,773.33 

6,639.26 

16,421.79 

222,428.90 

8,210,35 
53,734.34 

6,816.67 

5,084.19 

160,511.64 

12,636.45 

14,469.87 



648.33 



1,693.60 



2,018.51 
1,395.64 



3,240.3" 



2,324.85 



4,826.10 

57.81 

240.16 



479.22 

262.75 

124.00 

255.67 

2,116.17 

3,742.77 

67.38 

1,661.08 



917.30 

343.07 

4,381.91 

100.00 

429.42 

1,985.34 

19,983.56 

128.01 



69,148.89 



5,440.89 



2,762.30 
5,020.78 
1,005.01 



19,665.29 
5,960.61 

47,910.94 
2,489.92 



14,285.21 



UNITED STATES G^VZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 



841 



Statement 


of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States 


— continued. 




Districts. 


Registered tonnage in Die 


Froporlion of tlie enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the 


Wliale 
fishery. 


Steam 
navigation. 


Coasting trade. Cod fishery. 


Mackerel 
fishery. 


.Aggregate ton- 
nage of ea.diyt. 


Steam 
navigation. 


Tons and 95ttis. 1 

1 


Snow Hill, Md. 

St. Mary's, do. 

Town Creek, do. 

Annapolis do. 

Georgetown, D. C. . . 

Ale.xandria, Va. 

Norfolk do. 

Petersburg, do. 

Richmond, do. 

Yorktown do. 

Tappahannock, ..do. 
Accomac, c. h — do. 

East River, do. 

Yeocomico, do. 

Cherry Stone do. 

Wheeling, do. 

Wilmington, . ..N. C. 

Newbern, do. 

Washington do. 

Edenton do. 

Camden do. 

Beaufort, do. 

Plymouth, do. 

Ocracoke do. 

Charleston S. C. 

Georgetown, do. 

Beaufort, do. 






9,575.38 
■2,290.48 
2,124.73 
2,659.58 

18,505.57 
6,381.04 

12,780.68 
1,899.86 
4,303.01 
5,025.00 
4,911.94 
3,849.78 
1,622.79 
3 388.57 






9,851.59 

2,290.48 

2,1'24.73 

2,659.58 

22,903.46 

10,111.87 

2.3,661.25 

2,927.41 

6,835.14 

5,241.52 

5,059.69 

4,361.78 

1,650.84 

3,388.57 

1,037.16 

3,923.89 

12,387.45 

4,891.65 

6,615.58 

1,128.08 

12,310.52 

2,414.21 

2,607.00 

1,428.15 

31,910.27 

3,277.19 


1 




2U.QI 






336142 

2,309.34 

314.48 

936.30 

79.60 

1,585.68 








































1,115.85 


























1,000.86 
3,923.89 
6,330.19 
3,275.78 
3,953.30 
1 017.58 












3,923.89 

3,014.23 

170.59 




















9,979 56 








970.43 

1,230.81 

1,4'28.15 

10,472.88 

1,503.74 












86.84 
5,665.'l2 




















Savannah Ga. 






10,449.47 






22,265.69 


8,289.52 










Brunswick do. 

Hard wick do. 

St. Mary's do. 

Pensacola, Fa. 

St. Augustine, .. .do. 







470.49 






489.67 














703 13 






1,429.87 
2,322.70 




1,095.43 














St M.irk's do 






281.60 

309.92 

2,050.36 

1 497 63 






281.60 

309.92 

2,050.36 

4,400.10 

27,327.01 

.1,236.21 

168.48 

251,900.14 

1,384.79 

3,587.67 

12,937.90 

34,065.46 

23,103.45 

2,946.10 

36,070.50 

4,858.38 

14.187.18 

3,236.13 

40,319.46 

1,455.10 

3,607.16 

657.49 

588.52 

1,003.43 

58,063.54 

372.43 












79.45 
2,050.36 


Apalachicola, . — do. 
Key West, do. 















17,941.48 

929.29 

168.48 

165,275.48 

959.05 

3,587.67 

12,937.90 

34,065.46 

23,103.45 






13,607.87 

79.35 

168.48 

149,747.72 

538.07 

3,.587.67 

12,937.90 

29,.508.31 

706.79 

286.80 

ll,:i.5.5.3C 

73.35 

12,362.48 

1,153.10 

21,944.17 


Pearl Kiver, Mi. 

Vicksburg, do. 

New Orleans, .... La. 
Teche do. 




6,905.63 
































St T.niiis Mo 


























2,946.10 
36 070 50 






Cuyahoga, O. 

Sandusky do. 

Cincinnati do. 

Miami do. 

Detroit Mn. 

Michilimackinac, do. 

Galveston Ts. 

Point Isabel do. 

Saluria do. 










4,858. .38 
14.187.18 

3,236.13 
40,319.46 































3,062.70 
657.49 
571.11 






1,330.07 
657.49 
105.54 

4,945.41 
18.3.66 











San Francisco, . ..Ca. 
Sonora do. 






15,971.13 
183.36 
















181,6«.5'2 


62,390.13 


1,854,317.90 


87,475.89 


50,539.02 


3,772,439.43 


521,216.87 

1 





106 



ARMY AND NAVY 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES 



ARMY. 



The army of tlic United States, commanded by 
one major general and two brigadiers, consists of 
a corps of engineers, an ordnance department, 
two regiments of dragoons, one of mounted rifle- 
men, four of artillery, and eight of infantry, — in 
the whole about 11,000 men, — and is stationed 
as follows : — 



MILITARY GEOGKAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 

The Eastern Division, composed of the 1st, 2d, 
3d, and 4th Military Departments, comprises the 
following states : Slaine, New Hampshire, Ver- 
mont. Massatliusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
Now York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car- 
olina, and Georgia, and the portion of Florida 
and Wisconsin E. of a line drawn from Fond du 
Lac. Lake Superior, to Cape Sable, Florida. 

The Western Division, composed of the 5th, 
Gth, 7th, 8th. and 9lh Military Departments, is 
situated within the following limits : The country 
W. of the line from Fond du Lac to Cape Sa- 
ble, (except Oregon and California,) embrac- 
ing the part of Wisconsin W. of said line ; Min- 
nesota ; the states of Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana. Mis- 
sissippi, Alabama, and Texas ; the part of Florida 
W. of said line ; the Indian country W. of the 
Mississippi Kivei"; and the territory of New 
Mexico. 

The Pacific Division, composed of the 10th and 
11th Military Departments, comprises the terri- 
tories of California and Oregon. 

The head-quarters of the army arc in Wash- 
ington. 

The head-quarters of the Eastern Division are 
at Troy, N. Y. 

The" head-quarters of the Western Division 
are at New Orleans, La. 

The head-quarters of the Pacific Division are 
at Sonoma, Ca. 



MILITAKY GEOUKAnilCAL DEI'AETMESTS. 

No. 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- 
sachusetts, Khotle Island, and Connecticut. 

No. 2. Michigan, Wisconsin, (E. of the line 
from Fond ilu Lac to Cape Sable,) Ohio, and In- 
diana. Head-quarters at Detroit. 

No. 3. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, and Maryland. 



The head-quarters of Departments No. 1 anil 
3 are at Troy, N. Y. 

No. 4. Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Georgia, and that part of Florida lying with- 
in the Eastern Division. Head-quarters at Fort 
Monroe, Va. 

No. 5. The portion of Florida within the 
Western Division, the states of Alabama, Lonis- 
iana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. 
Head-quarters at New Orleans. 

No. 6. Wisconsin. ( W. of the line from Fond 
du Lac to Cape Sable.) Iowa, Illinois, and Mis- 
souri, above the 37th degree of N. latitude. Head- 
quarters at St. Louis. 

No. 7. The country W. of the Mississippi, S. 
of the 37th degree of N. latitude, N. of Louisiana 
and Texas, and E. of Department No. 9. Head- 
quarters at . 

No. 8. That part of Texas' lying S. and E. of 
a line drawn from a point on the Rio Grande, op- 
posite the southernmost limit of the island S. of 
El Paso, containing tlie towns of San Elizario, 
Socorra, and Islctta. to the junction of the Ense- 
niida Choctau (Choctaw Creek) with the Colorado 
or Red River, and down said river to Arkansas. 
Head-quarters at San Antonio. 

No. 9. New Mexico and the territory N. and 
W. of tlie aforesaid line from tlie Rio Grande to 
and down the Colorado or Red River, formerly 
claimed as a part of New Mexico. Head-quarters 
at Santa Fe. 

No. 10. The territory of California. Head- 
quarters at Monterey. 

No. 11. The territory of Oregon. 

PAY OF THE AK5IY. 

Total Annual Pai/. Major general, $4512; 
brigadier general, S2958 ; colonels of engineers 
and cavalry, $2196; colonels of artillery and in- 
fantry, S1992; lieutenant colonels of engineers 
and cavalry, 3-1944; lieutenant colonels of artil- 
ery and infantry, SI 740; majors of enginecr>i 
and cavalry. 51692 ; majors of artillery and in- 
fantry, $1548 ; captains of engineers anrl cavalrv 
.$127'8; captains of artillery and infantry. $951; 
first and second lieutenants of engineers and 
cavalry, S9R8 ; first lieutenants of artillery and 
infantry, S834 ; second do., S774 ; paymaster 
general, $2500; deputy paymaster general, 
S1944; paymasters, SI500; surgeon gener.al. 
$2500; surgeons, from S9S2 to SI 788, according 
to length of service. Privates, engineers, and 
cavalry, £198 ; artillery and infantry, $186. 



ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



843 



ARSENALS. 



PoBta. 


stale or Terriloiy. 


Post Office. 


Kennebec, 
Watertown, 
Charaplain, 
Watervliet, 
Rome, 
! Alleghany, 
Frankforj, 
Pikesville, . 
Washington, . 
Bellona, 
St. Louis, 
Baton Rouge, 
Mount Vernon, 
Detroit, 

North Carolina, 
Charleston, 
Apalachicola, 
Little Rock, 






Maine, .... 
Massachusetts, . 
Vermont. 
New York, 

Pennsylvania, 

Marvlnnil 

Dist. of Colunibiii, 
Virginia, .... 
Missouri, 

Louisiana 

Alabama, 

Michigan, .... 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, . 

Florida, .... 

Arkansas, .... 




Augusta. 

Watertov™. 

Vergcnnes. 

Watervliet. 

Rome. 

Pittsburg. 

Frankford. 

Pikesville. 

Washington. 

Bellona. 

St. Louis. 

Raton Rouge. 

Mount Vernon. 

Dearbonville. 

F\vetteville. 

Charleston. 

Chattahoochee. 

Little Rock. 








xMILITARY POSTS. 







Posts. 


State or Territory. 


Post Office. 


Eastern Divisiox. 




Department No. 1. 






Fort Sullivan, 


Maine, 


Eastport. 


Fort Preble, 


" 


Portland. 


Fort Constitution, 


New PLampsbire, . 


Portsmouth. 


Fort Independence, . 


Massachusetts, . 


Boston. 


Fort Warren, 


" 


" 


Fort Adams, 
Fort Wolcott, j 


Rhode Island, . 


Newport. 


Fort Trumbull, . 


Connecticut, 


New London. 


Department No. 2. 






Fort Brady, 


Michigan, 


Sault Ste. Marie. 


Fort Mackinac, 


" .... 


Mackinac. 


Fort Gratiot, 


" 


Fort Gratiot. 


Detroit Barracks, . 


" 


Detroit. 


Fort Howard, 


Wisconsin, 


Green Bay. 


Department No. 3. 






Fort Niagara, 


NewY'ork 


Youngstown. 


Fort Ontario, 


'• .... 


( )swego. 


Madison Barracks, 


" 


Sackett's Harbor. 


Plattsburg Barracks. . 


" .... 


Plattsburg. 


West Point, .... 


" 


West Point. 


Fort Columbus, ^ 


/ 


New York. 


Fort Wood, f 
Fort Hamilton, j 


New Y'ork Harbor, N. Y., . | 


11 
Fort Hamilton. 


Fort Lafavette, ' 


1 


" 


Fort Mifflin, 


Pennsylvania, 


Philadelphia. 


Carlisle Barracks, 


" .... 


Carlisle. 


Fort McHenry, . 


Maryland 


Baltimore. 


Fort Washington, 


"" .... 


Fort Washington. 


Depaj-tment No. 4. 






Fort Monroe, 


Virginia, .... 


Old Point Comfort. 


Fort Johnson, ) 
F"ort Caswell. ( 


North Carolina, . 


Smithville. 


Fort Macon, 


" . .... 


Beaufort. 


Fort Moultrie, | 
Castle Pinckney, j 


Charleston Harbor, S. C., . 


Charleston. 


Augusta Arsenal, . 


Georgia, .... 


Augusta. 


Oglethorpe Barracks, 


" .... 


Savannah. 


Fort Marion, 




St. Augustine. 


Western Division. 






Department No. 5. 






Key West 


Florida, 


Key West. 



844 



ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Posts. 



Fort Brooke, . 

Fort Pickens, ) . 

Fort McUea, ) 

Fort Morgan, 

Fort Pike, 

Fort Wood, 

Fort Jackson, 

New Orleans Barracks, 

Baton Rouge Barracks, 

Newport Barracks, 

Department No. ( 
Fort Scott, 
Fort Leavenworth, 
Fort Kearny, 
Fort Laramie, . 
Jerterson Barracks, 
Fort .Snelling, 
Fort Gaines, . 
Fort on Des Moines ) 
River, f 

Department No. 7 
Fort Towson, 
Fort Washita, 
Fort Gibson, 
Fort on Canadian River, 

Department No. 8 
Fort Polk, . 
Fort Brown, . 
Ringgold Barracks, ) 
Davis Landing, ) 
Fort Mcintosh, Laredo, 
Fort Duncan, Eagle Pass, 
Fort Inge, . 
Fort Lincoln, Rio Seco, 
San Antonio, 
Fort Martin Scott, 
Fort Croghan, ) 
Hamilton Creek, j 
Fort Gates, Leon River, 
Fort Graham, Jose I 
Maria Village, ) 
Fort Worth, Trinity River, 
Fort Merrill, 

Department No. 9. 
Fort Marcy, . 
Taos, .... 
Albuquerque, 
Dona Ana, 
Secorra, 

El Paso del Norte, 
San Elizario, 
Las Vegas, 

Third, or Pacific Division 

Department No. 10. 
San Francisco, 
Benicia, 

Camp Stanislaus, . 
Camp Far West, 
Monterey, 
San Luis Rey, . 
San Diego, . 

Department No. II.* 
Nesqually, Puget's ) . 

Sound, S 

Fort Vancouver, 
Fort Hall, 



State or Territory. 



Florida, 



Alabama, 
Louisiana, 



Kentucky, 

Missouri, 



Territory 
Minnesota Territory, . 



Arkansas Territory, 



Texas, 



Nueces River, 

New Mexico, 



California, 



Oregon, 



Post Office. 



Tampa Bay. 

Pensacola. 

Mobile. 
Fort Pike. 
New Orleans. 



Baton Rouge. 
Newport. 

Fort Scott. 

Fort Leavenworth. 

Linden, Mo. 

Jefferson Barracks. 
Fort Snelling. 



Fort Towson. 
Fort Gibson. 



Point Isabel. 
Brownville. 



San Antonio. 

u 
u 

Fredericksburg. 

Austin. 



Corpus Christi. 
Santa Fe. 



San Francisco. 
Benicia. 
Stockton. 
Sutter's Fort. 
Monterey. 

San Diego. 

Nesqually. 

Vancouver. 
Linden, Mo. 



* The other posts in this department are not yet known. 



ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



845 



NAVY. 



VESSELS OF WAR OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 



Name and Rale. 


Where and when built. 


Name and Rate. 


Where and when 1 


uilt. 


Ships of the Line. 


11. 








Guns. 




G 


uns. 






St. Mary's, 


20 


Washington. 


1844 


rcnnsylvania, 


120 


Philadelphia, 


18;!7 


Jamestown, 


20 


Norfolk; 


1844 


Franklin. 


74 


" 


1815 


Albany, 


20 


New York, 


1846 


Columbus, 


74 


Washington, 


1819 


(iermantown, 


20 


Phil.adelpbia. 


1846 


Ohio, 


74 


New York, 


1820 


Ontario, 


18 


Biiltimorc, 


1813 


North Carolina, 


74 


Phihidelphia, 


1820 


Decatur, 


16 


New York, 


1839 


Dclawnre, 


74 


Gosport, Va., 


1820 


Preble, 


16 


Portsmoutli, 


1839 


Alaliama, 


74 






Yorktown, 


16 


Norfolk, 


1839 


Vermont. 


74 


Boston, 


1848 


Marion, 


16 


Boston, 


1839 


Virginia, 


74 






Dale, 


16 


Philadelphia, 


1839 


New York, 


74 






Brigs, 4. 








New Orleans, 


74 






Dolphin, 


U) 


New York, 


1836 










Porpoise, 


10 


Boston, 


1836 


Independence, Razee. 54 


Boston, 


1814 


Bainbridgc, 


10 


■' 


1842 


Fru/ates, 1st Class, 


2. 






Perry, 


10 


Norfolk, 


1843 


United States, (guns 


)44 


Philadelphia, 


1797 


Schooners, 5. 








Constitution, 


44 


Boston, 


1797 


Flirt, 


'2 


Transfd from W. 


D. 


Potomac, 


44 


Washington, 


1821 


Wave, 


1 


.. ti 




Brandywine, 


44 


" 


1825 


Phcenix, 


2 


„ I. 




Columbia, 


44 


" 


1836 


Petrel, 


1 


Purchased, 


1846 


Congress, 


44 


Portsmouth, 


1841 


Taney, 




Transfd from T. D. | 


Cumberland, 


44 Boston, 


1842 


Sicamei'S, 14. 








Savannah, 


44 ! New York. 


1842 


Mississippi, 


tio 


I'hiladclphia, 


1841 


Raritan, 


44 


Philadelphia, 


1843 


Susquehanna, 








Santee, 


44 






Powhatan, 








Sabine, 


44 






Saranac, 




Portsmouth, 


1848 


St. Lawrence, 


44 


Norfolk. 


1847 


San .Taciuto, 








Frigates, 2d Class, 


2. 1 




Fulton, 


4 


New York, 


1837 


Constellation, 


36 Baltimore, 


1797 


Union, 


4 


Norfolk, 


1842 


Macedonian, 


36,Capt'd 1812, reb't 


1836 


Michigan, 


1 


Erie, Pa., 


1843 


Sloops of War, 2 


2. 




Alleghany, 


2 


Pittsburg, Pa., 


1846 


Saratoga, 


20 Portsmouth, 


1842 


Vixen, 


3 


Purchased, 


1846 


.Tohn Adams, 


20, Charleston, S. C. 


* 1799 


General Taylor, 




Transrd from W 


D. 


Vincenncs, 


20 1 New York, 


182G 


Water Witch, 


1 


Washington, 


1845 


Warren, 


20 Boston, 


1826 


Engineer, 




Purchased, 


1846 


Falmouth, 


20 


1827 


Massachusetts, 




Transf'd from W. D. | 


Fairfield, 


20 New York, 


1828 


Storeships and Brigs, G. 






Vandalia, 


20 1 Philadelphia, 


1828 


Relief, 


6 


Philadelphia, 


1836 


St. Louis, 


20 


Washington, 


1828 


Erie, 


4 


Baltimore, 


1813 


Cyane, 


20 


Boston, 


1837 


Lexington, 


6 


New York, 


1825 


Levant, 


20 


New York, 


1837 


Southampton, 


4 


Norfolk, 


1845 


Portsmoalli, 


20 


Portsmouth, 


1 843 


Sup|ily, 


4 


Purchased, 


1846 


Plymouth, 


20 


Boston, 


1 843 


Frcdonia, 


4 




1846 



» Rebuilt in 189» 



\ Paixhan. 



NAVY Y'ARDS. 



Portsmouth, N. II. 
Charlcstown, Ms. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Washington, 
Norfolk. Va.^ 
Pensacola, Fa 
Memphis, Tc. 



D. C. 



PAY OF THE NAVY. 

Captains, (68.) senior in .service, S4500;of 
squadrons, S4000 ; others on duty, $3500 ; on 
leave, S2500. Commanders, (97.) in sea service, 
$2500; on other duty, S2100: on leave, S1800. 
Lieutenants, (327,) commanding, $1800; on 



other dutv, ,51500; waiting orders, S1200. Snr 
gcons, (69,) from $1000 to S2700, acconling to 
term and nature of service. Assistant surgeons. 
(43.) from S6.50 to S1200. Pursers. (64,) $1,500 to 
S3500. Chaplains, (24,) at sea, $1200; on leave, 
$800. Professors of mathematics, (12,) $1200. 
Passed midshipmen, (183.) on duty, $750; on 
leave, SnilO. Midshipmen, (183,) at sea, $400; on 
other dutv, $350 ; on leave, $300. Chief engineers, 
on duty, from $151)0 to $2000; on leave, 1200 to 
$1400. Assistant engineers, on duty, $600 to 
$1000 ; on leave, $400 to $850. Boatswains, gun- 
ners, carpenteis, and sailmakers, on duty, $700 
to $800 ; on leave, $500 to $600. 



CANALS AND RAILROADS 



IN THE 



UNITED STATES 



CANALS. 



NEW ENGLAND. 

The only canal in New England, now em- 
ployed for purposes of navi-^alion, is the Cumber- 
land and Oxford, 204 mile?, from Portland to 
Sebago Lake, to whicli tlii^ Topl'O River im- 
provement adds .30 miles of lake and rivernav- 
ii;ation. The Middlesex Catml. 27 miles, from 
Iloston to Lowell, the Blactstone Camth 45 miles, 
from Worcester to Providence, and the Farmiinjton 
Canal, 78 miles, from New II iven to Northamp- 
ton, have all been super.seded by railroads. The 
same is the case with the short lanals constructed 
for passinfi the various falls of the Connecticut 
and Merrimae, the navi;^ation of these rivers 
having been mostly abandoned in favor of the 
railroads along their banks. 

NEW VORK. 

The Cliamplain 0/7ia/ extends from the Hudson 
at Troy to Lake Champlain, at Whitehall. 64 
miles. The J'Jrie Canal extends from the Hud- 
son, at Albany, to Lake Erie, at Uuflfalo, .364 
miles. Tliis latter canal sends off branches, as 
follows : Blitrk River, from Home to Carthage, 
77(^ miles, with a feeder from Brownville,IO miles ; 
Chenango, from Utica to Binghamptoii, 97 miles ; 
Osiueijo, from S}'racuse to Oswego, 38 miles ; 
Cayni/a and Seneca, from Montezuma to Geneva, 
21 miles, tributary to which are the Crooked 
ImIb C<inal, 3 miles, from Dresden to I'cnn Yan, 
and the Cheiminr], 39 miles, from .Icft'erson, at 
the head of Seneca Lake to Elmira ; finally, the 
denesee Valley Canal, from Rochester to Olcari, 
on the Alleghauy, 1084 miles, with a branch from 
Mount Morris to Danville. U miles. Works are 
in progress to unite this New York system with 
the Pennsylvania and Susquehanna system, l>y 
canals extending from Bingh:impton and Elmira 
to the Pennsylvania line. All the above, exec)>t 
the junction canals last mentioned, are state 
works. The iJekvcare and Hudson Canal ex- 
tends from the Hudson, at the mouth of the 
Esopus Creek, to the Delaware, at l*ort Jervis, 
and thence up that river to the mouth of the 
Lackawaxcn, along which it is continued by the 
Lackawaxen Canal to Honesdale, in Pennsyl- 
vania, in the whole 110 miles. The whole length 
of canals in New York is near 1000 miles. 



NEW JERSEY. 

The Delaware and liaritan Canal, 42 miles, from 
Bordentown to New Brunswick, opens an internal 
sloop navigation from Philadelphia to New York. 
The Morris Canal, 102 miles, from .Icrsey City, 
opposite New Y'ork, to Easton, on the Delaware, 
communicates with the Lehigh navigation, and 
the Pennsylvania Delaware Canal. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Has a canal system still more extensive than that 
of New York. Commencing at the head of 
navigation in the Susquehanna at Havre de 
Grace in Maryland, the Tidewater Canal extends 
4.'j miles, to Wrightsville. opposite the termination 
of the Columbia Railroad, from Philadelphia. 
Thence the navigation is continued by the 
Eastern Division of the Pennsi/lrania Canal, 44.^ 
miles to the mouth of the Juniata, from whicli 
point the Juniata Cnna/ extends W. 127^ miles to 
Hollidaysburg. The Susquehanna C'ann/ continues 
N. from the mouth of the Juniata, 39 miles, to the 
junction of the N. and W. branches of the Sus- 
(luehanna. whence the West Branch Canal proceeds 
to Lock Haven, 75 miles, whence the Bald Ea- 
gle Canal extends 22 miles, farther, to Belle Fonte, 
at the foot of the main Alleghany ridge. Thi> 
North Branch Canal extends from the junction of 
the two branches, 73 miles, to Wilkesliarrc, and 
has been continued thence by a private company 
90 miles, to tiie New York line ; from which ])oint 
two short canals, now in progress to Binghampton 
and Elmira, will connect this .Susquehanna system 
with the New York canals. The other canals in 
the eastern part of Pennsylvania, besides the 
LMckawa.xcn, already mentioned, a continuation of 
the Delaware and Hudson, are the Lehigh Naviga- 
tion, 46ii miles, to Mauch Chunk, and to the falls 
at Stoddardsville. 414 miles farther ; the Dcleware 
division of the J^ennsijlvania Canal, from Bristol, 
at the head of sloop navigation on the Delasvarc, 
60 miles, to Easton, where it communicates with 
the Lehigh navigation, and with the Morris Canal ; 
the Schui/lhll A'avigation. fiom Philadelphia via 
licading, to Port Carbon, lOS miles; and the 
Union Canal, from Reading westward to the 
Susquehanna, 82 miles. The Portage Railroad, 
66 miles, over the mountains from Hollidays- 



CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



847 



bnrg to Jolin«town, unites the eastern division 
of tlie I'cnnsvlvania Canal to tlie Western Din'sioiif 
whicli cxtenJs along the banks of the Kiskirain- 
itas and the Alleghany, 104 miles, to Pittsburg. 
The Beaver and Erie Canal extends 136 miles, 
from the Ohio at Beaver, to Erie on Lake Erie, 
with two bi'anclies — the French Creek Feeder^ 27 
miles long, and the Franklin Canal, 22 miles long. 
The whole length of canals in Pcinisylvania is 
1280 miles, 848 of which are owned by the state, 
and 4.'!2 by companies. 

OUIO. 

The Ohio Canal extends 307 miles from the 
Ohio, at Portsmouth, to Lake Erie, at Cleveland, 
with brandies to Columbus, 10 miles; to Lancas- 
ter, and thence down the valley of the Hocking 
to Athens, 65 miles; to Zancsville, 14 miles; and 
thence by the improved navigation of the Mus- 
kingum, to the Ohio River, 81 miles; up the 
Walhonding, 25 miles. It is 'also connected 
with the Ohio River by the Sandij and Little 
Beaver Canal. 76 miles, having a branch of 
10 miles to Canton. It is connected with the 
canal system of Western Pennsvlvania by the 
Pennstjhania and Ohio, or Mahonini] Canal., 75 
miles in length. The Miami Gma/,"and its ex- 
tension in tiic western part of the state, is 181 
miles in length from Cincinnati to Defiance on 
the Maumce, down which river the Waha^h and 
Erie Canal extends 76 miles farther, to Lake Erie. 
The Warren Countij Canal, 19 miles long, the 
Sidnei/ Feeder, 13 miles long, and the ,SV. Mari/'s 
Feeder, 11 miles long, are branches of the Miami 
Canal. The Ohio canals are mostly state works. 

INDIANA. 

The Wahaxh and Erie Canal. 458 miles long, ex- 
tends from Toledo, in Ohio, at the entrance of the 
Maumce into Lake Erie, to Evansvillc, on the 
Ohio, following the course of the Mauinee as far 
as Terre Haute, and thence by the White 
River valley. The portion in Indiana is 376 



miles long. The Wliite Water Gmal extends 
from Lawrcncebuig, on the ( lliio, a short distance 
below Cincinnati, up the White Water River, to 
Cambridge, 76 miles. These were originally 
state woi-ks, but have been transferred to private 
companies. 

ILLINOIS. 

The Illinois and Mielm/an Canal is 113 miles 
long, from Chicago to La Salic, at the head of 
steamboat navigation on the Illinois. Originally 
a state work, it is now in the hands of a 
company. 

KENTUCKY. 

The Lonisville and Portland Canal, round the 
falls of the Ohio, is 24 miles in length. The Lick- 
ing, Kentucky, Green, and Barren Rivers have 
been improved by dams and locks, and mado 
navigable for a total distance of 484 miles. 

DELAWARE. 

The Chesapeake and Delaware Sloop Canal, 
connecting Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, is 
14 miles long. 

MARYLAND. 

The Cltesapeake and Ohio Camd is 184 miles 
long, from Cumberland to Georgetown, with a 
branch of 7 miles to Alexandria. 

VIRGINIA. 

The James Birer and Kenhatva Canal extends 
up the James River from Richmond, 197 miles, 
to Buchanan. The Dismal Swamp Canal and 
brani-lies, from Albemarle Sound to Norfolk, if 
34 miles long. 

SOUTHERN STATES. 

There are a number of short canals in theso 
states, but none of much importance. 



RAILROADS. 



Calais and Barinr/, 6 miles. 

Franklin. Maehiasport to Whitncyville, 9 
miles. 

Bangor and Piscataquis. Bangor to Oldtown, 
12 miles. 

Kennebec and Portland. Augusta to Portland, 
60 miles. 

Branch. Brunswick to Bath, 9 miles. 

York and Cumberland. Gorham to Portland, 
10 miles. 

* Atlantic and St. Lawrence. Portland, via Dan- 
ville and Mechanics Falls, to the Canada line, 
at Island Pond. 1.50 miles. 

Androseoqfjin and Kennebec. Danville, via Leeds, 
to Waterville. 55 miles. 

Androseoij'jin. Leeds to Livertnorc Falls, 20 
miles. 

Buckjhld Branch. Mechanics Falls to Buck- 
lield, 13 miles. 

Eastern. Portland, via South Berwick, Do- 
ver, Newburyjiort, and SjJera. to Boston, 105 
miles. 



Branches. Salisbury, 4 miles, Beverly to 
Gloucester. 14. Salem to Marblchend. 4. 

Jiosteni and i\faine. South Berwick, via Brad- 
ford and Lawrence, to Boston. 74 miles. 

Branch. Rollinsford to Great Falls, 3 miles. 

t f treat Falls and Conwai/. Great FalU to 
Jlilton, 13 miles. 

(-'oeheco. Dover to Alton Bay. 28 miles. 

Newlmri/jiort. Newburyport to Bradford. 18 n:. 

South lieadimj liraneh. South Reading to Sa- 
lem. 9 miles. 

Essex. Lawrence to Salem. 21 miles. 

Manchester and [xtu-rence. 26 miles. 

New Hampshire Central. Manchester to Hcn- 
niker, 26 miles. 

Boston and fMwell. 26 miles. 

fjnvell, Nashua, and Wilton, 30 miles. 

Concord. Nashua, via Manchester, to Concord, 
35 miles. 

Portsmouth and Concm-d, 47 miles, 

(Concord and t.'laremont. Concord, via Contoo 
eookvillc, to Bradford, 25 miles. 



848 



RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Conloocook Vallei/. Contoocookville, via Hen- 
niker, to Hillsboro', 14 miles. 

Northern New Ilainps/iire. Concord to West 
Lebanon, C9 miles. 

Braneh. Franklin to Bristol, 9 miles. 
Boston, Concord, arid Montreal. Concord to 
Haverhill, 80 miles. 
Fltchhurij. Boston to Fitehburg, .50 miles. 
Branches. Somerville to Cambridge, 3 ; West 
Cambridge to Watcrtown, 8 : West Cambridge to 
Lexington, 1 1 ; South Acton to Lancaster and 
Sterling, 9 ; Groton to I'eterboro' and Shirley, 
2.3 ; Groton to Lowell, ( Stony Brook Railroad, ) 
17 miles. 

Vermont and Massachusetts. Fitchburg, via 
South Vernon, to Brattlchoro', 69 miles. 

Branches. South Ashburnham to Bellows 
Falls, (Cheshire Railroad,) 54 miles; to Green- 
field, 8. 

Boston and Worcester, 44 miles. 

Branches. To Brookline, 1 ; thence to Need- 
ham, (Charles River Railroad,) 8; Auburndale to 
Newton Lower Falls, I ; Natick to Saxouville, 5 ; 
Framingham to Milford, 13 ; Grafton to Mill- 
bury, 4. 

Fitchburg and Worcester, 26 miles. 
Worcester and Nashua, 45 miles. 

Providence and Worcester, 43 miles. 

Norwich and Worcester, 66 miles. 
Western. Worcester, via Springfield, West 
Stockbridge, and Chatham, to Albany, 156 miles. 

Branches. Palmer to Belchcrtowii and Am- 
herst, 10 miles ; Pittsfield to North Adams, 20. 

Old Colony. Boston to Plymouth, 37 miles. 

Branches. Ncponset to Milton, 3 miles ; Brain- 
tree to Cohasset, (South Shore Railroad,) 12; 
South Ahington to Bridgcwater, 7 ; South Brain- 
tree to Fall River, (Fall River Railroad,) 43; 
Middleboro' to Sandwich, ( Cape Cod Branch,) 28. 

Boston and Providence, 43 miles. 

Branches. Jamaica Plains to Dedham. 6 miles ; 
thence to Blackstone, (Norfolk County Rail- 
road,) 26 ; Canton to Stoughton, 4 ; Mansfield to 
New Bedford, (Taunton Branch and Taunton and 
New Bedford,) 31. 

Stonington. Providence to Stonington, 50 miles. 

t Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill. Bristol to 
Willimantic, 50 miles. 

New London, Willimantic, and Palmer, 66 miles. 

New London and Neia Haven, 50 miles. 

* Canal Railroad. New Haven and North- 
ampton, 78 miles. 

New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, 62 miles. 

Branch. Berlin to Middletown, 10 miles. 

Connecticut River. Springfield to South Ver- 
non, 50 miles. 

Ashuelot, South Vernon to Keene, 23 miles. 

Vermo7it Valley. Brattleboro' to Bellows Falls, 
24 miles. 

Sullivan. Bellows Falls to Windsor, 25 miles. 

Rutland and Burlington. Bellows Falls to Bur- 
lington, via Rutland, 120 miles. 

Rutland and Washington. Rutland, via Castle- 
ton, to Troy, 84 miles. 

Western Vermont. Rutland to North Benning- 
ton, 52 miles. 

Troy and Boston. North Bennington to Troy, 
32 miles. 

Vermont Central. Windsor, via White River, 
to Burlington, 117 miles. 

Branch. Essex Junction to Rouse's Point, 52 
miles. 

Passumpsic. Wliite River to St. Johnsbury, 61. 



Champlain and St. Lawrence. Rouse's Point to 
Ogdcnsburg, 118 miles. 

t Plattshurg and Montreal. Plattsburg to Mooer's. 
20 miles. 

Naugaluck. Bridgeport to Winstead, 62 miles. 
Housatonic. Bridgeport to West Stockbridge, 
98 miles. 

Danhury and Norwalk, 22 miles. 
New iork and Neiv Haven, 76 mile^. 
Long Island. Brooklyn to Greenport, 75 miles. 
Haarlem. New Yorkto Chatham, 130 miles. 
Hudson River. New York to Troy, 150 miles. 
Hudson and Berkshire. Hudson to West Stock- 
bridge, 34 miles. 

Troy and Greenbush, 6 miles. 
Troy, Whitehall, and Castleton, via Saratoga, 84 
miles. 

Schenectady and Troy, 20 miles. 
Albany and Schetiectady, 17 miles. 
Saratoga and Schenectady, 22 miles. 
Utica and Schejiectady, 78 miles. 
Utica and Syracuse, 53 miles. 
Rochester and Syracuse, 104 miles. 
Buffalo and Rochester, 76 miles. 
Walertown and Rome. Rome to Cape Vincent, 
97 miles. 

Oswego and Syracuse, 35 miles. 
Cayuga and Susquehanna. Cayuga to Oswego, 
70 miles. 

Canandaigua and Elmira. 67 miles. 
Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls, 76 miles. 
Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 22 miles. 
BuffeUo and State Line. Buffalo to the west- 
ern line of the state, 69 miles. 

Erie and North East. Western line of New 
York to Erie, Pa. 

Buffalo and New York City. Attica to Hornells 
ville, 60 miles. 

Buffalo, Corning, and New Yo^'k. Corning to 
Wayland, 45 miles. 

Corning and Blossburg, 40 miles. 
Erie. Dunkirk, via Hornellsville, Elmira, 
Corning, Owego, Great Bend, to Piermont, 444 
miles. 

Lackaivana and Western. Great Bend to 
Trenton, 50 miles. 

Newburg Branch. Oxford to Newburg, 19. 
Union, (late Ramapo,) Suflferns to Jersey Citv, 
33 miles. 

Neio Jersey. Jersey City, via Newark and 
Elizabethtown. to Trenton, 57 miles. 

Morris and Essex. Newark to Dover, 44 
miles. 

New Jersey Centred. Elizabethtown to Easton, 
87 miles. 

Trenton anrf Philadelphia, 30 miles. 
* Belvidere. Trenton to Belvidere, 63 miles. 
Trenton Branch. Trenton to Bordentown, 6 
miles. 

Camden and Amboy, 65 miles. 
Branch. To Mount Holly, 6 miles. 
Philadelphia and Reading. Philadelphia, via 
Reading, to Pottsville, 93 miles. 

Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill, 9 miles. 
Mine Hill. Schuylkill Haven to Fremont, 12 
miles. 

Little Schuylkill. Port Clinton to Tamaqua, 
20 miles. 

Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown, 17 
miles. 

Philadelphia and West Chester, 30 miles. 
Columbia and Philadelphia, 82 miles. 
Harrisbnrg and Lancaster, 36 miles. 



RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



849 



Cumberland Vailey. Harrisbarg to Chambers- 
burp;, 56 miles. 

Fratiklin. Chambersburg to Hagerstown, 22 
miles. 

York and Cumberland. Harrisburg to York, 25 
miles. 

Pennst/lrania, Eastern Division. Harrisburg to 
Hollidaysburg, 135 miles. 

Portage, .32 miles. 

Penn:,ifh-auia, Western Division. Counemaugh 
to Pittsburg, 87 miles. 

Philaddpiiia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, 98 
miles. 

NeuM'astle and Frenchtoum, 16 miles. 

Baltimore and Susquehanna. Baltimore, via Re- 
lay House, to York, 57 miles. 

Westminster Branch, Relay House to Owen's 
Mills, 9 miles. 

Baltimore and Ohio. Baltimore, via Monaea- 
sy, Harper's Ferry, and Cumberland, to Wlieel- 
in^375 miles. 

Bram-h. jMonacasy to Frederick, 3 miles. 
Winchester and Potomac. Harper's Ferry to 
Winchester, 32 miles. 

Washington Branch. Baltimore, via Elk Ridge, 
to \Vashinj;ton. 40 miles. 

Annapolis and Elk Ridge, 21 miles. 

t Orange and Alexandria. Alexandria to Gaines- 
boro', 43 miles. 

Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac. Acqua 
Creek, via Cliesterficld, to Richmond, 75 miles. 

Branch, ( Virginia Central.] Chesterfield to 
Charlottesville and Woodville, 77 miles. 

^Richmond and Danville. Richmond to Me- 
herin, 65 miles. 

Richmond and Petersburg, 22 miles. 

Appomattox. Petersburg to City Point, 10 
miles. 

Petersburg. Petersburg, via Hieksford, to Wel- 
don, 64 miles. 

Seaboard and Roanoke. Portsmouth to Weldon, 
80 miles. 

Granville and Roanoke. Hieksford to Gaston, 
21 miles. 

Ga.':ton and Raleigh. 87 miles. 

* Wilmimjton and Weldon, 162 miles. 
Wilmington and Manchester, 162 miles. 

South Carolina. Charleston, via Branchville, 
to Augusta, 137 miles. 

Brunches. Branchville to Columliia, 67 miles ; 
to Camden, via Manchester, 37 miles. 

t Charlotte and South Carolina. Columbia to 
Ebenezer, 78 miles. 

King's Mountain. Chesterville to Y'orkville, 32 
miles. 

* Granville and Columbia, with branches to An- 
derson and Abbeville, 164 miles. 

(leorgia Central. Savannah, via Gordon, to 
Macon. 191 miles. 

Milledqevdlc and Gordon, 17 miles. 

Macon and Western. Macon to Atlanta, 101 
miles. 

Augusta and Waynesboro', 21 miles. 

Georgia. Augusta to Atlanta, 171 miles. 

Branches. Camah to M^arrenton, 4 miles ; Un- 
ion Point to Athens, 40 miles. 

South-western, ilacon, via Fort Valley, to 
Oglethorpe, 00 miles. 

Muscogee. Fort V^iUey to Columbus, 70 miles. 

Eaqrange. Atlanta to West Point, 87 miles. 

Western and Atlantic. Atlanta, via Kingston, 
to Chattanooga, 140 miles. 
107 



Rome. Kingston to Rome, 20 miles. 

* A^ashrille and Chattanooga, 151 miles. 

t East Tennessee and Georgia. Dalton to Loa 
don, 82 miles. 

West Point and Montgomerg, 88 miles. 

t Mobile and Ohio. 'Mobile to Cilronelle, 33 
miles. 

Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon, 60 miles. 

Clinton and Port Hudson, 24 miles. 
West Feliciana. Woodville to Bayou Sara, 26 
miles. 

Mcrican Gulf. New Orleans to Proetorsville, 
27 miles. 

New Ch'leans and Carrollton, 6 miles. 

New Orleans, Milnesburg, and Lake Pontchartrain, 
6 miles. 

Alton and Sangamon. Alton to Springfield, 70 
miles. 

Sangamon and Morgan. Springfield to Naples, 
54 miles. 

t Milwaukic and Mississippi. Milwaukie to 
Palmyra, 43 miles. 

Galena and Chicago. Chicago to Rockford, 92 
miles. 

Branches. To Aurora, 13 miles ; to Fort St. 
Charles, 7 miles. 

t Chicago and Ruck River. Chicago to Ottawa, 
84 mih^s.' 

Michigan Central. Chicago to Detroit, 278 
miles. 

Michigan Southern. Chicago, via Adrian, to 
Monroe, 247 miles. 

Eric and Kalamazoo. Adrian to Toledo, 33 
miles. 

Detroit and Pontiac, 25 miles. 

t Evansville and Illinois. Evansville to Prince- 
ton, 27 miles. 

Louisville and Frank fort . 65 miles. 

Frankfort and Lcxini/lun, 29 miles. 

t New Albany and Salem. New Albany to Ju- 
liet, 65 miles. 

t Jeff'ersonville. Jeftersonville to Rockford, 51 
miles. 

Madison and Luiianapolis, via Edinburg, 36 
miles. 

Shelbyville Branch. Edinburg to ShelbyvUle, 
16 miles. 

Shelbyville and Knightstown, '21 miles. 

Shelb/jcille and Rushrille, 20 miles. 

Lafayette and Indianapolis. 62 miles. 

Peru and Lulntna/iolis, 72 miles. 

Terre Haute and Richmond. Indianapolis to 
Terre Haute, 73 miles. 

Indianapolis and Bellcfontaine. Indianapolis to 
east line of the state, at Union, 83 miles. 

* Indiana Central. Indi.anapolis to east line of 
the state, near Richmond. 73 miles. 

Dai/ton and Western. From the terminus of 
the preceding to Dayton, 36 miles. 

Dayton and Greenville, 35 miles. 

Citicinnati, Hamilton, and L)ayton, 60 miles. 

Mad River and hd:e Erie. Dayton, via 
Springfield, to Sandusky, 150 miles. 

Branch. Carey to Findlay, 16 miles. 

Sandusky Mansfield and Newark. 1 1 7 miles. 

* Central Ohio. Dayton to Wheeling, via Co- 
lumbus, Newark, and Zanesville. 

Little Miami. Cincinnati, via Lovelands, to 
Xenia, 65 miles. 

Cincinnati and nUlsboro'. Lovelands to Hills- 
boro', 37 miles. 

Columbus and Xenia. 55 miles. 

Xenia and Springjicld, 17 miles. 



850 



RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Cleveland, Columhiis, and Cincinnati. Columbus 
to Cleveland, via Grafton, 135 miles. 

i Iron. Ironton to Jackson Furnace, 25 miles. 

t Cleuelatul and Pittsburg. Cleveland, via Alli- 
ance, to Wellsville, 100 miles. 

Branch. Hudson to Akron, 8 miles. 



t Ohio and Pennsylvania. "Worster, via Alliance' 
to Pittsburg, 1.34 miles. 

Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula. Cleveland 
to Erie, 95 miles. 

* Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo. Grafton to 
Toledo. 



Note. A few of the above roady, marked*, are not yet entirely finished for the distances .stated. A larce number 
of others, marked t, have extensive continuations in progress. Other very important roads are under way, including 
a line (large parts of which are already built) extending direct from Wheeling, via Columbus, Indianapolis, and 
Terre Haute, to St. Louis ; anulher line, from Wheeling, via .Marietta, to Cincinnati, and thence, via Vincennes, to SL 
Louis, communicating from Wheeling with Hempstead, on tile Pittsburg and Philadelphia road, and by a br.anch from 
Parkersburg, near Marietta, with the Baltimore and Ohio Road. An important system of roads is also in progress in 
Illinois, extending from Cairo to Chicago and Galena. 



COMPARATIVE SPEED ON THE PRINCIPAL RAILROADS OF THE TJ. STATES, 

{^ihe speed being that of the swiftest traiiis.) From Fisher's "American Railicay Guide." 

Note. — In the compilation of the ftdlowing Table, the time set down is that spent by trains moving along the whole 
length of the road, and includes all the stoppages on Oie routes. 



K&ILHOADS. 



Albany & Buffalo Route — 
Androscoggin & Kennebec. 
Atlantic & St. Lawrence. .. 
Baltimore & Susquehanna. . 

Baltimore & Ohio 

Boston, Concord & Montreal 

Boston & Maine 

Boston ct Providence 

Boston & Worcester 

Buffalo, Corning & New York 
Buffalo & New York City. . . 

Buffalo i^- State Line 

Camden & Amboy 

Canandaigua & Elmira 

Central Georgia 

Central Ohio 

Champlaiu & St. Lawrence. . 

Cheshire 

Cine, Cleveland & Columbus 
Cincin., Hamilton & Dayton 
Cincinnati & Hillsboro' .... 

Cleveland & Pittsburg 

Columbia & Philadelphia.. 

Concord 

Connecticut River 

Connecticut & Passumpsic 

Dayton & Greenville 

Eastern 

East Tennessee & Georgia. . 

Erie 

Fall River 

Fitchburg 

Fitchburg & Worcester 

Galena & Chicago Union.. . 

Georgia 

Greenville & Columbia 

Harlem 

Housatonic 

Hudson River 

Hudson & Berkshire 

Jeffersonville 

Kennebec & Portland 

Lackawana A Western..... 

Little Miami 

Long Island 

Louisville & Frankfort 

Macon & Western 

Madison dt Indianapolis.... 

Mad River & Lake Erie 

Michigan Central 

Mich. South, fc Nor. Indiana 
Milwaukie & Mississippi.. . . 
Montgomery & West Point 

Morris A: Essex 

Nashville & Chattanooga.. 

Naugatuck 

New Albany & Salem 



282 
71 
74 
43 
4-5 
4.5 
60 
69 
62 
67 

191 
59 
47 
64 

13.5 
60 
60 

100 
82 
35 
50 
61 
35 
54 
82 

409 
42 
60 
26 
92 

171 
94 

1.30 

110 

144 
34 
51 
60 
50 
65 
95 
6.5 

101 
86 

15S 

278 

247 
43 
88 
44 
77 
62 
6.5 



Time.i ^^P^** 
per hour. 

H. M. Miles. 



10 15 

3 30 
6 00 

4 30 
13 45 

2 50 

3 00 

1 15 
12.5 

2 15 

3 00 
3 20 
2 15 

2 30 
9 15 

3 30 
2.30 
2 30 

5 45 

2 30 

3 35 
5 05 

4 15 

1 10 

2 00 
2 15 
2 00 
2 30 

4 00 
17 00 

1 25 
140 
1 00 

5 20 

10 30 

6 00 
6 10 
5 15 
4 05 

1 40 
4 00 
2.50 

2 00 

2 55 

4 30 

3 40 

5 15 

4 15 
9 30 

11 05 

12 00 
2 00 

6 30 

2 38 
3.50 
2.55 

3 30 



32.00 
23.43 
20.33 
18.22 
20.51 
2.5.00 
24.66 
30.44 
31.77 
20.00 
20.00 
20.72 
27.55 
26.80 
20.65 
16.86 
18.80 
2.5.60 
23.48 
24.00 
16.74 
19.97 
19.29 
29.99 
25.00 
27.11 
17.50 
21.60 
20.50 
27.59 
29.66 
3X12 
26.00 
17.26 
16.28 
15.66 
21,07 
20.95 
3.5.59 
20.36 
12.75 
21.20 
25.00 
22.33 
21.11 
17.46 
19.24 
20.23 
16.63 
25.27 
20.58 
21..50 
13..54 
16.73 
20.10 
21.26 
18..56 



Railroads. 



New Hampshire Central . . 
New Haven & New London 

New Jersey 

New J ersey Central 

New York & New Haven . . . 
New Haven & Northamptoa 
N. Hav., Hart. & Springfield 

New London & Palmer 

Norfolk County 

Northern New Hamshire . . . 

Norwich & Worcester 

Northern (Ogdensburg).... 

Ohio & Pennsylvania 

Old Colony 

Oswego tt Syracuse 

Peru L^ Indianapolis 

Petersburg 

Philadelphia & Reading.... 
Fhila.,Wilming.& Baltimore 
Portland, Saco & Portsmouth 

Portsmouth & Concord 

Providence & Worcester . . . 
Providence, Hart. & Fishkill 
Rensselaer & Saratoga .... 
Richmond. Fred. & Potomac 

Richmond & Danville 

Richmond & Petersburg . . . 
Roch.,Lock.& Niagara Falls 

Rutland & Burlington 

Rutland & Washington .... 
Sandusky, Mans. iS; Newark 

Sangamon dt Morgan 

Saratoga & Schenectady . . . 
Saratoga & Washington . . . 

Schenectady & Troy 

Seaboard & Roanoke 

South Carolina 

South-western 

Stonington 

St. Lawrence & Atlantic . . . 

Sullivan 

Terre Haute Sc Richmond. . 

Vermont Central 

Vermont l^' Massachusetts. . 

Vermont Valley 

Virginia Central 

Vicksburg,Brand. & Jackson 

Washington Branch 

Watertown & Rome 

Western 

Western Vermont 

Western & Atlantic 

Wilmington & Weldon .... 
Wilmington & Manchester.. 
Winchester & Potomac.... 
Worcester & Nashua 



Length, 
Miles. 



26 
50 
87 
78 
76 
4.5 
62 
66 
3.5 



118 

134 
37 
35 
22 
64 
93 
98 
51 
47 
43 
50 
32 
75 
65 
22 
76 

120 
62 

117 
54 
22 
52 
20 
80 

137 
50 
50 
96 
2.5 
73 

162 
56 
24 

104 
00 
38 
97 

200 
52 

140 

162 
44 
32 
45 



Time. 

H. M. 



1 15 

2 10 
4 0U 
4 00 

3 00 

2 10 

1 55 

3 00 
130 

2 53 

2 22 

4 20 
7 30 
1 4.5 

1 45 
14.5 

3 30 

3 45 

4 00 

2 15 
2 00 
150 

2 4.: 
105 

5 20 

3 30 
145 

2 37 

4 15 
1 0, 

6 30 

6 00 
45 

1 55 
50 

3 30 

5 30 

4 00 

2 00 
4 30 
100 

4 25 

5 50 

2 25 

00 

7 10 

3 45 

14;) 

4 25 
7 30 

1 40 
10 00 
10 30 

2 45 
2 00 
152 



EOUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. 



NICAEAGUA ROUTE. 

From New York to San Juan del Norte, at the 
mouth of the San Juan River, otlierwise called 
Oreytown, is 2000 miles. From New Orleans 
the distance is about 1400 miles. There is a 
^od pier at Greytown, at which passengers can 
land without troulile. or thev can pass directly 
into the river steamers, which ascend .52 miles to 
the Castillian Rapids. Here is a short portage 
of about 300 3-.ards, the rapids not aditiitting the 
passage of steamers. Above the rapids to San 
Carlos, at the head of the river, is •>! miles. 
Thence across Lake Nicaragua to Virgin Bay is 
42 miles. From Virgin Bay to San Juan del 
Sud. on the Facific Ocean, is a land journey of 
13 miles, to facilitate which a plank road has 
been constructed. The Transit Company have 
now on the river and lake seven small steamers, 
and others building, and the passage of the Isth- 
mus, l;i.') miles in the whole, is accomplished in 
about 40 hours, — a time which will be consider- 
aldy diminished when the new boats are ready. 
From San Juan del Sud to San Francisco is about 
2S00 miles, making the whole distance from New 
York about 5000 miles. This is accomplished in 
from 22 to 28 days, being the shortest and most 
expeditious route to Califoraia. Steamers by 
this route leave New York, New Orleans, and 
San Francisco once a fortnight, on the 1st and 
13th of each month. 

PANAMA EOUTE. 

Fixjm New York to Aspinwall or Navy Bav, a 
few miles eastward of Chagres, via Kingston, Ja- 
maica, <the mail route,) is about 2.300 miles. Via 
Havana the distance is about 2400 miles. From 
New Orleans to Aspinwall is 1400 miles, or via 
Havana, 1650. A hne pier has been constructed 
at Aspinwall, to which the steamers come, the 
passengers and freight being placed directly in the 
cars of the railroad which is to extend to Pana- 
ma, 49 miles. About 30 miles of the road arc 
alrc.adv finished, and the whole will he by the 
spring" of 18.i3. From Panama, touching at Ac- 
apulco, San Diego, and Monterey, the distance 
is 34U0 miles, making the entire route from New 
York to San Francisco, via Kingston, 57.iU miles, 
or via Havana, 5830. First class steamers em- 
ploved on this route leave New York. New Or- 
kaiis, and San Francisco on the 5th and 20th of 
each month. Time, from 25 to 30 days. From 
San Francisco to Astoria, at the mouth of the 
Columbia Kiver, (distance 700 miles,) there is a 
k-emi-monthly mail steamer. 



CAPE HORN ROUTE. 

From New York to California, via Cape Horn, 
is about 14.700 miles. This distance is n)ade by 
clipper ships in from 100 to 130 days. Ordinary 
merchant ships are from one to two months 
longer. 

The expense by all these routes for first class 
passengers is from S250 to S350 each ; steerage 
passengers SI 50 to $200. 

OVERLAND ROUTE. 

There are two principal starting-places for this 
route, St. Joseph, Mo., a few miles above Fort 
Leavenworth, and Council Bluffs, a short dis- 
tance N. of the entrance of the Platte into the 
Missouri. The road from Council Bluffs for 
800 miles up the N. side of Platte River is the 
best natural one in the world. The elevation is 
less than 12 feet to the mile. The water coming 
from the high lauds is fresh and cool. Grass is 
abundant, and on the river bottom two weeks 
earlier than on the route over the plains from St. 
Jose]ih, on the other side of the river. Timber, 
'* buffalo chips." and mineral coal are found suffi- 
cient to supply travellers. The large amount of 
travel to California, Oregon, and Utah makes it 
a great national thoroughf^ire. Over 100,000 
souls have already travelled this road since the 
discovery of gold in California. The passage 
from Council Bluffs can be safely made, with 
wagons drawn by mules or oxen, in from 60 
to 90 days, at an expense of not over $100 for 
each passenger. If emigrants conduct themselves 
properly, no danger need be feared from any In- 
/lian tribes through wliich the road passes. All 
necessary ontfils and supplies can be had at 
Kanesviile and Council Blurt's. An accurate Gen- 
eral Directory has been published by J. H. Colton, 
86 Cedar Street, New York, and a Mormon 
Guide, by Mr. Clayton, which will give the emi- 
grant all necessary information. The forts of the 
American Fur Company and of the United 
States are usually prepared to render any aid 
needed by travellers. Aid has also l>een fur- 
nished at the California end of the route at the 
expense of the state of California. 

DISTAJSXES FROM COUNCIL BLUFFS. 

Miles. MilM. 

BulTalo Creek, 
Ptah Lake, .... 
Last Timber, .... 
North Bluff Creek, . 
Wolf Springs, 



239 


23J 


29 


268 


38 


306 


19 


32( 


18 


348 



852 



ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. 



Duck Creek, 

Lone Tire, 

Ancient Bluft' Ruins, . 

Chimney Rock, 

Scott's Bluffs, Capitol Hills, 

Raw Hide Creek, . 

Platte River Ferr_v, 

Four Laramie, . 

Miller's Peak, 

Graystone Bluff, 

Sanilsione Bluff, 

River Fourclie Boiss6, 

Avenue Rock, 

Willow Sprino;s, 

Rock Independence, 

Devil's Gate, . 

Ice S(irine:s, 

Tliree Lakes. . 

Quaking Asp Creek, . 

SooTii Pass, . 

Junction of Salt Lake Ro 

Big Sanfly Creek, . 

Clay Mound, 

Green River, . 

Lost River, 

Quaking Asp Grove, 

Fort Bridj;er Road, 

Two Bluffs, . 

Cold Spring, 

Bear River, 

Same, via Fort Bridger Road, 

Deep Creek, . 

Indian Creek 

Beer or Soda Spring, 

Jdnction of Oregon Road 

Or, via Salt Lake City, 

Head of Humlioldt River, . 

Sink of Humboldt River, 

Summit of Sierra Nevada, . 

Sacramento City, . 

San Francisco, . 



NUMBER AND LENGTH OF THE SEVERAL 
DESERTS WITHOUT FEED OR WATER, OR 
EITHER. 
From Big Sandy to Green River, without 

water, ...... 49 

From Big Sandy to Green River, without 

grass, ...... 53 

From a point on Humboldt River to a point 

on the same, without either, . . 28 
From Sink of Humboldt River to Carson 

River, without either, ... 69 

From a point on Carson River, to a point 

on the same, without either, . . 26 



7 


350 


.•io 


380 


44 


424 


21 


445 


23 


468 


41 


509 


11 


520 


2 


522 


51 


573 


30 


603 


9 


612 


15 


627 


64 


691 


9 


700 


21 


721 


6 


727 


43 


772 


23 


793 


8 


803 


20 


823 


24 


847 


8 


855 


3 


858 


47 


905 


14 


919 


40 


959 


12 


971 


8 


979 


12 


991 


16 


10U7 


63 


1034 


5 


1012 


12 


1024 


20 


1044 


6 


1 050 




1074 


279 


1329 


331 


1660 


211 


1871 


140 


2011 


150 


2161 



TO SALT LAKE CITY. 

Same as above to East Junction of 

Salt Lake Road, 
Junction to Fort Bridger, . 
Fort Bridger to SmU Lake City, . 
Salt Lake City to West Junction of 

California Road, 



111 
113 



176 



TO OREGON. 

Same as above to Junction of Ore- 
gon Road 

Or, via Salt Lake City . 

Fort Hall 

Pannack River . . . . 
American Falls, .... 

Raft River, 

l{ock Creek, .... 
Chute or Salmon Fall River, 
Crossing Snake River, 

Fort Boisse, 

Malheur River, .... 

Burnt River, 

Powder River, .... 

Grand Ronde, . . . . 

Blue Mountains, 

Walla- Walla, on Columbia River, 

Umatillah River, 

John Pay's River, . . . . 

Falls River, .... 

Dalles of the Columbia, 

Cascades, 

Fort Vancouver, . . . . 
Oregon Citt, .... 



49 
12 
10 
19 
78 
28 
40 
130 
29 
43 
40 
28 
17 
78 
25 
70 
20 
20 
51 
53 
34 



847 

958 

1071 

1247 



1050 
1074 
1099 

nil 

1121 
1140 
1218 
1246 
1286 
1416 
1445 
1488 
1528 
1.5.56 
1593 
1651 
1676 
1746 
1766 
1786 
1837 
1890 
1924 



Ft. 

900 
4100 
7100 
4.500 
4100 



ALTITUDES OF THE PRINCIPAL POINTS ON 
THESE ROUTES, ABOVE THE OCEAN 

Council Bluffs, about .... 

Fort Laramie, 

South Pass 

Fort Bridger, 

Salt Lake City, 

From Salt Lake City to Sink of Carson's 

River 4000 to 5000 

Summit of Sierra Nevada, . . . 7200 
Sacramento 100 

N. B. The distances from St. Jo':eph arc about 
128 miles greater. The distance of Council 
Bluffs from New York, via Chicago, Dubuijue, 
Galena, Cedar Rapids, and Fort Des Moines, is 
1511 miles. 



GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. 

GRAND DISTANCE TABLE 



853 





^j--~^His Table coiiiprises the distances to and from some of the most im- 






|--^J)ortant pomts m the United States. It was prenarcd in OctolM-r. 






1 


-~>^.^ 1801, by authonty of the govcniment, for the resulation of 


PLACE. 


ci 








^^^ payments for travel to persons employed in the miblic 




3 






X 




^^^ service. It is, doubtless, of great accuracy, and will 




3 


c3 


13 


3 






^^^ serre, in this work, instead of a repetition of 




■< 


1 



3 


3 
3 









■---^^ the distances under the respective places 






^^ mentioned, and be much more con- 


Aucrusta, Me. 
Portland, " 


64t Ol 


■>-> 
I- 


a. 

3 



■3 




^• 




^-v.,,^^ venient for gener.al reference. 


Concord, N. H. 
Portsmouth, " 


212 
116 


148' n ! 55 

521 i3ii n; — 






3 



CJ 


3 




^^^^^ (See next page.) 


Montpelier, Vt. 


344 


289 132 263i 0| 


cs 





.3 


*i 






^^^ 


Woodstock, " 


294 


231 82 213 .581 




^ 


p 


2 •« 


^ 






^--^^ 




Boston, Ms. 


171 


197 76, .5.51 21S| 158 







^ 


> .3 











^^^.^ 


Worcester, " 


216 


1.52 89! 190 


192 142 


45 







Z 1 


>< 








^^_ 


Providence, R. I. 


214 


150 


119| 98 


'251 


291 


43 


441 




I ^ 


. 








^~^ 


Newport, " 


24-3 


179 


148 127 


289 


239 


72 


73: 29 


0' . 


tS s 





d 








Hartford, Ct. 


296 


232 


161 181 


211 


161 


125 


89| 124 


153 Ol 1 Zi 


^3 


3 


3 


bo 


rf 


New York, N. Y. 


3S7 


323 


273 271 


324 


274 


216 


193, 173 182 113! o! '- 


3 
03 


KJ 





3 


^ 


AUi.iny, " 


371 


.3971 235j 255 


211 


132 


2)9 


155 


199 228 127 144! n 




»" 


3 


.';£ 


•^ 


Buff.ilo, 


69S 


634! 562i ,382 


5)5 


426 


.527 


482 


.526 555 454' 4-II 327 





i; 


(~ 


TJ 


Syracuse, '* 


519 


455 383! 493 


326 


247 


348 


393 


.347; 376 275 292 148 


179 







IS 


^ 


Trenton, N. J. 


447 


3831 333 


.331 


384 


334 


276 


253 


'233 212 173; 69 294 531 


352 







C^ 


Harrisburt;. Pa. 


.584 


.521 


47) 


468 


.521 


471 


413 


399 


.371 


.379; 3101 197 34i: 668 


489 


137 







Philadelphia, " 


477 


413 


363 


,361 


414 


364 


3 6 


283 


253 


272 29.3I 99 234 -561 


382 


31 


107 





Erie, 


7SS 


724 


65'2| 672' .595 


516 


617 


572 


616 


615 .544 51.4} 417; 99 


269 


472 


,335 


442 


Pittsburg, " 


787 


723 


673! 671 ! 724' 674 


616 


5)3 


573 


582 513l 419 544 2'22 


491 


340 


203 


310 


Dover, De. 


.555 


491 44 1| 439: 492 


412 


.384 


361 


.341 


35 li '281 


168 312 6:!9 


469 


108 


185 


78 


Wilmington, " 


517 


443 


393 391 


444 


394 


336 


.313 


293 


312 233 


121, 264 .591 


412 


60 


1.37 


.30 
192 


B.iltimore, Md. 


579 


515 


465' 163 


516 


466 


41s 


.385 


.365 


374: 315 


192 336 663 


484 


1.32 


84 


Annapolis, 


616 


552 


5)2 jOO 


553 


5)3 


445 


422 


412 


411 342 


229 373, 799 


.521 


169 


121 


1.39 


Washington.D.C 


619 


555 


595 


513 


556 


5 16 


448 


4'25 


415 


414 345 


232 376 793 


524 


172 


124 


142 


Richmond, Va. 


749 


685 


635 


633 


686 


636 


57s 


555 


.535 


5(4 475 


362 596 833 


654 


392 


254 


27'i 


Wheeling, " 


88S 


824 


774 


772 


825 


775 


717 


691 


674 


683 614 


.591 645 278 


457 


441 


250 


411 


Norfolk.' 


779 


715 


665 


663 


716 


666 


618 


.585 


.565 


.574' 515 


312! 536 863 


681 


332 


284 


312 


Lynchburg, " 


89P, 


832 


782 


781 


833 


783 


725 


792 


682 


69ll 6-22; .599, 653 981 


.801 


449 


401 


419 


Raleigh, N. C. 


924 


86) 


819 


8 '8 


861 


811 


753 


731 


711 


719: 65 )! 537; 681 1998 


S'29 


477 


420 


447 


Columbia, S. C. 


I3in 1246 


1196,1194 


1247 


1197 


1139 


1116 


1996 


1195 1936 923 19671.394 


1215 


863 


815 


833 


Charleston, " 


I177illl3 


19631161 


1114 


1964 


1116 


983 


963 


972I 993 791| 9.341261 


1982 


730 


682 


700 


MiUedgeviUe, Ga. 


1474|I410 


1.36)4.358 


1411 


1.361 


1313 


1281 


1261 


1261,1290 1".87,I231 1558 


1379 


10-27i 970 


997 
810 


Savannah, " 


I2S7|l223 


1173'll7I 


I '224 


1174 


UI6 


1993 


1173 


198'Il013! 919:19441371 


1192 


849 792 


Tallahassee, Fa. 


I6931i;2n.")711577I6") 


15S1 


1522 


1 199 


1179 


1488 1419 1316 1451 1777;I51S 


1216ll9sr.'61| 


St. Augustine, " 


I63S 1 -,7 1 1 521 1 522 1 57 5 1525 


1467 


Mil 


1421 


143113611251 13951722 


151- 


1101 1143 


1131 
III3I 


Pcnsacola, ** 


192Us5';isii;isii,H57il8l7 


1749 


1726 


17)6 


1715 161'; 15131677 2101 


1S.J5 


1 17:; 14-25 


Tuscaloosa, Aa. 


ISl:; 171 1 P; 11 1697 


1751 


179) 


1642 


161 ) 


1599 


16 '8 15:; 1 14'26 1571 


1897 


1718 


i:i66 1318 13:16 


Mobile, 


1863 17'i'il7H 1747 


1811 


175 ) 


1612 


1669 


jlil'l 


1658 158') 1476 1621 


1947 


1768 


1416,1:168 l.-',86 


Huntsville, " 


1812 i7':s I'i''.'^ 16S6 


1739 


1681 


1631 


16 18 


1 588 


1597,15281415:1559 


1886 


17')7 


1.3.55 13 7i:!-25 


Vicksburg, Mi. 


199) 1!I2'; 1S7'; 1374 


1927 


1877 


1819 


1796 


1776 


1785 1716 I''.9:ii7.i7 


1638 


1SI7 


1543 1495 1513 


Natchez, *' 


2313 22 11 219 121072251 


■22)1 


2142 


2119 


299!l 


219S21,';'1 1926 2')71 


1741 


192 > 


1866 1818 18.36 


Jackson, ** 


19U I,SS'I,183I1.S2S1SSI 


1831 


1773 


1751 


173) 


1739 I679 1557 1701 


16S1 


isi;i 


1197 1440 1467 


New Orleans, La. 


29274963 1913 1911 1961 1911 


1856 


1833 


1813 


IS'22 1753 1619 I7sr2)27 


|, -,;;._! 


158 11532 1550 


Shreveport, " 


25272l6324132tll:2l';t2tll 


2356 


2333 


2313 


2:i2r225'; 2141 2-284 2 181 


2132 


■'OS i293-"'-->05') 


Baton Rouge, " 


21.5S2'ni 21112 112,2)95,2 '45 


1987 


1961 


1911 


1953 1881 17711915 1896 


2163 


1711 


1663 1681 


Nashville, Te 


1761,1617,1617 16t5:i6'1S:i61S 


1599 


1 567 


1547 


1556 118713711518 782 


961 


1314 


1-266 12.84 


Memphis, ** 


18S)lS16!l744 176t;I6S7 


1618 


1799 


1661 


17)8 


1 737, 16.'16| 1696 


1.5991182 


1.361 


1415 


12.331.38.51 


Frankfort, Ky. 


1244 


118)1198 


1128 


P51 


972 


1973 


19'28 


1972 


119110)9 979 


873| 546 


725 


1031 


.597' 749I 


Louisville, '■ 


1295 


l'23l!ll5) 


II79 


1192 


1923 


1124 


1979 


11'23 


1152 1051,1921 


924' ;-J7 


776 


I08I 


648 


8IOI 


Cleveland, 0. 


8)8 


834 762 


782 


-)5 625 


7'27 


682 


72; 


755 65 !| 671 


.527 


211 


379 


684 


335 


4I'2] 
5:ia' 


Columbus, " 


1933 


969i 8)7 


917 


849 


761 


862 


817 


861 


,s'19, 789 


8'i6| 662 


335 


514 


819 


386 


Cincinnati, " 


1 153 


1989 1917 


1937 


961 


881 


9S2 


937 


981 


1119: 9 19 


926 


782 


455 


634 


!).39 


596 


65S 


Indianapolis, la. 


1214 


1 15 ' 


1178 


199S 


1921 


942 


1943 


998 


1942 


117 li 970 


911 


843 


516 


695 


1000 


.567 


719 


New Albany, " 


1218 


1231 


1162U8'2ln95 


1028 


1127 


1982 


1126 


115 5; 1054 


1024 


927 


699 


779 


1084 


651 


893 


Logansport, " 


1231 


1167 1995'III5I93S 


95) 


1961 


1115 


1059 


loss' 9871994 


869 


533 


712 


1064 


638 


790 


V.uidilia, Is. 


1381 1316 121tl2i;illS7 119,S 


1299 


1164 


1218 


1237 Il.-J6I116!l999 


682 


861 


1106 7.33 


8,85 


Spniigtield, " 


14-26 |:162 129) 131 M2'i3 11.51 


1255 


1219 


1251 


1283 1182 1152:I955J 7'2S 


997 


121-2 779 


931 


Cllicago, *' 


1'233 1169 1 i')7 1117 1 HI' 961 


1162 


1917 


M61 


I'lO'i 9s9 101-6 862; .535 


711 


ri66! 713 lo;i6 


JetfersonCity,Mo. 


165.5 1631 1.55'il579 15'i2 112:i 


1521 


1179 


152:; 


1552 1151 1121:1:1-24 997 


1176 


1181[1018 1210 


St. Louis, " 


1561 15 19 142S 1418,1371,12)2 


1393 


1318 


1392 


1421, i:i2'U-291 1193; 866 


1015 


I.'!5) 917 1969 


Detroit, Mn. 


965 911 824 


849 772 693 


794 


749 


793 


8221 72l| 738 594 267 


446 


798 


445, 8-28 


L.msing, " 


1981 1917 945 


965 888 8)9 


919 


865 


999 


938 8.371 854 719 .383 


562 


914 


.5611 944 


Little Hock, As, 


233i;2266 2194 221 1'2137|2 )2S 


2159 


2114 


2158 


2187 2186 29,561959 1632 


1811 


1,865 1683 1835 


Austin, Ts 


269S 213 1 -''i^ 1 2 582 26'< 5 2 5,S 5 


2527 


25)1 


2181 


249;!2121 2311 2155-2698 


2613 


2-251 22):! 2221 


Galveston, " 


2127 23s:; 2313231123612311 


2256 


2231 


221 :i 


2222 2153 20112184 2127 


2332 


19,80 10:12 19.59 


Madison, Wn. 


14)813111272121212151136 


1237 


irij 


12:16 


126511611181 in;!7 


710 


889' 


1211, 88S127I 


Milwaukie, " 


13'271263119l 1211 11311955 


1156 


nil 


1155 


usi I')s:ill90 951; 


62!) 


,898' 


1169 ,SI17 110;> 


Iowa City, lo. 


148 )llli; 1344 I3f!jr2S7,l21S 


1319 


1'261 


13)8 


1337 1236 1253 1199; 


782^ 


961: 


i:!i:i 96oi:;i3 


Dubuiiue, " 


1444il.;.8i 13)8 1328 1251 1172 


1273 


1228 


l'272 


1311 12101217107:1! 


7461 


925 


1-277; 9211.-ior 


St. Paul's, Ma. 


1769!l70.5,1633,1653,I576 1497 


1598 


1553 


1.597 


16-26,15-25 1.542,1398;1071ll25n| 


160212491632 



854 



GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. 



LENGTH AND BREADTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The extent of the Atlantic coast of the United States, in round luimbers, and measuring 
from headland to headland, from Calais, at the head of Passamaquoddy Bay, to Key West, is 
1600 miles. If the bay coasts and minor sinuosities were included, the distance would be twice aa 
great. The coaiit of the Gulf of Mexico, measured in the same way, from Key West to the 
mouth of the Rio del Norte, is 1300 miles. The Pacific coast is 1200 miles,, and the lake coast of 
the north 1200 miles ; making, in the whole, 5300 miles of coast bounding on navigable waters. 
The land boundary' between Mexico and the United States is upwards of 1300 miles in extent ; 
that between the British possessions and the United States upwards of 1600 miles. Both these 
land frontiers, throughout almost their entire extent, are a complete ^vildemess. The greatest 
extent of the United States, from north to south, is from the forty-ninth degree of north latitude 
to the mouth of the Rio del Norte, 1600 miles in an air line. The breadth, from Passamaquoddy 
Bay to the mouth of the Columbia River, is 2000 miles, and from Charleston to San Diego, 1750. 
Area, as estimated by the superintendent of the census, 3,200,000 square miles. 

Principal Elevations. — Lake Superior, 641 feet above the level of the sea ; Council Bluffs, 
912 ; Sources of the Mississippi, 1400 ; Blue Ridge, loOO ; Alleghany Mountains, (main ridge,) 2-700 ; 
Green Mountain range, 3000 ; CatskiU Mountains, 3800 ; Peaks of Otter, 4260 ; Ft. Laramie, 4079; 
Adirondack Mountains, 5000 ; Mt. Washington, ( Wliite Mountains,) 6234 ; Santa Fe, 6800 ; South 
Pass, 7085 ; Passes of the Sierra Nevada, 7200 ; highest peaks of the Hocky Mountains, 15,000. 







"-^--.^ DIRECTIONS. 








^^^^..^ To find the distance bebvcen any two places, look on the j 


PLACE. 




ta 






^~~-^^ page on which the names of both places ;ire found, one ] 










c 




^~^^ at the top and the other on the side ; and in the t 




6 


.a 




o 






'^"'^^ angle where their lines meet the distance j 




fS 


^ 

c 


o 

o 


to 

a 

1 


O 

e 


.2 
o 


a 
o 


^^^^^^ is given. 


Erie, Pa. 







^~^^ (See next page.) | 


Pittsburg, 


1.32 










^ 






tj 






^^^ 


Dover, De. 

Wilmington, " 
Baltimore, Md. 


520 


388 













c 








472 
417 


.340 


48 



72 


5 
< 


.£3 





be 
c 






^^^ I 


2S.5 


120 





C4 





4j 


^ 


M 




^--^^ 1 


Annapolis, '■ 


4.36 


304 


157 


109 


37 







tf 


J2 


is 










~^^^ 1 


Washington, D.C. 


439 


307 


160 


112 


40 


43 







^ 


u 


J3 


.£3 


A 






\^ 1 


Richmond, Va. 


•569 


437 


290 


242 


170 


173 


1.30 







i, 


C 


M 


,a 


a 


CJ 




■"^^^ 


Wheeling, " 


188 


56 


429 


381 


309 


328 


331 


461 







,5- 


"S 


B 


« 


'> 






Norfolk, 


617 


485 


320 


272 


200 


237 


240 


1.50 


509 







(S 


a 


u 


CD 


ji 


<u 


Lynchburg, " 
Raleigh, N. C. 


716 
744 


584 


437 


389 
417 


317 
345 


320 


277 
305 


147 
175 


608 


297 







P. 




-n 


CZ 


0) 


612 


465 


348 


636 


273 


322 


0" 


.a 






a 
a 


i 


Columbia, S. C. 


1130 


998 


851 


803 


731 


734 


691 


.561 


1022 


553 


708 


253 




s 


c^ 


.a 


Charleston, *' 


997 


865 


718 


670 


598 


601 


.558 


428 


889 


420 


575 


314 


133 







CO 


^' 


Milledgeville, Ga. 


1294 


1162 


1015 


967 


895 


898 


8.55 


72.5 


1186 


717 


872 


611 


240 


297 











Savannah, " 


1107 


975 


828 


780 


708 


711 


668 


538 


999 


530 


685 


424 


243 


110 


187 







Tallahassee, Fa. 


1.513 


1381 


1234 


1186 


1114 


1117 


1074 


944 


1405 


936 


1091 


830 


649 


516 


2-53 


406 





St. Augustine, Fa. 


1458 


1326 


1179 


1131 


10.59 1062 


1019 


889 1350 


881 


1036 


775[ 594 


461 


538 


351 


28-5 


Pensacola, " 


21.58 


21196 1461 14I31.341il344 


13(11 11712114111163 


1318 


IO57I 748 


743 


461 


614 


247 


Tuscaloosa, Aa. 


1633 


1501 1354!i:in6 1234 1237^1191 liif;4 1525 10.")(;,r211 


950 


641 


636 


354 


507 


533' 


Mobile, '* 


2101 


20.39 


1404! 135611284 


128711244,1114 19S3!10li 1261 


1000 


691 


686 


404 


557 


5831 


Huntsville, " 


1622 


1490 


1343 


129511223 


1220 


118311115:; l,',lt Iiil5l260 


939 


630 


625 


450 


603 


629| 


Vicksburg, Mi. 


1548 


1486 


1.531 


1483 


1411 


1414 


1371:1241 li:;nrj:;:; 1.388 


1127 


818 


813 


,531 


684 


ivi 


Natchez, " 


1651 


1589 


1854 


1806 


17.34 


1737 


1694 15(;i 15:',:; 1,'>5(; 171 1:14.50 


1141 


1136 


854 


1007 


1033 


Jackson, " 


1694 


1532 


1485 


1437 


1365 


1368 


1325,1195 1471; 11,S7 1.342 lOSl 


772 


767 


485 


638 


664 


New Orleans, La. 


19.37 


1875 1.568 


1520 


1448 


1451 


14118 1278 1SI9 12711 1425 1161 8.55 


850 


568 


721 


747 


Shreveport, " 
Baton Rouge, " 


1921 


1929 2068 


2020 


1948 


1951 


1908 


1778 


187311770,1925,1664,13.55 


1.350 


1068 


1221 


1247 


1806 


1744 1699 


1651 


1579 


1.582 


1539 


1409 


1688 


149111.556 


12951 986 


981 


699 


852 


878 


Nashville, To. 


692 


6.30|l3')21r254 


1182 


1185 


1142 


1012 


574 


1004111,59 


8981 589 


584 


409 


562 


588 


Memphis, " 


1092 


1030 


1403 


13-55 


1283 


1302 


1305 


1290 


974 


128211437 


1176 


867 


8621 687 


840 866 


Frankfort, Ky. 


456 


394 


767 


719 


647 


666 


669 


799 


3.38 


847 


946 


974 


1360 


122711-524 


13371743 


Louisville, " 


507 


445 


818 


770 


698 


717 


720 


850 


389 


898 


997 


1025 


1411 


12781575 


1388 1794 


Cleveland, 0. 


110 


132 


520 


472: 417 


436 


4.39 


569 


144 


617 


716 


744'll.30t 997ll294il007,1513| 


Columbus, *' 


245 


183 


556 


508 


4.36 


455 


458 


588 


127 


636 


735 


70.3,1149ll016,1313 


1026|1532! 


Cincinnati, " 


365 


303 


676 


628 


556 


575 


578 


708 


247 


756 


8-55 


88:31269 


11.3611433 


ll46ll6-52 


Indianapolis, la. 


426 


364 


737 


689 


617 


636 


639 


769 


.308 


817 


916 


9444.3.30 


1197,1494 


130711713 


New Albany, " 


510 


448 


821 


773 


701 


720 


723 


853 


.392 


901 


1000 


Itt28|1414 


128111578,13911797 


Logansport, " 


486 


4.3.5 


898 


760 


688 


707 


710 


84( 


379 


888 


987 


10151401 


126811-5651378:1784 


Vandalia, Is. 


592 


530 


906 


858 


786 


802 


805 


938 


474 


986110851111011496 


1-3631660 14731879 


Springfield, " 


638 


•576 


949' 901 


829 


848 


851 


981 


.520 1029 112811561.512 1409 17i'fi'15I9 19251 


Chicago, •' 


488 


510 


11741126'1198 


1235 


12.38 


1368 


,583 l;!9S 1515 151.3 192:1,1796 1093,19'16 2312 


JefrersonCity,Mo. 


907 


845 


12181170 


1098 


1117 


1120 


12.50 


78911298 1,397:1425' 181 ll 1678 1975ll7,'*S 2194 


St. Louis, " 


776 


714 


108711039 


967 


986 


989,1119 


658 


1167112661294:1680 1,5471814 1657 2063 


Detroit, Mn. 


220 


242 


906 8;38 


930 


967 


9701100 


315 


11,30I1247|127511661 1528 1S25 16,38 2044 


Lansing, " 
Little Rock, As. 


336 .358'1022' 974'l04r>110S3'insn'l2ie 


431 


I246'l,3631,39lll777 16 11 1:111,17-54,2160 


1542 H.S" ls.-,:i IS 15 17:« 1752 175.-, 171111121 17:i2 l.ss; li;2il 1317 I:I12 1137|l290ll316| 


Austin, Ts. 


2608,254i>223'.)2r.il,2119,2r-'-'2n7!i 19492190 1941 2'i'.i(; 1,n:;5 I52('i 1521 12-3II 1392 14I8| 


Galveston, " 


2337 


2275 1966|1920 184S:i851 IS^is 1678 


2219 


1670 


1825|I5(;4 12-55 1250 :m;8|I12I 1147^ 


Madison, Wn 


663 


685 1349,1301 1373 1 110 1(13 1.543 


642 


1573 


1690,171S21O4 1971 226,s'20,si 2487 


Milwaukie, " 


582 


604 12684220 1292 1329 l:;32 1462 


,561 


1492 


1609 1637 2023, 1890 2187 200(1 24061 


Iowa City, lo 


735 


757 


1421 


1373 1445 1482 1485 1615 


830 


1645 


17621790 217612043,2-340 


2153,2-5-59 


Dubuque, " 


699 


721 


1385 


13371409114461449,1679 


794 


1609 


1726117-54 2140 200712304 


211712-523 


St. Paul's, Ma.il024 


1046 


1710 


16621734|l77l|l774|1904 


1119 


1984 


205 1 12079 246512332,2629 2442 


2848| 



GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. 



855 



LENGTH OF SOME OF IHE rKIMIPAL lUVERS 1^ 'JIIE IKITED STATES. 



Missouri, (inc-huliiig the Lower Mississippi 

which is 12'J0,) 

Arkansas, ....... 

Upper Mississippi, . . . . , 

Ohio, {including the Alleghany,) 
Tennessee, ....... 

Del Norte, 

Oregon or Columbia, (inc. Lewis's Iliver,) 
St. LaHTcnce, (including the great lakes,) . 



Miles. 

4ion 

l.i.5() 
Ki'll) 
lO.iO 
720 
1.5.50 
if 00 
2300 



.Susrjnch.inna, 

Appaluchicola, 

Delaware, 

Connecticut, 

Hudson, 

Potomac, 

James, 

Penobscot, . 

Kennebec, 



(including the Chattahoochee, 



The arrangement of the table in its 

present form, wilh the additions 

thereto, was made l»y the 

author of this volume. 




Miles. 
6S0 

)440 
3.50 
.3.50 
320 
310 
300 
27.5 
150 



St. Augustine, Fa 

Pensacola, *' 

Tuscaloosa, 

Mobile, 

Huntsville, 

Vicksburg, 

Natchez, 

Jackson, 

New Orleans 

Shreveport, 

Baton Rouge, 

Nashville, " 

Memphis, 

Frankfort, 

Louisville, 

Cleveland, 

Columbus, 

Cincinnati. 

Ltdianapolis, 

New Albany, 

Logansport, 

Vandalia, 

Springfield, " 

Chicago, '' 

JeffersonCity,Mo 

St. Louis, " 

Detroit, 

Lansing, 

Little Rock 

Austin, 

Galveston, 

Madison, 

Milwaukie, 

Iowa City, 

Dubuque, 

St. Paul's, 



Te 

o. 

la 
Is. 



Mn, 

As. 
Ts. 

Wn. 

lo. 

Ma. 



1358 

989 6.56^ 187 
072 22l| 381 
1-572 721| 881 
1203 .3.52I 4-54 
913 701! ,364 
llillili:66' 2401009 
1GSS11716 8901659 
1739 1 0.5 1 1 825b594! 
14.58 2)4Sil222'1991| 
14771913,108718561 
1.597:179.3. 9671991 
ie5S 17S7 961 1730 
1742 1654 S2S lo97J 
1729,1N5S 1032 1801 
1824 1.545, 719 14S8I 
1870 1.568; 742 l-51l| 
225718081 98217.51 
2139 1692' 776154.5, 
20118,1471 645 14141 
1989 2076 1250 2019; 
2105 2 140 1214 19S3 
;164l 1172 690 1115: 
!17l3j S02 10.52 835 
114721 62lj 7811 564' 
24.3217.5810.321701 
|235ri9f)2 1076 1845 
'2.504 LSI I 0,S5 17-51 
I246.S 1841 1015 1784 
12793,2166,1340,2109, 



258; 1.55 314 
603' 796; 404 
4.56 550 256 
362,1106 120910.52 



207 
694 
.559 



104lill441087 

1438 1.541 11484 

1.3031406 1349 

439118312861229 

433!ll77l2SM223 

3001044 1147,1090 

.5041248 1.351 1294 

7.36 935 1038: 981 

7.59 9.581061 1004 

999:1198 1301:1244 

793| 992,10951038 

6621 861 1 964] 907 

76lil466:i.569 1.512 

S77'U.30, 1533 1476 

707 562 66) 6'IS 

1274 1060 957 1106 

100.3 7.S9 6,S6 835 

1049 1248 1.351 1294 

1093 12;i213!l5 1338 

I002I2II1 13' 4 1247 

10321231 1334 1277 

13o7il5.56|16.59iI602, 





.500 
13 

1082 
815 
1495 
1430 
1827 
1602 
1572 
1566 
1433 
1637 
1.324 
1347 
1.587, 
1.381 
1250, 
18.55 
1819 
951 
671 
40') 
1637 
1 681 
1500, 
162 I 
1945: 




,369 
11.36 
899 
1549 
1484 
1881 
1746 
1626 
1620 
1487 
1691 
1378 
1401 
1643 
1435 
1.314 
1009 
1.874 
11105 
1171 
00' I 
lliOl 
1735 
1614 
1674 
1999 







^ 
^^^ 


to 






3 



















t—i 







C 
















j3 


« 


rt 


B 




J', 


ol 


s 


9ol 


n 





714 
1.364 
1299 
1696 
1561 
1441 
1425 
1302 
1506 
1 193 
1216 
1456 
1250 
1119 
1724 
16,88 
82 1 
S02 
531 
1506 
1.550 
14.59 
1489 
1814 



2.37 

250 650, 

1,85 .5851 

582 982, 

447 847i 

.327 727: 

.321 721 1 

188 588 

392 792 

716 479, 

730 .502 

979 742 

773 .5.36 

642 405 

640 1010 

765 974 

6S7 450 

1753 1516 

1482 1245 

10'20 702 

1073 836 

982 745 

1012 775 

13371100 



65 







346 397 

211' 262 

91' 142 

141 136 

68 3 

212: 207' 

284 219 



o 



4311 
67ll 



465: 40ni 
334i 269, 
413 4641 
520 ,5,80' 
110010:5.5 
2166 1101 
1895 18.30 
721: 6.56, 
765,' 700 
674 609; 
704 630 
1029 9641 



0- , 

1.35! 

255 120 
326' 181 191 
400, 2651 145 
376; 2521 262 
492; 347i 357 
6181 628, .508 
37s, 456, .590, 
846 662, 542 
715j ,531 411 
llOi 188' 322 
226 304' 438 
14.321297 14.32 
2498 2.363 2243 
2227 2092 1972 
.55.1; 6311 765 
472: 550 684 
625, 703: 751 
589 667i 781 
9141 992,1106 





TO 









>. 


PLACE. 


c^ 






c 


j= 






< 






^ 




■"" 


is 


Indianapolis, la. 





New Albanv, " 


i:i<) 


0- 


Logansport, " 


71 


210 


Vandalia, Is. 


icfi 


216 


Springfield, " 


212 


363 


Chicago, " 


4o2 


2231 


JeffersonCity.Mo. 


•ill 


397 


St. Louis, '* 


24') 


266 


Detroit, Mn. 


•AM 


467 


Lansinii, " 


301 


583 


Little Hock, As. 


1171 


1038 


Austin, Ts. 


2'rM 


2104'. 


Galveston, " 


lOOfi 


1833; 


Madison, Wn. 


;ii7 


6.i3 


Milwaukie, '* 


398 


697 i 


Iowa Citv, lo. 


424 


6:)6i 


Dubuqup, " 


48o 


636 


St. Paul's. Ma. 


SID 


96l| 



m — 

237| 0; 
2831 87; 
152! 3271 
442: 2"'5: 
31ll 74 
266; 595; 
230l 559, 
1242; 929 
2308 1995 





240 
228 468 
97 3.37 
508 268 
472 232 
9521192 
201S225S-i'l52 



037 


1724 1747 


10.K7 


1781 


1650 


2'255 22191 


327 


377; 290 


175 


418 387 


443, 407 


246 


421I 3.34 


94 


562 431 


.362^ 3'i6; 


.399 


299 


212 


247 


471 


340 


515! 479; 


363 


360 


273 


211 


.501 


370 


479 443 


688 


6H0 


598 


5.36 


826 


695 


804 7681 



0- 
294 0; 
195 99; 
3851 466, 462 363! 



APPENDIX. 



No. 1. — VALLEJO, CA., SOLANO CO. 

Capital of the state of California. In con- 
•ideration that this should be made the cap- 
ital of the state, General Vallcjo and his as- 
sociates agreed to convey to the state 156 
acres of land, and to expend within two years 
$370,000 in providing public buildings. This 
place is beautifully situated on the sides of 
lofty hills, which rise with a gradu.al undulation 
from the waters of the Straits of Napa, just at 
their entrance into San Pablo Bay, about .30 
miles E. of N. from San Francisco, S N. of W. 
from Benieia, 100 S. W. from Sacramento, and 
about the same N. W. from Stockton. It can 
be approached by the largest sea vessels, and 
through the Sacramento .and San Joaquin Rivers 
easily communicates with the whole mining 
district. In its neighborhood, on the Napa and 
Sonoma, is one of the best farming districts in 
the state. In addition to a commanding view 
of the beautiful valley of Nap.a. with its enclo- 
sure of sheltering hills, the perspective embraces 
the slopes of Benieia, tlie Straits of Carquincz, 
the verdant hills and v.alleys of Martinez, with 
Mare Island, the Bay of San Pablo, and in the 
far distance Telegraph Hill, dotted with white 
houses. 

The Capitol stands on an eminence command- 
ing a wide range of prospect. It is of plain and 
simple design, and will afford ample accommo- 
dations. The main entrance is by a bold flight 
of steps extending the full breadth of the build- 
ing, and surmounted by a lofty portico. The 
lowest story or basement, which is of solid 
mason work, contains a hall intended for law 
courts, about 70 feet in length, 40 in breadth, 
and 12 in height, well lighted, with 10 m.assive 
pillars to sustain the upper halls. The first 
floor, to which the main entrance leads, by a 
spacious hall, is to be the session room of the 
House of Assembly. It has about the same pro- 
portions as the story helowit, and a ceiling about 
20 feet high. It is lighted by 14 large windows. 
From the entrance hall, at either side, a broad 
winding staircase leads to the senate room, which 
is of the same size as the assembly room, and 
equally well lighted. The house also contains, 
at either side of the entrance halls, committee 
rooms, the governor's room, and other stsite apart 
meats. The apartments for the different state 
officers are separate from the main building. 
They are large and well furnished, with rather 
more space than would seem necessary for state 
purposes. 

In the vicinity of the Capitol there are some 
12 hotels of large size and ample accommoda- 
tioDS. 

108 



No. 8. — .SALT LAKE CITT, UH. 

This city and setlement of the Mormons is sitn- 
ated .at an elevation of more than 4000 feet on 
the River Jordan, a tributary of Great Salt L.ake, 
at the foot of the western slope of the Wahsatch 
Mountains, an extensive chain of lofty hills, form- 
ing a portion of the E. boundary of what is known 
as the " Great Interior Basin," of North Ameri- 
ca. The Mormon communion was first organ- 
ized in 1830, under the auspices of Joseph Smith, 
the jjrophet and founder, and after a temporary 
residence at Kirtland, O., was removed to Jack- 
son CO., Missouri, where by divine revelation, as 
Smith alleged, and the ^Iormons believed, the 
'• Saints," as they called themselves, were directed 
to build a magnificent temple, according to a plan 
to be divinely communicated to Smith. The 
corner stone wiis laid, but a strong excitement 
was raised against them, and they were compelled 
to remove to Caldwell co., on the opposite bank 
of the Missouri, whence they were soon after 
obliged to fly to Illinois, where they founded the 
city of Nauvoo. Here tliey lived and flourished 
for sevcr.al years, and completed the erection of 
a temple, but in 1844, a strong popular excite- 
ment was raised against them, they were atacked 
by an armed force, and their prophet and his 
brother Hiram, having submitted to ho arrested, 
were barbarously murdered in the jail of Car- 
thage. During "the year 1845, these jiersecutions 
continued, and the Mormons, finding their con- 
dition no longer tolerable, resolved to abandon 
Nauvoo, and to seek an asylum elsewliere. For 
this purpose great sacrifices of property were 
made, and in Fel>ruary, 1 846, a portion of them 
crossed the Mississippi, and formed a rendezvous 
near Montrose, in Iowa. Here they remained 
exposed to intense cold and deep snows till 
March, when, being joined by several hundred 
wagons and a large number of women and chil- 
dren, they organized under the leadership of Brig- 
ham Young, who was recognized as president of 
the church and the projiheiical successor of Jo- 
seph Smith. 

In their progress westward, being prohibited 
by cruel threats from passing through the settled 
districts of Northern Missouri, they sud'ered great 
hardships in traversing the then uninhabited wil- 
derness of Northern Iowa : hut in the course of the 
summer they reached the banks of the Missouri, 
where they enclosed land and planted crops, on the 
site of the present town of Kancsville, still occu- 
pied as a Mormon settlement and forwarding sta- 
tion for emigrants. As they were about to cross 
the river to pursue their journey, leaving a de- 
tachment to watch and gather the crop, they re- 
ceived a requisition from the government of the 



858 



APPENDIX. 



United States for 500 men for tlie Mexican war, 
— a demand their compliance with which inter- 
rupted ttieir progress for tlie season. Those who 
remained, being principally old men, women, 
and children, were compelled to pass the winter 
amid great sufferings and privations, in huts of 
logs, and caves dug in the river bank. In the 
spring of 1847, they again organized, and on the 
8th of April, a pioneer coiripany of 143 men, 
72 wagons, 175 head of horses, mules, and oxen, 
and provisions for six months, started to seek a 
home beyond the Rocky Mountains. Crossing 
those mountains by the South Pass, about the 
end of July they reached the valley of the Great 
Salt Lake, where a piece of land was selected, 
consecrated by prayer, and planted with crojjs, 
and the nucleus was thus formed of the present 
territory of Utah. Soon aftei-, the ground was 
surveyed and laid out into streets and squares for 
a large city, and for protection against the In- 
dians, a fort or enclosure was erected by means of 
houses made of logs and sun-dried bricks, con- 
nected with each other, and opening into a large 
square. In October the colony was strengthened 
by the arrival of between 3000 and 4000 persons. 
Agricultural labor was resumed with spirit, 
ploughing and planting being continued through- 
out the whole winter, and till July following, by 
which time upwards of 6000 acres were enclosed 
and laid down in crops. While their crops were 
ripening, the colonists were reduced to great ex- 
tremity for food. Game being scarce, they were 
obliged to subsist on wild roots and the hides of 
animals which they had used for rooting their 
cabins. But the crop proved abundant, and 
plenty has ever since reigned in the valley. In 
the autumn, another large immigration arrived 
under the [jresident, Brigham Young. Building 
and agriculture were prosecuted with renewed 
Tigor, and settlements continued to be made 
wherever water could be found for irrigation. 
Grist mills and saw mills were built ; and in the 
spring a settlement was commenced on Weber 
River, a bold, clear stream which breaks through 
the Wasatch Mountain, 40 miles N. of the city, 
and discharges its waters into Salt Lake. An- 
other settlement called Provaux City was com- 
menced, near the mouth of the Timponogos, or 
Provaux, an affluent of Lake Utah, about 50 
miles S. of the city. On the lOih of March, 
1849, the emigrants assembled in convention, or- 
ganized themselves as the state of Deseret, and 
the legislature, which met July 2d, forwarded a 
petition to Congress for admission into the Union. 
But, instead of granting this petition. Congress 
passed, September 9, 1850, an act erecting the 
territory of Utah, and Brigham Young having 
been appointed territorial governor, the Mor- 
mons have accepted the territorial organization. 
Their country is rapidly tilling up with emigrants, 
collected by their missionaries from all parts of 
the world, but principally from the Welsh coun- 
ties of England, where Mormonism lias made a 
very deep impression. 

Situated so far inland, and isolated by the very 
nature of the surrounding country, agriculture 
and the raising of stock must be the chief re- 
sources of this new colony. Owing to the almost 
total absence of rain from May to October, the 
dependence of the farmer must be entirely upon 
irrigation, for which the means are supplied by 
the reservoirs of snow accumulated in the gorges 
of the mountains, and furnishing never-failing 



streams, sometimes of considerable magnitude. 
The soil, formed chiefly from the disintegration 
of the felspathic rock mixed with detritus of 
limestone, is of the most fertile character, and 
owing to its loose and porous texture it absorbs 
water in large quantities. The streams, which 
come rushing down the mountain sides, wheu 
they reach the plain below dwindle soon into in- 
significant rivulets, and are presently swallowed 
up and lost. Cultivation is therefore circum- 
scribed within very narrow limits, being restricted 
generally to a strip of from one to two miles 
wide along the base of the mountains, beyond 
which the water does not reach. On the E. side 
of the Salt Lake valley, the land susceptible of 
irrigation stretches along the western base of the 
Wasatch Mountains, from about 80 miles N. of 
Salt Lake City to about 60 miles S. of it; the 
latter portion embracing, towards its terminus, 
the fertile valley of Lake Utah. This is a beau- 
tiful sheet of pure fresh water, .30 miles in length, 
and about 10 in breadth, abounding in fine fish, 
principally speckled trout of great size and good 
flavor, and surrounded by rugged mountains and 
lofty hills, with a broad green valley sloping to 
the water's edge. This valley opens to the north- 
ward, and through it flows the River Jordan, a co- 
pious and powerful stream, discharging into the 
Great Salt Lake. Soon after leaving the lake, the 
Jordan cuts through a cross range of mountains 
by which the valley is divided. The river de- 
scends about 200 feet in a distance of 2 miles. 
The E. side of the lower valley is watered 
by bold streams that traverse a strip of allu- 
vion 20 miles long and 8 wide, and as an addi- 
tional means of irrigation the waters of the Jor- 
dan might be taken out at the falls, so as to irri- 
gate a surface of about 80 square miles. 

Beyond the Jordan on the W.. the dry and oth- 
erwise barren plains support a hardy grass, called 
bunch grass, which is peculiar to these regions, 
requiring but little moisture, very nutritious, and 
in sufficient quantities to alford excellent pas- 
turage throughout the year to numerous herds of 
cattle. This same grass is afforded also by the 
hillsides, but only during the summer months. 
It seeds in summer, and is germinated by the 
autumnal rains, and grows under the snow. In 
the spring, as the snow line retires up the slope, 
the cattle and wild grazing animals i'ullow it to 
the mountain peaks until midsummer, to be driv- 
en down again, as the accumulated snow, begin- 
ning on the summits, about the equino.x, descends 
in a few weeks to the base. When it rains in the 
valleys, the snow falls in the mountains; and dur- 
ing winter, an immense quantity is drifted into 
the canyons, and passes to the dei>th sometimes 
of hundreds of feet, whence the mountain streams 
derive their supplies. To the northward in the 
low grounds bordering the River Jordan, hay in 
abundance can be procured, though rather coarse 
and of inferior quality. 

Maize, or Indian corn, has not yet proved so 
successful, owing to the early frosts occasioned 
by the vicinity of the mountains; but the climate 
is particularly favorable to barley, oats, and 
wheat, — which produces from 40 to 60 bushels the 
acre, — to beets, turnips, melons, ami especially 
potatoes, of which the quality is equal or superior 
to the best Nova Scotia varieties. 

The land immediately around the Great Salt 
Lake is Hat, and rises imperceptibly ou the S. and 
W. for several miles ; and where it is not broken 



APPENDIX. 



859 



U|) by tli(? abrupt bills, it is a soft an J saiiJy loam, 
irreclaimable for agricultural purposes. The 
whole western shore of the lake is bounded by 
an immense level plain of soft mud, fre()uently 
traversed by small meandering rills of salt and 
suljjburous water, with occasional 8prin«;s of fresh, 
all of which sink before reaching the lake. For 
a few months in midsummer, the sun has suffi- 
cient power to render some jiortioTis of the plain 
for a short time dry and hard, during which it is 
often covered for miles with a coat of salt half 
an inch thick or more ; but one heavy shower is 
sufficient to convert the hardened clay into soft, 
tenacious mud, rendering the passage of teams 
over it toilsome and frequently quite hazardous. 
This extensive area, for a distance of 75 miles 
from the lake, is for the most part entirely bare 
of vegetation, except occasional patches of arte- 
mesia and greesewood, and destitute of water. 
The minute crystals of salt, which cover the sur- 
face of the moist, oozy mud, glisten brilliantly in 
the sun, and present the appearance of a sheet of 
water so perfectly that it is difficult at times for 
one to persuade himself that he is not standing 
on the shore of the lake. High rocky ridges pro- 
trude above the naked plain, and resemble great 
islands rising above the bosom of this desert sea. 
On theN. the tract of low ground is narrow, and 
the springs bursting out near the surface of the 
water, the grounds cannot be irrigated. But on 
the eastern siile, including the valley of the Bear 
Kiver, which comeB in from the N., the land above 
the line of overflow, to which the lake rises 
with the spring freshets, is fertile and capable of 
cultivation between the mountain and the shore. 
The same is the ease with the Ogden River, which 
breaks through the Wasatch Mountains on the 
W. To tile N. extends the valley of the Jordan, 
and of the Utah Lake, already described, also 
that of the Tuilla, parallel to it on the W., wa- 
tered by a small river of that name, and separated 
from it by the Oquirres Mountains. The Bear, 
Ogden, Jordan, and Tuilla are the only consider- 
able trilintaiies of the Great Salt Lake. The 
Taileys of these rivers afford rich and perennial 
pasturage, and are capable of cultivation wher- 
ever they can be irrigated. 

The Great Salt Lake, 70 miles long and 30 
broad, but very shallow, is perfectly saturated 
with salt, and its waters are so dense that persons 
Hoat cork-like on its waves, or stand suspended 
with ease, with the shoulders exposed above the 
waters. Yet to swim is difficult, on account of 
the tendency of the lower extremities to rise, and 
the brine is so strong that the least particle in the 
eye causes intense jtain, and if swallowed in any 
quanlitv, it brings on strangulation and vomiting. 
The salt makers affirm that they obtain two 
measures of salt for every three of the brine. 
This is an exaggeration ; but the analysis of 
the water shows tiiat it contains 20 per cent, of 
pure salt, and not more than 2 per cent, of other 
salts, forming one of the purest, and most con- 
centrated brines in the world. It is a refreshing 
and delightful sport to bathe in the Salt Lake ; 
but on emerging, the body is completely frosted 
over with salt ; and a fresh spring, of which many 
break out on the very edge of the lake, is a neces- 
sary resort. The shores in summer are lined 
with the skeletons and larva; of insects, and of the 
fish that ventiire too far from the mouth of the 
rivers ; and these form banks that fester and fer- 
ment, emitting sulphurous gases ofiensive to the 



smell, but not supposed to be deleterious to health. 
These, often dispersed by storms, are at last 
thrown far up on the beach to dry into hard 
cakes of various dimensions, on which horses can 
travel without breaking them tlirough ; but the 
under side being moist, the masses are slippery 
and insecure 

There are several beautiful islaml.s contained 
in the lake, two of them of considerable magni- 
tude, with a mountain ridge through the centre 
2000 feet high, aHbrding fresh springs of water 
and good pasturage. Around the contour of 
those islands, and along the adjacent mountains, 
on the whole circumference of the lake, the eye 
traces three ])rineipal terraces, each about 50 feet 
above the other. At the base of the bills around 
the lake issue numerous warm springs, that collect 
in pools, inviting aquatic fowl during winter by 
their agreeable temperature and the insect larva; 
which they furnish. Along the brackish streams 
from the saline springs grows a tliii'k, tangled 
grass, and the marshy flats are covered with fine 
reeds or dense fistulas. In early summer the 
shepherd boys fill their baskets witli the eggs de- 
posited in that cover by the goose, the duck, the 
curlew, and plover ; or, taking a skift'. they can 
row to the Salt Lake Islands, and freight to the 
water's edge with those laid there for successive 
broods by the gull, the pelican, the blue heron, 
the crane, and the brandt. 

From Provaux City, the settlement on the 
Tinpanogos, already mentioned, N. to Ogden 
City, on Ogden Creek, an affluent of the Weber, 
a distance of 90 miles, the base of the Wasatch 
range is already studded with flcjurisliing farms 
wherever a little stream fiows down the moun- 
tain side with water sufficient for irrigation, while 
in the gorges and canyons (the name given to the 
narrow passes of the mountains,) where alone 
any trees are to be found, are erected the saw 
and grist mills. 

To the S. of Lake Utah, on one of its tribu- 
taries, another city has been founded, called 
Paysan, and 1.30 miles farther on the road to Cali- 
fornia, another, named Marti, in what is called 
San Pete valley, on a tributary of the Sevier, or 
Necolet River. Still farther S.. near Little Salt 
Lake, 250 miles from the Great Salt Lake, a 
fourth settlement, called Cedar City, has been 
laid out, in a spot possessing the advantage of 
excellent soil and water, equal, it is said, to those 
of Great Salt City itself, and plenty of wood, iron 
ore, anil alum, with some prospect of coal. It is 
the ultimate object of the Mormons, by means 
of stations, whenever the nature of the country 
will admit, to establish a line of communication 
with the Pacific, so as to afford a ne\v route for 
their emigrants. With this view ibcy have re- 
cently made a ])urchase, and established a colony 
at no great distance from San Diego, on the coast 
of Califiirnia, which settlement they design to 
connect, by intermediate stations, with those on 
the Little and Great Salt Lakes. 

Several other settlements have been established 
within the year ]»ast, including one in tin- Tuilla 
valley, and another on the IItic of coinmunieaiion 
with San Diego, which has been called p^illmore 
City, and made the seat of the territorial govern- 
ment. By an act of the last session of Congress, 
an United States mail route has been established 
on this line, from Great Salt Lake City, via Amer 
ican I'V)rk, I'rovo City, Sjn'ingficld, Payson's 
Summit Creek, Nephi City, Fillmore City, Rod 



860 



APPENDIX. 



Creek, Paravan, Johnson's Springs, and Hold 
Ci'oek, to Santa Clara, near the southern border 
of Utah and thence, via San Bernardino, near 
whiili is the Mormon settlement, to San Diego, 
in California. 

The City of the Great Salt Lake stands in the 
lower valley of the Jordan, at the western base of 
the Wasatch Mountans, in a curve, formed by tlie 
projection westward from the main range, of a 
lofty spur which cuts it off from the Great Salt 
Lake, which is distant about 20 miles. It is laid 
out upon a magnificent scale, being nearly 4 
miles in length and 3 in breadth ; the streets at 
right angles, 8 rods wide, with sidewalks of 20 
feet; the blocks 40 rods square, divided into 8 
lots, each containing 1 acre and a quarter. By 
an ordinance of the city, each house is to be 
placed 20 feet back from the front line of the lot, 
the intervening space being designed for shrub- 
bery and trees. On the W. it is washed by the 
Jordan, while to the southward, for 20 miles, ex- 
tends a broad level plain, watered by streams 
descending from the mountains, and all of which 
is capable of irrigation from the Jordan itself. 
The plain, on the W. side of the Jordan, ex- 
tending north to the lake, is low and barren. 
Through the city flows an unfailing stream of 
pure, sweet water, which, by an ingenious mode 
of irrigation, is made to traverse each side of 
every street, whence it is led into every garden 
spot. On the E. and N. the mountain descends 
to the plain by steps, which form broad and ele- 
vated terraces, commanding an extended view of 
the whole valley of the Jordan, which is bounded 
on the W. by rugged mountains, stretching far to 
the southvvard, and enclosing the Lake of Utah. 
On the northern confines of the city, a warm 
spring arises from the base of the mountains, the 
water of which has been conducted by pipes into 
a commodious public bathing house. At the 
western point of the same spur, about 3 miles 
distant, another spring flows in a bold stream 
from beneath a perpendicular rock, with a tem- 
perature of 128^ Fahrenheit, too high to admit 
the insertion of the hand. 

The houses of the city are built principally 
of adohe, or sun-dried brick, which, when well 
covered with a tight projecting roof, makes a 
warm, comfortable building, presenting a very 
neat appearance. Buildings of a better descrip- 
tion arc being introduced, though slowly, owing 
to the ditficulty of procuring the requisite lumber, 
which must always be scarce and dear in a coun- 
try so destitute of timber. 

Upon a square, appropriated to the public build- 
ings, an immense shed has been erected on posts, 
capable of containing 3000 persons. It is called 
the Bowery, and is used as a temporary place of 
worship, until the construction of the great temple, 
which, in grandeur of design and gorgeousness 
of decoration, is — so the Mormons say — to sur- 
pass all the edifices which the world has ever seen. 

Energetic measures are in progress for a wool- 
len factory, the raw material being furnished from 
the sheep raised in the valley. A pottery is com- 
pleted, cutlery establishments have been success- 
fully commenced, and extensive arrangements 
are going on for the manufacture of sugar from 
the beet root, which succeeds to perfection in the 
valley. Among the English Mormons are many 
possessed of great manufacturing skill. 

Several appropriations of land and money have 
been made for the establishment of a university, 



the grounds of which are laid out and enclosed 
on one of the terraces of the mountain, over- 
looking the city. A normal school, for the edu- 
cation of teachers, is already in operation, and 
school houses have been built in most of the dis- 
tricts, both in the city and country. 

Salt Lake City is a stopping-place for the Cali- 
fornia emigrants, a large part of whom pass 
through it. Distant from Council Bluft's, 171 
miles; from San Francisco, 1114 miles; from 
New York, via Dubuque, 2372 miles. 



No. 3. — EOCKTON, N. T., HERKIMER CO. 

Situated 74 miles W. from Albany, and 21 E. 
from Utica. Formerly called Little Falls. The 
Mohawk River descends here about 42 feet in the 
distance of three fourths of a mile, by two long 
rapids, separated by a stretch of deep water, 
attbrding hydraulic power to a vast extent, only 
a small part of which is yet employed for man- 
ufacturing purposes. The upper rapid is the 
most considerable. The name of Little Falls is 
by way of contrast with the Great Falls of Co- 
hoes, near the mouth of the river. This vicinity 
is much resorted to in consequence of the wild 
and romantic scenery of the gap through v/hich 
the river passes, crossing the southern extremity 
of the range of the Adirondack Mountains. The 
river bed is granitic gneiss, very hard, but easily 
quarried for building stones, and abounding with 
quartz crystals, which, under the name of 
" diamonds," are oflfered for sale to visitors by 
the children who collect them. The wooded 
hills rise steep on both sides from .".iO to 400 feet, 
consisting of sandstone, above which are exten- 
sive beds of blue limestone, much used for build- 
ing purposes. This defile is 2 miles long, 
with a medium breadth of 100 rods, and through 
it pass the Erie Canal on the S. side of the river, 
and the Utica and .Schenectady Kailro.ad and 
the Mohawk Turnpike on the N. The canal 
ascends, in the space of a mile, by 4 locks, a 
distance of 40 feet, and is supplied with water 
by a feeder carried aross the river by a lianilsome 
aipieduct of 3 arches, one of 70, and two of 50 feet 
span. At one point the brow of the hill projects 
into the river, by which the canal is carried by 
expensive diggings and embankments, a part of 
the river bed being taken into the canal. 

The village is principally on the N. side of the 
river, and though the space is apparently con- 
fined, there is still breadth sufficient for a large 
town. It contains upwards of 300 dwellings, 
and is supplied with water from a spring in the 
hills, 300 feet above the tops of the houses. 

No. 4. — FALMOUTH, ME., CUMBERLAND CO. 

A pleasant town at the head of Casco Bay, 
6 miles N. of Portland, which formed a part of 
it until 1780. It is watered by the Fresumpscut, 
and has a number of vessels employed in coast- 
ing and fishing. Some vessels are built here. 
Both the Atlantic and St. Lawrence and the Ken- 
nebec and Portland liailroads pass through it. 

No. 5. — FREErORT, ME., CUMBERLAND Ca 

This town has a small harbor, and is sit- 
uated at the head of Casco Bav, on the Ken- 



JUN 8-1948 



APPENDIX. 



861 



nebec and Portlancl Railroad. 19 miles N. E. 
from Portlaiul. It is mainly an agricultural 
town.ship, but has some ship building and navi- 
gation. 

No. O. — FAEMINGTON, ME., C. H. FRANK- 
LIN CO. 

Situated on Sandy River, a western branch 
of the Kennebec. At the junction of the Little 
Norrid^'cwock is a handsome village, where the 
court house is. 29 miles N. \V. from Au- 
gusta. Two miles up the Sandy is another beau- 
tiful village, the seat of a flourishing academy. 
The soil is of superior quality. There is con- 
siderable trade in lumber, and some manufac- 
tures. 

IVo. 7— GOLDSBORO', ME., HANCOCK CO. 

This large township, which lies between 
Frenchman's Bay on the W. and the large and 
deep inlet of Goldsboro' Harbor on the Iv, is 
nearly surrounded by water, and has several 
good harliors. 99 miles E. from Augusta. It 
is engaged in navigation and the fisheries. 



No. 8.— FARMINCiTON, N. H., STRAFFORD CO. 

Lies 36 miles E. N. E. from Concord, and 
18 N. W. by N. from Dover, by the Cocheco 
Railro.ad. The Blue Hills, or Frost Mountains, 
extend nearly through the town, affording much 
fine scenery. The principal village is on the 
banks of the Cocheco. There is a famous 
rock, not far from the vilhage, weighing many 
tons, and so exactly balanced on other rocks, 
that it can be made to vibrate several inches by 
the hand. 



No. 9. — CIRCLEVILLE, O., C. U. PICKA- 
WAY CO. 

Township and town. The town, which lies 
on the E. hank of the .Scioto, was laid out in 
1810, on the site of some remarkable ancient 
circular mounds. 26 miles S. of Columbu^i, and 
19 N. of Chillieothe. It is a thriving business 
place, surrounded by a beautiful level country. 
Op|)Osite the town the bottom land on the Scioto 
is diked for several miles, to preserve it from 
overflow. 









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